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4900370580755973701	Mick Hucknall	Mick Hucknall - wikipedia Mick Hucknall Jump to : navigation , search Mick Hucknall Hucknall in 2009 Background information Birth name Michael James Hucknall ( 1960 - 06 - 08 ) 8 June 1960 ( age 57 ) Manchester , England Genres Pop R&B blue - eyed soul Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals guitar bass piano Years active 1979 -- present Labels Elektra East West Associated acts The Frantic Elevators Simply Red Faces Website simplyred.com Michael James Hucknall ( born 8 June 1960 ) is an English singer and songwriter . Hucknall achieved international fame in the 1980s as the lead singer and songwriter of the soul - influenced pop band Simply Red , with whom he enjoyed a 25 - year career and sold over 50 million albums . Hucknall has been described as `` one of the truly great blue - eyed soul singers '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 3 Politics 4 Personal life 5 Solo discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 5.3 Other appearances 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Hucknall , born at St Mary 's Hospital , Manchester , was an only child . His mother abandoned the family when he was three ; the upheaval caused by this event inspired him to write `` Holding Back the Years , '' which would become one of Simply Red 's biggest and best - known hits . He was brought up by his father , Reginald ( 1935 -- 2009 ) , a barber in Stockport . He attended Audenshaw School . It would not be until the mid-1990s that he would finally reconnect with his mother , Maureen , who was by then living in Dallas . As of a 2008 interview , he had only seen her on two occasions since she first abandoned the family . Music career ( edit ) Hucknall in 2010 Hucknall was among the people present at the Lesser Free Trade Hall in Manchester in June 1976 where the Sex Pistols were playing . His interest in the music scene led to the launch of his career in the late 1970s , when he was part of the formation of the band Frantic Elevators . The Frantic Elevators released four singles , including a version of `` Holding Back the Years '' , which he later recorded with Simply Red . As lead singer and core member of Simply Red , he became the identifiable face of the band . His face and long curly red hair were featured prominently on album artwork and in videos . Hucknall is also one of the founders and financial backers of the successful reggae label Blood and Fire . He also manages the record label simplyred.com . In October 2007 , on David Jensen 's show on the Gold network , he announced Simply Red would split in 2009 . In 2008 Hucknall released his first solo album Tribute to Bobby , a tribute to the blues musician Bobby `` Blue '' Bland . In June 2009 , Hucknall took part in Songbook as part of the Sky Arts series , whereby music artists reflect on their favourite compositions and their background history in music . In October 2009 , Mick appeared at a charity performance as vocalist for a re-formed version of Faces , replacing Rod Stewart . In May 2010 , it was announced that the new Faces line - up with Mick as frontman would be performing festival shows in 2010 , followed by a world tour in 2011 . In October 2012 , he released American Soul , a collection of his favourite music re-recorded with his vocals . During a series of interviews promoting the American Soul album , Hucknall revealed that he has also been working on an album of original material , to be released after American Soul has reached the end of its life cycle . Politics ( edit ) Hucknall is active in politics and is a prominent celebrity supporter of the UK Labour Party . In 1997 , he declared his support for the Labour Party at that year 's general election -- which it won by a landslide under the leadership of Tony Blair to return to government after 18 years in opposition . In 1998 Hucknall was named in a list of those who donated more than £ 5,000 to the party . In 2003 , Hucknall backed Tony Blair 's stance on Operation Iraqi Freedom , claiming he had `` more respect for Blair than ever '' and pointed out that British critics of the war were lucky to be living in a country where they could express their opinions . However , he claimed in 2008 that his conscience prevented him from donating to the party again because of the war , although he would still vote for them . Hucknall has commented that derogatory references to his red hair are a form of bigotry . Hucknall was a guest on the panel for the BBC 's political discussion series Question Time , broadcast on 27 March 2014 , and declared his support for same - sex marriage . Personal life ( edit ) Hucknall and his partner , Gabriella Wesberry , had a daughter , Romy True Hucknall , in June 2007 . Hucknall and Wesberry married in 2010 , at the 16th - century Forter Castle in Glenisla , Perthshire , Scotland . He spends a considerable amount of time in Ireland , where he purchased the Glenmore Estate near the village of Cloghan , County Donegal , with bandmate Chris De Margary . Hucknall and De Margary are keen fishermen , and operate a fishing and hunting tourism business from the estate . In March 2014 , Hucknall settled the hunting and fishing rights lawsuit , ongoing for 5 years , with a neighbour in Ireland . As the case opened in 2009 , Judge O'Hagan had instructed both sides to go away and talk about reaching an agreement or else it would drag on for years . He co-owns Ask Property Development , a company that constructs city squares and public buildings . He spends much time in Catania , Sicily , where he produces wines under the label `` Il Cantante '' ( The Singer ) . Hucknall is a Manchester United fan . Solo discography ( edit ) See also : Simply Red discography Albums ( edit ) Year Album Chart Positions Certifications UK AUT GER IT NL SWI 2008 Tribute to Bobby Released : 19 May 2008 18 39 37 25 23 29 2012 American Soul Released : 29 October 2012 6 11 12 22 15 18 Gold ( BPI ) Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album UK 2008 `` Poverty '' -- Tribute to Bobby `` Farther Up the Road '' -- 2011 `` Happy This Christmas '' -- Non-album single 2012 `` That 's How Strong My Love Is '' 118 American Soul Other appearances ( edit ) In 1986 , he provided backup vocals for the musical film Little Shop of Horrors . Year Song Album 1999 `` Ai n't That a Lot of Love '' Reload ( with Simply Red and Tom Jones ) 2002 `` T - Bone Shuffle '' Jools Holland 's Big Band Rhythm & Blues Year Song Album `` Someday in my Life '' Leggera ( Mina ) 2012 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' Chimes of Freedom : The Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International 2015 `` Streets of Arklow '' Duets : Re-Working The Catalogue ( Van Morrison ) See also ( edit ) List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hucknall Michael James '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Leeden , Trevor J. `` Mick Hucknall -- American Soul '' . Rhythms . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BIOGRAPHY : Mick Hucknall '' . Lifetime . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Hucknall '' . Findmypast . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reginald Hucknall 1935 -- 2009 R.I.P. '' . Mick Hucknall -- Simply Red -- Official Site . Retrieved 22 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hugh ( 19 June 2001 ) . `` Simply Red star cleared after arrest for rape '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Sarah ( 9 August 2008 ) . `` Traditional values pay off for school with best results '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ellen , Barbara ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` The mother of all bachelors '' . The Observer . London . Jump up ^ 2008 Mick Hucknall Exclusive article Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( 21 March 2003 ) . `` What thrills me '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pop group Simply Red to split up '' . BBC News . 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC music review of Tribute to Bobby '' . 20 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hucknall named Faces new singer '' . Jump up ^ Matthews , Jenny ( 21 April 2005 ) . `` Who 's backing whom at the election ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Luvvies ' for Labour '' . BBC News . 30 August 1998 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Chris ( 20 April 2008 ) . `` Mick Hucknall has nothing to hide any more '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Jinman , 5 July 2003 , `` Taking the Mick '' , Sydney Morning Herald Jump up ^ `` BBC hears how over 600,000 ignored on gay marriage '' . The Christian Institute . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Hucknall and Gabriella Westberry Are Having a Baby '' Dot Spotter Jump up ^ Culley , Maureen ( 29 May 2010 ) . `` Mick Hucknall marries in exclusive Scottish ceremony '' . Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Hucknall in dispute over rights on Donegal estate '' ( requires paid subscription to view the full article ) . The Irish Times . 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` Something got him started : Hucknall takes neighbour to court '' . The Independent . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red duo settle hunting and fishing rights case '' . The Irish Times . 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Boulos , Nick ( 20 December 2009 ) . `` Fame & Fortune : Mick Hucknall '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mick 's red is not so simple '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 12 April 2004 . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Simply Dread ! Fergie and Hucknall holding back the tears after late Fulham equaliser '' . Daily Mail . 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mick Hucknall at acharts.us acharts.us Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom : `` That 's How Strong My Love Is '' : Zywietz , Tobias . `` Chart Log UK : New Entries Update -- 10.11. 2012 ( Week 44 ) '' . zobbel.de . Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Koda , Cub . Jools Holland 's Big Band Rhythm & Blues -- Jools Holland at AllMusic . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Simply Red official site Mick Hucknall on IMDb Simply Red People Mick Hucknall Ian Kirkham Steve Lewinson Kenji Suzuki Kevin Robinson Dave Clayton Roman Roth Contributors Fritz McIntyre Tim Kellett Tony Bowers Chris Joyce David Fryman Sylvan Richardson Aziz Ibrahim Heitor Pereira Gota Yashiki Shaun Ward Dee Johnson Velroy Bailey Sarah Brown Tim Vine John Johnson Mark Jaimes Wayne Stobbart Chris De Margary Andy Wright Pete Lewinson Studio albums Picture Book Men and Women A New Flame Stars Life Blue Love and the Russian Winter Home Simplified Stay Big Love Compilation albums Greatest Hits It 's Only Love The Very Best of Simply Red Simply Red 25 : The Greatest Hits Songs of Love Song Book 1985 - 2010 Related articles Discography Mick Hucknall discography The Montreux EP Simply Red Farewell -- Live in Concert at Sydney Opera House Faces Kenney Jones Ronnie Lane Ian McLagan Rod Stewart Ronnie Wood Tetsu Yamauchi Jesse Ed Davis Mick Hucknall Glen Matlock Studio albums First Step Long Player A Nod Is As Good As a Wink ... to a Blind Horse Ooh La La Live albums Coast to Coast : Overture and Beginners Compilations Snakes and Ladders / The Best of Faces Good Boys ... When They 're Asleep Five Guys Walk into a Bar ... Songs `` Wicked Messenger '' `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' `` Stay with Me '' `` Cindy Incidentally '' `` Pool Hall Richard '' `` Ooh La La '' `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Faces Small Faces VIAF : 7590726 LCCN : no98005584 ISNI : 0000 0001 1437 3957 GND : 119136821 SUDOC : 161546471 BNF : cb140516281 ( data ) MusicBrainz : a837db0d - fbeb - 4a68 - a1e0 - 7803ab259085 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mick_Hucknall&oldid=804066518 '' Categories : 1960 births Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University Brit Award winners English businesspeople English male singer - songwriters English male singers English pop singers British contemporary R&B singers English soul singers Faces ( band ) members Labour Party ( UK ) people Living people Musicians from Manchester People from Denton , Greater Manchester Simply Red members Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 14 : 26 . About Wikipedia	who is the lead singer in simply red	[ "Michael James Hucknall[1] (born 8 June 1960) is an English singer and songwriter. Hucknall achieved international fame in the 1980s as the lead singer and songwriter of the soul-influenced pop band Simply Red, with whom he enjoyed a 25-year career and sold over 50 million albums. Hucknall has been described as \"one of the truly great blue-eyed soul singers\".[2]" ]	[ "Michael James Hucknall" ]
-7107201970437605650	Aplastic anemia	Aplastic anemia - wikipedia Aplastic anemia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aplastic aneamia Synonyms Aplastic anaemia Specialty Oncology , hematology Aplastic anemia is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells that reside there are damaged . This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types ( pancytopenia ) : red blood cells ( anemia ) , white blood cells ( leukopenia ) , and platelets ( thrombocytopenia ) . Aplastic refers to inability of the stem cells to generate mature blood cells . It is more frequent in people in their teens and twenties , but is also common among the elderly . It can be caused by heredity , immune disease , or exposure to chemicals , drugs , or radiation . However , in about half the cases , the cause is unknown . The definitive diagnosis is by bone marrow biopsy ; normal bone marrow has 30 -- 70 % blood stem cells , but in aplastic anemia , these cells are mostly gone and replaced by fat . First line treatment for aplastic anemia consists of immunosuppressive drugs , typically either anti-lymphocyte globulin or anti-thymocyte globulin , combined with corticosteroids and ciclosporin . Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also used , especially for patients under 30 years of age with a related matched marrow donor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 4.1 Follow - up 5 Prognosis 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Anemia may lead to malaise , pallor and associated symptoms such as palpitations . Low platelet counts ( thrombocytopenia ) if present is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage , bruising and petechiae . Low white blood cell counts ( leukocytopenia ) if present leads to an increased risk of infections which can be severe . Causes ( edit ) Aplastic anemia can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals , drugs , radiation , infection , immune disease ; in about half the cases , a definitive cause is unknown . It is not a familial line hereditary condition , nor is it contagious . It can be acquired due to exposure to other conditions but if a person develops the condition , their offspring would not develop it by virtue of their gene connection . Aplastic anemia is also sometimes associated with exposure to toxins such as benzene , or with the use of certain drugs , including chloramphenicol , carbamazepine , felbamate , phenytoin , quinine , and phenylbutazone . Many drugs are associated with aplasia mainly according to case reports , but at a very low probability . As an example , chloramphenicol treatment is followed by aplasia in less than one in 40,000 treatment courses , and carbamazepine aplasia is even rarer . Exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive materials or radiation - producing devices is also associated with the development of aplastic anemia . Marie Curie , famous for her pioneering work in the field of radioactivity , died of aplastic anemia after working unprotected with radioactive materials for a long period of time ; the damaging effects of ionizing radiation were not then known . Aplastic anemia is present in up to 2 % of patients with acute viral hepatitis . One known cause is an autoimmune disorder in which white blood cells attack the bone marrow . Short - lived aplastic anemia can also be a result of parvovirus infection . In humans , the P antigen ( also known as globoside ) , one of the many cellular receptors that contribute to a person 's blood type , is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema infectiosum ( fifth disease ) in children . Because it infects red blood cells as a result of the affinity for the P antigen , Parvovirus causes complete cessation of red blood cell production . In most cases , this goes unnoticed , as red blood cells live on average 120 days , and the drop in production does not significantly affect the total number of circulating red blood cells . In people with conditions where the cells die early ( such as sickle cell disease ) , however , parvovirus infection can lead to severe anemia . More frequently parvovirus B19 is associated with aplastic crisis which involves only the red blood cells ( despite the name ) . Aplastic anemia involves all different cell lines . In some animals , aplastic anemia may have other causes . For example , in the ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ) , it is caused by estrogen toxicity , because female ferrets are induced ovulators , so mating is required to bring the female out of heat . Intact females , if not mated , will remain in heat , and after some time the high levels of estrogen will cause the bone marrow to stop producing red blood cells . Diagnosis ( edit ) The condition needs to be differentiated from pure red cell aplasia . In aplastic anemia , the patient has pancytopenia ( i.e. , leukopenia and thrombocytopenia ) resulting in decrease of all formed elements . In contrast , pure red cell aplasia is characterized by reduction in red cells only . The diagnosis can only be confirmed on bone marrow examination . Before this procedure is undertaken , a patient will generally have had other blood tests to find diagnostic clues , including a complete blood count , renal function and electrolytes , liver enzymes , thyroid function tests , vitamin B and folic acid levels . The following tests aid in determining differential diagnosis for aplastic anemia : Bone marrow aspirate and biospy : to rule out other causes of pancytopenia ( i.e. neoplastic infiltration or significant myelofibrosis ) . History of iatrogenic exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy : can cause transient bone marrow suppression X-rays , computed tomography ( CT ) scans , or ultrasound imaging tests : enlarged lymph nodes ( sign of lymphoma ) , kidneys and bones in arms and hands ( abnormal in Fanconi anemia ) Chest X-ray : infections Liver tests : liver diseases Viral studies : viral infections Vitamin B and folate levels : vitamin deficiency Blood tests for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Test for antibodies : immune competency Treatment ( edit ) Treating immune - mediated aplastic anemia involves suppression of the immune system , an effect achieved by daily medicine intake , or , in more severe cases , a bone marrow transplant , a potential cure . The transplanted bone marrow replaces the failing bone marrow cells with new ones from a matching donor . The multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow reconstitute all three blood cell lines , giving the patient a new immune system , red blood cells , and platelets . However , besides the risk of graft failure , there is also a risk that the newly created white blood cells may attack the rest of the body ( `` graft - versus - host disease '' ) . In young patients with an HLA matched sibling donor , bone marrow transplant can be considered as first - line treatment , patients lacking a matched sibling donor typically pursue immunosuppression as a first - line treatment , and matched unrelated donor transplants are considered a second - line therapy . Medical therapy of aplastic anemia often includes a course of antithymocyte globulin ( ATG ) and several months of treatment with ciclosporin to modulate the immune system . Chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide may also be effective but has more toxicity than ATG . Antibody therapy , such as ATG , targets T - cells , which are believed to attack the bone marrow . Corticosteroids are generally ineffective , though they are used to ameliorate serum sickness caused by ATG . Normally , success is judged by bone marrow biopsy 6 months after initial treatment with ATG . One prospective study involving cyclophosphamide was terminated early due to a high incidence of mortality , due to severe infections as a result of prolonged neutropenia . In the past , before the above treatments became available , patients with low leukocyte counts were often confined to a sterile room or bubble ( to reduce risk of infections ) , as in the case of Ted DeVita . Follow - up ( edit ) Regular full blood counts are required on a regular basis to determine whether the patient is still in a state of remission . Many patients with aplastic anemia also have clones of cells characteristic of the rare disease paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria ( PNH , anemia with thrombopenia and / or thrombosis ) , sometimes referred to as AA / PNH . Occasionally PNH dominates over time , with the major manifestation intravascular hemolysis . The overlap of AA and PNH has been speculated to be an escape mechanism by the bone marrow against destruction by the immune system . Flow cytometry testing is performed regularly in people with previous aplastic anemia to monitor for the development of PNH . Prognosis ( edit ) Untreated , severe aplastic anemia has a high risk of death . Modern treatment , by drugs or stem cell transplant , has a five - year survival rate that exceeds 85 % , with younger age associated with higher survival . Survival rates for stem cell transplant vary depending on age and availability of a well - matched donor . Five - year survival rates for patients who receive transplants have been shown to be 82 % for patients under age 20 , 72 % for those 20 -- 40 years old , and closer to 50 % for patients over age 40 . Success rates are better for patients who have donors that are matched siblings and worse for patients who receive their marrow from unrelated donors . Older people ( who are generally too frail to undergo bone marrow transplants ) , and people who are unable to find a good bone marrow match , undergoing immune suppression have five - year survival rates of up to 75 % . Relapses are common . Relapse following ATG / ciclosporin use can sometimes be treated with a repeated course of therapy . In addition , 10 - 15 % of severe aplastic anemia cases evolve into MDS and leukemia . According to a study , for children who underwent immunosuppressive therapy , about 15.9 % of children who responded to immunosuppressive therapy encountered relapse . Milder disease can resolve on its own . See also ( edit ) Fanconi anemia Acquired pure red cell aplasia Cause of death of Eleanor Roosevelt Cause of death of Marie Curie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Acton , Ashton ( 22 July 2013 ) . Aplastic Anemia . ScholarlyEditions . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4816 - 5068 - 7 . Aplastic anemia ( AA ) is a rare bone marrow failure disorder with high mortality rate , which is characterized by pancytopenia and an associated increase in the risk of hemorrhage , infection , organ dysfunction and death . ^ Jump up to : Kasper , Dennis L ; Braunwald , Eugene ; Fauci , Anthony ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine , 16th ed . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 140235 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Merck Manual , Professional Edition , Aplastic Anemia ( Hypoplastic Anemia ) ^ Jump up to : Peinemann , F ; Bartel , C ; Grouven , U ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` First - line allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of HLA - matched sibling donors compared with first - line ciclosporin and / or antithymocyte or antilymphocyte globulin for acquired severe aplastic anemia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 7 ( 7 ) : CD006407 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006407. pub2 . PMID 23881658 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie - The Radium Institute ( 1919 - 1934 ) : Part 3 '' . American Institute of Physics . Jump up ^ Clark , Michael ; Kumar , Parveen , eds . ( July 2011 ) . Kumar & Clark 's clinical medicine ( 7th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 2992 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aplastic Anemia : New Insights for the Healthcare Professional . ScholarlyEditions. 22 July 2013 . p. 39 . ISBN 9781481663182 . Jump up ^ Locasciulli A , Oneto R , Bacigalupo A , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Outcome of patients with acquired aplastic anemia given first line bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive treatment in the last decade : a report from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation ( EBMT ) '' . Haematologica. 92 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 8 . doi : 10.3324 / haematol. 10075 . PMID 17229630 . ^ Jump up to : Tisdale JF , Maciejewski JP , Nunez O , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Late complications following treatment for severe aplastic anemia ( SAA ) with high - dose cyclophosphamide ( Cy ) : follow - up of a randomized trial '' . Blood . 100 ( 13 ) : 4668 -- 4670 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2002 - 02 - 0494 . PMID 12393567 . Jump up ^ `` NIH Clinical Center : Clinical Center News , NIH Clinical Center '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ DeZern , Amy E ; Brodsky , Robert A ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` Clinical management of aplastic anemia '' . Expert Review of Hematology. 4 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 230 . doi : 10.1586 / ehm. 11.11 . PMC 3138728 . Jump up ^ Scheinberg , Phillip ; Young , Neal S. ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` How I treat acquired aplastic anemia '' . Blood . 120 ( 6 ) : 1185 -- 96 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2011 - 12 - 274019 . PMC 3418715 . PMID 22517900 . Free Text Jump up ^ Kamio , T. ; Ito , E. ; Ohara , A. ; Kosaka , Y. ; Tsuchida , M. ; Yagasaki , H. ; Mugishima , H. ; Yabe , H. ; Morimoto , A. ; Ohga , S. ; Muramatsu , H. ; Hama , A. ; Kaneko , T. ; Nagasawa , M. ; Kikuta , A. ; Osugi , Y. ; Bessho , F. ; Nakahata , T. ; Tsukimoto , I. ; Kojima , S. ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` Relapse of aplastic anemia in children after immunosuppressive therapy : a report from the Japan Childhood Aplastic Anemia Study Group '' . Haematologica. 96 ( 6 ) : 814 -- 819 . doi : 10.3324 / haematol. 2010.035600 . PMC 3105642 . PMID 21422115 . In the present study , the cumulative incidence of relapse at 10 years was relatively low compared to that in other studies mainly involving adult patients . A multicenter prospective study is warranted to establish optimal therapy for children with aplastic anemia . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : D60 - D61 ICD - 9 - CM : 284 OMIM : 609135 MeSH : D000741 DiseasesDB : 866 External resources MedlinePlus : 000554 eMedicine : med / 162 Mayo Clinic MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 000554 -- Idiopathic aplastic anemia The Aplastic Anaemia Trust ( hide ) Diseases of red blood cells ( D50 -- 69 , 74 , 280 -- 287 ) ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro - : Iron - deficiency anemia Plummer -- Vinson syndrome Macro - : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary enzymopathy : G6PD glycolysis PK TI HK hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle - cell disease / trait HPFH membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski -- Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired Autoimmune WAHA CAD PCH membrane PNH MAHA TM HUS Drug - induced autoimmune Drug - induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond -- Blackfan anemia Acquired : PRCA Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests MCV Normocytic Microcytic Macrocytic MCHC Normochromic Hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aplastic_anemia&oldid=829729164 '' Categories : Autoimmune diseases Aplastic anemias Hematopathology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which condition is known as bone marrow depression anemia	[ "Aplastic anemia is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells that reside there are damaged.[1] This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types (pancytopenia): red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia).[2][3] Aplastic refers to inability of the stem cells to generate mature blood cells." ]	[ "Aplastic anemia" ]
-7718567162803845884	Full Moon Party	Full Moon Party - wikipedia Full Moon Party Jump to : navigation , search For the 2002 film , see Full Moon Party ( film ) . Full Moon Party Genre Electronic music , etc . Dates 1985 -- present Location ( s ) Haad Rin on the island of Ko Pha Ngan , Thailand The Full Moon Party is an all - night beach party that originated in Haad Rin on the island of Ko Pha Ngan , Thailand on the night of , before or after every full moon . It is mostly attended by tourists . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Schedule and description 3 Safety issues 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Full Moon Party March 2015 , view over Haad Rin Suinrise Beach A view of the Full Moon Party in front of Tommy Resort at Haad Rin Fullmoon party originator since 1989 , Sutti Kursakul . Poster at Paradise Bungalows , Haad Rin , Koh Phangan , 2016 . Full Moon Party 23rd February 2016 , front of Paradise Bungalows at Haad Rin Sunrise Beach , Koh Phangan Buckets of alcoholic beverages for sale at the Full Moon Party Playing fire skipping rope at Full Moon Party Fire dancers at the Full Moon Party The first Full Moon Party was improvised at a Paradise Bungalows on the beach in 1988 , for giving thanks to about 20 -- 30 travelers . The parties gained fame through word of mouth , and the event now draws a crowd of about 5,000 -- 30,000 every full moon evening . The party carries on until the sun rises the next day . The bars on the sunrise beach of Haad Rin town stay open and play music such as psychedelic trance , R&B , drum and bass , house , dance and reggae . The modern event has become a part of the itinerary of many travellers to Southeast Asia . The success of the Full Moon Party prompted the creation of `` Half Moon '' , `` Black ( sic . New ) Moon '' , and other parties . The ruling military government in late - 2014 banned all but the Full Moon Party , the application of sweeping edicts such as this , a proven method of levering the secondary party organizers and local business people adhoc into garnishing further contributions to said administrative coffers . but the 2014 edict may not have been observed by local authorities , given that , as of 5 April 2015 , all parties except the Full Moon Party were again banned on Ko Pha Ngan . This is to stop the noise pollution which has become a constant source of irritation for the islanders . The ban was ordered by Pha Ngan district chief officer , Mr Krirkkrai Songthani , after a meeting with local leaders on 3 April to discuss complaints from many residents about the various parties which are held up to 25 times a month at one coconut plantation or another on the island . However , these bans are only ever short lived , and lapse once they have served their unstated purpose . Allowing the re-proliferation of parties . Given the junta 's stated goal of attracting higher - class ( wealthier ) tourists , it is unclear how much longer the Full Moon Party will be permitted to continue . Already , the Tourist Authority of Thailand ( TAT ) webpage for Ko Pha Ngan barely makes mention of the Full Moon Party . A police colonel summed up the attitude of the new government when he said , `` The sort of tourist that comes here to drink too much and take drugs are not the type that Thailand wants . '' Schedule and description ( edit ) The Full Moon Party takes place every month throughout the year . Its attractions include fire skipping ropes , alcohol `` buckets '' , and drugs . There is a very wide spectrum of music ranging from trance , to drum and bass , to reggae . The party takes place in many clubs along the Haad Rin beach . However the Full Moon Party in October 2017 , and all other parties and music activities on Koh Phangan , was cancelled in respect for the cremation ceremony for the late king Bhumibol Adulyadej , October 25 to 29 . Full Moon Party schedule for 2018 Tuesday 2 January 2018 Wednesday 31 January 2018 Friday 2 March 2018 Saturday 31 March 2018 Sunday 29 April 2018 Wednesday 30 May 2018 Wednesday 27 June 2018 Sunday 29 July 2018 Sunday 26 August 2018 Monday 24 September 2018 Thursday 25 October 2018 Thursday 22 November 2018 Saturday 22 December 2018 Tuesday 25 December 2018 Monday 31 December 2018 Safety issues ( edit ) Although drugs are consumed by many partygoers , drug laws are strict and police enforcement is stepped up during the parties . There are undercover police on patrol and even the drug dealers themselves may report drug users to police . In recent years , there has been an increasing number of assaults and robberies at the party and in bars in the surrounding area , leading the British government to officially warn tourists to exercise caution at the Full Moon Parties . Break - ins at hotel bungalows while partygoers are away from their rooms sometimes occur as well . At the party there are lots of broken beer bottles and cigarettes . Every month many partygoers cut and / or burn their feet and legs at the Full Moon Party , which is preventable with appropriate footwear . On New Years Eve 2012 , British tourist Stephen Ashton was killed by a stray bullet . On New Years Eve 2016 , The crowd was showered in firework embers at midnight causing minor burns and stampede of panicked party goers . In popular culture ( edit ) The Full Moon Party has been featured in films such as The Beach , Last Stop for Paul , and the Thai film Hormones . It was also featured in the first episode of the Comedy Central TV show Gerhard Reinke 's Wanderlust . In 2011 , the island 's parties featured on Tourism and the Truth : Stacey Dooley Investigates , a documentary investigating the negative impacts of tourism on local people and the economy . It was featured in episode four of E4 's comedy - drama series Gap Year . See also ( edit ) List of electronic music festivals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Full Moon Party -- How It Started '' . Retrieved 26 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunwick , Robert Foyle ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Worst Party in Asia '' . Slate . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Charlie ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thailand 's Full Moon Parties Have Become a Trashy Disgrace '' . Time . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Sainsbury , Michael ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Thailand 's famous moon parties banned in drug and alcohol crackdown '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` All parties except Full Moon party are banned on KohPha - ngan '' . ThaiPBS. 2015 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 6 Apr 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tourist Authority of Thailand '' . Retrieved 26 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Koh Phangan '' . Amazing Thailand . Tourism Authority of Thailand ( TAT ) . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Full Moon Party '' . Retrieved 8 Sep 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Koh Phangan cancels October full - moon party '' . Bangkok Post . 2017 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 29 Sep 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full Moon Party schedule for 2018 '' . Retrieved 8 Sep 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drugs in Thailand -- Do n't Do It ! '' . Phuket-fever.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 9 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand travel advice '' . Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 9 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ Tips and tricks for the Full Moon Party Archived 2013 - 08 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British tourist Stephen Ashton shot dead in Thailand '' . BBC . 1 Jan 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chaiworaporn , Anchalee ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Japanese AV star Sora Aoi starring in Pidterm yai huajai wawoon '' . THAICINEMA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Gap Year : Thailand - The Full Moon '' . IMDb. 14 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Full Moon Party . Ko Pha Ngan travel guide from Wikivoyage Website Full Moon Party , Koh Phangan Amphoe of Surat Thani Mueang Surat Thani Kanchanadit Don Sak Ko Samui Ko Pha - ngan Chaiya Tha Chana Khiri Rat Nikhom Ban Ta Khun Phanom Tha Chang Ban Na San Ban Na Doem Khian Sa Wiang Sa Phrasaeng Phunphin Chai Buri Vibhavadi Electronic music events Live electronic music Types of events Circuit party Acid house party Rave Algorave Free party Squat party Technoparade Teknival Doof Lists of events List of electronic music festivals List of industrial music festivals List of electronic dance music festivals Culture Deejay sound system freetekno Club drugs Second Summer of Love Related events Music festival demo party hip hop music festival reggae festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_Moon_Party&oldid=828950630 '' Categories : Rave Thai culture Tourist attractions in Thailand Full moon Recurring events established in 1985 1985 establishments in Thailand Electronic music festivals Electronic music festivals in Thailand Music festivals established in 1985 Music festivals in Thailand Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français עברית Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the full moon party held in thailand	[ "\n\nFull Moon Party\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nElectronic music, etc.\n\n\nDates\n1985–present\n\n\nLocation(s)\nHaad Rin on the island of Ko Pha Ngan, Thailand\n\n" ]	[ "Haad Rin on the island of Ko Pha Ngan" ]
3100008921217478811	Female reproductive system	Female reproductive system - wikipedia Female reproductive system Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the reproductive system in human females . For the female reproductive systems of other animals , see reproductive system . Female reproductive system ( human ) A pictorial illustration of the female reproductive system . Details Identifiers Latin systema genitale femininum TA A09. 1.00. 001 FMA 45663 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The female reproductive system ( or female genital system ) is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in human reproduction . The female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes , and to carry a fetus to full term . The internal sex organs are the uterus and Fallopian tubes , and the ovaries . The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the fetus . The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the Fallopian tubes . The ovaries produce the ova ( egg cells ) . The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia , clitoris and vaginal opening . The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix . At certain intervals , the ovaries release an ovum , which passes through the Fallopian tube into the uterus . If , in this transit , it meets with sperm , a single sperm can enter and merge with the egg , fertilizing it . The corresponding equivalent among males is the male reproductive system . Fertilization usually occurs in the Fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of embryogenesis . The zygote will then divide over enough generations of cells to form a blastocyst , which implants itself in the wall of the uterus . This begins the period of gestation and the embryo will continue to develop until full - term . When the fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus , the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the newborn through the birth canal ( the vagina ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Internal organs 1.1 Vagina 1.2 Cervix 1.3 Uterus 1.4 Fallopian tube 1.5 Ovaries 2 External organs 3 Development 4 Physiology 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Vaginitis 5.2 Bacterial vaginosis 5.3 Yeast infection 5.4 Genital mutilation 5.5 Genital surgery 6 Reproductive rights 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Internal organs ( edit ) Sagittal MRI showing the location of the vagina , cervix and uterus Illustration depicting female reproductive system ( sagittal view ) Frontal view as scheme of reproductive organs The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina , uterus , Fallopian tubes , and ovaries . Vagina ( edit ) Main article : Vagina The vagina is a fibromuscular ( made up of fibrous and muscular tissue ) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb . It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy . The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse . Semen containing spermatazoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm , into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell ( ovum ) to take place . Cervix ( edit ) Main article : Cervix The cervix is the neck of the uterus , the lower , narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina . It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall . Approximately half its length is visible , the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view . The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery . Uterus ( edit ) Main article : Uterus The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ . The uterus provides mechanical protection , nutritional support , and waste removal for the developing embryo ( weeks 1 to 8 ) and fetus ( from week 9 until the delivery ) . In addition , contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth . The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement . The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly . The round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus . The cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus . The uterus is a pear - shaped muscular organ . Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium , and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose . The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo , develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth . If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus , a female begins menstruation . Fallopian tube ( edit ) Main article : Fallopian tube The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus . On maturity of an ovum , the follicle and the ovary 's wall rupture , allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian tube . There it travels toward the uterus , pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes . This trip takes hours or days . If the ovum is fertilized while in the Fallopian tube , then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus , which signals the beginning of pregnancy . Ovaries ( edit ) Main article : Ovary The ovaries are small , paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity . These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells ( ova ) and the secretion of hormones . The process by which the egg cell ( ovum ) is released is called ovulation . The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle . After ovulation , the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube , after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus , occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm . During fertilization the egg cell plays a role ; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm 's surface . The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin . The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs ( cilia ) to help the egg cell travel . External organs ( edit ) Main article : Vulva The vulva consists of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the mons pubis , pudendal cleft , labia majora , labia minora , Bartholin 's glands , clitoris and vaginal opening . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the reproductive system Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception . This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited . Since the mother 's egg contains an X chromosome and the father 's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome , it is the male who determines the fetus 's sex . If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father , the fetus will be a female . In this case , testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus , the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs . The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct . On the other hand , if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father , the fetus will be a male . The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade . Physiology ( edit ) The reproductive tract ( or genital tract ) is the lumen that starts as a single pathway through the vagina , splitting up into two lumens in the uterus , both of which continue through the Fallopian tubes , and ending at the distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity . In the absence of fertilization , the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation . The reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy , intrauterine insemination and transluminal sterilization . Clinical significance ( edit ) Vaginitis ( edit ) Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection . It is the most common gynaecological condition presented . It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age , sexual activity , and method of microbial identification . Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions . Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge , which can have a certain color , odor , or quality . Bacterial vaginosis ( edit ) Main article : Bacterial vaginosis This is a vaginal infection in women . It is differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation . Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial , consisting many bacteria species . The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present : ( 1 ) Homogenous , thin discharge , ( 2 ) a pH of 4.5 in the vagina , ( 3 ) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them , or ( 4 ) a fishy odor . It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis . Yeast infection ( edit ) Main article : Vaginal yeast infection This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 75 % of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime . Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as Candida . Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina , which is usually acidic . Other factors such as pregnancy , diabetes , weakened immune systems , tight fitting clothing , or douching can also be a cause . Symptoms of yeast infections include itching , burning , irritation , and a white cottage - cheese - like discharge from the vagina . Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well . Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection . Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus . Genital mutilation ( edit ) Main article : Female genital mutilation There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures . The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy , the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the prepuce the skin around the clitoris . They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding , irreparable tissue damage , and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal . Genital surgery ( edit ) Main article : Genitoplasty Genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment . There are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals . Reproductive rights ( edit ) The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well - being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care . As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved . Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health . Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health . Violation of these rights include forced pregnancy , forced sterilization , forced abortion and genital mutilation . Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female 's external genitals . History ( edit ) It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception ; otherwise , children would not resemble either or both of their parents . Four - hundred years later , Galen `` identified '' the source of ' female semen ' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs . See also ( edit ) Conception Development of the reproductive system Evolution of sexual reproduction Female infertility Oogenesis Human sexuality # Female anatomy and reproductive system Orgasm # In females References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mahadevan , Harold Ellis , Vishy ( 2013 ) . Clinical anatomy applied anatomy for students and junior doctors ( 13th ed . ) . Chichester , West Sussex , UK : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 9781118373767 . Jump up ^ `` Details of genital development '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Zaino , Nucci , & Kurman , Richard , Marisa , & Robert . `` Diseas of the Vagina '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Anwar , Etin . `` The Transmission of Generative Self and Women 's Contribution to Conception . '' Gender and Self in Islam . London : Routledge , 2006 . 75 . Print . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of : The female reproductive system Female reproductive system Interactive diagram of female reproductive system Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Female reproductive system Internal Adnexa Ovaries Follicles corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space Other Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ostium Ligaments Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Wolffian vestiges Gartner 's duct Epoophoron Vesicular appendages of epoophoron Paroophoron Uterus Regions Body Uterine cavity Fundus Cervix External orifice Cervical canal Internal orifice Supravaginal portion Vaginal portion Uterine horns Layers Endometrium epithelium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Ligaments Round ligament Broad ligament Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament General Uterine glands Vagina Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen External Vulva Labia Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands / ducts Bartholin 's glands / Bartholin 's ducts Skene 's glands / Skene 's ducts Clitoris Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosum Clitoral glans Hood Urethra Urethral crest Other G - spot Urethral sponge Perineal sponge Menstrual cycle Events and phases Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Life stages Menarche Menopause Tracking Signs Basal body temperature Cervical mucus Mittelschmerz Systems Fertility awareness Calendar - based methods Billings Ovulation Method Creighton Model Suppression Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive Lactational amenorrhea Disorders Amenorrhea Anovulation Dysmenorrhea Hypomenorrhea Irregular menstruation Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Related events Folliculogenesis Menstrual synchrony Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Sexual activity In culture and religion Chhaupadi Menstrual taboo Niddah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_reproductive_system&oldid=821568337 '' Categories : Human female reproductive system Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 08 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does fertilization take place in the femal reproductive system	[ "Fertilization usually occurs in the Fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of embryogenesis. The zygote will then divide over enough generations of cells to form a blastocyst, which implants itself in the wall of the uterus. This begins the period of gestation and the embryo will continue to develop until full-term. When the fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the newborn through the birth canal (the vagina)." ]	[ "Fallopian tubes" ]
-6141328050452799168	Martin (name)	Martin ( name ) - wikipedia Martin ( name ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Martin may either be a surname or given name . Martin is a common given and family name in many languages and cultures . It comes from the Latin name Martinus , which is a late derived form of the name of the Roman god Mars , the protective godhead of the Latins , and therefore the god of war . The meaning is usually rendered in reference to the god as `` of Mars '' , or `` of war / warlike '' ( `` martial '' ) . Martin Statue of Marte ( Mars ) Pronunciation English : / ˈmɑːrtɪn , - tən / Czech : ( ˈmarcɪn ) Finnish : ( ˈmɑrtin ) French : ( maʁtɛ̃ ) German : ( ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ) Norwegian : ( ˈmɑʈːɪn ) Serbo - Croatian : ( mǎrtin ) Spanish : ( maɾˈtin ) Swedish : ( ˈmaʈːɪn ) Gender Male Origin Word / name Latin Meaning `` Of Mars , warlike , warrior '' Region of origin Roman Empire Other names Related names Martyn , Martti , Morten , Marten , Maarten , Marta , Mark ( can also be used as a nickname ) , Martino , Martina It has remained a popular given name in Christian times , in honor of Saint Martin of Tours ; it is also the most common French surname . Along with its historic Catholic popularity , it has also been popular among Protestants due to Martin Luther . In addition , African American children are often given the name in honor of Martin Luther King , Jr ... Additionally , many Black Americans have the name Martin as a family name . Also , Martin is a popular first name chosen by Jews . Saint Martin of Tours Saint Martin of Tours , the patron saint of soldiers , leaves the Roman army . St Martin is one of the most familiar and recognizable Roman Catholic saints . The name is a shorter version of the Latin name Martinus . Contents 1 The name Martin in different cultures 1.1 America 1.2 Europe 1.2. 1 Britain 1.2. 2 France 1.2. 3 Estonia 1.2. 4 Hungary 1.2. 5 Ireland 1.2. 6 Portugal 1.2. 7 Scandinavia 1.2. 8 Spain 2 Surname 2.1 Reduplicated name 2.2 Persons with the surname 2.2. 1 Born before 1600 2.2. 2 Born 1600 -- 1699 2.2. 3 Born 1700 -- 1799 2.2. 4 Born 1800 -- 1899 2.2. 5 Born 1900 -- 1949 2.2. 6 Born since 1950 2.2. 7 Living with unknown birth year 2.2. 8 Unknown living or dead with unknown birth year 2.2. 9 Derived surnames 3 Given / First name 3.1 Middle name 4 Fictional characters 5 See also 6 References 7 External links The name Martin in different cultures ( edit ) America ( edit ) Martin was the sixteenth most frequently reported surname in the 1990 United States Census , accounting for 0.27 % of the population . Europe ( edit ) The name is often read Martin ( with ` on the i ) in most slavic contries . Nicknames for Martin can be Marti , Marto , Martine . Britain ( edit ) England Arms of FitzMartin , feudal barons of Barnstaple in Devon and Lords of Cemais in Wales : Argent , two bars gules Before the Normans arrived in the 11th century , Martin was rare in England . See feudal barony of Barnstaple for the post-Conquest Anglo - Norman family . The surname became common south of the Thames . Scotland There are several groups of Martins or Macmartins in Scotland . The MacMartins of Letterfinlay appear to have allied themselves to the Clan Cameron in the late 14th century , and finally merged with the Camerons after the Battle of Lochaber in 1429 . The MacMartins , who became a sept of Clan Cameron , are said to have been amongst the most loyal and valuable followers of Cameron of Lochiel . In the Jacobite rising of 1745 , the MacMartins were `` out with '' Lochiel 's regiment . According to the Oxford Companion to Scottish History , the MacMartins of Letterfinlay who were a sept of the Clan Cameron would have seen themselves as distinct within their own lands , but would have also seen themselves as Camerons if operating elsewhere outside of Lochaber . There is a branch of MacMartins from Strathclyde . The Martins in Skye are traditionally associated with Clan Donald , and the Lothians were home to a powerful ' de St Martin ' family from the 12th century . Wales An Anglo - Norman knight named Robert fitz Martin , born in the late 11th century , settled in England 's West Country , on lands inherited from a grandfather , and later participated in the invasions of Wales , where he was awarded the barony of Cemais , located between Fishguard and Cardigan . Robert fitz Martin established the caput of his barony at Nanhyfer or Nevern . Robert 's son William fitz Robert fitz Martin ( born c. 1155 ) inherited the family 's property and re-established family control over Cemais , which had been lost to the Welsh . The senior line became extinct in 1326 , but cadet lines still flourish in Wales and England . France ( edit ) With over 230,000 people holding the surname Martin in France , it is the most common French surname . The origins of its frequency can be attributed to Saint Martin of Tours , who was the most popular French saint , but the reason is not clear . Martin was never a common given name ( Christian name ) in the Middle Ages , unlike Bernard or Thomas ( which were later officialized and became common surnames , nowadays ranking second and third respectively ) . Onomastics have tried to find other reasons for Martin 's popularity , by examining , for example , the repartition of place names , but this explanation also lacks empirical support . It can be a late surname connected with children of orphanages , like Alexandre , which was never a common first name in the Middle Ages but now appears quite frequently as a surname . Martin can represent charity towards orphans . France Belgium ( Wallonia , 2008 ) 1 . Martin 1 . Dubois 2 . Bernard 2 . Lambert 3 . Dubois 3 . Martin 4 . Thomas 4 . Dupont 5 . Robert 5 . Simon However , this list hides strong regional differences in France and the increasing number of foreign names among the French citizens . Table based on births between 1966 and 1990 : Basse - Normandie Alsace Brittany PACA Paris - IdF 1 . Marie 1 . Meyer 1 . Le Gall 1 . Martin 1 . Martin 2 . Martin 2 . Muller 2 . Thomas 2 . Garcia ( Spanish ) 2 . Da Silva ( Port . ) 3 . Jeanne 3 . Schmitt 3 . Le Goff 3 . Martinez ( Spanish ) 3 . Perreira ( Port . ) 4 . Duval 4 . Schneider 4 . Le Roux 4 . Blanc 4 . Petit 5 . Lefèvre 5 . Klein 5 . Martin 5 . Fernandez ( Spanish ) 5 . Dos Santos ( Port . ) 6 . Leroy 6 . Weber 6 . Simon 6 . Lopez ( Spanish ) 6 . Ferreira ( Port . ) 7 . Hébert 7 . Fischer 7 . Tanguy 7 . Roux 7 . Rodrigues ( Port . ) 8 . Guérin 8 . Martin 8 . Hamon 8 . Sanchez ( Spanish ) 8 . Dubois Estonia ( edit ) Martin is a common male name in Estonia . Martin was the most popular male given name throughout the 1990s . The name currently remains as the second most popular male name in Estonia . The name also exists as a surname - With the variations of Martin , Martinsen , Martinson . Hungary ( edit ) Márton , the Hungarian form of the name , is commonly used as both a first name and surname . Ireland ( edit ) Surnames in Ireland are attested from the mid-10th century . Several distinct families featured the name as a surname element . They included Mac Giolla Mhártain , Ó Maol Mhartain , Ó Martain , Ó Máirtín , Mac Máirtín , Mac Máel Martain . Individuals included Echmílid mac Máel Martain ( Bishop of Down to 1202 ) , Giolla Ernain Ó Martain ( Irish poet and Chief Ollam of Ireland , died 1218 ) , and Fearghal Ó Martain , O.E.S.A. ( Bishop of Killala from 1425 to 1432 ) . After the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 , numerous unrelated bearers of the name settled in Ireland . Among the most well - known of the name were one of the Tribes of Galway . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , Martin is written `` Martim '' or Martinho . One famous Martin from Portuguese history is Martim Moniz . Scandinavia ( edit ) Martin is common as a given name in all three Scandinavian countries , and typically appears on the top 20 most popular male names lists in any given year . Martin is exclusively used as a given name in Scandinavia , not as a surname . However , derivative surnames as per Scandinavian naming tradition , such as Martinsen ( in Norway and Denmark ) and Martinsson ( in Sweden ) , are common . Spain ( edit ) Martín , with an accent on the `` i '' and pronounced ( mar ' tin ) ( mar - teen ) is a common given name and is also among the most common surnames in Spain . Its Catalan variant is Martí and in Galician is Martiño . Jewish families in medieval Spain ( Sephardic ) Jews who remained in Spain and agreed to accept Christianity were asked to change their surnames . One of the names taken up by these Jewish conversos ( originally known in Spain as Marranos , but preferred term is ' anusim ' which is Hebrew for `` forced '' ) was `` Martí '' ( also spelt `` Marty '' ) . Sephardic Jews also used Martin or Martinez , as a variation from the Hebrew name Mordecai . Surname ( edit ) Reduplicated name ( edit ) There are persons with Martin as reduplicated name : Martin Martin , a Scottish writer . Persons with the surname ( edit ) Notable people sharing the surname `` Martin '' include : Born before 1600 ( edit ) Robert fitz Martin ( c. 1095 -- c. 1159 ) , Anglo - Norman knight , first Lord of Cemais , Wales Giolla Ernain Ó Martain ( died 1218 ) , chief brehon of law in Ireland Saint Richard Martin ( died 1588 ) , English martyr Richard Martin ( died 1617 ) , Master of the Mint and Lord Mayor of London Richard Martin ( 1570 -- 1618 ) , lawyer and Recorder of London Born 1600 -- 1699 ( edit ) Richard Óge Martyn ( 1602 -- 1648 ) leading member of Confederate Ireland Francis Martin ( priest ) ( 1652 -- 1722 ) , Irish Augustinian Martin Martin ( 1660 -- 1718 ) , Scottish writer and explorer of the Hebrides Richard Martin fitz Oliver ( c. 1602 -- 48 ) , Irish Confederate Sir Roger Martin , 1st Baronet ( 1639 -- 1712 ) , 1st Martin Baronet of Long Melford Sir Roger Martin , 2nd Baronet ( 1667 -- 1742 ) , 2nd Martin Baronet of Long Melford Sir Roger Martin , 3rd Baronet ( 1689 -- 1762 ) , 3rd Martin Baronet of Long Melford John Martin ( 1692 -- 1767 ) , British Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury , 1741 -- 1747 Born 1700 -- 1799 ( edit ) John Martin ( 1724 -- 1794 ) , British Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury , 1754 -- 1761 Joseph Martin ( 1726 -- 1776 ) , British banker and politician James Martin ( 1738 - 1810 ) , British banker and politician Alexander Martin ( 1740 -- 1807 ) , American politician Christian Frederick Martin ( 1796 -- 1873 ) , German guitar builder , founder of C.F. Martin & Company Claude Martin ( 1735 -- 1800 ) , French adventurer , soldier , and founder of three schools Claude Martin Wade ( 1794 -- 1861 ) , British colonel named after the French adventurer Claude Martin George Martin ( Royal Navy officer ) ( 1764 -- 1847 ) , Royal Navy admiral of the fleet John Martin ( painter ) ( 1789 -- 1854 ) , English painter Joseph Martin ( general ) ( 1740 -- 1808 ) , American Revolutionary War officer , explorer , Indian agent , planter Joseph Plumb Martin ( 1760 -- 1850 ) , American Revolutionary War soldier , diarist Joshua L. Martin ( 1799 -- 1856 ) , American politician , Governor of Alabama Luther Martin ( 1748 -- 1826 ) , American politician Sir Mordaunt Martin , 4th Baronet ( 1740 -- 1815 ) , 4th Martin Baronet of Long Melford Pierre Martin ( French Navy officer ) ( 1752 -- 1820 ) , French naval officer and admiral Richard Martin ( Irish politician ) ( 1754 -- 1834 ) , Irish politician and founder of the RSPCA Richard Martin ( cricketer ) ( born 1789 , date of death unknown ) , English cricketer Sir Roger Martin , 5th Baronet ( 1778 -- 1815 ) , 5th Martin Baronet of Long Melford William Martin ( naturalist ) ( 1767 -- 1810 ) , English naturalist and palaeontologist William Charles Linnaeus Martin ( 1798 -- 1864 ) , English naturalist Born 1800 -- 1899 ( edit ) Allen Martin ( 1844 -- 1924 ) , founder of Port Adelaide Grammar School Annie Montgomerie Martin ( 1841 -- 1918 ) , educator in South Australia Arthur Martin - Leake ( 1874 -- 1953 ) , English physician , recipient of the Victoria Cross Augustus Pearl Martin ( 1835 -- 1902 ) , American Civil War artillery officer and mayor of Boston , Massachusetts Bernard F. Martin ( 1845 -- 1914 ) , New York politician Bob Martin ( boxer ) ( 1897 -- 1978 ) , American boxer Celora E. Martin ( 1834 -- 1909 ) , New York lawyer and politician Eamon Martin ( 1961 -- ) Irish Bishop Frank Martin ( composer ) ( 1890 -- 1974 ) , Swiss composer Frederick Townsend Martin ( 1849 -- 1914 ) American author Glenn L. Martin ( 1886 -- 1955 ) , American aviation pioneer , founder of Glenn L. Martin Company Harley A. Martin ( 1880 - 1951 ) , American politician James Martin , II , American Medal of Honor recipient J.P. Martin ( 1880 -- 1966 ) , English Methodist minister and writer Jesse M. Martin ( born before 1900 ) , former Governor of Arkansas John W. Martin ( 1884 -- 1958 ) , American politician , Governor of Florida Joseph Martin ( Canadian politician ) ( 1852 -- 1923 ) , Canadian lawyer and politician Joseph William Martin , Jr. ( 1884 -- 1968 ) , American politician , Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Karlheinz Martin ( 1886 -- 1948 ) , German stage and film director Lewis J. Martin ( 1844 -- 1913 ) , American Democratic Party politician Mary Martin ( missionary ) ( 1892 -- 1975 ) , Irish missionary nun and founder of Medical Missionaries of Mary Myra Belle Martin ( 1861 -- ? ) , American teacher , writer , financier Paul Sidney Martin ( 1898 or 1899 -- 1974 ) , American archaeologist Peter E. Martin ( 1888 -- 1944 ) , Canadian automobile pioneer ( Ford Motor Company ) Phonney Martin ( 1845 -- 1933 ) , 19th - century American professional baseball player Sir Richard Martin , 1st Baronet , of Cappagh ( 1831 -- 1901 ) , Anglo - Irish baronet and privy counsellor Sir Richard Martin , 1st Baronet , of Overbury Court ( 1838 -- 1916 ) , English banker and Liberal Party politician Whitmell P. Martin ( 1867 -- 1929 ) , `` Bull Moose '' and Democratic U.S. representative from Louisiana Selina Martin ( 1882 -- after 1909 ) , Women 's Suffragette from England William Alexander Parsons Martin ( 1827 -- 1916 ) , Protestant missionary in China William Melville Martin ( 1876 -- 1970 ) , Canadian politician William Martin ( architect ) ( 1829 -- 1900 ) , Birmingham architect and partner in Martin & Chamberlain Born 1900 -- 1949 ( edit ) Agnes Martin ( 1912 -- 2004 ) , Canadian painter Alberta Martin ( 1906 -- 2004 ) , Confederate widow Anders Martin - Löf ( born 1940 ) , Swedish mathematician Andrea Martin ( born 1947 ) , Canadian actress and comedian Barney Martin ( 1923 -- 2005 ) , American actor Bernice Fenwick Martin ( 1902 -- 1999 ) , Canadian painter and printmaker Billy Martin ( 1928 -- 1989 ) , American baseball player and manager Bob Martin ( singer ) ( 1922 -- 1998 ) , Austrian singer Bunsom Martin ( 1922 -- 2008 ) , Thai medical professional Caleb Martin ( 1924 -- 1994 ) , American football player Charles A. Martin , Southern - African scout leader Charlie Martin ( 1913 -- 1998 ) , English auto driver Christopher Martin - Jenkins ( 1945 -- 2013 ) , British cricket journalist David Martin ( poet ) ( 1915 -- 1997 ) , Australian poet Dean Martin ( 1917 -- 1995 ) , American singer and actor Dee Martin ( born 1949 ) , American football player Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon ( 1921 -- 2008 and born 1924 ) , American feminists and gay - rights activists Denys R. Martin ( before 1920 -- 1970 ) , British officer of the Royal Engineers , philatelist Dick Martin ( artist ) ( 1927 -- 1990 ) , American artist Dick Martin ( comedian ) ( 1922 -- 2008 ) , American comedian Don Martin ( cartoonist ) ( 1931 -- 2000 ) , American cartoonist , MAD Magazine Donald A. Martin ( born 1940 ) , set theorist ( mathematician ) at UCLA Ernest Martin ( theatre director and manager ) ( born 1932 ) , American theatre director and manager Eugene J. Martin ( 1938 -- 2005 ) , American painter F.X. Martin ( 1922 -- 2000 ) , Irish priest and historian Frank Martin ( ice hockey ) ( born 1933 ) , Canadian professional ice hockey player Gene Martin ( born 1947 ) , American baseball player George Martin ( 1926 -- 2016 ) , English producer of The Beatles ' records ( `` 5th Beatle '' ) George R.R. Martin ( born 1948 ) , American science fiction and fantasy writer Glenn Martin ( coach ) ( 1906 -- 1997 ) , American college sports coach Gordon Eugene Martin ( born 1925 ) , American physicist and author Harry S. Martin ( born 1943 ) , American librarian and legal scholar Henno Martin ( 1910 -- 1998 ) , German geologist Illa Martin ( 1900 -- 1988 ) , German dendrologist , botanist , conservationist , and dentist J.C. Martin ( born 1936 ) , American baseball player Jacques Martin ( comics ) ( 1921 -- 2010 ) , French comics creator James Douglas Martin ( born 1918 ) , former U.S. representative from Alabama James G. Martin ( born 1935 ) , former Governor of North Carolina James Martin ( author ) ( born before 1950 ) , computer systems design author Jerome Martin ( Wisconsin politician ) ( 1908 -- 1977 ) , Wisconsin politician Joan Martin ( ? ) , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player ( 1951 season ) John Martin ( dance critic ) , New York Times , active from 1927 Judith Martin ( born 1938 ) , American journalist and etiquette writer ( `` Miss Manners '' ) Knox Martin ( born 1923 ) , American abstract expressionist artist , New York City Malachi Martin ( 1921 -- 1999 ) , Irish Roman Catholic priest and religious author Mardik Martin ( born 1936 ) , American screenwriter of Armenian descent Mary Martin ( 1913 -- 1990 ) , American actress and singer Michael Martin ( philosopher ) ( born 1932 ) , professor emeritus of philosophy at Boston University Michael Martin ( politician ) ( 1945 -- 2018 ) , Speaker of the House of Commons Mike Martin ( baseball coach ) ( born 1944 ) , American college baseball coach Millicent Martin ( born 1934 ) , English actress and singer Paul Martin ( born 1938 ) , Canadian politician and former Prime Minister of Canada ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Paul Joseph James Martin ( 1903 -- 1992 ) , Canadian politician and father of Prime Minister Paul Martin Paul S. Martin ( 1928 -- 2010 ) , American geoscientist Pauline Martin ( born 1952 ) , Canadian film actress Pauline Martin ( baseball ) ( ? ) , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player ( 1946 season ) Peggy Smith Martin ( 1931 -- 2012 ) , American politician Pepper Martin ( 1904 -- 1965 ) , American baseball player Philip Martin ( pianist ) ( born 1947 ) , Irish pianist and composer with Aosdána Philip Martin ( screenwriter ) ( born 1938 ) , British screenwriter Pierre Martin ( politician ) ( born 1943 ) , French politician Quinn Martin ( 1922 -- 1987 ) , American television producer Richard Milton Martin ( 1916 -- 1985 ) , American logician and philosopher Richard Martin ( RKO actor ) ( 1917 -- 1994 ) American actor Richard Frewen Martin ( 1918 -- 2006 ) , British test pilot Richard Martin ( television director ) ( born 1930 ) , British television director Richard Martin ( curator ) ( 1947 -- 1999 ) , fashion historian , author , and curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Costume Institute Rodolfo Martín Villa ( born 1934 ) , Spanish politician Roy O. Martin , Jr. ( 1921 -- 2007 ) , American timber businessman Samuel Martin ( linguist ) ( 1924 -- 2009 ) , linguist ( Korean and Japanese ) and designer of the Yale Romanization for Korean Sheila Martin ( born 1943 ) , wife of former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin Steve Martin ( born 1945 ) , American actor , comedian , musician , and author Strother Martin ( 1919 -- 1980 ) , American actor Sylvia Wene Martin ( born 1930 ) , American bowler Tom Martin ( Texas politician ) ( born 1949 ) , mayor of Lubbock , Texas Tony Martin ( entertainer ) ( 1913 -- 2012 ) , American actor and singer Tony Martin ( farmer ) ( born 1944 ) , English farmer who shot a burglar Tony Martin ( politician ) ( born 1948 ) , Canadian politician Tony Martin ( professor ) ( born 1942 ) , professor at Wellesley College Tyrone G. Martin ( born 1930 ) , American naval historian Valerie Martin ( born 1948 ) , American novelist William McChesney Martin , Jr. ( 1906 -- 1998 ) , Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve William `` Ted '' Martin ( 1911 -- 2004 ) , American mathematician Born since 1950 ( edit ) Andrej Martin ( born 1989 ) , Slovak tennis player Alberto Martín ( born 1978 ) , Spaniard former tennis player Andrew Martin ( 1975 -- 2009 ) , professional wrestler known as Test Ann M. Martin ( born 1955 ) , American author of The Baby - sitters Club series Bent Martin ( born 1943 ) , Danish former footballer and also he is a father of Camilla Billy Martin ( guitarist ) ( born 1981 ) , American guitarist with the band Good Charlotte Billy Martin ( percussionist ) ( born 1963 ) , American jazz drummer with the band Medeski Martin & Wood Caleb Martin ( born 1995 ) , American basketball player and twin brother of fellow player Cody Martin Camilla Martin ( born 1974 ) , retired Danish badminton player , now TV presenter Charles Martin ( American football ) ( born 1959 -- 2005 ) , professional American football player Charles Martin ( author ) ( born 1969 ) , author from the Southern United States Chris Martin ( born 1977 ) , English singer and composer for the band Coldplay Chris Martin ( baseball ) ( born 1986 ) , American baseball player Chris Martin ( footballer born 1990 ) ( born 1990 ) , English footballer Christy Martin ( boxer ) ( born 1968 ) , world champion woman boxer Clare Martin ( born 1952 ) , Australian politician Cody Martin ( born 1995 ) , American basketball player and twin brother of fellow player Caleb Martin Craig Martin ( soccer ) ( born 1957 ) , Canadian football ( soccer ) player Curtis Martin ( born 1973 ) , American football player Damian Martin ( born 1984 ) , Australian basketballer Dan Martin ( cyclist ) ( born 1986 ) , Irish road bicycle racer Darrick Martin ( born 1971 ) , American basketball player and coach David Martin ( Scottish politician ) ( born 1954 ) , Scottish politician , MEP Demetri Martin ( born 1973 ) , Greek - American comedian Duane Martin ( born 1965 ) , American actor Eric Martin ( singer ) ( born 1960 ) , American musician ( Mr. Big ) Fergus Martin ( born 1955 ) , Irish artist Hans - Peter Martin ( born 1957 ) , Austrian journalist and MEP Jacob Martin ( American football ) ( born 1995 ) , American football player Jacques Martin ( ice hockey ) ( born 1952 ) , Canadian ice hockey coach James Martin ( chef ) ( born 1972 ) , British celebrity chef Jamie Martin ( American football ) ( born 1970 ) , American Football player Javier Martín de Villa ( born 1981 ) , Spanish ski mountaineer Jesse Martin ( born 1981 ) , Australian yachtsman Jessica Martin ( actor and comedian ) ( born 1962 ) , British actor and comedian José Miguel González Martín ( born 1963 ) , Spanish football player Josie Martin ( born 1988 ) , American music producer Keith Martin ( politician ) ( born 1960 ) , Canadian physician and politician Kelan Martin ( born 1995 ) , American basketball player Kellie Martin ( born 1975 ) , American actress Ken Martin ( born 1958 ) , American former long - distance runner Ken Martin ( Australian sculptor ) ( born 1952 ) South Australian sculptor , noted for bronze statues Kenyon Martin ( born 1977 ) , American basketball player Kevin Martin ( basketball ) ( born 1983 ) , American basketball player Kim Martin ( born 1986 ) , Swedish female ice hockey goalkeeper Lee Martin ( footballer born February 1968 ) , former Manchester United and Celtic footballer Lee Martin ( footballer born September 1968 ) , former Huddersfield Town and Rochdale footballer Lee Martin ( footballer born 1987 ) , former Manchester United and Rangers footballer Lucas Martin ( born 1968 ) , soccer player Luke Martin ( born 1981 ) , Australian professional basketball player Madeleine Martin ( born 1993 ) , American actress Margaret Martin ( bodybuilder ) ( born 1979 ) , American professional bodybuilder Marialejandra Martín ( born 1964 ) , Venezuelan actress Marilyn Martin ( born 1954 ) , American singer Mark Martin ( born 1959 ) , American stock car racing driver Mark Martin ( cartoonist ) ( born 1956 ) , American cartoonist Mark Martin ( judge ) ( born 1963 ) , American judge Markko Märtin ( born 1975 ) , Estonian rally driver Max Martin ( born 1971 ) , Swedish musician and producer Micheál Martin ( born 1960 ) , Irish politician Michelle Martin ( born 1967 ) , Australian squash player Mike Martin ( politician ) ( born 1952 ) , former Texas politician Noël Martin ( born 1959 ) , Jamaican - English paraplegic , victim of Neo-Nazi attack Pamela Martin ( television reporter ) ( born 1953 ) , American - born Canadian news anchor Pamela Sue Martin ( born 1954 ) , American actress Pat Martin ( born 1955 ) , Canadian New Democratic Party Member of Parliament Patrick Martin ( born 1983 ) , American professional wrestler better known as Alex Shelley Paul Merton ( born 1957 as Paul Martin ) , British actor and comedian Richard Martin ( director ) ( born 1956 ) , Canadian film director Richard Martin ( footballer , born 1962 ) , French football player Richard Martin ( footballer , born 1987 ) , English football player Rick Martin ( 1951 -- 2011 ) born Richard Martin , Canadian ice - hockey player Ricky Martin ( born 1971 ) , Puerto Rican singer Robert Martin ( American football ) ( born 1995 ) , American football player Roger Martin ( professor ) ( born 1956 ) , Dean , Rotman School of Management , University of Toronto Roland S. Martin ( born 1968 ) , American journalist Russell Martin ( born 1983 ) , Canadian Major League Baseball player , current catcher for the Toronto Blue Jays Tee Martin ( born 1978 ) , American football player and coach Stefan Martin ( born 1986 ) , Australian rules footballer Tisha Campbell - Martin ( born 1968 ) , American actress Todd Martin ( born 1970 ) , American former tennis player Tony Martin ( comedian ) ( born 1964 ) , Australian comedian Tony Martin ( cyclist ) ( born 1985 ) , German road bicycle racer Trayvon Martin ( 1995 -- 2012 ) , American high school student killed in Florida Vincent Martin ( born 1960 ) , English musician ( a.k.a. Vince Clarke of former Depeche Mode , Yazoo member and now synthpop songwriter and keyboardist of Erasure ) Living with unknown birth year ( edit ) Edith T. Martin , American artist and museum professional Jerry Martin ( composer ) , American jazz , New Age and video game composer Ronnie Martin ( Joy Electric ) , American musician , records as Joy Electric Wednesday Martin , American writer Unknown living or dead with unknown birth year ( edit ) Barrie Martin , English footballer Derived surnames ( edit ) They generally mean `` descendant of Martin '' . Marcin , Marcinkiewicz in Polish Martí in Catalan Martínez , Martín in Spanish Martins in Portuguese and Martíns in Galician Martini , Martino , Martin , Martinis , De / Di Martini and De / Di Martino in Italian Martini and Martinaj in Albanian Maarten and Martijn in Dutch Martens in German and Dutch Martinsson in Swedish Martinssen in Danish and Norwegian Martinescu , Marin , Marian in Romanian Martinčič in Slovenian Martinić and Martinčić in Croatian Martinović in Serbian and Croatian Martinec in Czech and Croatian Martínek in Czech Martinev in Russian and Bulgarian Martinov in Bulgarian Márton , Mártonfi and Mártonffy in Hungarian Martinski in several Slavic languages McMartin in Scottish Martyn , Marten and Martinson in English Martynenko , Martyniuk , and Martyniv in Ukrainian Martinavičius , Marcinkevičius , and Martynas in Lithuanian Mac Giolla Mhártain ( Gilmartin , Kilmartin or Martin ) : hereditary chiefs in the barony of Clogher , Co . Tyrone in Ireland and are a branch of the O'Neills Ó Máirtín ( Martin ) : Irish clan Given / first name ( edit ) Those people who are known primarily by the name `` Martin '' are listed below . Martín , nom de guerre of Gaspar García Laviana ( 1941 -- 1978 ) Martin Aagaard ( 1863 -- 1913 ) , Norwegian painter Martin Akakia ( 1500 -- 1551 ) , physician of King Francis I of France Martin Atkins ( born 1959 ) , English drummer Martin Axenrot ( born 1979 ) , current drummer for Opeth Martin Bartenstein ( born 1953 ) , Austrian businessman and politician Martin Bormann ( 1900 -- 1945 ) , a prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Parteikanzlei ( Nazi Party Chancellery ) Martin Breunig ( born 1992 ) , German basketball player Martin Bridson ( born 1964 ) , Manx mathematician Martin Brodeur ( born 1972 ) , Canadian ice hockey player and Olympic Gold Medal winner Martin Brudermüller ( born 1961 ) , German businessman , CEO of BASF Martin Bryant ( born 1967 ) , Australian spree killer who in 1996 murdered 35 people and injured an additional 23 individuals Martin Brundle ( born 1959 ) , English auto racing driver and commentator Martin Buber ( 1878 -- 1965 ) , Israeli philosopher , translator , and educator Martin Bucer ( 1491 -- 1551 ) , Protestant reformer Martín Cáceres ( born 1987 ) , Uruguayan footballer Martin Cattalini ( born 1973 ) , retired Australian basketballer Martin Clunes ( born 1961 ) , British actor Martin Compston ( born 1984 ) , Scottish actor and former professional footballer Martin Cooper ( inventor ) ( born 1928 ) , American inventor of the mobile phone Martin Eriksson ( born 1965 ) , Swedish musician known as E-Type Martin Damm ( born 1972 ) , Czech tennis player Martin Davis ( born 1958 ) , Blackman 's American comparitot and former tennis player Martin Dzúr ( 1919 -- 1985 ) , Czech army general and defense minister ( 1968 -- 1985 ) Martin Ebner ( born 1945 ) , Swiss billionaire businessman Martin Eriksson ( born 1971 ) , Swedish pole vaulter Martin Erat ( born 1981 ) , Czech professional ice hockey player Martin Ferguson ( born 1953 ) , Australian politician Martin Fillo ( born 1986 ) , Czech professional footballer Martin Filipovski ( born 1986 ) , guitarist for Macedonian rock band Next Time Martin Freeman ( born 1971 ) , English actor Martin Frobisher ( c. 1535 -- 1594 ) , English privateer , explorer and admiral Martin Gardner ( 1914 -- 2010 ) , American writer on mathematics , magic , science and puzzles Martin Garrix ( born 1996 ) , Dutch musician Martin `` Marty '' Glickman ( 1917 -- 2001 ) , American athlete and radio announcer Martin Goodman ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Martin Gore ( born 1961 ) , British singer and songwriter ( Depeche Mode ) Martin Grossman ( 1965 -- 2010 ) , American murderer Martin Guerre ( c. 1524 -- after 1560 ) , French peasant who left his wife , child , and village and returned after an imposter had assumed his place Martin Harris ( swimmer ) ( born 1969 ) , English backstroke swimmer Martin Häusling ( born 1961 ) , German politician Martin Hoberg Hedegaard ( born 1992 ) , Danish singer Martin Heidegger ( 1889 -- 1976 ) , German philosopher Martin Heinrich ( born 1971 ) , American politician and U.S. Senator from New Mexico since 2013 Martin Hengel ( 1926 -- 2009 ) , German theologian Martin van der Horst ( born 1965 ) , Dutch volleyball player Martin Horntveth ( born 1977 ) , Norwegian musician Martin Hurt ( born 1984 ) , Estonian football defender or midfielder Martín Jaite ( born 1964 ) , Argentine former tennis player Martin Johnson ( rugby union ) ( born 1970 ) , English rugby union player Martin Kaalma ( born 1977 ) , Estonian football goalkeeper Martin Kennedy ( disambiguation ) , several people Martin Kippenberger ( 1953 -- 1997 ) , German painter Martin Klein ( wrestler ) ( 1884 -- 1947 ) , Estonian wrestler Martin J. Klein ( 1924 -- 2009 ) , American science historian Martin Kližan ( born 1989 ) , Slovakian tennis player Martin Koopman ( born 1956 ) , Dutch footballer and football manager Martin Kratt ( born 1965 ) , American educational nature show host Martin Kupper ( born 1989 ) , Estonian discus thrower Martin Laurendeau ( born 1964 ) , Canadian former tennis player Martin Lang ( rugby league ) ( born 1975 ) , Australian rugby league footballer Martin Lang ( fencer ) ( born 1949 ) , American Olympic fencer Martin Lawrence ( born 1965 ) , American television and movie actor Martin Lee ( tennis ) ( born 1978 ) , British former tennis player Martin van Leeuwen ( born 1981 ) , Dutch football ( soccer ) player Martin C. Libicki , American academic Martin Lipp ( 1854 -- 1923 ) , Estonian poet Martin Lopez ( born 1978 ) , former drummer for Opeth Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) , the founder of Protestant Christianity Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1929 -- 1968 ) , American civil rights campaigner Martin McGuinness ( 1950 -- 2017 ) , deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland and erstwhile member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army Martin Meehan ( Irish republican ) ( 1945 -- 2007 ) , Sinn Féin politician and erstwhile member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army Martín Méndez ( born 1978 ) , bass player for progressive death metal band Opeth Martin Miller ( actor ) ( 1899 -- 1969 ) , Czech actor Martin Miller ( cricketer ) ( born 1972 ) , English cricketer Martin Miller ( footballer ) ( born 1997 ) , Estonian footballer Martín Mondragón ( born 1953 ) , Mexican long - distance runner Martin Moss ( 1923 -- 2007 ) , retailing director Martin Müürsepp ( born 1974 ) , Estonian professional basketball player Martin Nievera ( born 1962 ) , Filipino singer Martin Nürenbach ( died 1780 ) , artist Martin I of Sicily ( c. 1374 -- 1409 ) , ruled 1390 -- 1409 Martin of Aragon ( 1356 -- 1410 ) , ruled 1396 -- 1410 , also Martin II of Sicily , 1409 -- 1410 Martin of Braga ( c. 520 -- 580 ) , archbishop of Braga Martin of Leon ( c. 1130 -- 1203 ) , Spanish saint and Augustinian canon Martin Ødegaard ( born 1998 ) , Norwegian football player Martin Offiah ( born 1966 ) , British rugby league footballer Martin O'Hagan ( 1950 -- 2001 ) , Irish journalist Martin O'Malley ( born 1963 ) , Mayor of Baltimore and Governor of Maryland Martin O'Neill ( disambiguation ) Martin Paasoja ( born 1993 ) , Estonian basketball player Martin Padar ( born 1979 ) , Estonian judoka Martin Petrov ( born 1979 ) , Bulgarian footballer Martin de Porres ( 1579 -- 1639 ) , a Peruvian saint Martin Reed ( born 1978 ) , English footballer Martin Reim ( born 1971 ) , Estonian football midfielder Martin del Rosario ( born 1991 ) , Filipino model and actor Martín Sastre ( born 1976 ) , Uruguayan artist Martin Scharlemann ( born 1948 ) , American mathematician Martin Schenkel ( 1968 -- 2003 ) , Swiss actor and musician Martin Scorsese ( born 1942 ) , American filmmaker Martin Seiferth ( born 1990 ) , German basketball player Martin Sheen ( born 1940 ) , American actor Martin Silva ( born 1952 ) , Canadian politician and radio personality Martin Sinner ( born 1968 ) , German former tennis player Martin Škrtel ( born 1984 ) , Slovakian football defender Martin St. Louis ( born 1975 ) , Canadian ice hockey player Martin Steele ( born 1962 ) , British middle distance runner Martin Strel ( born 1954 ) , Slovenian marathon swimmer Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 1984 ) , Norwegian cross-country skier Martin Taupau ( born 1990 ) , New Zealand Rugby League player Martin Teffer ( born 1965 ) , Dutch volleyball player and coach Martin Tešovič ( born 1974 ) , Slovak weightlifter Martin Tungevaag ( born 1993 ) , Norwegian DJ Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) , 8th president of the United States of America Martin van Drunen ( born 1966 ) , Dutch death metal vocalist / musician Martín Vassallo Argüello ( born 1980 ) , Argentine tennis player Martin Verkerk ( born 1978 ) , Dutch former tennis player Martin Viiask ( born 1983 ) , Estonian professional basketballer Martin Vunk ( born 1984 ) , Estonian football midfielder Martin Walsh ( film editor ) ( born 1955 ) , Academy Award - winning film editor Martin Gottfried Weiss , ( 1905 -- 1946 ) , SS Commander of German concentration camps executed for war crimes Martin Zijlstra ( 1944 -- 2014 ) , Dutch politician Pope Marinus I ( also known as Pope Martin II ) ( died 884 ) , Pope ( 882 -- 884 ) Pope Marinus II ( also known as Pope Martin III ) ( died 946 ) , Pope ( 942 -- 946 ) Pope Martin I ( died 655 ) , Saint and Pope ( 649 -- 655 ) Pope Martin IV ( c. 1210 -- 1285 ) , Pope ( 1281 -- 1285 ) , born Simon de Brion Pope Martin V ( c. 1368 -- 1431 ) , Pope ( 1417 -- 31 ) , born Odo Colona Saint Marinus ( also known as Martin ) ( died c. 366 ) , the namesake of San Marino Martinus , pen name for Martinus Thomsen ( 1890 -- 1981 ) Middle name ( edit ) Johann Martin Miller ( 1750 -- 1814 ) , German theologian and writer Juan Martín del Potro ( born 1988 ) , Vassallo Argüello 's Argentine compatriot and tennis player Fictional characters ( edit ) Martin family ( All My Children ) , television series characters from the soap opera All My Children Zack , Cody , and Carey Martin are television series characters from the sitcom The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Marty McFly , the protagonist of the Back to the Future trilogy Martin Payne ( played by Martin Lawrence ) , the protagonist of the television sitcom Martin Commander Martin Servaz , the protagonist of the French crime thriller TV series , The Frozen Dead , set in the French Pyrenees town Saint - Martin - de-Comminges See also ( edit ) Martín García ( disambiguation ) Martin Rodriguez ( disambiguation ) Bobby Martin ( disambiguation ) William Martin ( disambiguation ) Martina ( given name ) Martina ( surname ) Martínez ( surname ) All pages with a title containing Martin All pages beginning with Martin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert Dauzat , Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France , Larousse , Paris 1980 . p. 420 . New completed edition by Marie - Thérèse Morlet . Jump up ^ Iain Moncreiffe , Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk , David Hicks ( 1982 ) . The Highland Clans . pp. 48 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 144740 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lynch , Michael . ( 2011 ) . Oxford Companion to Scottish History . p. 95 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923482 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Martin : nom de famille Martin . Nombre et localisation '' . www.linternaute.com . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marianne Mulon , Origine et histoire des noms de famille . Essais d'anthroponymie , éditions errance 2002 . p 137 -- 138 : D'où viennent donc tous ces Martin ( Where do all these Martins come from ? ) . Jump up ^ Noms de famille : les noms de famille les plus portés , l'origine de votre nom de famille ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Noms de famille les plus fréquents en 2008 -- Belgique et Régions ( Top 100 ) '' . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ 89 , Généalogie FRANCE - SWIC / GENEALOGY Paris - 01 53 45 89 . `` LES NOMS DE FAMILLE LES PLUS PORTES EN FRANCE PAR REGION '' . www.geopatronyme.com . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heal lapsel mitu nime '' . 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelly Weiss . The Origin of Jewish Family Names . p. 216 Published by Lang , Peter Publishing , Incorporated. 2002 . External links ( edit ) The Worldwide Family History Society of Martin Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_(name)&oldid=866361092 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Bulgarian masculine given names Czech masculine given names Danish masculine given names Dutch masculine given names English - language surnames English masculine given names Estonian masculine given names French - language surnames French masculine given names German - language surnames German masculine given names Norwegian masculine given names Slovak masculine given names Swedish masculine given names Masculine given names Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what country does the name martin come from	[ "Martin\nStatue of Marte (Mars)Pronunciation\nEnglish: /ˈmɑːrtɪn, -tən/Czech: [ˈmarcɪn]Finnish: [ˈmɑrtin]French: [maʁtɛ̃]German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn]Norwegian: [ˈmɑʈːɪn]Serbo-Croatian: [mǎrtin]Spanish: [maɾˈtin]Swedish: [ˈmaʈːɪn]Gender\nMaleOriginWord/name\nLatinMeaning\n\"Of Mars, warlike, warrior\"Region of origin\nRoman EmpireOther namesRelated names\nMartyn, Martti, Morten, Marten, Maarten, Marta, Mark (can also be used as a nickname), Martino, Martina" ]	[ "Roman Empire" ]
8607076811771793578	Deadpool (film)	Deadpool ( film ) - wikipedia Deadpool ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2016 film . For the unrelated 1988 film , see The Dead Pool . Deadpool Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Miller Produced by Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner Written by Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Based on Deadpool by Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld Starring Ryan Reynolds Morena Baccarin Ed Skrein T.J. Miller Gina Carano Brianna Hildebrand Music by Tom Holkenborg Cinematography Ken Seng Edited by Julian Clarke Production companies Marvel Entertainment Kinberg Genre The Donners ' Company TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) ( Le Grand Rex ) February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $58 million Box office $783.1 million Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the eighth installment of the X-Men film series , and the first standalone Deadpool film . Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick , the film stars Ryan Reynolds in the title role alongside Morena Baccarin , Ed Skrein , T.J. Miller , Gina Carano , and Brianna Hildebrand . In the film , Wade Wilson hunts down the man who gave him mutant abilities , but also a scarred physical appearance , as the antihero Deadpool . Development of a Deadpool film starring Reynolds began in February 2004 , before he went on to play the character in X-Men Origins : Wolverine in 2009 . Reese and Wernick were hired in 2010 , and worked with Reynolds to more faithfully adapt the character ( including his fourth wall breaking ) after the portrayal in Wolverine was criticized for not doing so . Miller was hired in 2011 for his directorial debut , and an enthusiastic response to leaked test footage he created with Reynolds led to a green light from Fox in 2014 . Additional casting began in early 2015 , and filming took place in Vancouver from March to May . Visual effects were provided by multiple vendors and ranged from the addition of blood and gore to the creation of the CG character Colossus . Deadpool was released in the United States on February 12 , 2016 , after an unconventional viral marketing campaign . The film became both a financial and critical success . It earned over $783 million against a $58 million budget , broke numerous records , and became the overall highest - grossing R - rated film , the highest - grossing X-Men film , and the ninth - highest - grossing film of 2016 . Deadpool received critical praise for Reynolds 's performance , the film 's style and faithfulness to the comics , and its action , though some criticized the plot as formulaic as well as the sheer number of jokes in the film . It also received numerous awards and nominations , including two Critics ' Choice Award wins and two Golden Globe nominations . A sequel , Deadpool 2 , was released in May 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Cinematic impact 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Wade Wilson is a dishonorably discharged special forces operative working as a mercenary when he meets prostitute Vanessa . They become romantically involved , and a year later she accepts his marriage proposal ; however , after Wilson is diagnosed with terminal cancer , he leaves Vanessa without warning so she will not have to watch him die . A mysterious recruiter approaches Wilson , offering an experimental cure for his cancer . He is taken to Ajax and Angel Dust , who inject him with a serum designed to awaken latent mutant genes . They then subject him to days of torture to induce stress and trigger any mutation Wade may have , but without success . When Wilson discovers Ajax 's real name , Francis , and mocks him for it , Ajax leaves Wilson in a hyperbaric chamber that takes him to the verge of asphyxiation periodically over a weekend . It finally activates a superhuman healing ability that cures his cancer , but leaves him severely disfigured with burn - like scars over his entire body . He escapes from the chamber and attacks Ajax , but relents when told that his disfigurement can be cured . Ajax subdues Wilson and leaves him for dead in the burning laboratory . Wilson survives and seeks out Vanessa , but does not reveal he is alive because he is afraid of how she would react to his new appearance . After consulting his best friend Weasel , Wilson decides to hunt down Ajax for the cure . He becomes a masked vigilante , adopting the name `` Deadpool '' ( from Weasel picking him in a dead pool ) , and moves into the home of an elderly blind woman named Al . Deadpool questions and murders many of Ajax 's men until one , the recruiter , reveals Ajax 's whereabouts . Deadpool intercepts Ajax and a convoy of armed men on an expressway , killing everyone but Ajax . He demands the cure , but is interrupted by the X-Man Colossus and his trainee Negasonic Teenage Warhead . Colossus wants Deadpool to mend his ways and join the X-Men . Taking advantage of the distraction , Ajax escapes . He goes to Weasel 's bar and learns of Vanessa . Ajax kidnaps Vanessa and takes her to a decommissioned helicarrier in a scrapyard . Deadpool convinces Colossus and Negasonic to help him , and they battle Angel Dust and several soldiers while Deadpool fights his way to Ajax . During the battle , Negasonic accidentally destroys the equipment stabilizing the helicarrier . Deadpool protects Vanessa from the falling ship , while Colossus carries Negasonic and Angel Dust to safety . Ajax attacks Deadpool again but is overpowered . He reveals that there is no cure , and despite Colossus 's pleading , Deadpool kills Ajax . Deadpool promises to try and be more heroic moving forward . Though Vanessa is angry at Wilson for leaving her , she reconciles with him . Cast ( edit ) ( L-R ) Tim Miller , Reynolds , Baccarin , T.J. Miller , Hildebrand , Skrein , and Carano speaking at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental mutation . The writers described Deadpool as `` fun to hang out with ... in short doses '' , while Reynolds promised a more `` authentic '' and comic - faithful version of the character than the one he portrayed in X-Men Origins : Wolverine . The character is aware that he is in a film after becoming Deadpool , though before that point Wilson does make a joke about Reynolds 's role in Green Lantern . Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : An escort and Wilson 's fiancée . Baccarin described her as `` scrappy '' and not a damsel in distress . The character was initially designed as a `` typical prostitute '' , but Baccarin worked with the costume and makeup teams to make her appearance more layered . The film does not explore the character 's comic alter - ego `` Copycat '' as the writers wanted to focus on Deadpool , but makeup designer Bill Corso included some references to Copycat 's blue comic appearance . Ed Skrein as Francis Freeman / Ajax : An artificially - mutated member of the program that creates Deadpool , he feels no pain and has enhanced strength . Director Tim Miller praised Skrein 's dedication to the role , saying `` he worked really , really hard '' for the fight sequences and completed around 80 percent of his own stunts in the film . Skrein was influenced by Rutger Hauer 's Roy Batty from Blade Runner , and serial killer Harold Shipman . T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend . Miller felt he was cast as the character because he `` looks like his superhero power is spilling mustard on his shirt '' , and producer Simon Kinberg added that an actor was needed `` who could keep up with '' Reynolds comedically . Miller attempted to give the character a facial tic , but director Tim Miller rejected the idea . Gina Carano as Angel Dust : An artificially - mutated member of the program that creates Deadpool , she has superhuman strength and speed . Director Miller personally called Carano and asked her to take the part . Carano felt the character 's rage and `` extreme adrenaline issues '' made comparisons to the drug `` angel dust '' fitting . Carano had wanted to wear yellow contact lenses to match the character 's look from the comics , but Corso turned her down , comparing them to something from the Twilight films . Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Men trainee , who possesses the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body . The filmmakers wanted to use the character based on her name , and looked to change her comic abilities from telepathic and precognitive powers to `` a literal warhead '' . They required permission from Marvel to do this , with Tim Miller talking directly with Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige . A deal was reached allowing the change in exchange for 20th Century Fox giving Marvel Studios the film rights for Ego the Living Planet , whom they wanted to use in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Additionally , Stefan Kapičić provides the voice of Colossus , an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel . Writer Rhett Reese called him `` a great foil to Deadpool because he 's very self - serious and goody - two - shoes '' . Director Miller drastically changed the character from his previous film appearances , where he was portrayed by Daniel Cudmore , as Miller felt `` ' That dude with the shiny skin is not fucking Colossus . ' '' He wanted the character to be seven - and - a-half feet tall , with Andre Tricoteux standing in for a CG version of Colossus on set , and Kapičić cast to give him the `` authentic Russian accent '' he has in the comics . Leslie Uggams portrays Blind Al , an elderly blind woman and Deadpool 's roommate . Uggams said that Al has `` been through British Intelligence , she 's done all kinds of wild and crazy things ... she 's old , but she 's feisty . '' Uggams added that Al has a `` love / hate '' relationship with Deadpool . Karan Soni appears as Dopinder , a taxi driver who befriends Deadpool , and Jed Rees portrays a recruiter for Ajax . X-Men co-creator Stan Lee and Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld make cameo appearances as a strip club emcee and a patron of Weasel 's bar , respectively . Rob Hayter makes a cameo appearance as Bob , Agent of Hydra , a recurring character in the comics alongside Deadpool . The rights for Bob are owned by Marvel Studios , who did not give permission for him to be used in the film , so his comic history and connections to the organization Hydra are not referenced in the film . He is instead explained as a former special forces operative like Wilson . Hugh Jackman , who portrayed Wolverine in the X-Men film series , was very supportive of Deadpool , and of it making fun of himself and his character , and is seen in the film via his People 's Sexiest Man Alive magazine cover . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel Entertainment in May 2000 to co-produce , finance , and distribute several films based on Marvel Comics characters , including Deadpool . By February 2004 , writer and director David S. Goyer and star Ryan Reynolds were working on a Deadpool film at New Line Cinema after working together on the Marvel film Blade : Trinity . Reynolds was interested in the part after learning that Deadpool refers to his own appearance in the comics as `` Ryan Reynolds crossed with a Shar - Pei '' . The idea was championed by New Line executive Jeff Katz , who thought Reynolds was `` the only guy who can play that character '' . However , there were rights issues with 20th Century Fox and their X-Men films , and the project did not move forward . By March 2005 , Fox had expressed interest in a film featuring Deadpool , and the character was set to make a cameo appearance in the 2009 film X-Men Origins : Wolverine , with Reynolds cast . His role was expanded during the production of that film . Katz was an executive at Fox by that point , and said that Deadpool was `` nicely set up to be explored in his own way '' in a future film . The film 's portrayal deviates from the original comic character , `` imbuing him with several superpowers and sewing his mouth shut '' . The character also apparently dies in the film , though a post-credits scene showing the character still alive was added to the film shortly before its release . After the successful opening weekend of Wolverine , Fox officially began development on Deadpool , with Reynolds attached to star and X-Men producer Lauren Shuler Donner involved . The spinoff was set to ignore the Wolverine version of Deadpool and go `` back to the roots of the character known for his slapstick tone and propensity to break the fourth wall '' . Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick were hired to write the script in January 2010 , with Reynolds talking to the pair every day . He said that they were chosen because , `` Tonally , they got it . They just ( understood Deadpool ) right off the bat . '' By that June , Robert Rodriguez had been asked to direct the film , which he confirmed a month later , saying he had been sent a `` really good '' script for Deadpool and was considering taking on the project . He was no longer interested in October , and Adam Berg was being looked at to direct . In April 2011 , Tim Miller was hired to make his directorial debut with the film , after working on the visual effects for some of the X-Men films . Reynolds had also closed a deal with Fox to produce the film . Miller was hired in part because of his work creating animated short films , including the Academy Award - winning Gopher Broke and a DC Universe Online trailer which was `` epic and cinematic , everything ( Fox wanted ) their comic book movies to be '' . Reynolds 's Green Lantern superhero film was released later in 2011 and was `` a disaster '' , tainting the project which Fox executives were already concerned with due to its R - rated content . The studio agreed after several meetings that the film could not be reconfigured to a more traditional PG - 13 rating , and gave Miller `` a low - six - figure budget '' to produce some test footage . Miller created the footage with CGI at his animation company Blur Studio in 2012 , with Reynolds voicing Deadpool . The footage did not convince Fox to green light the film . After the successful release of Marvel 's The Avengers , Reese and Wernick thought Deadpool may have been approved as an already developed superhero film , but Fox was even more doubtful of the script then and began exploring ways to potentially include Deadpool in an Avengers-esque team - up film . At different times during development , James Cameron and David Fincher , both friends with Miller , read the film 's script and championed the project to Fox executives . `` I would have ( leaked the test footage ) , if I had known it would have caused that ! ... Now , we get to make the movie . We do n't get to make it with the budget of most superhero movies , but we get to make it the way we want to make it . '' -- Star and producer Ryan Reynolds on Deadpool finally getting the greenlight after the test footage leak . The test footage was leaked online in July 2014 , and was met with an overwhelmingly enthusiastic response . That September , Fox officially gave Deadpool a release date of February 12 , 2016 . Production was set to begin in March 2015 , with Simon Kinberg joining as producer . Reynolds `` 100 percent '' attributed Fox 's greenlighting of the film to the leak . He , Miller , and the writers had previously discussed leaking the footage themselves , and Reynolds initially thought that Miller had done it . He later believed that the leak came from someone at Fox . In exchange for being able to make the film how they wanted to , Fox gave the crew a much smaller budget than is typical for superhero films . Writing ( edit ) Reese and Wernick wrote a draft of the script each year before completing the film , with around 70 percent of the initial draft ending up in the final film . Reese described Reynolds as `` the keeper of the Deadpool flame for many years ... if we ever do something that is off the Deadpool path , or if it does n't feel like Deadpool , he catches it . '' The writers did not want the film to be an origin story , but Reynolds disagreed . They settled on a `` modern '' Deadpool story as well as the origin story , connected with Deadpool 's narration and fourth wall breaking . This helped balance the darker origin story with the cartoon - like Deadpool scenes . It also allowed the opening fight sequence to be extended through the first half of the film ( with the origin story told throughout ) , saving money on additional fight scenes . This fight sequence , labeled the `` Twelve Bullets Fight '' , reimagines the original test footage . Once the origin story is told , Deadpool uses a `` fast - forward button '' to take the audience back to the present day . In October 2014 , Kinberg confirmed that Deadpool would be set in the same shared universe as the X-Men films , but would `` stand independently '' The writers wanted a traditional X-Man in the film as a foil to Deadpool , and felt Colossus was a character that had not been explored much in previous films . Miller wanted `` more superhero stuff '' , instead of `` just Deadpool and a lot of guns '' , and the character Negasonic Teenage Warhead was added as a trainee X-Man mentored by Colossus . She was chosen from the list of comic characters available to be used by Fox , based on her name . The characters Garrison Kane , Wyre , and Sluggo were included in the script at one point , but ultimately removed for budgetary reasons , while Cannonball and Tar Baby were also considered . The cut villains were replaced by a single character , Angel Dust . The character Cable was also set to appear , but was eventually pushed to a potential sequel so this film could `` get Deadpool on his feet '' first . The writers worked to keep the script 's pop - culture references up - to - date over the years of development . Kinberg confirmed that the film would make fun of Deadpool 's portrayal in X-Men Origins : Wolverine . It also makes jokes at the expense of Green Lantern . While Miller felt that it was okay for audience members to not understand all of the jokes in the film , he wanted to avoid things specifically targeted to comic fans , saying that `` any joke that an audience needs to look up on the internet after the movie is not something I 'm in favour of . '' The film 's post-credits scene is a parody of the equivalent scene from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , where the title character breaks the fourth wall like Deadpool . In the scene , Deadpool wears a bath robe and tells the audience to go home . He also confirms that Cable will appear in the sequel . After reading the scene , a Fox executive described the film as `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off meets Natural Born Killers '' , which the writers felt was an accurate description . Co-writer Rhett Reese said the studio 's cuts to the film 's budget made the script more efficient 48 hours before the film got the official green light from Fox , the studio cut the film 's budget by $7 -- 8 million , down to $58 million . This forced a last minute re-write that saw about 9 pages cut from the previously 110 - page script . Changes included the removal of a motorcycle chase at the end of the Twelve Bullets Fight , and having Deadpool forget his bag of guns before the final battle sequence to avoid having a costly gun fight in the third act . Reese said , `` It was that last , lean and mean chop that got us to a place where Fox was willing to make it . The script was very efficient and not too long . That was a function of budget more than anything , but I think it really made the movie pace nicely . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In January 2015 , T.J. Miller and Ed Skrein were in talks to appear in the film , Miller as `` an additional comic voice '' and Skrein as a villain . A month later , Fox was testing actresses to portray the female lead , including Morena Baccarin , Taylor Schilling , Crystal Reed , Rebecca Rittenhouse , Sarah Greene , and Jessica De Gouw . Gina Carano was cast as Angel Dust , and Miller was confirmed for an unspecified role . Baccarin was cast as Deadpool 's love interest before the end of February . Colossus actor Daniel Cudmore stated he would not be reprising the role for Deadpool , having declined an offer to provide reference for a CG version of the character to be voiced by another actor . An immediate focus during pre-production was Deadpool 's suit , with Russ Shinkle and Film Illusions hired to create the costume . Shinkle noted that `` comic book art is fairly over the top in terms of physique '' , and he tried to balance that with reality . Reynolds did not wear a muscle suit under the costume , which Tim Miller felt gave the costume a slimmer , `` quintessential Deadpool '' look . Miller and Reynolds wept when they saw the completed costume , with Reynolds explaining that `` we fought like hell ... to make this the most faithful comic book to movie adaptation fans have ever seen . That 's hard to accomplish and a feat , but we 're just so happy with how this came out . '' The costume was designed with the film 's stunts in mind , with the eye areas on the mask removable so versions of the eyes better suited for the stunts could be used without changing the whole mask . The suit was difficult for the visual effects team to replicate with CGI , which visual effects supervisor Jonathan Rothbart blamed on its fabric . He described it as mesh that allowed dirt to `` get into the gutters and the cracks ... ( so when ) the light hits it , it still takes that orangey hue but as soon as it goes in the shadow it dropped to this more blueish of the dirt . '' Film Illusions made six hero versions of the costume and twelve stunt - specific versions , along with three hero versions of Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's costume . For Deadpool 's scarred appearance , Miller wanted him to appear `` fucking horrible '' to justify his anger in the film , while makeup designer Bill Corso had some leeway because in the comics `` he 's everything from a rotten corpse to a guy with a couple of lines on his face '' . Corso acknowledged the script 's description of the character as disfigured but also wanted him to be `` still kind of charming and iconic '' . He wanted to avoid comparisons to Freddy Krueger , and looked to Sin City for inspiration . The final makeup required nine silicone prosthetics to cover Reynolds 's head , which took several hours to apply . For the scene where the character is naked , it took six hours to apply the full - body makeup to Reynolds . Corso described the makeup for the rest of the film 's characters as `` pretty simple . Tim wanted to keep it really grounded . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 23 , 2015 , in Vancouver , under the working title Wham . Filming took place in North Shore Studios and on location around the city . The production hired over 2,000 local people as actors , extras , and crew members . T.J. Miller and Baccarin were revealed to be playing Weasel and Vanessa , respectively , and Skrein confirmed he was in the film , playing Ajax . Newcomer Brianna Hildebrand was cast as Negasonic Teenage Warhead . Filming ended on May 29 . Tim Miller and cinematographer Ken Seng wanted the film to look `` grittier and less clean and glossy '' than other superhero films , and decided to shoot with digital cameras but add film grain in post-production to keep texture in the images . Seng used Super Baltar lenses and Cooke zooms for the origin story timeline , as opposed to Panavision primo lenses for the Deadpool scenes which gave them more clarity . Exterior scenes in the film have a consistent overcast look , but location shooting came with `` unpredictable '' weather . For instance , the production had use of the Georgia Viaduct for two weeks , and `` just had to keep shooting , rain or shine , because once our permit expired on the bridge , we were never going to get it back . '' Seng used more lighting on cloudy days and less on sunny days to keep the look consistent . Production designer Sean Haworth also worked closely with Miller , who had specific ideas for the sets . The production had to be very specific about which elements of each set were built physically to conserve the budget for visual effects . For the final scrapyard scene , garbage was built to a certain height to be extended with CGI , and a gimbal was used for a tilting section of the yard that had to interact with a lot of digital elements . That final sequence was filmed in a naval yard , and was dressed with scrap metal . Rubber casts of the metal were made for stunts . Stunt coordinator Philip J. Silvera in costume as Deadpool , on set in Vancouver . Reese and Wernick were on set every day , which Reynolds personally paid for after Fox was unwilling to . The writers had scripted the action very specifically , `` every kill and almost down to every punch , kick , or shot '' , but Tim Miller and the stunt coordinators were free to change this . Robert Alonzo and Philip J. Silvera were the stunt coordinators for the film ; Silvera had provided motion capture reference for the test footage . The stunt team had a month before filming began to prepare the actors , with Skrein working `` nonstop '' to prepare . Silvera said Reynolds `` has a photographic memory ; he 'd do something three or four times and remember it very well . '' A lot of the jokes in the film were improvised on set , particularly by Reynolds . He said that the actors often came up with around 15 alternate jokes for each one written in the script , and were generally only limited to those because of time constraints . Reese said , for example , Wernick had written some jokes for the scene where Deadpool visits Colossus and Negasonic , but on set Reynolds improvised the line `` You know it 's funny how I only see the two of you here . It 's like the studio could n't afford any more X-Men . '' This was based in truth , and became then Fox chairman Jim Gianopulos ' favorite line . Post-production ( edit ) Leslie Uggams said that she was in the film in July 2015 , portraying Blind Al . Tim Miller stated that Jed Rees portrays `` The Recruiter '' , and `` did a good job of being creepy and syrupy sweet '' . Miller explained that Colossus would be a solely CGI creation in the film because , as a fan of the character , he had never felt that Cudmore 's version was accurate to the comics and wanted to show the character as `` this monstrous guy '' . Andre Tricoteux had been cast in the role , providing motion reference on set and the voice . In December , the voice of Colossus was revealed to have been recast , with Stefan Kapičić taking over the role . He completed his work eight weeks before the film was scheduled for release . As soon as editor Julian Clarke began selecting shots for the film , they were color graded by EFILM 's Tim Stipan to ensure that they matched with each other . Stipan colored the characters slightly differently , such as giving Deadpool a `` dark , modern touch '' and Colossus a `` particular vibrancy and substance '' . Clarke edited each scene focusing on humor , choosing between alternate takes of jokes . He removed jokes made after Vanessa is kidnapped because they felt inappropriately timed , and cut down other scenes with less jokes such as Wilson being tortured as they were `` too much . You took too long to recover ( and ) get back in the irreverent spirit of the movie . '' During editing , a linear version of the film was produced . They decided to go with interweaving the timelines to balance the different serious and silly tones . A sequence removed from the film saw Wilson and Vanessa travel to Mexico looking for a cure after he turned down the recruiter . It was removed for pacing reasons , and was replaced with a short scene of Wilson sitting beside his window that was originally filmed to show him thinking about his diagnosis , but in the new context implies him re-thinking the recruiter 's offer . Because of the animation required for Deadpool 's mask and Colossus , Reese and Wernick had more freedom than usual to keep adjusting the script during post-production . Reynolds recorded new lines of dialogue using his iPhone , and then re-recorded the lines in an additional dialogue recording session once the film was finalized . Lines added after filming included Reynolds doing an impression of Wolverine star Hugh Jackman 's natural Australian accent , and another where Deadpool asks whether the character Professor X is being portrayed by James McAvoy or Patrick Stewart at that point in the X-Men timeline , which became a favorite line in the film for many audience members . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects for Deadpool were produced by Digital Domain ( DD ) , Atomic Fiction , Blur Studio , Weta Digital , Rodeo FX , and Luma Pictures . Reynolds credited Miller and his visual effects experience with producing a film that looked like others with much bigger budgets . Motion capture supervisor Greg LaSalle agreed with this , noting that Miller held off on working on the CGI for Colossus until after the film was edited to avoid spending money on shots that would not be used . Miller worked with visual effects supervisor Rothbart to design and complete the film 's 1500 effects shots . These were up from a planned 700 shots , with 800 of them completed in the last four weeks of production . Top : Andre Tricoteux on - set as Colossus , wearing a gray tracking suit . Bottom : Completed shot , with CG Colossus by Digital Domain and environment by Atomic Fiction . Colossus 's movements were re-recorded with performer T.J. Storm , as Tricoteux had been unable to move athletically due to the platform shoes he had to wear on set to replicate the character 's height . LaSalle was used for his facial performance . DD then mapped these performances onto a digital model that was designed to be comic - accurate . The team sought specific reference for Colossus 's metallic finish to avoid looking `` chromey '' , visiting a metal company to look at various samples . They settled on cold rolled steel , with the darker hot rolled steel used for his hair . The model also includes ridges on the character , which could be moved separately from the rest of the model to keep them always perfectly straight as in the comic books . DD also created the model of Deadpool that was used by all vendors . His mask is animated around the eyes to be expressive as in the comics , which helped balance out the `` chinwag '' caused by Reynolds 's acting coming through the bottom of the mask . Replacing Deadpool 's head fully was going to be too costly , so Weta Digital instead warped each shot based on facial reference from Reynolds , and adjusted the lighting to reflect the changes . This was called an `` ingenious 2D - ish solution '' . Atomic Fiction created a freeway environment for the `` Twelve Bullets Fight '' , with a backdrop based on Detroit , Chicago , and Vancouver . The vendor also created the vehicles in the sequence . These assets were used by Blur for the opening titles , which moves through a frozen moment where Deadpool is fighting thugs inside a crashing car . It includes titles such as `` Directed by an overpaid tool '' and `` Produced by asshats '' , with Reynolds , Miller , and the writers coming up with their own credits in the hope of setting the tone for the rest of the film . Luma contributed blood and gore to the film , using practical footage as well as digital effects for more complex scenes . When Deadpool cuts off his own hand , DD did not want to be `` outdone '' by Luma , and had `` buckets of blood pouring out '' . Luma created the regrowing hand , inspired by the hand of a fetus . When Deadpool breaks both his hands , DD went through 20 or 30 different versions of what broken fingers could look like . For his initial scarring , Rodeo FX referenced rotting fruit and maggot - eaten meat . The company added a CG penis to Reynolds in the sequence , which `` you do n't even notice ( but ) when it was n't there it looked really weird '' . Rodeo also augmented the practical fire in the scene . The different vendors all collaborated for the final battle sequence , which takes place in the wreckage of a helicarrier : Luma created the climactic fight between Deadpool and Ajax ; DD created the majority of the Colossus effects , except for when he is damaged later on , which was handled by Blur Studio ; DD also created the effects for Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's abilities as well as expanding the helicarrier 's deck ; Rodeo contributed matte paintings for the background ; and Weta provided the facial animation for Deadpool . Negasonic 's abilities were the only `` supernatural effect - sy thing '' in the film , and were based on fuel - air exposives and solar flares to try ground them in reality . Setting the final sequence on the wrecked helicarrier was Miller 's idea , to help expand the scope of the third act and include more connections to the comics and wider Marvel Universe . To avoid rights issues with Marvel Studios , the helicarrier for Deadpool was designed to be `` as different as possible from the one in The Avengers '' . Additionally , a French animation artist with a `` unique style '' created 2D cartoon characters that dance around Deadpool after he is stabbed in the head during the fight . Music ( edit ) Main article : Deadpool ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Tom Holkenborg announced in October 2015 that he would compose the score for Deadpool . Holkenborg noted that Deadpool only makes musical references from before 1990 in the film , and so wanted to use sounds from the 1980s , such as an Oberheim and a Synclavier for Deadpool 's main theme . Reese and Wernick had several songs to be used in the film written into their script . Some of these ultimately did not work as intended -- for instance , the sex montage between Wilson and Vanessa played out to Frank Sinatra 's version of `` It Was a Very Good Year '' in the script , but this was changed to Neil Sedaka 's `` Calendar Girl '' during editing . A soundtrack album featuring Holkenborg 's score and the songs heard in the film was released digitally on February 12 , 2016 , and physically on March 4 through Milan Records . Release ( edit ) Deadpool held its world premiere at the Grand Rex in Paris on February 8 , 2016 , before beginning its release in Hong Kong the next day . This was followed by 49 other markets over the next few days , including the United States on February 12 . It was released in several formats , including IMAX , DLP , premium large formats , and D - Box . Kinberg explained that unlike the previous X-Men films , Deadpool is `` a hard R. It 's graphic . Nothing is taboo . You either commit to a truly outrageous boundary - pushing kind of movie or you do n't . '' The film was denied a China release due to this , and though R - rated American films are often `` cleaned - up '' for release in the country , it was decided that `` it was n't possible to excise the offending material without causing plot problems . '' It was also not released in Uzbekistan , after the theater owners in the country decided against showing the film because `` it has an age restriction and is not in line with ethical norms in our society . '' Deadpool received seven `` general cuts '' to get approval for release in India . Despite being blocked in China during this initial release , Deadpool was eventually set to premiere in the country during the 2018 Beijing International Film Festival , which is running from April 15 -- 22 . The film would play in its original version at the festival , without any edits being made specifically for Chinese censors . Marketing ( edit ) The marketing budget for Deadpool was smaller than usual , like the production budget , so Reynolds worked closely with Fox domestic marketing chief Marc Weinstock to use the internet to their advantage and come up with cheaper , `` Deadpool - based '' ways to market the film . Weinstock noted that it was unusual for an actor in a film to do this . Reynolds kept one of the Deadpool costumes for himself , and appeared in it throughout the marketing campaign . Visual effects vendor Image Engine animated Deadpool 's mask for these appearances , using a similar process to that used by Weta Digital for the film . Reynolds promoting the film at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con In March 2015 , Reynolds revealed the Deadpool costume in a parody of a famous magazine shoot of Burt Reynolds lying on a bear skin in front of a fireplace . The next month , Reynolds said in an interview on Extra with Mario Lopez that the film would be `` family friendly '' , only to see Deadpool seemingly murder Lopez and announce that the video was an April Fools ' joke and `` Deadpool will of course be rated R . '' In July , director Miller and several cast members attended the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con to present a trailer for the film , which received a standing ovation from attendees who requested that it be played again . Writing for Business Insider , Joshua Rivera praised the trailer for translating the humor , tone , and violence from the comics . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter opined that Deadpool `` looks like the first movie that talks to the fan audience in their own language '' , and praised Stan Lee 's strip club cameo . Two teasers were released on August 3 featuring Deadpool : one where he promises the arrival of the trailer and describes Fox as `` the studio that inexplicably sewed his fucking mouth shut the first time '' , and a short tease at the end of a new trailer for Fox 's Fantastic Four . The full trailer was then released , now with completed visual effects . For Halloween , Reynolds released a video with himself in the Deadpool costume , interacting with a group of children dressed as X-Men . He asks them questions such as `` How many of you have taken a human life ? '' On December 14 , a `` 12 Days of Deadpool '' campaign began with `` new images , a featurette , or maybe a new poster '' released for the film each day by companies such as People , JoBlo.com , Fandango , and Mashable leading up to the release of a new trailer on Christmas Day . In January , fan events in New York City and Los Angeles that promised `` first look footage '' were actually early screenings of the film . Reynolds attended the New York screening , while Tim Miller attended the Los Angeles screening with Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld , Lee , T.J. Miller , Reese , Wernick , and Hildebrand . For Super Bowl L , Fox arranged for Reynolds to run a taco truck on the Friday before , serving Deadpool 's favorite food chimichangas ; on the Saturday , a location near the Super Bowl stadium was transformed into the bar from the film , with Reynolds and T.J. Miller present to socialize ; and during the game , Fox bought a commercial for the film while Reynolds was given control of the company 's Snapchat account . For the week beginning February 8 , Fox teamed with Viacom to show Deadpool commercials on five different Viacom networks , covering series targeted at several different demographics , including : Teen Mom and Ridiculousness on MTV ; Tosh. 0 , Workaholics , and @ midnight on Comedy Central ; Love & Hip Hop on VH1 ; The Golden Girls on Logo TV ; and Cops on Spike . @ midnight also featured a segment dedicated to the film . Additionally , unconventional billboards for the film were put up , including one selling it as a romance film because of the closeness of the film 's release to Valentine 's Day , and one featuring the emojis `` 💀 💩 L '' which was described as both idiotic and brilliant . Videos released for the film included a public service announcement parody instructing men on how to check for testicular cancer , played during an episode of The Bachelor ; holiday messages for Chinese New Year and Australia Day ; a cross-promotional video with Manchester United ; a video starring Betty White ; and an appearance on Conan where Deadpool gives Conan O'Brien a massage . Reynolds promoted the film on social media , taking part in a faux rivalry with Hugh Jackman on Twitter , Instagram , and Facebook . The campaign also took advantage of Snapchat , Tinder , and Porn Hub . In the two weeks before the film 's release , there was an average 10,000 to 20,000 tweets about it a day , which jumped to 90,000 after the early screenings . Weinstock said , `` There 's a lot of debate as to whether or not social media can really open a movie ... and this proves it can . '' Discussing the campaign for Wired.com , Emma Grey Ellis called it `` a relentless marketing siege of every platform you would think of -- and some you did n't ... as crazy and unrelenting as it all is , is n't this exactly what we want from Deadpool ? '' Bobby Anhalt at Screen Rant called it possibly `` the best film marketing campaign in the history of cinema '' , and noted that Deadpool 's fourth wall breaking allowed `` the marketing team ( to ) make stunts that appear as though the character himself is crafting them '' . HostGator 's Jeremy Jensen attributed the campaign 's success to Reynolds , as well as Fox embracing the film 's R rating . He concluded that , `` More than anything the Deadpool marketing campaign managed to create a relationship with the people who ended up going to see it . They were honest , creative , and completely relentless . '' Alisha Grauso of Forbes felt the campaign 's success came from the marketing team understanding the character , having freedom from the usual creative constraints put on film marketers , and not revealing much of the film 's actual content . Grauso also praised the marketing team for utilizing Reynolds , and said , `` Audiences have been more than ready for the weird and wild , and that 's the point -- Fox was smart enough to see that and run with it . Most marketing campaigns do n't give audiences credit for being all that intelligent or open - minded , but the campaign for Deadpool did n't hold back ... ( it ) was just like the character himself . Unpredictable , non-sequitur , hilarious , perverse , and popping up in the strangest of places . '' Home media ( edit ) Deadpool was released for digital download on April 26 , 2016 , moved up from the physical home media release , which came on May 10 . The latter release , for Blu - ray and DVD , included behind - the - scenes featurettes , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and audio commentaries by Tim Miller and Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld , and Reynolds , Reese , and Wernick . On November 7 , Fox re-released the film and its special features on Blu - ray for the holiday season , as Deadpool 's Holiday Blu - ray package . The film was re-released again in April 2018 in a Deadpool Two Year Anniversary Edition Blu - ray package , with collectible covers as well as `` stickers , car decals , temporary tattoos and a set of paper dolls '' . A 4K UHD Steelbook version was also released , exclusively from Best Buy , featuring original artwork . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) See also : List of box office records set by Deadpool ( film ) Deadpool grossed $363.1 million in the United States and Canada and $420 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $783.1 million , against a budget of $58 million . It broke numerous records for its opening weekend gross across the world , and went on to become the highest - grossing R - rated film and the highest - grossing X-Men film , as well as the ninth - highest - grossing film of 2016 . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $322 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the second-most profitable release of 2016 . When discussing potential reasons for the film 's surprise success , the site highlighted its marketing campaign . At the end of January 2016 , the film was projected to earn $55 -- 60 million over its opening weekend in the United States and Canada . Fox 's rivals projected the film to earn closer to $80 million . It ultimately opened at No. 1 , making $132.4 million for the weekend , and $152.2 million over the long Presidents ' Day weekend . Trying to explain this surprise , Fox 's domestic distribution chief Chris Aronson said `` it 's hard to comp and predict . You 're doing something that 's never been done . It 's like you throw the rulebook out the window . '' The weekend included $12.7 million from preview showings on February 11 , $47.5 million on its opening day , $42.5 million on February 12 , and $42.6 million on February 13 , as well as $19.8 on February 14 to end the long weekend . These were all records for R - rated films and days in February . Additionally , $16.8 million of this came from IMAX screens , a record opening weekend for R - rated films and February releases in that format . Deadpool gained an additional $55 million in its second weekend , down over 50 % from its first weekend . This kept it at No. 1 , and made it the fastest R - rated film to cross $200 million , doing so in nine days . It became the highest - grossing X-Men film and R - rated comic book superhero film the next day . It remained in the No. 1 position for its third week , but fell behind Zootopia and London Has Fallen the next week . Deadpool 's domestic run ended on June 17 , after 126 days , with $363.1 million . This was shortly after it became the highest - grossing R - rated film worldwide . The film 's U.S. audience , across its whole run , was 59 % Caucasian , 21 % Hispanic , 12 % African - American , and 8 % Asian . It was also 62 % male , and had an average age of 35 . The film was released in 80 markets around the world , many of them in its first week . This included the United Kingdom , France , and Australia on its first day , February 9 , where it was the No. 1 film and broke several records . The film also opened well in Asian countries , notably Taiwan , which Reynolds had traveled to for promotion and made the `` central hub '' of South East Asia for the film , and Hong Kong , where the film had the biggest Chinese New Year single day ever . The film went on to gross $132.2 million for its international opening weekend , over $7 million more than was predicted . This included $9 million from IMAX showings . It was the No. 1 film in all markets it was released in for the weekend , except Poland and Malaysia where it was No. 2 behind local films Planet Single and The Mermaid , respectively . The film broke the record for biggest opening weekend in Russia and Thailand , and set records for biggest R - rated film and February opening weekends in several other markets . It remained in No. 1 for the international box office for its second weekend , dropping 47 % to make an additional $84.7 million from 77 markets . The film made No. 1 debuts in 17 new countries , including Korea , Spain , and Italy , and maintained its No. 1 position in countries like the UK , Germany , and Brazil . Its continued performance in South East Asia was compared favorably to bigger superhero films like Guardians of the Galaxy and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . It topped the international box office for a third consecutive weekend , before falling to No. 3 behind Ip Man 3 and Zootopia in its fourth weekend . Deadpool opened in its final market , Japan , in June . It was the No. 1 film there , with a $6.5 million opening weekend . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 83 % based on 306 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fast , funny , and gleefully profane , the fourth - wall - busting Deadpool subverts superhero film formula with wildly entertaining -- and decidedly non-family - friendly -- results . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported an average positive score of 97 % , with 45 % of filmgoers saying the film exceeded their expectations . Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post scored Deadpool three - and - a-half out of four , calling it a `` voraciously self - aware comedy '' and the first R - rated Marvel film `` with real teeth '' . O'Sullivan praised the film 's attitude and tone , along with Reynolds for making Deadpool a likeable character , and the film 's action scenes . TheWrap 's Alonso Duralde said Deadpool `` should n't work , but it absolutely does '' , feeling that it successfully balanced the comedy with superhero action , and that the chemistry between Reynolds and Baccarin gave enough weight to the plot to support the tone and violence . Calvin Wilson at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch also gave the film three - and - a-half out of four , and said that it was `` smart , sexy , and outrageous '' , but that it would not work without Reynolds . Peter Bradshaw gave the film four out of five for The Guardian , calling it `` neurotic and needy -- and very entertaining '' , and comparing it to Kick - Ass and Kill Bill . He did feel that the film 's villains were underused though . Writing for Uproxx , Drew McWeeny described it as `` the world 's most violent and vulgar Bugs Bunny cartoon '' , and praised the film 's unconventional plot structure , its personal stakes , the difference in tone and storytelling from other superhero films , and the cast . Variety 's Justin Chang said the film is `` terribly arch and juvenile ( but ) also startlingly effective '' , praising Reynolds 's performance ( and the film 's willingness to hide his looks under prosthetics ) , the script , and director Miller for staying `` out of the way of his script and his star '' . Todd McCarthy at The Hollywood Reporter felt the film took a while to get going , `` but once it does , Deadpool drops trou to reveal itself as a really raunchy , very dirty and pretty funny goof on the entire superhero ethos '' . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said the film `` goes on too long and repetition dulls its initial cleverness '' but the `` junky feel is part of its charm '' . He praised the cast , particularly Reynolds , as well as Tim Miller 's action sequences . At The Boston Globe , Tom Russo gave the film three stars . He criticized the `` featherweight '' plot , but said that there is enough humor to support it , and that Reynolds was `` born to play '' Deadpool . Chris Nashawaty graded the film a ' B ' for Entertainment Weekly , saying it `` does n't have the most adrenalized action sequences or the deepest origin story '' but makes up for that with R - rated fun . Nashawaty felt Reynolds was the perfect star for the film , and is `` a blast of laughing gas in a genre that tends to take itself way too seriously '' . Tasha Robinson at The Verge felt there was too much juvenile humor , but was positive that the film did not make homophobic , racist , or sexist jokes , and that its overall tone remained joyous despite the material . She also praised the smaller scope of the film . David Edelstein of Vulture said the film 's jokes save it from a lack of subtext and strong villains , and noted the gratifyingly twisty '' structure . Manohla Dargis at The New York Times did not give the film a pass for listing its genre cliches in the opening credits before using them , but instead highlighted the `` human '' elements in the film and the moments where Reynolds and Tim Miller did `` more than hit the same bombastic notes over and over again '' . For IndieWire , Kate Erbland gave the film a ' B - ' , praising its style , and Reynolds 's Deadpool for breaking the superhero mold , but criticizing the overall film for following genre conventions and focusing on `` numbing '' violence and un-original swearing and nudity . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan said that Deadpool `` gets off to a fun start but eventually wears out his welcome '' , noting that though the film has a complicated narrative , that is just masking a conventional Marvel origin story . Turan did highlight the film 's romantic element and Baccarin 's performance . Jonathon Pile of Empire gave the film three out of five , saying the number of jokes `` will soon numb you to their impact '' , but calling the film a fun alternative to other superhero films . Robbie Collin at The Daily Telegraph also gave the film three out of five , saying it is not `` the future of superhero movies , but it 's an enjoyably obnoxious detour '' . He also felt that some of the film 's jokes about superhero cliches were out of date by the time the film was released . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle did not appreciate the humor , fourth wall breaking , or violence , and concluded that the film is `` bad , borderline garbage , but disturbing , too , in that it 's just the kind of fake - clever awfulness that might be cinema 's future '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Deadpool ( film ) Deadpool has received numerous awards and nominations , recognizing the film itself , as well as : the performance of the cast , particularly Reynolds as Deadpool ; several technical areas , including the film 's makeup , sound , and visual effects ; and the film 's marketing campaign . It was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards , four Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( winning two ) , a Directors Guild of America Award , five Empire Awards , seven Golden Trailer Awards ( winning two ) , two Key Art Awards for marketing ( winning both ) , eight MTV Movie Awards ( winning two ) , a Producers Guild of America Award , four People 's Choice Awards ( winning two ) , six Teen Choice Awards ( winning two ) , and a Writers Guild of America Award . It has also been nominated for three Saturn Awards and a Hugo Award . After being nominated for awards such as the Golden Globes , Critics ' Choice , and Writers Guild of America , Deadpool was considered a serious contender for several Academy Awards despite its content and tone , including potential nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and , after its Producers Guild of America nomination , Best Picture . When the film did not receive any Academy Award nominations , it was widely considered to have been `` snubbed '' . Analyzing potential reasons for this , Screen Rant 's Alex Leadbeater said that though the film `` earned a solid thumbs up from most '' , it was generally not praised by top critics for offering any `` depth or related subversion of its genre '' . He also noted an apparent bias that Academy voters ' have against superhero films ; the lack of a targeted campaign for the awards by Fox , who did not seem to be expecting any of the film 's previous awards either ; and the large amount of other films in contention , as `` 2016 was , all in all , a pretty good year for movies '' . A variant cover for Marvel Comics ' X-Men : Gold # 1 , with art by Ron Lim , references Deadpool 's Oscar snub . Cinematic impact ( edit ) Before Deadpool 's success , the R - rated comic - based films considered successful were 300 ( 2006 ) and Watchmen ( 2009 ) , which received around half the opening weekend gross of successful PG - 13 superhero films . Kick - Ass ( 2010 ) , a film tonally similar to Deadpool , had made even less with a $19.8 million opening . Many reasons were given for why Deadpool went on to be more successful than these , including the popularity of the Marvel brand and Reynolds 's performance . Tom Huddleston , Jr. wrote for Fortune , that Deadpool was proof to Hollywood that R - rated films can be as successful as PG - 13 films , `` particularly when fans see the rating itself as validation that the film is true to its source material '' . A Hollywood executive , not involved with the film , felt it succeeded because it `` has a self - deprecating tone that 's riotous . It 's never been done before . It 's poking fun at Marvel . That label takes itself so seriously ; can you imagine them making fun of themselves in a movie ? '' James Gunn , director of Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy , refuted this and said Deadpool was a success because `` it 's original , it 's damn good ... and it was n't afraid to take risks '' . Gunn hoped studios would learn `` the right lesson '' from the film and not just try to make more films `` like Deadpool '' . After Fox 's Logan ( 2017 ) also became a success , Forbes ' Paul Tassi reiterated Gunn 's sentiments , saying the rating was `` appropriate given the ' adult ' nature of these two heroes '' , but `` too much stock is being put into unrestrained violence rather than people examining what actually makes these movies work '' . Graeme McMillan at The Hollywood Reporter concurred , adding , `` Why not take the freedom that comes from that rating and try to re-approach the mainstream genre with that attitude ? '' In March 2017 , a Warner Bros. executive said that an R - rated DC Extended Universe film could `` absolutely '' happen , while Sony Pictures began developing an R - rated adaptation of the character Venom with a smaller budget , inspired by Fox 's success with Deadpool and Logan . In June , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige said in response to the successes that , though that company was not planning any R - rated films for its Marvel Cinematic Universe , `` it 's not out of the question '' . After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that the company would be willing to make future R - rated Marvel films like Deadpool , potentially under a `` Marvel - R '' brand , `` as long as we let the audiences know what 's coming '' . Sequels ( edit ) Further information : X-Men ( film series ) Before the film 's release , Fox gave a sequel the greenlight , with writers Reese and Wernick returning to write the screenplay . The involvement of Reynolds and Tim Miller was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon in April , but at the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds . The next month , David Leitch signed on to replace Miller for the sequel , while Fox was looking for another filmmaker to take on a third film . Leitch first made a short film , No Good Deed , which was written by Reese and Wernick and played in front of Logan in place of a post-credits scene setting up Deadpool 2 being added to that film . A slightly different version of the short was produced for release online on March 4 , 2017 . Deadpool 2 was released on May 18 , 2018 , with Leitch directing from a screenplay by Reese and Wernick . Drew Goddard , who had been in the running to direct the film , consulted on the script . Filming began in Vancouver in June 2017 , with Reynolds returning alongside Baccarin , T.J. Miller , Uggams , Hildebrand , and Kapičić . After an extensive search , Josh Brolin was cast as Cable in April . The film explores the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool and Cable . In March 2017 , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future film focused on that group would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we 'll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we 're launching something bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we 're contracting and staying personal and small . '' After the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deadpool ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadpool ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds In ' Deadpool ' Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Cudmore , Daniel ( @ @ danielcudmore ) ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` I did get a call for Colossus but it was CGI / stunts and not using my voice so I graciously passed . Love 2 play him in the future as an actor '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Pollowy , Kevin ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` So Many Tears : 5 Things We Learned When the ' Deadpool ' Crew Reunited for the Blu - ray Release '' . Yahoo !. com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kucharski , Joe ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool -- Making of an Iconic Antihero Suit '' . Tyranny of Style . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pollowy , Kevin ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Blake Lively 's Fashion Feedback Helped Refine the ' Deadpool ' Suit '' . Yahoo !. com . 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Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Ryan Reynolds ' ' Deadpool ' Tracking for $55 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 's $150 M Opening : Why The Town Did n't See It Coming Until It Happened -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Crosses $200 M ; ' Risen ' Still Burning ' Witch ' -- Midnight Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Still Cool in Weekend 2 With Superhero Set To Pass $200 M -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scores $85.3 M in 2nd Offshore Frame ; Nears $500 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' At $609 M Global ; ' Gods of Egypt ' Bows To $24 M , ' Zootopia ' Lands $33 M 3rd Frame -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Is Disney Animation 's Biggest Debut Ever in China , Russia , ' Mermaid ' Makes History With $503 M in China -- Int'l Box Office Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M in Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' : Marvel 's ' merc with a mouth ' has teeth , too '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Review : Ryan Reynolds ' Anarchic Mutant Smashes the Superhero Mold '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new dead pool come out	[ "Deadpool 2 was released on May 18, 2018,[198] with Leitch directing from a screenplay by Reese and Wernick.[193] Drew Goddard, who had been in the running to direct the film, consulted on the script.[199] Filming began in Vancouver in June 2017,[200] with Reynolds returning alongside Baccarin,[201] T. J. Miller,[202] Uggams,[203] Hildebrand,[204] and Kapičić.[204] After an extensive search, Josh Brolin was cast as Cable in April.[200] The film explores the team X-Force, which includes Deadpool and Cable.[205] In March 2017, Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets-up the X-Force team, a future film focused on that group would be separate from Deadpool 3, \"so I think we'll be able to take two paths. [X-Force] is where we're launching something bigger, but then [Deadpool 3 is] where we're contracting and staying personal and small.\"[206] After the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney.[207]" ]	[ "May 18, 2018" ]
-4047900836681442758	Cole Turner	Cole Turner - wikipedia Cole Turner Jump to : navigation , search Cole Turner Charmed character Julian McMahon as Cole Turner First appearance October 5 , 2000 ( episode 3.01 ; `` The Honeymoon 's Over '' ) Last appearance April 10 , 2005 ( episode 7.16 ; `` The Seven Year Witch '' ) Created by Brad Kern Portrayed by Julian McMahon ( human form ) Michael Bailey Smith ( demon form ) Information Aliases Belthazor and The Source of All Evil Species Human Demon Occupation Lawyer Family Benjamin Turner ( father ; deceased ) Elizabeth Turner ( mother ; deceased ) Penny ' Grams ' Halliwell ( ex-grandmother - in - law ; deceased ) Allen Halliwell ( ex-grandfather - in - law ; deceased ) Patricia ' Patty ' Halliwell ( ex-mother - in - law ; deceased ) Victor Bennett ( ex-father - in - law ) Prue Halliwell ( ex-sister - in - law ; deceased ) Piper Halliwell ( ex-sister - in - law ) Paige Matthews ( ex-sister - in - law ) Leo Wyatt ( ex-brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Phoebe Halliwell ( ex-wife ) Cole Turner is a fictional character on the WB television series Charmed , portrayed by series regular Julian McMahon between seasons three and five . McMahon returned for a guest appearance in the show 's seventh season , for its 150th episode . Charmed is a series which focuses on three good witches , the prophesied `` Charmed Ones '' , sisters who battle the forces of evil . Cole is an adversary - turned - ally of the sisters introduced in the third season and a love interest of main character Phoebe Halliwell , portrayed by Alyssa Milano . Like the show 's main characters , Cole also possessed a number of magical abilities ; the most commonly used were the power to teleport and the power to throw projective energy balls which could stun or kill . Within the series ' narrative , Cole is half - human and half - demon by blood , and better known to the demonic world for over a hundred years as the legendary demonic assassin Belthazor . Cole is dispatched by the Source of all Evil himself to kill the Charmed Ones only to fall in love with then - youngest sister Phoebe , renounce evil and become a close ally of the Charmed Ones . Though Cole eventually completely rids himself of his demonic nature , and marries Phoebe in the fourth season , he never gains the trust of new youngest sister Paige ( Rose McGowan ) . As part of his storyline , the character later returns to evil after unwillingly becoming the new Source . As the Source , Cole is eventually vanquished by the Charmed Ones , only to come back from death itself in his attempts to win Phoebe back . By this point he is one of the most powerful beings to ever exist . Driven insane , Cole is , through his own doing , once again killed by the sisters in the fifth season . When the character returns for a guest appearance in the seventh season , it is unclear what kind of being he is , but he states that he is caught somewhere between life and death , atoning for his sins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 1.1 Season three ( 2000 -- 01 ) 1.2 Season four ( 2001 -- 02 ) 1.3 Season five ( 2002 -- 03 ) and other appearances 2 Analysis 3 Influence 4 References Character arc ( edit ) Season Three ( 2000 -- 01 ) ( edit ) Cole Turner makes his first appearance in the third - season ( 2000 -- 01 ) premiere episode , `` The Honeymoon 's Over '' . Charmed Ones Phoebe ( Alyssa Milano ) and Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) run into Assistant District Attorney Cole Turner at the site where they killed a demon , and cover their tracks . Over the course of the episode , it becomes apparent to the audience that Cole is himself a very powerful demon , pursuing Phoebe romantically and deceiving the sisters as to his true nature in order to finally kill them . In `` Power Outage '' , Cole 's superiors , the demonic Triad , learn that he may have developed genuine romantic feelings for Phoebe ; Cole responds by killing them , forcing him into hiding . Meanwhile , the sisters acquire a target in the red - and - black - skinned demon Belthazor ( Michael Bailey Smith ) . In `` Sleuthing with the Enemy '' , the Charmed Ones discovers Cole and Belthazor are one and the same , but when Cole convinces Phoebe that he , being half human , truly loves her , she fakes his death so that her sisters Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Prue will not hunt for him . When Cole re-emerges , causing a rift between Phoebe and her sisters , he attempts to re-ingratiate himself with his demonic peers , the Brotherhood of the Thorn , as the sisters ' double agent . When Prue and Piper are both killed following a successful mission by the Source 's assassin Shax ( Michael Bailey Smith ) in the season finale `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' , Cole begs the Source ( again , Michael Bailey Smith ) to turn back time and prevent the exposure of magic . The Source agrees on the condition that Phoebe remain in the Underworld under his command , though he secretly orders her to be killed . Shax attacks the Halliwell Manor once more after time is reversed , but this time Leo ( Brian Krause ) , Piper 's husband who is also the sisters ' guardian angel ( whitelighter ) is not available to heal either Piper or Prue , who lie gravely wounded . Season four ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) The season four premiere `` Charmed Again '' reveals Leo arrived in time to heal Piper , but Prue died of her injuries , reflecting Doherty 's departure from the series . Leo assisted Phoebe to escape the Underworld , absconding on the Source 's deal . With Prue dead , the sisters are no longer the Charmed Ones , and Cole does what he can to assist Phoebe and Piper from Shax 's continued attacks . Piper and Phoebe regain their full abilities -- becoming Charmed Ones once again -- when they discover their younger half - sister , Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) , alongside whom they finally destroy Shax . In `` Black as Cole '' , Cole proposes to Phoebe whilst they vanquish a low level demon . Later they find that Sykes has been mimicking Belthazor and in a bid to vanquish him Cole takes on his demonic form but has Phoebe create a potion to kill his demonic half if he can not change back . Before he can change back , a woman looking to revenge his killing of her love picks up the potion and throws it at him , causing Belthazor to die . In `` Lost and Bound '' , Paige gets Cole a job as a legal aid lawyer . However he ca n't control his emotions and soon quits but not before the landlord who he was arguing with agrees to put the heating back on . In `` Charmed and Dangerous '' , the Source ( Peter Woodward ) breaks an aged old agreement and consumes the hollow . The Seer ( Debbi Morgan ) tricks Cole into consuming the hollow which allows him to assist the Charmed Ones in vanquishing the physical version of the Source . It is revealed that the Seer tricked Cole into absorbing the old Source 's power , eventually causing him to become the new Source of Evil in `` The Three Faces of Phoebe '' . An older version of Phoebe has turned bitter because of what he has done and warns her to save herself and states that they never got married but she ca n't help but think what might have been . Present - day Phoebe asks him if he is hiding anything ; he says he is not . The Source takes over Cole completely in `` Marry - Go - Round '' . The Seer warns him that marrying Phoebe would be the worst thing possible as they would have a son , the most powerful magical creature ever , who would be on the side of good , following the Charmed Ones ' destiny . She tells him the only way the child will grow up evil is if Cole marries Phoebe in a dark ceremony . As the Source , he puts a spell on the Charmed Ones which makes Phoebe spotty and Piper and Paige over sleep . Paige and Phoebe argue as the latter suspects the former of trying to disrupt the wedding , having already made a mistake with the dress . When Paige tries to make an amends with Phoebe 's spots it causes her to become invisible . Suspecting evil magic to be involved , the sisters try and reverse it without success but pass the invisibility on to Paige . Cole asks the Seer to send a Lazarus demon ( who she summoned to lure Phoebe to a cemetery for the purposes of a dark ceremony ) to attack at the wedding which causes Phoebe to call it off , thus reversing the magic on her , which had been switched to Paige . When the Charmed Ones question the demon , he accuses Cole of betraying him and tells them that he sent him to attack them . But before he can out Cole as the Source , Cole vanquishes him and pretends to be the Seer before teleporting and pretending to be unconscious after she attacked him . Cole marries Phoebe in a dark wedding at the end of the episode , without her suspecting drinking her blood when a throne pricks her with the ceremony held at night with a dark priest . Cole pretends to be the perfect husband by sending Leo and Piper on honeymoon to Hawaii and buying expensive gifts such as a new car in `` The Fifth Halliwheel '' . Paige begins to suspect that Cole is a demon again especially when she catches Cole using powers on an innocent but is not sure of what she has seen . Cole as Leo calms Paige 's fears before sending the power broker demon who had already gone after the innocent after her . The Seer also puts in a plan to make Phoebe pregnant using the full moon and a tonic . The Seer and Cole create a tonic which will ensure that the child is evil . From taking the tonic , the child will take over Phoebe 's body and ensure that she remains by his side when she finds out that he is the Source . Phoebe eventually takes the tonic laced with chocolate to make the plan work . In `` Bite Me '' different factions have tried to become ruler of the Underworld so Cole tries to make them all work together to beat good . However one of the leaders encourages a group of vampires to rise up and rebel , which they do so after Cole refuses to listen to them . He almost gets exposed by Paige when she orbs in his home but he quickly covers this up by saying he has a migraine , hence why the blinds were down . The vampires try to turn Paige into one to get the other sisters and then overthrow the Source and become the new leaders . To keep himself on top , Cole kills the Queen after Phoebe and Piper inadvertently tell him what to do . Phoebe later discovers that she is pregnant before informing him in `` We 're Off to See the Wizard . '' Cole tries to give up the Source to the Wizard after his human side becomes strong and Phoebe learns through a premonition that he is a demon again . But before the ritual is complete , the Seer , who has manipulated Phoebe , interrupts and vanquishes the Wizard . Cole is crowned the new Source with Phoebe as his Queen . Cole faces a coup in `` Long Live the Queen '' when Phoebe stops the killing of an innocent . Cole demands she make a choice . Phoebe later learns from the Seer and Cole that the tonic they were giving her was turning her evil . Phoebe eventually sides with her sisters and before Cole can destroy them she traps him in a crystal cage which allows the Charmed Ones to vanquish him . In the season finale `` Witch Way Now ? '' , Phoebe discovers Cole is able to linger in the Demonic Wasteland , where vanquished demons go , because of his human soul . Phoebe visits him there , insisting to him that he move on to his afterlife . After she leaves , he accidentally discovers he can acquire the powers of other demons vanquished there . He becomes powerful enough to kill the beast that consumes the essence of those vanquished there and , finally , to escape . Once back in the real world , he saves the sisters ' lives from a witch hunter . Season five ( 2002 -- 03 ) and other appearances ( edit ) In the season - five premiere `` A Witch 's Tail '' , Cole returns with numerous new abilities , making him more powerful than ever . Though he still loves Phoebe , she wants to move on from him and is frustrated by his attempts to win her back . In `` Siren Song , '' he saves the life of a young future whitelighter named Melissa in a failed attempt to impress Phoebe . When he tries to confront the demonic Siren the sisters are pursuing , the Siren puts him under her control . Under this influence , he tries to strangle Phoebe to death before the Siren is ultimately vanquished , and Phoebe nearly dies . As a result , Cole finally understands the threat he poses to Phoebe and promises to stop using his powers , but succumbs to temptation and kills again when confronted by a sleazy landlord . In `` Sympathy for the Demon '' , Cole is taunted by the spirit of the demon Barbas ( Billy Drago ) , who convinces him to use a power - stripping potion , inadvertently granting Barbas his powers and a corporeal form . To stop the threat of Barbas or anyone else possessing Cole 's powers , Paige strips Barbas of Cole 's powers and Cole takes them back . The sisters , however , fear that these abilities will make him evil again . In `` Sam , I Am '' , Cole misuses his abilities and incinerates two robbers / murderers , and is later visited by two mysterious beings who identify themselves as Avatars . Neither good or evil , the Avatars offer Cole the opportunity to join their ranks and enjoy their powers ; he refuses . Instead , Cole tries to provoke the sisters to kill him by sending an assassin after them , knowing that they will be able to recover thanks to their recent contact with Paige 's father , whitelighter Sam Wilder ( Scott Jaeck ) . He is distraught to learn he can not be killed , and is pushed over the edge into insanity . Cole reverts to malevolent means of winning Phoebe back , striking at the Charmed Ones in various underhand ways over several episodes . In Charmed 's 100th episode `` Centennial Charmed '' , Cole accepts the Avatars ' offer and uses their powers to create an alternate reality where Piper and Phoebe never met Paige , who was instead killed by the Source before the Elders discovered her . In the new reality , Cole is once again Belthazor and no longer indestructible . He acts as the right - hand man of the Source and owns Halliwell Manor with Phoebe , but they are unhappy together . Paige however is accidentally brought along from the real world and teams up with Piper and Leo to destroy Cole . After convincing Phoebe to join their side , the Charmed Ones vanquish Cole for good . Cole makes a guest appearance in the 150th episode , `` The Seven Year Witch '' , in season seven ; Piper 's disembodied spirit receives advice from Cole , who claims to be in limbo atoning for his sins . However , it is later revealed that Cole , watching over the sisters , orchestrated Piper 's illness and sent Phoebe 's short - lived boyfriend Drake ( Billy Zane ) to her , all so that Phoebe could learn to believe in love again . However he also did this to get Piper and Leo back together so that they could be a beacon for Phoebe not to give up on love and turn into the bitter old woman as seen in `` The Three Faces of Phoebe '' . In 2010 , Cole returned in the Charmed Season 9 comic book series . This time he has a minor role and only supporting in the spirit realm with Prue . Analysis ( edit ) As a lawyer and a demon , one writer notes that Cole is part of the same `` corporate '' metaphor as the Wolfram & Hart firm in the television series Angel . Influence ( edit ) The erotic romance novels and novellas of Jennifer Dunne feature a heroine `` obsessed '' with Julian McMahon 's portrayal of Cole in her book Dancing in the Dark . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` Piercing the corporate veil '' . Vampires : myths and metaphors of enduring evil . Editions Rodopi B.V. ISBN 90 - 420 - 1669 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Jennifer ( 2005 ) . `` Will the Real Phoebe Please Stand up '' . In Jennifer Crusie . Totally Charmed : Demons , Whitelighters and the Power of Three . BenBella Books . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 60 - 1 . ( hide ) Charmed Awards and nominations Series Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 Comics and novels and short stories Season 9 10 Characters Prue Halliwell Piper Halliwell Phoebe Halliwell Paige Matthews Darryl Morris Leo Wyatt Cole Turner Billie Jenkins Coop Henry Mitchell Kyra Barbas Christy Jenkins Episodes `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Charmed Again '' `` Forever Charmed '' Other media Board games Merchandise Video game Music `` How Soon Is Now ? '' The Soundtrack The Book of Shadows Related topics Power of Three Book of Shadows Magical beings Charmed ( 2018 TV series ) Category : Charmed ( TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cole_Turner&oldid=829499774 '' Categories : Charmed ( TV series ) characters Fictional assassins Fictional avatars Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional half - demons Fictional lawyers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional characters introduced in 2000 Revived fictional characters Fictional characters who have attempted suicide Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 00 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does cole became the source of all evil	[ "In \"Charmed and Dangerous\", the Source (Peter Woodward) breaks an aged old agreement and consumes the hollow. The Seer (Debbi Morgan) tricks Cole into consuming the hollow which allows him to assist the Charmed Ones in vanquishing the physical version of the Source. It is revealed that the Seer tricked Cole into absorbing the old Source's power, eventually causing him to become the new Source of Evil in \"The Three Faces of Phoebe\". An older version of Phoebe has turned bitter because of what he has done and warns her to save herself and states that they never got married but she can't help but think what might have been. Present-day Phoebe asks him if he is hiding anything; he says he is not." ]	[ "In \"Charmed and Dangerous\"" ]
6997654774082692698	Atom	Atom - wikipedia Atom Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Atom ( disambiguation ) . Helium atom An illustration of the helium atom , depicting the nucleus ( pink ) and the electron cloud distribution ( black ) . The nucleus ( upper right ) in helium - 4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud , although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case . The black bar is one angstrom ( 6990100000000000000 ♠ 10 m or 6990100000000000000 ♠ 100 pm ) . Classification Smallest recognized division of a chemical element Properties Mass range : 6973167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 × 10 to 6975452000000000000 ♠ 4.52 × 10 kg Electric charge : zero ( neutral ) , or ion charge Diameter range : 62 pm ( He ) to 520 pm ( Cs ) ( data page ) Components : Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are extremely small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( a ten - billionth of a meter , in the short scale ) . Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics -- as if they were billiard balls , for example -- gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects . Through the development of physics , atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict this behavior . Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94 % of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons have no electric charge . If the number of protons and electrons are equal , that atom is electrically neutral . If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons , then it has an overall negative or positive charge , respectively , and it is called an ion . The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force . The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force , the nuclear force , which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another . Under certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force , and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus , leaving behind a different element : nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation . The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs : for example , all copper atoms contain 29 protons . The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element . The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom . Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules . The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of atomic theory 1.1 Atoms in philosophy 1.2 First evidence - based theory 1.3 Brownian motion 1.4 Discovery of the electron 1.5 Discovery of the nucleus 1.6 Discovery of isotopes 1.7 Bohr model 1.8 Chemical bonding explained 1.9 Further developments in quantum physics 1.10 Discovery of the neutron 1.11 Fission , high - energy physics and condensed matter 2 Structure 2.1 Subatomic particles 2.2 Nucleus 2.3 Electron cloud 3 Properties 3.1 Nuclear properties 3.2 Mass 3.3 Shape and size 3.4 Radioactive decay 3.5 Magnetic moment 3.6 Energy levels 3.7 Valence and bonding behavior 3.8 States 4 Identification 5 Origin and current state 5.1 Formation 5.2 Earth 5.3 Rare and theoretical forms 5.3. 1 Superheavy elements 5.3. 2 Exotic matter 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links History of atomic theory Main article : Atomic theory Atoms in Philosophy Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . As a result , their views on what atoms look like and how they behave were incorrect . They also could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , when the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that only the concept of atoms could explain . First evidence - based theory Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In the early 1800s , John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) . For instance , there are two types of tin oxide : one is 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen and the other is 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen . 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 , a ratio of small whole numbers . This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units -- in other words , atoms . In the case of tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbs different gases in different proportions . For example , he found that water absorbs carbon dioxide far better than it absorbs nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences between the masses and configurations of the gases ' respective particles , and carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Brownian motion In 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically , a phenomenon that became known as `` Brownian motion '' . This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about . In 1905 , Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first Statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion . French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein 's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms , thereby conclusively verifying Dalton 's atomic theory . Discovery of the electron The Geiger -- Marsden experiment Top : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Bottom : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . The physicist J.J. Thomson measured the mass of cathode rays , showing they were made of particles , but were around 1800 times lighter than the lightest atom , hydrogen . Therefore , they were not atoms , but a new particle , the first subatomic particle to be discovered , which he originally called `` corpuscle '' but was later named electron , after particles postulated by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874 . He also showed they were identical to particles given off by photoelectric and radioactive materials . It was quickly recognized that they are the particles that carry electric currents in metal wires , and carry the negative electric charge within atoms . Thomson was given the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work . Thus he overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible , ultimate particles of matter . Thomson also incorrectly postulated that the low mass , negatively charged electrons were distributed throughout the atom in a uniform sea of positive charge . This became known as the plum pudding model . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Geiger - Marsden experiment In 1909 , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the direction of Ernest Rutherford , bombarded a metal foil with alpha particles to observe how they scattered . They expected all the alpha particles to pass straight through with little deflection , because Thomson 's model said that the charges in the atom are so diffuse that their electric fields could not affect the alpha particles much . However , Geiger and Marsden spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles greater than 90 ° , which was supposed to be impossible according to Thomson 's model . To explain this , Rutherford proposed that the positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center of the atom . Rutherford compared his findings to one firing a 15 - inch shell at a sheet of tissue paper and it coming back to hit the person who fired it . Discovery of isotopes While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element . J.J. Thomson created a technique for separating atom types through his work on ionized gases , which subsequently led to the discovery of stable isotopes . Bohr model The Bohr model of the atom , with an electron making instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' from one orbit to another . This model is obsolete . Main article : Bohr model In 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits , and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon . This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable ( given that normally , charges in acceleration , including circular motion , lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation , see synchrotron radiation ) and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete spectra . Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor of Niels Bohr 's theory . These results refined Ernest Rutherford 's and Antonius Van den Broek 's model , which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table . Until these experiments , atomic number was not known to be a physical and experimental quantity . That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today . Chemical bonding explained Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained , by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916 , as the interactions between their constituent electrons . As the chemical properties of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the periodic law , in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner . Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of electron shells about the nucleus . Further developments in quantum Physics The Stern -- Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence of the quantum nature of atomic properties . When a beam of silver atoms was passed through a specially shaped magnetic field , the beam was split in a way correlated with the direction of an atom 's angular momentum , or spin . As this spin direction is initially random , the beam would be expected to deflect in a random direction . Instead , the beam was split into two directional components , corresponding to the atomic spin being oriented up or down with respect to the magnetic field . In 1925 Werner Heisenberg published the first consistent mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics ( Matrix Mechanics ) . One year earlier , in 1924 , Louis de Broglie had proposed that all particles behave to an extent like waves and , in 1926 , Erwin Schrödinger used this idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom ( Wave Mechanics ) that described the electrons as three - dimensional waveforms rather than point particles . A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at a given point in time ; this became known as the uncertainty principle , formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 . In this concept , for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum , and vice versa . This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not , such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen . Thus , the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed . Discovery of the neutron The development of the mass spectrometer allowed the mass of atoms to be measured with increased accuracy . The device uses a magnet to bend the trajectory of a beam of ions , and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of an atom 's mass to its charge . The chemist Francis William Aston used this instrument to show that isotopes had different masses . The atomic mass of these isotopes varied by integer amounts , called the whole number rule . The explanation for these different isotopes awaited the discovery of the neutron , an uncharged particle with a mass similar to the proton , by the physicist James Chadwick in 1932 . Isotopes were then explained as elements with the same number of protons , but different numbers of neutrons within the nucleus . Fission , high - energy Physics and condensed matter In 1938 , the German chemist Otto Hahn , a student of Rutherford , directed neutrons onto uranium atoms expecting to get transuranium elements . Instead , his chemical experiments showed barium as a product . A year later , Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch verified that Hahn 's result were the first experimental nuclear fission . In 1944 , Hahn received the Nobel prize in chemistry . Despite Hahn 's efforts , the contributions of Meitner and Frisch were not recognized . In the 1950s , the development of improved particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies . Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons , or composites of smaller particles called quarks . The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions . Structure Subatomic particles Main article : Subatomic particle Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that can not be cut into smaller particles , in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles . The constituent particles of an atom are the electron , the proton and the neutron ; all three are fermions . However , the hydrogen - 1 atom has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no electrons . The electron is by far the least massive of these particles at 6969911000000000000 ♠ 9.11 × 10 kg , with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques . It was the lightest particle with a positive rest mass measured , until the discovery of neutrino mass . Under ordinary conditions , electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges . If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number , then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole ; a charged atom is called an ion . Electrons have been known since the late 19th century , mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson ; see history of subatomic physics for details . Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron , at 6973167260000000000 ♠ 1.6726 × 10 kg . The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number . Ernest Rutherford ( 1919 ) observed that nitrogen under alpha - particle bombardment ejects what appeared to be hydrogen nuclei . By 1920 he had accepted that the hydrogen nucleus is a distinct particle within the atom and named it proton . Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of the electron , or 6973169290000000000 ♠ 1.6929 × 10 kg , the heaviest of the three constituent particles , but it can be reduced by the nuclear binding energy . Neutrons and protons ( collectively known as nucleons ) have comparable dimensions -- on the order of 6985250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 m -- although the ' surface ' of these particles is not sharply defined . The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick . In the Standard Model of physics , electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure . However , both protons and neutrons are composite particles composed of elementary particles called quarks . There are two types of quarks in atoms , each having a fractional electric charge . Protons are composed of two up quarks ( each with charge + 2 / 3 ) and one down quark ( with a charge of − 1 / 3 ) . Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks . This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles . The quarks are held together by the strong interaction ( or strong force ) , which is mediated by gluons . The protons and neutrons , in turn , are held to each other in the nucleus by the nuclear force , which is a residuum of the strong force that has somewhat different range - properties ( see the article on the nuclear force for more ) . The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons , which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces . Nucleus Main article : Atomic nucleus The binding energy needed for a nucleon to escape the nucleus , for various isotopes All the bound protons and neutrons in an atom make up a tiny atomic nucleus , and are collectively called nucleons . The radius of a nucleus is approximately equal to 1.07 √ A fm , where A is the total number of nucleons . This is much smaller than the radius of the atom , which is on the order of 10 fm . The nucleons are bound together by a short - ranged attractive potential called the residual strong force . At distances smaller than 2.5 fm this force is much more powerful than the electrostatic force that causes positively charged protons to repel each other . Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons , called the atomic number . Within a single element , the number of neutrons may vary , determining the isotope of that element . The total number of protons and neutrons determine the nuclide . The number of neutrons relative to the protons determines the stability of the nucleus , with certain isotopes undergoing radioactive decay . The proton , the electron , and the neutron are classified as fermions . Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle which prohibits identical fermions , such as multiple protons , from occupying the same quantum state at the same time . Thus , every proton in the nucleus must occupy a quantum state different from all other protons , and the same applies to all neutrons of the nucleus and to all electrons of the electron cloud . However , a proton and a neutron are allowed to occupy the same quantum state . For atoms with low atomic numbers , a nucleus that has more neutrons than protons tends to drop to a lower energy state through radioactive decay so that the neutron -- proton ratio is closer to one . However , as the atomic number increases , a higher proportion of neutrons is required to offset the mutual repulsion of the protons . Thus , there are no stable nuclei with equal proton and neutron numbers above atomic number Z = 20 ( calcium ) and as Z increases , the neutron -- proton ratio of stable isotopes increases . The stable isotope with the highest proton -- neutron ratio is lead - 208 ( about 1.5 ) . Illustration of a nuclear fusion process that forms a deuterium nucleus , consisting of a proton and a neutron , from two protons . A positron ( e ) -- an antimatter electron -- is emitted along with an electron neutrino . The number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus can be modified , although this can require very high energies because of the strong force . Nuclear fusion occurs when multiple atomic particles join to form a heavier nucleus , such as through the energetic collision of two nuclei . For example , at the core of the Sun protons require energies of 3 -- 10 keV to overcome their mutual repulsion -- the coulomb barrier -- and fuse together into a single nucleus . Nuclear fission is the opposite process , causing a nucleus to split into two smaller nuclei -- usually through radioactive decay . The nucleus can also be modified through bombardment by high energy subatomic particles or photons . If this modifies the number of protons in a nucleus , the atom changes to a different chemical element . If the mass of the nucleus following a fusion reaction is less than the sum of the masses of the separate particles , then the difference between these two values can be emitted as a type of usable energy ( such as a gamma ray , or the kinetic energy of a beta particle ) , as described by Albert Einstein 's mass -- energy equivalence formula , E = mc , where m is the mass loss and c is the speed of light . This deficit is part of the binding energy of the new nucleus , and it is the non-recoverable loss of the energy that causes the fused particles to remain together in a state that requires this energy to separate . The fusion of two nuclei that create larger nuclei with lower atomic numbers than iron and nickel -- a total nucleon number of about 60 -- is usually an exothermic process that releases more energy than is required to bring them together . It is this energy - releasing process that makes nuclear fusion in stars a self - sustaining reaction . For heavier nuclei , the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus begins to decrease . That means fusion processes producing nuclei that have atomic numbers higher than about 26 , and atomic masses higher than about 60 , is an endothermic process . These more massive nuclei can not undergo an energy - producing fusion reaction that can sustain the hydrostatic equilibrium of a star . Electron cloud Main articles : Atomic orbital and Electron configuration A potential well , showing , according to classical mechanics , the minimum energy V ( x ) needed to reach each position x . Classically , a particle with energy E is constrained to a range of positions between x and x . The electrons in an atom are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by the electromagnetic force . This force binds the electrons inside an electrostatic potential well surrounding the smaller nucleus , which means that an external source of energy is needed for the electron to escape . The closer an electron is to the nucleus , the greater the attractive force . Hence electrons bound near the center of the potential well require more energy to escape than those at greater separations . Electrons , like other particles , have properties of both a particle and a wave . The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three - dimensional standing wave -- a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus . This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital , a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location when its position is measured . Only a discrete ( or quantized ) set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus , as other possible wave patterns rapidly decay into a more stable form . Orbitals can have one or more ring or node structures , and differ from each other in size , shape and orientation . Wave functions of the first five atomic orbitals . The three 2p orbitals each display a single angular node that has an orientation and a minimum at the center . Play media How atoms are constructed from electron orbitals and link to the periodic table Each atomic orbital corresponds to a particular energy level of the electron . The electron can change its state to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon with sufficient energy to boost it into the new quantum state . Likewise , through spontaneous emission , an electron in a higher energy state can drop to a lower energy state while radiating the excess energy as a photon . These characteristic energy values , defined by the differences in the energies of the quantum states , are responsible for atomic spectral lines . The amount of energy needed to remove or add an electron -- the electron binding energy -- is far less than the binding energy of nucleons . For example , it requires only 13.6 eV to strip a ground - state electron from a hydrogen atom , compared to 2.23 million eV for splitting a deuterium nucleus . Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an equal number of protons and electrons . Atoms that have either a deficit or a surplus of electrons are called ions . Electrons that are farthest from the nucleus may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms . By this mechanism , atoms are able to bond into molecules and other types of chemical compounds like ionic and covalent network crystals . Properties Nuclear properties Main articles : Isotope , Stable isotope , List of nuclides , and List of elements by stability of isotopes By definition , any two atoms with an identical number of protons in their nuclei belong to the same chemical element . Atoms with equal numbers of protons but a different number of neutrons are different isotopes of the same element . For example , all hydrogen atoms admit exactly one proton , but isotopes exist with no neutrons ( hydrogen - 1 , by far the most common form , also called protium ) , one neutron ( deuterium ) , two neutrons ( tritium ) and more than two neutrons . The known elements form a set of atomic numbers , from the single proton element hydrogen up to the 118 - proton element oganesson . All known isotopes of elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 are radioactive , although the radioactivity of element 83 ( bismuth ) is so slight as to be practically negligible . About 339 nuclides occur naturally on Earth , of which 254 ( about 75 % ) have not been observed to decay , and are referred to as `` stable isotopes '' . However , only 90 of these nuclides are stable to all decay , even in theory . Another 164 ( bringing the total to 254 ) have not been observed to decay , even though in theory it is energetically possible . These are also formally classified as `` stable '' . An additional 34 radioactive nuclides have half - lives longer than 80 million years , and are long - lived enough to be present from the birth of the solar system . This collection of 288 nuclides are known as primordial nuclides . Finally , an additional 51 short - lived nuclides are known to occur naturally , as daughter products of primordial nuclide decay ( such as radium from uranium ) , or else as products of natural energetic processes on Earth , such as cosmic ray bombardment ( for example , carbon - 14 ) . For 80 of the chemical elements , at least one stable isotope exists . As a rule , there is only a handful of stable isotopes for each of these elements , the average being 3.2 stable isotopes per element . Twenty - six elements have only a single stable isotope , while the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten , for the element tin . Elements 43 , 61 , and all elements numbered 83 or higher have no stable isotopes . Stability of isotopes is affected by the ratio of protons to neutrons , and also by the presence of certain `` magic numbers '' of neutrons or protons that represent closed and filled quantum shells . These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus ; filled shells , such as the filled shell of 50 protons for tin , confers unusual stability on the nuclide . Of the 254 known stable nuclides , only four have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons : hydrogen - 2 ( deuterium ) , lithium - 6 , boron - 10 and nitrogen - 14 . Also , only four naturally occurring , radioactive odd -- odd nuclides have a half - life over a billion years : potassium - 40 , vanadium - 50 , lanthanum - 138 and tantalum - 180m . Most odd -- odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even -- even , and are therefore more strongly bound , due to nuclear pairing effects . Mass Main articles : Atomic mass and mass number The large majority of an atom 's mass comes from the protons and neutrons that make it up . The total number of these particles ( called `` nucleons '' ) in a given atom is called the mass number . It is a positive integer and dimensionless ( instead of having dimension of mass ) , because it expresses a count . An example of use of a mass number is `` carbon - 12 , '' which has 12 nucleons ( six protons and six neutrons ) . The actual mass of an atom at rest is often expressed using the unified atomic mass unit ( u ) , also called dalton ( Da ) . This unit is defined as a twelfth of the mass of a free neutral atom of carbon - 12 , which is approximately 6973166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 × 10 kg . Hydrogen - 1 ( the lightest isotope of hydrogen which is also the nuclide with the lowest mass ) has an atomic weight of 1.007825 u . The value of this number is called the atomic mass . A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal ( within 1 % ) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit ( for example the mass of a nitrogen - 14 is roughly 14 u ) . However , this number will not be exactly an integer except in the case of carbon - 12 ( see below ) . The heaviest stable atom is lead - 208 , with a mass of 7002207976652100000 ♠ 207.976 6521 u . As even the most massive atoms are far too light to work with directly , chemists instead use the unit of moles . One mole of atoms of any element always has the same number of atoms ( about 7023602200000000000 ♠ 6.022 × 10 ) . This number was chosen so that if an element has an atomic mass of 1 u , a mole of atoms of that element has a mass close to one gram . Because of the definition of the unified atomic mass unit , each carbon - 12 atom has an atomic mass of exactly 12 u , and so a mole of carbon - 12 atoms weighs exactly 0.012 kg . Shape and size Main article : Atomic radius Atoms lack a well - defined outer boundary , so their dimensions are usually described in terms of an atomic radius . This is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus . However , this assumes the atom to exhibit a spherical shape , which is only obeyed for atoms in vacuum or free space . Atomic radii may be derived from the distances between two nuclei when the two atoms are joined in a chemical bond . The radius varies with the location of an atom on the atomic chart , the type of chemical bond , the number of neighboring atoms ( coordination number ) and a quantum mechanical property known as spin . On the periodic table of the elements , atom size tends to increase when moving down columns , but decrease when moving across rows ( left to right ) . Consequently , the smallest atom is helium with a radius of 32 pm , while one of the largest is caesium at 225 pm . When subjected to external forces , like electrical fields , the shape of an atom may deviate from spherical symmetry . The deformation depends on the field magnitude and the orbital type of outer shell electrons , as shown by group - theoretical considerations . Aspherical deviations might be elicited for instance in crystals , where large crystal - electrical fields may occur at low - symmetry lattice sites . Significant ellipsoidal deformations have been shown to occur for sulfur ions and chalcogen ions in pyrite - type compounds . Atomic dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the wavelengths of light ( 400 -- 700 nm ) so they can not be viewed using an optical microscope . However , individual atoms can be observed using a scanning tunneling microscope . To visualize the minuteness of the atom , consider that a typical human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms in width . A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion ( 7021200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 ) atoms of oxygen , and twice the number of hydrogen atoms . A single carat diamond with a mass of 6996200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 kg contains about 10 sextillion ( 10 ) atoms of carbon . If an apple were magnified to the size of the Earth , then the atoms in the apple would be approximately the size of the original apple . Radioactive decay Main article : Radioactive decay This diagram shows the half - life ( T ) of various isotopes with Z protons and N neutrons . Every element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that are subject to radioactive decay , causing the nucleus to emit particles or electromagnetic radiation . Radioactivity can occur when the radius of a nucleus is large compared with the radius of the strong force , which only acts over distances on the order of 1 fm . The most common forms of radioactive decay are : Alpha decay : this process is caused when the nucleus emits an alpha particle , which is a helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons . The result of the emission is a new element with a lower atomic number . Beta decay ( and electron capture ) : these processes are regulated by the weak force , and result from a transformation of a neutron into a proton , or a proton into a neutron . The neutron to proton transition is accompanied by the emission of an electron and an antineutrino , while proton to neutron transition ( except in electron capture ) causes the emission of a positron and a neutrino . The electron or positron emissions are called beta particles . Beta decay either increases or decreases the atomic number of the nucleus by one . Electron capture is more common than positron emission , because it requires less energy . In this type of decay , an electron is absorbed by the nucleus , rather than a positron emitted from the nucleus . A neutrino is still emitted in this process , and a proton changes to a neutron . Gamma decay : this process results from a change in the energy level of the nucleus to a lower state , resulting in the emission of electromagnetic radiation . The excited state of a nucleus which results in gamma emission usually occurs following the emission of an alpha or a beta particle . Thus , gamma decay usually follows alpha or beta decay . Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection of neutrons or protons or clusters of nucleons from a nucleus , or more than one beta particle . An analog of gamma emission which allows excited nuclei to lose energy in a different way , is internal conversion -- a process that produces high - speed electrons that are not beta rays , followed by production of high - energy photons that are not gamma rays . A few large nuclei explode into two or more charged fragments of varying masses plus several neutrons , in a decay called spontaneous nuclear fission . Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period -- the half - life -- that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay . This is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50 % every half - life . Hence after two half - lives have passed only 25 % of the isotope is present , and so forth . Magnetic moment Main articles : Electron magnetic moment and Nuclear magnetic moment Elementary particles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as spin . This is analogous to the angular momentum of an object that is spinning around its center of mass , although strictly speaking these particles are believed to be point - like and can not be said to be rotating . Spin is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant ( ħ ) , with electrons , protons and neutrons all having spin 1⁄2 ħ , or `` spin - 1⁄2 '' . In an atom , electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin , while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin . The magnetic field produced by an atom -- its magnetic moment -- is determined by these various forms of angular momentum , just as a rotating charged object classically produces a magnetic field . However , the most dominant contribution comes from electron spin . Due to the nature of electrons to obey the Pauli exclusion principle , in which no two electrons may be found in the same quantum state , bound electrons pair up with each other , with one member of each pair in a spin up state and the other in the opposite , spin down state . Thus these spins cancel each other out , reducing the total magnetic dipole moment to zero in some atoms with even number of electrons . In ferromagnetic elements such as iron , cobalt and nickel , an odd number of electrons leads to an unpaired electron and a net overall magnetic moment . The orbitals of neighboring atoms overlap and a lower energy state is achieved when the spins of unpaired electrons are aligned with each other , a spontaneous process known as an exchange interaction . When the magnetic moments of ferromagnetic atoms are lined up , the material can produce a measurable macroscopic field . Paramagnetic materials have atoms with magnetic moments that line up in random directions when no magnetic field is present , but the magnetic moments of the individual atoms line up in the presence of a field . The nucleus of an atom will have no spin when it has even numbers of both neutrons and protons , but for other cases of odd numbers , the nucleus may have a spin . Normally nuclei with spin are aligned in random directions because of thermal equilibrium . However , for certain elements ( such as xenon - 129 ) it is possible to polarize a significant proportion of the nuclear spin states so that they are aligned in the same direction -- a condition called hyperpolarization . This has important applications in magnetic resonance imaging . Energy levels These electron 's energy levels ( not to scale ) are sufficient for ground states of atoms up to cadmium ( 5s 4d ) inclusively . Do not forget that even the top of the diagram is lower than an unbound electron state . The potential energy of an electron in an atom is negative , its dependence of its position reaches the minimum ( the most absolute value ) inside the nucleus , and vanishes when the distance from the nucleus goes to infinity , roughly in an inverse proportion to the distance . In the quantum - mechanical model , a bound electron can only occupy a set of states centered on the nucleus , and each state corresponds to a specific energy level ; see time - independent Schrödinger equation for theoretical explanation . An energy level can be measured by the amount of energy needed to unbind the electron from the atom , and is usually given in units of electronvolts ( eV ) . The lowest energy state of a bound electron is called the ground state , i.e. stationary state , while an electron transition to a higher level results in an excited state . The electron 's energy raises when n increases because the ( average ) distance to the nucleus increases . Dependence of the energy on l is caused not by electrostatic potential of the nucleus , but by interaction between electrons . For an electron to transition between two different states , e.g. grounded state to first excited level ( ionization ) , it must absorb or emit a photon at an energy matching the difference in the potential energy of those levels , according to Niels Bohr model , what can be precisely calculated by the Schrödinger equation . Electrons jump between orbitals in a particle - like fashion . For example , if a single photon strikes the electrons , only a single electron changes states in response to the photon ; see Electron properties . The energy of an emitted photon is proportional to its frequency , so these specific energy levels appear as distinct bands in the electromagnetic spectrum . Each element has a characteristic spectrum that can depend on the nuclear charge , subshells filled by electrons , the electromagnetic interactions between the electrons and other factors . An example of absorption lines in a spectrum When a continuous spectrum of energy is passed through a gas or plasma , some of the photons are absorbed by atoms , causing electrons to change their energy level . Those excited electrons that remain bound to their atom spontaneously emit this energy as a photon , traveling in a random direction , and so drop back to lower energy levels . Thus the atoms behave like a filter that forms a series of dark absorption bands in the energy output . ( An observer viewing the atoms from a view that does not include the continuous spectrum in the background , instead sees a series of emission lines from the photons emitted by the atoms . ) Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of atomic spectral lines allow the composition and physical properties of a substance to be determined . Close examination of the spectral lines reveals that some display a fine structure splitting . This occurs because of spin -- orbit coupling , which is an interaction between the spin and motion of the outermost electron . When an atom is in an external magnetic field , spectral lines become split into three or more components ; a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect . This is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom and its electrons . Some atoms can have multiple electron configurations with the same energy level , which thus appear as a single spectral line . The interaction of the magnetic field with the atom shifts these electron configurations to slightly different energy levels , resulting in multiple spectral lines . The presence of an external electric field can cause a comparable splitting and shifting of spectral lines by modifying the electron energy levels , a phenomenon called the Stark effect . If a bound electron is in an excited state , an interacting photon with the proper energy can cause stimulated emission of a photon with a matching energy level . For this to occur , the electron must drop to a lower energy state that has an energy difference matching the energy of the interacting photon . The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases . That is , the wave patterns of the two photons are synchronized . This physical property is used to make lasers , which can emit a coherent beam of light energy in a narrow frequency band . Valence and bonding behavior Main articles : Valence ( chemistry ) and Chemical bond Valency is the combining power of an element . It is equal to number of hydrogen atoms that atom can combine or displace in forming compounds . The outermost electron shell of an atom in its uncombined state is known as the valence shell , and the electrons in that shell are called valence electrons . The number of valence electrons determines the bonding behavior with other atoms . Atoms tend to chemically react with each other in a manner that fills ( or empties ) their outer valence shells . For example , a transfer of a single electron between atoms is a useful approximation for bonds that form between atoms with one - electron more than a filled shell , and others that are one - electron short of a full shell , such as occurs in the compound sodium chloride and other chemical ionic salts . However , many elements display multiple valences , or tendencies to share differing numbers of electrons in different compounds . Thus , chemical bonding between these elements takes many forms of electron - sharing that are more than simple electron transfers . Examples include the element carbon and the organic compounds . The chemical elements are often displayed in a periodic table that is laid out to display recurring chemical properties , and elements with the same number of valence electrons form a group that is aligned in the same column of the table . ( The horizontal rows correspond to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . ) The elements at the far right of the table have their outer shell completely filled with electrons , which results in chemically inert elements known as the noble gases . States Main articles : State of matter and Phase ( matter ) Snapshots illustrating the formation of a Bose -- Einstein condensate Quantities of atoms are found in different states of matter that depend on the physical conditions , such as temperature and pressure . By varying the conditions , materials can transition between solids , liquids , gases and plasmas . Within a state , a material can also exist in different allotropes . An example of this is solid carbon , which can exist as graphite or diamond . Gaseous allotropes exist as well , such as dioxygen and ozone . At temperatures close to absolute zero , atoms can form a Bose -- Einstein condensate , at which point quantum mechanical effects , which are normally only observed at the atomic scale , become apparent on a macroscopic scale . This super-cooled collection of atoms then behaves as a single super atom , which may allow fundamental checks of quantum mechanical behavior . Identification Scanning tunneling microscope image showing the individual atoms making up this gold ( 100 ) surface . The surface atoms deviate from the bulk crystal structure and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them ( See surface reconstruction ) . The scanning tunneling microscope is a device for viewing surfaces at the atomic level . It uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon , which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would normally be insurmountable . Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two planar metal electrodes , on each of which is an adsorbed atom , providing a tunneling - current density that can be measured . Scanning one atom ( taken as the tip ) as it moves past the other ( the sample ) permits plotting of tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current . The calculation shows the extent to which scanning - tunneling - microscope images of an individual atom are visible . It confirms that for low bias , the microscope images the space - averaged dimensions of the electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels -- the Fermi level local density of states . An atom can be ionized by removing one of its electrons . The electric charge causes the trajectory of an atom to bend when it passes through a magnetic field . The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom . The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass - to - charge ratio of ions . If a sample contains multiple isotopes , the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions . Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis . A more area - selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy , which measures the energy loss of an electron beam within a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a portion of a sample . The atom - probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3 - D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time - of - flight mass spectrometry . Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars . Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms . These colors can be replicated using a gas - discharge lamp containing the same element . Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth . Origin and current state Atoms form about 4 % of the total energy density of the observable Universe , with an average density of about 0.25 atoms / m . Within a galaxy such as the Milky Way , atoms have a much higher concentration , with the density of matter in the interstellar medium ( ISM ) ranging from 10 to 10 atoms / m . The Sun is believed to be inside the Local Bubble , a region of highly ionized gas , so the density in the solar neighborhood is only about 10 atoms / m . Stars form from dense clouds in the ISM , and the evolutionary processes of stars result in the steady enrichment of the ISM with elements more massive than hydrogen and helium . Up to 95 % of the Milky Way 's atoms are concentrated inside stars and the total mass of atoms forms about 10 % of the mass of the galaxy . ( The remainder of the mass is an unknown dark matter . ) Formation Electrons are thought to exist in the Universe since early stages of the Big Bang . Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions . In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium , lithium , and deuterium in the Universe , and perhaps some of the beryllium and boron . Ubiquitousness and stability of atoms relies on their binding energy , which means that an atom has a lower energy than an unbound system of the nucleus and electrons . Where the temperature is much higher than ionization potential , the matter exists in the form of plasma -- a gas of positively charged ions ( possibly , bare nuclei ) and electrons . When the temperature drops below the ionization potential , atoms become statistically favorable . Atoms ( complete with bound electrons ) became to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang -- an epoch called recombination , when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei . Since the Big Bang , which produced no carbon or heavier elements , atomic nuclei have been combined in stars through the process of nuclear fusion to produce more of the element helium , and ( via the triple alpha process ) the sequence of elements from carbon up to iron ; see stellar nucleosynthesis for details . Isotopes such as lithium - 6 , as well as some beryllium and boron are generated in space through cosmic ray spallation . This occurs when a high - energy proton strikes an atomic nucleus , causing large numbers of nucleons to be ejected . Elements heavier than iron were produced in supernovae through the r - process and in AGB stars through the s - process , both of which involve the capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei . Elements such as lead formed largely through the radioactive decay of heavier elements . Earth Most of the atoms that make up the Earth and its inhabitants were present in their current form in the nebula that collapsed out of a molecular cloud to form the Solar System . The rest are the result of radioactive decay , and their relative proportion can be used to determine the age of the Earth through radiometric dating . Most of the helium in the crust of the Earth ( about 99 % of the helium from gas wells , as shown by its lower abundance of helium - 3 ) is a product of alpha decay . There are a few trace atoms on Earth that were not present at the beginning ( i.e. , not `` primordial '' ) , nor are results of radioactive decay . Carbon - 14 is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere . Some atoms on Earth have been artificially generated either deliberately or as by - products of nuclear reactors or explosions . Of the transuranic elements -- those with atomic numbers greater than 92 -- only plutonium and neptunium occur naturally on Earth . Transuranic elements have radioactive lifetimes shorter than the current age of the Earth and thus identifiable quantities of these elements have long since decayed , with the exception of traces of plutonium - 244 possibly deposited by cosmic dust . Natural deposits of plutonium and neptunium are produced by neutron capture in uranium ore . The Earth contains approximately 7050133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 × 10 atoms . Although small numbers of independent atoms of noble gases exist , such as argon , neon , and helium , 99 % of the atmosphere is bound in the form of molecules , including carbon dioxide and diatomic oxygen and nitrogen . At the surface of the Earth , an overwhelming majority of atoms combine to form various compounds , including water , salt , silicates and oxides . Atoms can also combine to create materials that do not consist of discrete molecules , including crystals and liquid or solid metals . This atomic matter forms networked arrangements that lack the particular type of small - scale interrupted order associated with molecular matter . Rare and theoretical forms Superheavy elements Main article : Transuranium element While isotopes with atomic numbers higher than lead ( 82 ) are known to be radioactive , an `` island of stability '' has been proposed for some elements with atomic numbers above 103 . These superheavy elements may have a nucleus that is relatively stable against radioactive decay . The most likely candidate for a stable superheavy atom , unbihexium , has 126 protons and 184 neutrons . Exotic matter Main article : Exotic matter Each particle of matter has a corresponding antimatter particle with the opposite electrical charge . Thus , the positron is a positively charged antielectron and the antiproton is a negatively charged equivalent of a proton . When a matter and corresponding antimatter particle meet , they annihilate each other . Because of this , along with an imbalance between the number of matter and antimatter particles , the latter are rare in the universe . The first causes of this imbalance are not yet fully understood , although theories of baryogenesis may offer an explanation . As a result , no antimatter atoms have been discovered in nature . However , in 1996 the antimatter counterpart of the hydrogen atom ( antihydrogen ) was synthesized at the CERN laboratory in Geneva . Other exotic atoms have been created by replacing one of the protons , neutrons or electrons with other particles that have the same charge . For example , an electron can be replaced by a more massive muon , forming a muonic atom . These types of atoms can be used to test the fundamental predictions of physics . See also Physics portal Chemistry portal History of quantum mechanics Infinite divisibility List of basic chemistry topics Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Vector model of the atom Nuclear model Radioactive isotope Notes Jump up ^ For more recent updates see Interactive Chart of Nuclides ( Brookhaven National Laboratory ) . Jump up ^ A carat is 200 milligrams . By definition , carbon - 12 has 0.012 kg per mole . The Avogadro constant defines 7023600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 atoms per mole . References Jump up ^ Pullman , Bernard ( 1998 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 559 - 43636 - X . External links Find more aboutAtomat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` A Look Inside the Atom '' . American Institute of Physics. 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Sharp , Tim ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` What is an Atom ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Anonymous ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Hitchhikers Guide to the Universe , Atoms and Atomic Structure '' . h2g2 . BBC . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Various ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Physics 2000 , Table of Contents '' . University of Colorado . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Various ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` What does an atom look like ? '' . University of Karlsruhe . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who discovered that everything is made of atoms	[ "In the early 1800s, John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). For instance, there are two types of tin oxide: one is 88.1% tin and 11.9% oxygen and the other is 78.7% tin and 21.3% oxygen (tin(II) oxide and tin dioxide respectively). This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5g or 27g of oxygen. 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1:2, a ratio of small whole numbers. This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units—in other words, atoms. In the case of tin oxides, one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms.[3]" ]	[ "John Dalton" ]
-2957107172034654964	List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha	List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha - wikipedia List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 28 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Sport Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . Sr. No . Image Name Tenure -- Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952 -- 1953 Satyendranath Bose 1952 -- 1960 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952 -- 1960 -- Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952 -- 1954 5 -- Kalidas Nag 1952 -- 1954 6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952 -- 1962 7 -- N.R. Malkani 1952 -- 1962 8 -- Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952 -- 1956 9 -- Zakir Hussain 1952 -- 1962 10 -- Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952 -- 1964 11 -- Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952 -- 1964 12 -- Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952 -- 1958 13 P.V. Kane 1953 -- 1964 14 -- Moturi Satyanarayana 1954 -- 1966 15 -- Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954 -- 1966 16 -- Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956 -- 1968 17 -- Tara Chand 1956 -- 1968 18 -- Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958 -- 1964 19 -- K.M. Panikkar 1959 -- 1966 20 -- Jairamdas Daulatram 1959 -- 1976 21 -- Mohanlal Saksena 1959 -- 1964 22 -- Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960 -- 1966 23 -- V.T. Krishnamachari 1961 -- 1967 24 -- R.R. Diwakar 1962 -- 1968 25 -- Gopal Singh 1962 -- 1968 26 -- M. Ajmal Khan 1964 -- 1972 27 -- Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964 -- 1968 28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964 -- 1970 29 -- Badri Nath Prasad 1964 -- 1970 30 -- G. Ramachandran 1964 -- 1970 31 -- M.N. Kaul 1964 -- 1972 32 -- Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966 -- 1972 33 -- Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966 -- 1972 34 -- M.C. Setalvad 1966 -- 1972 35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968 -- 1972 36 Joachim Alva 1968 -- 1974 37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968 -- 1974 38 -- K. Ramiah 1968 -- 1974 39 -- Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968 -- 1974 40 -- Maragatham Chandrasekhar 1970 -- 1988 41 -- Umashankar Joshi 1970 -- 1976 42 -- Rasheeduddin Khan 1970 -- 1982 43 -- Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971 -- 1980 44 -- Abu Abraham 1972 -- 1978 45 -- Pramathanath Bishi 1972 -- 1978 46 -- C.K. Daphtary 1972 -- 1978 47 -- Habib Tanvir 1972 -- 1978 48 -- Krishna Kriplani 1974 -- 1980 49 Lokesh Chandra 1974 -- 1986 50 -- Scato Swu 1974 -- 1986 51 -- B.N. Banerjee 1976 -- 1982 52 -- Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978 -- 1984 53 -- Fathema Ismail 1978 -- 1984 54 -- Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978 -- 1984 55 -- Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978 -- 1984 56 Nargis Dutt 1980 -- 1986 57 Khushwant Singh 1980 -- 1986 58 -- Asima Chatterjee 1982 -- 1990 59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982 -- 1986 60 -- Hayatullah Ansari 1982 -- 1988 61 -- Madan Bhatia 1982 -- 1994 62 -- V.N. Tiwari 1982 -- 1984 63 -- Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984 -- 1987 64 -- Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984 -- 1990 65 -- H.L. Kapur 1985 -- 1988 66 Salim Ali 1985 -- 1988 67 -- Purushottam Kakodkar 1985 -- 1991 68 Ela Bhatt 1986 -- 1988 69 -- Amrita Pritam 1986 -- 1992 70 M.F. Husain 1986 -- 1992 71 R.K. Narayan 1986 -- 1992 72 Ravi Shankar 1986 -- 1992 73 -- Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988 -- 1990 74 -- Sat Paul Mittal 1988 -- 1994 75 -- Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988 -- 1994 76 -- Mohammad Yunus 1989 -- 1995 77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990 -- 1996 78 Jagmohan 1990 -- 1996 79 -- Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990 -- 1996 80 -- Russi Karanjia 1991 -- 1997 81 -- Mahendra Prasad 1993 -- 1994 82 -- M. Aram 1993 -- 1999 83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993 -- 1999 84 -- B.B. Dutta 1993 -- 1999 85 -- Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993 -- 1999 86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010 87 Shabana Azmi 1997 -- 2003 88 -- P. Selvie Das 1997 -- 2003 89 -- Kartar Singh Duggal 1997 -- 2003 90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997 -- 2003 91 -- Raja Ramanna 1997 -- 2003 92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997 -- 2003 93 Mrinal Sen 1997 -- 2003 94 -- Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997 -- 2003 95 -- Nanaji Deshmukh 1999 -- 2005 96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999 -- 2005 97 -- Fali Nariman 1999 -- 2005 98 -- Cho Ramaswamy 1999 -- 2005 99 Hema Malini 2003 -- 2009 100 -- Bimal Jalan 2003 -- 2009 101 K. Kasturirangan 2003 -- 2009 102 -- Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003 -- 2009 103 -- Vidya Niwas Misra 2003 -- 2009 104 -- Chandan Mitra 2003 -- 2009 105 Dara Singh 2003 -- 2009 106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006 -- 2012 107 Ram Jethmalani 2006 -- 2009 108 -- Shobhana Bhartia 2006 -- 2012 109 Shyam Benegal 2006 -- 2012 110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007 -- 2013 111 -- C. Rangarajan 2008 -- 2010 112 -- H.K. Dua 2009 -- 2015 113 -- Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009 -- 2015 114 -- Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010 -- 2016 115 Javed Akhtar 2010 -- 2016 116 B. Jayashree 2010 -- 2016 117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010 -- 2011 118 -- Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010 -- 2016 119 -- Mrinal Miri 2012 -- 2016 120 -- Anu Aga 2012 -- 2018 121 -- K. Parasaran 2012 -- 2018 122 Rekha 2012 -- 2018 123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012 -- 2018 124 -- K.T.S. Tulsi 2014 - 2020 125 Subramanian Swamy 2016 - 2022 126 MC Mary Kom 2016 - 2022 127 Narendra Jadhav 2016 - 2022 129 Suresh Gopi 2016 - 2022 130 -- Swapan Dasgupta 2016 - 2022 131 -- Sambhaji Raje 2016 - 2022 132 -- Roopa Ganguly 2016 - 2022 References ( edit ) Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar Current list of Nominated Members Specific Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=812014911 '' Categories : Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 12 : 27 . About Wikipedia	who was first member nominated for rajya sabha	[ "\n\nSr. No.\nImage\nName\nTenure\n\n\n1\n –\nAlladi Krishnaswamy Iyer\n1952–1953\n\n\n2\n\nSatyendranath Bose\n1952–1960\n\n\n3\n\nPrithviraj Kapoor\n1952–1960\n\n\n4\n –\nJagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa\n1952–1954\n\n\n5\n –\nKalidas Nag\n1952–1954\n\n\n6\n\nRukmini Devi Arundale\n1952–1962\n\n\n7\n –\nN.R. Malkani\n1952–1962\n\n\n8\n –\nSahib Singh Sokhey\n1952–1956\n\n\n9\n –\nZakir Hussain\n1952–1962\n\n\n10\n –\nMaithili Sharan Gupt\n1952–1964\n\n\n11\n –\nKakasaheb Kalelkar\n1952–1964\n\n\n12\n –\nRadha Kumud Mukherjee\n1952–1958\n\n\n13\n\nP.V. Kane\n1953–1964\n\n\n14\n –\nMoturi Satyanarayana\n1954–1966\n\n\n15\n –\nArdeshir Ruttonji Wadia\n1954–1966\n\n\n16\n –\nBhargavram Vitthal Warerkar\n1956–1968\n\n\n17\n –\nTara Chand\n1956–1968\n\n\n18\n –\nAjudhia Nath Khosla\n1958–1964\n\n\n19\n –\nK.M. Panikkar\n1959–1966\n\n\n20\n –\nJairamdas Daulatram\n1959–1976\n\n\n21\n –\nMohanlal Saksena\n1959–1964\n\n\n22\n –\nTarasankar Bandyopadhyay\n1960–1966\n\n\n23\n –\nV.T. Krishnamachari\n1961–1967\n\n\n24\n –\nR.R. Diwakar\n1962–1968\n\n\n25\n –\nGopal Singh\n1962–1968\n\n\n26\n –\nM. Ajmal Khan\n1964–1972\n\n\n27\n –\nSatyavrata Siddhantalankar\n1964–1968\n\n\n28\n\nShakuntala Paranjpye\n1964–1970\n\n\n29\n –\nBadri Nath Prasad\n1964–1970\n\n\n30\n –\nG. Ramachandran\n1964–1970\n\n\n31\n –\nM. N. Kaul\n1964–1972\n\n\n32\n –\nHarivanshrai Bachchan\n1966–1972\n\n\n33\n –\nDhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil\n1966–1972\n\n\n34\n –\nM.C. Setalvad\n1966–1972\n\n\n35\n\nG. Sankara Kurup\n1968–1972\n\n\n36\n\nJoachim Alva\n1968–1974\n\n\n37\n\nS. Nurul Hasan\n1968–1974\n\n\n38\n –\nK. Ramiah\n1968–1974\n\n\n39\n –\nGanga Sharan Sinha\n1968–1974\n\n\n40\n –\nMaragatham Chandrasekhar\n1970–1988\n\n\n41\n –\nUmashankar Joshi\n1970–1976\n\n\n42\n –\nRasheeduddin Khan\n1970–1982\n\n\n43\n –\nVidya Prakash Dutt\n1971–1980\n\n\n44\n –\nAbu Abraham\n1972–1978\n\n\n45\n –\nPramathanath Bishi\n1972–1978\n\n\n46\n –\nC. K. Daphtary\n1972–1978\n\n\n47\n –\nHabib Tanvir\n1972–1978\n\n\n48\n –\nKrishna Kriplani\n1974–1980\n\n\n49\n\nLokesh Chandra\n1974–1986\n\n\n50\n –\nScato Swu\n1974–1986\n\n\n51\n –\nB.N. Banerjee\n1976–1982\n\n\n52\n –\nMalcolm Adiseshiah\n1978–1984\n\n\n53\n –\nFathema Ismail\n1978–1984\n\n\n54\n –\nPandurang Dharmaji Jadhav\n1978–1984\n\n\n55\n –\nBhagwati Charan Varma\n1978–1984\n\n\n56\n\nNargis Dutt\n1980–1986\n\n\n57\n\nKhushwant Singh\n1980–1986\n\n\n58\n –\nAsima Chatterjee\n1982–1990\n\n\n59\n\nSivaji Ganesan\n1982–1986\n\n\n60\n –\nHayatullah Ansari\n1982–1988\n\n\n61\n –\nMadan Bhatia\n1982–1994\n\n\n62\n –\nV.N. Tiwari\n1982–1984\n\n\n63\n –\nGhulam Rasool Kar\n1984–1987\n\n\n64\n –\nTindivanam K. Ramamurthy\n1984–1990\n\n\n65\n –\nH.L. Kapur\n1985–1988\n\n\n66\n\nSalim Ali\n1985–1988\n\n\n67\n –\nPurushottam Kakodkar\n1985–1991\n\n\n68\n\nEla Bhatt\n1986–1988\n\n\n69\n –\nAmrita Pritam\n1986–1992\n\n\n70\n\nM.F. Husain\n1986–1992\n\n\n71\n\nR.K. Narayan\n1986–1992\n\n\n72\n\nRavi Shankar\n1986–1992\n\n\n73\n –\nSyeda Anwara Taimur\n1988–1990\n\n\n74\n –\nSat Paul Mittal\n1988–1994\n\n\n75\n –\nBishambhar Nath Pande\n1988–1994\n\n\n76\n –\nMohammad Yunus\n1989–1995\n\n\n77\n\nPrakash Ambedkar\n1990–1996\n\n\n78\n\nJagmohan\n1990–1996\n\n\n79\n –\nBhupinder Singh Mann\n1990–1996\n\n\n80\n –\nRussi Karanjia\n1991–1997\n\n\n81\n –\nMahendra Prasad\n1993–1994\n\n\n82\n –\nM. Aram\n1993–1999\n\n\n83\n\nVyjayantimala Bali\n1993–1999\n\n\n84\n –\nB.B. Dutta\n1993–1999\n\n\n85\n –\nMaulana Habibur Rahman Nomani\n1993–1999\n\n\n86\n\nNirmala Deshpande\n1997 – 1999 and 2004 – 2010\n\n\n87\n\nShabana Azmi\n1997–2003\n\n\n88\n –\nP. Selvie Das\n1997–2003\n\n\n89\n –\nKartar Singh Duggal\n1997–2003\n\n\n90\n\nKuldip Nayyar\n1997–2003\n\n\n91\n –\nRaja Ramanna\n1997–2003\n\n\n92\n\nC. Narayana Reddy\n1997–2003\n\n\n93\n\nMrinal Sen\n1997–2003\n\n\n94\n –\nChaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav\n1997–2003\n\n\n95\n –\nNanaji Deshmukh\n1999–2005\n\n\n96\n\nLata Mangeshkar\n1999–2005\n\n\n97\n –\nFali Nariman\n1999–2005\n\n\n98\n –\nCho Ramaswamy\n1999–2005\n\n\n99\n\nHema Malini\n2003–2009\n\n\n100\n –\nBimal Jalan\n2003–2009\n\n\n101\n\nK. Kasturirangan\n2003–2009\n\n\n102\n –\nNarayan Singh Manaklao\n2003–2009\n\n\n103\n –\nVidya Niwas Misra\n2003–2009\n\n\n104\n –\nChandan Mitra\n2003–2009\n\n\n105\n\nDara Singh\n2003–2009\n\n\n106\n\nKapila Vatsyayan\n2006–2012\n\n\n107\n\nRam Jethmalani\n2006–2009\n\n\n108\n –\nShobhana Bhartia\n2006–2012\n\n\n109\n\nShyam Benegal\n2006–2012\n\n\n110\n\nM.S. Swaminathan\n2007–2013\n\n\n111\n –\nC. Rangarajan\n2008–2010\n\n\n112\n –\nH. K. Dua\n2009–2015\n\n\n113\n –\nAshok Sekhar Ganguly\n2009–2015\n\n\n114\n –\nMani Shankar Aiyar\n2010–2016\n\n\n115\n\nJaved Akhtar\n2010–2016\n\n\n116\n\nB. Jayashree\n2010–2016\n\n\n117\n\nRam Dayal Munda\n2010–2011\n\n\n118\n –\nBhalchandra Mungekar\n2010–2016\n\n\n119\n –\nMrinal Miri\n2012–2016\n\n\n120\n –\nAnu Aga\n2012–2018\n\n\n121\n –\nK. Parasaran\n2012–2018\n\n\n122\n\nRekha\n2012–2018\n\n\n123\n\nSachin Tendulkar\n2012–2018\n\n\n124\n –\nK. T. S. Tulsi\n2014-2020\n\n\n125\n\nSubramanian Swamy\n2016-2022\n\n\n126\n\nM C Mary Kom\n2016-2022\n\n\n127\n\nNarendra Jadhav\n2016-2022\n\n\n129\n\nSuresh Gopi\n2016-2022\n\n\n130\n –\nSwapan Dasgupta\n2016-2022\n\n\n131\n –\nSambhaji Raje\n2016-2022\n\n\n132\n –\nRoopa Ganguly\n2016-2022\n\n" ]	[ "Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer" ]
-2389375682073512193	A Sound of Thunder	A Sound of Thunder - wikipedia A Sound of Thunder Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the short story by Ray Bradbury . For other uses , see Sound of Thunder ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` A Sound of Thunder '' Author Ray Bradbury Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Science fiction short story `` A Sound of Thunder '' is a science fiction short story by Ray Bradbury , first published in Collier 's magazine in the June 28 , 1952 , issue and Bradbury 's collection The Golden Apples of the Sun in 1953 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Adaptations 3 Influence 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In the year 2055 , time travel has become a practical reality , and the company Time Safari Inc. offers wealthy adventurers the chance to travel back in time to hunt extinct species such as dinosaurs . A hunter named Eckels pays $10,000 to join a hunting party that will travel back 65 million years to the Late Cretaceous period , on a guided safari to kill a Tyrannosaurus rex . As the party waits to depart , they discuss the recent presidential elections in which an apparently fascist candidate , Deutscher , has been defeated by the more moderate Keith , to the relief of many concerned . When the party arrives in the past , Travis ( the hunting guide ) and Lesperance ( Travis 's assistant ) warn Eckels and the two other hunters , Billings and Kramer , about the necessity of minimizing the events they change before they go back , since tiny alterations to the distant past could snowball into catastrophic changes in history . Travis explains that the hunters are obliged to stay on a levitating path to avoid disrupting the environment , that any deviation will be punished with hefty fines , and that prior to the hunt , Time Safari scouts had been sent back to select and tag their prey , which would have died within minutes anyway , and whose death has been calculated to have minimal effect on the future . Although Eckels is initially excited about the hunt , when the monstrous Tyrannosaur approaches , he loses his nerve . Travis tells him he can not leave , but Eckels panics , steps off the path and stumbles into the forest . Eckels hears shots , and on his return he sees that the two guides have killed the dinosaur , and shortly afterward the falling tree that would have killed the T. rex has landed on top of it . Realizing that Eckels has fallen off the path , Travis threatens to leave him in the past unless he removes the bullets from the dinosaur 's body , as they can not be left behind . Eckels obeys , but Travis remains furious , threatening on the return trip to shoot him . Upon returning to 2055 , Eckels notices subtle changes -- English words are now spelled and spoken strangely , people behave differently , and Eckels discovers that Deutscher has won the election instead of Keith . Looking at the mud on his boots , Eckels finds a crushed butterfly , whose death has apparently set in motion a series of subtle changes that have affected the nature of the alternative present to which the safari has returned . He frantically pleads with Travis to take him back into the past to undo the damage , but Travis had previously explained that the time machine can not return to any point in time that it has already visited ( so as to prevent any paradoxes ) . Travis raises his gun , and there is `` a sound of thunder '' . Adaptations ( edit ) The story was aired on The Ray Bradbury Theater on October 8 , 1989 . A film adaptation starring Ben Kingsley , Edward Burns and Catherine McCormack was released in 2005 . Roger Ebert stated that while he `` can not endorse it , ( he ) can appreciate it '' as a film that is bad because it `` want ( s ) so much to be terrific that ( it ) explode ( s ) under the strain . '' A Game Boy Advance video game based on the film was also released . It was finished in time for the film 's planned 2003 release , delayed along with it and ultimately released in February 2005 . Planned console ports were cancelled . The story was parodied in the Time and Punishment section of The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror V '' . Influence ( edit ) `` A Sound of Thunder '' is often miscredited as the origin of the term `` butterfly effect '' , a concept of chaos theory in which the flapping of a butterfly 's wings in one part of the world could create a hurricane on the opposite side of the globe . The term was actually introduced by meteorologist Edward Norton Lorenz in the 1960s . However , Bradbury 's concept of how the death of a butterfly in the past could have drastic changes in the future is a representation of the butterfly effect , and used as an example of how to consider chaos theory and the physics of time travel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birx , H. James ( 2009 - 01 - 13 ) . Encyclopedia of Time : Science , Philosophy , Theology , & Culture . Sage Publications . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 9781412941648 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ray Bradbury Theater - Season 4 , Episode 6 : A Sound of Thunder '' . TV.com. 2007 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2007 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . pp. 648 -- . ISBN 9780740792199 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Sound of Thunder - IGN '' . Ca.ign.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Brett M. ; Stevens , Benjamin Eldon ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) . Classical Traditions in Science Fiction . Oxford University Press . pp. 322 -- . ISBN 9780190228330 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Flam , Faye ( 2012 - 06 - 15 ) . `` The Physics of Ray Bradbury 's `` A Sound of Thunder '' `` . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` A Sound of Thunder '' dated 2012 - 06 - 07 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Patai , Daphne ( 2013 ) . `` Ray Bradbury And The Assault On Free Thought '' . Society . 50 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 47 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 012 - 9617 - x . Paradowski , Robert J. `` Ray Bradbury . '' Critical Survey Of Long Fiction , Fourth Edition ( 2010 ) : 1 - 9 . Literary Reference Center . Weller , Sam . The Bradbury Chronicles : The Life of Ray Bradbury . New York : William Morrow , 2005 . Holmes , Neil . `` Fateful butterfly . '' New Scientist 182.2443 ( 2004 ) : 31 . Academic OneFile . External links ( edit ) A Sound of Thunder title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Ray Bradbury Bibliography Novels The Martian Chronicles ( 1950 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1953 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1957 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1962 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1972 ) Death Is a Lonely Business ( 1985 ) A Graveyard for Lunatics ( 1990 ) Green Shadows , White Whale ( 1992 ) From the Dust Returned ( 2001 ) Let 's All Kill Constance ( 2002 ) Farewell Summer ( 2006 ) Short stories `` The Scythe '' ( 1943 ) `` The Lake '' ( 1944 ) `` Frost and Fire '' ( 1946 ) `` The Million Year Picnic '' ( 1946 ) `` The Small Assassin '' ( 1946 ) `` I See You Never '' ( 1947 ) `` Fever Dream '' ( 1948 ) `` The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl '' ( 1948 ) `` The Long Years '' ( 1948 ) `` Mars Is Heaven ! '' ( 1948 ) `` Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed '' ( 1949 ) `` The Exiles '' ( 1949 ) `` Marionettes , Inc . '' ( 1949 ) `` The Long Rain '' ( 1950 ) `` The Rocket '' ( 1950 ) `` There Will Come Soft Rains '' ( 1950 ) `` The Veldt '' ( 1950 ) `` Ylla '' ( 1950 ) `` Embroidery '' ( 1951 ) `` The Fog Horn '' ( 1951 ) `` Here There Be Tygers '' ( 1951 ) `` The Pedestrian '' ( 1951 ) `` The April Witch '' ( 1952 ) `` A Sound of Thunder '' ( 1952 ) `` The Wilderness '' ( 1952 ) `` The Flying Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` The Golden Kite , the Silver Wind '' ( 1953 ) `` The Meadow '' ( 1953 ) `` The Murderer '' ( 1953 ) `` Sun and Shadow '' ( 1953 ) `` All Summer in a Day '' ( 1954 ) `` The Dragon '' ( 1955 ) `` The Aqueduct '' ( 1979 ) `` Banshee '' ( 1984 ) `` The Toynbee Convector '' ( 1984 ) `` Is That You , Herb ? '' ( 2003 ) Collections Dark Carnival ( 1947 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1951 ) The Golden Apples of the Sun ( 1953 ) The October Country ( 1955 ) A Medicine for Melancholy ( 1959 ) The Day It Rained Forever ( 1959 ) The Small Assassin ( 1962 ) R Is for Rocket ( 1962 ) The Machineries of Joy ( 1964 ) The Autumn People ( 1965 ) The Vintage Bradbury ( 1965 ) Tomorrow Midnight ( 1966 ) S Is for Space ( 1966 ) Twice 22 ( 1966 ) I Sing the Body Electric ( 1969 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1975 ) Long After Midnight ( 1976 ) The Fog Horn & Other Stories ( 1979 ) The Last Circus and the Electrocution ( 1980 ) The Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 1980 ) The Fog Horn and Other Stories ( 1980 ) Dinosaur Tales ( 1983 ) A Memory of Murder ( 1984 ) The Toynbee Convector ( 1988 ) Classic Stories 1 ( 1990 ) Classic Stories 2 ( 1990 ) The Parrot Who Met Papa ( 1991 ) Selected from Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed ( 1991 ) Quicker Than the Eye ( 1996 ) Driving Blind ( 1997 ) Ray Bradbury Collected Short Stories ( 2001 ) One More for the Road ( 2002 ) Bradbury Stories : 100 of His Most Celebrated Tales ( 2003 ) The Cat 's Pajamas : Stories ( 2004 ) A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories ( 2005 ) The Dragon Who Ate His Tail ( 2007 ) Summer Morning , Summer Night ( 2007 ) A Pleasure to Burn ( 2010 ) The Collected Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 2011 , 2014 ) Plays The Meadow ( 1947 ) The Flying Machine : A One - Act Play for Three Men ( 1953 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays ( 1972 ) Pillar of Fire and Other Plays ( 1975 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1986 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1986 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1986 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1988 ) The Veldt ( 1988 ) Adaptations It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 screenplay ) `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1962 ) The Picasso Summer ( 1969 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1969 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1980 miniseries ) The Electric Grandmother ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Bradbury 13 ( radio series , 1983 - 84 ) The Ray Bradbury Theater ( TV series , 1985 - 86 , 1988 - 92 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1993 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1997 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1998 ) A Sound of Thunder ( 2005 ) Ray Bradbury 's Chrysalis ( 2008 ) The Whispers ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Futuria Fantasia ( 1939 - 1940 ) The Mummies of Guanajuato ( 1978 ) Zen in the Art of Writing ( 1990 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 2003 book ) Related Spaceship Earth Bradbury Landing Ray Bradbury Award Fuck Me , Ray Bradbury VIAF : 179390455 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sound_of_Thunder&oldid=803937673 '' Categories : 1952 short stories Time travel in short fiction Science fiction short stories Short stories by Ray Bradbury Works originally published in Collier 's Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the election in a sound of thunder	[ "Upon returning to 2055, Eckels notices subtle changes – English words are now spelled and spoken strangely, people behave differently, and Eckels discovers that Deutscher has won the election instead of Keith. Looking at the mud on his boots, Eckels finds a crushed butterfly, whose death has apparently set in motion a series of subtle changes that have affected the nature of the alternative present to which the safari has returned. He frantically pleads with Travis to take him back into the past to undo the damage, but Travis had previously explained that the time machine cannot return to any point in time that it has already visited (so as to prevent any paradoxes). Travis raises his gun, and there is \"a sound of thunder\"." ]	[ "Deutscher" ]
-846924735650071131	If I Were a Carpenter (song)	If I Were a Carpenter ( song ) - Wikipedia If I Were a Carpenter ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` If I Were a Carpenter '' Single by Four Tops from the album Reach Out B - side `` Wonderful Baby '' Released 1968 Format 7 '' single Genre Folk , soul Length 2 : 47 Label Motown M 1124 Songwriter ( s ) Tim Hardin Producer ( s ) Brian Holland Lamont Dozier Four Tops singles chronology `` Yesterday 's Dreams '' ( 1968 ) `` If I Were a Carpenter '' ( 1968 ) `` Do n't Let Him Take Your Love From Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Yesterday 's Dreams '' ( 1968 ) `` If I Were a Carpenter '' ( 1968 ) `` Do n't Let Him Take Your Love From Me '' ( 1968 ) `` If I Were a Carpenter '' is a song written by Tim Hardin . Hardin 's own recording of the piece appeared on his 1967 album Tim Hardin 2 . It was one of two songs from that release ( the other being `` ' Misty Roses '' ) performed by Hardin at Woodstock in 1969 . The song has been covered a number of times by other artists : Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Personnel 3 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) 3.1 Track listings 3.2 Charts 4 References 5 External links Cover versions ( edit ) In 1966 , it was a Top Ten hit for Bobby Darin , reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bobby Darin also had an album If I Were A Carpenter , which contained the song . In 1967 Joan Baez covered a gender - reversed version on her album Joan , initially renamed If You Were a Carpenter though later compilations reverted to the original title . In 1968 , The Four Tops hit the Top 20 on both the pop and soul charts with their version . It also reached number eight in the UK charts in 1968 staying in the charts for 11 weeks . It reached number four in the Netherlands . In 1970 a duet by Johnny Cash and June Carter went to number 2 on the country chart . In 1972 , a cover by Bob Seger reached number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was released from his album Smokin ' O.P. 's . In 1979 Leif Garrett recorded a version for his album Same Goes for You . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Levi Stubbs Background vocals by Duke Fakir , Obie Benson and Lawrence Payton Additional background vocals by The Andantes Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' Single by Johnny Hallyday Released 1966 ( 1966 ) Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) French adaptation : Long Chris Johnny Hallyday singles chronology `` Noir c'est noir '' ( 1966 ) `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' ( 1966 ) `` Hey Joe '' ( 1967 ) `` Noir c'est noir '' ( 1966 ) `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' ( 1966 ) `` Hey Joe '' ( 1967 ) French singer Johnny Hallyday covered the song in French in 1966 . His version , titled `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' , reached no . 3 in Wallonia ( French Belgium ) . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' EP Philips 437.281 BE ( 1966 ) A1 . `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' ( 2 : 15 ) A2 . `` On s'est trompé '' ( 2 : 40 ) B1 . `` Je veux te graver dans ma vie '' ( 2 : 50 ) B2 . `` La fille à qui je pense '' ( 2 : 57 ) Charts ( edit ) `` San Francisco '' / `` Je veux te graver dans ma vie '' / `` La fille à qui je pense '' Chart ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Evans , Mike ( 2010 ) . Woodstock : Three Days that Rocked the World . Sterling . ISBN 9781402780349 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Baez - Joan ( Vinyl , LP , album ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Four Tops '' . www.officialscharts.com . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts : The Four Tops '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart August 19 , 1972 '' . Billboard Hot 100 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Seger : Charts & Awards -- Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . United States : Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/397391 ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Si j'étais un charpentier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - Johnny Hallyday - Je veux te graver dans ma vie '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - Johnny Hallyday - La fille à qui je penses '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' by Waylon Jennings RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Johnny Cash and June Carter version ) March 7 , 1970 Succeeded by `` Honey Come Back '' by Glen Campbell Tim Hardin Studio albums Tim Hardin 1 ( 1966 ) Tim Hardin 2 ( 1967 ) This Is Tim Hardin ( 1967 ) Tim Hardin 4 ( 1969 ) Suite for Susan Moore and Damion : We Are One , One , All in One ( 1969 ) Bird on a Wire ( 1971 ) Painted Head ( 1972 ) Nine ( 1973 ) Unforgiven ( 1981 ) Compilation albums The Best of Tim Hardin ( 1969 ) Hang On to a Dream : The Verve Recordings ( 1994 ) Simple Songs of Freedom : The Tim Hardin Collection ( 1996 ) Live albums Tim Hardin 3 Live in Concert ( 1968 ) The Homecoming Concert ( 1981 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Promises '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Misty Roses '' `` Reason to Believe '' Johnny Hallyday Studio albums Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime Solitudes à deux Hollywood À partir de maintenant En pièces détachées Pas facile Quelque part un aigle La Peur Hallyday 84 : Nashville en direct Rock'n'Roll Attitude Gang Cadillac Ça ne change pas un homme Rough Town Lorada Ce que je sais Sang pour sang À la vie , à la mort ! Ma vérité Le Cœur d'un homme L'Attente Singles `` T'aimer follement '' `` Souvenirs , souvenirs '' `` Itsy bitsy petit bikini '' `` Kili watch '' `` Viens danser le twist '' `` Retiens la nuit '' `` Ya ya twist '' `` Elle est terrible '' `` Tes tendres années '' `` Les Bras en croix '' ( c / w `` Quitte - moi doucement '' and `` Dis - moi oui '' on the EP ) `` Da dou ron ron '' `` Ma guitare '' `` Pour moi la vie va commencer '' `` Le Pénitencier '' `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' `` Quand revient la nuit '' `` Cheveux longs et idées courtes '' `` Noir c'est noir '' `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' `` Hey Joe '' `` Petite fille '' `` San Francisco '' `` À tout casser '' `` Cours plus vite Charlie '' `` Que je t'aime '' `` Ceux que l'amour a blessé '' `` Jésus Christ '' `` Deux amis pour un amour '' `` Essayez '' `` Oh ! Ma jolie Sarah '' `` Comme un corbeau blanc '' `` J'ai un problème '' ( with Sylvie Vartan ) `` Noël interdit '' `` Prends ma vie '' `` Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime '' `` Johnny Rider '' `` La Fille de l'été dernier '' `` La Terre promise '' `` Requiem pour un fou '' `` Derrière l'amour '' ( c / w `` Joue pas de rock'n'roll pour moi '' ) `` Gabrielle '' `` Ne me quitte pas '' ( live ) `` L'Envie '' ( live ) `` Que je t'aime '' ( live ) `` Tous ensemble '' `` Marie '' `` Mon plus beau Noël '' `` Ça n'finira jamais '' Other songs `` Je n'suis pas un héros '' Films Tales of Paris D'où viens - tu Johnny ? Cherchez l'idole À tout casser The Specialist Point de chute L'aventure , c'est l'aventure L'Animal Détective Terminus The Iron Triangle Why Not Me ? The Man on the Train Crime Spree Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse Quartier V.I.P. Jean - Philippe Vengeance The Pink Panther 2 Titeuf Salaud , on t'aime Rock'n Roll Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction Family Sylvie Vartan David Hallyday Laura Smet Related articles Johnny Hallyday discography Johnny Cash Studio albums With His Hot and Blue Guitar Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous The Fabulous Johnny Cash Greatest ! Songs of Our Soil Sings Hank Williams Now , There Was a Song ! Now Here 's Johnny Cash The Sound of Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash I Walk the Line Orange Blossom Special Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Old Golden Throat More of Old Golden Throat Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash The World of Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love Any Old Wind That Blows Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver Rockabilly Blues The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Rainbow Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash : Hall of Fame Series Water from the Wells of Home Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life American Recordings Unchained American III : Solitary Man American IV : The Man Comes Around Personal File American V : A Hundred Highways American VI : Ai n't No Grave Out Among the Stars Concept albums Ride This Train Blood , Sweat and Tears Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian Sings the Ballads of the True West From Sea to Shining Sea America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Children 's Album The Rambler Gospel albums Hymns by Johnny Cash Hymns from the Heart The Holy Land The Gospel Road Sings Precious Memories A Believer Sings the Truth Believe in Him Return to the Promised Land My Mother 's Hymn Book Christmas albums The Christmas Spirit The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Classic Christmas Johnny Cash Country Christmas Collaborations The Lure of the Grand Canyon Carryin ' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter Johnny Cash and His Woman The Legend of Jesse James The Survivors Live Highwayman Class of ' 55 Heroes Highwayman 2 The Road Goes on Forever VH1 Storytellers Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze ( In Prague -- Live ) At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Non-gospel soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954 -- 1958 The Man in Black 1959 -- 1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash ( 1992 ) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963 -- 1969 The Man in Black -- His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love , God , Murder The Essential Johnny Cash ( 2002 ) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Johnny Cash : Patriot 16 Biggest Hits : Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Any Old Wind That Blows '' `` The Ballad of Boot Hill '' `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' `` Big River '' `` Blistered '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` Busted '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` Cocaine Blues '' `` Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! '' `` Daddy Sang Bass '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' `` Do n't Take Your Guns to Town '' `` Engine 143 '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` The Folk Singer '' `` Folsom Prison Blues '' `` Forty Shades of Green '' `` Get Rhythm '' `` Give My Love to Rose '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Greystone Chapel '' `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' `` Hey , Porter '' `` Home of the Blues '' `` Hurt '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` I Love You Because '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' `` I Walk the Line '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` In My Life '' `` In the Jailhouse Now '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Jackson '' `` Kate '' `` The Man Comes Around '' `` Man in Black '' `` The Matador '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' `` One Piece at a Time '' `` Oney '' `` Orange Blossom Special '' `` The One on the Right Is on the Left '' `` Remember the Alamo '' `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` So Doggone Lonesome '' `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` Understand Your Man '' `` What Is Truth '' `` What 'd I Say '' Television The Johnny Cash Show Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Carlene Carter Tommy Cash Carter Family Related Albums discography Singles discography Sun Records discography The Highwaymen Carter Family Fold Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Cash : The Autobiography Johnny Cash ! The Man , His World , His Music Walk the Line We Walk the Line : A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire ( 2013 film ) Ring of Fire ( musical ) My Father and the Man in Black Dyess , Arkansas The Tennessee Three Book Bobby Darin Discography Studio albums Bobby Darin ( 1958 ) That 's All ( 1960 ) This is Darin ( 1960 ) For Teenagers Only ( 1960 ) The 25th Day of December ( 1960 ) Two of a Kind ( 1961 ) Love Swings ( 1961 ) Twist with Bobby Darin ( 1961 ) Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles ( 1962 ) Things and Other Things ( 1962 ) Oh ! Look at Me Now ( 1962 ) You 're the Reason I 'm Living ( 1963 ) It 's You or No One ( 1963 ) 18 Yellow Roses ( 1963 ) Earthy ! ( 1963 ) Golden Folk Hits ( 1963 ) Winners ( 1964 ) From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) Venice Blue ( 1965 ) Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile ( 1966 ) In a Broadway Bag ( Mame ) ( 1966 ) If I Were a Carpenter ( 1966 ) Inside Out ( 1967 ) Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto ( 1968 ) Commitment ( 1969 ) Live albums Darin at the Copa ( 1960 ) Live at the Desert Inn ( 1987 ) Compilation albums The Bobby Darin Story ( 1961 ) Aces Back to Back ( 2004 ) Singles `` Splish Splash '' `` Early in the Morning '' `` Dream Lover '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` Beyond the Sea '' `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' `` Things '' `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Darlin ' Be Home Soon '' Related articles Beyond the Sea ( film ) Dream Lover : The Bobby Darin Musical Book : Bobby Darin Four Tops singles discography 1960s 1964 `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' `` Without the One You Love ( Life 's Not Worth While ) '' 1965 `` Ask the Lonely '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' `` Something About You '' 1966 `` Shake Me , Wake Me ( When It 's Over ) '' `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' 1967 `` Bernadette '' `` 7 - Rooms of Gloom '' / `` I 'll Turn to Stone '' `` You Keep Running Away '' 1968 `` Walk Away Renée '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Yesterday 's Dreams '' `` I 'm in a Different World '' 1969 `` What Is a Man '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' `` Do n't Let Him Take Your Love from Me '' 1970s 1970 `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' ( re-issue ) `` It 's All in the Game '' `` Still Water ( Love ) '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' ( with The Supremes ) 1971 `` Just Seven Numbers ( Can Straighten Out My Life ) '' `` You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart '' ( with The Supremes ) `` In These Changing Times '' `` MacArthur Park ( Part II ) '' 1972 `` A Simple Game '' `` Bernadette '' ( re-issue ) `` Walk with Me , Talk with Me , Darling '' `` ( It 's the Way ) Nature Planned It '' `` Keeper of the Castle '' 1973 `` Ai n't No Woman ( Like the One I 've Got ) '' `` Are You Man Enough '' `` Sweet Understanding Love '' `` I Just Ca n't Get You Out of My Mind '' `` One Chain Do n't Make No Prison '' `` Midnight Flower '' `` Seven Lonely Nights '' `` We All Gotta Stick Together '' 1976 `` Catfish '' `` I 'm Glad You Walked into My Life '' 1980s 1981 `` When She Was My Girl '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' 1982 `` Let Me Set You Free '' `` Back to School Again '' `` Sad Hearts '' `` Tonight I 'm Gonna Love You All Over '' `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` I Just Ca n't Walk Away '' 1985 `` Sexy Ways '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' ( re-issue ) `` If Ever a Love There Was '' ( with Aretha Franklin ) `` Indestructible '' `` Loco in Acapulco '' Book : Four Tops Andy Kim Studio albums Baby I Love You Andy Kim Singles `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Be My Baby '' `` Rock Me Gently '' `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' Songwriting Credits `` Jingle Jangle '' `` Sugar , Sugar '' Cover Songs `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' This 1960s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Were_a_Carpenter_(song)&oldid=814017648 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1966 singles 1968 singles 1970 singles 1972 singles Songs written by Tim Hardin Tim Hardin songs Johnny Hallyday songs Burl Ives songs Bob Seger songs Bobby Darin songs Johnny Cash songs June Carter Cash songs Andy Kim songs Four Tops songs Leif Garrett songs Song recordings produced by Brian Holland Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Philips Records singles 1960s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart making named ref All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original version of if i were a carpenter	[ "\"If I Were a Carpenter\" is a song written by Tim Hardin. Hardin's own recording of the piece appeared on his 1967 album Tim Hardin 2. It was one of two songs from that release (the other being \"'Misty Roses\") performed by Hardin at Woodstock in 1969.[1] The song has been covered a number of times by other artists:" ]	[ "Tim Hardin" ]
-418605549467756497	Monosaccharide	Monosaccharide - wikipedia Monosaccharide Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject . Please help improve this article by adding more general information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monosaccharides ( from Greek monos : single , sacchar : sugar ) , also called simple sugars , are the most basic units of carbohydrates . They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and can not be further hydrolyzed to simpler compounds . The general formula is C nH 2n O n . They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless , water - soluble , and crystalline solids . Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste . Examples of monosaccharides include glucose ( dextrose ) , fructose ( levulose ) and galactose . Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides ( such as sucrose and lactose ) and polysaccharides ( such as cellulose and starch ) . Further , each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group ( so , all of the carbons except for the primary and terminal carbon ) is chiral , giving rise to a number of isomeric forms , all with the same chemical formula . For instance , galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses , but have different physical structures and chemical properties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and nomenclature 1.1 Linear - chain monosaccharides 1.2 Open - chain stereoisomers 1.3 Configuration of monosaccharides 1.4 Cyclisation of Monosaccharides 1.5 Haworth projection 2 Derivatives 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Structure and nomenclature ( edit ) With few exceptions ( e.g. , deoxyribose ) , monosaccharide have this chemical formula : C ( H O ) , where conventionally x ≥ 3 . Monosaccharides can be classified by the number x of carbon atoms they contain : triose ( 3 ) tetrose ( 4 ) , pentose ( 5 ) , hexose ( 6 ) , heptose ( 7 ) , and so on . The most important monosaccharide , glucose , is a hexose . Examples of heptoses include the ketose s mannoheptulose and sedoheptulose . Monosaccharides with eight or more carbons are rarely observed as they are quite unstable . In aqueous solutions monosaccharides exist as rings if they have more than four carbons . Linear - chain monosaccharides ( edit ) Simple monosaccharides have a linear and unbranched carbon skeleton with one carbonyl ( C = O ) functional group , and one hydroxyl ( OH ) group on each of the remaining carbon atoms . Therefore , the molecular structure of a simple monosaccharide can be written as H ( CHOH ) ( C = O ) ( CHOH ) H , where n + 1 + m = x ; so that its elemental formula is C H O . By convention , the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone , starting from the end that is closest to the C =O group . If the carbonyl is at position 1 ( that is , n or m is zero ) , the molecule begins with a formyl group H ( C = O ) − and is technically an aldehyde . In that case , the compound is termed an aldose . Otherwise , the molecule has a keto group , a carbonyl − ( C = O ) − between two carbons ; then it is formally a ketone , and is termed a ketose . Ketoses of biological interest usually have the carbonyl at position 2 . The various classifications above can be combined , resulting in names such as `` aldohexose '' and `` ketotriose '' . A more general nomenclature for open - chain monosaccharides combines a Greek prefix to indicate the number of carbons ( tri - , tetr - , pent - , hex - , etc . ) with the suffixes `` - ose '' for aldoses and `` - ulose '' for ketoses . In the latter case , if the carbonyl is not at position 2 , its position is then indicated by a numeric infix . So , for example , H ( C = O ) ( CHOH ) H is pentose , H ( CHOH ) ( C = O ) ( CHOH ) H is pentulose , and H ( CHOH ) ( C = O ) ( CHOH ) H is pent - 3 - ulose . Open - chain stereoisomers ( edit ) Two monosaccharides with equivalent molecular graphs ( same chain length and same carbonyl position ) may still be distinct stereoisomers , whose molecules differ in the three - dimensional arrangement of the bonds of certain atoms . This happens only if the molecule contains a stereogenic center , specifically a carbon atom that is chiral ( connected to four distinct molecular sub-structures ) . Those four bonds can have any of two configurations in space distinguished by their handedness . In a simple open - chain monosaccharide , every carbon is chiral except the first and the last atoms of the chain , and ( in ketoses ) the carbon with the keto group . For example , the triketose H ( CHOH ) ( C = O ) ( CHOH ) H ( glycerone , dihydroxyacetone ) has no stereogenic center , and therefore exists as a single stereoisomer . The other triose , the aldose H ( C = O ) ( CHOH ) H ( glyceraldehyde ) , has one chiral carbon -- the central one , number 2 -- which is bonded to groups − H , − OH , − C ( OH ) H , and − ( C = O ) H. Therefore , it exists as two stereoisomers whose molecules are mirror images of each other ( like a left and a right glove ) . Monosaccharides with four or more carbons may contain multiple chiral carbons , so they typically have more than two stereoisomers . The number of distinct stereoisomers with the same diagram is bounded by 2 , where c is the total number of chiral carbons . The Fischer projection is a systematic way of drawing the skeletal formula of an acyclic monosaccharide so that the handedness of each chiral carbon is well specified . Each stereoisomer of a simple open - chain monosaccharide can be identified by the positions ( right or left ) in the Fischer diagram of the chiral hydroxyls ( the hydroxyls attached to the chiral carbons ) . Most stereoisomers are themselves chiral ( distinct from their mirror images ) . In the Fischer projection , two mirror - image isomers differ by having the positions of all chiral hydroxyls reversed right - to - left . Mirror - image isomers are chemically identical in non-chiral environments , but usually have very different biochemical properties and occurrences in nature . While most stereoisomers can be arranged in pairs of mirror - image forms , there are some non-chiral stereoisomers that are identical to their mirror images , in spite of having chiral centers . This happens whenever the molecular graph is symmetrical , as in the 3 - ketopentoses H ( CHOH ) ( CO ) ( CHOH ) H , and the two halves are mirror images of each other . In that case , mirroring is equivalent to a half - turn rotation . For this reason , there are only three distinct 3 - ketopentose stereoisomers , even though the molecule has two chiral carbons . Distinct stereoisomers that are not mirror - images of each other usually have different chemical properties , even in non-chiral environments . Therefore , each mirror pair and each non-chiral stereoisomer may be given a specific monosaccharide name . For example , there are 16 distinct aldohexose stereoisomers , but the name `` glucose '' means a specific pair of mirror - image aldohexoses . In the Fischer projection , one of the two glucose isomers has the hydroxyl at left on C3 , and at right on C4 and C5 ; while the other isomer has the reversed pattern . These specific monosaccharide names have conventional three - letter abbreviations , like `` Glu '' for glucose and `` Thr '' for threose . Generally , a monosaccharide with n asymmetrical carbons has 2 stereoisomers . The number of open chain stereoisomers for an aldose monosaccharide is larger by one than that of a ketose monosaccharide of the same length . Every ketose will have 2 stereoisomers where n > 2 is the number of carbons . Every aldose will have 2 stereoisomers where n > 2 is the number of carbons . These are also referred to as epimers which have the different arrangement of − OH and − H groups at the asymmetric or chiral carbon atoms ( this does not apply to those carbons having the carbonyl functional group ) . Configuration of monosaccharides ( edit ) Like many chiral molecules , the two stereoisomers of glyceraldehyde will gradually rotate the polarization direction of linearly polarized light as it passes through it , even in solution . The two stereoisomers are identified with the prefixes D - and L - , according to the sense of rotation : D - glyceraldehyde is dextrorotatory ( rotates the polarization axis clockwise ) , while L - glyceraldehyde is levorotatory ( rotates it counterclockwise ) . D - and L - glucose The D - and L - prefixes are also used with other monosaccharides , to distinguish two particular stereoisomers that are mirror - images of each other . For this purpose , one considers the chiral carbon that is furthest removed from the C =O group . Its four bonds must connect to − H , − OH , − C ( OH ) H , and the rest of the molecule . If the molecule can be rotated in space so that the directions of those four groups match those of the analog groups in D - glyceraldehyde 's C2 , then the isomer receives the D - prefix . Otherwise , it receives the L - prefix . In the Fischer projection , the D - and L - prefixes specifies the configuration at the carbon atom that is second from bottom : D - if the hydroxyl is on the right side , and L - if it is on the left side . Note that the D - and L - prefixes do not indicate the direction of rotation of polarized light , which is a combined effect of the arrangement at all chiral centers . However , the two enantiomers will always rotate the light in opposite directions , by the same amount . See also d / l system . Cyclisation of monosaccharides ( edit ) A monosaccharide often switches from the acyclic ( open - chain ) form to a cyclic form , through a nucleophilic addition reaction between the carbonyl group and one of the hydroxyls of the same molecule . The reaction creates a ring of carbon atoms closed by one bridging oxygen atom . The resulting molecule has an hemiacetal or hemiketal group , depending on whether the linear form was an aldose or a ketose . The reaction is easily reversed , yielding the original open - chain form . In these cyclic forms , the ring usually has 5 or 6 atoms . These forms are called furanoses and pyranoses , respectively -- by analogy with furan and pyran , the simplest compounds with the same carbon - oxygen ring ( although they lack the double bonds of these two molecules ) . For example , the aldohexose glucose may form a hemiacetal linkage between the hydroxyl on carbon 1 and the oxygen on carbon 4 , yielding a molecule with a 5 - membered ring , called glucofuranose . The same reaction can take place between carbons 1 and 5 to form a molecule with a 6 - membered ring , called glucopyranose . Cyclic forms with a 7 - atom ring ( the same of oxepane ) , rarely encountered , are called heptoses . Conversion between the furanose , acyclic , and pyranose forms of D - glucose . Pyranose forms of some pentose sugars . Pyranose forms of some hexose sugars . For many monosaccharides ( including glucose ) , the cyclic forms predominate , in the solid state and in solutions , and therefore the same name commonly is used for the open - and closed - chain isomers . Thus , for example , the term `` glucose '' may signify glucofuranose , glucopyranose , the open - chain form , or a mixture of the three . Cyclization creates a new stereogenic center at the carbonyl - bearing carbon . The − OH group that replaces the carbonyl 's oxygen may end up in two distinct positions relative to the ring 's midplane . Thus each open - chain monosaccharide yields two cyclic isomers ( anomers ) , denoted by the prefixes α - and β - . The molecule can change between these two forms by a process called mutarotation , that consists in a reversal of the ring - forming reaction followed by another ring formation . Haworth projection ( edit ) The stereochemical structure of a cyclic monosaccharide can be represented in a Haworth projection . In this diagram , the α - isomer for the pyranose form of a D - aldohexose has the - OH of the anomeric carbon below the plane of the carbon atoms , while the β - isomer has the - OH of the anomeric carbon above the plane . Pyranoses typically adopt a chair conformation , similar to that of cyclohexane . In this conformation , the α - isomer has the - OH of the anomeric carbon in an axial position , whereas the β - isomer has the OH - of the anomeric carbon in equatorial position ( considering D - aldohexose sugars ) . α - D - Glucopyranose β - D - Glucopyranose Derivatives ( edit ) A large number of biologically important modified monosaccharides exist : Amino sugars such as : Galactosamine Glucosamine Sialic acid N - Acetylglucosamine Sulfosugars such as : Sulfoquinovose See also ( edit ) Reducing sugar Sugar acid Sugar alcohol Disaccharide Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrates '' . Chemistry for Biologists . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrates '' . Chemistry for Biologists . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pigman , William Ward ; Anet , E.F.L.J. ( 1972 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Mutarotations and Actions of Acids and Bases '' . In Pigman and Horton . The Carbohydrates : Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego : Academic Press . pp. 165 -- 194 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` Haworth representation '' . References ( edit ) McMurry , John . Organic Chemistry . 7th ed . Belmont , CA : Thomson Brooks / Cole , 2008 . Print . External links ( edit ) Look up monosaccharide in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nomenclature of Carbohydrates Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum LCCN : sh85086973 GND : 4170482 - 4 NDL : 00572703 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monosaccharide&oldid=805752327 '' Categories : Monosaccharides Carbohydrate chemistry Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing context from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	state the general molecular formula for a monosaccharide	[ "Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates.[1] They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed to simpler compounds. The general formula is C\nnH\n2nO\nn. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (so, all of the carbons except for the primary and terminal carbon) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms, all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different physical structures and chemical properties." ]	[ "C\nnH\n2nO\nn" ]
-121129821379276198	How to Train Your Dragon (film)	How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) - wikipedia How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) How to Train Your Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Produced by Bonnie Arnold Screenplay by Will Davies Dean DeBlois Chris Sanders Based on How to Train Your Dragon by Cressida Cowell Starring Jay Baruchel Gerard Butler Craig Ferguson America Ferrera Jonah Hill Christopher Mintz - Plasse T.J. Miller Kristen Wiig Music by John Powell Edited by Darren T. Holmes Maryann Brandon Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $165 million Box office $495.8 million How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 American 3D computer - animated action fantasy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Loosely based on the book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell , the film was directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the duo who wrote and directed Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Lilo & Stitch . It stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , T.J. Miller , Kristen Wiig , and Christopher Mintz - Plasse . The story takes place in a mythical Viking world where a young Viking teenager named Hiccup aspires to follow his tribe 's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer . After finally capturing his first dragon , and with his chance at last of gaining the tribe 's acceptance , he finds that he no longer wants to kill the dragon and instead befriends it . The film was released March 26 , 2010 , and was a critical and commercial success , earning acclaim from film critics and audiences and earning nearly $500 million worldwide . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score at the 83rd Academy Awards , but lost to Toy Story 3 and The Social Network , respectively . The movie also won ten Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature . A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was released on June 13 , 2014 , with DeBlois writing and directing by himself . Much like its predecessor , the sequel was also universally acclaimed and became a box office success . A second and final sequel , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , is to be released on March 1 , 2019 . The film 's success has also inspired other merchandise , including a video game and a television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Competition for 3D screens 5.2 Box - office 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Accolades 5.5 Home media 6 Expanded franchise 6.1 Sequels 6.2 Short films 6.3 Television series 6.4 Video games 6.5 Arena show 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On Berk , a Viking village located on a remote island from which dragons periodically steal livestock , Hiccup , the awkward fifteen - year - old son of the village chieftain , Stoick the Vast , works as a blacksmith 's apprentice . As he is too small and weak to fight the dragons , he instead fashions mechanical devices under his apprenticeship with Gobber , the senior blacksmith , though his inventions often malfunction or backfire . During one attack , Hiccup shoots down a Night Fury , an extremely rare and dangerous dragon , with a bola launcher of his ; he later finds it in the forest trapped in his bolas , but finding that he can not bring himself to kill the dragon , he instead sets it free . Stoick assembles a fleet to find the dragons ' nest , entering Hiccup in a dragon - killing class taught by Gobber . Hiccup returns to the forest to find the Night Fury still there ; he realizes the dragon is unable to fly properly because of its crippled tail fin . Hiccup befriends the dragon , gradually taming it and giving it the name ' Toothless ' due to its retractable teeth . Feeling guilty for crippling Toothless , Hiccup eventually makes a harness and prosthetic fin that allows him to guide the dragon in flight . By observing Toothless 's behavior , Hiccup becomes increasingly proficient in subduing the captive dragons during training nonviolently , earning him the admiration of his peers but causing Astrid , a tough Viking girl on whom Hiccup has a crush , to become increasingly suspicious of his behavior . Meanwhile , Stoick 's fleet arrives home unsuccessful , though he is cheered by Hiccup 's unexpected success in dragon training . Astrid eventually discovers that he is training Toothless . Hiccup takes her for a flight to demonstrate his relationship with the dragon before she can tell the village . Toothless unexpectedly takes the pair to the dragons ' nest where they discover a gargantuan dragon named the Red Death , which eats the smaller dragons unless they bring it stolen livestock ; the pair realize that the dragons have been attacking Berk under its control as opposed to of their own free will . Back at the village , Hiccup , having won dragon training , is given the task of killing a captive Monstrous Nightmare dragon ; he , instead , subdues it in front of his father and village instead of killing it in an attempt to prove that the dragons are harmless . However , Stoick inadvertently angers the dragon into attacking . Toothless attempts to protect Hiccup in the ensuing panic but is instead captured by the Vikings in the process . Hiccup accidentally reveals to Stoick that Toothless is capable of locating the dragons ' nest ; Stoick disowns his son and sets off for the nest with Toothless chained to the lead ship as a guide . The Viking attack force locates and breaks open the dragon 's nest , allowing most of the dragons to fly out but also awakening the Red Death , soon overwhelming the attack force . Hiccup , Astrid , and their fellow pupils fly in riding the training dragons from Berk , providing cover fire for the attack force and distracting the Red Death . Hiccup almost drowns trying to break Toothless free , but Stoick saves them both , reconciling with his son . Working together , Toothless and Hiccup destroy the Red Death ; Hiccup , however , is injured in the fight , losing his lower left leg and requiring a prosthesis . Hiccup regains consciousness on Berk to find himself admired amongst the tribe and by Astrid , with the Vikings and the dragons now living in harmony . Cast ( edit ) Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III , the awkward son of Stoick the Vast . Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast , the chieftain of Berk and Hiccup 's father . Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch , Berk 's blacksmith , a close friend of Stoick 's and teacher of the tribe 's young dragon - training recruits . America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson , Hiccup 's fellow student in dragon training and his crush . Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman , an enthusiastic youth knowledgeable in dragon lore which he often relates in role - playing game style . Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson , one of Hiccup 's dragon - training classmates . Snotlout is brash , overconfident , and fairly unintelligent , but reliable . T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston , a pair of quarrelsome twins . David Tennant as Spitelout , Snotlout 's father . Production ( edit ) Early production concept artwork of `` Toothless '' and `` Hiccup '' The book series by Cressida Cowell began coming to attention to the executives at DreamWorks Animation in 2004 . Coming off her success in Over the Hedge , producer Bonnie Arnold shortly became interested in the newly acquired property . She kept focusing on the project as time went on , and when DreamWorks Animation co-president of production Bill Damaschke asked her what she wanted to work on next , she chose `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . In initial development , the plot followed the original novel closely , but about halfway through production Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the writer - directors of Disney 's Lilo & Stitch , took over as co-directors and it was altered . The original plot was described as , `` heavily loyal to the book '' , but was regarded as being too `` sweet '' and `` whimsical '' as well as geared towards a too - young demographic , according to Baruchel . In the novel , Hiccup 's dragon , Toothless , is a Common or Garden Dragon , a small breed . In the film , Toothless is a Night Fury , the rarest of all dragons , and is large enough to serve as a flying mount for both Hiccup and Astrid . The filmmakers hired cinematographer Roger Deakins ( known for frequently collaborating with the Coen brothers ) as a visual consultant to help them with lighting and overall look of the film and to `` add a live - action feel '' . Extensive research was done to depict both flight , as the directors knew they would be the biggest draw of the film 's 3D effects , and fire , given animation could break away from the limitations seen in live - action films , where propane flames are usual due to being easier to extinguish . The dragons ' design made sure to create animals that were comical and also innovative compared to other dragon fiction . Toothless in particular tried to combine various dragon traits in a black panther - inspired design , that also had large ears and eyes to convey emotion better . The directors made sure to cash in the improvisation abilities of the secondary cast -- Christopher Mintz - Plasse , Jonah Hill , Kristen Wiig and T.J Miller -- by frequently bringing them together in the recording sessions . Music ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture John Powell returned to DreamWorks Animation to score How to Train Your Dragon , making it his sixth collaboration with the studio , following his previous score for Kung Fu Panda ( which he scored with Hans Zimmer ) . Powell composed an orchestral score , combining bombastic brass with loud percussion and soothing strings , while also using exotic , Scottish and Irish tones with instruments like the penny whistle and bagpipes . Additionally , Icelandic singer Jónsi wrote and performed the song `` Sticks & Stones '' for the film . The score was released by Varèse Sarabande on March 23 , 2010 . Overall , the score was well received by film score critics . Powell earned his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the film , ultimately losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross for their score for The Social Network . Release ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon had its United States premiere on March 21 , 2010 , at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City , California . It was theatrically released on March 26 , 2010 , in the United States . The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , and released to 186 North American IMAX theatres , and approximately 80 IMAX theatres outside North America . Competition for 3D screens ( edit ) A month before the release , DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg protested Warner Bros . ' decision to convert Clash of the Titans from 2D to 3D , then to release it one week after How to Train Your Dragon . Entertainment reporter Kim Masters described the 3D release schedule around March 2010 as a `` traffic jam '' , and speculated that the lack of 3D screen availability could hurt Katzenberg 's prospects despite his support of the 3D format . In March 2010 , theater industry executives accused Paramount of using high - pressure tactics to coerce theaters to screen How to Train Your Dragon rather than the competing 3D releases , Clash of the Titans and Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland . As theater multiplexes often had just one 3D screen , theaters were unable to accommodate more than one 3D presentation at a time . Box - Office ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon topped the North American box office with $43.7 million in its first weekend of release . The film grossed $217,581,231 in the United States and Canada and $277,297,528 in foreign countries with a worldwide total of $494,878,759 . How to Train Your Dragon is DreamWorks Animation 's highest - grossing film in the American and Canadian box office other than the Shrek films . It is the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of 2010 with $494.8 million , behind Toy Story 3 with $1,063.2 million , Shrek Forever After with $752.6 million , Tangled with $576.6 million , and Despicable Me with $543.1 million and the 10th - highest - grossing movie of 2010 . As of 2018 , the How to Train Your Dragon series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon received critical acclaim upon its release . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 98 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on 204 reviews from professional critics , with an overall rating average of 7.9 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus states , `` Boasting dazzling animation , a script with surprising dramatic depth , and thrilling 3 - D sequences , How to Train Your Dragon soars . '' By `` Tomatometer '' score , the film is DreamWorks Animation 's highest - rated film . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average rating of 74 based on 33 reviews from critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave How to Train Your Dragon was A on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun - Times gave it 3 stars out of 4 , stating that : `` It devotes a great deal of time to aerial battles between tamed dragons and evil ones , and not much to character or story development . But it 's bright , good - looking , and has high energy '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` It 's a thrilling action - adventure saga with exhilarating 3 - D animation , a clever comedy with witty dialogue , a coming - of - age tale with surprising depth and a sweetly poignant tale of friendship between man and animal . '' Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film , giving it three out of four stars and in his print review wrote , `` ( The film ) works enough miracles of 3 - D animation to charm your socks off . '' Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel , who gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 , wrote a mixed review describing the film as a `` more coming - of - age dramedy or ' everything about your world view is wrong ' message movie than it is a comedy , and that seems like a waste of a funny book , some very funny actors and some darned witty animation . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film 2 / 4 stars labeling the film as , `` Avatar for simpletons . But that title is already taken , by Avatar '' . Contrarily , Brett Michel of The Boston Phoenix stated that the film was better than Avatar . A.O. Scott of At The Movies felt the characters and the story were not strong points , but loved the cinematography and said , `` that swooping and soaring , they are worth the price of a ticket , so go see it . '' Village Voice film critic Ella Taylor gave a more negative review of the film , describing it as an `` adequate but unremarkable animated tale '' . Film critic James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story , giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars he wrote , `` Technically proficient and featuring a witty , intelligent , surprisingly insightful script , How to Train Your Dragon comes close to the level of Pixar 's recent output while easily exceeding the juvenilia DreamWorks has released in the last nine years . '' Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman praised the film giving it an A - and wrote , `` How to Train Your Dragon rouses you in conventional ways , but it 's also the rare animated film that uses 3 - D for its breathtaking spatial and emotional possibilities . '' ViewLondon 's Mathew Turner gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it , `` beautifully animated and superbly written '' , and praised the voice cast , humor , and action . Matt Risley of Variety gave the film a perfect score of 5 / 5 stars , hailing it as , `` undoubtedly Dreamworks ' best film yet , and quite probably the best dragon movie ever made '' . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Name Outcome Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Nominated Academy Award for Best Original Score John Powell Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Feature Best Animated Female America Ferrera ( Astrid ) Won Annie Awards Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Bonnie Arnold Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production Brett Miller Jason Mayer Nominated Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Gabe Hordos Won Jakob Hjort Jensen Nominated David Torres Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Nico Marlet Won Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production John Powell Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Pierre - Olivier Vincent Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Tom Owens Alessandro Carloni Nominated Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jay Baruchel ( Hiccup ) Won Gerard Butler ( Stoick ) Nominated Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production William Davies Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Won British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Powell Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Film Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Film Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Won Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Won International Film Music Critics Association Film Score of the Year John Powell Best Original Score for an Animated Feature John Powell Film Music Composition of the Year John Powell -- `` Forbidden Friendship '' Nominated John Powell -- `` Test Drive '' Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Bonnie Arnold Satellite Awards Motion Picture ( Animated or Mixed ) Saturn Awards Saturn Award for Best Music John Powell Saturn Award for Best Production Design Kathy Altieri Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated Movie Toronto Film Critics Association Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film Won Venice Film Festival Most Creative 3D Film of the Year Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois Tied with James Cameron for Avatar Visual Effects Society Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Simon Otto Craig Ring Bonnie Arnold Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Gabe Hordos Cassidy Curtis Mariette Marinus Brent Watkins Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Andy Hayes Laurent Kermel Jason Mayer Brett Miller Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Nominated World Soundtrack Academy World Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year John Powell World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Jón Þór Birgisson Home media ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon was released on single - disc DVD , two - disc double DVD pack and Blu - ray / DVD combo pack in Canada and the United States on Friday , October 15 , 2010 . Among the features available in the two - disc DVD edition is an original sequel short film , Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon . As of July 18 , 2012 , units sold for the DVD stand at more than 6.5 million copies and has grossed $121,663,692 . Samsung signed a deal with DreamWorks to gain exclusive distribution rights to a Blu - ray 3D version of the film . The exclusive agreement ended on September 11 , 2011 , when How to Train Your Dragon - 3D was released in a two - disc Blu - ray combo pack . It was re-released by Paramount Home Entertainment on Blu - ray and DVD on May 27 , 2014 . Expanded franchise ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : How to Train Your Dragon 2 and How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was confirmed on April 27 , 2010 . The film was directed and written by Dean DeBlois , the co-director of the first film . Bonnie Arnold , the producer of the first film , also returned . The film was released on June 13 , 2014 by 20th Century Fox , to critical acclaim . The entire original voice cast -- Baruchel , Butler , Ferguson , Ferrera , Hill , Mintz - Plasse , Miller , and Wiig -- returned for the sequel with the addition of Cate Blanchett , Djimon Hounsou , and Kit Harington . A third film , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , is in production . The film will also be directed and written by DeBlois , produced by Bonnie Arnold , and exec - produced by Chris Sanders , with all the main cast set to return . Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film . It is scheduled to be released on March 1 , 2019 by Universal Pictures . Short films ( edit ) Four post-movie short films were released : Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) , and Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) . Television series ( edit ) Main article : DreamWorks Dragons A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012 . Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , and T.J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup , Astrid , Fishlegs , and Tuffnut . The series , set between the first and second film , follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons , discover new ones , teach others to feel comfortable around them , adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds . Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy . Video games ( edit ) An action adventure video game released by Activision , called How to Train Your Dragon , was released for the Wii , Xbox 360 , PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles . It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23 , 2010 . School of Dragons , a 3D free - to - play MMO , was released on July 17 , 2013 , at the San Diego Comic - Con . The game is available for PC , Android and iOS . Arena show ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) § Live Show How to Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the first film featuring 24 animatronic dragons , acrobats and projections . It premiered on March 2 , 2012 , in Melbourne , Australia . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Film portal List of animated feature - length films List of computer - animated films Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to 20th Century Fox before reverting to Universal Studios in 2018 . ^ Though the dragon is never named in the film itself , its name is mentioned in the official illustrated tie - in book , as well as in DreamWorks Dragons . On the film 's soundtrack , the dragon is erroneously referred to as the `` Green Death '' in the track listings . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viking - Sized Cast '' , How to Train Your Dragon Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Gerard Butler Interview , Movies Online '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadder , Zippleback and Gronckle Lessons From ' How to Train Your Dragon ' '' . Lineboil . February 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant News Updates : How To Train Your Dragon '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nasson , Tim ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` How To Train Your Dragon -- BEHIND THE SCENES '' . Wild About Movies . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : First look : DreamWorks ' 3 - D ' How to Train Your Dragon ' . USA Today . April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Technical Artistry of ' Dragon ' '' , How to Train Your Dragon Blu - ray Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Exclusive Premiere Photos '' . About.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : IMAX Corporation ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation 's How to Train Your Dragon Flies Into IMAX ( R ) Theatres on March 26 , 2010 '' ( Press release ) . GlobeNewswire . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ; Claudia Eller ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Katzenberg angry over Warner 's ' Clash of the Titans ' 3 - D release '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim Masters ; Renee Montagne ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Coming To A Screen Near You : A 3 - D Clash '' . Morning Edition . NPR . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Verrier ; Ben Fritz ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon , ' ' Clash of the Titans ' clash for 3 - D screens '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Dragon ' Takes Flight , ' Hot Tub ' Gets Soaked '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamann , John ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dragons Roast Fake Hero Wannabes '' . Box Office Prophets . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo > Search '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Box Office Breakdown : Dragon Slays All Comers '' . Daily Transom . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dragon ' : How to do smart dialogue , 3 - D visuals the right way '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : How to Train Your Dragon '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' breathes little fire '' . New York Post . NYP Holdings , Inc . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` How to Train Your Dragon film review '' . AtTheMoviesTV.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ella ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon , an Adequate but Unremarkable Animated Tale '' . Village Voice . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How To Train Your Dragon '' . Find and Watch . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 83rd Academy Award Nominations '' . Variety . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 EDA Awards Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 38th Annial Annie Nominations '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` 38th Annual Annie Animation Awards : DWA 's ' How To Train Your Dragon ' Wins ( After Disney Boycotts ) '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2011 : Winners '' . BBC News . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Social Network ' Tops Chicago Film Critics Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Critics Choice Awards Nominations Announced ; BLACK SWAN Lands Record 12 Nominations '' . Collider . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey , Steven Colbert , ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Win Genesis Awards '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` 2011 Golden Globe Nominations Announced '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception ' Tops Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2010 nominees for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2010 Winners for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Nominees : Miley Cyrus , Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez lead '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Awards ( 14th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Kevin ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland ' , ' Twilight Saga ' among People 's Choice Awards Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` INCEPTION , LET ME IN , TRON , and THE WALKING DEAD Top the 2011 Saturn Award Nominations '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soll , Lindsay ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : First Round Of Nominees Announced '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Toronto critics name Incendies best Canadian movie '' . The Star . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Venice Film Festival winners '' . Variety . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Tim ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The 2010 WAFCA Award Winners '' . The Washington , D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Members & Affiliates Score 2010 World Soundtrack Award Nominations '' . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 2014 Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Train Your Dragon ' sequel in the works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Details of ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Sequel Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . DreamWorks Animation . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation SKG , Inc . March 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More How to Train Your Dragon Sequel Details '' . ComingSoon.net . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Pushed Back to 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 at VES Awards '' . Collider . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How To Train Your Dragon Animation Collection '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bogan , Elaine ; Sanford , John ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) , Dragons : Dawn of the Dragon Racers , Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Celebrates 20th Anniversary with Ratings Growth and a New Generation of Content for a New Generation of Kids '' . Reuters . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons at San Diego Comic Con 2013 ! '' . School of Dragons blog . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons producer interview '' . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons Mobile App '' . schoolofdragons.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Clare ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Craft and heart breathe fiery life into dragons '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller - Zarneke , Tracey ( 2009 ) . The Art of DreamWorks : How to Train Your Dragon ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 1557048630 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) . Official website How to Train Your Dragon on IMDb How to Train Your Dragon at The Big Cartoon DataBase How to Train Your Dragon at AllMovie How to Train Your Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes How to Train Your Dragon at Metacritic How to Train Your Dragon at Box Office Mojo How to Train Your Dragon Books How to Train Your Dragon Films How to Train Your Dragon How to Train Your Dragon 2 How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World Short films Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon Gift of the Night Fury Book of Dragons Dawn of the Dragon Racers Television DreamWorks Dragons episodes Video games How to Train Your Dragon DreamWorks Super Star Kartz How to Train Your Dragon 2 Soundtracks How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture Films directed by Chris Sanders Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( since 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of productions Other programs Unproduced projects Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) GND : 7698032 - 7 LCCN : n2010039694 VIAF : 180813858 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(film)&oldid=850575704 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s fantasy films 2010 animated films How to Train Your Dragon American computer - animated films American films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about dragons Films using computer - generated imagery Animated films based on children 's books Films based on British novels Films set in the Viking Age 2010 3D films IMAX films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films Animated comedy films Animated drama films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's fantasy films Dragons in popular culture Prosthetics in fiction DreamWorks Animation animated films Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Films produced by Bonnie Arnold Films scored by John Powell Films directed by Chris Sanders Films directed by Dean DeBlois Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first how to train your dragon come out	[ "How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated action fantasy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures.1 Loosely based on the book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell, the film was directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois, the duo who wrote and directed Walt Disney Animation Studios' Lilo & Stitch. It stars the voices of Jay Baruchel, Gerard Butler, Craig Ferguson, America Ferrera, Jonah Hill, T.J. Miller, Kristen Wiig, and Christopher Mintz-Plasse.\n" ]	[ "2010" ]
-1286611009421050416	Big Fat Liar	Big Fat Liar - wikipedia Big Fat Liar Big Fat Liar Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Brian Robbins Mike Tollin Screenplay by Dan Schneider Story by Dan Schneider Brian Robbins Starring Frankie Muniz Paul Giamatti Amanda Bynes Amanda Detmer Donald Faison Lee Majors Russell Hornsby Kenan Thompson Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Jonathan Brown Edited by Stuart Pappé Kimberly Ray Production company Tollin / Robbins Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 08 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $53 million Big Fat Liar is a 2002 American teen comedy film , directed by Shawn Levy , written by Dan Schneider and Brian Robbins , and starring Frankie Muniz , Paul Giamatti , Amanda Bynes , Amanda Detmer , Donald Faison , Lee Majors , Russell Hornsby , and Kenan Thompson . The film tells a story about a 14 - year - old pathological liar , Jason Shepherd ( Muniz ) , whose creative writing assignment is stolen by an arrogant Hollywood producer , Marty Wolf ( Giamatti ) , who later plans to use it to make the fictional film of the same name . The film is an allusion to the Aesop 's Fable , The Boy Who Cried Wolf , with Jason Shepherd being analogous to the shepherd boy in the story and Marty Wolf , analogous to the wolf . It was released in the United States on February 8 , 2002 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Soundtrack 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Remake 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Jason Shepherd is a 14 - year - old chronic liar who is constantly deceiving and misleading his way out of trouble . He tries to get out of his creative writing essay by making up a lie , but eventually gets caught by his English teacher Phyllis Caldwell , who alerts his parents . He is given three hours to submit his essay . Otherwise , he will fail English and go to summer school . Jason writes a story titled `` Big Fat Liar '' , based on the lies he has told throughout his life . On his way to turn it in , he is struck by the limousine of movie producer Marty Wolf , head of Wolf Pictures , who gives him a ride . Along the way , Marty reveals that he also tells lies and that , `` The truth is overrated . '' In a rush , Jason accidentally forgets his essay in the limo upon arriving . Marty initially tries to return it , but is inspired by the story when he reads it and decides to keep it for himself . Jason realizes his essay is missing and explains what happened , but his parents and Caldwell do not believe him , and he is sent to summer school to repeat English . Later , he and his best friend Kaylee see a preview for a film produced by Wolf Pictures titled Big Fat Liar and recognize that it had been plagiarized from Jason 's essay . Determined to convince his parents he was being truthful after having lost their trust , Jason and Kaylee fly to Los Angeles to confront Marty while their parents are out of town . Upon arrival , they trick limo driver and struggling actor Frank Jackson into giving them a ride to the Marty Wolf Pictures studio . Jason sneaks into Marty 's office , hoping to convince him to tell his parents what really happened , but Marty burns the essay and has Jason and Kaylee thrown out . Angered , the two decide to inconvenience him until he confesses , with Frank joining them due to his own troubled history with Marty . After gathering information about Marty 's cruel and abusive treatment of his employees , they begin to sabotage him through various pranks , such as dyeing his skin blue and hair orange , super gluing his headset , sending him to a child 's birthday party where he is mistaken for the hired clown , and tampering the controls to his car . These pranks make Marty miss an appointment with his boss , Universal Pictures president Marcus Duncan . After Marty 's film Whitaker and Fowl proves to be a critical and commercial failure , Marcus loses confidence in him and threatens to pull the plug on Big Fat Liar . Jason approaches Marty and agrees to help in exchange for his confession . Guided by Jason , Marty makes a successful presentation which gets Big Fat Liar green - lit , but Marcus warns Marty any mistakes will make Universal pull funding and end his career . Marty betrays Jason again and calls security to arrest him and Kaylee . Marty 's assistant , Monty Kirkham , decides to help Jason and Kaylee expose him , having grown tired of his repeated verbal abuse . They rally all of his employees and devise a plan to expose him for good , while Jason has his parents fly to Los Angeles . The next morning , as Marty heads to the studio to begin shooting , many of his employees cause him to be late through multiple mishaps . As Marty finally arrives at the studio , he witnesses Jason kidnapping his stuffed monkey toy Mr. Funnybones . After a chase across the studio , Marty catches Jason and retrieves his toy . He taunts Jason and tells him he will never reveal the truth to anyone while admitting that he stole Jason 's paper and turned it into Big Fat Liar . The entire conversation is revealed to have been caught on camera and is witnessed by many people , including Jason 's parents and the news media . Disgusted by his plagiarism and dishonesty , Marcus fires Marty - whom Jason then thanks for teaching him the importance of truth - telling . Marty furiously attempts to get revenge on Jason , but he escapes and reunites with his parents - regaining their trust in the process . Universal produces Big Fat Liar , utilizing the talents and skills of people whom Marty had abused . Frank Jackson stars as the film 's lead character , and the film is released in theaters to critical success , with Jason receiving credit for writing the original story , making Jason 's parents and Caldwell proud of him . Elsewhere , Marty begin his new job as a birthday clown . Cast ( edit ) Frankie Muniz as Jason Shepherd , a 14 - year - old compulsive liar and slacker who - despite his layabout personality - is actually quite intelligent . Paul Giamatti as Marty Wolf , an arrogant Hollywood producer and a pathological liar who is also the founder of the fictional Marty Wolf Pictures film studio : in contrast to Jason , though , Marty does not care how his lies affect other people . Amanda Bynes as Kaylee , Jason 's best friend . Donald Faison as Frank Jackson , a limo driver and struggling actor who helps Jason and Kaylee in their mission to defeat Marty . Russell Hornsby as Marcus Duncan , Marty 's boss and president of Universal Pictures . Amanda Detmer as Monty Kirkham , Marty 's long suffering assistant . Michael Bryan French as Harry Shepherd , Jason 's father . Christine Tucci as Carol Shepherd , Jason 's mother . Alex Breckenridge as Janie Shepherd , Jason 's irresponsible older sister . Sandra Oh as Ms. Phyllis Caldwell , Jason 's English teacher . Rebecca Corry as Astrid Barker , the dog - loving receptionist at the Wolf Pictures studio . Jaleel White as himself , he was cast in Marty Wolf 's Whitaker and Fowl and was often called Urkel by him . Lee Majors as Vince , an aging , but nevertheless qualified , stunt director . Sean O'Bryan as Leo Amy Hill as Jocelyn Davis , a worker at Marty Wolf Pictures . John Cho as Dusty Wong , the director . Taran Killam as Bret Callaway , a skateboard punk who consistently bullies Jason and also has a crush on Kaylee . Jake Minor as Aaron Kyle Swann as Brett , a friend of Bret Sparkle ( born Rachel Glusman ) as Grandma Pearl , Kaylee 's senile grandmother . Ted Rooney as Boring Teacher Chris Ott as Shandra Duncan , Marcus 's wife . Brian Turk as The Masher , a wrestler and monster truck driver who Marty crosses when he is rear - ended into his monster truck . John Gatins as George , a tow truck driver . Don Yesso as Rocko Malone , Marty 's security boss . Pat O'Brien as himself Kenan Thompson , Dustin Diamond , Shawn Levy , Corinne Reilly , and Bart Myer appear as party guests at a party following the premiere of Whitaker and Fowl where they criticize it in their party interviews . Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The film was filmed at Universal Studios Hollywood , the Flash Flood set , and Los Angeles International Airport , as well as in Glendale , Monrovia , Pasadena , and Whittier , California . The exotic Intermec 6651 Handheld PC appears as the computer used by one of Marty 's disgruntled employees to help Jason by releasing a stream of water into Marty 's path . Soundtrack ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Come on Come on '' Smash Mouth 2 : 33 2 . `` Conant Gardens '' Slum Village 3 : 03 3 . `` Me Myself and I '' Jive Jones 4 . `` I Wish '' Hairbrain 3 : 11 5 . `` Eye of the Tiger '' Survivor 4 : 29 6 . `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' Duran Duran 3 : 41 7 . `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' Eiffel 65 4 : 40 8 . `` Diablo '' Triple Seven 9 . `` Disco Inferno '' The Trammps 10 : 54 10 . `` Party Time '' The Grand Skeem 3 : 32 11 . `` Backlash '' The Grand Skeem 12 . `` Where Ya At '' The Grand Skeem 13 . `` Mind Blow '' Zion - 1 14 . `` Right Here Right Now '' Fatboy Slim 15 . `` Move It Like This '' Baha Men 3 : 51 Release ( edit ) The film was released in cinemas on February 8 , 2002 by Universal Pictures and was released on VHS and DVD on September 24 , 2002 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Amanda Bynes ' performance was praised by critics The film grossed $48.4 million in the U.S. and Canada and $4.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $53 million , against a budget of $15 million . The film grossed $11.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing in second at the box office behind Collateral Damage ( $15.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Big Fat Liar received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 42 % based on 92 reviews with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though there 's nothing that offensive about Big Fat Liar , it is filled with Hollywood cliches and cartoonish slapstick , making it strictly for kids . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Some critics praised the film as energetic and witty ; others called it dull and formulaic . On the positive side , Ebert and Roeper gave it `` Two Thumbs Up '' . Critic David Palmer gave it a 7 / 10 , stating that it is a fun one for people who love the behind the scenes of making movies , and `` not awful considering it 's a kids film '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Refs 2002 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Chemistry Amanda Bynes and Frankie Muniz Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Comedy Big Fat Liar Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Amanda Bynes Nominated 2003 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Amanda Bynes Won Remake ( edit ) A remake of Big Fat Liar began filming in August 2016 . The film titled Bigger Fatter Liar starred Ricky Garcia as Kevin Shepherd , Jodelle Ferland as Becca , and Barry Bostwick as Larry Wolf . It was released on DVD in April 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starring the Computer - Intermec 6651 '' . www.starringthecomputer.com . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Liar '' . rottentomatoes.com . February 8 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Liar '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ http://m.cinemascore.com Jump up ^ `` 2002 Teen Choice Awards ( page 2 ) '' . The Oklahoman . August 18 , 2002 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 24th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gary Susman ( April 14 , 2003 ) . `` Sandler , Bynes , win big at Kids Choice Awards '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legion Season 1 , Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Beaches & Big Fat Liar 2 Start Filming '' . What 's Filming ? . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Ricky Garcia And Barry Bostwick Go Head To Head In The All - New Side - Splitting Comedy Bigger Fatter Liar '' ( Press release ) . Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . February 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 -- via KUSI . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Big Fat Liar Big Fat Liar on IMDb Big Fat Liar at the TCM Movie Database Big Fat Liar at AllMovie Big Fat Liar at Box Office Mojo Big Fat Liar at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Works by Dan Schneider TV series created Guys Like Us The Amanda Show What I Like About You Drake & Josh Zoey 101 iCarly Victorious Sam & Cat Henry Danger Game Shakers The Adventures of Kid Danger TV series produced All That Kenan & Kel Film screenplays Good Burger Big Fat Liar Related articles Schneider 's Bakery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Fat_Liar&oldid=861618478 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s adventure comedy films 2000s screwball comedy films 2000s teen comedy films American adventure comedy films American films American screwball comedy films American teen comedy films Films about filmmaking Films about revenge Films directed by Shawn Levy Films scored by Christophe Beck Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Michigan Films set in studio lots Films shot in Los Angeles Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 18 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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5585624154916142957	List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters	List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine characters - wikipedia List of Brooklyn Nine - Nine characters Jump to : navigation , search Brooklyn Nine - Nine is a sitcom which premiered in September 2013 . The show revolves around the fictional 99th Precinct of the New York Police Department , located in Brooklyn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta 1.1. 1 Awards and decorations 1.2 Rosa Diaz 1.2. 1 Awards and decorations 1.3 Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords 1.3. 1 Awards and decorations 1.4 Amy Santiago 1.4. 1 Awards and decorations 1.5 Regina `` Gina '' Linetti 1.6 Charles Boyle 1.6. 1 Awards and decorations 1.7 Raymond Jacob `` Ray '' Holt 1.7. 1 Awards and decorations 1.8 Michael Hitchcock 1.9 Norman `` Norm '' Scully 2 Recurring characters 2.1 NYPD and other law enforcment 2.2 Family and friends of main characters 2.3 Antagonists 3 Guest stars 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Character Actor Role Seasons Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta Andy Samberg Detective Main Rosa Diaz Stephanie Beatriz Detective Main Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords Terry Crews Detective Sergeant Main Amy Santiago Melissa Fumero Detective Main Regina `` Gina '' Linetti Chelsea Peretti Civilian Administrator Main Charles Boyle Joe Lo Truglio Detective Main Raymond `` Ray '' Jacob Holt Andre Braugher Captain Main Michael Hitchcock Dirk Blocker Detective 3rd Grade Recurring Main Norman `` Norm '' Scully Joel McKinnon Miller Detective 2nd Grade Recurring Main Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta ( edit ) Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Andy Samberg Information Gender Male Occupation Detective Family Captain Roger Peralta ( father ) Karen Peralta ( mother ) Significant other ( s ) Amy Santiago ( fiancée ) Sophia Perez ( ex-girlfriend ) Relatives Bob ( uncle ) Religion Jewish Nationality American Andy Samberg as Detective Jacob `` Jake '' Peralta , a talented but childish detective . Peralta shows `` class clown '' traits , constantly pulling pranks and making jokes at the expense of his colleagues , particularly his partner Santiago ; this is later revealed to be masking secret romantic feelings for her , which he confesses to her in the first season finale . His romantic feelings for her develop further throughout season 2 and they share their first kiss in `` Johnny and Dora '' . Jake and Amy start dating in `` New Captain '' and decide to move in together in the season 3 finale `` Greg and Larry '' . Jake proposes to Amy at the end of their annual Halloween heist in `` HalloVeen '' and the two become engaged . Despite his fun - loving traits , Peralta has the best arrest rate in the precinct , something that both befuddles and irritates Santiago , who seemingly has to try twice as hard to succeed . As of Season 1 , he is 33 years old . In the pilot , Terry explains to Holt that Jake is his best detective , that he likes putting away bad guys , and that he loves puzzles , although `` the only puzzle he has n't solved is how to grow up . '' Jake is fun - loving and sarcastic but is often motivated by his emotions more than his colleagues . He often quotes and makes references to his favorite movie , Die Hard . His father left his family during his childhood and , as a result , he feels a strong tie to memories involving his father , such as his favorite Brooklyn pizza joint . He also initially refuses to celebrate Thanksgiving , since he associates the memory with his father 's absenteeism . He also has a strong emotional tie to his poorly made , low - quality car , which he bought outright on his first day as a cop and always carries a positive association for him ( until he sold it to help pay for Terry 's new child ) . Jake began his career as a patrol officer with the 74th Precinct , and was partnered with Stevie Schillens ( Damon Wayans , Jr . ) and the two nicknamed themselves the `` Beatsie Boys '' ; in 2016 , Jake was forced to arrest Stevie , now a detective with the neighboring 98th Precinct for planting evidence . He has been a detective with the 9 - 9 since 2005 . While Jake does n't initially approve of Captain Holt 's strict management , he eventually matures under Holt 's supervision and comes to see Holt as a father - figure . In `` The Oolong Slayer '' , Jake achieves his lifelong dream to catch a serial killer , the Oolong Slayer , but gives up the credit for the arrest to the Chief of Brooklyn Detectives , Assistant Chief Davis Garman , in exchange for getting Holt transferred back to the 99th Precinct . In `` Boyle - Linetti Wedding '' it is revealed that Jake is Jewish , having lost his childhood sweetheart Jenny Gildenhorn to Eddie Fung at his Bar Mitzvah . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Peralta . American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Commendation or Commendation -- Integrity NYPD Excellent Police Duty NYPD Award of Merit Williamsport , PA Bureau of Police 's Gallantry Star NYPD 150th Commemorative Breast Bar NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar In `` Stakeout '' , he received a commendation for his work on Rosa 's drug task force . Rosa Diaz ( edit ) Rosa Diaz First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Stephanie Beatriz Information Gender Female Occupation Detective Family Oscar Diaz ( father ) Julia Diaz ( mother ) Two unnamed sisters Significant other ( s ) Unknown girlfriend Adrian Pimento ( ex-fiancé ) Marcus ( ex-boyfriend ) Tom ( ex-boyfriend ) Relatives Diana ( niece ) Nationality American Stephanie Beatriz as Detective Rosa Diaz , a smart , tough , aloof , and mysterious detective . She attended parochial school , later studied ballet , and was a classmate of Jake 's in the police academy . Though Diaz is a loyal and effective member of the squad , her anger management issues and lack of empathy terrify most of her coworkers . She is highly secretive about her personal life -- should anyone discover a secret of hers , she normally threatens them with death should they disclose it . It is also made clear that she does not stay in her apartments for long periods of time , and her neighbours know her by both a different name and a completely different personality . As revealed in `` Cop - Con '' , she 's younger than most of the other precinct members as she 's hurt by a device that emits a loud noise to those under 35 , whereas Jake and Boyle only pretend to be affected by it . In Season 2 , Rosa dates Captain Holt 's nephew , Marcus ( Nick Cannon ) , but breaks up with him in Season 3 . Later in the season , she finds love with former undercover detective Adrian Pimento ( Jason Mantzoukas ) ; the two get engaged in `` Paranoia '' while chasing a drug dealer through an alley , but their wedding is delayed when Pimento is targeted by Figgis and forced to leave the state . Once he returns , they try to have their wedding the next day , but decide to go steady after they nearly have their wedding too soon . At the end of Season 4 , Rosa and Jake are framed by their idol Lt. Melanie Hawkins and are arrested . After months in prison at the beginning of Season 5 , the two are freed thanks to the precinct exposing Hawkins ' crimes . Following her months of isolation , she starts spending more time with her family and ends her relationship with Pimento . Later in the season , she comes out as bisexual to the precinct and her family and is now dating an unknown woman . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Diaz . American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Excellent Police Duty NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar In `` Stakeout '' , she received a commendation for her work as the leader of a drug task force . Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords ( edit ) Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Terry Crews Information Gender Male Occupation Sergeant Family Unknown father ( deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Sharon Jeffords ( wife ) Significant other ( s ) Chiaki ( ex-girlfriend ) Veronica Hopkins ( ex-girlfriend ) Children Cagney & Lacey Jeffords ( twin daughters ) Ava Jeffords ( daughter ) Relatives Zeke ( brother - in - law ) Nationality American Terry Crews as Sergeant Terence `` Terry '' Jeffords , the supervisor of the 9 - 9 's Detective Squad . An avid bodybuilder whose size , strength and intimidating demeanour stands in stark contrast to his gentle , fatherly nature , Jeffords is devoted to his wife and two young daughters Cagney and Lacey ( named after the stars of the 1980s TV series ) and fears the danger of police work because of the possibility that he could leave his children fatherless . Following a panic attack prior to the show 's beginning , Terry was removed from field work , but he has since cautiously returned . He is high - strung , prone to nervous excitement , loves yogurt , and often refers to himself in third person , but he is an effective and caring leader to the detective squad . A running gag throughout the series is for Terry to break things ( examples include a Magic 8 Ball and a phone ) because of his incredible strength . He has been a detective since 1995 , and used to be assigned to the 65th Precinct ( as seen in `` Terry Kitties '' ) , where he was constantly mocked for a botched case in which he and Jake later proved he was correct in . In 2005 , he was the senior detective at the 9 - 9 ( the position Jake now holds since Terry 's promotion ) . He was a linebacker at Syracuse University , where he graduated magna cum laude , as revealed in `` The Swedes '' . He also studied abroad in Japan while in college and dated a Japanese student named Chiaki who broke his heart . In Season 2 , Terry nearly gets a vasectomy at his wife 's request , but Jake convinces him not to when he finds out Terry secretly wants to have more kids . His wife becomes pregnant later in the season and gives birth to their third daughter , Ava , in Season 3 . He entrusts Jake to be Ava 's godfather . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Sergeant Jeffords . American Flag Breast Bar World Trade Center Breast Bar NYPD Commendation or Commendation -- Integrity NYPD Unit Citation NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar Amy Santiago ( edit ) Amy Santiago First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Melissa Fumero Information Gender Female Occupation Detective Family Victor Santiago ( father ) Camila Santiago ( mother ) Seven unnamed brothers Significant other ( s ) Jake Peralta ( fiancé ) Teddy Wells ( ex-boyfriend ) Nationality Cuban - American Melissa Fumero as Detective Amy Santiago , Jake 's uptight , by - the - book , rule - following Cuban - American partner . A neurotic overachiever , she is continually trying to ingratiate herself with Captain Holt , and any authority figure in arm 's reach of her . Terry at one point explains to Holt that Amy 's competitiveness is a result of her having seven brothers . Amy is a stickler for department protocol and is frequently exasperated by Jake 's childishness , as well as the ease with which he succeeds as a detective . She is initially seen as Holt 's teacher 's pet , but over time is shown to command respect from others . In `` Charges and Specs , '' the season one finale , Jake confesses that he wishes something romantic could happen between them . She confesses to having had feelings for Jake in `` The Road Trip '' and is shown to still have feelings for Jake in `` Det . Dave Majors '' . The two share their first kiss in `` Johnny and Dora '' and begin dating in `` New Captain '' . They decide to move in together in the season 3 finale `` Greg and Larry '' . Jake proposes to Amy at the end of their annual Halloween heist in `` HalloVeen '' and the two become engaged . Near the end of Season 3 , Amy goes undercover as a pregnant inmate in a women 's prison in Texas to obtain information from Maura Figgis . Amy 's fake pregnancy not only allowed her to see Charles whenever they wanted to discuss the case , but it also covered Melissa Fumero 's actual pregnancy at the time without making her character pregnant . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Santiago . American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Excellent Police Duty Unidentified award Unidentified award Regina `` Gina '' Linetti ( edit ) Regina `` Gina '' Linetti First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Chelsea Peretti Information Gender Female Occupation Administrator Family Darlene Linetti ( mother ) Significant other ( s ) Charles Boyle ( ex-lover ) Milton Boyle ( lover ) Children The Enigma / `` Iggy '' ( daughter ) Relatives Lynn Boyle ( stepfather ) Charles Boyle ( stepbrother ) Nationality American Chelsea Peretti as Regina `` Gina '' Linetti , the 99th Precinct 's sardonic and egomaniacal civilian administrator and Captain Holt 's assistant . Despite maintaining a clueless and dimwitted disposition most of the time , she can be surprisingly observant and has demonstrated traits of being more intelligent than she likes to show . Gina is obsessed with social media and is constantly on her phone . She is extremely narcissistic and constantly praises and exalts herself , such as claiming to be a better dancer than Beyoncé in the episode `` Karen Peralta . '' As the only civilian in the precinct , Gina often uses her outsider 's perspective to assist the other detectives . In the episode `` The Party , '' Rosa plays a prank on Gina by tricking her into talking to a group of psychology professors at Holt 's birthday party , who then take copious notes . She casually admits on myriad occasions that she does n't value her colleagues -- except for Jake -- as people . She was also childhood friends with Jake , who got her the job at the precinct . She transferred to the Public Affairs Division with Captain Holt in `` Johnny and Dora '' , and returns to the 9 - 9 with him in `` The Oolong Slayer '' . In the episode `` The Apartment '' , it is revealed that she has been engaged eight times , but never married . At the end of `` The Fugitive Pt. 2 '' , she gets hit by a bus after receiving a text from Charles . The penultimate episode of season 4 reveals she has become pregnant following a relationship with Charles ' cousin , Milton ( which coincided with Chelsea Peretti 's actual pregnancy ) . She is absent for the first half of Season 5 on maternity leave . Charles Boyle ( edit ) Charles Boyle First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Joe Lo Truglio Information Gender Male Occupation Detective Family Lynn Boyle ( father ) Spouse ( s ) Eleanor Boyle ( ex-wife ) Significant other ( s ) Genevieve Mirren - Carter ( girlfriend ) Vivian Ludley ( ex-fiancée ) Gina Linetti ( ex-lover ) Lt. Singh ( ex-lover ) Joanna ( ex-lover ) Children Nikolaj Boyle ( adopted son ) Relatives Darlene Linetti ( stepmother ) Gina Linetti ( stepsister ) Sam Boyle ( cousin ) Christina Boyle ( cousin ) Milton Boyle ( cousin ) Steve Boyle ( cousin ) Tommy Boyle ( cousin ) Becca Boyle ( cousin ) Nona Boyle ( grandmother ) The Enigma / `` Iggy '' ( cousin once removed ) Nationality American Joe Lo Truglio as Detective Charles Boyle , a nervous and clumsy but honest and hard - working detective . He is Jake Peralta 's best friend in the New York Police Department . He is divorced from his wife Eleanor , who had numerous affairs during their marriage , to the point where she has to pay alimony to him . He is also a huge , unapologetic foodie , maintaining a weekly Brooklyn pizza - ranking email and often relishing bizarre foreign cuisine that disgusts his coworkers . For saving Detective Diaz 's life during `` Christmas '' ( during which he was shot in the buttocks ) , he was awarded the NYPD Medal for Valor in `` The Bet '' , though he was overshadowed by a revered and heroic NYPD horse named Sgt Peanut Butter . In `` The Swedes '' , it is revealed that Boyle is a graduate of Sarah Lawrence College . In the show 's first season , Charles has a crush on Rosa , but he eventually gets over her when he starts dating Vivian Ludley . They get engaged , but break up after Charles does n't want to move to Canada with her . He and Gina start seeing each other in Season 2 , and their brief relationship results in his father and Gina 's mother getting married . In Season 3 , he starts dating Genevieve Mirren - Carter after he and Jake clear her name from an art thief . They eventually move in together and adopt a son from Latvia named Nikolaj . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Detective Boyle . American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Medal for Valor Unidentified award Unidentified award NYPD 150th Commemorative Breast Bar Raymond Jacob `` Ray '' Holt ( edit ) Raymond Jacob `` Ray '' Holt First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Andre Braugher Information Gender Male Occupation Commanding Officer , NYPD 99th Precinct Family Laverne Holt ( mother ) Debbie ( younger sister ) Spouse ( s ) Kevin Cozner ( husband ) Significant other ( s ) Frederick ( ex-boyfriend ) Relatives Marcus ( nephew ) Nationality American Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Jacob `` Ray '' Holt , the 99th Precinct 's strict new Commanding Officer . Holt is known for his cold , calm and robotic manner of speaking and lack of outwardly visible emotion , although he occasionally shows a more mischievous and immature side to himself . The Nine - Nine is Holt 's first command despite many years of outstanding service , something he attributes to prejudice against both his race and homosexuality . He came out in 1987 and until recently led a group that supported gay African - American NYPD members , which he himself created . He was a homicide detective in the 1980s , and spent twelve years in the Community Affairs Bureau immediately prior to commanding the Nine - Nine . Holt is married to Kevin Cozner , the Chair of Columbia University 's Classics Department and has a longstanding professional rivalry with Madeline Wuntch , with whom he came up through the ranks ; while his career stalled , she kept advancing and is now his immediate superior . After he and Peralta successfully solved a major case in `` The Chopper '' , Bureau Chief Wuntch nominated him for a promotion to head of the NYPD Public Affairs Division , a promotion he accepted lest Wuntch transfer his staff to horrible posts around New York City . During the number of weeks he was in charge of Public Affairs , Holt was unable to accomplish anything significant thanks to Chief Wuntch 's constant micromanaging . After helping Peralta solve a serial killer case , Holt found himself transferred back to command of the 9 - 9 by the Chief of Brooklyn Detectives . He owned a burgundy Chevrolet Corvair named Gertie which was his prized possession until it was stolen in ' The Fugitive ' . Doug Judy purchased him a new identical one and named it Sexarella . At the end of Season 3 , Holt is forced to go into witness protection in Florida with Jake when they are threatened by Figgis . He worked at a family entertainment center called the Fun Zone under the alias of Greg until he and Jake baited Figgis into coming to Florida and took the criminal down with the Nine - Nine . In Season 5 , his life and career are put at risk when he makes a deal with mobster Seamus Murphy in exchange for information to clear Jake and Rosa 's names from Lt. Hawkins . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Captain Holt . American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Medal for Valor World Trade Center Breast Bar NYPD Meritorious Police Duty ( with numeral `` 10 '' ) NYPD Excellent Police Duty NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar In `` Stakeout '' , he received a commendation for his supervision of Det . Diaz 's drug task force . Michael Hitchcock ( edit ) Michael Hitchcock First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Dirk Blocker Information Gender Male Occupation Detective 3rd Grade Spouse ( s ) Lucille ( ex-wife ) Significant other ( s ) Jamie Nationality American Dirk Blocker as Detective 3rd Grade Michael Hitchcock ( season 2 - ; recurring , season 1 ) , an enthusiastic but clueless detective who has been best friends and partners with Detective Scully for over 30 years . Despite their inept nature , Hitchcock and Scully have both shown on occasion to be competent and even good detectives , though their laziness tends to keep them from demonstrating this most of the time . The majority of the precinct tends to be disgusted by Hitchcock 's more perverted nature and attitude towards women . It 's revealed in `` The Last Ride '' ( Season 4 ) that Hitchcock holds the all - time record for closed cases at the 99th Precinct , one more than Sgt . Jeffords as of that episode . This is mainly due to Hitchcock being at the 99th twenty years longer than Terry . To celebrate , Hitchcock got a tattoo of himself holding a gun and putting it in his mouth , oblivious to what it actually implies . Norman `` Norm '' Scully ( edit ) Norman `` Norm '' Scully First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Joel McKinnon Miller Information Gender Male Occupation Detective 2nd Grade Family Kelly ( dog , possibly ) Spouse ( s ) Kelly ( ex-wife , possibly ) Significant other ( s ) Cindy Shatz ( girlfriend ) Children Nationality American Joel McKinnon Miller as Detective Norman `` Norm '' Scully ( season 2 - ; recurring , season 1 ) , a middle - aged , lazy and overweight desk worker who has been best friends and partners with Detective Hitchcock for over 30 years . Scully shows talent as a tenor opera singer and can `` make great coffee '' , according to Sgt . Jeffords . Scully routinely discloses disgusting medical issues like the entire bottom of his foot being a wart or having various strains of fungi . Recurring characters ( edit ) NYPD and other law enforcment ( edit ) Patton Oswalt as FDNY Fire Marshal Boone , the fire marshal of the local fire station . He leads the fire department in a rivalry against the detectives of the 99 but reaches a brief understanding with Jake when they discover that they both were abandoned at a young age by their fathers . Dean Winters as Detective Keith Pembroke , a detective in the Major Crimes Unit notorious for taking over cases that are nearly solved and getting all of the credit for closing them , which earns him the nickname `` The Vulture '' . He frequently makes lewd comments toward the squad and has a greatly inflated sense of self . After the death of Seth Dozerman , The Vulture becomes the Commanding Officer of the 99th Precinct until Captain Holt returns . In `` The Venue , '' Vulture steals Jake and Amy 's venue at the last second to host his wedding to a kind charity worker named Jean Munhroe . When the two discover that he 's unfaithful to Jean and lying to her about his character , they decide to tell Jean at the cost of Vulture taking their venue on their wedding night . He is a recipient of the American Flag Breast Bar , World Trade Center Breast Bar , NYPD Medal of Honor , and Marine Corps Service Award . Kyle Bornheimer as Sergeant Teddy Wells , a detective at the 82nd Precinct . Teddy used to date Amy Santiago ; they resume their relationship after meeting up at a training exercise . Later Amy breaks up with him again , because she dislikes his dull personality and is unable to show interest in his home pilsner - brewing hobby . Three years later , Teddy evaluates the nine - nine when the crime rate drops and one precinct has to close . He claims to have changed but Jake and Amy agree that he is still `` The most boring man in America '' . He also admits to Amy that he still loves her and proposes to her twice in front of Jake and his new girlfriend . Jason Mantzoukas as Adrian Pimento , an emotionally unstable and violatile officer who returns to the 99th Precinct after spending 12 years undercover in the organization of Jimmy `` The Butcher '' Figgis . He began dating Rosa in `` Cheddar '' , and the two got engaged in `` Paranoia , '' but decide to just date after realizing they were rushing it . Rosa later breaks up with him in Season 5 . James M. Connor as Deputy Commissioner Podolski , the NYPD 's arrogant deputy police commissioner who uses his position for his own personal means such as keeping his rebellious son , Trevor , out of jail in `` The Tagger '' . Michael G. Hagerty as Captain McGinley , the 99th Precinct 's commanding officer before Raymond Holt , who was fired for his ineptitude and his permissive attitude toward the disruptive antics of Jake and his colleagues . McGinley later died in the episode `` 99 '' and the squad attended his funeral in Los Angeles . Kyra Sedgwick as Madeline Wuntch , a callous and unethical NYPD deputy police chief who shares a deep mutual hostility with Captain Holt . Wuntch and Holt were once partners and friends , but they fell out after Holt rejected her sexual advances and Wuntch gained promotions for which Holt was passed over , resulting in Wuntch eventually becoming Holt 's direct superior . Wuntch constantly goes out of her way to undermine the 99th Precinct , and appears to take great pleasure in its and Holt 's failures ; Holt , in turn , gleefully insults and belittles Wuntch every time their paths cross . In `` The Chopper '' and `` Johnny and Dora '' , she culminates her victory over Holt when she makes him head of the NYPD Public Affairs Division , where she humiliates him by making him do menial jobs , although he is eventually transferred back to the 99 thanks to Jake . Ken Marino as Captain Jason `` C.J. '' Stentley , the Nine - Nine 's temporary , under - qualified captain . Not wanting his ineptitude to be evident , he gives everyone everything they ask for until Amy eventually requests he start being more firm . This backfires after he rejects their request to go to Florida and assist Jake and Holt and he assigns them to the night shift . He is eventually removed from the Captain position after he is awarded for taking down a major drug dealer ( that Jake and Holt primarily took care of ) and demonstrates his lack of professionalism in front of a group of reporters . It 's revealed that Holt called the reporters in to help the crew return to the day shift . Eva Longoria as Sophia Perez , a defense attorney who dates Jake in season 2 . Jake and Sophia meet and engage in a one - night stand before he discovers that she represents a criminal against whom he is testifying . Despite the initial hostility this causes , they eventually reconcile and begin a relationship . Sophia later ends the relationship due to their professional and personal incompatibility , which leaves Jake saddened . Family and friends of main characters ( edit ) Kevin Dorff as Hank , the bartender at Shaws Bar , the squads favorite bar . He throws the squad out when Amy destroys the bar in `` Thanksgiving '' . In `` The Last Ride '' , he tells Gina to get out from behind the bar but she ignores him . Marc Evan Jackson as Kevin Cozner , Holt 's husband and the Chair of Columbia University 's Classics Department . He dislikes the NYPD due to their treatment of Holt and his homosexuality during his earlier years on the force , but thaws a little when Jake shows him how much the 99th respects and cares for Holt . Like his husband , Kevin is cold , sardonic and unemotional , although he claims that Raymond is the `` funny '' one in their relationship , something that puzzles the detectives . Cozner develops a rapport with Holt 's assistant Gina Linetti , referring to her by her first name ( by contrast , he takes pains to always call Jake `` Peralta '' ) . The two own a Pembroke Welsh Corgi named Cheddar . Stephen Root as Lynn Boyle , Charles 's father who engages in a romantic encounter with Gina 's mother , Darlene and eventually marries . He is a retired florist and is known to get overly eager and take big risks like his son . Sandra Bernhard as Darlene Linetti , Gina 's mother who engages in a romantic encounter with Charles 's father , Lynn and eventually marries . She is a travel agent and shares her daughter 's confidence and superstitions . Marilu Henner as Vivian Ludley , a food author who becomes romantically involved with Boyle . In `` Full Boyle '' , she and Boyle become engaged , until she breaks it off in `` Charges and Specs '' when she wants to move to Canada and Boyle is not willing to do so . Bradley Whitford as Captain Roger Peralta , Jake 's absentee father and commercial airline pilot . He left his family when Jake was at a young age and has cheated on his wife with multiple women . He eventually attempts to reconcile with Jake and Karen even when the latter knew about an affair with their neighbor . In `` Two Turkeys '' it 's revealed that besides Jake he has three daughters with other women and an unknown amount of other sons . Katey Sagal as Karen Peralta , Jake 's mother . She is a public school art teacher who worked hard to raise Jake as a single mother after Roger left the family . Despite their past , Karen eventually begins dating Roger again much to Jake 's discomfort . Merrin Dungey as Sharon Jeffords , Terry 's wife . She is kind and supportive towards her husband and his profession , but can occasionally be stubborn and does n't like being lied to . She is often seen taking care of their twin daughters Cagney and Lacey and eventually gives birth to their third daughter Ava on the show . Jamal Duff as Zeke , Sergeant Jeffords ' brother - in - law . Zeke often taunts Terry for his shorter height and profession , leaving the latter to turn to Captain Holt for help . Jimmy Smits as Victor Santiago , Amy 's father who visits her for Thanksgiving . He is a retired cop and is shown to be overly organized and competitive like his daughter . He initially does n't approve of Amy 's relationship with Jake , but changes his mind and respects his daughter 's decision after the two solve one of Victor 's older cases . Bertila Damas as Camila Santiago , Amy 's mother . Like her daughter , she can occasionally be over-controlling and competitive . Nick Cannon as Marcus , Holt 's nephew , who begins a romantic relationship with Detective Rosa Diaz in season 2 . Rosa breaks up with him in season 3 due to him being too emotional for her . Niecy Nash as Debbie , Holt 's sister . Unlike her brother , she tends to be loud and overdramatic about her life , making it difficult for Holt to be around her . Mary Lynn Rajskub as Genevieve Mirren - Carter , an art curator who was initially framed for stealing her own paintings for the insurance money . She was eventually vindicated by Charles , and begins dating him over similar interests . Genevieve and Charles adopted a son , Nicolaj , on whom he dotes . L. Scott Caldwell as Laverne , Holt 's mother and a federal judge . Holt refers to her as `` Your Honor '' . Danny Trejo as Oscar Diaz , Rosa 's father . He 's intimidating and tough like his daughter , though Rosa mentioned in an earlier episode that he was a teacher . When Rosa comes out as bisexual , he does n't take it well at first , but manages to accept his daughter for who she is . Olga Merediz as Julia Diaz , Rosa 's mother . Unlike her husband , she still has n't fully accepted her daughter 's bisexuality . Antagonists ( edit ) Craig Robinson as Doug Judy a.k.a. `` The Pontiac Bandit '' , an intelligent , happy - go - lucky thief and forger who exclusively steals Pontiac vehicles . In `` Pontiac Bandit , '' Peralta and Diaz bring Judy in for questioning related to the Pontiac Bandit , unaware that he is the perpetrator of the thefts . He leads the detectives to a red - herring suspect , escaping before they discover that Judy is their real target . He is later apprehended in `` The Pontiac Bandit Returns '' , but offers to assist Diaz and Peralta in a drug investigation in exchange for a lighter sentence , and again manages to escape during the investigation . He returns again in `` The Cruise '' . Judy is a likeable and outgoing man with a talent for staying one step ahead of Peralta , who considers him his nemesis . Initially contemptuous of Peralta , Judy gains respect for him and by season 3 considers him a friend . In season 4 , Doug 's former foster brother , George , escapes a prison bus wreck , and Peralta brings in Doug to help capture his brother . Afterwards , Doug Judy is given immunity for his past crimes ( though he admits he 's likely going to get back into stealing cars afterwards ) . Judy is also very ( mainly sexually ) attracted to Diaz . Chris Parnell as Geoffrey Hoytsman , Sophia 's boss at the Public Defender 's office , who has issues with drugs . Jake arrests him for using cocaine in `` The Defense Rests '' . He returns in `` Sabotage '' , where he attempts to get revenge on Jake , but is foiled by Amy and Rosa . Aida Turturro as Maura Figgis , the sister of notorious gangster Jimmy `` The Butcher '' Figgis . She leads a prison gang in a maximum security women 's penitentiary in Texas . Amy goes undercover as `` Isobel Cortez '' within the prison to learn the identity of Figgis ' FBI contact from Maura . Eric Roberts as Jimmy `` The Butcher '' Figgis , a mobster whom Pimento went undercover to investigate . He made a threat against Jake and Holt 's lives , forcing them to go into hiding . Dennis Haysbert as Bob Annderson , a former partner of Holt 's who now works for the FBI . He is brought in to help find info on the mole working for Jimmy `` The Butcher '' Figgis , but when going to interrogate a witness , Annderson pulls a gun on Holt and reveals that he was the mole the entire time . The Nine - Nine are eventually able to capture Annderson , and con him into revealing the files he has on Figgis , leading to Annderson 's arrest , and the destruction of Figgis ' empire . Gina Gershon as Lieutenant Melanie Hawkins , the head of the NYPD 's most elite task force . Jake and Rosa both admire her and compete against each other for a spot on her team . They soon learn , however , that she is corrupt , and running a bank robbery crew . While they try to work undercover to bring her down , she manages to frame Jake and Rosa , thus getting them convicted . However , Holt receives inside information from a local mobster to bring Hawkins down and clear Jake and Rosa 's names . Paul Adelstein as Seamus Murphy , a local mobster . He assisted the Nine - Nine in exposing Hawkins ' crimes , as the two sides saw Hawkins as a common threat . However , it came at the price of Captain Holt owing him a favor in return for the information to bring Hawkins down and free Jake and Rosa . Jake , Charles , and Holt found a loophole when Murphy came for his favor allowing Holt to keep up his end of the bargain and secretly stop their plan thanks to Seamus ' nephew Kyle . When Seamus discovers this , he threatens Kevin 's life . Guest stars ( edit ) Fred Armisen as Mlepnos ( or perhaps , Mlepclaynos ( the clay is silent ) ) , a confused foreign man living in a building where a murder took place . The detectives run into Mlepnos in the pilot episode while searching for witnesses , showing him a photo of the victim , which he keeps . He shows up again in `` Operation : Broken Feather '' . Andy Richter as a sarcastic and childish doorman who refuses to assist Jake during a routine questioning . Stacy Keach as Jimmy Brogan , a crime writer from the 1970s whom Peralta greatly admires . Brogan is revealed to be bigoted , racist , homophobic , vengeful , and manipulative , disillusioning Peralta and leading to a physical altercation between the two when Peralta punches Brogan for slurs against Capt . Holt . Kid Cudi as Dustin Whitman , a perpetrator Jake arrests on suspicion of burglary . Whitman mocks Jake by calling him `` Joke Peralta '' when he learns that Jake does not have sufficient evidence to convict him of a crime , but learns to his regret that he has underestimated Det . Peralta 's ability . Adam Sandler as himself , appearing at an auction Jake went undercover at . He proceeds to humiliate Jake onstage . Joe Theismann as himself , appearing at an auction Jake went undercover at . Jenny Slate as Bianca , the girlfriend of a powerful Italian - American mobster . Dan Bakkedahl as Lieutenant Andrew Miller , an investigator from Internal Affairs . He investigates the 99th Precinct for a possible undercover mole , until the detectives discover that he himself is spying on the precinct at the behest of Wuntch . Miller suffers from paranoid germophobia . Ed Helms as Jack Danger ( pronounced donger ) , an egomaniacal , incompetent , obnoxious agent for the United States Postal Inspection Service whom Jake had to deal with while tracking the Giggle Pig drug gang . Nick Kroll as Agent Kendrick , a condescending agent from the Department of Homeland Security who has no respect for the NYPD and makes detectives from the Nine - Nine serve as taped - up `` hostages '' during a counterterrorism training exercise for Federal law enforcement agencies . After Jake leads a 99th rebellion that sees the cops take out nearly all of the Feds , Kendrick manages to `` shoot '' Jake and informs him the NYPD will not be invited to any future events . Garret Dillahunt as Detective Dave Majors , New York City 's best detective whom Jake and Amy greatly admire . He takes an interest in Amy much to Jake 's dismay , but she turns him down , citing her previous relationship with Teddy . Bill Hader as Captain Seth Dozerman , the new Captain of the 99th Precinct after the transfer of Captain Holt to the Public Affairs Division . Within moments of meeting the squad he rants about their lack of efficiency and his obsession with it , before suffering a heart attack . On his second day he discloses that he has a genetic heart condition that drastically reduces his life expectancy . He then suffers another heart attack , and dies . Neil deGrasse Tyson as himself , appearing in the precinct to aide Gina in her study of astrophysics . He is stated as being a former classmate of Terry 's in college . Kathryn Hahn as Eleanor , Charles 's ex-wife who appears after Charles attempts to withdraw his sperm from cold storage . Damon Wayans Jr. as Detective Stevie Schillens , Jake 's former partner who comes to the precinct after renovations commence at his own . Nick Offerman as Frederick , Captain Holt 's ex-boyfriend who broke up with him after Holt threw Frederick 's duck ornament off of the Brooklyn Bridge . Maya Rudolph as U.S. Marshall Karen Haas , Jake and Holt 's contact while they are in Witness Protection in Florida . Rhea Perlman as Estelle , a member of Holt 's alias Greg 's walking group . Jorma Taccone as Taylor , the manager of a children 's funhouse Holt works at while hiding as Greg . Esther Povitsky as Emily , Gina 's new assistant granted by Captain Stentley . She 's under strict orders from Gina to mock Amy whenever there 's an opening . Jim O'Heir as Sheriff Reynolds , a homophobic police officer in Florida who detains Jake and Holt after stopping them with a copious number of guns and amount of ammo . Zooey Deschanel as Jess Day , a Los Angeles resident who is visiting New York and unwillingly assists Jake in chasing a suspect . Deschanel 's appearance is part of a crossover between Brooklyn Nine - Nine and New Girl . Fred Melamed as DC Parlov , an author who Terry is a huge fan of . He begins to receive death threats , resulting in Jake and Terry having to protect him . Marshawn Lynch as himself , who witnesses a prison escape after the transport van crashes . Charles Baker as George Judy , an escaped convicted murderer , and Doug Judy 's former foster brother . Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Veronica Hopkins , Terry 's ex-girlfriend and fellow NYPD officer . She holds a massive grudge against Terry for their break - up ( as she finds out Terry planned to break up with her a year earlier without telling her ) and holds it against the precinct when she 's assigned to audit it . Nathan Fillion as Mark Deveraux , an actor who plays a detective on a series called Serve & Protect . Deveraux attempts to assist Jake and Rosa when a crime occurs on the show 's set , though he 's later revealed to be the culprit and is kicked off the show . Greg Germann as Gary Lurmax , the executive producer of Serve & Protect . He nearly gives Jake a consulting position on the show , but after Jake lashes out at him and accuses him of committing a crime he did n't commit , he gets back at Jake by creating an unlikable character on the show named Jake Peralta and has him brutally murdered . Brent Briscoe as Matthew Langdon , an ex-NYPD officer who went into hiding once learning of Hawkins crookedness . It 's later revealed he 's an associate of Hawkins , tricking Jake and Rosa into bringing him in as a witness . Paul F. Tompkins as a captain of a cruise ship where Jake and Amy go on a vacation together . Ryan Phillippe as Milton , a Boyle cousin who begins a relationship with Gina when he impregnates her . Tim Meadows as Caleb , Jake 's cellmate , a cannibal child murderer into woodworking Lou Diamond Phillips as Jeff Romero , another inmate whose gang Jake joins Maria Thayer as Jean Munhroe , The Vulture 's ex-fiancé who works at a charity that provides rice to starving children in Africa . Rob Huebel as Landon Lawson , a rival fantasy author to Parlov . Reggie Lee as Dr. Ronald Yee , a forensic expert whom Holt and Amy try to impress . Mike Mitchell as Kyle Murphy , Seamus ' dimwitted nephew that 's been excluded from the Mafia family for his ineptitude . Sterling K. Brown as Philip Davidson , a suspect in a murder case that Holt and Peralta interrogate throughout a night . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny and Dora '' . Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Season 2 . Episode 23 . May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Recap : Jake Has a Halloween Surprise for Amy '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The 9 - 8 '' . Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Season 3 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolvable '' . Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Season 1 . Episode 21 . March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Oolong Slayer '' . Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Season 3 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Apartment '' . Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Season 1 . Episode 18 . February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( FOX ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Party '' . Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Season 1 . Episode 16 . February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference The Fugitive was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Brooklyn Nine - Nine - Episode 4.04 - The Night Shift - Press Release Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Phillippe Will Bring His Handsome Face to Brooklyn Nine - Nine '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Lethal Weapon 's Damon Wayans : Michele Hurd Is `` Wonderful ; '' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' The Mick ' New Season Reveals -- TCA Jump up ^ ' Lethal Weapon 's Damon Wayans : Michele Hurd Is `` Wonderful ; '' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' The Mick ' New Season Reveals -- TCA Jump up ^ Sterling K. Brown to Guest Star on ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' ( hide ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Tagger '' `` The Slump '' `` M.E. Time '' `` The Vulture '' `` Halloween '' `` 48 Hours '' `` Old School '' `` Sal 's Pizza '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Christmas '' `` Pontiac Bandit '' `` The Bet '' `` The Ebony Falcon '' `` Operation : Broken Feather '' `` The Party '' `` Full Boyle '' `` The Apartment '' `` Tactical Village '' `` Fancy Brudgom '' `` Unsolvable '' `` Charges and Specs '' Season 2 `` Undercover '' `` Chocolate Milk '' `` The Jimmy Jab Games '' `` Halloween II '' `` The Mole '' `` Jake and Sophia '' `` Lockdown '' `` USPIS '' Related Characters New Girl `` Homecoming '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brooklyn_Nine-Nine_characters&oldid=828892809 '' Categories : Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional New York City Police Department detectives Lists of American crime television series characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 11 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays terry crews brother in law in brooklyn nine nine	[ "Jamal Duff as Zeke, Sergeant Jeffords' brother-in-law. Zeke often taunts Terry for his shorter height and profession, leaving the latter to turn to Captain Holt for help." ]	[ "Jamal Duff" ]
8406333227804056319	Sri Lankan Tamils	Sri Lankan Tamils - wikipedia Sri Lankan Tamils Sri Lankan Tamils இலங்கை தமிழர் ( ஈழத் தமிழர் ) Total population 3,000,000 ( estimated ; excluding Sri Lankan Moors and Indian Tamils ) Regions with significant populations Sri Lanka 2,270,924 ( 2012 ) Canada 143,000 - 200,000 United Kingdom ~ 120,000 ( 2006 ) India ~ 100,000 ( 2005 ) Germany ~ 60,000 ( 2008 ) France ~ 50,000 ( 2008 ) Switzerland ~ 35,000 ( 2006 ) Australia ~ 30,000 Italy ~ 25,000 Malaysia ~ 24,436 ( 1970 ) Netherlands ~ 20,000 Norway ~ 10,000 ( 2000 ) Denmark ~ 9,000 ( 2003 ) Languages Tamil Sinhala English vernacular languages of other countries in the diaspora Religion Hinduism ( mostly Shaivism ) Christianity Islam Related ethnic groups Indian Tamils Sinhalese Veddas Indo - Aryans Dravidians Part of a series on Tamils Tamil history ( show ) History of Tamil Nadu History of Sri Lanka Sources of ancient Tamil history Sangam period Tamilakam Agriculture Economy Education Industry Eelam Tamil Kingdoms Tamilization Tamil culture ( show ) Language Literature Philosophy Script Numeral system Medicine Music Architecture Cuisine Calendar Cinema Tamil people ( show ) Indian Tamils Sri Lankan Tamils Malaysian Tamils Singapore Tamils Tamil diaspora ( show ) Indian Tamil diaspora Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora Malaysian Tamil diaspora Tamil Australians , French Tamils , British Tamils , Tamil Italians , Tamil Indonesians , Tamil Canadians , Tamil Americans , Tamil South Africans , Myanmar Tamils , Tamil Mauritians , Tamil Germans , Tamil Pakistanis , Tamil Seychellois , Tamil New Zealanders , Swiss Tamils Religion ( show ) Religion in ancient Tamil country Hinduism in Tamil Nadu Hinduism in Sri Lanka Buddhism amongst Tamils Tamil Jain Tamil Muslim Christianity in Tamil Nadu Politics ( show ) Politics of Tamil Nadu Dravidian Nationalism Tamil Nationalism Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism Sri Lankan Tamils ( Tamil : இலங்கை தமிழர் , ilankai tamiḻar also Tamil : ஈழத் தமிழர் , īḻat tamiḻar ) or Ceylon Tamils , also known as Eelam Tamils in Tamil , are members of the Tamil ethnic group native to the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka . According to anthropological and archaeological evidence , Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long history in Sri Lanka and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century BC . Most modern Sri Lankan Tamils claim descent from residents of Jaffna Kingdom , a former kingdom in the north of the island and Vannimai chieftaincies from the east . They constitute a majority in the Northern Province , live in significant numbers in the Eastern Province , and are in the minority throughout the rest of the country . 70 % of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces . Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct , genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to Sinhalese ethnic group in the island . The Sri Lankan Tamils are mostly Hindus with a significant Christian population . Sri Lankan Tamil literature on topics including religion and the sciences flourished during the medieval period in the court of the Jaffna Kingdom . Since the beginning of the Sri Lankan Civil War in the 1980s , it is distinguished by an emphasis on themes relating to the conflict . Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are noted for their archaism and retention of words not in everyday use in the Tamil Nadu state in India . Since Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain in 1948 , relations between the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil communities have been strained . Rising ethnic and political tensions , along with ethnic riots in 1956 , 1958 , 1977 , 1981 and 1983 , led to the formation and strengthening of militant groups advocating independence for Tamils . The ensuing civil war resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 people and the forced disappearance of thousands of others . The civil war ended in 2009 but there are continuing allegations of atrocities being committed by the Sri Lankan Military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam during its final months . A United Nations panel found that as many as 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war . The end of the civil war has not improved conditions in Sri Lanka , with press freedom not being restored and the judiciary coming under political control . One - third of Sri Lankan Tamils now live outside Sri Lanka . While there was significant migration during the British colonial period , the civil war led to more than 800,000 Tamils leaving Sri Lanka , and many have left the country for destinations such as Canada , India and Europe as refugees . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-historic period 1.2 Historic period 1.3 Medieval period 2 Society 2.1 Demographics 2.2 Other Tamil - speaking communities 2.3 Regional groups 2.3. 1 Western Tamils 2.3. 2 Eastern Tamils 2.3. 3 Northern Tamils 2.4 Genetic affinities 2.5 Religion 2.6 Language 2.7 Education 2.8 Literature 2.9 Cuisine 3 Politics 3.1 Before independence 3.2 After independence 3.3 Rise of militancy 3.4 End of the civil war 4 Migrations 4.1 Pre-independence 4.2 Post civil war 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Part of a series on Sri Lankan Tamils Ancient era ( show ) Ravana Ancient clans of Lanka Nakar Nainativu Tissamaharama inscription Pancha Ishwarams Early Jaffna Middle Ages ( show ) Chola Era Jaffna Kingdom Aryacakravarti Vannimai Vanniar Portuguese conquest Colonial ( show ) Portuguese Ceylon Dutch Ceylon Yalpana Vaipava Malai British Ceylon Colebrooke - Cameron American Ceylon Mission Wesleyan Methodist Mission Jaffna Youth Congress Donoughmore Commission Post independence ( show ) Soulbury Commission Nationalism Colonisation Sinhala Only Act Riots 1954 pact 1957 Pact 1964 pact 1974 pact Standardization Colonisation Vaddukoddai Resolution Burning of Jaffna library Black July Civil war ( show ) Origins Militancy Tamil Eelam LTTE Diaspora Thimpu principles Indo - Sri Lanka Accord ISGA War crimes IDP camps UN Panel LLRC History of Eastern Tamils Tamil Eelam portal Tamil people portal Sri Lanka portal See also : History of Eastern Tamils There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of the Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka , also known as Eelam in Sangam literature . One theory states that there was not an organised Sri Lankan Tamil people presence in Sri Lanka until the creation of a Tamil Kingdom in the 7th century AD , followed by much earlier invasions from Tamilakam . Another theory states that the Sri Lankan Tamils are descendant of the Nagas , who started to assimilate to Tamil culture and language around 3rd BCE . Other theories contends that Tamil people were one of the original inhabitants of the island . Pre-historic period ( edit ) Megalithic burial urns or jar found in Pomparippu , North Western , Sri Lanka dated to at least five to two centuries before Common Era . These are similar to Megalithic burial jars found in South India and the Deccan during the similar time frame . South Indian type black and red ware pot sherds found in Sri Lanka and dated to 1st to 2nd century CE . Displayed at the National Museum of Colombo . The indigenous Veddhas are ethnically related to people in South India and early populations of Southeast Asia . It is not possible to ascertain what languages that they originally spoke as Vedda language is considered diverged from its original source . According to K. Indrapala , cultural diffusion , rather than migration of people , spread the Prakrit and Tamil languages from peninsular India into an existing mesolithic population , centuries before the common era . Tamil Brahmi and Tamil - Prakrit scripts were used to write the Tamil language during this period on the island . Settlements of culturally similar early populations of ancient Sri Lanka and ancient Tamil Nadu in India were excavated at megalithic burial sites at Pomparippu on the west coast and in Kathiraveli on the east coast of the island . Bearing a remarkable resemblance to burials in the Early Pandyan Kingdom , these sites were established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE . Excavated ceramic sequences similar to that of Arikamedu were found in Kandarodai ( Kadiramalai ) on the north coast , dated to 1300 BCE . Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archaeologists to 10th century BCE . However , Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE . In Sri Lanka , there is radiometric evidence from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol - bearing black and red ware occur in the 10th century BCE . The skeletal remains of an Early Iron Age chief were excavated in Anaikoddai , Jaffna District . The name Ko Veta is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BCE . Ko , meaning `` King '' in Tamil , is comparable to such names as Ko Atan , Ko Putivira and Ko Ra - pumaan occurring in contemporary Tamil Brahmi inscriptions of ancient South India and Egypt . Historic period ( edit ) Potsherds with early Tamil writing from the 2nd century BCE have been found from the north in Poonagari , Kilinochchi District to the south in Tissamaharama . They bore several inscriptions , including a clan name -- vela , a name related to velir from ancient Tamil country . Epigraphic evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas ( the Prakrit word for Tamil people ) in Anuradhapura , the capital city of Rajarata the middle kingdom , and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE . Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins , produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE , some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters , which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period . Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant , the Tamil householder residing in Ilubharata and a Tamil sailor named Karava . Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas ( Tamils ) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the Vavuniya District , one is in Seruvavila in Trincomalee District , one is in Kuduvil in Ampara District and one is in Anuradhapura . Mention is made in literary sources of Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE , most likely arriving at Kudiramalai . Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island 's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE . Kudiramalai , Kandarodai and Vallipuram served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with these kingdoms and the Romans from the 6th -- 2nd centuries BCE . The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the Manimekhalai , a historical poem , detail how Nāka - Tivu of Nāka - Nadu on the Jaffna Peninsula was a lucrative international market for pearl and conch trading for the Tamil fishermen . In Mahavamsa , a historical poem , ethnic Tamil adventurers such as Ellalan invaded the island around 145 BCE . Early Chola king Karikalan , son of Eelamcetcenni utilised superior Chola naval power to conquer Ceylon in the first century CE . Hindu Saivism , Tamil Buddhism , Jainism and secularism were popular amongst the Tamils at this time , as was the proliferation of village deity worship . The Amaravati school was influential in the region when the Telugu Satavahana dynasty established the Andhra empire and its 17th monarch Hāla ( 20 -- 24 CE ) married a princess from the island . Ancient Vanniars settled in the east of the island in the first few centuries of the common era to cultivate and maintain the area . The Vanni region flourished . In the 6th century CE , a special coastal route by boat was established from the Jaffna peninsula southwards to Saivite religious centres in Trincomalee ( Koneswaram ) and further south to Batticaloa ( Thirukkovil ) , passed a few small Tamil trading settlements in Mullaitivu on the north coast . The conquests and rule of the island by Pallava king Narasimhavarman I ( 630 -- 668 CE ) and his grandfather King Simhavishnu ( 537 -- 590 CE ) saw the erection and structural development of several Kovils around the island , particularly in the north - east -- these Pallava Dravidian rock temples remained a popular and highly influential style of architecture in the region over the next few centuries . Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy came to rely on them . By the 8th century CE Tamil villages were collectively known as Demel - kaballa ( Tamil allotment ) , Demelat - valademin ( Tamil villages ) , and Demel - gam - bim ( Tamil villages and lands ) . Medieval period ( edit ) The Jaffna royal family , first from the right is Cankili I , who held off the Portuguese Empire . Coylot Wanees Contrey ( Coylot Vanni country ) , Malabar country in the northeast of the island on a 1681 CE map by Robert Knox as published in his book . In the 9th and 10th centuries CE , Pandya and Chola incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the Chola annexation of the island , which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE . Raja Raja Chola I renamed the northern throne Mummudi Chola Mandalam after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted , imprisoned and killed for years on the island . Rajadhiraja Chola 's conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there , one of whom , Madavarajah , the king of Jaffna , was a usurper from the Rashtrakuta Dynasty . These dynasties oversaw the development of several Kovils that administered services to communities of land assigned to the temples through royal grants . Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths . Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I 's era on Delft island , found with Chola coins from this period . The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the Polonnaruwa monarchy in the late 11th century CE . In 1215 , following Pandya invasions , the Tamil - dominant Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty established an independent Jaffna kingdom on the Jaffna peninsula and other parts of the north . The Arya Chakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by Alagakkonara , a man descended from a family of merchants from Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu . He was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V ( 1344 -- 59 CE ) . Vira Alakeshwara , a descendant of Alagakkonara , later became king of the Sinhalese , but he was overthrown by the Ming admiral Zheng He in 1409 CE . The next year , the Chinese admiral Zheng He erected a trilingual stone tablet in Galle in the south of the island , written in Chinese , Persian and Tamil that recorded offerings he made to Buddha , Allah and the God of Tamils Tenavarai Nayanar . The admiral invoked the blessings of Hindu deities at Temple of Perimpanayagam Tenavaram , Tevanthurai for a peaceful world built on trade . The 1502 map Cantino represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island -- Mullaitivu , Trincomalee and Pannoa , where the residents grow cinnamon and other spices , fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols , trading heavily with Kozhikode of Kerala . The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619 CE . The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the Dutch and then became part of the British Empire in 1796 CE . The Sinhalese Nampota dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Tamil Kingdom , including parts of the modern Trincomalee District , was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala - pattanama ( Tamil city ) . In this work , a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna , Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala - pattanama . The English sailor Robert Knox described walking into the island 's Tamil country in the publication An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon , referencing some aspects of their royal , rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE . Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE , the Tamils ' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island . The caste structure of the majority Sinhalese has also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE . This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups : the Salagama , the Durava and the Karava . The Hindu migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century CE . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka by DS Division according 2012 census . According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka , 11.21 % of the population . Sri Lankan Tamils constitute an overwhelming majority of the population in the Northern Province and are the largest ethnic group in the Eastern Province . They are minority in other provinces . 70 % of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1911 528,000 -- 1921 517,300 − 2.0 % 1931 598,900 + 15.8 % 1946 733,700 + 22.5 % 1953 884,700 + 20.6 % 1963 1,164,700 + 31.6 % 1971 1,424,000 + 22.3 % 1981 1,886,900 + 32.5 % 2,124,000 + 12.6 % 2012 2,270,924 + 6.9 % Source : Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka ( 2012 ) Province Sri Lankan Tamils % Province % Sri Lankan Tamils Central 128,263 5.01 % 5.65 % Eastern 609,584 39.29 % 26.84 % Northern 987,692 93.29 % 43.49 % North Central 12,421 0.99 % 0.55 % North Western 66,286 2.80 % 2.92 % Sabaragamuwa 74,908 3.90 % 3.30 % Southern 25,901 1.05 % 1.14 % Uva 30,118 2.39 % 1.33 % Western 335,751 5.77 % 14.78 % Total 2,270,924 11.21 % 100.00 % There are no accurate figures for the number of Sri Lankan Tamils living in the diaspora . Estimates range from 450,000 to one million . Other Tamil - speaking communities ( edit ) Main articles : Sri Lankan Moors and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka Indian Tamils are classed as a separate ethnic group . The two groups of Tamils located in Sri Lanka are the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils . There also exists a significant population in Sri Lanka who are native speakers of Tamil language and are of Islamic faith . Though several evidence point them towards being ethnic Tamils , they are however controversially listed as a separate ethnic group by the Sri Lankan government . Sri Lankan Tamils ( also called Ceylon Tamils ) are descendants of the Tamils of the old Jaffna Kingdom and east coast chieftaincies called Vannimais . The Indian Tamils ( or Hill Country Tamils ) are descendants of bonded labourers sent from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations . Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital Colombo , and most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands . Historically , both groups have seen themselves as separate communities , although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s . In 1948 , the United National Party government stripped the Indian Tamils of their citizenship . Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s , about forty percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship , and most of the remainder were repatriated to India . By the 1990s , most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship . Regional groups ( edit ) Sri Lankan Tamils are categorised into three subgroups based on regional distribution , dialects , and culture : Negombo Tamils from the western part of the island , Eastern Tamils from the eastern part , and Jaffna or Northern Tamils from the north . Western Tamils ( edit ) Main article : Negombo Tamils Western Tamils , also known as Negombo Tamils or Puttalam Tamils , are native Sri Lankan Tamils who live in the western Gampaha and Puttalam districts . The term does not apply to Tamil immigrants in these areas . They are distinguished from other Tamils by their dialects , one of which is known as the Negombo Tamil dialect , and by aspects of their culture such as customary laws . Most Negombo Tamils have assimilated into the Sinhalese ethnic group through a process known as Sinhalisation . Sinhalisation has been facilitated by caste myths and legends . The Western Tamils caste hierarchy is predominantly dominated by the maritime Karaiyars , with other dominant groups such as the Paravars . In Gampaha District , Tamils have historically inhabited the coastal region . In the Puttalam District , there was a substantial ethnic Tamil population until the first two decades of the 20th century . Most of those who identify as ethnic Tamils live in villages such as Udappu and Maradankulam . The coastal strip from Jaffna to Chilaw is also known as the `` Catholic belt '' . The Tamil Christians , chiefly Roman Catholics , have preserved their heritage in the major cities such as Negombo , Chilaw , Puttalam , and also in villages such as Mampuri . Some residents of these two districts , especially the Karaiyars , are bilingual , ensuring that the Tamil language survives as a lingua franca among migrating maritime communities across the island . Negombo Tamil dialect is spoken by about 50,000 people . This number does not include others , outside of Negombo city , who speak local varieties of the Tamil language . The bilingual catholic Karavas are also found in the western coastal regions , who trace their origins to the Tamil Karaiyar however identify themselves as Sinhalese . Some Tamil place names have been retained in these districts . Outside the Tamil - dominated northeast , the Puttalam District has the highest percentage of place names of Tamil origin in Sri Lanka . Composite or hybrid place names are also present in these districts . Eastern Tamils ( edit ) The Koneswaram Hindu Temple in Trincomalee , mentioned in Saiva literature circa 700 CE by Thirugnana Sambanthar Eastern Tamils inhabit a region that spans the Trincomalee , Batticaloa , and Ampara districts . Their history and traditions are inspired by local legends , native literature , and colonial documents . In the 16th century the area came under the nominal control of the Kingdom of Kandy , but there was scattered leadership under Vannimai chiefs in Batticaloa District who came with Magha 's army in 1215 . From that time on , Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils . Eastern Tamils are an agrarian - based society . They follow a caste system similar to the South Indian or Dravidian kinship system . The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the Mukkuvar , Paravar and Karaiyar . The main feature of their society is the kuti system . Although the Tamil word kuti means a house or settlement , in eastern Sri Lanka it is related to matrimonial alliances . It refers to the exogamous matrilineal clans and is found amongst most caste groups . Men or women remain members of the kuti of their birth and be brother or sister by relation . No man can marry in the same kuti because woman is always become sister to him . But , a man can only marry in one of his sampantha kutis not in the sakothara kutis . By custom , children born in a family belong to mother 's kuti . Kuti also collectively own places of worship such as Hindu temples . Each caste contains a number of kutis , with varying names . Aside from castes with an internal kuti system , there are seventeen caste groups , called Ciraikutis , or imprisoned kutis , whose members were considered to be in captivity , confined to specific services such as washing , weaving , and toddy tapping . However , such restrictions no longer apply . The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north . The indigenous Veddha people of the east coast also speak Tamil and have become assimilated into the Eastern Tamil caste structure . Most Eastern Tamils follow customary laws called Mukkuva laws codified during the Dutch colonial period . Northern Tamils ( edit ) Jaffna 's history of being an independent kingdom lends legitimacy to the political claims of the Sri Lankan Tamils , and has provided a focus for their constitutional demands . Northern Tamil society is generally categorised into two groups : those who are from the Jaffna peninsula in the north , and those who are residents of the Vanni to the immediate south . The Jaffna society is separated by castes . The Sri Lankan Vellalar are the landed gentry and the dominant caste in Jaffna . They are the landlords and temple owners / patrons of the north . They also make up the largest proportion of skilled professionals among Tamils in Sri Lanka . Before independence , the largest proportion of skilled government and professional jobs in the whole country were held by this caste . They constitute half of the population and enjoyed dominance under Dutch and British rule , from which community the colonial political elites were also drawn from . The Vellalars and other dominant castes use the services of castes collectively known as Panchamar ( Tamil for group of five ) . The Panchamar consisted of the Nalavar , Pallar , Parayar , Vannar , and Ambattar . The maritime communities existed outside the agriculture - based caste system and is dominated by the Karaiyars . The caste of temple priests known as Kurukkals or Iyers are also held in high esteem . The important groups of artisans , known as Kammalar are constituted of the Tatchar , Kusavar , Tattar , Kollar and Kannar . The Kammalar and Panchamar are also jointly known as Kudimakkal , who gave ritual importance to the dominant castes . People in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry . Most of these married couples moved into the Vanni districts where land was available . Vanni consists of a number of highland settlements within forested lands using irrigation tank - based cultivation . An 1890 census listed 711 such tanks in this area . Hunting and raising livestock such as water buffalo and cattle is a necessary adjunct to the agriculture . The Tamil - inhabited Vanni consists of the Vavuniya , Mullaitivu , and eastern Mannar districts . Historically , the Vanni area has been in contact with what is now South India , including during the medieval period and was ruled by the Vanniar Chieftains . Northern Tamils follow customary laws called Thesavalamai , codified during the Dutch colonial period . Genetic affinities ( edit ) Main article : Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct , genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well . There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections between Sri Lankan Tamils , Sinhalese and Indian ethnic groups . Religion ( edit ) The Church of Our Lady of Presentation , one of the Portuguese era churches , built as a palm - leaf hut in 1624 . See also : Hinduism in Sri Lanka , Christianity in Sri Lanka , and Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka In 1981 , about eighty percent of Sri Lankan Tamils were Hindus who followed the Shaiva sect . The rest were mostly Roman Catholics who converted after the Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom and coastal Sri Lanka . There is also a small minority of Protestants due to missionary efforts in the 18th century by organisations such as the American Ceylon Mission . Most Tamils who inhabit the Western Province are Roman Catholics , while those of the Northern and Eastern Provinces are mainly Hindu . Pentecostal and other churches , such as Jehovah 's Witnesses , are active among the internally displaced and refugee populations . The 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a Buddhist population of 22,254 amongst Sri Lankan Tamils . Accounting to roughly 1 % of all Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka . The Hindu elite , especially the Vellalar , follow the religious ideology of Shaiva Siddhanta ( Shaiva school ) while the masses practice folk Hinduism , upholding their faith in local village deities not found in formal Hindu scriptures . The place of worship depends on the object of worship and how it is housed . It could be a proper Hindu temple known as a Koyil , constructed according to the Agamic scripts ( a set of scriptures regulating the temple cult ) . More often , however , the temple is not completed in accordance with Agamic scriptures but consists of the barest essential structure housing a local deity . These temples observe daily Puja ( prayers ) hours and are attended by locals . Both types of temples have a resident ritualist or priest known as a Kurukkal . A Kurukkal may belong to someone from a prominent local lineage like Pandaram or Iyer community . In the Eastern Province , a Kurukkal usually belongs to Lingayat sect . Other places of worship do not have icons for their deities . The sanctum could house a trident ( culam ) , a stone , or a large tree . Temples of this type are common in the Northern and Eastern Provinces ; a typical village has up to 150 such structures . The offering would be done by an elder of the family who owns the site . A coconut oil lamp would be lit on Fridays , and a special rice dish known as pongal would be cooked either on a day considered auspicious by the family or on the Thai Pongal day , and possibly on Tamil New Year Day . There are seven worshipped deities : Ayyanar , Annamar , Vairavar , Kali , Pillaiyar , Murukan , or Pattini . Villages have more Pillaiyar temples , which are patronised by local farmers . Tamil Roman Catholics , along with members of other faiths , worship at the Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu . Hindus have several temples with historic importance such as those at Ketheeswaram , Koneswaram , Naguleswaram , Munneswaram , Tondeswaram , and Nallur Kandaswamy . Kataragama temple and Adam 's Peak are attended by all religious communities . Language ( edit ) Main article : Sri Lankan Tamil dialects See also : Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil and Sinhala words of Tamil origin Tamil dialects are differentiated by the phonological changes and sound shifts in their evolution from classical or old Tamil ( 3rd century BCE -- 7th century CE ) . The Sri Lankan Tamil dialects form a group that is distinct from the dialects of the modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of India . They are classified into three subgroups : the Jaffna Tamil , the Batticaloa Tamil , and the Negombo Tamil dialects . These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils such as the Sinhalese , Moors and Veddhas . Tamil loan words in Sinhala also follow the characteristics of Sri Lankan Tamil dialects . The Negombo Tamil dialect is used by bilingual fishermen in the Negombo area , who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese . This dialect has undergone considerable convergence with spoken Sinhala . The Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils , Muslims , Veddhas and Portuguese Burghers in the Eastern Province . Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary of all the spoken dialects of Tamil . It has preserved several ancient features , remaining more consistent with the literary norm , while at the same time developing a few innovations . It also has its own distinctive vocabulary and retains words that are unique to present - day Malayalam , a Dravidian language from Kerala that originated as a dialect of old Tamil around 9th century CE . The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee District has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect . The dialect used in Jaffna is the oldest and closest to old Tamil . The long physical isolation of the Tamils of Jaffna has enabled their dialect to preserve ancient features of old Tamil that predate Tolkappiyam , the grammatical treatise on Tamil dated from 3rd century BCE to 10th century CE . Also , a large component of the settlers were from the Coromandel Coast and Malabar Coast which may have helped with the preservation of the dialect . The large section of the settlers were Vellalars ( Mudaliar and Pillai ) and this would have helped retain pure Tamil words . Their ordinary speech is closely related to classical Tamil . Conservational Jaffna Tamil dialect and Indian Tamil dialects are to an extent not mutually intelligible , and the former is frequently mistaken for Malayalam by native Indian Tamil speakers . The closest Tamil Nadu Tamil variant to Jaffna Tamil is literary Tamil , used in formal speeches and news reading . There are also Prakrit loan words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil . Education ( edit ) A group of American Ceylon Mission missionaries in Jaffna ( circa 1890 ) Sri Lankan Tamil society values education highly , for its own sake as well as for the opportunities it provides . The kings of the Aryacakravarti dynasty were historically patrons of literature and education . Temple schools and traditional gurukulam classes on verandahs ( known as Thinnai Pallikoodam in Tamil ) spread basic education in religion and in languages such as Tamil and Sanskrit to the upper classes . The Portuguese introduced western - style education after their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619 . The Jesuits opened churches and seminaries , but the Dutch destroyed them and opened their own schools attached to Dutch Reformed churches when they took over Tamil - speaking regions of Sri Lanka . The primary impetus for educational opportunity came with the establishment of the American Ceylon Mission in Jaffna District , which started with the arrival in 1813 of missionaries sponsored by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . The critical period of the missionaries ' impact was from the 1820s to the early 20th century . During this time , they created Tamil translations of English texts , engaged in printing and publishing , established primary , secondary , and college - level schools , and provided health care for residents of the Jaffna Peninsula . American activities in Jaffna also had unintended consequences . The concentration of efficient Protestant mission schools in Jaffna produced a revival movement among local Hindus led by Arumuga Navalar , who responded by building many more schools within the Jaffna peninsula . Local Catholics also started their own schools in reaction , and the state had its share of primary and secondary schools . Tamil literacy greatly increased as a result of these changes . This prompted the British colonial government to hire Tamils as government servants in British - held Ceylon , India , Malaysia , and Singapore . By the time Sri Lanka became independent in 1948 , about sixty percent of government jobs were held by Tamils , who formed barely fifteen percent of the population . The elected Sinhalese leaders of the country saw this as the result of a British stratagem to control the majority Sinhalese , and deemed it a situation that needed correction by implementation of the Policy of standardization . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Sri Lankan Tamil literature According to legends , the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the Sangam period ( 3rd century BCE -- 6th century CE ) . These legends indicate that the Tamil poet Eelattu Poothanthevanar ( Poothanthevanar from Sri Lanka ) lived during this period . Medieval period Tamil literature on the subjects of medicine , mathematics and history was produced in the courts of the Jaffna Kingdom . During Singai Pararasasekaran 's rule , an academy for the propagation of the Tamil language , modelled on those of ancient Tamil Sangam , was established in Nallur . This academy collected manuscripts of ancient works and preserved them in the Saraswathy Mahal library . During the Portuguese and Dutch colonial periods ( 1619 -- 1796 ) , Muttukumara Kavirajar is the earliest known author who used literature to respond to Christian missionary activities . He was followed by Arumuga Navalar , who wrote and published a number of books . The period of joint missionary activities by the Anglican , American Ceylon , and Methodist Missions also saw the spread of modern education and the expansion of translation activities . The modern period of Tamil literature began in the 1960s with the establishment of modern universities and a free education system in post-independence Sri Lanka . The 1960s also saw a social revolt against the caste system in Jaffna , which impacted Tamil literature : Dominic Jeeva , Senkai aazhiyaan , Thamizhmani Ahalangan are the products of this period . After the start of the civil war in 1983 , a number of poets and fiction writers became active , focusing on subjects such as death , destruction , and rape . Such writings have no parallels in any previous Tamil literature . The war produced displaced Tamil writers around the globe who recorded their longing for their lost homes and the need for integration with mainstream communities in Europe and North America . The Jaffna Public Library which contained over 97,000 books and manuscripts was one of the biggest libraries in Asia , and through the Burning of the Jaffna Public Library much of Sri Lankan Tamil literature has been obliterated . Cuisine ( edit ) Puttu , with sea food at a shop in Jaffna . String hoppers , known as Idiyappam in Tamil , is a popular breakfast and dinner dish . See also : Tamil cuisine and Sri Lankan cuisine The cuisine of Sri Lankan Tamils draws influence from that of India , as well as from colonialists and foreign traders . Rice is usually consumed daily and can be found at any special occasion , while spicy curries are favourite dishes for lunch and dinner . Rice and curry is the name for a range of Sri Lankan Tamil dishes distinct from Indian Tamil cuisine , with regional variations between the island 's northern and eastern areas . While rice with curries is the most popular lunch menu , combinations such as curd , tangy mango , and tomato rice are also commonly served . String hoppers , which are made of rice flour and look like knitted vermicelli neatly laid out in circular pieces about 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) in diameter , are frequently combined with tomato sothi ( a soup ) and curries for breakfast and dinner . Another common item is puttu , a granular , dry , but soft steamed rice powder cooked in a bamboo cylinder with the base wrapped in cloth so that the bamboo flute can be set upright over a clay pot of boiling water . This can be transformed into varieties such as ragi , spinach , and tapioca puttu . There are also sweet and savoury puttus . Another popular breakfast or dinner dish is Appam , a thin crusty pancake made with rice flour , with a round soft crust in the middle . It has variations such as egg or milk Appam . Jaffna , as a peninsula , has an abundance of seafood such as crab , shark , fish , prawn , and squid . Meat dishes such as mutton , chicken and pork also have their own niche . Vegetable curries use ingredients primarily from the home garden such as pumpkin , yam , jackfruit seed , hibiscus flower , and various green leaves . Coconut milk and hot chilli powder are also frequently used . Appetizers can consist of a range of achars ( pickles ) and vadahams . Snacks and sweets are generally of the homemade `` rustic '' variety , relying on jaggery , sesame seed , coconut , and gingelly oil , to give them their distinct regional flavour . A popular alcoholic drink in rural areas is palm wine ( toddy ) , made from palmyra tree sap . Snacks , savouries , sweets and porridge produced from the palmyra form a separate but unique category of foods ; from the fan - shaped leaves to the root , the palmyra palm forms an intrinsic part of the life and cuisine of northern region . Politics ( edit ) A 1910 postcard image of a Sri Lankan Tamil girl A Hindu Gentleman of North Ceylon ( 1859 ) See also : Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism , Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war , Sri Lankan Civil War , and Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka became an independent nation in 1948 . Since independence , the political relationship between Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil community has been strained . Sri Lanka has been unable to contain its ethnic violence as it escalated from sporadic terrorism to mob violence , and finally to civil war . The Sri Lankan Civil War has several underlying causes : the ways in which modern ethnic identities have been made and remade since the colonial period , rhetorical wars over archaeological sites and place name etymologies , and the political use of the national past . The civil war resulted in the death of at least 100,000 people and , according to human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch , the forced disappearance of thousands of others ( see White van abductions in Sri Lanka ) . Since 1983 , Sri Lanka has also witnessed massive civilian displacements of more than a million people , with eighty percent of them being Sri Lankan Tamils . Before independence ( edit ) The arrival of Protestant missionaries on a large scale beginning in 1814 was a primary contributor to the development of political awareness among Sri Lankan Tamils . Activities by missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and Methodist and Anglican churches led to a revival among Hindu Tamils who created their own social groups , built their own schools and temples , and published their own literature to counter the missionary activities . The success of this effort led to a new confidence for the Tamils , encouraging them to think of themselves as a community , and it paved the way for their emergence as a cultural , religious , and linguistic society in the mid-19th century . Britain , which conquered the whole island by 1815 , established a legislative council in 1833 by unifying the Tamil and Sinhalese nations on the island and assigning three European seats and one seat each for Sinhalese , Tamils and Burghers . This council 's primary function was to act as advisor to the Governor , and the seats eventually became elected positions . There was initially little tension between the Sinhalese and the Tamils , when in 1913 Ponnambalam Arunachalam , a Tamil , was appointed representative of the Sinhalese as well as of the Tamils in the national legislative council . British Governor William Manning , who was appointed in 1918 however , actively encouraged the concept of `` communal representation '' . Subsequently , the Donoughmore Commission in 1931 rejected communal representation and brought in universal franchise . This decision was opposed by the Tamil political leadership , who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in parliament according to their proportion of the overall population . In 1944 , G.G. Ponnambalam , a leader of the Tamil community , suggested to the Soulbury Commission that a roughly equal number of seats be assigned to Sinhalese and minorities in an independent Ceylon ( 50 : 50 ) -- a proposal that was rejected . But under section 29 ( 2 ) of the constitution formulated by the commissioner , additional protection was provided to minority groups , such requiring a two - thirds majority for any amendments and a scheme of representation that provided more weight to the ethnic minorities . After independence ( edit ) Territorial claims for the state of Tamil Eelam by various Tamil groups Shortly after independence in 1948 , G.G. Ponnambalam and his All Ceylon Tamil Congress joined D.S. Senanayake 's moderate , western - oriented United National Party led government which led to a split in the Tamil Congress . S.J.V. Chelvanayakam , the leader of the splinter Federal Party ( FP or Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi ) , contested the Ceylon Citizenship Act , which denied citizenship to Tamils of recent Indian origin , before the Supreme Court , and then in the Privy council in England , but failed to overturn it . The FP eventually became the dominant Tamil political party . In response to the Sinhala Only Act in 1956 , which made Sinhala the sole official language , Federal Party Members of Parliament staged a nonviolent sit - in ( satyagraha ) protest , but it was violently broken up by a mob . The FP was blamed and briefly banned after the riots of May -- June 1958 targeting Tamils , in which many were killed and thousands forced to flee their homes . Another point of conflict between the communities was state sponsored colonisation schemes that effectively changed the demographic balance in the Eastern Province , an area Tamil nationalists considered to be their traditional homeland , in favour of the majority Sinhalese . In 1972 , a newly formulated constitution removed section 29 ( 2 ) of the 1947 Soulbury constitution that was formulated to protect the interests of minorities . Also , in 1973 , the Policy of standardization was implemented by the Sri Lankan government , supposedly to rectify disparities in university enrolment created under British colonial rule . The resultant benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant decrease in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student population . Shortly thereafter , in 1973 , the Federal Party decided to demand a separate Tamil state . In 1976 they merged with the other Tamil political parties to become the Tamil United Liberation Front ( TULF ) . By 1977 most Tamils seemed to support the move for independence by electing the Tamil United Liberation Front overwhelmingly . The elections were followed by the 1977 riots , in which around 300 Tamils were killed . There was further violence in 1981 when an organised Sinhalese mob went on a rampage during the nights of 31 May to 2 June , burning down the Jaffna public library -- at the time one of the largest libraries in Asia -- containing more than 97,000 books and manuscripts . Rise of militancy ( edit ) Main article : Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups See also : Human rights in Sri Lanka , Sri Lanka and state terrorism , and List of attacks attributed to the LTTE Tamil rebels in a pick - up truck in Killinochchi in 2004 Since 1948 , successive governments have adopted policies that had the net effect of assisting the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment . These policies made it difficult for middle class Tamil youth to enter university or secure employment . The individuals belonging to this younger generation , often referred to by other Tamils as `` the boys '' ( Pudiyangal in Tamil ) , formed many militant organisations . The most important contributor to the strength of the militant groups was the Black July massacre , in which between 1,000 - 3,000 Tamils were killed , prompting many youths to choose the path of armed resistance . By the end of 1987 , the militant youth groups had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces and the Indian Peace Keeping Force also among each other , with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) eventually eliminating most of the others . Except for the LTTE , many of the remaining organisations transformed into either minor political parties within the Tamil National Alliance or standalone political parties . Some also function as paramilitary groups within the Sri Lankan military . Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , as well as the United States Department of State and the European Union , have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Sri Lanka , and both the government of Sri Lanka and the rebel LTTE have been accused of human rights violations . Although Amnesty International in 2003 found considerable improvement in the human rights situation , attributed to a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE , by 2007 they reported an escalation in political killings , child recruitment , abductions , and armed clashes , which created a climate of fear in the north and east of the country . End of the civil war ( edit ) In August 2009 , the civil war ended with total victory for the government forces . During last phase of the war many Tamil civilians and combatants were killed . The government estimated that over 22,000 LTTE cadres had died . The civilian death toll is estimated to vary from 6,500 to as high as 40,000 . This is in addition to the 70,000 Sri Lankans killed up to the beginning of the last phase of the civil war . Over 300,000 internally displaced Tamil civilians were interred in special camps and eventually released . As of 2011 , there were still few thousand alleged combatants in state prisons awaiting trials . The Sri Lankan government has released over 11,000 rehabilitated former LTTE cadres . Bishop of Mannar ( a north western town ) , Rayappu Joseph , says 146,679 people seem to be unaccounted between 2008 October and at the end of the civil war . Tamil presence in Sri Lankan politics and society is facing a revival . In 2015 elections the Tamil national alliance got the third largest amound of seats in the Parliament and as the largest parties UNP and SLFP created a unity government TNA leader R. Sampanthan was appointed as the opposition leader K. Sripavan beame the 44th Chief justice and the second Tamil to hold the position . Migrations ( edit ) Sri Kamadchi Ampal temple in Hamm , Germany , built primarily by Sri Lankan Tamil expatriates Main article : Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora See also : Tamil Canadian and British Tamil Pre-independence ( edit ) The earliest Tamil speakers from Sri Lanka known to have travelled to foreign lands were members of a merchant guild called Tenilankai Valanciyar ( Valanciyar from Lanka of the South ) . They left behind inscriptions in South India dated to the 13th century . In the late 19th century , educated Tamils from the Jaffna peninsula migrated to the British colonies of Malaya ( Malaysia and Singapore ) and India to assist the colonial bureaucracy . They worked in almost every branch of public administration , as well as on plantations and in industrial sectors . Prominent Sri Lankan Tamils in the Forbes list of billionaire include : Ananda Krishnan , Raj Rajaratnam , and G. Gnanalingam , and Singapore 's former foreign minister and deputy prime minister , S. Rajaratnam , are of Sri Lankan Tamil descent . C.W. Thamotharampillai , an Indian - based Tamil language revivalist , was born in the Jaffna peninsula . Post civil war ( edit ) Sri Lankan - Canadian Tamil children in traditional clothes in Canada After the start of the conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , there was a mass migration of Tamils trying to escape the hardships and perils of war . Initially , it was middle class professionals , such as doctors and engineers , who emigrated ; they were followed by the poorer segments of the community . The fighting drove more than 800,000 Tamils from their homes to other places within Sri Lanka as internally displaced persons and also overseas , prompting the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) to identify them in 2004 as the largest asylum - seeking group . The country with the largest share of displaced Tamils is Canada , with more than 200,000 legal residents , found mostly within the Greater Toronto Area. and there are a number of prominent Canadians of Sri Lankan Tamil descent , such as author Shyam Selvadurai , and Indira Samarasekera , former president of the University of Alberta . Sri Lankan Tamils in India are mostly refugees of about over 100,000 in special camps and another 50,000 outside of the camps . In western European countries , the refugees and immigrants have integrated themselves into society where permitted . Tamil British singer M.I.A ( born Mathangi Arulpragasam ) and BBC journalist George Alagiah are , among others , notable people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent . Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus have built a number of prominent Hindu temples across North America and Europe , notably in Canada , France , Germany , Denmark , and the UK . Sri Lankan Tamils continue to seek refuge in countries like Canada and Australia . The International Organization for Migration and the Australian government have declared Tamil refugees as economic migrants . Canada has tightened controls on their refugee program due to various abuses within the Canadian refugee system . A Canadian government survey found that over 70 % of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have gone back to Sri Lanka for holidays raising concerns over the legitimacy of their refugee claims . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Wenzlhuemer it is not certain when the first Tamil settlers arrived at Sri Lanka . Also according to Wenzlhuemer , the first Tamils settled at Sri Lanka a few centuries after the first Indo - Aryan settlers , who arrived at Sri Lanka in the 5th century BCE . Jump up ^ Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka . Jump up ^ Ilu bhartechi Dameda karite Dameda gahapatikana . Jump up ^ Dameda navika karava . Jump up ^ Upon arrival in June 1799 , Sir Hugh Cleghorn , the island 's first British colonial secretary wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the Cleghorn Minute : `` Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island . First the Sinhalese , inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts , and secondly the Malabars ( another name for Tamils ) who possess the Northern and Eastern districts . These two nations differ entirely in their religion , language , and manners . '' McConnell , D. , 2008 ; Ponnambalam , S. 1983 Jump up ^ Data is based on Sri Lankan Government census except 1989 which is an estimate . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts , 2012 '' . Department of Census & Statistics , Sri Lanka . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Carly ( 2007 ) . `` Tamils : Population in Canada '' . Ryerson University . Archived from the original on 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . According to government figures , there are about 200,000 Tamils in Canada Jump up ^ `` Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians '' . Jump up ^ `` Tamils by the Numbers '' . Jump up ^ `` New bilingualism taking hold in Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas , 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora '' . BBC Sinhala. 15 March 2006 . According to HRW , there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK . ^ Jump up to : Acharya , Arunkumar ( 2007 ) . `` Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Baumann , Martin ( 2008 ) . `` Immigrant Hinduism in Germany : Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples '' . Harvard university . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Since the escalation of the Sinhalese - Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s , about 60,000 came as asylum seekers . Jump up ^ `` Politically French , culturally Tamil : 12 Tamils elected in Paris and suburbs '' . TamilNet. 18 March 2008 . Around 125,000 Tamils are estimated to be living in France . Of them , around 50,000 are Eezham Tamils ( Sri Lankan Tamils ) . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture '' . swissinfo. 18 February 2006 . An estimated 35,000 Tamils now live in Switzerland . ^ Jump up to : Sivasupramaniam , V. `` History of the Tamil Diaspora '' . International Conferences on Skanda - Murukan . Jump up ^ Rajakrishnan 1993 , pp. 541 - 557 . Jump up ^ Raman , B. ( 14 July 2000 ) . `` Sri Lanka : The dilemma '' . Business Line . It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in Norway -- 6,000 of them Norwegian citizens , many of whom migrated to Norway in the 1960s and the 1970s to work on its fishing fleet ; and 4,000 post-1983 political refugees . ^ Jump up to : Mortensen 2004 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , Shankara ( 1999 ) . Postcolonial Insecurities : India , Sri Lanka , and the Question of Nationhood . University of Minnesota Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3330 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mahadevan , Iravatham ( 8 March 2002 ) . `` Aryan or Dravidian or Neither ? -- A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script ( 1995 -- 2000 ) '' . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . 8 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1084 - 7561 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wenzlhuemer 2008 , pp. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Post-war Sri Lanka '' . BBC News . 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Darusman , Marzuki ; Sooka , Yasmin ; Ratner , Steven R. ( 31 March 2011 ) . Report of the Secretary - General 's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka ( PDF ) . United Nations . p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` ASA 37 / 011 / 2012 Sri Lanka : Continuing Impunity , Arbitrary Detentions , Torture and Enforced Disappearances '' . Amnesty International . 30 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Katrina ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Press Freedom Under Attack In Sri Lanka : Website Office Raids and Online Content Regulation '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jayasinghe , Amal ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Amnesty accuses Sri Lanka of targeting judges '' . Agence France - Presse . Jump up ^ Arunthavarajah , K. ( 2014 ) . `` The Views of Tamil Scholars Regarding the Origin of Jaffna Kingdom '' . Research on Humanities and Social Sciences . Department of History , University of Jaffna. 4 ( 10 ) : 110 . ISSN 2225 - 0484 -- via IISTE . Jump up ^ Holt , John ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) . The Sri Lanka Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4982 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nadarajan 1999 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Manogaran 1987 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : de Silva 2005 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ `` Vedda '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . London : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , pp. 53 - 54 . Jump up ^ Schalk , Peter ( 2002 ) . Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam : Prologue . The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava Period . Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. 19 -- 20 . Uppsala University . pp. 100 -- 220 . ISBN 91 - 554 - 5357 - 0 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Subramanian , T.S. ( 27 January 2006 ) . `` Reading the past in a more inclusive way : Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne '' . Frontline. 23 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Mahadevan , Iravatham ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Mahadevan 2003 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Mahadevan 2000 , pp. 152 - 154 . Jump up ^ Bopearachchi 2004 , pp. 546 - 549 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , pp. 30 - 32 . Jump up ^ Mendis 1957 , pp. 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nadarajan 1999 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Hellmann - Rajanayagam , Dagmar ( 1994 ) . `` Tamils and the meaning of history '' . Contemporary South Asia . Routledge. 3 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 09584939408719724 . Jump up ^ Schalk , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam : Prologue . The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period '' . Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis . Uppsala University . 19 -- 20 : 159 , 503 . The Tamil stone inscription Konesar Kalvettu details King Kulakottan 's involvement in the restoration of Koneswaram temple in 438 A.D. ( Pillay , K. , Pillay , K. ( 1963 ) . South India and Ceylon ) Jump up ^ Arumugam , S. ( 1980 ) . `` The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram , an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka '' . Colombo . Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development , the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish ; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at these Jump up ^ Ismail , Marina ( 1995 ) . `` Early settlements in northern Sri lanka '' . In the sixth century AD there was a coastal route by boat from the Jaffna peninsula in the north , southwards to Trincomalee , especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram , and further onwards to Batticaloa and the religious centre of Tirukovil , along the eastern coast . Along this route there were a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast ... Jump up ^ Singhal , Damodhar P. ( 1969 ) . `` India and world civilization '' . Volume 2 . University of Michigan Press . 2 . OCLC 54202 . Jump up ^ Codrington , Humphrey William . Short History of Ceylon . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Maity , Sachindra Kumar . Masterpieces of Pallava Art . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , George W . `` The politics of plunder : The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . Association for Asian Studies . 35 ( 3 ) : 408 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , pp. 214 - 215 . Jump up ^ The 1681 CE map by Robert Knox demarcates the then existing boundaries of the Tamil country . In 1692 CE , Dutch artist Wilhelm Broedelet crafted an engraving of the map : Coylat Wannees Land , where the Malabars live -- An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon , Atlas of Mutual Heritage , Netherlands . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Mendis 1957 , pp. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Smith 1958 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Epigraphia Carnatica , Volume 10 , Part 1 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Pillay , K. ( 1963 ) . `` South India and Ceylon '' . University of Madras . OCLC 250247191 . Jump up ^ Balachandran , P.K. ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Chola era temple excavated off Jaffna '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , pp. 100 - 102 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , pp. 102 - 104 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Robert D. ( 2010 ) . Monsoon : The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power ' . Jump up ^ Pires , Tomé ; Rodrigues , Francisco ; Cortesão , Armando ( 2005 ) . The Suma oriental of Tome Pires : an account of the east , from the red sea to China , written in Malacca and India in 1512 -- 1515 ; and , The book of Francisco Rodrigues : pilot - major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea , nautical rules , almanack and , maps , written and drawn in the east before 1515 . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . p. 85 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0535 - 7 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Nampota . Colombo : M.D. Gunasena & Co. 1955 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Knox 1681 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : de Silva 1987 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1990 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ `` Population by ethnic group , census years '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Abstract 2011 . Department of Census & Statistics , Sri Lanka . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated mid year population by ethnic group , 1980 -- 1989 '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Abstract 2011 . Department of Census & Statistics , Sri Lanka . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orjuela , Camilla ( 2012 ) . `` 5 : Diaspora Identities and Homeland Politics '' . In Terrence Lyons ; Peter G. Mandaville . Politics from Afar : Transnational Diasporas and Networks . C. Hurst & Co. p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 185 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE : Asia Report N ° 186 '' . International Crisis Group . 23 February 2010 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mohan , Vasundhara ( 1987 ) . Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims . Delhi : Mittal Publications . pp. 9 -- 14 , 27 -- 30 , 67 -- 74,113 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Ross Brann , `` The Moors ? '' ^ Jump up to : `` Analysis : Tamil - Muslim divide '' . BBC News World Edition . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Zemzem , Akbar ( 1970 ) . The Life and Times of Marhoom Wappichi Marikar ( booklet ) . Colombo . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , pp. 3 - 5 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka . `` Population by Ethnicity according to District '' ( PDF ) . statistics.gov.lk . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ de Silva 1987 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Suryanarayan , V. ( 4 August 2001 ) . `` In search of a new identity '' . Frontline. 18 ( 16 ) . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : de Silva 1987 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Fernando v. Proctor el al , 3 Sri Lanka 924 ( District Court , Chilaw 27 October 1909 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gair 1998 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Bonta , Steven ( June 2008 ) . `` Negombo Fishermen 's Tamil ( NFT ) : A Sinhala Influenced Dialect from a Bilingual Sri Lankan Community '' . International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Foell , Jens ( 2007 ) . `` Participation , Patrons and the Village : The case of Puttalam District '' . University of Sussex . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . One of the most interesting processes in Mampuri is the one of Sinhalisation . Whilst most of the Sinhala fishermen used to speak Tamil and / or still do so , there is a trend towards the use of Sinhala , manifesting itself in most children being educated in Sinhala and the increased use of Sinhala in church . Even some of the long - established Tamils , despite having been one of the most powerful local groups in the past , due to their long local history as well as caste status , have adapted to this trend . The process reflects the political domination of Sinhala people in the Government controlled areas of the country . Jump up ^ Peebles , Patrick ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) . Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 55 . ISBN 9781442255852 . Jump up ^ Goonetilleke , Susantha ( 1 May 1980 ) . `` Sinhalisation : Migration or Cultural Colonization ? '' . Lanka Guardian : 18 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Corea , Henry ( 3 October 1960 ) . `` The Maravar Suitor '' . Sunday Observer ( Sri Lanka ) . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rajeswaran , S.T.B. ( 2012 ) . Geographical Aspects of the Northern Province , Sri Lanka . Governor 's Office . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Bonta , Steven ( 2010 ) . `` Negombo Fishermen 's Tamil : A Case of Indo - Aryan Contact - Induced Change in a Dravidian Dialect '' . Anthropological Linguistics. 52 ( 3 / 4 ) : 311 . Jump up ^ Kularatnam , K. ( April 1966 ) . `` Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces '' . Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia vol. 1 . International Association of Tamil Research . pp. 486 -- 493 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Sivathamby 1995 , pp. 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Subramaniam 2006 , pp. 1 - 13 . Jump up ^ McGilvray , D. Mukkuvar Vannimai : Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa , Sri Lanka , pp. 34 -- 97 Jump up ^ Sivathamby 1995 , pp. 7 - 9 . Jump up ^ McGilvray , Dennis B. ( 1982 ) . Caste Ideology and Interaction . Cambridge University Press . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Yalman 1967 , pp. 282 - 335 . ^ Jump up to : Sivathamby 1995 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Seligmann , C.G. ; Gabriel , C. ; Seligmann , B.Z. ( 1911 ) . `` The Veddas '' : 331 -- 335 . Jump up ^ Thambiah 2001 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sivathamby 1995 , pp. 4 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gerharz , Eva ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) . The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka : Transnational Commitments to Social Change . Routledge . ISBN 9781317692799 . ^ Jump up to : Gunasingam 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Pfister , Raymond ( 1995 ) . Soixante ans de pentecôtisme en Alsace ( 1930 - 1990 ) : une approche socio - historique . P. Lang . p. 165 . ISBN 9783631486207 . Jump up ^ Pranāndu , Mihindukalasūrya Ār Pī Susantā ( 2005 ) , Rituals , folk beliefs , and magical arts of Sri Lanka , Susan International , p. 459 , ISBN 9789559631835 , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Nayagam , Xavier S. Thani ( 1959 ) , Tamil Culture , Academy of Tamil Culture , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Thambiah 2001 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka : Country study '' . The Library of Congress . 1988 . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Hudson 1982 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Sivathamby 1995 , pp. 34 - 89 . Jump up ^ `` Overview : Pentecostalism in Asia '' . The pew forum . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Perera , Yohan . `` 22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Frances ( 8 April 2008 ) . `` Tamil Tigers appeal over shrine '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Manogaran 2000 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Kuiper , L.B. J ( March 1964 ) . `` Note on Old Tamil and Jaffna Tamil '' . Indo - Iranian Journal . Springer Netherlands . 6 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 64 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00157142 . Jump up ^ Subramaniam 2006 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Zvlebil , Kamil ( June 1966 ) . `` Some features of Ceylon Tamil '' . Indo - Iranian Journal . Springer Netherlands . 9 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 138 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00963656 . Jump up ^ Swamy , B.G.L. ( 1975 ) . `` The Date Of Tolksppiyam - a Retrospect '' . Annals of Oriental Research . Silver . Jubilee Volume : 292 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Manogaran , Chelvadurai ( 1987 ) . Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka . University of Hawaii Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780824811167 . Jump up ^ Pfaffenberger , Bryan ( 1977 ) . Pilgrimage and Traditional Authority in Tamil Sri Lanka . University of California , Berkeley . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Schiffman , Harold ( 30 October 1996 ) . `` Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore : the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy '' . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Ragupathy , P. Tamil Social Formation in Sri Lanka : A Historical Outline ' . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gunasingam 1999 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , pp. 73 - 109 . Jump up ^ Pfaffenberg 1994 , p. 110 . 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Jump up ^ Doucet , Lyse ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` UN ' failed Sri Lanka civilians ' , says internal probe '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Peachey , Paul ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Sri Lanka snubs UN as it bids for more trade links with the UK '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` S Lanka civilian toll ' appalling ' '' . BBC News . 13 February 2008 . Sri Lanka 's government is one of the world 's worst perpetrators of enforced disappearances , US - based pressure group Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) says . An HRW report accuses security forces and pro-government militias of abducting and `` disappearing '' hundreds of people -- mostly Tamils -- since 2006 . Jump up ^ Pathirana , Saroj ( 26 September 2006 ) . `` Fears grow over Tamil abductions '' . BBC News . The image of the `` white van '' invokes memories of the `` era of terror '' in the late 1980s when death squads abducted and killed thousands of Sinhala youth in the south of the country . The Asian Human Rights Commission ( AHRC ) says the `` white van culture '' is now re-appearing in Colombo to threaten the Tamil community . Jump up ^ Denyer , Simon ( 14 September 2006 ) . `` '' Disappearances '' on rise in Sri Lanka 's dirty war `` . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 29 May 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . The National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka has recorded 419 missing people in Jaffna since December 2005 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jesse ( 2003 ) . `` Narrating displacement : Oral histories of Sri Lankan women '' . Refugee Studies Centre - Working papers . Oxford University ( 15 ) : 3 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ McConnell , D. ( 2008 ) . `` The Tamil people 's right to self - determination '' ( PDF ) . Cambridge Review of International Affairs . 21 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 76 . doi : 10.1080 / 09557570701828592 . Retrieved 25 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ de Silva , K.M. ( 1995 ) . History of Sri Lanka . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gunasingam 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wilson , 2000 & 79 . Jump up ^ Russell , Ross ( 1988 ) . `` Sri Lanka : Country study '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ( November 2007 ) . `` Blunders in Tigerland : Papes muddles on suicide bombers '' . Heidelberg papers on South Asian and comparative politics . University of Heidelberg. 32 : 14 . ^ Jump up to : Russel , Ross ( 1988 ) . `` Tamil Alienation '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Jayasuriya , J.E. ( 1981 ) . Education in the Third World : Some Reflections . Pune : ndian Institute of Education . Jump up ^ Wilson 2000 , pp. 101 - 110 . Jump up ^ Gunasingam 1999 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Kearney , R.N. ( 1985 ) . `` Ethnic Conflict and the Tamil Separatist Movement in Sri Lanka '' . Asian Survey . 25 ( 9 ) : 898 -- 917 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1985.25. 9.01 p0303g . JSTOR 2644418 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2000 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Knuth , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . `` Destroying a symbol '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions . Retrieved 20 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Ross ( 1988 ) . `` Tamil Militant Groups '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Shastri , A. ( 1990 ) . `` The Material Basis for Separatism : The Tamil Eelam Movement in Sri Lanka '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 49 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 77 . doi : 10.2307 / 2058433 . JSTOR 2058433 . Jump up ^ Kumaratunga , Chandrika ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Speech by President Chandrika Kumaratunga at the 21st Anniversary of ' Black July ' , Presidential Secretariat , Colombo , July 23 , 2004 '' . SATP . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Frances ( 23 July 2003 ) . `` Twenty years on -- riots that led to war '' . BBC News . Indeed nobody really knows how many Tamils died in that one week in July 1983 . Estimates vary from 400 to 3,000 dead . Jump up ^ Marschall , Wolfgang ( 2003 ) . `` Social Change Among Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Switzerland '' . University of Bern . Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Human Rights Report : Sri Lanka '' . United States Department of State . 2000 . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The EU 's relations with Sri Lanka -- Overview '' . European Union . 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Open letter to LTTE , SLMM and SL Police concerning recent politically motivated killings and abductions in Sri Lanka '' . Amnesty International . 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International report for Sri Lanka 2007 '' . Amnesty International . 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan army and Tamil Tiger death tolls reveal grim cost of years of civil war '' . Financial Times . 23 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Pallister , David ; Chamberlain , Gethin ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Sri Lanka war toll near 6,500 , UN report says '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Buncombe , Andrew ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Up to 40,000 civilians ' died in Sri Lanka offensive ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Buerk , Roland ( 23 July 2008 ) . `` Sri Lankan families count cost of war '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan introduces new ' anti-terror ' legislation '' . BBC News . 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka to release 107 rehabilitated LTTE cadres '' . The Times of India . Press Trust of India . 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Senewiratne , Brian ( 7 April 2012 ) . `` The Life of a Sri Lankan Tamil Bishop ( and others ) in Danger '' . Salem-News.com . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lanka 's main Tamil party TNA presses for Opposition status in Parliament '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sampanthan appointed Opposition Leader '' . Jump up ^ `` K. Sripavan sworn in as Chief Justice '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Indrapala 2007 , pp. 253 - 254 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Ananda Krishnan ? '' . The Sunday Times ( Sri Lanka ) . 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` # 17 G. Gnanalingam '' . 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Chongkittavorn , Kavi ( 6 August 2007 ) . `` Asean 's birth a pivotal point in history of Southeast Asia '' . The Nation ( Thailand ) . Archived from the original on 14 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Muthiah , S , ( 9 August 2004 ) . `` The first Madras graduate '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` ASA 37 / 004 / 2006 Sri Lanka : Waiting to go home -- the plight of the internally displaced '' . Amnesty International . 28 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa wo n't invoke notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships '' . Toronto Star . 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hunn , Deborah ( 2006 ) . `` Selvadurai , Shyam '' . glbtq.com . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Pilger , Rick . `` Thoroughly Dynamic : Indira Samarasekera '' . University of Alberta . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( 22 April 2005 ) . `` Fighting talk : She 's a revolutionary 's daughter and her music oozes attitude '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Alagiah '' . BBC News Newswatch. 26 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Kamanev , Marina ( 11 February 2009 ) . `` Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia - Australia Standoff '' . Time . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Fong , Petti ( 19 October 2009 ) . `` Migrants said to be Tamils '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ March , Stephanie ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Sri Lankans heading to Australia ' economic migrants ' , not refugees : IOM '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Black , Debrah ( 7 February 2013 ) . `` Immigration and refugee system : Canada made controversial changes in 2012 '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lilley , Brian ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` Refugees go home for holidays '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Ambihaipahar , R ( 11 November 1998 ) . Scientific Pioneer : Dr. Samuel Fisk Green . Colombo : Dhulasi Publications . ISBN 955 - 8193 - 00 - 3 . Bastin , Rohan ( December 2002 ) , The Domain of Constant Excess : Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka , Berghahn Books , ISBN 1 - 57181 - 252 - 0 , OCLC 50028737 Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 2004 ) . `` Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu '' . In Chevillard , Jean - Luc ; Wilden , Eva . South - Indian Horizons : Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday . Publications du Département d'Indologie -- 94 . Pondicherry : Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême - Orient . pp. 546 -- 549 . ISBN 2 - 85539 - 630 - 1 . ISSN 0073 - 8352 . de Silva , C.R. ( 1997 ) . Sri Lanka -- A History ( 2nd ed . ) . New Delhi : Vikas Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 259 - 0461 - 1 . de Silva , K.M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Sri Lanka . Colombo : Vijitha Yapa . ISBN 955 - 8095 - 92 - 3 . Gair , James ( 1998 ) . Studies in South Asian Linguistics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509521 - 9 . Gunasingam , Murugar ( 1999 ) . Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism : A Study of its Origins . Sydney : MV publications . ISBN 0 - 646 - 38106 - 7 . Hudson , Dennis ( January 1992 ) . Arumuga Navalar and Hindu Renaissance amongst the Tamils ( Religious Controversy in British India : Dialogues in South Asian Languages ) . State University of New York . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0827 - 2 . Indrapala , K. ( 2007 ) . The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity : The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE . Colombo : Vijitha Yapa . ISBN 978 - 955 - 1266 - 72 - 1 . Knox , Robert ( 1681 ) . An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon . London : Robert Chiswell . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 1141 - 0 . 2596825 . Mahadevan , Iravatham ( 2003 ) . Early Tamil Epigraphy : From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D . Harvard Oriental Series vol. 62 . Cambridge , Mass : Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies , Harvard University . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01227 - 5 . Mahadevan , Iravatham ( March 2000 ) . `` Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka '' . Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies . XVII ( 2 ) : 147 -- 156 . Manogaran , Chelvadurai ( 2000 ) . The Untold Story of the Ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka . Chennai : Kumaran . Manogaran , Chelvadurai ( 1987 ) . Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka . Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1116 - X . Mendis , G.C. ( 1957 , 3rd ed. 1995 ) . Ceylon Today and Yesterday , Colombo , Lake House . ISBN 955 - 552 - 096 - 8 Mortensen , Viggo ( 2004 ) . Theology and the Religions : A Dialogue . Copenhagen : Wm. B. Eerdman 's Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2674 - 1 . Nadarajan , Vasantha ( 1999 ) . History of Ceylon Tamils . Toronto : Vasantham . Pfaffenberg , Brian ( 1994 ) . The Sri Lankan Tamils . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 8845 - 7 . Ponnambalam , Satchi ( 1983 ) . Sri Lanka : the National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle . London : Zed Books . ISBN 0 - 86232 - 198 - 0 . Pujangga , Putra ( 1997 ) . A Requiem for Jaffna . London : Anantham Books . ISBN 1 - 902098 - 00 - 5 . Rajakrishnan , P. ( 1993 ) . `` Social Change and Group Identity among the Sri Lankan Tamils '' . In Sandhu , Kernial Singh ; Mani , A. Indian Communities in Southeast Asia . Singapore : Times Academic Press . ISBN 981 - 210 - 017 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Ross , Russell ( 1988 ) . Sri Lanka : A Country Study . USA : Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 16 - 024055 - 7 . Sivathamby , K. ( 1995 ) . Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics . New Century Book House . ISBN 81 - 234 - 0395 - X . Smith , V.A. ( 1958 ) . The Oxford History of India . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 561297 - 3 . Spencer , Jonathan ( 1990 ) . Sri Lanka : History and the Roots of Conflict . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04461 - 8 . Subramaniam , Suganthy ( 2006 ) . Folk Traditions and Songs of Batticaloa District ( in Tamil ) . Kumaran Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9549440 - 5 - 4 . Thambiah , H.W. ( 2001 ) . Laws and Customs of Tamils of Jaffna ( revised edition ) . Colombo : Women 's Education & Research Centre . ISBN 955 - 9261 - 16 - 9 . Wenzlhuemer , Roalnd ( 2008 ) . From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon , 1880 -- 1900 : An Economic and Social History . BRILL . Wilson , A. Jeyaratnam ( 2000 ) . Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism : Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. C. Hurst & Co . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 338 - 0 . Yalman , N ( 1967 ) . Under the Bo Tree : Studies in Caste , Kinship , and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon . University of California Press . External links ( edit ) Media related to Sri Lankan Tamil people at Wikimedia Commons Sri Lankan Tamil people List of Sri Lankan Tamils History Ancient History of Eastern Tamils Tissamaharama inscription Annaicoddai seal Ketheeswaram temple Koneswaram temple Munneswaram temple Tenavaram temple Jaffna kingdom History Aryacakravarti Jaffna Palace ruins Kotagama inscriptions Portuguese conquest Vannimai Vanniar Demala Hatpattu Colonial American Ceylon Mission Wesleyan Methodist Mission Jaffna Youth Congress Post-colonial Nationalism Colonisation Sinhala Only Act Riots Bandaranaike -- Chelvanayakam Pact Standardisation Militancy Vaddukoddai Resolution Tamil Eelam Burning of Jaffna library Black July Civil War NPC Resolution on Genocide Politics Government Northern Provincial Council Government of the Northern Province Governors Chief Ministers Eastern Provincial Council Governors Chief Ministers Political parties All Ceylon Tamil Congress Federal Party Tamil United Liberation Front Tamil National Alliance Tamil National People 's Front Militant groups ENDLF ENLF EPRLF EORS LTTE PLOTE TELO Diaspora British Tamils Forum Canadian Tamil Congress Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America Global Tamil Forum Tamils Against Genocide Tamil Youth Organisation Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam Society Eelam Genetic studies Karaiyar Koviar Mukkuvar Nalavar Paraiyar Thesavalamai Vellalar Vedar Culture Cinema Literature News Saturday Review Sudar Oli Tamil Guardian TamilNet Tamil Times Thinakaran Thinakkural Uthayan Virakesari Diaspora Australia Canada France Germany Italy India Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan United Kingdom United States Languages and dialects Batticaloa Tamil Jaffna Tamil Negombo Tamil Loanwords Religion Hinduism Naguleswaram temple Nallur Kandaswamy temple Catholicism Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu Village deities Sport Badminton Cricket Football hide Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka Sri Lankan diaspora Sri Lankans Indigenous Sinhalese Tamils Vedda Eurasians Burgher people Dutch Burghers Portuguese Burghers Immigrants Asia Chinese Indians Bharatha Chetty Kuruvan Tamil Malays Moors Others Kaffirs Expatriates Japanese Koreans Maldivians Pakistanis Historical Jews Pathans Dravidian civilizations portal Sri Lanka portal Tamil Eelam portal Tamil People portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Tamils&oldid=846473870 '' Categories : Sri Lankan Tamil people Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka Tamils of Sri Lanka Tamil people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Articles prone to spam from July 2013 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Ænglisc Deutsch Español Fiji Hindi मराठी Bahasa Melayu Русский සිංහල Simple English தமிழ் Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	how many tamils are there in sri lanka	[ "\nSri Lankan Tamils\n\nஇலங்கை தமிழர்\n(ஈழத் தமிழர்)\n\n\nTotal population\n\n\n3,000,000 (estimated; excluding Sri Lankan Moors and Indian Tamils)\n\n\nRegions with significant populations\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n2,270,924 (2012)[1]\n\n\n Canada\n143,000-200,000[2][3][4][5][6]\n\n\n United Kingdom\n~120,000 (2006)[7]\n\n\n India\n~100,000 (2005)[8]\n\n\n Germany\n~60,000 (2008)[9]\n\n\n France\n~50,000 (2008)[10]\n\n\n Switzerland\n~35,000 (2006)[11]\n\n\n Australia\n~30,000[12]\n\n\n Italy\n~25,000[12]\n\n\n Malaysia\n~24,436 (1970)[13]\n\n\n Netherlands\n~20,000[12]\n\n\n Norway\n~10,000 (2000)[14]\n\n\n Denmark\n~9,000 (2003)[15]\n\n\nLanguages\n\n\n\n\n\nTamil\nSinhala\nEnglish\nvernacular languages of other countries in the diaspora\n\n\n[citation needed]\n\n\nReligion\n\n\n\n\n\nHinduism (mostly Shaivism)\nChristianity\nIslam\n\n\n\n\n\nRelated ethnic groups\n\n\n\n\n\nIndian Tamils\nSinhalese\nVeddas\nIndo-Aryans\nDravidians\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "2,270,924" ]
8017272512387067247	Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a beautiful and benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . http://cinemacommander.us/m-movies-online/321612/beauty-and-the-beast.html References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Works by Bill Condon Feature films Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Television series Murder 101 ( 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( 1993 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=804990131 '' Categories : 2017 films English - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who narrates the prologue in beauty and the beast	[ "Hattie Morahan as Agathe, an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who, in reality, is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince.[18] Morahan also narrates the prologue.\n\nRita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form.\n\n" ]	[ "Hattie Morahan" ]
-1756397095800536180	Dead Sea	Dead Sea - wikipedia Dead Sea Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Dead Sea ( novel ) . Dead Sea ים המלח ‎ ( in Hebrew ) البحر الميت ( in Arabic ) A view of the sea from the Israeli shore Location Israel Jordan Palestine Coordinates 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E / 31.500 ; 35.500 Coordinates : 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E / 31.500 ; 35.500 Lake type Endorheic Hypersaline Primary inflows Jordan River Primary outflows None Catchment area 41,650 km ( 16,080 sq mi ) Basin countries Israel Jordan Palestine Max. length 50 km ( 31 mi ) ( northern basin only ) Max . width 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) Surface area 605 km ( 234 sq mi ) ( 2016 ) Average depth 199 m ( 653 ft ) Max . depth 298 m ( 978 ft ) ( elevation of deepest point , 728 m BSL ( below sea level ) , minus current surface elevation ) Water volume 114 km ( 27 cu mi ) Shore length 135 km ( 84 mi ) Surface elevation − 430.5 m ( − 1,412 ft ) ( 2016 ) References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Play media Short video about the Dead Sea from the Israeli News Company The Dead Sea ( Hebrew : יָם הַמֶּלַח ‎ Yam ha - Melah lit . Salt Sea ; Arabic : البحر الميت ‎ ‎ Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west . Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres ( 1,412 ft ) below sea level , Earth 's lowest elevation on land . The Dead Sea is 304 m ( 997 ft ) deep , the deepest hypersaline lake in the world . With a salinity of 342 g / kg , or 34.2 % , ( in 2011 ) , it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals can not flourish , hence its name . The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long and 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) wide at its widest point . It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River . The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years . It was one of the world 's first health resorts ( for Herod the Great ) , and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products , from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers . People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets . The Dead Seawater has a density of 1.24 kg / litre , which makes swimming similar to floating . The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate . Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession , which had begun causing many problems . The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance project , carried out by Jordan , will provide water to neighbouring countries , while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels . The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and toponymy 2 Geography 3 Natural history 4 Climate 5 Chemistry 6 Putative therapies 6.1 Psoriasis 6.2 Rhinosinusitis 6.3 Osteoarthritis 7 Fauna and flora 8 Human settlement 9 Human history 9.1 Biblical period 9.2 Greek and Roman period 9.3 Byzantine period 9.4 Modern times 10 Tourism and leisure 10.1 British Mandate period 10.2 Israel 10.3 Jordan 10.4 West Bank 11 Chemical industry 11.1 British Mandate period 11.2 Israel 11.3 Jordan 11.4 West Bank 11.5 Extraction 12 Recession and environmental concerns 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology and toponymy In Hebrew , the Dead Sea is Yām ha - Melaḥ ( help info ) ( ים המלח ‎ ) , meaning `` sea of salt '' ( Genesis 14 : 3 ) . The Bible uses this term alongside two others : the Sea of the Arabah ( Yām ha - ' Ărāvâ ים הערבה ‎ ) , and the Eastern Sea ( Yām ha - Mizraḥî ים המזרחי ‎ ) . The designation `` Dead Sea '' never appears in the Bible . In prose sometimes the term Yām ha - Māvet ( ים המוות ‎ , `` sea of death '' ) is used , due to the scarcity of aquatic life there . In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al - Bahr al - Mayyit ( help info ) ( `` the Dead Sea '' ) , or less commonly baḥru lūṭa ( بحر لوط , `` the Sea of Lot '' ) . Another historic name in Arabic was the `` Sea of Zoʼar '' , after a nearby town in biblical times . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites ( Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης , hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , `` the Asphaltite sea '' ) . Geography Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea east of the Mediterranean Sea The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley , a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform ( DST ) . This left lateral - moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate . It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai . It is here that the Upper Jordan River / Sea of Galilee / Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end . The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea , although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea , forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges . There are no outlet streams . The Mujib River , biblical Arnon , is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan . The Wadi Mujib valley , 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley , is a biosphere reserve , with an area of 212 km ( 82 sq mi ) . Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh ( Arabic ) / Nahal Dragot ( Hebrew ) , and Nahal Arugot . Wadi Hasa ( biblical Zered ) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea . Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm ( 4 in ) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm ( 2 in ) in the southern part . The Dead Sea zone 's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains . The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself . To the west of the Dead Sea , the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east . Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m ( 700 ft ) tall halite formation called `` Mount Sodom '' . Natural History There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea . The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone , an extension of the Red Sea Rift , or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa . A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a `` step - over '' discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform , creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence . Around 3.7 million years ago , what is now the valley of the Jordan River , Dead Sea , and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea . The waters formed in a narrow , crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon , which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley . The floods of the valley came and went depending on long - scale climate change . The Sedom Lagoon deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km ( 1.55 mi ) thick . Approximately two million years ago , the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area . Thus , the long lagoon became a landlocked lake . The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km ( 30 mi ) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea , and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse . The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin . The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora , followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea . The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom , and due to climate variation . As the climate became more arid , Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier , leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder . Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi . In prehistoric times , great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora . The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom ( on the southwest side of the lake ) . Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed , forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket . When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces , the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs ( see salt dome ) . From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago , the lake 's level was 100 m ( 330 ft ) to 250 m ( 820 ft ) higher than its current level . This lake , Lake Lisan , fluctuated dramatically , rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago , indicating a very wet climate in the Near East . Around 10,000 years ago , the lake 's level dropped dramatically , probably to even lower than today 's . During the last several thousand years , the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) , with some significant drops and rises . Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore , it may have been a seismic event . Climate The Dead Sea 's climate offers year - round sunny skies and dry air . It has less than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 ° C ( 90 and 102 ° F ) . Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 ° C ( 68 and 73 ° F ) . The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation , particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ) . Given the higher atmospheric pressure , the air has a slightly higher oxygen content ( 3.3 % in summer to 4.8 % in winter ) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level . Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude . ( This barometric measure is about 5 % higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa , which is the global ocean mean or ATM . ) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate . During the winter , sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures , and vice versa during the summer months . This is the result of the water 's mass and specific heat capacity . On average , there are 192 days above 30C ( 86F ) annually . ( hide ) Climate data for Dead Sea , Sedom ( 390 m below sea level ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) 42.5 ( 108.5 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 46.4 ( 115.5 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 44.5 ( 112.1 ) 43.6 ( 110.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 37.6 ( 99.7 ) 39.7 ( 103.5 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 7.8 ( 0.307 ) 9.0 ( 0.354 ) 7.6 ( 0.299 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 0.2 ( 0.008 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) ( 0.047 ) 3.5 ( 0.138 ) 8.3 ( 0.327 ) 41.9 ( 1.65 ) Average precipitation days 3.3 3.5 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.8 15.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 41 38 33 27 24 23 24 27 31 33 36 41 31.5 Source : Israel Meteorological Service Chemistry Halite deposits ( and teepee structure ) along the western Dead Sea coast . Beach pebbles made of halite ; western Dead Sea coast . With 34.2 % salinity ( in 2011 ) , it is one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water , though Lake Vanda in Antarctica ( 35 % ) , Lake Assal in Djibouti ( 34.8 % ) , Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea ( up to 35 % ) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ( 44 % ) ) have reported higher salinities . Until the winter of 1978 -- 79 , when a major mixing event took place , the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature , density , age , and salinity . The topmost 35 meters ( 115 ft ) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of 342 parts per thousand ( in 2002 ) , and a temperature that swung between 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) and 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) . Underneath a zone of transition , the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . Since the water near the bottom is saturated , the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor . Beginning in the 1960s , water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large - scale irrigation and generally low rainfall . By 1975 , the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer . Nevertheless , the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense . When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer , the waters mixed ( 1978 -- 79 ) . For the first time in centuries , the lake was a homogeneous body of water . Since then , stratification has begun to redevelop . The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water . The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season , depth and temperature . In the early 1980s , the concentration of ionic species ( in g / kg ) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl ( 181.4 ) , Br ( 4.2 ) , SO ( 0.4 ) , HCO ( 0.2 ) , Ca ( 14.1 ) , Na ( 32.5 ) , K ( 6.2 ) and Mg ( 35.2 ) . The total salinity was 276 g / kg . These results show that the composition of the salt , as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis , was calcium chloride ( CaCl ) 14.4 % , potassium chloride ( KCl ) 4.4 % , magnesium chloride ( MgCl ) 50.8 % and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) 30.4 % . In comparison , the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85 % sodium chloride . The concentration of sulfate ions ( SO ) is very low , and the concentration of bromide ions ( Br ) is the highest of all waters on Earth . The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5 % . This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg / l . Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy . In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States . An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt . From deep seeps , the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance . Asphalt - coated figurines and bitumen - coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found . Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region . Putative therapies This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons . The mineral content of the water , the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere , the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation , and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects . For example , persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure . The region 's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies : Climatotherapy : Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature , humidity , sunshine , barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents Heliotherapy : Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun 's radiation Thalassotherapy : Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water Psoriasis Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea . Rhinosinusitis Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study . Osteoarthritis Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees . According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral - rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy . Panorama of the Dead Sea from the Mövenpick Resort , Jordan . Fauna and flora Dead Sea in the morning , seen from Masada The sea is called `` dead '' because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms , such as fish and aquatic plants , from living in it , though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present . In times of flood , the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35 % to 30 % or lower . The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters . In 1980 , after one such rainy winter , the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red . Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid - containing ( red - pigmented ) halobacteria , whose presence caused the color change . Since 1980 , the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers . In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva , Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface . These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea . They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea . Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea . Hikers can see ibex , hares , hyraxes , jackals , foxes , and even leopards . Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well . Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea . The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees . The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as `` the most fertile spot in Judea '' . In Roman and Byzantine times , sugarcane , henna , and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy . One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree , which could be made into perfume . By the 19th century , Jericho 's fertility had disappeared . Human settlement There are several small communities near the Dead Sea . These include Ein Gedi , Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council : Kalya , Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat . There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi , and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar . Highway 90 runs north - south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km ( 351 mi ) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat . Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , and others including Suweima . Highway 65 runs north - south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan 's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba . Human History Mount Sodom , Israel , showing the so - called `` Lot 's Wife '' pillar ( made of halite like the rest of the mountain ) Biblical period Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan , and extensively at the time of King David . Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho . Somewhere , perhaps on the southeastern shore , would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham : Sodom and Gomorra ( Genesis 18 ) and the three other `` Cities of the Plain '' , Admah , Zeboim and Zoar ( Deuteronomy 29 : 23 ) . Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham 's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom ( Genesis 19 : 21 - 22 ) . Before the destruction , the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits , which was called the vale of Siddim . King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby . In Ezekiel 47 : 8 - 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will `` be healed and made fresh '' , becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14 : 8 , which says that `` living waters will go out from Jerusalem , half of them to the eastern sea ( likely the Dead Sea ) and half to the western sea ( the Mediterranean ) . '' Greek and Roman period Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters . The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets . The Egyptians were steady customers , as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies . The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as `` Palus Asphaltites '' ( Asphalt Lake ) . King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea . The most famous was Masada , where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple . The zealots survived until 73 CE , when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants . Another historically important fortress was Machaerus ( מכוור ) , on the eastern bank , where , according to Josephus , John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died . Also in Roman times , some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea 's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words , `` on the west side of the Dead Sea , away from the coast ... ( above ) the town of Engeda '' ( Natural History , Bk 5.73 ) ; and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today , that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that `` the Dead Sea Scrolls '' discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library . Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom . However , he referred to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea . The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran , who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The town of Ein Gedi , mentioned many times in the Mishna , produced persimmon for the temple 's fragrance and for export , using a secret recipe . `` Sodomite salt '' was an essential mineral for the temple 's holy incense , but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness . The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake . These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity . Byzantine period Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west , the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge . The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era . Their monasteries , such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert , are places of pilgrimage . Modern times In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835 , Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847 , William Francis Lynch in 1848 , and John MacGregor in 1869 . The full text of W.F. Lynch 's 1949 book Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online . Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817 - 18 , but did n't navigate on its waters . World 's lowest ( dry ) point , Jordan , 1971 Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate . After the find of the `` Moabite Stone '' in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea , Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al - Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed `` Moabite '' antiquities , and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the `` Shapira Strips '' , a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea . The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace . In the late 1940s and early 1950s , hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran , about one mile ( 1.6 kilometres ) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ) . They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The world 's lowest roads , Highway 90 , run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea , along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side , at 393 m ( 1,289 ft ) below sea level . Tourism and leisure Ein Bokek , a resort on the Israeli shore British mandate period A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore . Israel The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad , and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex . Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore , generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012 . Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six - kilometre ( 3.7 - mile ) stretch of the southern shore . Jordan Kempinski Hotel , one of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore On the Jordanian side , nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center , along with resort apartments , on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side 's capacity to 2,800 rooms . On November 22 , 2015 , the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan , to become live on Google Street View . West Bank The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs . However , Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism - related investments on the Dead Sea . According to the World Bank , Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement , but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000 . Chemical industry The southern basin of the Dead Sea as of 1817 - 18 , with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford ( now named Lynch Strait ) . North is to the right . View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea , taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS - 28 ) . The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea . View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later ( STS - 102 ) . A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided . The dwindling water level of the Dead Sea British mandate period In the early part of the 20th century , the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash ( potassium chloride ) and bromine . The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929 , after its founder , Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation , Moses Novomeysky , worked for the charter for over ten years . The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine . Employing Arabs and Jews , it was an island of peace in turbulent times . The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East , and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore , in the Mount Sodom area , south of the ' Lashon ' region of the Dead Sea . Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain 's potash during World War II . Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . Israel The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state - owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company . In 1995 , the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals . From the Dead Sea brine , Israel produces ( 2001 ) 1.77 million tons potash , 206,000 tons elemental bromine , 44,900 tons caustic soda , 25,000 tons magnesium metal , and sodium chloride . Israeli companies generate around US $3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals ( primarily potash and bromine ) , and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals . Jordan On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , Arab Potash ( APC ) , formed in 1956 , produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually , as well as sodium chloride and bromine . The plant is located at Safi , South Aghwar Department , in the Karak Governorate . Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales ( equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan 's GDP ) . West Bank The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access , permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918 m incremental value added per year , `` almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today '' . Extraction Both companies , Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash , use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite , potassium magnesium chloride , which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride . The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north - south along the international border . The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal ( by a subsidiary , Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd . ) . Due to the popularity of the sea 's therapeutic and healing properties , several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products . Recession and environmental concerns The planned Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance , whose first phase will begin construction in 2018 , will work towards stabilizing the falling levels of the Dead Sea . Since 1930 , when its surface was 1,050 km ( 410 sq mi ) and its level was 390 m ( 1,280 ft ) below sea level , the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously . In recent decades , the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north . The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works , a company that converts the sea 's raw materials . From a water surface of 395 m ( 1,296 ft ) below sea level in 1970 it fell 22 m ( 72 ft ) to 418 m ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level in 2006 , reaching a drop rate of 1 m ( 3 ft ) per year . As the water level decreases , the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change . The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop , causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater . This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore -- incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers , rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes . Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of water levels . It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year . In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum , Jordan announced its plans to construct the `` Jordan National Red Sea Development Project '' ( JRSP ) . This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea . Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan , with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment . The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year 's end , with detailed design to begin in early 2010 , and water delivery by 2017 . Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region . Some hydro - power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project . At a regional conference in July 2009 , officials expressed concern about the declining water levels . Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced . Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea . Currently , only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river 's channel . Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts . They said agriculture should not be expanded , sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced . Year Water level ( m ) Surface ( km ) 1930 − 390 1050 1980 − 400 680 − 407 675 − 411 670 − 417 662 − 423 655 2016 − 430.5 605 Sources : Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research , Haaretz , Jewish Virtual Library , Jordan Valley Authority . In October 2009 , the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres ( 11 billion cubic feet ) of water per year from the Red Sea , desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel , despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact . According to Jordan 's minister for water , General Maysoun Zu'bi , this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance . In December 2013 , Israel , Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea . The pipeline will be 180 km ( 110 mi ) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete . In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m ( 3 ft ) a year . On 27 November 2016 , it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project . Jordan 's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018 , and will be completed by 2021 . Views in 1972 , 1989 , and 2011 compared See also Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Aral Sea Dead Sea Works Great Salt Lake List of drying lakes List of places on land with elevations below sea level Mediterranean -- Dead Sea Canal Benjamin Elazari Volcani World Discoveries III : Dead Sea References ^ Jump up to : `` Virtual Israel Experience : The Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Dead Sea Is Dying Fast : Is It Too Late to Save It , or Was It Always a Lost Cause ? '' . Haaretz. 7 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dead Sea Data Summary 2015. Water Authority of Israel . The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long - Term changes in the Dead Sea '' . Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - Israel Marine Data Center ( ISRAMAR ) . ^ Jump up to : The first article al - is unnecessary and usually not used . Jump up ^ `` Israel and Jordan Sign ' Historic ' $900 Million Deal to Save the Dead Sea '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Goetz , P.W. , ed. ( 1986 ) . `` The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th ed . ) '' . 3 . Chicago : 937 . Jump up ^ RW McColl , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world geography . Facts on File . p. 237 . ISBN 9780816072293 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea - Composition of Dead Sea Water '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 alliances shortlisted to execute Red - Dead 's phase I '' . The Jordan Times . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ David Bridger ; Samuel Wolk ( September 1976 ) . The New Jewish Encyclopedia . Behrman House , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87441 - 120 - 1 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . It was named the `` Dead Sea '' because of the fact that no living thing can exist there , since the water is extremely salty and bitter . Jump up ^ See bitumen and asphalt for more about asphaltite . Jump up ^ `` Springs and quicksand at the Dead Sea '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study ( RSDSC ) Program : Dead Sea Study , July 2010 , p. 64 Jump up ^ `` Mujib '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea '' . Exact Me.org . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mordechai Stein . `` The limnological history of late Pleistocene -- Holocene water bodies in the Dead Sea basin '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Uri Kafri ; Yoseph Yechieli ( 2010 ) . Groundwater Base Level Changes and Adjoining Hydrological Systems . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 3642139444 . Jump up ^ Geochemical Society ; Meteoritical Society ( 1971 ) . Geochimica et cosmochimica acta . Pergamon Press . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest Elevation : Dead Sea '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kramer , MR ; Springer C ; Berkman N ; Glazer M ; Bublil M ; Bar - Yishay E ; Godfrey S ( March 1998 ) . `` Rehabilitation of hypoxemic patients with COPD at low altitude at the Dead Sea , the lowest place on earth '' ( PDF ) . Chest. 113 ( 3 ) : 571 -- 575 . PMID 9515826 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 113.3. 571 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . PMID 9515826 Jump up ^ `` Climatological Averages for Dead Sea '' . IMS . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Averages and Records for several places in Israel '' . Israel Meteorological Service . June 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Sea Canal '' . American.edu. 1996 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ I. Steinhorn , In Situ Salt Precipitation at the Dead Sea , Limnol . Oceanogr. 28 ( 3 ) , 1983 , 580 - 583 Jump up ^ Bein , A. ; O. Amit ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of the Dead Sea floating asphalt blocks : simulations by pyrolisis '' . Journal of Petroleum Geology . Journal of Petroleum Geology. 2 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 5457.1980. tb00971. x . Jump up ^ Niemi , Tina M. , Zvi Ben - Avraham and Joel Gat , eds. , The Dead Sea : the lake and its setting , 1997 , Oxford University Press , p. 251 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508703 - 1 Jump up ^ J. Rullkötter ; A. Nissenbaum ( December 1988 ) . `` Dead sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies : Molecular evidence '' . Naturwissenschaften. 75 ( 12 ) : 618 . Bibcode : 1988NW ... 75 ... 618R . doi : 10.1007 / BF00366476 . Jump up ^ `` Asthma , Cystic Fibrosis , Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Arnon D. ; Van ‐ Dijk , Dina ; Naggan , Lechaim ; Vardy , Daniel A. ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of climatotherapy at the Dead Sea for psoriasis vulgaris : A community - oriented study introducing the Beer Sheva Psoriasis Severity Score '' . Dermatological Treatment . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 308 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546630500375841 . Jump up ^ S. Halevy ; et al. `` Dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris : a double - blind controlled study '' . 9 ( 3 ) . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : 237 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Michael Friedman ; Ramakrishnan Vidyasagar ; Ninos Joseph ( June 2006 ) . A Randomized , Prospective , Double - Blind Study on the Efficacy of Dead Sea Salt Nasal Irrigations. 116 . The Laryngoscope . pp. 878 -- 882 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000216798.10007. 76 . Jump up ^ Flusser , Daniel ; Abu - Shakra , Mahmoud ; Friger , Michael ; Codish , Shlomi ; Sukenik , Shaul ( August 2002 ) . `` Therapy With Mud Compresses for Knee Osteoarthritis : Comparison of Natural Mud Preparations With Mineral - Depleted Mud '' ( PDF ) . 8 ( 4 ) . Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : 197 -- 203 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` PLOS ONE '' . Jump up ^ `` Asphaltites examples from ancient sources '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 18.119 . Jump up ^ Josephus. `` 9 '' . Antiquities of the Jews . 1 . Jump up ^ Found today in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum of Jerusalem Jump up ^ `` Sodomite salt could cause blindness '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ A synagogue mosaic floor ( circa 100 BCE ) at Ein Gedi repeats the Mishna , portraying a curse on whoever reveals the town 's secret persimmon recipe . Papyrus parchments found in caves near the Dead Sea document the vast amount of cultivated land in the area , especially persimmon trees , but also olive and date trees Jump up ^ `` History of the Dead Sea - Discover the Dead Sea with Us ! '' . 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The unfortunate Costigan ' , first surveyor of the Dead Sea '' . 25 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea , Aqaba hotels packed during Eid Al Fitr holiday '' . The Jordan Times . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google Street View '' . Jump up ^ `` Wealth From The Dead Sea '' . Popular Mechanics . Chicago : Hearst Magazines . 54 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 798 . November 1930 . Jump up ^ Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Saline Lakes V : Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes , held in Bolivia , 22 -- 29 March 1991 '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schechter , Asher ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Who Really Owns the Dead Sea ? '' -- via Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Middle East Water Resources_Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . December 1998 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ C. Klein ; A. Flohn . Contribution to the Knowledge in the Fluctuations of the Dead Sea Level . 38 . Theoretical and Applied Climatology . pp. 151 -- 156 , 1987 . Jump up ^ M. Abelson ; Y . Yechieli ; O. Crouvi ; G. Baer ; D. Wachs ; A. Bein ; V. Shtivelman ( 2006 ) . Evolution of the Dead Sea Sinkholes in . special paper 401 . Geological Society of America . pp. 241 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Ehud Zion Waldoks ( July 8 , 2009 ) . ( tp://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=148034 `` Back from the Dead ? '' ) . The Jerusalem Post . Jump up ^ `` Water level of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Water level and surface area of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Eng . Sa'ad Abu Hammour , JVA . `` River Basin Management '' ( PDF ) . Jordan Valley Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan to refill shrinking Dead Sea '' . Daily Telegraph . 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Dead Sea neighbours agree to pipeline to pump water from Red Sea '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Catholic Online . `` Dead Sea Dying : Levels of salt water are dropping by three feet annually '' . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea : Image of the Day '' . Further reading The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 , and source of basic data on the Dead Sea . Yehouda Enzel , et al. , eds ( 2006 ) New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research , Geological Society of America , ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2401 - 5 Niemi , Tina M. , Ben - Avraham , Z. , and Gat , J. , eds. , 1997 , The Dead Sea : The Lake and Its Setting : N.Y. , Oxford University Press , 286 p . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is another name for the dead sea	[ "The Dead Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח‎ Yam ha-Melah lit. Salt Sea; Arabic: البحر الميت‎‎ Al-Bahr al-Mayyit[5]) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west. Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres (1,412 ft) below sea level,[4][6] Earth's lowest elevation on land. The Dead Sea is 304 m (997 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a salinity of 342 g/kg, or 34.2%, (in 2011), it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world's saltiest bodies of water.[7] This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 mi) wide at its widest point.[1] It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River." ]	[ "Salt Sea" ]
-7053961909904508442	Let It Go (Disney song)	Let It Go ( Disney song ) - Wikipedia Let It Go ( Disney song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let It Go '' Song by Idina Menzel from the album Frozen Published Wonderland Music Company Released November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) Recorded 2012 ( piano , vocals ) 2013 ( rhythm section , orchestra ) Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Frozen track listing `` Love Is an Open Door '' ( 4 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 5 ) `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' ( 6 ) Video ( film sequence ) `` Let It Go '' on YouTube `` Let It Go '' is a song from Disney 's 2013 animated feature film Frozen , whose music and lyrics were composed by husband - and - wife songwriting team Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez . The song was performed in its original show - tune version in the film by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa . Anderson - Lopez and Lopez also composed a simplified pop version ( with shorter lyrics and background chorus ) which was performed by actress and singer Demi Lovato over the start of the film 's closing credits . A music video was separately released for the pop version . The song presents the ostracized Queen Elsa , who abandons her kingdom when her magical ability to create and control ice and snow is discovered by the public . Up in the mountains , away from confused and suspicious onlookers , Elsa realizes that she no longer needs to hide her abilities , and so declares herself free from the restrictions she has had to endure since childhood . She rejoices in being able to use her power without fear or limit , to let her past go , and manipulate snow to create a living snowman and a magnificent ice castle for herself . The song also includes discarding items , most notably her glove which her parents gave her to hold back her powers , and taking her tiara off her head and throwing it over her shoulder , afterwards unraveling her braided hairstyle . `` Let It Go '' reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and won both the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2014 and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media in 2015 . The song gained international recognition , becoming one of the most globally recorded Disney songs , with numerous covers being recorded in different languages . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , `` Let It Go '' sold 10.9 million copies in 2014 , becoming the year 's fifth best - selling song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use in Frozen 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Recording 1.3 Character rewrite and film sequence 1.4 Other languages 2 Reception 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Perceived parallels 2.3 Accolades 3 Single releases 3.1 Demi Lovato version 3.1. 1 Background , release , and composition 3.1. 2 Music video 3.1. 3 Live performances 3.1. 4 Weekly Charts 3.1. 5 Year - end charts 3.1. 6 Certifications 3.2 Idina Menzel version 3.2. 1 Track listing 3.2. 2 Charts 3.2. 3 Year - end charts 3.2. 4 Certifications 4 Cover versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Use in Frozen ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) The Daily Telegraph explained that instead of the villain originally envisioned by the producers , the songwriters saw Elsa as `` a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift . '' When interviewed in January 2014 by John August and Aline Brosh McKenna , Frozen director Jennifer Lee gave her recollection of the song 's conception : `` Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like ( to be Elsa ) . Forget villain . Just what it would feel like . And this concept of letting out who she is ( , ) that she 's kept to herself for so long ( , ) and she 's alone and free , but then the sadness of the fact ( sic ) that the last moment is she 's alone . It 's not a perfect thing , but it 's powerful . '' `` Let It Go '' was the first song written by Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez for the film that made it in , since songs composed earlier were eventually cut . The story outline they were given had a place reserved for `` Elsa 's Badass Song '' , which was what they were trying to write . The duo took inspiration from the songs of the Disney Renaissance such as The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast and various artists including Adele , Aimee Mann , Avril Lavigne ( whose 2002 debut album was titled Let Go ) , Lady Gaga , and Carole King . The song finally began to gel one day as the couple walked together from their home in Park Slope to nearby Prospect Park while they were `` thinking from an emo kind of place . '' Anderson - Lopez explained what happened next : `` We went for a walk in Prospect Park and threw phrases at each other . What does it feel like to be the perfect exalted person , but only because you 've held back this secret ? Bobby came up with ' kingdom of isolation , ' and it worked . '' Lopez was able to improvise the song 's first four lines on the spot . Back at their home studio , they composed the rest of the song by alternating between improvising melodies on a piano and brainstorming lyrics on a whiteboard , and finished it within a single day . `` Let It Go '' is a power ballad in the key of A-flat major overall , but begins in the relative minor ( F minor ) . The song is in quadruple meter , and has a fast tempo of around 137 beats per minute ( allegro ) . The song 's vocal range spans from F to E ♭ . Anderson - Lopez and Lopez specifically wrote the song for Idina Menzel , referring to her as `` one of the most glorious voices of Broadway and an icon in musical theater . '' Menzel 's vocal range was taken under consideration during the music 's composition . Recording ( edit ) For each song they created , including `` Let It Go '' , Anderson - Lopez and Lopez recorded a demo in their studio , then emailed it to the Disney Animation production team in Burbank for discussion at their next videoconference . After the film 's release , Anderson - Lopez was shown an `` explicitly honest '' fan version of the song with very colorful lyrics , and in response , she noted that in the videoconferences she herself had used similarly candid language to describe Elsa 's mindset at that point in the plot : `` After a while , Chris Montan , the head of music at Disney , would be like , ' Whoa , language ! ' '' She also disclosed that Disney Animation 's Chief Creative Officer John Lasseter ( who served as executive producer for Frozen ) was so taken with `` Let It Go '' that he played her original demo of the song in his car for months . Once approved , the song 's piano - vocal score , along with the rest of their work for Frozen , was eventually forwarded to arranger Dave Metzger at his home studio in Salem , Oregon , who orchestrated their work into a lush sound suitable for recording by a full orchestra at the Eastwood Scoring Stage on the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank at the end of July 2013 . The song 's vocal track was recorded separately prior to orchestration at Sunset Sound in Hollywood , with the piano track from the demo playing into Menzel 's headphones . That piano track , played by Lopez himself , was not re-recorded by a session musician at the orchestral recording session ; it is the same piano track heard in the final mix of the song . Character rewrite and film sequence ( edit ) Although unintentional , the song 's composition was pivotal in the film 's characterization of Elsa . Although Elsa was originally written as a villain , co-directors Chris Buck and Lee gradually rewrote Elsa into one of the film 's protagonists after `` Let It Go '' was composed . About that , Lee later explained , `` the minute we heard the song the first time , I knew that I had to rewrite the whole movie . '' Buck further clarified : `` Jen had to go back and rewrite some pages in the first act to build up to that scene ... You have to set it up well enough in advance so that when the song comes , the audience is ready for it and there 's an emotional payoff . '' When it came to animating Elsa 's scenes for the song , Lopez and Anderson - Lopez insisted on the particular detail that Elsa should slam the palace doors on the audience at the song 's end , which they acknowledged was similar to the ending of the Broadway musical Sweeney Todd . Lopez explained that they wanted that feeling of how `` this character does n't need us anymore , '' because he had always loved that feeling `` when a character just kind of malevolently looks at you and slams a door in your face , '' although in the final version , Elsa 's facial expression ended up as more of a `` sly smile '' . According to Lopez , it was the last line at the end , `` the cold never bothered me anyway , '' that was `` our little Avril Lavigne line '' . On December 6 , 2013 , Walt Disney Animation Studios released a video of the entire `` Let It Go '' sequence as seen in the movie , which has over 600 million views as of December 2017 on YouTube . On January 30 , 2014 , a sing - along version of the sequence was released and has received more than 1.3 billion views on YouTube as of December 2017 . Other languages ( edit ) Besides the original English version , Disney Character Voices International arranged for Frozen to be dubbed into another 47 languages and dialects worldwide . A major challenge was to find sopranos capable of matching Menzel 's warm vocal tone and vocal range in their native languages . Rick Dempsey , senior executive at Disney Character Voices International regarded the process as `` exceptionally challenging '' , explaining , `` It 's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music . And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync ! ( It ) ... requires a lot of patience and precision . '' On January 22 , 2014 , Disney released a multi-language version of the `` Let It Go '' musical sequence , which featured vocal performances of 25 different voice actresses who portrayed Elsa in their respective dubbing versions of the film . At the annual meeting of the shareholders of the Walt Disney Company on March 18 , 2014 in Portland , Oregon , chairman and chief executive officer Bob Iger praised the team who did `` an incredible job casting fantastic international talent so that Frozen truly belongs to the world , '' then showed the entire multi-language video clip of `` Let It Go '' to the assembled shareholders . On March 31 , 2014 , an in - studio multi-language video of the song was released , showing singers of 25 different languages recording their versions of `` Let It Go '' . On April 15 , 2014 a studio recording of the multi-language version was released via digital download . In 2015 , a Hindi and an Indonesian version of the movie were aired on Disney Channel . The Indonesian version features a translated pop version of `` Let It Go '' , sung by the ensemble of Indonesian singers Anggun , Chilla Kiana , Regina Ivanova ( id ) , Nowela and Cindy Bernadette . The pop version was released as leading single of We Love Disney , Indonesia ( id ) . On April 15 , 2014 , Walt Disney Records released a compilation album titled Let It Go : The Complete Set , with all 42 foreign - language film versions of `` Let It Go '' and nine end credit versions . In South Korea , the pop version of the song by Hyolyn reached number six on the Gaon Music Chart in February , followed by the film version performed by Hye Na Park ( ko ) charting at number 80 in March . The Japanese versions of the song , performed in the film by Takako Matsu and in the end roll by May J. , reached number 2 and 8 respectively on the Japan Hot 100 after the film 's Japanese release in March 2014 . Matsu 's version was certified million for digital downloads in Japan in May 2014 , and May J. 's version platinum for 250,000 downloads . May J. recorded a rearranged version of the song on her album Heartful Song Covers , which was released on March 26 , 2014 . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages . Namely : Albanian , Arabic , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog . ( hide ) `` Let It Go '' in other languages Language Performer ( s ) Title Translation Arabic نسمة محجوب ( Nesma Mahgoub ) `` أطلقي سـركِ '' ( `` Atlequy Seraki '' ) `` Let Out Your Secret '' Brazilian Portuguese Taryn Szpilman ( pt ) `` Livre Estou '' `` Free I Am '' Bulgarian Надежда Панайотова ( Nadezhda Panayotova ) ( bg ) `` Слагам край '' ( `` Slagam kray '' ) `` I 'm Putting an End '' Cantonese 白珍寶 ( `` Jan - bo Baak '' ; Jobelle Ubalde ) `` 冰心鎖 '' ( `` Bing Sum Soh '' ) `` The Heart - freezing Lock / Lock of the Icy Heart '' Castilian Spanish Gisela `` ¡ Suéltalo ! '' `` Loosen It ! '' Catalan Gisela `` Vol Volar '' `` It Wants to Fly '' Croatian Nataša Belošević Nataša Mirković `` Puštam sve '' `` I 'm Letting Everything Go '' Czech Monika Absolonová `` Najednou '' `` Suddenly '' Danish Maria Lucia Rosenberg `` Lad det ske '' `` Let It Happen '' Dutch Willemijn Verkaik `` Laat Het Los '' `` Let It Go '' Estonian Hanna - Liina Võsa ( et ; es ) `` Olgu Nii '' `` Let It Be '' European Portuguese Ana Margarida Encarnação `` Já Passou '' `` It Has Passed '' Finnish Katja Sirkiä ( fi ) `` Taakse Jää '' `` Leaves Behind '' Flemish Elke Buyle `` Laat Het Los '' `` Let It Go '' French Anaïs Delva ( movie and credits ) `` Libérée , délivrée '' `` Freed , Released '' German Willemijn Verkaik `` Lass jetzt los '' `` Let Go Now '' Greek Σία Κοσκινά ( Sía Koskiná ) ( el ) `` Και ξεχνώ '' ( `` Kai xechnó̱ '' ) `` And I Forget '' Hebrew מונה מור ( Mona Mor ) `` לעזוב '' ( `` La'azov '' ) `` To Let Go '' Hindi सुनिधि चौहान ( Sunidhi Chauhan ) फ़नाह हो ( `` Fanaah Ho '' ) `` It be destroyed '' Hungarian Nikolett Füredi ( hu ) `` Legyen hó ! '' `` Let There Be Snow ! '' Icelandic Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir `` Þetta Er Nóg '' `` This Is Enough '' Indonesian Mikha Sherly Marpaung ( movie ) and Anggun , Chilla Kiana , Regina Ivanova ( id ) , Nowela and Cindy Bernadette ( credits ) `` Lepaskan '' `` Let It Go '' Italian Serena Autieri ( movie ) and Martina Stoessel ( credits ) `` All'alba sorgerò '' `` I Will Rise at Dawn '' Japanese Takako Matsu ( movie ) and May J. ( credits ) `` ありのままで '' ( `` Ari no Mama de '' ) `` As I Am '' Kazakh Айнұр Бермұхамбетова ( Aynur Bermuxambetova ) `` Қанат қақ , қалықта '' ( `` Ķanat ķaķ , ķalyķta '' ) `` Flap your wings and soar '' Korean 박혜 나 ( Park Hye Na ) ( ko ) ( movie ) and 효린 ( Hyolyn ) ( credits ) `` 다 잊어 '' ( `` Da Ijeo '' ) ( movie ) and `` Let It Go '' ( credits ) `` Forget Everything '' ( movie ) and `` Let It Go '' ( credits ) Latin American Spanish Carmen Sarahí ( es ) ( movie ) and Martina Stoessel ( credits ) `` Libre Soy '' `` I 'm Free '' Latvian Jolanta Strikaite `` Lai Nu Snieg '' `` Let It Snow '' Lithuanian Girmantė Vaitkutė ( lt ) `` Tebūnie '' `` Let It Be '' Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh ( movie and credits ) `` Bebaskan '' `` Set It Free '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 胡维纳 ( `` Jalane '' Hu Weina ) ( zh ) ( movie ) and 姚贝娜 ( `` Bella '' Yao Beina ) ( credits ) `` 随它吧 '' ( `` Suí Tā Ba '' ) `` Let It Be '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 林芯儀 ( `` Shennio '' Lin Hsin - yi ) ( zh ) `` 放開手 '' ( `` Fàng Kāi Shǒu '' ) `` Let Go '' Norwegian Lisa Stokke `` La den gå '' `` Let It Go '' Polish Katarzyna Łaska `` Mam tę moc '' `` I Have this Power '' Romanian Dalma Kovács `` S-a întâmplat '' `` It Happened '' Russian Анна Бутурлина ( Anna Buturlina ) ( ru ) ( movie ) and Юлия Довганишина ( Yuliya Dovganishina ) ( credits ) `` Отпусти и забудь '' ( `` Otpusti i zabud ' '' ) `` Let It Go and Forget '' Serbian Jelena Gavrilović `` Sad je kraj '' `` Now It 's the End '' Slovak Andrea Somorovská `` Von to dám '' `` I 'll Let it Out '' Slovene Nuška Drašček Rojko ( sl ) `` Zaživim '' `` I Come to Life '' Swedish Annika Herlitz `` Slå dig fri '' `` Break Free '' Thai วิ ช ญาณี เปีย กลิ่น ( Wichayahnee Piaglin ) ( th ) `` ปล่อย มัน ไป '' ( `` Ploy - Mun - Pai '' ) `` Let It Go '' Turkish Begüm Günceler `` Aldırma '' `` Do n't Mind It '' Ukrainian Шаніс ( Shanis ) `` Все одно '' ( `` Vse odno '' ) `` Does n't Matter '' Vietnamese Dương Hoàng Yến ( vi ; es ) `` Hãy bước đi '' `` Step Ahead '' Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) `` Let It Go '' received widespread acclaim from film critics , music critics , and audiences , with some comparing it favorably to `` Defying Gravity '' ( also performed by Idina Menzel ) from the Broadway musical Wicked . The Rochester City Newspaper called it the best song of the film 's soundtrack , writing ; `` Performed with belty gusto by Idina Menzel , it 's got every element needed to be a lasting favorite . ( ... ) Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker described the song as `` an incredible anthem of liberation '' while Joe Dziemianowicz of New York Daily News called it `` a stirring tribute to girl power and the need to ' let go ' of fear and shame '' . On the other hand , Jim DeRogatis and Greg Kot of the radio show Sound Opinions criticized the song ; DeRogatis labeled it `` schlock '' , and Kot described it as a `` clichéd piece of fluff that you would have heard on a Broadway soundtrack from maybe the fifties or the sixties '' . By spring 2014 , many journalists had observed that after watching Frozen , numerous young children in the United States were becoming unusually obsessed with the film 's music , and with `` Let It Go '' in particular . Columnist Yvonne Abraham of The Boston Globe called the song `` musical crack '' which `` sends kids into altered states . '' A similar phenomenon was described in the United Kingdom , where Lorraine Candy , editor - in - chief of Elle UK , wrote of a `` musical epidemic sweeping the nation , relentlessly gathering up every child ... in its cult - like grip '' . Passenger , the singer - songwriter who rose to fame with the 2012 hit single `` Let Her Go '' , admitted in an August 2016 interview on The Project that his single is frequently confused with `` Let It Go . '' As a result , he `` always '' receives song requests for the latter , even though it is not his song . In November 2017 , Chilean pop singer Jaime Ciero sued Disney , Idina Menzel , and Demi Lovato , claiming that `` Let It Go '' was extremely similar to his 2008 song `` Volar '' . Perceived parallels ( edit ) Some viewers outside the film industry , including one evangelical pastor and commentators , believe that the film is a promotion for the normalization of homosexuality , while others have argued that the character of Elsa is a representation of positive LGBT youth and the song is a metaphor for coming out . The LGBT community , however , had a mixed reaction to these claims . When Frozen co-director Jennifer Lee was asked about the purported gay undertones , she stated that the film 's meaning was open to interpretation `` I feel like once we hand the film over , it belongs to the world , so I do n't like to say anything , and let the fans talk . I think it 's up to them . '' Lee added that the film 's meaning was also inevitably going to be interpreted within the cultural context of being made in the year 2013 . Another interpretation for the song is that it promotes self - affirmation for people on the autism spectrum . Co-writer Kristen Andersen - Lopez has stated that her younger brother has autistic traits and that inspired the song insofar as it deals with the concept of having a `` special sibling . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Frozen ( 2013 film ) `` Let It Go '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 86th Academy Awards , where a shortened rendition of the show - tune version was performed live by Menzel ; with the award , Robert Lopez became the 12th person , and by far the quickest ( 10 years ) , to win an Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony in their career . Awards Award Category Result Academy Awards Best Original Song Won Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Original Song Won Denver Film Critics Society Best Original Song Won Satellite Awards Best Original Song Nominated Radio Disney Music Awards Favorite Song from a Movie or TV Show Won Billboard Music Awards Top Streaming Song ( Video ) Nominated Single Releases ( edit ) Demi Lovato version ( edit ) `` Let It Go '' Single by Demi Lovato from the album Frozen and Demi ( Deluxe ) Released October 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 47 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Producer ( s ) Emanuel Kiriakou Andrew Goldstein Demi Lovato singles chronology `` Made in the USA '' ( 2013 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2013 ) `` Neon Lights '' ( 2013 ) `` Made in the USA '' ( 2013 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2013 ) `` Neon Lights '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Let It Go '' on YouTube The decision to release a single for `` Let It Go '' was made after the song was written and was presented to Disney . Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez selected American singer and former Disney Channel star Demi Lovato , who also appears on Disney 's Hollywood Records roster , to cover the song on the soundtrack album . It was included in the deluxe edition of Demi . The Demi Lovato version was officially covered in nine other languages , eight of which are included into `` Let It Go the Complete Set '' : French , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Malaysian , Mandarin Chinese ( China 's version ) , Spanish ( Latin American version ) and Russian . The Indonesian pop version was released as leading single of We Love Disney , Indonesia ( id ) . ( show ) All end credits versions of `` Let It Go '' Language Performer ( s ) Title Translation Chinese Mandarin 姚贝娜 ( `` Bella '' Yao Beina ) `` 随它吧 '' ( `` Suí Tā Ba '' ) `` Let It Be '' English Demi Lovato `` Let it Go '' French Anaïs Delva `` Libérée , délivrée '' `` Freed , Released '' Indonesian Anggun , Chilla Kiana , Regina Ivanova ( id ) , Nowela and Cindy Bernadette `` Lepaskan '' `` Let It Go '' Italian Martina Stoessel `` All'alba sorgerò '' `` I Will Rise at Dawn '' Japanese May J . `` ありのままで '' ( `` Ari no Mama de '' ) `` As I Am '' Korean 효린 ( Hyolyn ) `` Let It Go '' Latin American Spanish Martina Stoessel `` Libre Soy '' `` I 'm Free '' Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh `` Bebaskan '' `` Set It Free '' Russian Юлия Довганишина ( Yuliya Dovganishina ) `` Отпусти и забудь '' ( `` Otpusti i zabud ' '' ) `` Let It Go and Forget '' Background , release , and composition ( edit ) Anderson - Lopez said that Lovato was chosen because of the singer 's own personal life ; `` She had a past that she 's pretty open about that is similar to Elsa 's journey of letting a dark past and fear behind and moving forward with your power . '' Lovato indeed identified herself with the song 's context , stating `` It 's so relatable . Elsa is finding her identity ; she 's growing into who she is and she 's finally accepting her own strength and magical powers . Instead of hiding it , like she 's done all her life , she 's letting it go and embracing it . '' Lovato 's cover version was released as a single by Walt Disney Records on October 21 , 2013 . While Menzel 's version is performed in the key of A-flat major and a tempo of 137 beats per minute , Lovato 's version is performed in the key of G major and a tempo of 140 beats per minute , with her vocal range spanning between G and E. In this version , the line `` Let the storm rage on '' is omitted from the chorus , along with its unusual accompanying chord progression , and an extra `` Let it go '' is substituted in its place . Music video ( edit ) The music video was released on November 1 , 2013 . It was directed by Declan Whitebloom . The video opens with Lovato sitting on the floor of an abandoned mansion lined with marble floors and dotted with furniture covered with white sheets . During the video she is wearing a black period - inspired cloak dress . She can then be seen playing a grand piano . The scenes inside the mansion are interwoven with images and clips from Frozen . Towards the end of the song , Lovato re-emerges wearing a cream - colored gown and the room seems to be new again , with the sheets thrown away revealing brightly embellished furniture . Live performances ( edit ) Lovato performed the song on several occasions . Lovato first performed the track at the 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade . On November 13 , 2014 , she performed the song at the 2014 Royal Variety Performance . The song was also a part of Lovato 's setlist for The Neon Lights Tour and the Demi World Tour . On May 2015 , she performed the song for 2nd Indonesian Choice Awards . Weekly Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( ABPD ) 31 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 26 France ( SNEP ) 131 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 65 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 70 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Philippines ( PARI ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 32 South Korea ( Gaon ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 60 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 42 US Billboard Hot 100 38 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 27 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 0 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 1,100,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Idina Menzel version ( edit ) `` Let It Go '' Remix cover Single by Idina Menzel from the album Frozen Released January 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Show tune Length 3 : 45 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Producer ( s ) Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Christophe Beck Chris Montan Tom MacDougall Idina Menzel singles chronology `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2014 ) `` You Learn to Live Without '' ( 2014 ) `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2014 ) `` You Learn to Live Without '' ( 2014 ) Menzel 's version was a single release , being promoted to adult contemporary radio by Walt Disney Records in January 2014 . Disney 's music division planned to release Lovato 's version of the song before Menzel 's , as they did not consider Menzel 's version a traditional pop song . It is the first song from a Disney animated musical to reach the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 since 1995 , when Vanessa L. Williams ' `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas peaked at number four on the chart . The song is also Menzel 's first single to reach the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making her the first Tony Award winner for acting to ever reach the top 10 . The song was the ninth best - selling song of 2014 in the United States with 3.37 million copies sold in that year . As of December 2014 , the song has sold 3.5 million copies in the US . It is now the biggest - selling foreign song from any original soundtrack in South Korea as of March 12 , 2014 . A remix EP was released digitally by Walt Disney Records on May 19 , 2014 . The EP features four remixes by Dave Audé , Papercha $ er , DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio and Corbin Hayes . Armin van Buuren produced another remix of the song for the remix album , Dconstructed . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Let It Go '' ( Dave Audé Club Remix ) 5 : 48 2 . `` Let It Go '' ( Papercha $ er Club Remix ) 4 : 51 3 . `` Let It Go '' ( DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio Club Remix ) 8 : 26 4 . `` Let It Go '' ( Corbin Hayes Remix ) 6 : 48 Total length : 25 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 55 Brazil Hot 100 ( Billboard Brasil ) 91 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 18 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 34 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 67 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 South Korea ( Gaon ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 79 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Italian version , performed by Serena Autieri Gold 15,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 South Korea None 1,737,107 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 810,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 3,500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Many cover versions have been recorded internationally . In February 2014 , Alex Boyé recorded a light Africanized tribal cover of the song , featuring the One Voice Children 's Choir and Lexi Walker as Elsa . The Piano Guys ' cover version mixes parts of Antonio Vivaldi 's Concerto No. 4 in F minor , Op. 8 , RV 297 , `` L'inverno '' ( Winter ) from The Four Seasons into the original . The music videos of both covers were filmed in the ice castles in Midway , Utah . In March 2014 , Brian Hull recorded a cover of the song while impersonating various Disney characters such as Winnie the Pooh , Tigger , Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse and Goofy . Norwegian YouTube singer Per Fredrik Pellek Asly or `` PelleK '' , covered a power metal version of the Lovato version of the song on December 16 , 2013 , collecting more than 4 million views . In February 2014 , a parody YouTuber by the name of Malinda Kathleen Reese used Google Translate to translate the song 's lyrics from multiple languages to English , revealing expected humorous mistranslations , with lines such as `` Let us very angry '' and `` Give up , tune in , slam the door . '' It has been alleged by some commentators that one of the promotional songs for the 2022 Winter Olympics , `` The Snow and Ice Dance , '' has suspicious similarities with `` Let It Go . '' A Chinese media outlet cited technical analysis of the two songs : Both songs employ a piano as the major instrument , have similar prelude chords and an eight - beat introduction , and they run at almost exactly the same tempo . 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Philippine Association of the Record Industry . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Let It Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Demi Lovato -- Let It Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . 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Yet Frozen took forever to develop -- and that was part of Disney 's marketing plan . A few weeks before the album made its debut last November 25th , the company 's music division put out reliable pop star Demi Lovato 's version of `` Let It Go '' -- and it barely earned any radio play . But somewhere around early January , the album hit a tipping point , shortly after Disney began pushing the version by Idina Menzel , who plays Elsa in the animated film . `` You do n't really want to go out ( first ) with a clip of the film , '' says Ken Bunt , president of the Disney Music Group . `` The idea was to go out with the Demi version and follow up with the Idina version . It 's a non-traditional pop song for radio . We 've been working it for a while , but radio is realizing , ' This is an undeniable song . ' '' Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Let It Go ' Helps Idina Menzel Make Hot 100 History '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Idina Menzel -- Let It Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Serena Autieri -- All'alba sorgerò '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List - May 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Idina Menzel -- Let It Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Chart International Digital Chart - 2014 '' ( in Korean and English ) . Gaon Music Chart . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Idina Menzel -- Let It Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Enter Let It Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Little Mix hold No. 1 spot on albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Idina Menzel -- Let It Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Plays It Cool With ' Frozen ' Frenzy on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ICYMI : The Frozen `` Let It Go '' Cover Everyone Is Talking About `` . Time . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ong , Larry ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Alex Boyé 's Africanized ' Let It Go ' is Awesome ! Here Are 5 Equally Epic Africanized Songs '' . Epoch Times . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lin , Joseph C. ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking of the 11 Best Covers of ' Let It Go ' From Frozen '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenner , Kari ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` From the web : The Piano Guys melt hearts with their new Disney / Vivaldi mash - up '' . Daily Herald . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man sings Let it Go in voices of Disney and Pixar characters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . March 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LET IT GO -- PelleK singing song from Frozen '' > Asly , Pellek . `` DEMI LOVATO -- LET IT GO ( FROZEN ) ( Metal Cover ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Cate ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Let It Go ' According To Google Translate Is A Hilarious Mess '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Didi Kirsten Tatlow ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` To Some , Beijing Olympics Song Is Suspiciously Similar to Ballad From Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jiang , Steven ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Is China 's 2022 Winter Olympics song too much like ' Frozen 's ' ' Let It Go ' ? '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Disney 's Frozen `` Let It Go '' Sequence Performed by Idina Menzel on YouTube ( on official Walt Disney Animation Studios channel ) Disney Sing - Along on YouTube ( on Disney UK 's official channel ) Lyrics of Idina Menzel 's version at MetroLyrics Links to related articles Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Category Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music & Lyrics : Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media `` Somewhere Out There '' ( 1988 ) `` Two Hearts '' ( 1989 ) `` Let the River Run '' ( 1990 ) `` Under the Sea '' ( 1991 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' ( 1992 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1995 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' ( 1996 ) `` Because You Loved Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1999 ) `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 2000 ) `` When She Loved Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Boss of Me '' ( 2002 ) `` If I Did n't Have You '' ( 2003 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' ( 2004 ) `` Into the West '' ( 2005 ) `` Believe '' ( 2006 ) `` Our Town '' ( 2007 ) `` Love You I Do '' ( 2008 ) `` Down to Earth '' ( 2009 ) `` Jai Ho '' ( 2010 ) `` The Weary Kind '' ( 2011 ) `` I See the Light '' ( 2012 ) `` Safe & Sound '' ( 2013 ) `` Skyfall '' ( 2014 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2015 ) `` Glory '' ( 2016 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( 2017 ) Idina Menzel Filmography Discography Studio albums Still I Ca n't Be Still Here I Stand Holiday Wishes Idina Live albums Live : Barefoot at the Symphony Singles `` Defying Gravity '' `` Brave '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Poker Face '' `` Let It Go '' Featured songs `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` One Short Day '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` For Good '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Concert tours Still I Ca n't Be Still Tour I Stand tour Barefoot at the Symphony Tour Idina Menzel : Live at Radio City Idina Menzel : World Tour Idina 2017 world tour Related articles Taye Diggs Book Demi Lovato songs Discography Do n't Forget `` La La Land '' `` Get Back '' `` Do n't Forget '' Here We Go Again `` Here We Go Again '' `` Remember December '' Unbroken `` Fix a Heart '' `` Give Your Heart a Break '' `` Skyscraper '' `` For the Love of a Daughter '' Demi `` Heart Attack '' `` Made in the USA '' `` Neon Lights '' `` Nightingale '' `` Really Do n't Care '' Confident `` Confident '' `` Cool for the Summer '' `` Stone Cold '' `` Waitin for You '' Tell Me You Love Me `` Sorry Not Sorry '' `` Tell Me You Love Me '' Songs as a featured artist `` We Rock '' `` We 'll Be a Dream '' `` Somebody to You '' `` Up '' `` Irresistible '' `` Without a Fight '' `` No Promises '' `` Instruction '' Other songs `` This Is Me '' `` Send It On '' `` Gift of a Friend '' `` Make a Wave '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Me , Myself and Time '' `` My Song for You '' `` Heart by Heart '' `` Let It Go '' `` Body Say '' `` Échame la Culpa '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_It_Go_(Disney_song)&oldid=818117680 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2013 singles 2013 songs 2014 singles American songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Demi Lovato songs Idina Menzel songs Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Emanuel Kiriakou Songs from animated films Songs from Frozen ( 2013 film ) Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Robert Lopez Songs written by Kristen Anderson - Lopez Walt Disney Records singles Gaon Digital Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Use American English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings let it go in the film frozen	[ "\"Let It Go\" is a song from Disney's 2013 animated feature film Frozen, whose music and lyrics were composed by husband-and-wife songwriting team Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song was performed in its original show-tune version in the film by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa. Anderson-Lopez and Lopez also composed a simplified pop version (with shorter lyrics and background chorus) which was performed by actress and singer Demi Lovato over the start of the film's closing credits. A music video was separately released for the pop version." ]	[ "Idina Menzel" ]
-7826369023166006151	Carbon nanotube computer	Carbon nanotube computer - Wikipedia Carbon nanotube computer Part of a series of articles on Nanotechnology History Organizations Popular culture Outline Impact and applications Nanomedicine Nanotoxicology Green nanotechnology Hazards Regulation Nanomaterials Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Nanoparticles Molecular self - assembly Self - assembled monolayer Supramolecular assembly DNA nanotechnology Nanoelectronics Molecular scale electronics Nanolithography Nanometrology Atomic force microscopy Scanning tunneling microscope Electron microscope Super resolution microscopy Nanotribology Molecular nanotechnology Molecular assembler Nanorobotics Mechanosynthesis Molecular engineering Nanotechnology portal Carbon nanotube computer refers to a computer built entirely using carbon nanotubes based transistors . Researchers from Stanford University said that they had successfully built a carbon nanotube computer and their research paper published on 25 September 2013 in the journal Nature . They named their first carbon nanotube computer Cedric . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carbon nanotube computer '' . Nature . 501 : 526 -- 530 . 25 September 2013 . doi : 10.1038 / nature12502 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First computer made of carbon nanotubes is unveiled '' . BBC . 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Build a Working Carbon Nanotube Computer '' . NY Times . 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists create first carbon nanotube computer '' . Washingtonpost. 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . This computer hardware article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_nanotube_computer&oldid=863111440 '' Categories : Carbon nanotubes Stanford University Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area 2013 in computer science Computer hardware stubs Talk About Wikipedia Italiano മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 19 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did scientists build the first nanotube computer	[ "Carbon nanotube computer refers to a computer built entirely using carbon nanotubes based transistors.[1][2] Researchers from Stanford University said that they had successfully built a carbon nanotube computer and their research paper published on 25 September 2013 in the journal Nature.[3] They named their first carbon nanotube computer Cedric.[4]\n" ]	[ "Stanford University" ]
-3643244623869737251	The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe	The Chronicles of Narnia : the Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe - Wikipedia The Chronicles of Narnia : the Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Jump to : navigation , search For the novel by C.S. Lewis , see The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe . For other uses , see The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( disambiguation ) . The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Adamson Produced by Mark Johnson Phillip Steuer Screenplay by Ann Peacock Andrew Adamson Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis Starring Georgie Henley Skandar Keynes William Moseley Anna Popplewell Tilda Swinton James McAvoy Jim Broadbent Liam Neeson Music by Harry Gregson - Williams Cinematography Donald McAlpine Edited by Sim Evan - Jones Production company Walden Media Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) ( Royal Film Performance ) December 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 08 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 145 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $180 million Box office $745 million The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 British - American high fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson and based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , the first published and second chronological novel in C.S. Lewis 's children 's epic fantasy series , The Chronicles of Narnia . It was co-produced by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures . William Moseley , Anna Popplewell , Skandar Keynes and Georgie Henley play Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy , four British children evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside , who find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia . There they ally with the Lion Aslan ( voiced by Liam Neeson ) against the forces of Jadis , the White Witch ( Tilda Swinton ) . The film was released on December 9 , 2005 , in both Europe and North America to positive reviews and was highly successful at the box office grossing more than $745 million worldwide , making it 2005 's third most successful film . It won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Makeup and various other awards . An Extended Edition was released on December 12 , 2006 , and was only made available on DVD until January 31 , 2007 , when it was discontinued . It was the best selling DVD in North America in 2006 taking in $332.7 million that year . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was the first of three adaptations of C.S. Lewis ' series thus far released , and was followed by Prince Caspian in 2008 and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader in 2010 . The three films have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Release 4.2 Box office 4.3 United States and Canada 4.4 Critical reception 4.5 Accolades 5 DVD and Blu - ray release 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the London suburb of Finchley , the Pevensie children , Peter , Susan , Edmund and Lucy , are endangered by a Second World War attack of German bombers by Nazi Germany 's Luftwaffe . They are then evacuated to the country home of Professor Digory Kirke , who is not accustomed to having children in his house , as Mrs Macready , the strict housekeeper , explains . While the Pevensies are playing hide - and - seek , Lucy discovers a wardrobe and enters a wintry fantasy world called Narnia . Seeing a lamppost , Lucy encounters the faun Mr. Tumnus , who explains the land she has entered and invites her to his home . He puts Lucy to sleep by playing a lullaby on his flute . When Lucy wakes up , she finds Tumnus grieving , and he explains that Jadis , the White Witch , has cursed Narnia and it has been winter for 100 years . If a human is encountered they are to be brought to her . Tumnus can not bring himself to kidnap Lucy , so he sends her home . When she returns to Professor Kirke 's house , hardly any time has passed in the normal world ; her siblings do not believe her story , and when they look in the wardrobe to see only a normal back . One night , Edmund follows Lucy into the wardrobe . He enters Narnia as well , and after searching for Lucy he meets the White Witch , who claims to be Queen of Narnia . She offers him Turkish Delight as well as the prospect of becoming king and having power over his siblings if he brings them to her castle . After she departs , Edmund and Lucy meet again and return ; Lucy tells Peter and Susan what happened , but unfortunately , Edmund lies . Professor Kirke talks with Peter and Susan and suggests she is telling the truth , though they are unconvinced . While running away from Mrs. Macready after accidentally breaking a window , the four siblings retreat to the wardrobe and enter Narnia . They discover Mr. Tumnus has been taken by the Witch , and meet Mr. and Mrs. Beaver , who tell them about Aslan . According to the beavers , Aslan intends to take control of Narnia from the Witch . The four must help Aslan ; it has been prophesied that if two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve sit in the four thrones , the White Witch 's reign will end . Edmund sneaks off to visit the Witch . When he arrives at her castle , she is angry that he did not deliver his siblings . The Witch sends wolves to hunt down the children and the beavers , who barely escape . Edmund is chained in the Witch 's dungeon , where he meets Tumnus . The Witch demands that Edmund reveal where his siblings are . After Tumnus claims that Edmund does not know anything , The Witch tells Mr. Tumnus that Edmund betrayed him , then turns Tumnus to stone . While Peter , Lucy , Susan and the beavers travel , they hide from what they believe to be the White Witch . It is really Father Christmas , a sign that the Witch 's reign is ending . Father Christmas gives Lucy a healing cordial , a drop of which will bring back to life anyone injured , and a dagger to defend herself . Susan receives a bow and arrows and a magical horn that will summon help when blown , and Peter a sword and shield . After evading wolves led by Maugrim , the group reaches Aslan 's camp . Aslan is revealed as a huge and noble lion who promises to help Edmund . Later , two wolves ambush Lucy and Susan . When Peter intervenes , Maugrim attacks him , and Peter kills him . Some of Aslan 's troops follow the other wolf to the witch 's camp and rescue Edmund . Peter is knighted by Aslan . The White Witch journeys to Aslan 's camp and claims Edmund , but Aslan secretly offers to sacrifice himself instead . That night , as Lucy and Susan covertly watch , Aslan is killed by the White Witch . In the morning he is resurrected because `` there is a magic deeper still the Witch does not know '' . Aslan takes Susan and Lucy to the Witch 's castle , where he frees the prisoners that the White Witch turned to stone . Edmund persuades Peter to lead Aslan 's army to fight the White Witch 's forces . To stop the Witch from attacking and killing Peter , Edmund attacks the White Witch and destroys her wand , but is gravely wounded by her . As the Witch fights Peter , Aslan arrives with reinforcements and kills her . After Edmund is revived by Lucy 's cordial , the Pevensies become Kings and Queens . Fifteen years later , the Pevensie children have grown into young men and women . While chasing a white stag through the forest , they encounter the lamppost that Lucy saw on her first trip to Narnia . They make their way through trees , suddenly tumbling out of the wardrobe at the same time and day they left , becoming children again . Lucy later attempts to return to Narnia via the wardrobe , but Professor Kirke tells her he has tried for many years , and they will probably return to Narnia when they least expect it . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members William Moseley as Peter Pevensie , the eldest of the four Pevensie children . Noah Huntley as the adult Peter Pevensie , who has grown up as a king in Narnia . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie , the second eldest child of the four Pevensie children . Sophie Winkleman as the adult Susan Pevensie , who has grown up as a queen in Narnia . Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie , the third of the four Pevensie children . Mark Wells as the adult Edmund Pevensie , who has grown up as a king in Narnia . Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie , the youngest of the four Pevensie children . Rachael Henley as the adult Lucy Pevensie , who has grown up as a queen in Narnia . Liam Neeson voices Aslan , the great lion who was responsible for creating Narnia . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch , who holds Narnia under an eternal winter without Christmas or Spring or Summer . James McAvoy as Mr. Tumnus , a faun who at first works for the White Witch , but befriends Lucy Pevensie and joins Aslan 's forces . Ray Winstone voices Mr. Beaver , a beaver who helps lead the children to Aslan . Dawn French voices Mrs. Beaver , a beaver who helps lead the children to Aslan . Kiran Shah as Ginarrbrik , the White Witch 's servant dwarf . Jim Broadbent as Professor Digory Kirke , an old professor . He lets the children stay at his country estate during the war . Elizabeth Hawthorne as Mrs. Macready , Kirke 's strict housekeeper . James Cosmo as Father Christmas . He gives Peter , Susan , and Lucy their Christmas gifts . Michael Madsen as the voice of Maugrim , a wolf who is captain of the White Witch 's secret police . Patrick Kake as Oreius , a centaur who is second - in - command of Aslan 's army . Shane Rangi as General Otmin , a minotaur who is second - in - command of the White Witch 's army . Morris Cupton as Train Guard , the guard of the train Peter , Susan , Edmund and Lucy ride . Judy McIntosh as Helen Pevensie , the mother of the four Pevensie children . Rupert Everett as the voice of Mr. Fox , a fox who helps the children along their way to Aslan . Cameron Rhodes as the voice of a Gryphon who helps Peter in the war . Producer Philip Steuer voices Phillip , Edmund 's talking horse . The radio - announcer that Peter listens to on the rainy day near the beginning of the film is played by Douglas Gresham , co-producer of the movie and C.S. Lewis 's stepson . Keynes ' voice broke during filming , so some of his voice track had to be re-looped by his sister Soumaya . Mr. Pevensie is only glimpsed in a photo which Edmund tries to retrieve during the bombing , which is of Sim - Evan Jones ' father . With the exception of Tilda Swinton , who was the first choice to play Jadis , the White Witch , casting was a long process . Beginning in 2002 , Adamson went through 2500 audition tapes , met 1800 children and workshopped 400 before coming down to the final four actors for the Pevensies . Moseley and Popplewell came from the very start of casting , whilst Henley and Keynes were cast relatively late . Moseley was cast because casting director Pippa Hall remembered she cast him as an extra in a 1998 dramatization of Cider with Rosie . He quit school to learn all his lines and beat 3000 boys to the role of Peter . Aslan 's voice was a contention point . Brian Cox was originally cast in the role on December 9 , 2004 , but Adamson changed his mind . Liam Neeson sought out the role , and was announced as the voice on July 17 , 2005 . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) During the early 1990s , producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were planning a film version . They could not find a space in Britain to shoot the film during 1996 , and their plans to set the film in modern times made Douglas Gresham oppose the film , in addition to his feeling that technology had yet to catch up . Perry Moore began negotiations with the C.S. Lewis Estate in 2000 . On December 7 , 2001 , Walden Media announced that they had acquired the rights to The Chronicles of Narnia . The success of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone prompted the producers to feel they could make a faithful adaptation of the novel set in Britain . `` Harry Potter came along , and all those cultural or geographical lines were broken , '' Mark Johnson explained . `` When The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe was being developed at Paramount , the imperative was to set it in the U.S. , and it just does n't hold . ( ... ) It 's not the book . '' Guillermo del Toro turned down the offer to direct due to his commitment on Pan 's Labyrinth . Following an Academy Award win for Shrek , director Andrew Adamson began adapting the source material with a 20 - page treatment based on his memories of the book . As such the film begins with the Luftwaffe bombing and concludes with an enormous battle , although they do not take up as much time in the novel . In the novel , the battle is not seen until Aslan , Susan , Lucy and their reinforcements arrive . This was changed in the movie because Adamson said he could vividly remember a huge battle , an example of how Lewis left a lot to the readers ' imagination . Other small changes include the reason all four children come to Narnia , in that an accident breaks a window and forces them to hide . Tumnus also never meets Edmund until the end in the novel . Minor details were added to the Pevensies , such as their mother 's name , Helen , being the actual first name of Georgie Henley 's mother . Finchley as the home of the Pevensies was inspired by Anna Popplewell , who actually is from Finchley . Adamson also changed the circumstances in which Lucy first comes into Narnia . He felt it was more natural that she first see the wardrobe while looking for a hide - and - seek hiding place , rather than just chance upon it exploring the house . The film also hints at Professor Kirke 's role in The Magician 's Nephew , such as the engravings on the wardrobe , when it is a simple one in the novel , and the Professor 's surprise and intrigue when Peter and Susan mention Lucy 's discovery in the wardrobe . When Lewis wrote the novel , it was the first of the series and the back - story later outlined by the subsequent books in the series did not exist . Additionally in the novel , the father of the Pevensie children is in London with their mother , but in the film , their father is fighting in the war as Lucy states to Mr. Tumnus when they first meet in Narnia . Weta Workshop head Richard Taylor cited Hieronymus Bosch 's The Garden of Earthly Delights as an inspiration on the film . He felt Narnia had to be less dark and gritty than their depiction of Middle - earth in The Lord of the Rings because it is a new world . Many of Weta 's creature designs were designed for digital creation , so when Howard Berger and KNB FX inherited the practical effects work , they had to spend three months retooling approved designs for animatronics . Berger 's children would comment and advise upon his designs ; they suggested the White Witch 's hair be changed from black to blonde , which Berger concurred with as he realized Swinton 's wig looked too Gothic . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in New Zealand on June 28 , 2004 , shooting in primarily chronological order . Adamson did this in order to naturally create a sense of mature development from his young actors , which mirrored their real life development . Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes were never shown the set before filming scenes of their characters entering Narnia , nor had Henley seen James McAvoy in his Mr. Tumnus costume before shooting their scenes together . The first scene shot was at the disused Hobsonville Air Base for the railway scene . Afterwards , they shot the Blitz scene , which Adamson called their first formal day of shooting . The filmmakers asked permission to bring in twelve reindeer to New Zealand to pull the Ice Queen 's sled . The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry denied , citing the potentially deadly Q fever from which the North American reindeer population suffers as the reason . However , ten wolves and wolf hybrids were allowed in for filming in Auckland . To replace the denied live reindeer Mark Rappaport 's Creature Effects , Inc. created four animatronic reindeer that were used in shots where the deer were standing in place . The reindeer were designed with replaceable skins to get the most usage ; brown for Father Christmas 's and white for those of the White Witch . The cast and crew spent their time in New Zealand in Auckland before moving in November to the South Island . Shooting locations on the South Island included the area known as Elephant Rocks near Duntroon in North Otago , which was transformed into Aslan 's camp . The castle scene was filmed in Purakaunui Bay , in The Catlins district , not far from the most southern point in New Zealand . They filmed in the Czech Republic ( Prague and National Park České Švýcarsko ) , Slovenia and Poland after the Christmas break , before wrapping in February . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( soundtrack ) and Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The soundtrack was composed by Harry Gregson - Williams . Gregson - Williams had previously worked with Adamson on Shrek ( 2001 ) and Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) . In addition there are three original songs in the film ; Ca n't Take It In by Imogen Heap , Wunderkind by Alanis Morissette and Winter Light by Tim Finn . Evanescence lead singer Amy Lee also wrote a song for the film , but it was not included in the soundtrack . The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , London , England , and in Los Angeles , CA . Gregson - Williams employed the 75 - piece Hollywood Studio Symphony Orchestra , along with a 140 - member choir ( mostly members of The Bach Choir ) and numerous other solo musicians such as electric violinist Hugh Marsh and vocalist Lisbeth Scott ( at his Wavecrest Studio ) . He composed the original score and then spent late September through early November 2005 conducting the Hollywood Orchestra and overseeing the recording of the English choir . For `` colour '' , he employed instruments used in ancient folk music , and to underscore critical dramatic moments , he added choral textures and , occasionally , a solo voice . The score includes instances of electronic music . The soundtrack received two Golden Globe Award nominations : `` Best Original Score '' and `` Best Original Song '' ( for `` Wunderkind '' ) . EMI also released a compilation soundtrack entitled Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was released on September 2005 . The album features songs by Contemporary Christian music artists , such as Bethany Dillon , Kutless , and Nichole Nordeman . It released Waiting For The World To Fall by Jars of Clay as a single . The album went on to win the Special Event Album of the Year at the GMA Music Awards . Reception ( edit ) Release ( edit ) On December 7 , 2005 , the film premiered in London , going on general release the following day . The film was released December 8 , 2005 , in the United Kingdom and December 9 , 2005 , in North America and the rest of Europe . Box Office ( edit ) Worldwide , Narnia earned $745,013,115 marking it the 55th highest - grossing film of all - time worldwide . It had a worldwide opening of $107.1 million , marking Disney 's fifth largest opening worldwide ( at the time it was the largest ) . It is the third - largest movie worldwide among those released in 2005 and it currently still remains the highest - grossing movie of the Narnia franchise worldwide , and separately in North America and overseas . Finally , it is also the most successful film of Walden Media worldwide . United states and canada ( edit ) First Lady of the United States Laura Bush hosts a screening of the film at the White House The film opened with $23,006,856 in 3,616 theatres on its opening day ( Friday , December 9 , 2005 ) , averaging $6,363 per location . The film took in a total of $65,556,312 on its opening weekend ( December 9 -- 11 , 2005 ) , the 24th best opening weekend at the time ( now 54th ) . It was also Disney 's third largest opening weekend at the time ( now the 8th largest ) as well as the second biggest December opening , behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . It is now fourth following the 2012 opening of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , the 2007 release of I Am Legend , and the 2009 release of Avatar as well . Additionally , it made the third largest opening weekend of 2005 . It grossed $291,710,957 in total becoming the second highest - grossing film of 2005 behind Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . It surpassed the gross of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by only $1.7 million , although the latter grossed $895.9 million worldwide , ahead of The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe . It is the highest - grossing film of the 2005 holiday period , the second highest grossing Christian film , the 6th largest family -- children 's book adaptation , the 9th highest - grossing fantasy -- live action film and the 10th highest - grossing film overall in Disney company history . Finally , it is the largest film of Walden Media worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 45 million tickets in North America . Critical reception ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 76 % ( 209 reviews ) 75 ( 39 reviews ) The film received positive reviews from critics , with a 76 % `` certified fresh '' on Rotten Tomatoes and 159 of the listed 209 reviews are positive , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . Metacritic gives the movie a 75 out of 100 , based on 39 reviews . Critic Roger Ebert also gave the film 3 out of 4 stars . Ebert and Roeper gave the movie `` Two Thumbs Up '' . Movie critic Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 out of four stars , calling it , `` an impressive and worthwhile family film , '' though he also said , `` it does go on a bit and the special effects are extremely variable . '' Duane Dudak of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars . Stuart Klawans of The Nation said , `` All ticket buyers will get their money 's worth . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave it 4 out of 4 stars and said : `` A generation - spanning journey that feels both comfortingly familiar and excitingly original . '' Critic Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle listed it as the second best film of the year . Kit Bowen ( Hollywood.com ) gives this film 3 out of 4 stars . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . However , John Anderson from Newsday , reacted negatively to the film , stating , `` ... there 's a deliberateness , a fastidiousness and a lack of daring and vision that marks the entire operation . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe won several awards including the Academy Award for Makeup ; the BeliefNet Film Award for Best Spiritual film ; the Movieguide Faith & Values Awards : Most Inspiring Movie of 2005 and Best Family Movie of 2005 ; and the CAMIE ( Character and Morality In Entertainment ) Award . Others include the British Academy Film Awards for Makeup and Hair and Orange Rising Star ( James McAvoy ) ; Outstanding Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media ; the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role ( Georgie Henley , Female ) ; the Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Fantasy Film ( Isis Mussenden ) ; and the Saturn Award for Costumes ( Isis Mussenden ) and Make - up ( Howard Berger , Greg Nicotero , and Nikki Gooley ) . Georgie Henley , in her performance as Lucy Pevensie earned critical acclaim for her performance . She won several awards , including the Phoenix Film Critics Society award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Performance by a Youth . She also won another awards either for Best Young Performance or Best Actress in a Leading Role . Year Award Category / Recipient Result Reference 2005 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Female ( Georgie Henley ) Won Satellite Awards Outstanding Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Won 2006 Best DVD Extras Nominated 78th Academy Awards Best Makeup ( Howard Berger ) ( Tami Lane ) Won Best Sound Mixing Terry Porter ( Dean A. Zupancic ) ( Tony Johnson ) Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Annie Awards Best Character Animation Matt Shumway Nominated Australian Film Institute Excellence in Filmmaking ( Roger Ford ) ( Production design ) Nominated Excellence in Filmmaking ( Donald McAlpine ) ( Cinematography ) Nominated 59th BAFTA Awards Best Makeup and Hair Howard Berger Greg Nicotero Nikki Gooley Won Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects Dean Wright Bill Westenhofer Jim Berney Scott Farrar Nominated Best Costume Design Isis Mussenden Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Won Best Young Actress Georgie Henley Nominated CAMIE Awards ( no name for this award was given ) Charlie Nelson ( Walt Disney Pictures ) Brigham Taylor ( Disney vice-president productions ) Mark Johnson ( producer ) Philip Steuer ( producer ) Douglas Gresham ( co-producer ) Andrew Adamson ( director ) Ann Peacock ( screenwriter ) Christopher Markus ( screenwriter ) Stephen McFeely ( screenwriter ) Georgie Henley ( actor ) William Moseley ( actor ) Skandar Keynes ( actor ) Anna Popplewell ( actor ) ( Walden Media ) Won CFCA Awards Most Promising Performer Georgie Henley Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Fantasy Film Isis Mussenden Won 11th Empire Awards Best Newcomer Georgie Henley Nominated Best Newcomer James McAvoy Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated 63rd Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score Harry Gregson - Williams Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Alanis Morissette `` Wunderkind '' Nominated Hugo Awards Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Nominated Humanitas Prize Feature Film Category Ann Peacock Andrew Adamson Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Nominated London Film Critics Circle Awards 2005 British Supporting Actor of the Year ( James McAvoy ) Nominated British Supporting Actress of the Year ( Tilda Swinton ) Nominated MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Villain ( Tilda Swinton ) Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing in Feature Film -- Dialogue and Automated Dialogue Replacement George Watters II ( supervising sound editor ) Kimberly Harris ( supervising adr editor ) Richard Beggs ( sound designer ) David Bach ( supervising dialogue editor ) David V. Butler ( dialogue editor ) Laura Graham ( adr editor ) Michele Perrone ( adr editor ) Nominated Best Sound Editing in Feature Film -- Sound Effects & Foley Richard Beggs ( supervising sound editor ) George Watters II ( supervising sound editor ) Victoria Martin ( supervising foley editor ) F. Hudson Miller ( sound editor ) R.J. Palmer ( sound editor ) John Morris ( sound editor ) Suhail Kafity ( sound editor ) Chuck Michael ( sound editor ) Todd Toon ( sound editor ) Gary Wright ( sound editor ) Heather Gross ( sound editor ) Matthew Harrison ( foley editor ) James Likowski ( foley editor ) Dan O'Connell ( foley artist ) John T. Cucci ( foley artist ) Nominated MovieGuide Awards Best Film for Families Won Epiphany Prize Won Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Breakthrough Performance ( Georgie Henley ) Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Motion Picture Richard Baneham Erik - Jan de Boer Matt Logue Joe Ksander For `` Aslan '' Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture Dean Wright Randy Starr Bill Westenhofer Jim Berney Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Harry Gregson - Williams ( music ) Imogen Heap ( music / lyrics / performer ) For the song `` Ca n't Take It In '' Nominated 27th Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Won Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Younger Georgie Henley Won Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor William Moseley Nominated 2007 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , USA Best DVD Special Edition Release For the `` Extended Edition '' Nominated 49th Grammy Awards Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media ( Harry Gregson - Williams ) Nominated Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media ( Imogen Heap ) For the song `` Ca n't Take It In '' Nominated DVD and Blu - ray release ( edit ) The DVD for The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , The Witch , and The Wardrobe was released on April 4 , 2006 . It is available in a standard one - disc set ( with separate fullscreen and widescreen editions ) , and a deluxe widescreen two - disc boxed set with additional artwork and other materials from Disney and Walden Media . The DVD sold four million copies on its first day of release and overtook Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire to become the top selling DVD in North America for 2006 . As of December 2008 it has grossed $353.5 million in DVD sales , equivalent to 12,458,637 units sold . Disney later issued a four - disc extended cut of the film on DVD . It was released on December 12 , 2006 , and was available commercially until January 31 , 2007 , after which Disney put the DVD on moratorium . The extended cut of the film runs approximately 150 minutes . The set includes all of the features previously released on the two - disc special edition . The two additional discs include a segment called `` The Dreamer of Narnia '' , a previously unreleased feature - length film about C.S. Lewis , and additional production featurettes . Most of the extended footage , besides the extended battle sequence , is longer establishing shots of Narnia and footage of the Pevensies walking in Narnia . The high - definition Blu - ray Disc version was released on May 13 , 2008 , in the United States , and on June 16 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia dvd sales '' . the-numbers.com . December 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Adamson , William Moseley , Anna Popplewell , Skandar Keynes , Georgie Henley ( 2006 ) . The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Cast Commentary ( DVD ) . ^ Jump up to : Richard Taylor , Howard Berger , Isis Mussendun , Roger Ford , Donald McAlpine , Sim - Evan Jones , Harry Gregson - Williams , Mark Johnson ( 2006 ) . Cinematic Storytellers ( DVD ) . Buena Vista . ^ Jump up to : Chronicles of a Director ( DVD ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Visualizing The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe : The Complete Production Experience ( DVD ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Adamson , Mark Johnson , Roger Ford ( 2006 ) . Commentary ( DVD ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` William Moseley on Prince Caspian '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Cox Cast as the Voice of Aslan '' . NarniaWeb . December 9 , 2004 . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` The wonderful world of ' Narnia ' SIDEBAR : ' Narnia ' nearly ready '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Neeson Will Voice Aslan '' . NarniaWeb . July 15 , 2005 . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Soren Anderson ( July 16 , 1995 ) . `` Wholesome fare film proves Hollywood 's moral ' cupboard ' is n't bare '' . The News Tribune . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck ; Stacy Jenel Smith ( October 18 , 1996 ) . `` Soundstage space crunch alters filmmaker Marshall 's plans '' . Los Angeles Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Potts , Kimberly . `` 20 Secrets about Narnia ( Page 2 ) '' . Movies.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Paul ( November 21 , 2005 ) . `` Interview : Andrew Adamson `` Chronicles of Narnia -- Lion , Witch & Wardrobe '' `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Faraci , Devin ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` The Coverage of Narnia -- Part 1 '' . CHUD . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( December 7 , 2001 ) . `` Move Over , Harry -- A Real Fantasy Classic Is Coming to Town '' . IGN . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sam Adams ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fantasy films ? There 's truth in there too '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro crafts a harrowing fairy tale '' . Star Beacon . December 29 , 2006 . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Simon Thompson ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Popplewell Gives Narnia Sequel Update '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joanna Cohen ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` Richard Taylor on the Weta Workshop and Prince Caspian '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Rousch ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` Prince Caspian DVD Interview : Creature Effects Wizard Howard Berger '' . Latino Review . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Szymanski ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` More Caspian Clips , Creatures '' . SCI FI Wire . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Perry Moore ; Anna Popplewell ; Georgie Henley ; Andrew Adamson ; Roger Ford ; Ben Wooten ; Richard Taylor ; Howard Berger ; Dean Wright ; Douglas Gresham ( 2005 ) . The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- The Official Illustrated Movie Companion . Harpercollins . pp. 104 -- 113 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720817 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia Filming Underway ! '' . NarniaWeb . June 28 , 2004 . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alan , Perrott ( August 26 , 2004 ) . `` Animatronic reindeer replace living variety in Narnia film '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved November 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Filming at Elephant Rocks '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Children 's Magical Journey ( DVD ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia Shooting Ends '' . IGN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved January 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mouth , Blabber ( November 26 , 2004 ) . `` BLABBERMOUTH.NET -- Film Producers : EVANESCENCE - Penned Score Is Figment Of AMY LEE 'S Imagination '' . roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Mike . `` Exclusive - The Chronicles of Narnia - First Listen '' . SoundtrackNet . November 14 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon . `` Harry Gregson - Williams : A 21st Century Man '' . Music World via BMI . October 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Vs. ' Narnia ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walden Media '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OPENING WEEKENDS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 OPENING GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday 2005 : ' Kong ' vs. ' Narnia ' vs. ' Goblet ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christian '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family -- Children 's Book Adaptation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy -- Live Action '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BUENA VISTA '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic reviews '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard Maltin 's 2009 movie and video guide page 245 Jump up ^ Stuart Klawans . Imitation of Art . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic : 2005 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Jump up ^ Kit Bowen ( December 9 , 2005 ) . `` Hollywood.com review '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Newsday -- Long Island 's & NYC 's News Source '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . IMDb . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia DVD Sales Dominate First Week -- ComingSoon.net '' . April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia is the Top Selling DVD for 2006 '' . MovieWeb.com . May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia total dvd numbers '' . the-numbers.com . December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- DVD Sales '' . the-numbers.com . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Disney Closes the Vault : Four films locked away by Disney after December '' . IGN . Retrieved January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Press Release '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe Four - Disc Extended Edition DVD Review Ultimate Disney , dated December 12 , 2006 , accessed January 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets ' Chronicles of Narnia ' Blu - ray for May '' . High - Def Digest . External links ( edit ) Narnia portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Wikinews has related news : 2006 Oscars handed out at Kodak Theatre Official website The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at AllMovie The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Box Office Mojo The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Rotten Tomatoes The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Metacritic The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Films directed by Andrew Adamson Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) Mr. Pip ( 2012 ) Cirque du Soleil : Worlds Away ( 2012 ) Screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film Anastasia ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) October Sky ( 1999 ) My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) VIAF : 178884278 LCCN : no2005105392 GND : 7500580 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe&oldid=804548794 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s fantasy films American films American epic films American fantasy films British films British epic films British fantasy films The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Films about Christianity Films about siblings Films directed by Andrew Adamson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 1940 Films set in London Films shot in New Zealand Films shot in the Czech Republic Films shot in Poland Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup High fantasy films Santa Claus in film Screenplays by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Walden Media films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film World War II films Film scores by Harry Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from September 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the lion in chronicles of narnia	[ "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 British-American high fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson and based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first published and second chronological novel in C. S. Lewis's children's epic fantasy series, The Chronicles of Narnia. It was co-produced by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures. William Moseley, Anna Popplewell, Skandar Keynes and Georgie Henley play Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy, four British children evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside, who find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia. There they ally with the Lion Aslan (voiced by Liam Neeson) against the forces of Jadis, the White Witch (Tilda Swinton)." ]	[ "Liam Neeson" ]
-1062125205112874687	Hydrocarbon	Hydrocarbon - wikipedia Hydrocarbon Jump to : navigation , search Ball - and - stick model of the methane molecule , CH . Methane is part of a homologous series known as the alkanes , which contain single bonds only . In organic chemistry , a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon , and thus are group 14 hydrides . Hydrocarbons , from which one hydrogen atom has been removed , are functional groups called hydrocarbyls . Aromatic hydrocarbons ( arenes ) , alkanes , cycloalkanes and alkyne - based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons . The majority of hydrocarbons found on Earth naturally occur in crude oil , where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which , when bonded , can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of hydrocarbons 1.1 General properties 1.2 Simple hydrocarbons and their variations 2 Usage 3 Poisoning 4 Reactions 4.1 Substitution reactions 4.2 Addition reactions 4.3 Combustion 4.3. 1 Petroleum 4.3. 2 Bioremediation 5 Safety 6 Environmental impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Types of hydrocarbons ( edit ) The classifications for hydrocarbons , defined by IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry are as follows : Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species . They are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen . The formula for acyclic saturated hydrocarbons ( i.e. , alkanes ) is C H. The most general form of saturated hydrocarbons is C H , where r is the number of rings . Those with exactly one ring are the cycloalkanes . Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species . Substitution reaction is their characteristics property ( like chlorination reaction to form chloroform ) . Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers . As given in the example of 3 - methylhexane and its higher homologues , branched hydrocarbons can be chiral . Chiral saturated hydrocarbons constitute the side chains of biomolecules such as chlorophyll and tocopherol . Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms . Those with double bond are called alkenes . Those with one double bond have the formula C H ( assuming non-cyclic structures ) . Those containing triple bonds are called alkyne . Those with one triple bond have the formula C H . Aromatic hydrocarbons , also known as arenes , are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring . Hydrocarbons can be gases ( e.g. methane and propane ) , liquids ( e.g. hexane and benzene ) , waxes or low melting solids ( e.g. paraffin wax and naphthalene ) or polymers ( e.g. polyethylene , polypropylene and polystyrene ) . General properties ( edit ) Because of differences in molecular structure , the empirical formula remains different between hydrocarbons ; in linear or `` straight - run '' alkanes , alkenes and alkynes , the amount of bonded hydrogen lessens in alkenes and alkynes due to the `` self - bonding '' or catenation of carbon preventing entire saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds . This inherent ability of hydrocarbons to bond to themselves is known as catenation , and allows hydrocarbons to form more complex molecules , such as cyclohexane , and in rarer cases , arenes such as benzene . This ability comes from the fact that the bond character between carbon atoms is entirely non-polar , in that the distribution of electrons between the two elements is somewhat even due to the same electronegativity values of the elements ( ~ 0.30 ) , and does not result in the formation of an electrophile . Generally , with catenation comes the loss of the total amount of bonded hydrocarbons and an increase in the amount of energy required for bond cleavage due to strain exerted upon the molecule ; in molecules such as cyclohexane , this is referred to as ring strain , and occurs due to the `` destabilized '' spatial electron configuration of the atom . In simple chemistry , as per valence bond theory , the carbon atom must follow the `` 4 - hydrogen rule '' , which states that the maximum number of atoms available to bond with carbon is equal to the number of electrons that are attracted into the outer shell of carbon . In terms of shells , carbon consists of an incomplete outer shell , which comprises 4 electrons , and thus has 4 electrons available for covalent or dative bonding . Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic like lipids . Some hydrocarbons also are abundant in the solar system . Lakes of liquid methane and ethane have been found on Titan , Saturn 's largest moon , confirmed by the Cassini - Huygens Mission . Hydrocarbons are also abundant in nebulae forming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) compounds . Simple hydrocarbons and their variations ( edit ) Number of carbon atoms Alkane ( single bond ) Alkene ( double bond ) Alkyne ( triple bond ) Cycloalkane Alkadiene Methane -- -- -- -- Ethane Ethene ( ethylene ) Ethyne ( acetylene ) -- -- Propane Propene ( propylene ) Propyne ( methylacetylene ) Cyclopropane Propadiene ( allene ) Butane Butene ( butylene ) Butyne Cyclobutane Butadiene 5 Pentane Pentene Pentyne Cyclopentane Pentadiene ( piperylene ) 6 Hexane Hexene Hexyne Cyclohexane Hexadiene 7 Heptane Heptene Heptyne Cycloheptane Heptadiene 8 Octane Octene Octyne Cyclooctane Octadiene 9 Nonane Nonene Nonyne Cyclononane Nonadiene 10 Decane Decene Decyne Cyclodecane Decadiene Usage ( edit ) Oil refineries are one way hydrocarbons are processed for use . Crude oil is processed in several stages to form desired hydrocarbons , used as fuel and in other products . Hydrocarbons are a primary energy source for current civilizations . The predominant use of hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source . In their solid form , hydrocarbons take the form of asphalt ( bitumen ) . Mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons are now used in preference to the chlorofluorocarbons as a propellant for aerosol sprays , due to chlorofluorocarbons ' impact on the ozone layer . Methane ( CH ) and ethane ( C H ) are gaseous at ambient temperatures and can not be readily liquefied by pressure alone . Propane ( C H ) is however easily liquefied , and exists in ' propane bottles ' mostly as a liquid . Butane ( C H ) is so easily liquefied that it provides a safe , volatile fuel for small pocket lighters . Pentane ( C H ) is a clear liquid at room temperature , commonly used in chemistry and industry as a powerful nearly odorless solvent of waxes and high molecular weight organic compounds , including greases . Hexane ( C H ) is also a widely used non-polar , non-aromatic solvent , as well as a significant fraction of common gasoline . The C through C alkanes , alkenes and isomeric cycloalkanes are the top components of gasoline , naphtha , jet fuel and specialized industrial solvent mixtures . With the progressive addition of carbon units , the simple non-ring structured hydrocarbons have higher viscosities , lubricating indices , boiling points , solidification temperatures , and deeper color . At the opposite extreme from methane lie the heavy tars that remain as the lowest fraction in a crude oil refining retort . They are collected and widely utilized as roofing compounds , pavement composition , wood preservatives ( the creosote series ) and as extremely high viscosity shear - resisting liquids . Hydrocarbon use is also prevalent in nature . Some eusocial arthropods , such as the Brazilian stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata , use unique hydrocarbon `` scents '' in order to determine kin from non-kin . The chemical hydrocarbon composition varies between age , sex , nest location , and hierarchal position . Poisoning ( edit ) Hydrocarbon poisoning such as that of benzene and petroleum usually occurs accidentally by inhalation or ingestion of these cytotoxic chemical compounds . Intravenous or subcutaneous injection of petroleum compounds with intent of suicide or abuse is an extraordinary event that can result in local damage or systemic toxicity such as tissue necrosis , abscess formation , respiratory system failure and partial damage to the kidneys , the brain and the nervous system . Moaddab and Eskandarlou report a case of chest wall necrosis and empyema resulting from attempting suicide by injection of petroleum into the pleural cavity . Reactions ( edit ) There are three main types of reactions : Substitution reaction Addition reaction Combustion Substitution reactions ( edit ) Substitution reactions only occur in saturated hydrocarbons ( single carbon -- carbon bonds ) . In this reaction , an alkane reacts with a chlorine molecule . One of the chlorine atoms displaces a hydrogen atom . This forms hydrochloric acid as well as the hydrocarbon with one chlorine atom . CH + Cl → CH Cl + HCl CH Cl + Cl → CH Cl + HCl all the way to CCl ( carbon tetrachloride ) C H + Cl → C H Cl + HCl C H Cl + Cl → C H Cl + HCl all the way to C Cl ( hexachloroethane ) Addition reactions ( edit ) Addition reactions involve alkenes and alkynes . In this reaction a halogen molecule breaks the double or triple bond in the hydrocarbon and forms a bond . Combustion ( edit ) Main article : Combustion Hydrocarbons are currently the main source of the world 's electric energy and heat sources ( such as home heating ) because of the energy produced when burnt . Often this energy is used directly as heat such as in home heaters , which use either petroleum or natural gas . The hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is used to heat water , which is then circulated . A similar principle is used to create electric energy in power plants . Common properties of hydrocarbons are the facts that they produce steam , carbon dioxide and heat during combustion and that oxygen is required for combustion to take place . The simplest hydrocarbon , methane , burns as follows : CH + 2 O → 2 H O + CO + energy In inadequate supply of air , carbon monoxide gas and water vapour are formed : 2 CH + 3 O → 2 CO + 4 H O Another example of this reaction is propane : C H + 5 O → 4 H O + 3 CO + energy C H + 3n + 1 / 2 O → ( n + 1 ) H O + n CO + energy Burning of hydrocarbons is an example of an exothermic chemical reaction . Hydrocarbons can also be burned with elemental fluorine , resulting in carbon tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride products . Petroleum ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum Natural oil spring in Korňa , Slovakia . Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form are referred to as petroleum ( literally `` rock oil '' ) or mineral oil , whereas hydrocarbons in a gaseous form are referred to as natural gas . Petroleum and natural gas are found in the Earth 's subsurface with the tools of petroleum geology and are a significant source of fuel and raw materials for the production of organic chemicals . The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from sedimentary basins is integral to modern energy development . Hydrocarbons are mined from oil sands and oil shale , and potentially extracted from sedimentary methane hydrates . These reserves require distillation and upgrading to produce synthetic crude and petroleum . Oil reserves in sedimentary rocks are the source of hydrocarbons for the energy , transport and petrochemical industries . Economically important hydrocarbons include fossil fuels such as coal , petroleum and natural gas , and its derivatives such as plastics , paraffin , waxes , solvents and oils . Hydrocarbons -- along with NO and sunlight -- contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone and greenhouse gases . Bioremediation ( edit ) Bacteria in the gabbroic layer of the ocean 's crust can degrade hydrocarbons ; but the extreme environment makes research difficult . Other bacteria such as Lutibacterium anuloederans can also degrade hydrocarbons . Mycoremediation or breaking down of hydrocarbon by mycellium and mushroom is possible . Safety ( edit ) Many hydrocarbons are highly flammable , therefore , care should be taken to prevent injury . Benzene and many aromatic compounds are possible carcinogens , and proper safety equipment must be worn to prevent these harmful compounds from entering the body . If hydrocarbons undergo combustion in tight areas , toxic carbon monoxide can form . Hydrocarbons should be kept away from fluorine compounds due to the high probability of forming toxic hydrofluoric acid . Environmental impact ( edit ) Hydrocarbons are introduced into the environment through their extensive use as fuels and chemicals as well as through leaks or accidental spills during exploration , production , refining , or transport . Anthropogenic hydrocarbon contamination of soil is a serious global issue due to contaminant persistence and the negative impact on human health . See also ( edit ) Abiogenic petroleum origin Biohydrocarbon Carbohydrate Energy storage Fractional distillation Functional group Hydrocarbon mixtures Organically moderated and cooled reactor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silberberg , 620 Jump up ^ IUPAC Goldbook hydrocarbyl groups Jump up ^ Clayden , J. , Greeves , N. , et al. ( 2001 ) Organic Chemistry Oxford ISBN 0 - 19 - 850346 - 6 p. 21 Jump up ^ McMurry , J. ( 2000 ) . Organic Chemistry 5th ed . Brooks / Cole : Thomson Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 11837 - 0 pp. 75 -- 81 Jump up ^ Silderberg , 623 Jump up ^ Silderberg , 625 Jump up ^ Silderberg , 627 Jump up ^ Meierhenrich , Uwe . Amino Acids and the Asymmetry of Life . Springer , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 76885 - 2 Jump up ^ Silderberg , 628 Jump up ^ Silderberg , 631 Jump up ^ NASA 's Cassini Spacecraft Reveals Clues About Saturn Moon . NASA ( December 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Guzman - Ramirez , L. ; Lagadec , E. ; Jones , D. ; Zijlstra , A.A. ; Gesicki , K. ( 2014 ) . `` PAH formation in O - rich planetary nebulae '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 441 : 364 . arXiv : 1403.1856 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 441 ... 364G . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu454 . Jump up ^ Nunes , T.M. ; Turatti , I.C.C. ; Mateus , S. ; Nascimento , F.S. ; Lopes , N.P. ; Zucchi , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Cuticular Hydrocarbons in the Stingless Bee Schwarziana quadripunctata ( Hymenoptera , Apidae , Meliponini ) : Differences between Colonies , Castes and Age '' ( PDF ) . Genetics and Molecular Research . 8 ( 2 ) : 589 -- 595 . doi : 10.4238 / vol8 - 2kerr012 . PMID 19551647 . Jump up ^ Eskandarlou , M ; Moaddab , AH ( Aug 2010 ) . `` Chest wall necrosis and empyema resulting from attempting suicide by injection of petroleum into the pleural cavity '' . Emerg Med J. 27 ( 8 ) : 616 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2009.073486 . PMID 20558490 . Jump up ^ World Coal , Coal and Electricity . World Coal Association Jump up ^ Mason OU , Nakagawa T , Rosner M , Van Nostrand JD , Zhou J , Maruyama A , Fisk MR , Giovannoni SJ ( 2010 ) . `` First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 11 ) : e15399 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 515399M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015399 . PMC 2974637 . PMID 21079766 . Jump up ^ Yakimov , M.M. ; Timmis , K.N. ; Golyshin , P.N. ( 2007 ) . `` Obligate oil - degrading marine bacteria '' . Curr . Opin . Biotechnol. 18 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 266 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.475. 3300 . doi : 10.1016 / j. copbio. 2007.04. 006 . PMID 17493798 . Jump up ^ Stamets , Paul ( 2005 ) `` Mycoremediation '' , Ch. 7 , p. 86 , in Mycelium Running : How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World . ISBN 9781580085793 Jump up ^ `` Microbial Degradation of Alkanes ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Bibliography ( edit ) Silberberg , Martin . Chemistry : The Molecular Nature Of Matter and Change . New York : McGraw - Hill Companies , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 310169 - 9 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHydrocarbonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata The Methane Molecule ( hide ) Hydrocarbons Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkanes Linear alkanes Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Branched alkanes Isobutane Isopentane 3 - Methylpentane Neopentane Isohexane Isoheptane Isooctane Isononane Isodecane Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Cycloheptane Cyclooctane Cyclononane Cyclodecane Alkylcycloalkanes Methylcyclopropane Methylcyclobutane Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane Bicycloalkanes Housane ( bicyclo ( 2.1. 0 ) pentane ) Norbornane ( bicyclo ( 2.2. 1 ) heptane ) Decalin ( bicyclo ( 4.4. 0 ) decane ) Polycycloalkanes Adamantane Diamondoid Perhydrophenanthrene Sterane Cubane Prismane Dodecahedrane Basketane Churchane Pagodane Twistane Other Spiroalkanes Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkenes Linear alkenes Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Hexene Heptene Octene Nonene Decene Branched alkenes Isobutene Isopentene Neopentene Isohexene Isoheptene Isooctene Isononene Isodecene Alkynes Linear alkynes Ethyne Propyne Butyne Pentyne Hexyne Heptyne Octyne Nonyne Decyne Branched alkynes Isobutyne Isopentyne Neopentyne Isohexyne Isoheptyne Isooctyne Isononyne Isodecyne Cycloalkenes Cyclopropene Cyclobutene Cyclopentene Cyclohexene Cycloheptene Cyclooctene Cyclononene Cyclodecene Alkyilcycloalkenes Methylcyclopropene Methylcyclobutene Methylcyclopentene Methylcyclohexene Isopropylcyclohexene Bicycloalkenes Norbornene Cycloalkynes Cyclopropyne Cyclobutyne Cyclopentyne Cyclohexyne Cycloheptyne Cycloctyne Cyclononyne Cyclodecyne Alkadienes Propadiene Butadiene Pentadiene Hexadiene Heptadiene Octadiene Nonadiene Decadiene Other Alkatriene Alkadiyne Alkenyne Cumulene Cyclooctatetraene Cyclododecatriene Aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs Acenes Naphthalene Anthracene Naphthacene Pentacene Hexacene Other Azulene Fluorene Helicenes Circulenes Alkylbenzenes Toluene Xylene Ethylbenzene Cumene Styrene Mesitylene Pseudocumene Hexamethylbenzene Other Benzene Phenanthrene Chrysene Pyrene Corannulene Kekulene Other Annulenes Annulynes Alicyclic compounds LCCN : sh85063372 GND : 4125165 - 9 NDL : 00572658 NKC : ph116523 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrocarbon&oldid=809069370 '' Categories : Hydrocarbons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a hydrocarbon that is not classified as aromatic must be classified as	[ "In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon,[1] and thus are group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons, from which one hydrogen atom has been removed, are functional groups called hydrocarbyls.[2] Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons.", "In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon,[1] and thus are group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons, from which one hydrogen atom has been removed, are functional groups called hydrocarbyls.[2] Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons.", "In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon,[1] and thus are group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons, from which one hydrogen atom has been removed, are functional groups called hydrocarbyls.[2] Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons." ]	[ "alkanes", "cycloalkanes", "alkyne-based compounds" ]
-632882825454740725	MacBook Pro	MacBook Pro - Wikipedia MacBook Pro This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 31 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Mac Pro . MacBook Pro Space Grey 15 - inch MacBook Pro Late 2016 Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn Pegatron Product family MacBook family Type Laptop Release date January 10 , 2006 ; 11 years ago ( 2006 - 01 - 10 ) ( Original ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( 13 inch w / o touch bar ) ( Current ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( 13 & 15 inch models w / touch bar ) ( Current ) Operating system macOS Predecessor PowerBook G4 Related articles MacBook , MacBook Air Website www.apple.com/macbook-pro The MacBook Pro ( sometimes abbreviated MBP ) is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc . Replacing the PowerBook G4 , the MacBook Pro was the second model to be announced during the Apple -- Intel transition , after the iMac . It is the high - end model of the MacBook family and is currently available in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes . A 17 - inch version was available between April 2006 and June 2012 . The first generation MacBook Pro appeared externally similar to the PowerBook G4 , but used Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 - inch model was introduced first , in January 2006 ; the 17 - inch model followed in April . Both received several updates and Core 2 Duo processors later that year . The product 's second iteration , known as the `` unibody '' model , has a casing made from a single piece of aluminum . It debuted in October 2008 in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes . In January 2009 , the 17 - inch model was updated with the same unibody design . Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel 's Thunderbolt technology . Apple released the third generation of MacBook Pro with a 15 - inch screen during WWDC 2012 and discontinued the 17 - inch variant . The previous generation 13 - and 15 - inch unibody models continued to sell with updated processors . The third generation model was a quarter thinner than its predecessor and introduced the Retina Display with a much higher screen resolution . A 13 - inch variant was released in October 2012 . The fourth generation MacBook Pro was announced on October 27 , 2016 . It replaced the function keys with an interactive , multi-touch `` Touch Bar '' and a Touch ID sensor integrated into the Power button . The 15 - inch notebook started at $2,399 , compared to $1,999 for the previous iteration . On 5 June 2017 , Apple upgraded the internals of the MacBook Pro , such as enhanced Iris Plus and AMD Radeon graphics , Kaby Lake processors , and added memory . Additionally , the 13 - inch MacBook Pro now comes with a 128GB storage option ( down from the base 256GB storage ) with a lowered starting price of $1299 . All other configurations of the MacBook Pro have the same price as last year , barring the incremental upgrades in processors and graphics . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation 1.1 Updates 1.2 Reception 1.3 Technical specifications 2 Second generation ( Unibody ) 2.1 Design 2.2 Updates 2.3 Reception 2.4 Technical specifications 2.5 Early and Late 2011 model GPU Issues 3 Third generation ( Retina ) 3.1 Design 3.2 Reception 3.3 Technical specifications 4 Fourth generation ( Touch Bar ) 4.1 Design and usability 4.2 Reception 4.3 Technical specifications 5 Software and operating systems 6 Timeline of the MacBook family 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links First generation ( edit ) The MacBook Pro 15 inch The original 15 - inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10 , 2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo . The 17 - inch model was unveiled on April 24 , 2006 . The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4 , but uses Intel Core CPUs instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 - inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15 - inch aluminum PowerBook G4 , but is 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) deeper , 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) wider , and 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) thinner . Other changes from the PowerBook include a built - in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe , a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when yanked . These features were later brought over to the MacBook . The optical drive was reduced in size in order to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro , hence it runs slower than the optical drive in the PowerBook G4 and can not write to dual layer DVDs . Both the original 15 - and 17 - inch model MacBook Pros come with ExpressCard / 34 slots , which replace the PC Card slots found in the PowerBook G4 . All first generation 15 - inch models have two USB 2.0 ports and one FireWire 400 port , while the 17 - inch models have three USB 2.0 ports as well as one FireWire 400 port . When first introduced , the MacBook Pro did not come with FireWire 800 or S - Video ports , although FireWire 800 was added in the next 15 - inch model revision and is present in every version of the 17 - inch design . S - Video capability can be attained through the use of a DVI to S - Video adapter . External displays with up to a 2,560 × 1,600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual - link DVI port . All models include a built - in Gigabit Ethernet port , Bluetooth 2.0 , and 802.11 a / b / g . Later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802.11 n and Bluetooth 2.1 . Updates ( edit ) Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24 , 2006 to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors . Memory capacity was doubled for each model , to 1 GB on the low - end 15 - inch and 2 GB for the high - end 15 - and 17 - inch models . FireWire 800 was added to the 15 - inch models . Hard drive capacity was increased , although video card options stayed the same . The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5 , 2007 with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options . LED backlighting was added to the 15 - inch model 's screen , and its weight was reduced from 5.6 pounds ( 2.5 kg ) to 5.4 pounds ( 2.4 kg ) . Furthermore , the speed of the front - side bus was increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz . On November 1 , 2007 , Apple added the option of a 2.6 GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options . First - generation 17 - inch MacBook Pro On February 26 , 2008 , the MacBook Pro line was again updated . LED backlighting was added as an option for the 17 - inch model . Processors were updated to `` Penryn '' cores , which are built on the 45 nanometer process ( 65 nanometer `` Merom '' cores were previously used ) , and hard drive and memory capacities were increased . Multi-touch capabilities , first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year , were brought over to the MacBook Pro 's trackpad . When the 15 - inch unibody MacBook Pro was introduced on October 14 , 2008 , the pre-unibody model with the same screen size was discontinued , while the 17 - inch pre-unibody model continued to be sold . The original case design was discontinued on January 6 , 2009 , when the 17 - inch MacBook Pro was also updated with unibody construction . Reception ( edit ) Some reviewers applauded the MacBook Pro for its doubling or tripling the speed of the PowerBook G4 in some areas . For example , the 3D rendering program Cinema 4D XL was 3.3 times as fast ( 2.3 times faster ) , and its boot - up time was more than twice as quick . The MacBook Pro generally outperformed the PowerBook G4 in performance analyzer utility tests XBench and Cinebench . Reviewers lauded the screen 's maximum brightness , 67 percent higher than the PowerBook G4 ; the excellent horizontal viewing angles ; the matte options ; and the bright , crisp , and true colors . Although the screen offered fewer vertical pixels ( 1,440 × 900 in the MacBook Pro instead of 1,440 × 960 in the PowerBook ) , one reviewer called the screen `` nothing less than stellar '' . Reviewers praised the new MagSafe power adapter , although one reviewer said it disconnected too easily in some instances . They also praised the backlit keyboard , large trackpad , and the virtually silent operation of the machine . The new laptop also offered better wireless performance . One reviewer criticized the decision to underclock the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 graphics card by about 30 percent its original speed . The notebook was also noted for running hot . Users complained that upgrading system memory was harder than in older Apple notebooks . Since the dimensions for the 15 - inch MacBook Pro were tweaked slightly from the 15 - inch PowerBook G4 , older accessories such as notebook sleeves did not work with the new models . Some users noted a slight flickering when the screen was on lower brightness settings . Apple increased the battery capacity by 10 Wh , going from 50 in the PowerBook G4 to 60 , but the more powerful Core Duo CPU required more power . Battery life therefore remained about the same as in previous models , at three - plus hours . Technical Specifications ( edit ) Obsolete ( show ) Table of first generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core Duo Intel Core 2 Duo Model Early 2006 Late 2006 Mid 2007 Late 2007 Early 2008 Late 2008 Release date ( s ) January 10 , 2006 ( 15 `` ) , April 24 , 2006 ( 17 '' ) October 24 , 2006 June 5 , 2007 November 1 , 2007 February 26 , 2008 October 14 , 2008 Apple order number ( s ) MA463 * / A or MA464 * / A ; MA600 * or MA601 * ; MA092 * / A MA609 * , MA610 * , or MA611 * / A MA895 * , MA896 * , or MA897 * MA895 * / A , MA896 * / A , or MA897 * / A MB133 * / A , MB134 * / A , or MB166 * / A MB766 * / A Model number ( s ) A1150 ( 15 `` ) , A1151 ( 17 '' ) A1211 ( 15 `` ) , A1212 ( 17 '' ) A1226 ( 15 `` ) , A1229 ( 17 '' ) A1260 ( 15 `` ) , A1261 ( 17 '' ) A1261 Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro1 , 1 , MacBookPro1 , 2 MacBookPro2 , 1 , MacBookPro2 , 2 MacBookPro3 , 1 MacBookPro4 , 1 MacBookPro4 , 1 ( re-listed ) Widescreen Display ( matte or glossy ) 15.4 `` , LCD , 1,440 × 900 15.4 `` , LCD , 1,440 × 900 , with LED backlighting N / A 17 `` , LCD , 1,680 × 1,050 17 `` , LCD , 1,680 × 1,050 Optional 1,920 × 1,200 17 `` , LCD , 1,680 × 1,050 Optional 1,920 × 1,200 , with LED backlighting 17 `` , LCD , 1,920 × 1,200 , with LED backlighting Processor 1.83 GHz ( T2400 ) , 2.0 GHz ( T2500 ) or 2.16 GHz ( T2600 ) Intel Core Duo Yonah with 2 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.16 GHz ( T7400 ) or 2.33 GHz ( T7600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.2 GHz ( T7500 ) or 2.4 GHz ( T7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.2 GHz ( T7500 ) or 2.4 GHz ( T7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.6 GHz ( T7800 ) with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz ( T8300 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache , or 2.5 GHz ( T9300 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.6 GHz ( T9500 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.5 GHz ( T9300 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.6 GHz ( T9500 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Front - side bus 667 MHz 800 MHz Memory Two slots for PC2 - 5300 DDR2 SDRAM ( 667 MHz ) 512 MB ( two 256 MB ) or 1 GB ( two 512 MB ) Expandable to 2 GB 1 GB ( two 512 MB ) or 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) Expandable to 4 GB , but only 3 GB addressable 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) Expandable to 6 GB 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 6 GB Graphics with dual - link DVI ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 with 128 MB or 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 128 MB or 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 256 MB , or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Hard drive 80 GB , 100 GB , or 120 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 100 GB 7,200 - rpm or 120 GB 5,400 - rpm . 120 GB , 160 GB , or 200 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 100 GB , 7,200 - rpm . 120 GB or 160 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB , 4,200 - rpm or 160 GB , 7,200 - rpm . 120 GB or 160 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB , 5,400 - rpm or 200 GB , 7,200 - rpm . 200 GB or 250 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 200 GB 7,200 - rpm or 300 GB 4,200 - rpm . 250 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 320 GB , 7,200 - rpm or 128 GB SSD . SATA I ( 1.5 Gbit / s ) Optical disc drive Combo drive : 8 × DVD read , 24 × CD - R and 10 × CD - RW recording SuperDrive : 8 × DVD - DL discs reads . 4 × DVD+ / - R & RW recording . 24 × CD - R and 10 × CD - RW recording ( optional for 15 - inch ) SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording ( 17 - inch ) SuperDrive : 2.4 × DVD + R DL writes , 6 × DVD+ / - R read , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording or 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 8 × DVD + RW writes , 6 × DVD - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 16 × CD - RW recording AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11 a / b / g ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5007 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n ( n disabled by default ) ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5008 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n ( n enabled ) ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5008 or Broadcom BCM4322 chipset , depending on revision ) Peripheral connections 2x USB 2.0 ( 15 `` ) or 3x USB 2.0 ( 17 '' ) 3x USB 2.0 1x FireWire 400 ( 15 `` ) or 1x FireWire 400 and 1x FireWire 800 ( 17 '' ) 1x FireWire 400 and 1x FireWire 800 ExpressCard / 34 , Gigabit Ethernet , DVI , Audio line in / out Latest possible operating system OS X 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' with Sierra Patcher . Requires additional patching or hardware for Wi - Fi ) Battery ( lithium - polymer , removable ) 60 Wh ( 15 `` ) N / A 68 Wh ( 17 `` ) Weight 5.6 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) 5.4 lb ( 2.4 kg ) ( 15 `` ) N / A 6.8 lb ( 3.1 kg ) ( 17 `` ) Dimensions 14.1 in ( 36 cm ) wide × 9.6 in ( 24 cm ) deep × 1.0 in ( 2.5 cm ) ( 15 `` ) N / A 15.4 in ( 39 cm ) wide × 10.4 in ( 26 cm ) deep × 1.0 in ( 2.5 cm ) ( 17 `` ) Second generation ( unibody ) ( edit ) MacBook Pro Unibody 15 inch On October 14 , 2008 , in a press event at company headquarters , Apple officials announced a new 15 - inch MacBook Pro featuring a `` precision aluminum unibody enclosure '' and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air . Designers shifted the MacBook Pro 's ports to the left side of the case , and moved the optical disc drive slot from the front to the right side , similar to the MacBook . The new MacBook Pros had two video cards , which the user could switch between : the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of shared system memory . Although the FireWire 400 port was removed , the FireWire 800 port was retained . The DVI port was replaced with a Mini DisplayPort receptacle . The original unibody MacBook Pro came with a user - removable battery ; Apple claimed five hours of use , with one reviewer reporting results closer to four on a continuous video battery stress test . Apple said that the battery would hold 80 percent of its charge after 300 recharges . Design ( edit ) The unibody - construction MacBook Pro largely follows the styling of the original aluminum iMac and the MacBook Air and is slightly thinner than its predecessor , albeit wider and deeper due to the widescreen display . The screen is high - gloss , covered by an edge - to - edge reflective glass finish , while an anti-glare matte option is available in the 15 - and 17 - inch models in which the glass panel is removed . The entire trackpad is usable and acts as a clickable button . The trackpad is also larger than the first generation model 's , giving more room for scrolling and multi-touch gestures . When the line was updated in April 2010 , inertial scrolling was added , making the scrolling experience much like that of the iPhone and iPad . The keys , still backlit , are now that of Apple 's now - standard sunken keyboard with separated black keys . Updates ( edit ) A size comparison of the unibody line of MacBook Pro laptops During the MacWorld Expo keynote on January 6 , 2009 , Phil Schiller announced a 17 - inch MacBook Pro with unibody construction . This version diverged from its 15 - inch sibling with an anti-glare `` matte '' screen option ( with the glossy finish standard ) and a non user - removable lithium polymer battery . Instead of traditional round cells inside the casing , the lithium - ion polymer batteries are shaped and fitted into each laptop to maximally utilize space . Adaptive charging , which uses a chip to optimize the charge flow to reduce wear and tear , extends the battery 's overall life . Battery life for the 17 '' version is quoted at eight hours , with 80 percent of this charge remaining after 1,000 charge - discharge cycles . At Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) on June 8 , 2009 , it was announced that the 13 - inch unibody MacBook would be upgraded and re-branded as a MacBook Pro , leaving only the white polycarbonate MacBook in the MacBook line . It was also announced that the entire MacBook Pro line would use the non user - removable battery first introduced in the 17 - inch MacBook Pro . The updated MacBook Pro 13 - and the 15 - inch would each have up to a claimed seven hours of battery life , while the 17 - inch would keep its eight - hour capacity . Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13 - and 15 - inch MacBook Pros during casual use , while others reported around six hours . Like the 17 - inch MacBook Pro , Apple claims that they will last around 1,000 charge cycles while still containing 80 percent of their capacity . Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release , although the 13 - inch and the base model 15 - inch , came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU . The screens were also improved , gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut . All of these mid 2009 models also included a FireWire 800 port and all except the 17 - inch models would receive an SD card slot . The 17 - inch model would retain its ExpressCard / 34 slot . For the 13 - inch MacBook Pro , the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of the chassis . In August 2009 , Apple extended the `` matte '' anti-glare display option to the 15 - inch MacBook Pro . On April 13 , 2010 , Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15 - and 17 - inch models , while the 13 - inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase . The power brick was redesigned and a high - resolution display ( of 1,680 × 1,050 ) was announced as an option for the 15 - inch models . The 13 - inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit ( GPU ) with 256 MB of shared memory , while the 15 - and 17 - inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M , with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory . The 15 - and 17 - inch models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors . The 15 - inch model also gained 0.1 pounds ( 0.045 kg ) . Save for a third USB 2.0 slot , all the ports on the 17 - inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on the 15 - inch version . All models come with 4 GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8 GB . Battery life was also extended further in this update , to an estimated ten hours for the 13 - inch and 8 -- 9 hours on the 15 - and 17 - inch MacBook Pros . This was achieved through both greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity . One reviewer reported about six hours of battery life through a continuous video battery stress test in the 15 - inch and another , who called the battery life `` unbeatable '' , reported nearer to eight in the 13 - inch through their `` highly demanding battery drain test '' . Thunderbolt technology , Sandy Bridge dual core Intel Core i5 and i7 ( on the 13 - inch model ) or quad - core i7 ( on the 15 - and 17 - inch models ) processors , and a high definition FaceTime camera were added on February 24 , 2011 . Intel HD Graphics 3000 come integrated with the CPU , while the 15 - and 17 - inch models also utilize AMD Radeon HD 6490M and Radeon HD 6750M graphics cards . Later editions of these models , following the release of OS X Lion , replaced the dashboard ( F4 ) key with a launchpad key . The chassis bottoms are also engraved differently from the 2010 models . The Thunderbolt serial bus platform can achieve speeds of up to 10 Gbit / s , which is up to twice as fast as the USB 3.0 specification , 20 times faster than the USB 2.0 specification , and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800 . Apple says that Thunderbolt can be used to drive displays or to transfer large quantities of data in a short amount of time . On June 11 , 2012 , Apple showcased its upgraded Mac notebooks , OS X Mountain Lion , and iOS 6 at the Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) in San Francisco . The new MacBook Pro models were updated with Ivy Bridge processors and USB 3.0 ports , and the default RAM on premium models was increased to 8 GB . Following this announcement , the 17 - inch model was discontinued . After a media event on October 22 , 2013 Apple discontinued all second generation MacBook Pros except for the entry - level 2.5 GHz 13 - inch model . Apple discontinued the 13 - inch 2nd generation MacBook Pro on October 27 , 2016 . Prior to its discontinuation it was Apple 's only product to still include an optical drive and a Firewire port , and only laptop with a hard disk drive and Ethernet port . Reception ( edit ) Some reviewers praised the new laptop 's performance and compact size , the quality of the screen , and sturdy unibody build , which allowed easier upgrading of internal components as compared to the original models . Some reviewers also noted that the new MacBook Pro ran more quietly and at cooler temperatures than first generation machines . Others , however , criticized the amount of heat generated by the new design . Reviewers lamented the loss of a matte screen option for the 2008 unibody MacBook Pro , noting the reflectiveness of the screen in sunlight , even when its brightness was turned all the way up . CNET 's Dan Ackerman commented of the mid-2009 models : `` According to Apple , the new display offers a wider color gamut , and the screen certainly looks bright and colorful , but we wish the same matte - screen option offered on the 17 - inch MacBook Pro was available across the line ... While the LED screen means a thinner lid and some battery life benefits , the edge - to - edge glass covering the entire display panel grabs stray light rays with ease , making the glossy screen hard to see in some lighting conditions . '' By 2011 , matte screens were offered for both the 15 '' and 17 '' models . Furthermore , the addition of Mini DisplayPort instead of the more popular HDMI was criticized . The relatively low number of ports and lower end technical specifications when compared to similarly priced laptops from other brands were also bemoaned . Laptop Magazine 's Michael Prospero praised the 2010 15 - inch model 's display , calling it `` bright and crisp '' . He further commented , `` While reflections from the glossy display were n't overwhelming , it 's also nice to know there 's an antiglare option -- though only for the higher resolution display . Still , colors were bright , blacks were deep and dark , and viewing angles were excellent both vertically and horizontally . '' He also lauded the quality of the iSight webcam , the responsiveness of the touchpad , the microphone and speakers , as well as the performance of the new CPUs for the 15 '' model and the long battery life . Complaints included the price of the laptop , the low number of USB ports , and the lack of HDMI . CNET praised the automatic graphics switching features of the 15 - and 17 - inch 2010 models as well as the graphics cards themselves . Acclaim was also given to the Core i5 and i7 CPUs , the multi-touch trackpad , and the addition of audio capabilities to the Mini DisplayPort video output . They also called for the addition of HDMI and the Blu - ray optical disc format , saying that most other computers in the MacBook Pro 's price range possessed these features . CNET also criticized the option of a higher resolution screen in the 15 - inch model , saying that `` the higher - resolution screen should be included by default . '' Technical Specifications ( edit ) Obsolete Discontinued ( show ) Table of second generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core 2 Duo Intel Core 2 Duo , Core i5 , Core i7 Intel Core i5 , Core i7 Model Late 2008 Early 2009 Mid 2009 Mid 2010 Early 2011 Late 2011 Mid 2012 Release date October 14 , 2008 January 6 , 2009 ( 17 `` ) March 3 , 2009 ( 15 `` ) June 8 , 2009 April 13 , 2010 February 24 , 2011 October 24 , 2011 June 11 , 2012 Apple order number ( s ) MB470 * / A or MB471 * / A MB470 * / A , MC026 * / A or MB604 * / A MB990 * / A , MB991 * / A , MC118 * / A , MB985 * / A , MB986 * / A , or MC226 * / A MC374 * / A , MC375 * / A , MC371 * / A , MC372 * / A , MC373 * / A or MC024 * / A MC700 * / A , MC724 * / A , MC721 * / A , MC723 * / A , or MC725 * / A MD311 * / A , MD313 * / A , MD314 * / A , MD318 * / A , MD322 * / A or MD385 * / A MD101 * / A , MD102 * / A , MD103 * / A or MD104 * / A Model Number ( s ) A1286 ( 15 `` ) A1286 ( 15 `` ) , A1297 ( 17 '' ) A1278 ( 13 `` ) , A1286 ( 15 '' ) , A1297 ( 17 `` ) A1278 ( 13 `` ) , A1286 ( 15 '' ) Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro5 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 2 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 2 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 3 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 4 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 5 ( 13 `` ) MacBookPro6 , 1 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro6 , 2 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro7 , 1 ( 13 `` ) MacBookPro8 , 1 ( 13 `` ) MacBookPro8 , 2 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro8 , 3 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro9 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro9 , 2 ( 13 `` ) LED - backlit widescreen glossy display ( 16 : 10 ) N / A 13.3 `` , 1,280 × 800 15.4 `` , 1,440 × 900 15.4 `` , 1,440 × 900 Optional matte screen 15.4 `` , 1,440 × 900 Optional 1,680 × 1,050 ( glossy or matte ) N / A 17 `` , 1,920 × 1,200 Optional matte screen N / A Video camera iSight ( 480p ) FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Processor N / A 2.26 GHz ( P8400 ) or 2.53 GHz ( P8700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz ( P8600 ) or 2.66 GHz ( P8800 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.3 GHz ( 2410M ) Intel Core i5 Sandy Bridge with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.7 GHz ( 2620M ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.4 GHz ( 2435M ) Intel Core i5 Sandy Bridge with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.8 GHz ( 2640M ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.5 GHz ( 3210M ) Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.9 GHz ( 3520M ) Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.4 GHz ( P8600 ) with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache or 2.53 GHz ( T9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( T9600 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz ( P8600 ) with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' only ) or 2.53 GHz ( T9400 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' only ) or 2.66 GHz ( T9550 ) ( 17 '' only ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( T9600 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' only ) or 2.93 GHz ( T9800 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 17 '' only ) 2.53 GHz ( P8700 ) or 2.66 GHz ( P8800 ) ( 15 '' only ) with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache or 2.8 GHz ( T9600 ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 3.06 GHz ( T9900 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.4 GHz ( 520M ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.53 GHz ( 540M ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.66 GHz ( 620M ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Arrandale with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( 640M ) with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.0 GHz quad - core ( 2635QM ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.2 GHz quad - core ( 2720QM ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.3 GHz ( 2820QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.2 GHz quad - core ( 2675QM ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.4 GHz quad - core ( 2760QM ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.5 GHz ( 2860QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.3 GHz quad - core ( 3615QM ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.6 GHz quad - core ( 3720QM ) ( 15 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.7 GHz ( 3820QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' only ) System bus N / A 1,066 MHz front side bus ( 13 `` ) Intel Direct Media Interface 5 GT / s 1,066 MHz front side bus 1,066 MHz front side bus ( 15 '' and 17 `` ) Intel Direct Media Interface 2.5 GT / s ( 15 '' and 17 `` ) Memory ( Two slots ) 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) or 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 4 GB by default , expandable to 8 GB with the latest EFI update 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 8 GB . 2.66 GHz and 2.93 GHz models expandable to 8 GB 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) or 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 8 GB 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 8 GB 16 GB on 13 '' models 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 16 GB 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) or 8 GB ( two 4 GB ) Expandable to 16 GB 1066 MHz PC3 - 8500 DDR3 SDRAM 1333 MHz PC3 - 10600 DDR3 SDRAM Voltage 1.5 V Expandable to 16GB of 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3 SDRAM 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3 SDRAM Voltage 1.35 V Graphics N / A Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' and some 15 '' models ) Nvidia GeForce 320M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' models only ) Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384 MB ( 512 MB with 8 GB of RAM installed ) DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' models only ) Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' models only ) Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Can switch between the two ( but can not use both ) Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM ( some 15 '' or 17 '' models ) Can switch between the two ( but can not use both ) Intel HD Graphics with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 330M with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384 MB DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) and AMD Radeon HD 6490M with 256 MB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' models ) or AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384 MB DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) and AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 512 MB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' models ) or AMD Radeon HD 6770M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 512 MB GDDR5 memory ( base 15 '' model ) or 1 GB GDDR5 memory Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Storage 250 GB or 320 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB or 320 GB at 7,200 - rpm , 128 GB SSD 250 GB or 320 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB or 320 GB at 7,200 - rpm , 128 GB or 256 GB SSD 160 GB , 250 GB , 320 GB , or 500 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 320 GB or 500 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) or 128 GB or 256 GB SSD 250 GB , 320 GB , or 500 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm . Optional 320 GB or 500 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm or 128 GB , 256 GB , or 512 GB SSD . 320 GB ( 13 '' only ) , 500 GB or 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm . Optional 500 GB or 750 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 500 GB at 7,200 - rpm ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) , or 128 GB , 256 GB , or 512 GB SSD 500 GB or 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm ( 13 '' and base 15 '' models ) or 17 '' 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm ( high - end 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Optional 750 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) , or 128 GB , 256 GB , or 512 GB SSD 500 GB or 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 750 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm or 1 TB at 5,400 - rpm or 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB or 1 TB SSD SATA II ( 3 Gbit / s ) SATA III ( 6 Gbit / s ) Optical disc drive SuperDrive : 4 × DVD ± R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 8 × DVD + RW writes , 6 × DVD - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 16 × CD - RW recording AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / draft - n ( n enabled ) ( Broadcom BCM4322 2 × 2 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n ( Broadcom BCM4331 3 × 3 chipset ) Peripheral connections ExpressCard / 34 SDXC card slot ( 13 '' and 15 `` ) or ExpressCard / 34 ( 17 '' ) SDXC card slot USB 2.0 ( two ports on 13 '' and 15 `` , three ports on 17 '' ) USB 3.0 ( two ports ) Mini DisplayPort ( without audio support ) Mini DisplayPort ( with audio support ) Thunderbolt port Gigabit Ethernet , Firewire 800 , Audio line in / out Latest possible operating system OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' with Sierra Patcher ) macOS 10.13 `` High Sierra '' Battery ( lithium polymer , non-removable except in original 15 `` ) N / A 58 Wh ( 13 `` ) 63.5 Wh ( 13 `` ) 50 Wh removable lithium - polymer ( 15 `` ) 73 Wh ( 15 `` ) 77.5 Wh ( 15 `` ) N / A 95 Wh ( 17 `` ) N / A Weight N / A 4.50 lb ( 2.04 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 5.5 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) 5.6 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) N / A 6.6 lb ( 3.0 kg ) ( 17 `` ) N / A Dimensions N / A 12.78 in ( 32.5 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 22.7 cm ) deep × 0.95 in ( 2.4 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 14.35 in ( 36.4 cm ) wide × 9.82 in ( 24.9 cm ) deep × 0.95 in ( 2.4 cm ) high ( 15 `` ) N / A 15.47 in ( 39.3 cm ) wide × 10.51 in ( 26.7 cm ) deep × 0.98 in ( 2.5 cm ) high ( 17 `` ) N / A Since the RAM and the hard drive on some generations of MacBook Pro are user serviceable parts , there are aftermarket modifications to enhance the system with up to 16GB of DDR3 - 1600 RAM ( maximum capacity and frequency depend on the hardware in question ) , 7200 - rpm hard drives or third party SSDs . Early and Late 2011 model GPU Issues ( edit ) Early and Late 2011 models reportedly suffer from manufacturing problems leading to overheating , graphical issues , and eventually complete GPU and logic board failure . A thread was opened on the Apple Support community that reached more than 12,000 posts and 4,000,000 visits ( Feb 2015 ) . A similar but nonidentical issue affected iMac GPUs which were later recalled by Apple . The problem was covered by many articles in Mac - focused magazines , starting late 2013 throughout 2014 . In August 2014 the law firm Whitfield Bryson & Mason LLP had begun investigating the problem to determine if any legal claim exists . On October 28 , 2014 , the firm announced that it has filed a class - action lawsuit in a California federal court against Apple . The lawsuit will cover residents residing in both California and Florida who have purchased a 2011 MacBook Pro notebook with an AMD graphics card . The firm is also investigating similar cases across the United States . On February 20 , 2015 , Apple instituted the `` MacBook Pro Repair Extension Program for Video Issues '' . This `` will repair affected MacBook Pro systems , free of charge '' . Third generation ( Retina ) ( edit ) MacBook Pro Retina 15 inch The MacBook Pro Retina with its two Thunderbolt Ports The third generation MacBook Pro , as seen below a MacBook Air , has a MagSafe 2 power connector and two Thunderbolt ports . On June 11 , 2012 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco , Apple introduced the third generation MacBook Pro , marketed as the `` MacBook Pro with Retina display '' to differentiate it from the predecessor model . The new model includes Intel 's third generation Core i7 processors ( Ivy Bridge microarchitecture ) , USB 3.0 , and a high - resolution 15.4 '' IPS 2880 × 1800 - pixel Retina Display . Other new or changed features include a second Thunderbolt port , a HDMI port , and a thinner MagSafe port , dubbed the `` MagSafe 2 '' . Apple introduced a 13 - inch version on October 23 , 2012 with specifications similar but slightly inferior to the 15 - inch version 's , such as less powerful processors . The new models omit Ethernet and FireWire 800 ports , though Apple offers Thunderbolt adapters for both interfaces . They also omit a SuperDrive , making the 15 - inch model Apple 's first professional notebook since the PowerBook 2400c to ship without a built - in optical drive . Instead of a hard disk drive , the new models ship with a solid state drive housed in a proprietary flash module design rather than a 2.5 '' notebook drive . Apple also claims improved speakers and microphones and a new system for cooling the notebook with improved fans . The new case design does not have a Kensington lock slot , so alternative products are required to physically secure the computer . The Retina models also have fewer user - accessible upgrade or replacement options than previous MacBooks . Unlike in previous generations , the memory is soldered onto the logic board and is therefore not upgradable . The solid state drive is not soldered and can be replaced by users . The battery is glued into place ; attempts to remove it may destroy the battery and / or trackpad . The entire case uses proprietary pentalobe screws and can not be disassembled with standard tools . While the battery is glued in , recycling companies have stated that the design is only `` mildly inconvenient '' and does not hamper the recycling process . On February 13 , 2013 , Apple announced updated prices and processors for the MacBook Pro with Retina Display and increased the RAM of the high - end 15 - inch model to 16 GB . On October 22 , 2013 , Apple updated the line with Intel 's Haswell processors and Iris Graphics , 802.11 ac Wi - Fi , Thunderbolt 2 , and PCIe - based flash storage . The chassis of the 13 - inch version was slightly slimmed to 0.71 inches ( 18 mm ) to match the 15 - inch model . The lower - end 15 - inch model only included integrated graphics while the higher - end model continued to include a discrete Nvidia graphics card in addition to integrated graphics . Support for 4K video output via HDMI was added but limited the maximum number of external displays from three to two . On July 29 , 2014 Apple announced updated prices and processors for the Haswell MacBook Pro with Retina Display . On March 9 , 2015 , the 13 - inch model was updated with Intel Broadwell processors , Iris 6100 graphics , faster flash storage , increased battery life , and a Force Touch trackpad . On May 19 , 2015 , the 15 - inch model was also updated with similarly fast flash storage , increased battery life , the Force Touch trackpad , and an AMD Radeon R9 discrete graphics card on the higher - end model . The higher - end 15 - inch model also added support for dual - cable output to 5120 × 2880 displays . The 15 - inch models were released with the same Intel Haswell processors and Iris Pro graphics as the 2014 models due to a delay in shipment of newer Broadwell quad - core processors . Design ( edit ) The Retina Display MacBook Pro largely follows the design of the previous generation with its aluminum enclosure and separated black keys . The most apparent body changes are a thinner chassis and a display with a redesigned hinge and thinner bezel and the removal of the internal optical drive . The power button is moved from the upper right corner of the chassis onto the keyboard , taking the place of the optical disc eject button . At 0.71 inches ( 18 mm ) thick , the 15 - inch model is 25 percent thinner than its predecessor . The model name is no longer placed at the bottom of the screen bezel ; instead , it is found on the underside of the chassis , similar to an iOS device . It is the first Macintosh laptop to not have its model name visible during normal use , as every prior laptop had its model name on the screen bezel or keyboard . Reception ( edit ) The third generation MacBook Pro received positive reviews of the Retina Display , flash storage and power . It was criticized , however , for its high price and lack of an Ethernet port and optical drive . Roman Loyola of Macworld said that the Retina MacBook Pro was `` groundbreaking '' and made people `` rethink how they use technology '' . He praised the inclusion of USB 3.0 and the slimmer body . Dan Ackerman of CNET commented `` I 've previously called the 15 - inch MacBook Pro one of the most universally useful all - around laptops you can buy . This new version adds to that with HDMI , faster ports , and more portability . But it also subtracts from that with its exclusion of an optical drive and Ethernet port , plus its very high starting price . The Pro and Retina Pro are clearly two laptops designed for two different users , and with the exception of all - day commuters who need something closer to a MacBook Air or ultrabook , one of the two branches of the MacBook Pro family tree is still probably the most universally useful laptop you can buy . '' The Retina MacBook line has no internal optical drives . External drives such as Apple 's SuperDrive ( pictured ) must be used instead . Joel Santo Domingo of PC Magazine gave the MacBook Pro an `` Editor 's Choice '' rating . He praised its `` brilliant Retina display '' , the thin design , port selection and speedy storage , and highlighted the expandability via Thunderbolt ports which support up to seven devices each . David Pogue of The New York Times praised the 15 - inch model 's screen , keyboard , sound , start - up time , cosmetics , battery life , storage , and RAM capacity . They criticized the lack of a SuperDrive , pricing , and the MagSafe 2 power connector 's lack of backwards compatibility with the older MagSafe design . Since the battery is glued in and can not be easily disassembled for recycling ( an EPEAT requirement ) , Apple received criticisms about the machine 's ability to be recycled . Greenpeace spokesman Casey Harrell said Apple `` has pitted design against the environment -- and chosen design . They 're making a big bet that people do n't care , but recycling is a big issue . '' Wired also criticized Apple 's recyclability claims , stating `` ( t ) he design may well be comprised of ' highly recyclable aluminum and glass ' -- but my friends in the electronics recycling industry tell me they have no way of recycling aluminum that has glass glued to it like Apple did with both this machine and the recent iPad . '' The Retina Display on the MacBook Pro have been criticized for `` image retention '' , specifically for displays manufactured by LG . Technical specifications ( edit ) Discontinued Current ( show ) Table of third generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core i5 , Core i7 Model Mid 2012 Late 2012 Early 2013 Late 2013 Mid 2014 Early 2015 Mid 2015 Release date June 11 , 2012 ( 15 `` ) October 23 , 2012 ( 13 `` ) February 13 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 March 9 , 2015 ( 13 `` ) May 19 , 2015 ( 15 `` ) Model number ( s ) MC975 * / A or MC976 * / A or MD831 * / A MD212 * / A or MD213 * / A ME664 * / A or ME665 * / A or ME698 * / A , ME662 * / A or ME663 * / A or ME697 * / A ME864 * / A or ME865 * / A or ME866 * / A , ME293 * / A or ME294 * / A MGX72 * / A or MGX82 * / A or MGX92 * / A , MGXA2 * / A or MGXC2 * / A MF839 * / A or MF840 * / A or MF841 * / A MJLQ2 * / A or MJLT2 * / A Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro10 , 1 ( 15 `` ) ( A1398 ) MacBookPro10 , 2 ( 13 `` ) ( A1425 ) MacBookPro10 , 2 ( 13 `` ) ( A1425 ) MacBookPro11 , 1 ( 13 `` ) ( A1502 ) MacBookPro12 , 1 ( 13 `` ) ( A1502 ) MacBookPro11 , 4 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro11 , 5 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro10 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro11 , 2 ( 15 `` ) ( A1398 ) MacBookPro11 , 3 ( 15 `` ) LED - backlit widescreen glossy Retina Display 15.4 `` , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi 13.3 `` , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi 13.3 `` , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi 13.3 `` , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi 15.4 `` , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi 15.4 `` , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi Video camera FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Processor 2.3 GHz ( i7 - 3615QM ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.6 GHz ( i7 - 3720QM ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.7 GHz ( i7 - 3820QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.5 GHz ( i5 - 3210M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.9 GHz ( i7 - 3520M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge processor with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.6 GHz ( i5 - 3230M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 3.0 GHz ( i7 - 3540M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.4 GHz ( i5 - 4258U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.6 GHz ( i5 - 4288U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 4558U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.6 GHz ( i5 - 4278U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.8 GHz ( i5 - 4308U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 3.0 GHz ( i7 - 4578U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.7 GHz ( i5 - 5257U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Broadwell processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.9 GHz ( i5 - 5287U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Broadwell with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz ( i7 - 5557U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Broadwell with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 4770HQ ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 6 MB on - chip L3 and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.5 GHz ( i7 - 4870HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 4980HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) 2.4 GHz ( i7 - 3630QM ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.7 GHz ( i7 - 3740QM ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 3840QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.0 GHz ( i7 - 4750HQ ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 6 MB on - chip L3 and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.3 GHz ( i7 - 4850HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) Optional 2.6 GHz ( i7 - 4960HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 4770HQ ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 6 MB on - chip L3 and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.5 GHz ( i7 - 4870HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 4980HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) System bus Intel Direct Media Interface 5 GT / s Memory 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) 4 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` , 128 GB ) Optional 8 GB and 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` , 256 GB and 512 GB ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 15 `` , 2.4 GHz ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 15 `` , 2.0 GHz ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` ) 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` , 2.7 GHz ) 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3L SDRAM 1866 MHz PC3 - 14900 LPDDR3 SDRAM ( 13 `` ) 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3L SDRAM ( 15 `` ) Graphics Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel Iris 5100 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel Iris 6100 Graphics with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 `` , 2.0 GHz ) Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory or Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and AMD Radeon R9 M370X with 2 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` , 2.5 and 2.8 GHz ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 750M with 2 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 750M with 2 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` , 2.5 and 2.8 GHz ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Storage 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 13 `` ) 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.5 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB ( 13 `` , 2.4 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB ( 13 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB ( 13 `` , 2.7 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.8 GHz ) 512 GB or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.4 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.0 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.9 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.5 and 2.8 GHz ) 512 GB or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.7 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.5 GHz ) Mini-SATA III ( 6 Gbit / s ) PCIe 2.0 × 2 5.0 GT / s ( 8 Gbit / s ) PCIe 3.0 × 4 8.0 GT / s ( 31.5 Gbit / s ) AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 450 Mbit / s ) ( Broadcom BCM4331 3 × 3 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 1.3 Gbit / s ) ( Broadcom BCM4360 3 × 3 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 1.3 Gbit / s ) ( Broadcom BCM43602 3 × 3 chipset ) Peripheral connections SDXC card slot 2 USB 3.0 2 Thunderbolt ports Supports two 2560 × 1600 displays 2 Thunderbolt 2 ports Supports two 2560 × 1600 displays ( 13 `` ) or two 3840x2160 ( 15 '' ) 2 Thunderbolt 2 ports Supports two 3840 × 2160 displays 2 Thunderbolt 2 ports Supports two 3840 × 2160 displays ( Iris Graphics ) or one 5120 × 2880 dual - cable display ( Radeon R9 ) HDMI port Supports 1920x1200 output HDMI port Supports 3840 × 2160 / 30 Hz or 4096 × 2160 / 24 Hz output Audio line out ( analog / optical ) Battery ( lithium polymer , non-removable ) 74 Wh ( 13 `` ) 71.8 Wh ( 13 `` ) 74.9 Wh ( 13 `` ) 95 Wh ( 15 `` ) 99.5 Wh ( 15 `` ) Weight 3.57 lb ( 1.62 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 3.46 lb ( 1.57 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 3.48 lb ( 1.58 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 4.46 lb ( 2.02 kg ) ( 15 `` ) 4.49 lb ( 2.04 kg ) ( 15 `` ) Dimensions 12.35 in ( 31.4 cm ) wide × 8.62 in ( 21.9 cm ) deep × 0.75 in ( 1.9 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 12.35 in ( 31.4 cm ) wide × 8.62 in ( 21.9 cm ) deep × 0.71 in ( 1.8 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 14.13 in ( 35.9 cm ) wide × 9.73 in ( 24.7 cm ) deep × 0.71 in ( 1.8 cm ) high ( 15 `` ) Fourth generation ( Touch Bar ) ( edit ) The 15 - inch late 2016 MacBook Pro Apple unveiled fourth generation 13 - and 15 - inch MacBook Pro models during a press event at their headquarters on October 27 , 2016 . The models introduced the Touch Bar , a multi-touch enabled OLED strip built into the top of the keyboard in place of the function keys . They include a sapphire - glass covered Touch ID sensor at the right end of the Touch Bar which doubles as a power button . The models also introduce a `` second - generation '' butterfly mechanism keyboard that provided more travel than the first iteration implemented on the Retina MacBook . The 13 - inch model has a trackpad that is 46 % larger than its predecessor while the 15 - inch model has a trackpad twice as large as the prior generation . All ports have been replaced with either two or four combination USB - C 3.1 ports that support Thunderbolt 3 and dual DisplayPort 1.2 signals , any of which can be used for charging . The MacBook Pro is incompatible with some older Thunderbolt 3 certified peripherals , including Intel 's own reference design for Thunderbolt 3 devices . Furthermore , MacOS on MacBook Pro blocks certain classes of Thunderbolt 3 compatible devices from working by blacklisting them . Devices using HDMI , previous generation Thunderbolt , and USB will require an adapter to connect to the MacBook Pro . The models come with a 3.5 mm headphone jack , although TOSLINK functionality of older generation MacBook Pros has been removed . Other updates to the MacBook Pro include dual and quad - core Intel `` Skylake '' Core i5 and i7 processors , improved graphics , and displays that offer a 25 % wider color gamut , 67 % more brightness , and 67 % more contrast . All versions are able to output to a 5K display , with the 15 - inch models capable of two . The 15 - inch models include a discrete Radeon Pro 450 , 455 or 460 graphics card in addition to the integrated Intel graphics . Additionally , Apple introduced a cheaper lower - end 13 - inch model which lacks the Touch Bar in favor of function keys , and has only two USB - C ports . The flash storage in the Touch Bar models is soldered to the logic board and is not upgradeable , while in the 13 - inch model without Touch Bar , it is removable . Design and usability ( edit ) The fourth generation MacBook Pro follows the design of the previous two generations with an all - metal unibody enclosure and separated black keys . A few apparent design changes are a thinner chassis , thinner screen bezel , larger trackpad , the OLED Touch Bar , and shallower butterfly mechanism keyboard with less key separation than the previous models . The speakers grilles have been relocated to the sides of the keyboard on the 13 - inch variant . Tear downs show that the speaker grilles on the 13 - inch model with Touch Bar are `` largely cosmetic '' , and that sound output mostly comes through the side vents . The fourth generation MacBook Pro comes in two finishes , the traditional silver color and a darker `` space gray '' color . The MacBook Pro model name returns to the bottom of the screen bezel in Apple 's San Francisco font after being absent from the third generation . Similar to the Retina MacBook , the new models replace the backlit Apple logo on the rear of the screen with a glossy opaque version . MagSafe , a magnetic charging connector , has been replaced with USB - C charging . Unlike MagSafe , which provided an indicator light within the user 's field of view to indicate the device 's charging status , the USB - C charger has no visual indicator . Instead , the MacBook Pro emits a chime when connected to power . The Macintosh startup chime that has been used since the first Macintosh in 1984 is now disabled by default . The laptop now boots automatically when the lid is opened . Reception ( edit ) The 2016 MacBook Pro received mixed reviews . Ars Technica noted that the keyboard was a `` drastic departure '' from previous MacBook Pro keyboards , being a second - generation version of the keyboard used in the Retina MacBook . It further noted that resting palms may brush the trackpad occasionally causing inadvertent cursor jumps onscreen as the laptop interprets this as input , without one 's hands or wrists actually resting on it . Also noted was an increase of bandwidth and approximately 40 percent increased read speed of the flash storage . Engadget praised the thinner , lighter design , improved display and audio , and increased speed of the graphics and flash storage , but criticized the lack of ports and price . Wired praised the display , calling it `` the best laptop display I 've ever seen '' , as well as praising the Touch Bar , though it criticized the need of adapters for many common connectors . Likewise , The Verge concluded that `` using ( the new MacBook ) is alienating to anyone living in the present . I agree with Apple 's vision of the future . I 'm just not buying it today . '' Other well - known review outlets , like Engadget , voiced their concerns over Apple `` by doing things like removing full - sized USB ports , the memory card reader and even the Function row , Apple seems to forgotten how many of us actually work '' . This goes unison with the wider blogosphere and review scene where foremost the touch bar was criticized for providing a negative impact on a user 's concentration and usability : `` The cognitive footprint of direct second screen interactions is significantly higher than that of indirect interactions '' . Other items of critique frequently where non-compatibility between Thunderbolt 2 and 3 devices , frequently unpleasant fan whine noises in idle CPU states on the larger screen ( 15 `` ) models were reported , where the two integrated fans run all the time by default . Responsible for this behaviour are the Co-Processor powering the touch bar and higher TDP of the stronger CPU models . The battery life of the new models also received mixed reception , with outlets reporting inconsistent battery life and inaccurate estimates of time remaining on battery by the operating system . Apple addressed the latter by hiding the display of estimated battery time remaining entirely in a macOS update . Consumer Reports did not initially recommend the 2016 MacBook Pro models , citing inconsistent and unpredictable battery life in its lab testing ( which involves the consecutive loading of multiple websites ) . However , Apple and Consumer Reports found that the results had been affected by a bug caused by disabling caching in Safari 's developer tools . Consumer Reports performed the tests again with a patched macOS , and retracted its original assessment . iFixit gave the models their lowest possible score of 1 out of 10 for repairability , noting that memory , the processor , and flash storage are soldered to the logic board , while the battery is glued to the case . The entire assembly uses proprietary pentalobe screws and can not be disassembled with standard tools . Technical specifications ( edit ) Discontinued Current ( hide ) Table of fourth generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core i5 , Core i7 Model Late 2016 Mid 2017 Model Name 13 - inch , Two Thunderbolt 3 Ports 13 - inch , with Touch Bar 15 - inch , with Touch Bar 13 - inch , Two Thunderbolt 3 Ports 13 - inch , with Touch Bar 15 - inch , with Touch Bar Release date October 27 , 2016 November 12 , 2016 June 5 , 2017 Model number ( s ) MLL42LL / A MLH12LL / A MLH32LL / A or MLH42LL / A ( space gray ) MLW72LL / A or MLW82LL / A ( silver ) MPXQ2LL / A or MPXR2LL / A or MPXT2LL / A or MPXU2LL / A MPXV2LL / A or MPXW2LL / A or MPXX2LL / A or MPXY2LL / A or MQ002LL / A or MQ012LL / A MPTR2LL / A or MPTT2LL / A or MPTU2LL / A or MPTV2LL / A or MPTW2LL / A or MPTX2LL / A Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro13 , 1 ( A1708 ) MacBookPro13 , 2 ( A1706 ) MacBookPro13 , 3 ( A1707 ) MacBookPro14 , 1 ( A1708 ) MacBookPro14 , 2 ( A1706 ) MacBookPro14 , 3 ( A1707 ) LED - backlit widescreen glossy Retina Display 13.3 '' , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi with Wide colour ( P3 ) gamut , 500 - nits ( 13 `` ) 15.4 '' , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi with Wide colour ( P3 ) gamut , 500 - nits ( 15 '' ) Video camera FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Processor 2.0 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Skylake ( 6360U ) , up to 3.1 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 2.4 GHz i7 - 6660U , up to 3.4 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 2.9 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Skylake ( 6267U ) , up to 3.3 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz i5 - 6287U , up to 3.5 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.3 GHz i7 - 6567U , up to 3.6 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 2.6 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Skylake ( 6700HQ ) , up to 3.5 GHz , 6 MB L3 cache Optional 2.9 GHz i7 - 6920HQ , up to 3.8 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache 2.3 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Kaby Lake ( 7360U ) , up to 3.6 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 2.5 GHz i7 - 7660U , up to 4.0 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 3.1 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Kaby Lake ( 7267U ) , up to 3.5 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.3 GHz i5 - 7287U , up to 3.7 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.5 GHz i7 - 7567U , up to 4.0 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 2.8 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Kaby Lake ( 7700HQ ) , up to 3.8 GHz , 6 MB L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz i7 - 7920HQ , up to 4.1 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache 2.7 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Skylake ( 6820HQ ) , up to 3.6 GHz , 8MB L3 cache Optional 2.9 GHz i7 - 6920HQ , up to 3.8 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache 2.9 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Kaby Lake ( 7820HQ ) , up to 3.9 GHz , 8MB L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz i7 - 7920HQ , up to 4.1 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache System bus 4 GT / s OPI ( On Package DMI 3.0 interconnect Interface ) ( Max . Theoretical Bandwidth 4 GB / s ) 8 GT / s DMI 3.0 ( Max . Theoretical Bandwidth 3.94 GB / s ) 4 GT / s OPI ( On Package DMI 3.0 interconnect Interface ) ( Max . Theoretical Bandwidth 4 GB / s ) 8 GT / s DMI 3.0 ( Max . Theoretical Bandwidth 3.94 GB / s ) Memory 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) 1866 MHz PC3 - 14900 LPDDR3 SDRAM 2133 MHz PC3 - 17000 LPDDR3 SDRAM Graphics Intel Iris Graphics 540 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel Iris Graphics 550 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel HD Graphics 530 AMD Radeon Pro 450 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.6 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 455 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory , or Pro 460 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel Iris Plus Graphics 640 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel Iris Plus Graphics 650 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel HD Graphics 630 AMD Radeon Pro 555 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.8 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 560 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel HD Graphics 530 AMD Radeon Pro 455 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.7 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 460 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel HD Graphics 630 AMD Radeon Pro 560 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.9 GHz ) Storage 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB SSD 256 GB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) 256 GB SSD . Configurable to 512 GB , 1 TB or 2 TB SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.6 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB SSD 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( not upgradeable ) 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.8 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) 512 GB SSD . Configurable to 1 TB or 2 TB SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.7 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.9 GHz ) NVMe / PCIe 3.0 × 4 8.0 GT / s ( 31.5 Gbit / s ) Wi - Fi Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac , up to 867 Mbit / s ( 13 '' w / o Touch Bar ) or 1.3 Gbit / s ( 13 '' and 15 '' w / Touch Bar ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2 wireless technology Peripheral connections Thunderbolt 3 ( USB - C ) Two ports supporting two 4096x2304 displays or one 5120x2880 ( MST ) display ( 13 '' w / o Touch Bar ) Four ports , two left - hand ports for full performance , supporting two 4096x2304 displays or one 5120x2880 ( MST ) display ( 13 '' w / Touch Bar ) Four ports via two controllers supporting four 4096x2304 displays or two 5120x2880 ( MST ) displays ( 15 `` ) Supports charging , DisplayPort 1.2 , Thunderbolt ( up to 40 Gbit / s ) and USB 3.1 gen 2 ( up to 10 Gbit / s ) 3.5 mm audio line out ( analog ) , multiple microphones , stereo speakers with high dynamic range Battery ( lithium polymer , non-removable ) 54.5 Wh ( 13 '' w / o Touch Bar ) 49.2 Wh ( 13 `` , with Touch Bar ) 76 Wh ( 15 `` ) up to 10 hours use ( wireless web , iTunes film playback ) ; 30 days standby time Weight 3.02 lb ( 1.37 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 4.02 lb ( 1.83 kg ) ( 15 `` ) Dimensions 11.97 in ( 30.41 cm ) wide × 8.36 in ( 21.24 cm ) deep × 0.59 in ( 1.49 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 13.75 in ( 34.93 cm ) wide × 9.48 in ( 24.07 cm ) deep × 0.61 in ( 1.55 cm ) high ( 15 `` ) Software and operating systems ( edit ) The macOS operating system has been pre-installed on all MacBook Pros since release , starting with version 10.4. 4 ( Tiger ) . Along with OS X , iLife has also shipped with all systems , beginning with iLife ' 06 . The MacBook Pro comes with the successor to BIOS , Extensible Firmware Interface ( EFI ) 1.1 . EFI handles booting differently from BIOS - based computers , but provides backwards compatibility , allowing dual and triple boot configurations . In addition to OS X , the Microsoft Windows operating system is installable on Intel x86 - based Apple computers . Officially , this is limited to both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions of Windows XP , Vista , 7 , 8 , and 10 with the necessary hardware drivers included with the Boot Camp software . Other x86 operating systems such as Linux are also unofficially supported . This is made possible by the presence of the Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation Apple has provided on top of EFI . As the MacBook Pro uses a different hardware platform from earlier PowerPC ( PPC ) - based Macintoshes , versions of OS X prior to Lion can run PPC applications only via the Rosetta emulator , which exacts some performance penalty , can not emulate some lower - level PPC code , and does not support 64 - bit ( G5 specific ) PPC features . Rosetta is not present in Lion and later , so PPC applications can not be run under those versions of OS X . Timeline of the MacBook family See also : Timeline of Macintosh models See also ( edit ) Comparison of Macintosh models MacBook family MacBook Air Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Through use of a second display , all pre-unibody MacBook Pros simultaneously support their native resolution on the internal display and a maximum of 2560 × 1600 on an external display . ^ Jump up to : Existing memory modules may need to be replaced . ^ Jump up to : Some sources reference 6 GB functionality . ^ Jump up to : Hard and solid - state drives listed are configurations available from Apple . ^ Jump up to : Quoted optical drive speeds are the maximum possible for each drive . Jump up ^ Wireless - N functionality requires installing the wireless - N enabler software included with the AirPort Extreme Wireless - N Router or sold as a download on the Apple online store , or by upgrading to OS X 10.5 `` Leopard '' or later . 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Jump up ^ https://github.com/KhaosT/tb3-enabler Jump up ^ `` Here 's everything you need to know about USB - C and Thunderbolt 3 '' . CNET . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT206587 ^ Jump up to : https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/MacBook+Pro+13-Inch+Touch+Bar+Teardown/73480 Jump up ^ http://blog.macsales.com/38440-ssd-in-late-2016-entry-level-macbook-pro-removable Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/11/17/13665258/macbook-pro-speaker-grille-fake-teardown Jump up ^ https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/14/macbook-pro-review-2016/ Jump up ^ https://www.wired.com/2016/11/review-apple-macbook-pro-touch-bar/ Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/2/13490774/apple-macbook-pro-review-2016-13-inch-laptop Jump up ^ `` Engadget - MacBook Pro review ( 2016 ) : A step forward and a step back '' . Jump up ^ `` Hackermoon - On the MacBook Pro 2016 -- and why I returned mine '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 28 . hair space character in title = at position 37 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Apple Support Communities '' . Jump up ^ `` How Apple Alienated Mac Loyalists '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple ' fixes ' inaccurate MacBook Pro battery estimate -- by removing it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports now recommends Apple 's new MacBook Pro after software update '' . The Verge . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple working with Consumer Reports to pin down inconsistent MacBook Pro battery test results '' . The Verge . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Pro ( 13 - inch , Late 2016 , Two Thunderbolt 3 Ports ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Pro ( 13 - inch , Late 2016 , Four Thunderbolt 3 Ports ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Pro ( 15 - inch , Late 2016 ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Pro ( 13 - inch , Mid 2017 , Two Thunderbolt 3 Ports ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Pro ( 13 - inch , Mid 2017 , Four Thunderbolt 3 Ports ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MacBook Pro ( 15 - inch , Mid 2017 ) - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Unveils Groundbreaking New MacBook Pro '' . Apple . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Apple MacBook Pro with Touch Bar orders shipped , arriving Monday '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MacBook Pro - Technical Specifications '' . Apple ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i5 - 6360U Processor ( 4M Cache , up to 3.10 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i7 - 6660U Processor ( 4M Cache , up to 3.40 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i5 - 6267U Processor ( 4M Cache , up to 3.30 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i5 - 6287U Processor ( 4M Cache , up to 3.50 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i7 - 6567U Processor ( 4M Cache , up to 3.60 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i7 - 6700HQ Processor ( 6M Cache , up to 3.50 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Intel ® Core TM i7 - 6920HQ Processor ( 8M Cache , up to 3.80 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Core TM i7 - 6820HQ Processor ( 8M Cache , up to 3.60 GHz ) Specifications '' . Intel ® ARK ( Product Specs ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ganesh TS ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Choosing the Right SSD for a Skylake - U System '' . AnandTech . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thunderbolt - Apple ( CA ) '' . Apple ( Canada ) . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . Unified EFI Forum . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , David . `` Apples Boot Camp and the Myth of Mac Software Availability '' . eWeek . Ziff Davis Enterprise . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can the MacBook Pro run Linux ? '' . EveryMac . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cherif ( 2007 ) , p. 345 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Nikkel , Bruce ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` Forensic Analysis of GPT Disks and GUID Partition Tables '' ( PDF ) . The International Journal of Digital Forensics and Incident Response . Elsevier . 6 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. diin. 2009.07. 001 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Apple 's Boot Camp was developed to allow operating systems ( primarily ( W ) indows ) to load on Macintosh hardware . To achieve this , Boot Camp provides a BIOS compatibility module to allow native booting without EFI support . This has also been called `` BIOS emulation '' , `` hybrid GPT / MBR '' , `` BIOS - based booting '' or `` legacy OS booting '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Binary Programming Guidelines , Second Edition '' . Apple . Retrieved July 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AppleInsider Staff ( February 26 , 2011 ) . `` Inside Mac OS X 10.7 Lion : Missing Front Row , Rosetta and Java runtime '' . AppleInsider . AppleInsider , Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MacBook Pro . Cherif , Antoni ( 2007 ) . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard : Für Einsteiger und Windows - Umsteiger ( in German ) . Baar , Switzerland : Smart Books . ISBN 978 - 3 - 908497 - 73 - 8 . 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-1346665496332791937	Ocean	Ocean - wikipedia Ocean Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Seawater For other uses , see Ocean ( disambiguation ) . Clouds over the Atlantic Ocean Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean An ocean ( from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός , transc . Okeanós , the sea of classical antiquity ) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet 's hydrosphere . On Earth , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean . These are , in descending order by area , the Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Southern ( Antarctic ) , and Arctic Oceans . The word sea is often used interchangeably with `` ocean '' in American English but , strictly speaking , a sea is a body of saline water ( generally a division of the world ocean ) partly or fully enclosed by land . Saline water covers approximately 360,000,000 km ( 140,000,000 sq mi ) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas , with the ocean covering approximately 71 % of Earth 's surface and 90 % of the Earth 's biosphere . The ocean contains 97 % of Earth 's water , and oceanographers have stated that less than 5 % of the World Ocean has been explored . The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers ( 320 million cu mi ) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters ( 12,100 ft ) . As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth 's hydrosphere , it is integral to life , forms part of the carbon cycle , and influences climate and weather patterns . The world ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species , but because much of it is unexplored , the number of species that exist in the ocean is much larger , possibly over two million . The origin of Earth 's oceans is unknown ; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean eon and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life . Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds . The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan , although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System . Early in their geologic histories , Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans . The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water , and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus . Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice . Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites ; notably , the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth . The Solar System 's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions . Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons , including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone . Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Earth 's global ocean 2.1 Oceanic divisions 2.2 Global system 2.3 Physical properties 2.4 Oceanic zones 2.5 Exploration 2.6 Oceanic maritime currents 2.7 Climate 2.8 Biology 2.9 Gases 2.10 Surface 2.11 Mixing time 2.12 Salinity 2.13 Absorption of light 2.14 Economic value 2.15 Waves and swell 3 Extraterrestrial oceans 3.1 Planets 3.2 Natural satellites 3.3 Dwarf planets and trans - Neptunian objects 3.4 Extrasolar 3.5 Non-water surface liquids 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Etymology The word `` ocean '' comes from the figure in classical antiquity , Oceanus ( / oʊ ˈsiːənəs / ; Greek : Ὠκεανός Ōkeanós , pronounced ( ɔːkeanós ) ) , the elder of the Titans in classical Greek mythology , believed by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be the divine personification of the sea , an enormous river encircling the world . The concept of Ōkeanós has an Indo - European connection . Greek Ōkeanós has been compared to the Vedic epithet ā - śáyāna - , predicated of the dragon Vṛtra - , who captured the cows / rivers . Related to this notion , the Okeanos is represented with a dragon - tail on some early Greek vases . Earth 's global ocean Various ways to divide the World Ocean Oceanic divisions Further information : Borders of the oceans 1 . Epipelagic zone : surface -- 200 meters deep 2 . Mesopelagic zone : 200 m -- 1000 m 3 . Bathypelagic zone : 1000 m -- 4000 m 4 . Abyssopelagic zone : 4000 m -- 6000 m 5 . Hadal zone ( the trenches ) : 6000 m to the bottom of the ocean Though generally described as several separate oceans , the global , interconnected body of salt water is sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean . The concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography . The major oceanic divisions -- listed below in descending order of area and volume -- are defined in part by the continents , various archipelagos , and other criteria . # Ocean Location Area ( km ) ( % ) Volume ( km ) ( % ) Avg . depth ( m ) Coastline ( km ) Pacific Ocean Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas 7008168723000000000 ♠ 168,723,000 46.6 7008669880000000000 ♠ 669,880,000 50.1 7003397000000000000 ♠ 3,970 7005135663000000000 ♠ 135,663 Atlantic Ocean Separates the Americas from Europe and Africa 7007851330000000000 ♠ 85,133,000 23.5 7008310410900000000 ♠ 310,410,900 23.3 7003364600000000000 ♠ 3,646 7005111866000000000 ♠ 111,866 Indian Ocean Washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia 7007705600000000000 ♠ 70,560,000 19.5 7008264000000000000 ♠ 264,000,000 19.8 7003374100000000000 ♠ 3,741 7004665260000000000 ♠ 66,526 Southern Ocean Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific , Atlantic and Indian Oceans , which encircles Antarctica 7007219600000000000 ♠ 21,960,000 6.1 7007718000000000000 ♠ 71,800,000 5.4 7003327000000000000 ♠ 3,270 7004179680000000000 ♠ 17,968 5 Arctic Ocean Sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic , which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia 7007155580000000000 ♠ 15,558,000 4.3 7007187500000000000 ♠ 18,750,000 1.4 7003120500000000000 ♠ 1,205 7004453890000000000 ♠ 45,389 Total -- World Ocean 7008361900000000000 ♠ 361,900,000 100 7009133500000000000 ♠ 1,335,000,000 100 7003368800000000000 ♠ 3,688 7005377412000000000 ♠ 377,412 NB : Volume , area , and average depth figures include NOAA ETOPO1 figures for marginal South China Sea . Sources : Encyclopedia of Earth , International Hydrographic Organization , Regional Oceanography : an Introduction ( Tomczak , 2005 ) , Encyclopædia Britannica , and the International Telecommunication Union . Oceans are fringed by smaller , adjoining bodies of water such as seas , gulfs , bays , bights , and straits . Global System World Distribution of Mid-Oceanic Ridges ; USGS Three main types of plate boundaries . The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean and the longest mountain range in the world . The continuous mountain range is 65,000 km ( 40,000 mi ) long ( several times longer than the Andes , the longest continental mountain range ) . Physical properties Further information : Seawater The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons ( 7018140000000000000 ♠ 1.4 × 10 long tons or 7018150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 × 10 short tons ) , which is about 0.023 % of Earth 's total mass . Less than 3 % is freshwater ; the rest is saltwater , almost all of which is in the ocean . The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers ( 139.7 million square miles ) , which covers about 70.9 % of Earth 's surface , and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers ( 320.3 million cubic miles ) . This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,101 kilometers ( 684 mi ) . Its average depth is about 3,688 meters ( 12,100 ft ) , and its maximum depth is 10,994 meters ( 6.831 mi ) at the Mariana Trench . Nearly half of the world 's marine waters are over 3,000 meters ( 9,800 ft ) deep . The vast expanses of deep ocean ( anything below 200 meters or 660 feet ) cover about 66 % of Earth 's surface . This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean , such as the Caspian Sea . The bluish color of water is a composite of several contributing agents . Prominent contributors include dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll . Mariners and other seafarers have reported that the ocean often emits a visible glow which extends for miles at night . In 2005 , scientists announced that for the first time , they had obtained photographic evidence of this glow . It is most likely caused by bioluminescence . Oceanic zones The major oceanic zones , based on depth and biophysical conditions Oceanographers divide the ocean into different vertical zones defined by physical and biological conditions . The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions , and can be divided into further regions categorized by depth and light abundance . The photic zone includes the oceans from the surface to a depth of 200 m ; it is the region where photosynthesis can occur and is , therefore , the most biodiverse . Because plants require photosynthesis , life found deeper than the photic zone must either rely on material sinking from above ( see marine snow ) or find another energy source . Hydrothermal vents are the primary source of energy in what is known as the aphotic zone ( depths exceeding 200 m ) . The pelagic part of the photic zone is known as the epipelagic . The pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be further divided into vertical regions according to temperature . The mesopelagic is the uppermost region . Its lowermost boundary is at a thermocline of 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) , which , in the tropics generally lies at 700 -- 1,000 meters ( 2,300 -- 3,300 ft ) . Next is the bathypelagic lying between 10 and 4 ° C ( 50 and 39 ° F ) , typically between 700 -- 1,000 meters ( 2,300 -- 3,300 ft ) and 2,000 -- 4,000 meters ( 6,600 -- 13,100 ft ) , lying along the top of the abyssal plain is the abyssopelagic , whose lower boundary lies at about 6,000 meters ( 20,000 ft ) . The last zone includes the deep oceanic trench , and is known as the hadalpelagic . This lies between 6,000 -- 11,000 meters ( 20,000 -- 36,000 ft ) and is the deepest oceanic zone . The benthic zones are aphotic and correspond to the three deepest zones of the deep - sea . The bathyal zone covers the continental slope down to about 4,000 meters ( 13,000 ft ) . The abyssal zone covers the abyssal plains between 4,000 and 6,000 m . Lastly , the hadal zone corresponds to the hadalpelagic zone , which is found in oceanic trenches . The pelagic zone can be further subdivided into two subregions : the neritic zone and the oceanic zone . The neritic zone encompasses the water mass directly above the continental shelves whereas the oceanic zone includes all the completely open water . In contrast , the littoral zone covers the region between low and high tide and represents the transitional area between marine and terrestrial conditions . It is also known as the intertidal zone because it is the area where tide level affects the conditions of the region . The ocean can be divided into three density zones : the surface zone , the pycnocline , and the deep zone . The surface zone , also called the mixed layer , refers to the uppermost density zone of the ocean . Temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth in this zone due to currents and wave action . The surface zone contains ocean water that is in contact with the atmosphere and within the photic zone . The surface zone has the ocean 's least dense water and represents approximately 2 % of the total volume of ocean water . The surface zone usually ranges between depths of 500 feet ( 150 m ) to 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) below ocean surface , but this can vary a great deal . In some cases , the surface zone can be entirely non-existent . The surface zone is typically thicker in the tropics than in regions of higher latitude . The transition to colder , denser water is more abrupt in the tropics than in regions of higher latitudes . The pycnocline refers to a zone wherein density substantially increases with depth due primarily to decreases in temperature . The pycnocline effectively separates the lower - density surface zone above from the higher - density deep zone below . The pycnocline represents approximately 18 % of the total volume of ocean water . The deep zone refers to the lowermost density zone of the ocean . The deep zone usually begins at depths below 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) in mid-latitudes . The deep zone undergoes negligible changes in water density with depth . The deep zone represents approximately 80 % of the total volume of ocean water . The deep zone contains relatively colder and stable water . If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth , it contains a thermocline . The tropical thermocline is typically deeper than the thermocline at higher latitudes . Polar waters , which receive relatively little solar energy , are not stratified by temperature and generally lack a thermocline because surface water at polar latitudes are nearly as cold as water at greater depths . Below the thermocline , water is very cold , ranging from − 1 ° C to 3 ° C. Because this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water , the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9 ° C. If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in salinity with depth , it contains a halocline . If a zone undergoes a strong , vertical chemistry gradient with depth , it contains a chemocline . The halocline often coincides with the thermocline , and the combination produces a pronounced pycnocline . Exploration Map of large underwater features ( 1995 , NOAA ) The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench , located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands . Its maximum depth has been estimated to be 10,971 meters ( 35,994 ft ) ( plus or minus 11 meters ; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth . ) The British naval vessel Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the `` Challenger Deep '' . In 1960 , the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench , manned by a crew of two men . Oceanic maritime currents Oceanic surface currents ( U.S. Army , 1943 ) . Amphidromic points showing the direction of tides per incrementation periods along with resonating directions of wavelength movements . Oceanic maritime currents have different origins . Tidal currents are in phase with the tide , hence are quasiperiodic , they may fomulate various knots in certain places , most notably around headlands . Non periodic currents have for origin the waves , wind and different densities . The wind and waves create surface currents ( designated as `` drift currents '' ) . These currents can decompose in one quasi permanent current ( which varies within the hourly scale ) and one movement of Stokes drift under the effect of rapid waves movement ( at the echelon of a couple of seconds ) . ) . The quasi permanent current is accelerated by the breaking of waves , and in a lesser governing effect , by the friction of the wind on the surface . This acceleration of the current takes place in the direction of waves and dominant wind . Accordingly , when the sea depth increases , the rotation of the earth changes the direction of currents , in proportion with the increase of depth while friction lowers their speed . At a certain sea depth , the current changes direction and is seen inverted in the opposite direction with speed current becoming nul : known as the Ekman spiral . The influence of these currents is mainly experienced at the mixed layer of the ocean surface , often from 400 to 800 meters of maximum depth . These currents can considerably alter , change and are dependent on the various yearly seasons . If the mixed layer is less thick ( 10 to 20 meters ) , the quasi permanent current at the surface adopts an extreme oblique direction in relation to the direction of the wind , becoming virtually homogeneous , until the Thermocline . In the deep however , maritime currents are caused by the temperature gradients and the salinity between water density masses . In littoral zones , breaking wave is so intense and the depth measurement so low , that maritime currents reach often 1 to 2 knots . Climate A map of the global thermohaline circulation ; blue represent deep - water currents , whereas red represent surface currents Ocean currents greatly affect Earth 's climate by transferring heat from the tropics to the polar regions . Transferring warm or cold air and precipitation to coastal regions , winds may carry them inland . Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large - scale ocean circulation . It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions , and thus in sea ice regulation . Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on Earth 's energy budget . In so far as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters reach the surface , it may also significantly influence atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations . For a discussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulation under global warming , see shutdown of thermohaline circulation . It is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that the climate of Western Europe is so temperate . An alternate hypothesis claims that this is largely incorrect , and that Europe is warm mostly because it lies downwind of an ocean basin , and because atmospheric waves bring warm air north from the subtropics . The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent , influencing the area 's climate and connecting currents in several oceans . One of the most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans : tropical cyclones ( also called `` typhoons '' and `` hurricanes '' depending upon where the system forms ) . Biology Further information : Marine biology The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere . Oceanic evaporation , as a phase of the water cycle , is the source of most rainfall , and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land . Life within the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land . Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the biodiversity of the plants and animals present in each region . Lifeforms native to the ocean include : Fish Radiata such as jellyfish ( Cnidaria ) Cetacea such as whales , dolphins , and porpoises Cephalopods , such as octopus and squid Crustaceans , such as lobsters , shrimp , and krill Marine worms Plankton Echinoderms such as brittle stars , starfish , sea cucumbers , and sand dollars In addition , many land animals have adapted to living a major part of their life on the oceans . For instance , seabirds are a diverse group of birds that have adapted to a life mainly on the oceans . They feed on marine animals and spend most of their lifetime on water , many only going on land for breeding . Other birds that have adapted to oceans as their living space are penguins , seagulls and pelicans . Seven species of turtles , the sea turtles , also spend most of their time in the oceans . Gases Characteristics of oceanic gases Gas Concentration of seawater , by mass ( in parts per million ) , for the whole ocean % Dissolved gas , by volume , in seawater at the ocean surface Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 64 to 107 15 % Nitrogen ( N ) 10 to 18 48 % Oxygen ( O ) 0 to 13 36 % Solubility of oceanic gases ( in mL / L ) with temperature at salinity of 33 ‰ and atmospheric pressure Temperature CO 0 ° C 8.14 8,700 14.47 10 ° C 6.42 8,030 11.59 20 ° C 5.26 7,350 9.65 30 ° C 4.41 6,600 8.26 Surface Generalized characteristics of ocean surface by latitude Characteristic Oceanic waters in polar regions Oceanic waters in temperate regions Oceanic waters in tropical regions Precipitation vs. evaporation P > E P > E E > P Sea surface temperature in winter − 2 ° C 5 to 20 ° C 20 to 25 ° C Average salinity 28 ‰ to 32 ‰ 35 ‰ 35 ‰ to 37 ‰ Annual variation of air temperature ≤ 40aC 10 ° C < 5 ° C Annual variation of water temperature < 5aC 10 ° C < 5 ° C Mixing time The residence time is the amount of an element in the ocean divided by the rate at which that element is added to ( or removed from ) the ocean . The mean oceanic mixing time is thought to be approximately 1,600 years . If a given element in the ocean stays in the ocean , on average , longer than the oceanic mixing time , then that element is assumed to be homogeneously spread throughout the ocean . As a result , because the major salts have a residence time that is longer than 1,600 years , the ratio of major salts is thought to be unchanging across the ocean . This constant ratio is often referred to as Forchhammer 's principle or the principle of constant proportions . Mean oceanic residence time for various constituents Constituent Residence time ( in years ) Iron ( Fe ) 200 Aluminum ( Al ) 600 Manganese ( Mn ) 1,300 Water ( H O ) 4,100 Silicon ( Si ) 20,000 Carbonate ( CO ) 110,000 Calcium ( Ca ) 1,000,000 Sulfate ( SO ) 11,000,000 Potassium ( K ) 12,000,000 Magnesium ( Mg ) 13,000,000 Sodium ( Na ) 68,000,000 Chloride ( Cl ) 100,000,000 Salinity A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth is called a halocline . The temperature of maximum density of seawater decreases as its salt content increases . Freezing temperature of water decreases with salinity , and boiling temperature of water increases with salinity . Typical seawater freezes at around − 1.9 ° C at atmospheric pressure . If precipitation exceeds evaporation , as is the case in polar and temperate regions , salinity will be lower . If evaporation exceeds precipitation , as is the case in tropical regions , salinity will be higher . Thus , oceanic waters in polar regions have lower salinity content than oceanic waters in temperate and tropical regions . Salinity can be calculated using the chlorinity , which is a measure of the total mass of halogen ions ( includes fluorine , chlorine , bromine , and iodine ) in seawater . By international agreement , the following formula is used to determine salinity : Salinity ( in ‰ ) = 1.80655 × Chlorinity ( in ‰ ) The average chlorinity is about 19.2 ‰ , and , thus , the average salinity is around 34.7 ‰ Absorption of light Absorption of light in different wavelengths by ocean Color : Wavelength ( nm ) Depth at which 99 percent of the wavelength is absorbed ( in meters ) Percent absorbed in 1 meter of water Ultraviolet ( UV ) : 310 31 14.0 Violet ( V ) : 400 107 4.2 Blue ( B ) : 475 254 1.8 Green ( G ) : 525 113 4.0 Yellow ( Y ) : 575 51 8.7 Orange ( O ) : 600 25 16.7 Red ( R ) : 725 71.0 Infrared ( IR ) : 800 82.0 Economic value Many of the world 's goods are moved by ship between the world 's seaports . Oceans are also the major supply source for the fishing industry . Some of the major harvests are shrimp , fish , crabs , and lobster . Waves and swell Further information : Wind wave See also : Sea § Waves The motions of the ocean surface , known as undulations or waves , are the partial and alternate rising and falling of the ocean surface . The series of mechanical waves that propagate along the interface between water and air is called swell . Extraterrestrial oceans Further information : Extraterrestrial liquid water and List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System Artist 's conception of subsurface ocean of Enceladus confirmed April 3 , 2014 . Two models for the composition of Europa predict a large subsurface ocean of liquid water . Similar models have been proposed for other celestial bodies in the Solar System . Although Earth is the only known planet with large stable bodies of liquid water on its surface and the only one in the Solar System , other celestial bodies are thought to have large oceans . Planets The gas giants , Jupiter and Saturn , are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of liquid hydrogen , however their planetary geology is not well understood . The possibility of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune having hot , highly compressed , supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised . Although their composition is still not fully understood , a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz and Ingersall ruled out the possibility of such a water `` ocean '' existing on Neptune , though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible . The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water , though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic ( much of it residing in the ice caps ) . The possibility continues to be studied along with reasons for their apparent disappearance . Astronomers think that Venus had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history . If they existed , all later vanished via resurfacing . Natural satellites A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on the natural satellites Titan , Europa , Enceladus and , with less certainty , Callisto , Ganymede and Triton . A magma ocean is thought to be present on Io . Geysers have been found on Saturn 's moon Enceladus , possibly originating from about 10 kilometers ( 6.2 mi ) deep ocean beneath an ice shell . Other icy moons may also have internal oceans , or may once have had internal oceans that have now frozen . Large bodies of liquid hydrocarbons are thought to be present on the surface of Titan , although they are not large enough to be considered oceans and are sometimes referred to as lakes or seas . The Cassini -- Huygens space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels , suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had . Cassini 's more recent fly - by of Titan offers radar images that strongly suggest hydrocarbon lakes exist near the colder polar regions . Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid - water ocean under the ice and hydrocarbon mix that forms its outer crust . Dwarf planets and trans - neptunian objects Diagram showing a possible internal structure of Ceres Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle and may harbour a liquid - water ocean under its surface . Not enough is known of the larger trans - Neptunian objects to determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of supporting oceans , although models of radioactive decay suggest that Pluto , Eris , Sedna , and Orcus have oceans beneath solid icy crusts approximately 100 to 180 km thick . Extrasolar Rendering of a hypothetical large extrasolar moon with surface liquid - water oceans Some planets and natural satellites outside the Solar System are likely to have oceans , including possible water ocean planets similar to Earth in the habitable zone or `` liquid - water belt '' . The detection of oceans , even through the spectroscopy method , however is likely extremely difficult and inconclusive . Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that GJ 1214 b , detected by transit , is composed of exotic form of ice VII , making up 75 % of its mass , making it an ocean planet . Other possible candidates are merely speculated based on their mass and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is actually known of their composition . Some scientists speculate Kepler - 22b may be an `` ocean - like '' planet . Models have been proposed for Gliese 581 d that could include surface oceans . Gliese 436 b is speculated to have an ocean of `` hot ice '' . Exomoons orbiting planets , particularly gas giants within their parent star 's habitable zone may theoretically have surface oceans . Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion , some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but most of it will go into a steam atmosphere , and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming an ocean . There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as the magma solidifies -- this will happen even for planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water , so `` super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary impact . '' Non-water surface liquids Oceans , seas , lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water , for example the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan . The possibility of seas of nitrogen on Triton was also considered but ruled out . There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede , Callisto , Europa , Titan and Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water -- ammonia . Earth is often called the ocean planet because it is 70 % covered in water . Extrasolar terrestrial planets that are extremely close to their parent star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean . It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts . Hot Neptunes close to their star could lose their atmospheres via hydrodynamic escape , leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface . Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures , volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets include ammonia , argon , carbon disulfide , ethane , hydrazine , hydrogen , hydrogen cyanide , hydrogen sulfide , methane , neon , nitrogen , nitric oxide , phosphine , silane , sulfuric acid , and water . Supercritical fluids , although not liquids , do share various properties with liquids . Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune , it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high - density fluid mixtures of water , ammonia and other volatiles . The gaseous outer layers of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into oceans of supercritical hydrogen . The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5 % carbon dioxide , which is a supercritical fluid at its surface . See also Oceans portal Ecology portal Environment portal Geography portal Weather portal Biosalinity Blue carbon Brackish water Effects of global warming on oceans European Atlas of the Seas Four Seas International Maritime Organization List of bodies of water by salinity List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System List of oceans with alternative names List of seas Marine debris Marine pollution Ocean acidification Ocean current Ocean general circulation model Ocean governance Ocean rowing Oceanography Oceans ( film ) Ogyges Pelagic zone Physical oceanography Polar seas Saline water Salinity Sea Sea ice Sea in culture Sea level and sea level rise Sea salt Sea state Seawater Seven Seas United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Water Water distribution on Earth Wind wave World Ocean Atlas World Oceans Day On other bodies : Extraterrestrial liquid water Ocean planet Ice planet References Jump up ^ `` Ὠκεανός '' . Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . 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( 2007 ) . `` Ceres : evolution and present state '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science . XXXVIII : 2006 -- 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Inside Story '' . pluto.jhuapl.edu -- NASA New Horizons mission site . Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory . 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , David A. ( 2009 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur , Off - the - Shelf Technology '' . Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mendez Torres , Abel ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Updates on Exoplanets during the First Kepler Science Conference '' . Planetary Habitability Laboratory at UPR Arecibo . Jump up ^ Fox , Maggie ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Hot `` ice '' may cover recently discovered planet `` . Reuters . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elkins - Tanton ( 2010 ) . `` Formation of Early Water Oceans on Rocky Planets '' . Astrophysics and Space Science . 332 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 364 . 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Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hinrichsen , D ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` The ocean planet '' . People Planet . 7 : 6 -- 9 . PMID 12349465 . Jump up ^ `` Irrigating Crops with Seawater '' . Scientific American . August 1998 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Laura ; Fegley , Bruce , Jr. ( 2009 ) . `` Chemistry of Silicate Atmospheres of Evaporating Super-Earths '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 703 ( 2 ) : L113 -- L117 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 703L. 113S . arXiv : 0906.1204 . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 703 / 2 / L113 . Jump up ^ Solomatov , V.S. ( 2000 ) . `` Fluid Dynamics of a Terrestrial Magma Ocean '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Leitner , J.J. ; Lammer , H. ; Odert , P. ; Leitzinger , M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Atmospheric Loss of Sub-Neptune's and Implications for Liquid Phases of Different Solvents on Their Surfaces '' ( PDF ) . EPSC Abstracts. 4 . EPSC2009 - 542 . Jump up ^ Tables 3 and 4 in Bains , William ( 2004 ) . `` Many Chemistries Could Be Used to Build Living Systems '' ( PDF ) . Astrobiology . Jump up ^ Atreya , S. ; Egeler , P. ; Baines , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Water - ammonia ionic ocean on Uranus and Neptune ? '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Abstracts. 8 : 05179 . Bibcode : 2005AGUFM. P11A0088A . Jump up ^ Guillot , T. ( 1999 ) . `` A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn '' . Planetary and Space Science . 47 ( 10 -- 11 ) : 1183 -- 200 . Bibcode : 1999P&SS ... 47.1183 G. arXiv : astro - ph / 9907402 . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 99 ) 00043 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lang , Kenneth R. ( 2003 ) . `` Jupiter : a giant primitive planet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 10 . Further reading Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003 . Regional Oceanography : an Introduction . ( see the site ) Pope , F. 2009 . From eternal darkness springs cast of angels and jellied jewels. in The Times . November 23 . 2009 pp. 16 -- 17 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocean . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oceans Look up ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Oceans at DMOZ Smithsonian Ocean Portal NOAA -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- Ocean Ocean : : Science Daily Ocean - bearing Planets : Looking For Extraterrestrial Life In All The Right Places Titan Likely To Have Huge Underground Ocean Mind Blowing Science Origins of the oceans and continents `` . UN Atlas of the Oceans . ( hide ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Category Commons Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Category Portal Earth sciences Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - 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Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - 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Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean&oldid=804710415 '' Categories : Oceans Oceanography Coastal and oceanic landforms Bodies of water Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the hydrosphere composes approximately what percent of the earths surface	[ "The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons (7018140000000000000♠1.4×1018 long tons or 7018150000000000000♠1.5×1018 short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles),[9] which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles).[9] This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,101 kilometers (684 mi). Its average depth is about 3,688 meters (12,100 ft),[9] and its maximum depth is 10,994 meters (6.831 mi) at the Mariana Trench.[29] Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep.[16] The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 meters or 660 feet) cover about 66% of Earth's surface.[30] This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea." ]	[ "70.9" ]
-1356686851439119597	Victoria Lord	Victoria Lord - wikipedia Victoria Lord Jump to : navigation , search Victoria Lord Erika Slezak as Victoria Lord One Life to Live character Portrayed by Gillian Spencer ( 1968 -- 70 ) Joanne Dorian ( 1970 -- 71 ) Erika Slezak ( 1971 -- 2013 ) Duration 1968 -- 2013 First appearance July 15 , 1968 ( 1968 - 07 - 15 ) Last appearance August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) Created by Agnes Nixon Introduced by Doris Quinlan Jennifer Pepperman ( 2013 ) Book appearances Patrick 's Notebook Classification Final , regular Profile Other names Niki Smith , Tommy , Jean Randolph , Princess , Tori Lord , Victor Lord ( alternate personalities ) Occupation Publishing magnate Socialite Businesswoman Hospital board member Waitress ( 2008 ) University president ( 2003 -- 04 ) Mayor ( 1990 ) Residence Llanfair 1177 Regency Drive Llanview , Pennsylvania 19100 ( show ) Family Family Lord Parents Victor Lord Eugenia Randolph Lord Stepmother Dorian Lord ( 1975 -- 83 ) Sisters Meredith Lord Half - brothers Tony Lord Todd Manning Victor Lord , Jr . Half - sisters Tina Lord Spouse Roger Gordon ( annulled ) Joe Riley ( 1969 -- 70 , 1974 -- 79 ) Steve Burke ( 1972 -- 74 ) Clint Buchanan ( 1982 -- 85 , 1986 -- 94 , 2013 -- ) Sloan Carpenter ( 1994 -- 95 ) Ben Davidson ( 2000 -- 04 ) Charlie Banks ( 2009 -- 11 ) Sons Kevin Buchanan Joey Buchanan Daughters Megan Gordon Jessica Buchanan Natalie Buchanan Stepdaughters Megan Craig Riley Grandsons Duke Buchanan Ryder Ford Liam McBain Granddaughters Bree Brennan Aunts and uncles Powell Lord Gwendolyn Lord Abbott Dorothy Randolph Nieces and nephews Brian Kendall Daniel Wolek C.J. Roberts Sarah Roberts Starr Manning Danielle Manning Jack Manning Sam Manning Victor Lord III First cousins Richard Abbott Clayton - Powell Lord II Other relatives Zane Buchanan Powell Lord III Hope Manning - Thornhart Victoria Lord is a fictional character and matriarch of the Lord family on the American soap opera One Life to Live . The character was created as one of the main protagonists by series creator Agnes Nixon , and first cast to Gillian Spencer on the pilot aired July 15 , 1968 . Nixon later recast her with Erika Slezak , who became synonymous with the character role following a continual portrayal spanning her debut March 17 , 1971 through the ABC Daytime finale January 13 , 2012 . Slezak reprised the role in The Online Network continuance of One Life to Live aired on Hulu , iTunes , FX Canada , and the Oprah Winfrey Network from April 29 , 2013 through the final episode released August 19 , 2013 . The role of Victoria is the mainstay original lead character of the serial , and her storylines focus on drudgery , love , and family troubles . One of the longest - running characters on American daytime television , Victoria weathers widowhood ( three times ) , divorce ( four times ) , a brain aneurysm , a near - death out - of - body experience ( three times ) , being shot ( two times ) , sent to jail , suffering a stroke , breast cancer , rape , a heart attack , heart disease , a heart transplant , the abduction of three of her five children as infants , the deaths of two siblings , and the death of her daughter from lupus . Most notably , she suffers recurring bouts with dissociative identity disorder throughout the show narrative . Slezak 's tenure as Victoria earned the actress a reputation as a leading actor in American serials , with her portrayal becoming one of the most lauded and longest - running in American soap operas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 1.1 Conception 1.2 Casting 1.3 Characterization 2 Character development 2.1 1960s and 1970s 2.2 1980s 2.3 1990s 2.4 2000s 2.5 2010 -- 12 2.6 2013 2.7 Alternate personalities 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) `` It is a very , very good job , but it takes a lot of work , and it takes responsibility . You are responsible to the audience for who you 're playing . You 're responsible to your writers and your producer for the character , and you are extremely responsible to your fellow actors . There are people who do n't realize that . '' -- Erika Slezak on playing Victoria Lord , Archive of American Television Conception ( edit ) One Life to Live series creator Agnes Nixon conceived the central role of Victoria `` Viki '' Lord inspired by her relationship with her domineering father , Harry Eckhardt , and her own married family life along the Philadelphia Main Line in Bryn Mawr . Nixon took further inspiration from lead protagonist Tracy Lord of the 1939 play The Philadelphia Story , portrayed on stage and film by actress Katharine Hepburn . Casting ( edit ) The role of Victoria was originally cast to Gillian Spencer , who appeared from the July 1968 debut until 1970 . Joanne Dorian replaced Spencer from October 1970 until March 16 , 1971 , when established theater actress Erika Slezak stepped into the role in the following day 's episode . Slezak became synonymous with the character role since her first appearance in the role March 17 , 1971 , playing Victoria continually for 41 years until the original One Life television finale in 2012 . Slezak reprised the role onscreen upon Prospect Park resumption of the serial from April 29 , 2013 through the final episode released August 19 , 2013 . Two other actresses portrayed Victoria while Slezak was on maternity and personal leave : Christine Jones in 1980 and 1981 , and Judith Barcroft in 1987 . In the summer of 2003 , Slezak 's real - life daughter , Amanda Davies , portrayed a teenaged Victoria in flashbacks . Leah Marie Hays played the role of a young Victoria Lord in a series of flashbacks as well . At the death of show and character creator Agnes Nixon in 2016 , Slezak eulogized that , `` When she hired me to play Viki on One Life To Live , she changed my life and my career and I will forever be grateful to her . '' Characterization ( edit ) At the debut episode of One Life to Live July 15 , 1968 , twentysomething recent college graduate and heiress Victoria `` Viki '' Lord is described by author Martha Nochimson as `` blonde ( and ) ivory - complexioned ... the clichéd American princess , '' personifying the `` woman on a pedestal '' archetype . The show 's heroine from the outset , ingenue Victoria initially harbors a strong Electra complex and suffers a bout with multiple personalities prompted by her mother Eugenia 's absence from childhood and father Victor 's incessant grooming of her to eventually helm the family 's communication business , Lord Enterprises . As Erika Slezak stepped into the role in 1971 , head writer Nixon matured Victoria to a self - assured working woman managing fictional Llanview 's predominant newspaper , The Banner . An increasingly headstrong Victoria , relinquishing her primal desires to pander to Victor , marries working - class Banner editor Joe Riley , much to the patriarch 's chagrin . By the mid-1980s , Victoria largely adopts a matronly role along with her capacities as well - connected town businesswoman and socialite , though she is still plagued with intermittent bouts of mental illness . The character comes to mother five of her own children onscreen ( three from infancy ) , while providing surrogate nurture to younger siblings Tina and Todd . Since 2000s , the role has evolved to be regarded as the `` grande dame of Llanview . '' In a 2006 Boston magazine article , Slezak remarked of Victoria representing `` the very classy , very old - world money , '' with writer Michael Callahan calling the character `` the stiff - upper - lipped matriarch '' of the prominent Lord family . American journalist and soap opera critic Connie Passalacqua Hayman ( pen name `` Marlena De Lacroix '' ) briefly summed up the character role : `` ... Slezak 's ' Viki ' is the consummate soap opera heroine , because she has so harrowingly and humanistically triumphed over all her life 's tragedies . '' Character development ( edit ) 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) The eldest child of domineering millionaire publisher Victor Lord ( Ernest Graves ) , Victoria Lord , often nicknamed `` Viki , '' ( originally Spencer ) has little time for romance when One Life to Live begins in 1968 . She clashes with reporter Joe Riley ( Lee Patterson ) , but they soon fall in love ; Victor disapproves and tries to keep them apart . Torn between pleasing her father and following her heart , Viki develops a wild alternate personality named `` Niki Smith '' , who falls in love with Vinny Wolek ( Antony Ponzini ) . Viki 's illness -- apparently caused by seeing her pregnant mother fall down the stairs as a child -- is eventually treated , and she and Joe marry December 11 , 1969 . Joe is presumed dead in a car accident in 1970 , and a heartbroken Viki ( Slezak onward ) finds comfort with fellow reporter Steve Burke ( Bernie Grant ) in 1971 . After Steve is put on trial and exonerated for the murder of Banner secretary Marcy Wade ( Francesca James ) , he and Viki marry in 1972 . When a very - much alive Joe returns in - time for the nuptials , having survived his supposedly deadly car accident , Viki is forced to choose between two husbands . Viki initially stays married to Steve out of obligation , but ultimately divorces him in January 1974 . That summer , Dr. Dorian Cramer ( then Nancy Pinkerton ) blames board member Viki for her suspension from Llanview Hospital , and a rivalry is born that will last decades . Viki and Joe remarry in a simple , New York City ceremony in September . In 1975 , Dorian becomes the private physician to Viki 's father Victor , soon eloping with him . Viki learns she has a half - brother , Tony Lord ( George Reinholt ) , and Dorian plots to keep Victor 's fortune for herself . In 1976 , Victor suffers a heart attack and dies after wife Dorian denies him medication , and in his wake Dorian wreaks havoc on the Lord family . Viki and Joe have a son , Kevin Lord Riley , who is soon kidnapped by jealous Cathy Craig Lord ( then Jennifer Harmon ) , but is later returned . In 1978 , Viki takes in Tina Clayton ( Andrea Evans ) , the sixteen - year - old daughter of college roommate and best friend Irene Manning Clayton ( Kate McKeown ) , who is apparently dying of cancer . Shortly after Irene dies , Viki goes on trial for the murder of her nemesis Marco Dane ( Gerald Anthony ) , but she is later exonerated following confessional testimony by Karen Wolek ( Judith Light ) . Joe dies from a brain tumor in October 1979 , and Viki gives birth to their second son , Joe Riley , Jr. , in January 1980 . 1980s ( edit ) After a disastrous relationship with con man Ted Clayton , who brainwashes and drugs her in an attempt to get his hands on her fortune , Viki marries newspaper editor Clint Buchanan ( Clint Ritchie ) in 1982 ; he adopts both of her sons . Echo DiSavoy ( Kim Zimmer ) , seeking revenge on Clint for her mother 's murder , seduces him in 1983 to ruin his marriage , then fakes her own death and frames him for it . Clint is later exonerated after Echo is found alive , and he and Viki reunite . Viki is shocked to discover in 1985 that her former ward Tina Clayton ( Evans ) is in fact her half - sister , daughter of Viki 's father Victor and not Ted . Thanks to the machinations of Tina 's boyfriend Mitch Laurence ( Roscoe Born ) , Viki succumbs to the pressure and Niki Smith returns . Posing as Viki , Niki divorces Clint ; Viki later overcomes her illness with the realization that it had actually been triggered by her witnessing Victor and Irene in bed many years before . Clint and Viki remarry in 1986 , and Viki gives birth to their daughter Jessica Buchanan in September 1986 . Jessica is kidnapped shortly after birth by Allison Perkins ( Barbara Garrick ) , a disciple of Mitch Laurence ; Jessica is soon returned unharmed in December , and Allison institutionalized . In 1988 , Viki learns that she married and gave birth to a child in high school with high school sweetheart Roger Gordon ( Larry Pine ) , but father Victor had her hypnotized to forget the occurrences . With Viki 's memory restored in 1989 , she annuls her 1960s off - screen marriage to Roger and initiates a relationship with daughter Megan Gordon ( Jessica Tuck ) , an actress on the soap opera ( within a soap opera ) , Fraternity Row . Megan and Viki initially spar , but ultimately get past their initial conflicts and become close . 1990s ( edit ) In 1990 , Viki is elected mayor of Llanview , but a shooting and subsequent stroke leaves her paralyzed and in a wheelchair ; Niki Smith emerges to aid a paralyzed Viki stand up and shoot Johnny Dee Hesser ( Anthony Crivello ) when he attacks Tina . Viki recovers and later donates a kidney to daughter Megan suffering terminal lupus , but Megan dies , leaving Viki devastated . Growing ever - distant from Clint , Viki engages an extramarital affair with Sloan Carpenter ( Roy Thinnes ) ; she and Clint divorce in 1994 , and she marries Sloan . Sloan dies soon after from Hodgkin 's lymphoma , just as the existence of a second child of Victor and Irene 's is revealed . Viki 's stress reaches a critical point when Dorian ( Robin Strasser onward ) tells Viki a secret of which she thought Viki had been aware : the fact that Victor had sexually abused his daughter as a child . With this trauma being what had actually initiated Viki 's dissociative identity disorder , she subsequently splinters into several personalities , one of which imprisons Dorian in a secret room below Llanfair . Dorian is eventually freed from her confinement , and Viki recovers after realizing she herself ( more specifically , one of her alternate personalities ) was the one who had smothered Victor to death in 1976 . In 1995 , reviled town outcast Todd Manning ( Roger Howarth ) is proven to be Victor and Irene 's illegitimate son ; Viki and Todd eventually become close . After a failed reconciliation attempt with Clint , Viki meets and falls in love with Ben Davidson ( Mark Derwin ) , who is eventually revealed to be the long - lost son of Asa Buchanan ( Philip Carey ) and Renée Divine Buchanan ( Patricia Elliott ) . Ben 's first wife , Skye Chandler ( Robin Christopher ) , comes to town and tries in vain to keep Ben and Viki apart . 2000s ( edit ) Viki is diagnosed with breast cancer in 2000 , but survives after a mastectomy and chemotherapy . She and Ben marry in November . In 2001 , a girl named Natalie Balsom ( Melissa Archer ) makes the startling claim that she is Viki and Clint 's biological daughter , which is confirmed by a DNA test . Mitch Laurence returns from the dead , divulging to Viki he drugged and raped her around the same time she and Clint conceived Jessica and had unknowingly become pregnant with fraternal twins , one fathered by Clint , Natalie , and the other fathered by Mitch , Jessica ( Erin Torpey ) . Unable to reconcile the revelation , Niki Smith emerges during the ordeal and plots to kill Ben in order to have her freedom , but when Ben is accidentally shot by Antonio Vega ( Kamar de los Reyes ) , Viki returns . Ben is left comatose after the shooting . In 2003 , Victor ( William Stone Mahoney ) is ostensibly revealed to be alive , claiming to have faked his death in 1976 ; however , shortly after he returns , Victor dies -- but not before Viki and Todd confront him on ills inflicted to them in his wake . In 2004 , Viki is diagnosed with heart disease and eventually needs a heart transplant . Coincidentally , a comatose Ben dies just as Viki takes a turn for the worse , and his heart is transplanted into Viki , who recovers but must face widowhood once again . In 2007 , Viki and Clint ( Jerry verDorn ) start dating again , but Dorian decides she wants Clint for herself and plots to break up the couple . Dorian 's schemes succeed , and Clint ends things with Viki to start a new relationship with Dorian . Feeling humiliated and defeated , Viki leaves Llanview for a much - needed vacation and finds herself in Paris , Texas , where she tries to reinvent herself by waiting tables at a local diner . It is there that she meets patron Charlie Banks ( Brian Kerwin ) , a recovering alcoholic , and the two begin seeing one another . Viki ultimately returns to Llanview once her family discovers her secret life , and Charlie 's search for his estranged son Jared ( John Brotherton ) leads him there as well . Viki and Charlie resume their relationship , but break up when Viki discovers that Charlie had lied about the identity of his son in extenuating circumstances . In July 2008 , Viki is involved in a car accident with Dorian ; Viki 's heart stops as a result of the crash , but Dorian manages to revive her . Reexamining her life , Viki reunites with Charlie , and they marry on August 4 , 2009 . Viki runs for mayor against Dorian and wins ; she steps down , however , to help her family deal with the unexpected return of Mitch Laurence , who wreaks havoc on her daughters and murders Jared in the process . 2010 -- 12 ( edit ) Charlie , devastated over his son 's death , quits his sobriety and began drinking , distancing himself from Viki , choosing instead to conspire with Dorian to kill Mitch . Though Dorian tries to stop him at the last minute , Charlie ends up accidentally shooting Jessica ( Bree Williamson onward ) , who survives . Devastated by Charlie 's actions , Viki asks him for a divorce , but they eventually reconcile . Viki and Charlie 's marriage is further complicated by the return of Echo DiSavoy , a woman who almost destroyed her marriage to Clint in 1983 . Echo begins insinuating herself into Charlie and Viki 's marriage , much to Viki 's dismay . When a paternity revealed Charlie not to be the father of Rex Balsom ( John - Paul Lavoisier ) , a devastated Charlie turns to Echo for comfort . Dorian , who had suspicions about Echo and Charlie 's dealings , forged a truce with Viki to uncover Charlie 's misgivings . A devastated Viki finds out about Charlie 's affair and definitively asks him for a divorce . After confronting Charlie and Echo , Viki goes to court to fight for custody of grandson Ryder Ford while his mother Jessica was ill with her multiple personality . A stressed Viki suffers a bout with multiple personalities on the stand , leading the judge against giving the child to Viki but instead to her son and daughter - in - law , Joey ( Tom Degnan ) and Aubrey Buchanan ( Terri Conn ) . In summer 2011 a man with the `` original '' face of her only known living brother , Todd ( Howarth ) , returned to Llanview claiming to be the victim of eight years of imprisonment and torture at the hands of his mother and Viki 's childhood friend , a back - from - the - dead Irene Manning ( Barbara Rhoades ) . After medical tests revealed the `` newer '' Todd ( Trevor St. John ) and the `` old '' Todd ( Howarth ) to have identical DNA , Irene appeared to reveal the `` two Todds '' to be twins . The man who resembled Walker Laurence ( St. John ) and who has been living as Todd since 2003 was revealed actually have been born Victor Lord , Jr. , brainwashed into believing that he is Todd by Irene . Meanwhile , Viki agrees in court to put up Clint in Llanfair for house arrest after he was convicted of various crimes in Llanview . Dorian and Viki ostensibly put an end to their feud of nearly four decades when Dorian leaves town to become an acting U.S. senator . Viki continues work at The Banner when Tina returns to town for the reading of the will of recently murdered Victor , Jr . After months of rehashing old feelings and living under the same roof , Clint and Viki too admit to their unresolved feelings and agreed to give a romantic relationship one more try . At the original finale , a prison breakout leads Allison Perkins to shoot both Clint and Viki , but only after telling the two that Jessica was in fact Clint 's daughter and not the daughter of Mitch Laurence . Clint sanctioned another paternity test and , in the presence of Jessica , Viki , and Natalie , revealed Allison 's claim to be true . Following all the emotional revelations and tears , Clint again declares his undying love for Viki and asks her to marry him for a third time . 2013 ( edit ) Upon the series resumption in April 2013 , Viki accepts Clint 's marriage proposal , and concurrently hires freelance journalist Jeffrey King ( Corbin Bleu ) to investigate the alleged congressional malfeasance of junior U.S. senator Dorian . Upon visiting niece Danielle Manning ( Kelley Missal ) in the hospital after overdosing on drugs and alcohol , she uncovers her brother Victor , Jr. to be alive . With her family newspaper in financial straits , The Banner focuses on growing the publication 's online presence . Alternate personalities ( edit ) Slezak as Victoria 's main alter - ego Niki Smith in 1985 , a performance for which she earned the 1986 Daytime Emmy Award for Lead Actress in a Drama Series As of the final ABC episode , all of Victoria 's six alternate personalities are integrated with her baseline psyche . At times during the series , Viki has been forced to impersonate one of them , particularly Niki and Jean . In order of their first appearance on One Life to Live , they are : Nicole `` Niki '' Smith -- a devil - may - care , sexually promiscuous party girl , approximately 22 years old . First appearing on the episode first - run November 15 , 1968 , Niki appears more times than all of the other alters combined , and is very skilled at masquerading as Viki when necessary to hide her re-emergence . Niki has had two serious relationships with Vince Wolek ( 1968 -- 69 ) and Harry O'Neill ( 1985 ) ; neither Vinny or Harry realized at the time that Niki was an alter of Viki . Tommy -- a 14 - year - old male alter emerged in 1995 , who embodied Viki 's anger and rage at her abuse . Tommy usually emerged to protect Princess ( another alternate personality ) , and once threw Dorian Lord down the La Boulaie staircase . Jean Randolph -- Jean Randolph is the calm , cool , collected and calculating caretaker of all the other alters , who took over when Viki 's abusive childhood was revealed . Her name is derived from that of Viki 's mother , Eugenia Randolph Lord . Jean blackmailed con man David Vickers into divorcing Viki 's sister , Tina , and also freed Viki 's son , Joey , from Dorian Lord 's clutches by imprisoning Dorian in a secret room in the basement of Llanfair , which led Joey to believe that Dorian left him . Jean then forced Dorian to marry David to keep them both occupied and away from Viki 's loved ones . Princess -- a manifestation of Viki as a seven - year - old girl . She is a traumatized child who is constantly reliving the molestation by Viki 's father . Protected by Tommy , the 14 - year - old alternate personality , who is most angry about the abuse . Tori Lord -- Tori emerged in 1995 , approximately 19 years old , after Dorian revealed the truth of Victor 's abuse to Viki . It was established that Tori was the alter who murdered Victor Lord in 1976 . ( It would later be revealed that Victor survived and did not die until 2003 . However Dorian has planted a seed of doubt regarding that notion , suggesting that the man who re-emerged as Victor in 2003 was a fraud . ) Although her declared mission was to force Viki to face the truth , she wreaked much destruction before getting around to that . Tori started undermining The Banner by feeding stories and information to rival newspaper editor Todd Manning , and she torched Llanfair , nearly killing Jessica in the blaze . Victor Lord -- this personality is the reflective image of Viki 's abusive father , Victor . The Victor Lord personality only emerged two or three times , but one of the instances that he took over led Viki to attempt suicide by cutting her own wrists to `` expel '' Victor from her body . Reception ( edit ) Series fansite Llanview Labyrinth remarks that although Gillian Spencer 's Victoria is featured at the show 's outset , `` the obviousness of Viki being the show ( ' ) s unquestioned ' lead ' did not smack the viewer quite as hard as it later would ( with Erika Slezak 's portrayal ) , '' with Spencer 's Victoria melding into the ensemble cast . Joanne Dorian briefly stepped into the role beginning in October 1970 , with a markedly less dynamic presence on the series than her predecessor . In March 1971 , One Life to Live executive producer Doris Quinlan remarked to After Noon TV magazine of Erika Slezak and her audition before herself , series creator and head writer Agnes Nixon , and director David Pressman , `` You 've got to meet this girl -- she 's going to be a star . '' Since the introduction of Slezak as Victoria , her portrayal has become regarded as definitive to the role . Slezak 's work has garnered her the acclaim of media critics and viewers alike , earning the actress comparisons between herself and contemporary film star Meryl Streep for perceived similarities in acting range , versatility , and numerous award nominations . Slezak has received nine Daytime Emmy Award nominations in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress for her portrayal of Victoria , winning in 1984 , 1986 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , and 2005 . She currently holds the record for most Emmy wins by an actress . She also garnered the Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Couple with co-star Mark Derwin ( Ben Davidson ) in 2000 . In 2002 , in recognition for her work on One Life to Live , Slezak was inducted as a member of the Silver Circle of the New York chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for over a quarter - century of `` significant contributions '' to television . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schemering , Christopher ( September 1985 ) . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . Ballantine Books . pp. 158 -- 166 . ISBN 0345324595 . Jump up ^ Hal Boedeker ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` All My Children , One Live to Live reborn via Hulu '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jolie Lash ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` One Life To Live , All My Children -- New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu , iTunes '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : James , Meg ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Reviving canceled ABC soap operas becomes a real - life drama '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanya Barrientos ( May 23 , 1996 ) . `` Slezak Wins Emmy ; Lucci Shunned For A 16th Year Puppeteer Shari Lewis And Oprah Winfrey 's Show Are Also Winners . '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael , Fairman ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Erika Slezak Day ! OLTL honors her with 40th Anniversary Surprise Party ! '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Coulton , Antoinette Y. ; Pham , Thailan ( 2012 ) . `` Farewell to One Life to Live '' . People . Time Inc. 77 ( 2 ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael ( 2011 ) . `` The View Plans One Life to Live Special for Series Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` SOAP STAR STATS : Erika Slezak ( Viki , OLTL ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com ( Internet Archive ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Erika Slezak , Actress '' . Archive of American Television . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Callahan ( 2007 ) . `` Legends : The Original Desperate Housewife '' . Philadelphia . Metrocorp ( May 2007 ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` She Made It : Agnes Nixon , Television Writer , Producer '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nochimson , Martha ( 1993 ) . No End to Her : Soap Opera and the Female Subject . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 64 . ISBN 9780520077713 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Friedman ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` One Life to Live Has But 9 Episodes Left Starting Today '' . Showbiz411 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Victoria Lord Davidson profile -- SoapCentral.com Jump up ^ `` Agnes Nixon : A Note from Erika about Agnes Nixon '' . Erika Slezak Fan Club . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . I am so terribly saddened by the death of Agnes Nixon . She was more than a great writer , producer and boss , she was a warm , loving and wonderful woman with a truly delightful and somewhat wicked sense of humor . It was my very great privilege to have known her and to have worked for her . When she hired me to play Viki on One Life To Live , she changed my life and my career and I will forever be grateful to her . I wish her peace and angels all around her . She deserves that ! Jump up ^ Time . Time Inc. 145 ( 18 -- 26 ) : 76 . 1995 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Staff writer ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` 50 Greatest Soap Actresses : # 3 Erika Slezak '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 1 . 1968 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 2 . December 11 , 1969 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1968 -- 69 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 4 . February 29 , 1972 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 7 . September 16 , 1974 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1973 -- 74 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 7 . May 9 , 1975 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1974 -- 75 , Part 2 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Waggett , Gerry ( 2008 ) . The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book . New York City : Hyperion Books . ISBN 9781401323097 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 9 . 1976 -- 77 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 10 . July 1978 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 11 . 1978 -- 79 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 12 . October 3 , 1979 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 12 . January 8 , 1980 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1979 -- 80 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1980 -- 81 , Part 2 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1981 -- 82 , Part 2 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 15 . November 15 , 1982 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1983 -- 84 , Part 3 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 18 . 1985 -- 86 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 18 . April 17 , 1986 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1989 -- 90 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 22 . May 1990 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 23 . August -- September 1990 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 23 . November 8 , 1990 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 23 . August 1991 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 23 . February 7 , 1992 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1994 -- 95 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : In recent years , One Life to Live plot twists have strongly suggested that Dorian was Victor 's true murderer after all , as was suggested at Victor 's initial death in 1976 . In August 2007 , Dorian makes the startling ( and vague ) claim to Viki that she had actually killed Victor , and that a man who appeared in 2003 claiming to be Victor was a fraud . Having planted a seed of doubt in Viki 's mind , she refused to elaborate . On August 16 , 2011 , Dorian 's husband David Vickers Buchanan ( Tuc Watkins ) mentions that an ( albeit forged ) entry from Irene Manning 's diary cleared Dorian of Victor 's murder . When David states that Dorian is innocent of the crime , she comments to herself , `` ... or so Viki chooses to believe . '' Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( 1995 -- 96 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 30 . 1999 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 31 . 1999 -- 2000 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 31 -- 32 . February -- August 2000 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` One Life to Live recap ( November 2000 ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 33 . October 2001 . ABC . Jump up ^ One Life to Live . Season 34 . November -- December 2002 . ABC . Jump up ^ Renee Michael ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` All My Stories '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( 2012 ) . `` Victoria `` Viki '' Lord `` . Llanview Labyrinth . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three Wishes for Erika '' . After Noon TV . 1971 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hal Bodoedeker ( April 17 , 2011 ) . `` '' All My Children `` : Goodbye to a fondly remembered world '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan J. Kroll ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` One - on - One with One Life to Live 's Erika Slezak '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees : 1984 '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees : 1986 '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees : 1992 '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees : 1995 '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees : 1996 '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Winners & Nominees : 2005 '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Circle '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences : New York . 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Erika Slezak Awards and Emmys '' . ErikaSlezak.com. 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Victoria Lord profile -- ABC.com Victoria Lord profile -- SoapCentral.com `` One Life to Live Timeline : Cult of Personalities '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . One Life to Live Characters In order of generation and first appearance Key : ( Name ) = character 's spouse ( s ) , ( a . ) = adopted family member Lord family 1st gen . Victor Lord Eugenia Randolph Irene Manning Dorian Cramer Gwendolyn Lord Jonathan Abbott 2nd gen . Victoria Lord Roger Gordon Joe Riley Steve Burke Clint Buchanan Sloan Carpenter Ben Davidson Charlie Banks Meredith Lord Larry Wolek Tony Lord Cathy Craig Pat Ashley Richard Abbott Becky Lee Hunt Tina Lord Cord Roberts Cain Rogan David Vickers Todd Manning Blair Cramer Téa Delgado Powell Lord III Victor Lord Jr . Blair Cramer Téa Delgado 3rd gen . Daniel Wolek Brian Kendall Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan LeeAnn Demerest Cassie Callison Kelly Cramer Joey Riley Buchanan Kelly Cramer Jennifer Rappaport Aubrey Wentworth Jessica Buchanan Tico Santi Antonio Vega Nash Brennan Robert Ford Cutter Wentworth C.J. Roberts Megan Gordon Jake Harrison Sarah Roberts Starr Manning Natalie Buchanan Mitch Laurence Cristian Vega Jared Banks Jack Manning Sam Manning Danielle Manning 4th gen . Duke Buchanan Bree Brennan Hope Manning - Thornhart Ryder Ford Liam McBain 5th gen . Zane Buchanan Riley family 1st gen . Joe Riley Victoria Lord Eileen Riley Dave Siegel Tom Dennison Carol Harper 2nd gen . Tim Siegel Jenny Wolek Julie Siegel Mark Toland Megan Craig Riley Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan LeeAnn Demerest Cassie Callison Kelly Cramer Joey Riley Buchanan Kelly Cramer Jennifer Rappaport Aubrey Wentworth Mari Lynn Dennison 3rd gen . Duke Buchanan 4th gen . Zane Buchanan Wolek family 1st gen . Larry Wolek Karen Martin Meredith Lord Karen Wolek Laurel Chapin Anna Wolek Jim Craig Vince Wolek Wanda Webb Jenny Wolek Tim Siegel Brad Vernon Peter Janssen David Renaldi Karen Wolek Larry Wolek 2nd gen . Cathy Craig ( a . ) Tony Lord Daniel Wolek 3rd gen . Megan Craig Riley Cramer family 1st gen . Lou Cramer Sonya Roskova Betsy Cramer 2nd gen . Dorian Cramer Victor Lord Herb Callison Manuel Santi David Vickers Buchanan Mel Hayes Mitch Laurence Melinda Cramer Peter Janssen Addie Cramer David Vickers 3rd gen . Cassie Reynolds Rob Coronal Bo Buchanan Andrew Carpenter Kevin Buchanan Blair Cramer Asa Buchanan Todd Manning Max Holden Victor Lord Jr . John McBain Elijah Clarke Kelly Cramer Joey Buchanan Kevin Buchanan Paul Cramer Babe Carey Adriana Cramer Rex Balsom Langston Wilde ( a . ) 4th gen . River Carpenter ( a . ) Starr Manning Jack Manning Zane Buchanan 5th gen . Hope Manning - Thornhart Buchanan family 1st gen . Wanda Webb Vince Wolek Paul Webb Donna Webb Asa Buchanan Olympia Bonard Delilah Ralston Becky Lee Hunt Pamela Stuart Renée Divine Blair Cramer Alex Olanov Gabrielle Medina Rae Cummings Pike Buchanan Rebecca Buchanan 2nd gen . Clint Buchanan Victoria Lord Lindsay Farrell Nora Hanen Kimberly Andrews Bo Buchanan Delilah Ralston Didi O'Neill Sarah Gordon Cassie Callison Nora Hanen Rafe Garretson ( a . ) Samantha Vernon Delilah Ralston Austin Buchanan Jason Webb Ben Davidson Skye Chandler Victoria Lord 3rd gen . Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan ( a . ) LeeAnn Demerest Cassie Callison Kelly Cramer Joey Riley Buchanan ( a . ) Kelly Cramer Jennifer Rappaport Aubrey Wentworth Drew Buchanan Sammi Garretson Cord Roberts Tina Lord Kate Sanders Jessica Buchanan Tico Santi Antonio Vega Nash Brennan Robert Ford Cutter Wentworth David Vickers Buchanan Tina Lord Dorian Cramer Alex Olanov Addie Cramer Matthew Buchanan Natalie Buchanan Mitch Laurence Cristian Vega Jared Banks Rex Balsom Jennifer Rappaport Adriana Cramer Gigi Morasco 4th gen . C.J. Roberts Sarah Roberts Duke Buchanan Bree Brennan Shane Balsom Liam McBain Ryder Ford Drew Buchanan II 5th gen . Zane Buchanan Minor families Craigs Jim Craig Anna Wolek Cathy Craig Tony Lord Megan Craig Riley Grays Sadie Gray Carla Gray Ed Hall Jack Scott Josh Hall ( a . ) Hazel Scott Jared Hall Vernons Will Vernon Naomi Vernon Brad Vernon Jenny Wolek Connie O'Neill Samantha Vernon Asa Buchanan Rafe Garretson Kristine Karr Sammi Garretson Laurences Mitch Laurence Dorian Cramer Natalie Buchanan Walker Laurence Miles Laurence Sanders Elizabeth Sanders Charles Sanders Judith Russell Kate Sanders Cord Roberts Jamie Sanders Geoff McGrath Medinas Dante Medina Julia Wheaton Gabrielle Medina Al Holden Max Holden Asa Buchanan Debra Medina Al Holden Gordons Roger Gordon Victoria Lord Carrie Gordon Sarah Gordon Bo Buchanan Megan Gordon Jake Harrison Anna Gordon Thornharts Patrick Thornhart Marty Saybrooke Cole Thornhart Hope Manning - Thornhart Gannons Hank Gannon Nora Hanen Sheila Price Rachel Gannon R.J. Gannon Vegas Diego Vega Carlotta Espinoza Cristian Vega Roseanne Delgado Natalie Buchanan Vanessa Montez Antonio Vega Andy Harrison Jessica Buchanan Delgados Téa Delgado Todd Manning Ross Rayburn Victor Lord Jr . Roseanne Delgado Cristian Vega Tomás Delgado Yvette Moreau Baz Moreau Rappaports Sam Rappaport Lindsay Farrell Will Rappaport Jennifer Rappaport Balsoms Roxy Balsom Walter Balsom Max Holden Natalie Buchanan ( a . ) Mitch Laurence Cristian Vega Jared Banks Rex Balsom ( a . ) Jennifer Rappaport Adriana Cramer Gigi Morasco Shane Balsom Schuyler Joplin Liam McBain Williamsons Clarence Williamson Lisa Williamson Evangeline Williamson Layla Williamson McBains Thomas McBain Eve McBain Michael McBain Marcie Walsh John McBain Blair Cramer Shannon McBain Gabriel McBain Liam McBain Evanses Richard Evans Phylicia Wenton Shaun Evans Destiny Evans Greg Evans Drew Buchanan II Fords Eddie Ford Inez Salinger Robert Ford Jessica Buchanan Nate Salinger James Ford Ryder Ford O'Neills Harry O'Neill Didi O'Neill Connie O'Neill Joy O'Neill Pete O'Neill Miscellaneous characters Arturo Bandini Nigel Bartholomew - Smythe Babe Carey Skye Chandler Wade Coleman Rae Cummings Marco Dane Echo DiSavoy Billy Douglas Oliver Fish Steve Hardy Carlo Hesser Max Holden Vincent Jones Jeffrey King Kyle Lewis Hannah O'Connor Alex Olanov Allison Perkins Carl Peterson Rama Patel Vimal Patel Ross Rayburn Markko Rivera Talia Sahid Mark Toland Spencer Truman Cutter Wentworth Aubrey Wentworth Full character list 1960s -- 1970s characters 1980s characters 1990s characters 2000s characters 2010s characters Senior cast ( 20 or more years ) Erika Slezak Michael Storm Robert S. Woods Philip Carey Patricia Elliott Robin Strasser Peter Bartlett Hillary B. Smith Kassie DePaiva Executives Creator : Agnes Nixon Executive producers Doris Quinlan ( 1968 -- 77 ) Joseph Stuart ( 1977 -- 83 ) Jean Arley ( 1983 -- 84 ) Paul Rauch ( 1984 -- 91 ) Linda Gottlieb ( 1991 -- 94 ) Susan Bedsow Horgan ( 1994 -- 96 ) Maxine Levinson ( 1996 -- 97 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Gary Tomlin ( 2001 -- 02 ) Frank Valentini ( 2003 -- 12 ) Jennifer Pepperman ( 2013 ) Head writers Agnes Nixon Gordon Russell Sam Hall Peggy O'Shea Henry Slesar John William Corrington Joyce Hooper Corrington S. Michael Schnessel Craig Carlson Leah Laiman Josh Griffith Michael Malone Jean Passanante Peggy Sloane Claire Labine Matthew Labine Pamela K. Long Megan McTavish Lorraine Broderick Christopher Whitesell Brian Frons Frank Valentini Dena Higley Ron Carlivati Gary Tomlin Thom Racina Susan Bedsow Horgan Storylines 1968 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 13 Related topics and sites Llanview Mendorra Full character list Cast members Crew members ABC Daytime Prospect Park OLTL on ABC.com OLTL on Hulu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Lord&oldid=801292041 '' Categories : Fictional American people of English descent Fictional characters from Pennsylvania Fictional characters introduced in 1968 Fictional characters with multiple personalities Fictional newspaper publishers Fictional American politicians Fictional reporters Fictional characters with cancer Fictional teenage parents Fictional socialites One Life to Live characters Fictional characters involved in incest Fictional child sexual abuse victims Fictional sexual assault victims Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played victoria lord on one life to live	[ "\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nGillian Spencer (1968–70)\nJoanne Dorian (1970–71)\nErika Slezak (1971–2013)\n\n\n\n", "\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nGillian Spencer (1968–70)\nJoanne Dorian (1970–71)\nErika Slezak (1971–2013)\n\n\n\n", "\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nGillian Spencer (1968–70)\nJoanne Dorian (1970–71)\nErika Slezak (1971–2013)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Gillian Spencer", "Joanne Dorian", "Erika Slezak" ]
8047088288704679044	Flag of India	Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . India at Flags of the World National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree Life in India Arts and Entertainment Caste Cinema Citizenship Climate Cuisine Culture Corruption Demographics Economy Education Ethnic relations Flag Geography Government History Holidays Languages Law Police Politics Poverty Literacy Military Religion Sports Transport Unemployment Aviation Flags of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal India portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_India&oldid=831010858 '' Categories : Flags of India National symbols of India National flags Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Hindi - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 05 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was national flag of india first displayed	[ "The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]" ]	[ "15 August 1947" ]
3021264755042136004	List of Microsoft Windows versions	List of Microsoft Windows versions - wikipedia List of Microsoft Windows versions This page lists and links to information on the various versions of Microsoft Windows , a major computer operating system developed by Microsoft . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal computer versions 2 Server versions 3 Device versions 3.1 Appliances 3.2 Mobile devices 3.3 Embedded devices 4 Cancelled versions 5 Timeline 6 See also 7 References Personal computer versions ( edit ) In this section , a client version of Windows is a version that end - users or OEMs can install on personal computers , including desktop computers , laptops and workstations . Windows version Release date Release version Editions Latest build Windows 10 29 July 2015 NT 10.0 Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Pro for Workstations Windows 10 Pro Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB Windows 10 Education Windows 10 IoT Core Windows 10 IoT Enterprise Windows 10 S See Windows 10 editions 17134 ( April 2018 Update ) Windows 8.1 17 October 2013 NT 6.3 Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise Windows 8.1 OEM Windows 8.1 with Bing See Windows 8 editions 9600 ( April 8 update ) Windows 8 26 October 2012 NT 6.2 Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise Windows 8 OEM See Windows 8 editions 9200 Windows 7 22 July 2009 NT 6.1 Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Pro Windows 7 Enterprise Business Edition Windows 7 Ultimate Windows Thin PC See Windows 7 editions 7601 ( Service Pack 1 ) Windows Vista 30 January 2007 NT 6.0 Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vista Home Premium Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate See Windows Vista editions 6002 ( Service Pack 2 ) Windows XP Professional x64 25 April 2005 NT 5.2 N / A 3790 ( Service Pack 2 ) Windows XP 25 October 2001 NT 5.1 Windows XP Starter Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional Windows XP 64 - bit Edition Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs ( 8 July 2006 ) See Windows XP editions 2600 ( Service Pack 3 ) Windows ME 14 September 2000 4.90 N / A 3000 Windows 2000 17 February 2000 NT 5.0 Professional 2195 Windows 98 25 June 1998 4.10 Windows 98 Windows 98 Second Edition ( 23 April 1999 ) 2222 A Windows NT 4.0 24 August 1996 NT 4.0 Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 1381 ( Service Pack 6a ) Windows 95 24 August 1995 4.00 Windows 95 Windows 95 SP1 ( 31 December 1995 ) Windows 95 OSR1 ( 14 February 1996 ) Windows 95 OSR2 ( 24 August 1996 ) Windows 95 USB Supplement to OSR2 ( 27 August 1997 ) Windows 95 OSR2. 1 ( 27 August 1997 ) Windows 95 OSR2. 5 ( 26 November 1997 ) 950 Windows NT 3.51 30 May 1995 NT 3.51 Windows NT 3.51 Workstation 1057 Windows NT 3.5 21 September 1994 NT 3.50 Windows NT 3.5 Workstation 807 Windows 3.2 22 November 1993 3.2 N / A Windows for Workgroups 3.11 November 1993 3.11 N / A Windows NT 3.1 27 July 1993 NT 3.10 Windows NT 3.1 528 Windows 3.1 April 1992 3.10 Windows 3.1 Windows for Workgroups 3.1 ( October 1992 ) Windows 3.0 22 May 1990 3.00 N / A Windows 2.11 13 March 1989 2.11 Windows / 286 Windows / 386 Windows 2.10 27 May 1988 2.10 Windows / 286 Windows / 386 Windows 2.03 9 December 1987 2.03 N / A Windows 1.04 April 1987 1.04 N / A Windows 1.03 August 1986 1.03 N / A Windows 1.02 May 1986 1.02 N / A Windows 1.01 20 November 1985 1.0 N / A Server versions ( edit ) Name Release date Release version number Editions Windows Server 2019 Tentatively Q4 2018 Windows Server 2019 Essentials Windows Server 2019 Standard Windows Server 2019 Datacenter Windows Server 2016 12 October 2016 NT 10.0 Windows Server 2016 Essentials Windows Server 2016 Standard Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Windows Server 2012 R2 17 October 2013 NT 6.3 Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter Windows Server 2012 4 September 2012 NT 6.2 Windows Server 2012 Foundation Windows Server 2012 Essentials Windows Server 2012 Standard Windows Server 2012 Datacenter Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Windows Server 2008 R2 22 October 2009 NT 6.1 Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium - based Systems Windows Web Server 2008 R2 Windows Storage Server 2008 R2 Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 Windows Small Business Server 2011 Windows MultiPoint Server 2011 Windows Home Server 2011 Windows MultiPoint Server 2010 Windows Server 2008 27 February 2008 NT 6.0 Windows Server 2008 Standard Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Windows Server 2008 for Itanium - based Systems Windows Server Foundation 2008 Windows Essential Business Server 2008 Windows HPC Server 2008 Windows Small Business Server 2008 Windows Storage Server 2008 Windows Web Server 2008 Windows Server 2003 R2 6 December 2005 NT 5.2 Windows Small Business Server 2003 R2 Windows Server 2003 R2 Web Edition Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition Windows Server 2003 R2 Datacenter Edition Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 ( CCS ) Windows Storage Server Windows Home Server Windows Server 2003 24 April 2003 NT 5.2 Windows Small Business Server 2003 Windows Server 2003 Web Edition Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition Windows Storage Server Windows 2000 17 February 2000 NT 5.0 Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Windows NT 4.0 29 July 1996 NT 4.0 Windows NT 4.0 Server Windows NT 4.0 Server Enterprise Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition Windows NT 3.51 June 1995 NT 3.51 Windows NT 3.51 Server Windows NT 3.5 September 1994 NT 3.50 Windows NT 3.5 Server Windows NT 3.1 August 1993 NT 3.10 Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server Device versions ( edit ) Appliances ( edit ) Name Release date Release version An edition of Sold with Windows RT 8.1 18 October 2013 NT 6.3 Windows 8.1 ARM - based tablet computers Windows RT 26 October 2012 NT 6.2 Windows 8 ARM - based tablet computers Windows XP Tablet PC Edition November 2002 NT 5.1 Windows XP Microsoft Tablet PC Windows XP Media Center Edition 2002 , 2003 , 2004 and 2005 NT 5.1 Windows XP Home theater PCs , network attached storage ( NAS ) and set - top boxes Mobile devices ( edit ) Mobile devices include smartphones , handheld tablet computers and personal digital assistants Windows 10 Windows 10 Mobile Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise Windows 10 IoT Mobile Enterprise Windows Phone Windows Phone 8.1 Windows Phone 8 Windows Phone 7.8 Windows Phone 7.5 Windows Phone 7 Windows Mobile Windows Mobile 6.5 Windows Mobile 6.1 Windows Mobile 6.0 Windows Mobile 5.0 Windows Mobile 2003 SE Windows Mobile 2003 Pocket PC 2002 Pocket PC 2000 Embedded devices ( edit ) Windows Embedded Windows Embedded 8 Windows Embedded Automotive Windows Embedded Industry Windows XP Embedded Windows NT 4.0 Embedded -- Abbreviated NTe , it is an edition of Windows NT 4.0 that was aimed at computer - powered major appliances , vending machines , ATMs and other devices that can not be considered computers per se . It is the same system as the standard Windows NT 4.0 , but it comes packaged in a database of components and dependencies , from which a developer can choose individual components to build customized setup CDs and hard disk boot images . Windows NT 4.0 Embedded includes Service Pack 5 . Windows Embedded Compact Windows Embedded Compact 2013 Windows Embedded Compact 7 Windows Embedded CE 6.0 ( 2006 ) Windows CE 5.0 ( 2005 ) , with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Windows Mobile 5.0 Windows CE 4.2 ( 2004 ) , with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Windows Mobile 2003 SE Windows CE 4.1 ( 2003 ) , with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2003 Windows CE 4.0 ( 2002 ) , with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2002 Windows CE 3.0 ( 2000 July ) , with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2000 Windows CE 2.12 ( 1999 August ) Windows CE 2.11 ( 1998 October ) Windows CE 2.1 ( 1998 July ) Windows CE 2.0 ( 1998 November ) Windows CE 1.0 ( 1995 November ) Cancelled versions ( edit ) Windows Odyssey -- a version intended to be an update to the Microsoft Windows NT 5. x codebase . The teams working on Neptune and Odyssey combined to work on Windows XP . Windows Mobile 7 or Photon - originally a successor of Windows Mobile , it had been scrapped for Windows Phone 7 with Metro UI . Windows Neptune ( 27 December 1999 ) -- the first planned version of Microsoft Windows NT to have a consumer edition variant , based on the Windows 2000 codebase . A version was sent out to testers but was never released . Windows Nashville ( 2 May 1996 ) -- also known as Windows 96 Cairo ( 29 February 1996 ) -- a `` true object - oriented OS '' , planned after Windows NT 4.0 . Timeline ( edit ) A family tree of operating systems created by Microsoft . This time line is neither complete nor comprehensive . For example , Windows Server and Windows Embedded families are left out . See also ( edit ) History of Microsoft Windows List of Microsoft software codenames Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions List of Microsoft operating systems References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 22 November 2014 ) . `` Microsoft Confirms that Windows 10 will also be Version 10 Internally '' . SuperSite for Windows . Penton Media . Jump up ^ `` Windows Mobile 7 vs Windows Phone 7 '' . Popular Pages at brighthub.com. 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : Original Windows Mobile 7 UI '' . news at neowin.net. 20 February 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft combines Neptune , Odyssey into Whistler '' . CNN . 27 January 2000 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . hide Microsoft Windows family Components History Timeline Criticism DOS - based Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 2.1 x Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 x Windows 9x Windows 95 ( Development ) Windows 98 Windows ME Windows NT Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 3.5 Windows NT 3.51 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Client versions Windows XP editions x64 Media Center Fundamentals Development of XP Windows Vista editions Development of Vista Windows 7 editions Windows 8 editions RT 8.1 Windows 10 editions version history Windows Server Server 2003 Home Server Server 2008 EBS 2008 HPC Server 2008 Server 2008 R2 Home Server 2011 Server 2012 Server 2012 R2 Server 2016 Server 2019 MultiPoint Server Server Essentials Specialized Windows Preinstallation Environment Windows Embedded Embedded Compact CE 5.0 Embedded CE 6.0 Embedded Compact 7 Embedded Automotive Embedded Industry Windows Mobile Pocket PC 2000 Pocket PC 2002 Mobile 2003 Mobile 5.0 Mobile 6.0 Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Windows Phone Phone 7 Phone 8 Phone 8.1 Windows 10 Mobile Cancelled Cairo Nashville Neptune Odyssey Related New Features XP Vista 7 8 10 Removed Features XP Vista 7 8 10 Criticism of Windows XP Vista 10 List of versions Comparison Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions&oldid=847846217 '' Categories : Microsoft Windows Microsoft lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Polski Português සිංහල Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 粵語 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 05 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the latest version of windows os	[ "\n\nWindows version\nReleasedate\nReleaseversion\nEditions\nLatest build\n\n\nWindows 10\n29 July 2015\nNT 10.0[1]\n\n\nWindows 10 Home\nWindows 10 Pro\nWindows 10 Pro for Workstations\nWindows 10 Pro Education\nWindows 10 Enterprise\nWindows 10 Enterprise LTSB\nWindows 10 Education\nWindows 10 IoT Core\nWindows 10 IoT Enterprise\nWindows 10 S\nSee Windows 10 editions\n\n\n17134\n(April 2018 Update)\n\n\n\nWindows 8.1\n17 October 2013\nNT 6.3\n\n\nWindows 8.1\nWindows 8.1 Pro\nWindows 8.1 Enterprise\nWindows 8.1 OEM\nWindows 8.1 with Bing\nSee Windows 8 editions\n\n\n9600\n(April 8 update)\n\n\n\nWindows 8\n26 October 2012\nNT 6.2\n\n\nWindows 8\nWindows 8 Pro\nWindows 8 Enterprise\nWindows 8 OEM\nSee Windows 8 editions\n\n\n9200\n\n\nWindows 7\n22 July 2009\nNT 6.1\n\n\nWindows 7 Starter\nWindows 7 Home Basic\nWindows 7 Home Premium\nWindows 7 Pro\nWindows 7 Enterprise Business Edition\nWindows 7 Ultimate\nWindows Thin PC\nSee Windows 7 editions\n\n\n7601\n(Service Pack 1)\n\n\n\nWindows Vista\n30 January 2007\nNT 6.0\n\n\nWindows Vista Starter\nWindows Vista Home Basic\nWindows Vista Home Premium\nWindows Vista Business\nWindows Vista Enterprise\nWindows Vista Ultimate\nSee Windows Vista editions\n\n\n6002\n(Service Pack 2)\n\n\n\nWindows XP Professional x64\n25 April 2005\nNT 5.2\nN/A\n\n3790\n(Service Pack 2)\n\n\n\nWindows XP\n25 October 2001\nNT 5.1\n\n\nWindows XP Starter\nWindows XP Home\nWindows XP Professional\nWindows XP 64-bit Edition\nWindows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (8 July 2006)\nSee Windows XP editions\n\n\n2600\n(Service Pack 3)\n\n\n\nWindows ME\n14 September 2000\n4.90\nN/A\n\n3000\n\n\nWindows 2000\n17 February 2000\nNT 5.0\nProfessional\n\n2195\n\n\nWindows 98\n25 June 1998\n4.10\n\n\nWindows 98\nWindows 98 Second Edition (23 April 1999)\n\n2222 A\n\n\nWindows NT 4.0\n24 August 1996\nNT 4.0\nWindows NT 4.0 Workstation\n\n1381\n(Service Pack 6a) \n\n\n\nWindows 95\n24 August 1995\n4.00\n\nWindows 95\nWindows 95 SP1 (31 December 1995)\nWindows 95 OSR1 (14 February 1996)\nWindows 95 OSR2 (24 August 1996)\nWindows 95 USB Supplement to OSR2 (27 August 1997)\nWindows 95 OSR2.1 (27 August 1997)\nWindows 95 OSR2.5 (26 November 1997)\n\n950\n\n\nWindows NT 3.51\n30 May 1995\nNT 3.51\nWindows NT 3.51 Workstation\n\n1057\n\n\nWindows NT 3.5\n21 September 1994\nNT 3.50\nWindows NT 3.5 Workstation\n\n807\n\n\nWindows 3.2\n22 November 1993\n3.2\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows for Workgroups 3.11\nNovember 1993\n3.11\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows NT 3.1\n27 July 1993\nNT 3.10\nWindows NT 3.1\n\n528\n\n\nWindows 3.1\nApril 1992\n3.10\n\n\nWindows 3.1\nWindows for Workgroups 3.1 (October 1992)\n\n\n\n\nWindows 3.0\n22 May 1990\n3.00\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows 2.11\n13 March 1989\n2.11\n\n\nWindows/286\nWindows/386\n\n\n\n\nWindows 2.10\n27 May 1988\n2.10\n\n\nWindows/286\nWindows/386\n\n\n\n\nWindows 2.03\n9 December 1987\n2.03\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows 1.04\nApril 1987\n1.04\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows 1.03\nAugust 1986\n1.03\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows 1.02\nMay 1986\n1.02\nN/A\n\n\n\n\nWindows 1.01\n20 November 1985\n1.0\nN/A\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Windows 10" ]
8203370460961460727	Jake Lloyd	Jake Lloyd - wikipedia Jake Lloyd This article is about the former actor . For the Australian rules footballer , see Jake Lloyd ( footballer ) . Jake Lloyd Lloyd in August 2007 ( 1989 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1989 ( age 29 ) Fort Collins , Colorado , U.S. Residence Indianapolis , Indiana , U.S. Other names Jake Broadbent Occupation Actor Years active 1996 -- 2001 Jake Matthew Lloyd ( born March 5 , 1989 ) is an American former actor who played young Anakin Skywalker in the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , the first in the Star Wars prequel trilogy . He reprised this role in five subsequent Star Wars video games . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Post-Star Wars work 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Jake Matthew Lloyd was born in Fort Collins , Colorado , the son of EMT William `` Bill '' Lloyd and entertainment agent Lisa Riley . He attended Carmel High School in Carmel , Indiana and graduated from there in 2007 . Career ( edit ) Lloyd began his acting career in 1996 , playing Jimmy Sweet in 4 episodes of ER . He was then cast as Jake Warren in Unhook the Stars . He got his big break playing Jamie Langston in Jingle All the Way . He also played Mark Armstrong in Apollo 11 . Lloyd gained worldwide fame when he was chosen by George Lucas to play the young Anakin Skywalker in the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , the first film in the Star Wars prequel trilogy . Despite the film 's box office success , reception of Lloyd 's performance was mixed , and he was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor , though he lost to co-star Ahmed Best . Post-star Wars work ( edit ) After retiring from acting in 2001 , Lloyd continued to make appearances at sci - fi and comic - book festivals . In 2012 , he announced that he was directing a documentary highlighting the Tibetan refugees in India , who are attempting to escape persecution by the Chinese government . Lloyd was commissioned in 2012 to create a promo for singer Mallory Low 's song , and Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones actor Daniel Logan , who played young Boba Fett in that film , was cast as the star in his video . Lloyd left Hollywood for Chicago , and dropped out after a semester at Columbia College Chicago , where he studied film and psychology . Personal life ( edit ) In 2012 , Lloyd explained that his decision to retire from acting in 2001 was due to bullying at school . As a result , he decided to no longer keep all owned Star Wars memorabilia . On June 17 , 2015 , Lloyd was arrested for reckless driving , driving without a license , and resisting arrest . He was moved from jail to a psychiatric facility after he was diagnosed with schizophrenia . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Unhook the Stars J.J. Jingle All the Way Jamie Langston Apollo 11 Mark Armstrong Television film 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Anakin Skywalker Young Artist Award for Best Supporting Actor Ten Years or Younger Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor 2005 Madison Mike McCormick Filmed in 2000 Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes ER Jimmy Sweet 4 episodes 1996 -- 99 The Pretender Ronnie Collins Young Angelo / Timmy 4 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Anakin Skywalker Voice Star Wars Episode I : Racer 2000 Star Wars Episode I : Jedi Power Battles Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds Star Wars : Super Bombad Racing 2002 Star Wars Racer Revenge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hetter , Katya ( Jun 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' actor Jake Broadbent arrested in South Carolina '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Lloyd Biography ( 1989 -- ) '' . Film Reference . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Biography -- Jake Lloyd '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Benedictus , Leo ( July 3 , 2004 ) . `` Mixed blessings of child stars '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India : The Hindu Group . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars child actor , Carmel grad arrested in South Carolina '' . Indianapolis Star . Indianapolis , Indiana : Gannett Company . Associated Press . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Courtney ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Actor who played Anakin Skywalker as child swears off ' Star Wars ' for good '' . MSNBC . McLean , Virginia : MSN.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brandon ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jake Lloyd moves on from ' Star Wars ' to pursue writing and directing '' . The Global Dispatch . Lexington , North Carolina : The Dispatch Publishing Company , Inc . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Prequel Stars Jake Lloyd & Daniel Logan Teaming Up For Music Video '' . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Former ' Star Wars ' Child Star Jake Lloyd Arrested for Reckless Driving , Police Say '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jake Lloyd arrested : Star Wars child star led police on high - speed chase in South Carolina '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . The former child star told officers his name was Jake Broadbent , and was charged with failing to stop for officers , resisting arrest , reckless driving and driving without a license . Jump up ^ Broughton , Melissa ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' child star arrested after chase , crash in Colleton County '' . Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina : Evening Post Industries . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ French , Megan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actor Jake Lloyd Moved From Jail to Psychiatric Facility for Schizophrenia : Report '' . US Magazine . New York City : American Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jake Lloyd . Jake Lloyd on IMDb Jake Lloyd -- 10 years After Ep One -- with Sci Fi Pi at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 24 , 2009 ) The Force Is Not With Him : Anakin Skywalker 10 Years Later at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 28 , 2009 ) ISNI : 0000 0000 5215 5021 LCCN : no99033779 VIAF : 4561890 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jake_Lloyd&oldid=852843614 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors Carmel High School ( Indiana ) alumni Columbia College Chicago alumni Male actors from Colorado Male actors from Indiana Male actors from Bakersfield , California People from Fort Collins , Colorado People with schizophrenia Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 19 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who played anakin in star wars episode 1	[ "Jake Matthew Lloyd (born March 5, 1989)[1] is an American former actor who played young Anakin Skywalker in the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, the first in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. He reprised this role in five subsequent Star Wars video games.\n" ]	[ "Jake Matthew Lloyd" ]
-3323267438684991334	Tara (plantation)	Tara ( plantation ) - wikipedia Tara ( plantation ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tara is the name of a fictional plantation in the state of Georgia , in the historical novel Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell . In the story , Tara is located 5 miles ( 8 km ) from Jonesboro ( originally spelled Jonesborough ) , in Clayton County , on the east side of the Flint River about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Atlanta . Mitchell modeled Tara after local plantations and antebellum establishments , particularly the Clayton County plantation on which her maternal grandmother , Annie Fitzgerald Stephens ( 1844 -- 1934 ) , the daughter of Irish immigrant Philip Fitzgerald ( 1798 -- 1880 ) and his American wife , Eleanor Avaline `` Ellen '' McGhan ( 1818 -- 1893 ) , was born and raised . However , the original plantation house of the Fitzgeralds , which was known as `` Rural Home , '' a two - story wooden structure , was not as palatial and glamorous as the one described in the novel and / or depicted in the 1939 movie Gone with the Wind . Twelve Oaks , a neighboring plantation in the novel , is now the name of many businesses and a high school stadium in nearby Lovejoy , Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Gone with the Wind 2 In Rhett Butler 's People 3 The house 4 Movie set 5 Namesakes 6 References 7 External links In Gone with the Wind ( edit ) In Gone with the Wind , Tara was founded by Irish immigrant Gerald O'Hara after he won 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) or one square mile of land from its absentee owner during an all - night poker game . An Irish peasant farmer rather than the merchant his elder brothers ( whose emigrations to Savannah had brought him to Georgia ) wanted him to be , Gerald relished the thought of becoming a planter and gave his mostly wilderness and uncultivated new lands the grandiose name of Tara after the Hill of Tara , once the capital of the High King of ancient Ireland . He borrowed money from his brothers and bankers to buy slaves and turned the farm into a very successful cotton plantation . Gerald realized that the manor house needed a feminine touch and domestic servants . Consulting with his valet , Pork , whom he had won in a card game , he was told , `` whut you needs is a wife , and a wife whut has got plen'y of house niggers . '' So Gerald set off to Savannah to look for a wife meeting this qualification . At 43 , Gerald married the 15 - year - old Ellen Robillard , a wealthy Savannah - born girl of French descent , receiving as dowry twenty slaves ( including Mammy , Ellen 's nurse , who became nurse to Ellen 's daughters and grandchildren as well ) . His young bride took a very real interest in the management of the plantation , being in some ways a more hands - on manager than her husband . With the injection of her dowry money and the rise of cotton prices , Tara grew to a plantation of more than 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km ) and more than 100 slaves by the dawn of the Civil War . In the first quarter of the novel , the O'Haras are enthusiastically partisan in support of the Confederacy . Nevertheless , even before the tide has turned irreversibly against the Confederacy following Gettysburg and Vicksburg , the plantation ( along with the other great land - holdings in the county ) has already suffered major deprivation because of the war and has descended into disrepair . Shortages caused by the Union blockade and the Confederate requisitioning of supplies and slaves have turned the home from a house of plenty to one of mere subsistence , while the inability to sell their cotton to England has also greatly diminished the family 's once - lavish income and lifestyle . The arrival of Sherman 's troops in Clayton County terrifies those slaves who have not already departed or been conscripted into the labor force by the Confederacy . By the time Union troops arrive at Tara , only the house slaves remain . Unlike the homes of most of the O'Haras ' neighbors , Tara is spared the torch during the Union 's Scorched Earth Policy . The life - threatening illness , from typhoid , of Ellen O'Hara and her younger daughters , Suellen and Carreen , causes Gerald to stand firm in the doorway of his house , `` as if he had an army behind him rather than before him '' , and earns the sympathy of a Union officer who orders his surgeon to treat the O'Hara women with laudanum and quinine . The officer commandeers the house for use as a Union field headquarters , but as a courtesy , it is spared . However , movable items of value ( including Ellen 's rosary , pictures , and china ) are confiscated ( or stolen ) , and larger items are vandalized by the withdrawing Union troops . Mammy hides the family silver in the well . The army also chops down the trees surrounding the home , destroys the outbuildings , uses much of the fencing for firewood , slaughters the livestock , and pillages the vegetable gardens and fruit orchards for its own use . Soldiers even destroy what is not yet ripe and unearth graves in the family and slave cemeteries to search for valuables buried under false headstones . The most expensive blow comes when the troops torch more than $158,331 worth of baled cotton ( in 2014 currency ) . ( The O'Haras had been unable to sell the cotton to English merchants , owing to the blockade , and thus it was still awaiting transport . ) Upon the army 's withdrawal , the family and their loyal remaining slaves are left with a looted and dilapidated house , a ruined farm with no stock , work animals , or farm equipment , no food and no means to produce food . They are indigent and soon starving . Ellen O'Hara dies soon after the Union evacuation , and her widowed oldest daughter Scarlett returns a day later , initial delight at finding the house still standing soon turning to despair at its ruination . The loss of his wife , combined with hopelessness , poverty , age , and an increasing reliance on whiskey ( when it is available ) is destroying Gerald O'Hara's sanity , leaving him a demented echo of his former self . The plantation and house continue to be visited by both rebel and Union troops throughout the war , both sides taking any remnants of food and items of value left to the family . Scarlett , however , leads her complaining sister Suellen , and semi-stunned and emotionally numb sister Carreen , and the house slaves ( all unaccustomed to hard manual labor ) , in harvesting the remaining cotton plants . She manages to salvage a few hundred pounds of the crop ( enough to trade for food , perhaps ) but sees her labor rendered useless when a small detachment of Union troops finds the cotton in a slave cabin and sets it ablaze . When one of the soldiers is prevented , by his commanding officer , from taking a gilded sword that once belonged to Scarlett 's long - dead father - in - law and intended for her little boy Wade Hamilton ( the officer is himself a veteran of the same campaigns as the sword 's former owner ) , the thwarted Yankee soldier expresses his indignation by secretly setting a wing of the house on fire as the Yankees are leaving . The family ( which at this point , includes the convalescent Melanie Wilkes , Scarlett 's sister - in - law by her marriage to her first husband - Melanie 's dead brother - Charles Hamilton ) extinguishes the flames before they can spread , but the mansion is further damaged . When a Union deserter attempts to rob and rape Scarlett , she kills him in self - defense and vengeance . With the tiny windfall of money he was carrying , and with his horse and the aid of Will Benteen , a Confederate private and amputee nursed through a near - fatal fever by the O'Haras , the land is planted once again , on a subsistence scale . The family is able to eke out a very meager living , leaving them constantly hungry but at least not homeless or starving . Peace returns after the war , but not prosperity . Scarlett manages to save Tara from being seized and the family from dispossession only by deceitfully marrying her sister Suellen 's fiance , Frank Kennedy , and using his savings to pay the $300 in taxes levied on the place . Though Scarlett returns to Atlanta where her fortunes rise as she takes over and expands her second husband Frank 's business interests , she shares her new wealth with Tara . Tara never achieves anything like its antebellum grandeur , but it does become self - supporting as a `` two horse '' farm . While far from rich , the O'Haras are at least in better condition than most of their neighbors . While Scarlett is in Atlanta , Suellen , the sister whom Scarlett 's husband truly loved , conspires with the hated carpetbaggers and scalawags to defraud the victorious United States government of $150,000 by having her senile father swear an oath that his family was pro-Union during the war ; therefore , the cotton burned and the damages done to the place were not justified . The plan backfires and leads to the accidental death of Gerald . It also leads to the social ostracism of Suellen by her neighbors and even some of her relatives , though ironically it increases her worth ( slightly ) in the eyes of her pragmatic sister Scarlett , who privately believes the plan was brilliant . In 1868 , Rhett and Scarlett get married . Rhett has Tara restored the way it was before the war . Rhett and Scarlett have a house built in Atlanta . Though Scarlett resides in Atlanta , she considers Tara her true home . The house is restored and refurnished , the outbuildings are rebuilt , the fields are again stocked with cattle , turkeys , and horses , the land is again planted with cotton ( raised now by poor white and free black sharecroppers ) . By the end of the novel , Tara has come to resemble , as closely as it can , the beautiful red - earthed plantation it was before the war . Scarlett , however , is unable to find peace or happiness . Though she has come back from defeat and starvation to become one of the wealthiest women in the south and is even far richer and more spoiled than she ever expected to be , she feels miserable and empty . Most of this is due to , first her hopeless love for Ashley Wilkes , later her loss of Rhett 's love ( unfortunately , after realizing Rhett is the one she loves ) , and the death of their daughter Bonnie , ( and perhaps her loss of Melanie 's friendship through her death , as well ) . After Rhett leaves Scarlett , she returns to Tara , declaring that she will win back his love one day . Many critics state that Tara ultimately symbolizes Scarlett 's spirit or character . Initially , it is a thing of pompous but shallow beauty , then a place of desolation but nevertheless still standing when the neighboring homes are not , and finally as beautiful as ever but bereft of life and happiness . In Rhett Butler 's People ( edit ) In the more recent novel not written by Margaret Mitchell , Rhett Butler 's People , Tara stays virtually the same as in Gone With the Wind . However , at the end of this novel , the crazed Isaiah Watling sets fire to the main staircase of the mansion , which burns to the ground . The house ( edit ) When Gerald first takes possession of the property , he and his slave valet Pork ( also acquired by Gerald in a poker game ) inhabit the small , four - room wooden house built when the land was settled . As Gerald 's wealth grows , he builds minor additions to the structure , but after his marriage , and as his family grows , the house undergoes major enlargements and renovations . Nevertheless , it is not a pretty building but rather a large , rambling affair of whitewashed brick and timber `` built according to no architectural plan whatever , with extra rooms added where and when it seemed convenient '' . Its charm comes from Ellen 's grace and sophistication . According to the description in the novel , the house has at least two hallways , a full basement , front and back stairs , and an attic . Movie set ( edit ) For the 1939 motion picture , the home was constructed by art director Lyle Wheeler . After filming concluded , the façade of Tara sat on the Forty Acres backlot owned by RKO Pictures and then Desilu Productions . The Tara house façade looks very similar to the home of Barbara Stanwyck 's character Victoria Barkey in the CBS series The Big Valley . That set was built on the Republic studio lot in Encino for the John Wayne movie , `` The Fighting Kentuckian . '' In 1959 , Southern Attractions , Inc. purchased the façade , which was dismantled and shipped to Georgia with plans to relocate it to the Atlanta area as a tourist attraction . Producer David O. Selznick commented at the time , Nothing in Hollywood is permanent . Once photographed , life here is ended . It is almost symbolic of Hollywood . Tara had no rooms inside . It was just a façade . So much of Hollywood is a façade . However , the Margaret Mitchell estate refused to license anything that sought to capitalize on the novel 's fame and popularity , including the movie set , citing Mitchell 's dismay at how little it resembled her description in her novel . In 1979 , what remained of the set -- doorway , windows , shutters , cornice , steps and breezeway to the kitchen , and elements of the kitchen itself -- was purchased for $5,000 by Betty Talmadge , the former wife of former governor and U.S. Senator Herman Talmadge . She had the front door of the Tara set restored . After a 1989 exhibit at the Atlanta History Center , she lent it for permanent display at the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum in Midtown Atlanta , Georgia . A short time later , K.C. Bassham , an inn owner in Concord , Georgia , agreed to purchase the set from Mrs. Talmadge and actually took possession of a window and shutter from the set . Bassham set up her inn as a period piece and decorated it with reproduction mementos from the film . In spite of the restored front door and fanlight , she believed that the movie set , which she characterized as `` plywood and papier - mâché , '' was so deteriorated that it could never be resurrected again . Her vision was to cut up the set and sell 1 - by - 3 - inch ( 25 mm × 76 mm ) rectangular sections along with a picture of Tara and a certificate of authenticity . Talmadge eventually decided to keep the Tara set , and it remained in storage at the time of her death in 2005 . For years the set was also thought to have existed on Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's backlot # 2 in Culver City , CA . This urban myth was the result of former MGM tour guides who had been instructed to mislead tourists into thinking that a southern mansion set on backlot # 2 was the famed Gone with the Wind set . In fact , years later an article in the Los Angeles Times chronicled the demolition of the mansion and relied on the false information given by the tour guides . This news report only furthered the confusion over the true whereabouts of the actual Tara set . Now the Tara facade is still located at Talmadge Farms in Lovejoy , Georgia and is being resurrected . Namesakes ( edit ) The section of US 41 and US 19 from Interstate 75 south through Jonesboro to the Clayton / Henry county line is called Tara Boulevard , in honor of the book and movie , and the placement of the fictitious plantation near the town . The Tara Field airport ( located in Henry but once operated by Clayton ) was also named for it . It has since been changed to Henry County Airport . Country singing legend Dolly Parton named her Nashville mansion Tara . The Tara Theatre , an art house movie theater in Atlanta , memorializes the plantation . Tara High School in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Mitchell , Gone With The Wind ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Data.bls.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , May 17 , 1959 , p . G10 . Jump up ^ Jennifer W. Dickey , `` A Tough Little Patch of History '' : Atlanta 's Marketplace for Gone With the Wind Memory , Ph. D. dissertation , Georgia State University , 2007 , pp. 85 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Murray Schumach , `` Hollywood Gives Tara to Atlanta , '' New York Times , May 25 , 1959 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Margalit Fox , `` Betty Talmadge , Ex-Wife of Georgia Senator , Dies at 81 , '' New York Times , May 12 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tour Information , Margaret Mitchell House & Museum . Jump up ^ Jennifer W. Dickey , `` A Tough Little Patch of History '' : Atlanta 's Marketplace for Gone With the Wind Memory , Ph. D. dissertation , Georgia State University , 2007 , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Bulldozing Southern mansion Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Case of the Missing Mansion External links ( edit ) Jonesboro History Site Gone with the Wind Set history Tara Set History Tara Restoration Project Facebook Page : `` Saving Tara '' `` Saving Tara Video Diaries '' : Videos About Restoration of the Tara Movie Set ( hide ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tara_(plantation)&oldid=811509495 '' Categories : Fictional farms Gone with the Wind Clayton County , Georgia Henry County , Georgia Fictional houses Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the gone with the wind mansion	[ "Tara is the name of a fictional plantation in the state of Georgia, in the historical novel Gone with the Wind (1936) by Margaret Mitchell. In the story, Tara is located 5 miles (8 km) from Jonesboro (originally spelled Jonesborough), in Clayton County, on the east side of the Flint River about 20 miles (32 km) south of Atlanta." ]	[ "Georgia" ]
-2678853250523621194	List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders	List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Scoring leaders 2 Active Players with at least 15,000 points 3 Progressive list of scoring leaders 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,836 6,712 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 ; 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1998 -- present ) 30,260 1,394 21.7 10,688 1,780 7,104 7 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 ; 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 28,787 1,061 27.1 10,423 1,467 6,474 8 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 ; 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 ; 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 English , Alex Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 20 West , Jerry Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 21 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 22 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 24,555 1,347 18.2 8,876 2,049 4,754 23 Allen , Ray Ray Allen SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 24 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,061 6,385 25 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) 24,156 976 24.8 8,616 1,172 5,752 26 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 32 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 33 Greer , Hal Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 34 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 21,317 915 23.3 7,739 431 5,408 35 Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 37 Robinson , David David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 38 Gervin , George George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 39 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 40 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 41 Jamison , Antawn Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 42 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- present ) 20,033 1,220 16.4 7,676 1,938 2,743 43 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,001 1,119 17.9 7,651 130 4,569 44 Stockton , John John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 45 King , Bernard Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 46 Robinson , Cliff Cliff Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 47 Davis , Walter Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 ; 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 48 Cummings , Terry Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 ; 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 49 Lanier , Bob Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 50 Johnson , Eddie Eddie Johnson SF Kansas City / Sacramento Kings ( 1981 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 19,202 1,199 16.0 7,727 562 3,186 Active players with at least 15,000 points ( edit ) This is a list of active players in the National Basketball Association that have scored at least 15,000 points but have yet to crack the top 50 all - time scoring list shown above . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Kevin Durant 19,121 points Jason Terry 18,715 points Tony Parker 18,522 points Jamal Crawford 18,084 points Zach Randolph 17,721 points Chris Bosh 17,189 points Dwight Howard 16,652 points Chris Paul 15,610 points Russell Westbrook 15,156 points LaMarcus Aldridge 15,136 points Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring Leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player points leader Total points Career points record Total points Single - season points record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 34 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 058 yrs 4,029 2016 -- 17 Season Year - by - Year Leader Points Active Player Points Leader Total points Career Points Record Total points Single Season Points Record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Hall of Fame Candidates '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=804961974 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 58 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the nba all time scoring leader	[ "\n\nRank\nPlayer\nPosition(s)\nTeam(s) played for (years)[2]\nTotal points\nGames\nplayed\nPoints\nper game\naverage[3]\nField goals\nmade\nThree-point\nfield goals\nmade[4]\nFree\nthrows\nmade\n\n\n1\n\nAbdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar[5]\n\nC\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n38,387\n1,560\n24.6\n15,836\n1\n6,712\n\n\n2\n\nMalone, KarlKarl Malone\n\nPF\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n36,928\n1,476\n25.0\n13,528\n85\n9,787\n\n\n3\n\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant†\n\nSG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n33,643\n1,346\n25.0\n11,719\n1,827\n8,378\n\n\n4\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\nSG\nChicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998)\nWashington Wizards (2001–2003)\n32,292\n1,072\n30.1\n12,192\n581\n7,327\n\n\n5\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\nC\nPhiladelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1965–1968)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)\n31,419\n1,045\n30.1\n12,681\n0\n6,057\n\n\n6\nNowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^\nPF\nDallas Mavericks (1998–present)\n30,260\n1,394\n21.7\n10,688\n1,780\n7,104\n\n\n7\nJames, LeBronLeBron James^\nSF\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010; 2014–present)\nMiami Heat (2010–2014)\n28,787\n1,061\n27.1\n10,423\n1,467\n6,474\n\n\n8\nO'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal\nC\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)\nMiami Heat (2004–2008)\nPhoenix Suns (2008–2009)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2010–2011)\n28,596\n1,207\n23.7\n11,330\n1\n5,935\n\n\n9\nMalone, MosesMoses Malone\nC\nBuffalo Braves (1976)\nHouston Rockets (1976–1982)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1982–1986; 1993–1994)\nWashington Bullets (1986–1988)\nAtlanta Hawks (1988–1991)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n27,409\n1,329\n20.6\n9,435\n8\n8,531\n\n\n10\nHayes, ElvinElvin Hayes\nPF/C\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972; 1981–1984)\nBaltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)\n27,313\n1,303\n21.0\n10,976\n5\n5,356\n\n\n11\nOlajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon[6]\nC\nHouston Rockets (1984–2001)\nToronto Raptors (2001–2002)\n26,946\n1,238\n21.8\n10,749\n25\n5,423\n\n\n12\nRobertson, OscarOscar Robertson\nPG\nCincinnati Royals (1960–1970)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)\n26,710\n1,040\n25.7\n9,508\n0\n7,694\n\n\n13\nWilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins\nSF\nAtlanta Hawks (1982–1994)\nLos Angeles Clippers (1994)\nBoston Celtics (1994–1995)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)\nOrlando Magic (1999)\n26,668\n1,074\n24.8\n9,963\n711\n6,031\n\n\n14\nDuncan, TimTim Duncan†\nPF/C\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n26,496\n1,392\n19.0\n10,285\n30\n5,896\n\n\n15\nPierce, PaulPaul Pierce†\nSF/SG\nBoston Celtics (1998–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nWashington Wizards (2014–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n26,397\n1,343\n19.7\n8,668\n2,143\n6,918\n\n\n16\nHavlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek\nSF/SG\nBoston Celtics (1962–1978)\n26,395\n1,270\n20.8\n10,513\n0\n5,369\n\n\n17\nGarnett, KevinKevin Garnett†\nPF/C\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n26,071\n1,462\n17.8\n10,505\n174\n4,887\n\n\n18\nEnglish, AlexAlex English\nSF\nMilwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)\nIndiana Pacers (1978–1980)\nDenver Nuggets (1980–1990)\nDallas Mavericks (1990–1991)\n25,613\n1,193\n21.5\n10,659\n18\n4,277\n\n\n19\nMiller, ReggieReggie Miller\nSG\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n25,279\n1,389\n18.2\n8,241\n2,560\n6,237\n\n\n20\nWest, JerryJerry West\nPG/SG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)\n25,192\n932\n27.0\n9,016\n0\n7,160\n\n\n21\nEwing, PatrickPatrick Ewing\nC\nNew York Knicks (1985–2000)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)\nOrlando Magic (2001–2002)\n24,815\n1,183\n21.0\n9,702\n19\n5,392\n\n\n22\nCarter, VinceVince Carter^\nSG/SF\nToronto Raptors (1998–2004)\nNew Jersey Nets (2004–2009)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011–2014)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)\nSacramento Kings (2017–present)\n24,555\n1,347\n18.2\n8,876\n2,049\n4,754\n\n\n23\nAllen, RayRay Allen†\nSG\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2012)\nMiami Heat (2012–2014)\n24,505\n1,300\n18.9\n8,567\n2,973\n4,398\n\n\n24\nIverson, AllenAllen Iverson\nSG/PG\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)\nDenver Nuggets (2006–2008)\nDetroit Pistons (2008–2009)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2009)\n24,368\n914\n26.7\n8,467\n1,061\n6,385\n\n\n25\nAnthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^\nSF\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2011)\nNew York Knicks (2011–2017)\nOklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)\n24,156\n976\n24.8\n8,616\n1,172\n5,752\n\n\n26\nBarkley, CharlesCharles Barkley\nPF\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1984–1992)\nPhoenix Suns (1992–1996)\nHouston Rockets (1996–2000)\n23,757\n1,073\n22.1\n8,435\n538\n6,349\n\n\n27\nParish, RobertRobert Parish\nC\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)\nBoston Celtics (1980–1994)\nCharlotte Hornets (1994–1996)\nChicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n23,334\n1,611\n14.5\n9,614\n0\n4,106\n\n\n28\nDantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley\nSF\nBuffalo Braves (1976–1977)\nIndiana Pacers (1977)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)\nUtah Jazz (1979–1986)\nDetroit Pistons (1986–1989)\nDallas Mavericks (1989–1990)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1990–1991)\n23,177\n955\n24.3\n8,169\n7\n6,832\n\n\n29\nBaylor, ElginElgin Baylor\nSF\nMinneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)\n23,149\n846\n27.4\n8,693\n0\n5,763\n\n\n30\nDrexler, ClydeClyde Drexler\nSG\nPortland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)\nHouston Rockets (1995–1998)\n22,195\n1,086\n20.4\n8,335\n827\n4,698\n\n\n31\nPayton, GaryGary Payton\nPG\nSeattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\nBoston Celtics (2004–2005)\nMiami Heat (2005–2007)\n21,813\n1,335\n16.3\n8,708\n1,132\n3,265\n\n\n32\nBird, LarryLarry Bird\nSF/PF\nBoston Celtics (1979–1992)\n21,791\n897\n24.3\n8,591\n649\n3,960\n\n\n33\nGreer, HalHal Greer\nSG/PG\nSyracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)\n21,586\n1,122\n19.2\n8,504\n0\n4,578\n\n\n34\nWade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^\nSG\nMiami Heat (2003–2016)\nChicago Bulls (2016–2017)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)\n21,317\n915\n23.3\n7,739\n431\n5,408\n\n\n35\nBellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy\nC\nChicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)\nNew York Knicks (1965–1968)\nDetroit Pistons (1968–1970)\nAtlanta Hawks (1970–1974)\nNew Orleans Jazz (1974)\n20,941\n1,043\n20.1\n7,914\n0\n5,113\n\n\n36\nPettit, BobBob Pettit\nPF/C\nMilwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)\n20,880\n792\n26.4\n7,349\n0\n6,182\n\n\n37\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson\nC\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)\n20,790\n987\n21.1\n7,365\n25\n6,035\n\n\n38\nGervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin\nSG/SF\nSan Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)\nChicago Bulls (1985–1986)\n20,708\n791\n26.2\n8,045\n77\n4,541\n\n\n39\nRichmond, MitchMitch Richmond\nSG\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)\nSacramento Kings (1991–1998)\nWashington Wizards (1998–2001)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n20,497\n976\n21.0\n7,305\n1,326\n4,561\n\n\n40\nChambers, TomTom Chambers\nPF\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1983)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)\nPhoenix Suns (1988–1993)\nUtah Jazz (1993–1995)\nCharlotte Hornets (1997)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1997)\n20,049\n1,107\n18.1\n7,378\n227\n5,066\n\n\n41\nJamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison†\nPF/SF\nGolden State Warriors (1998–2003)\nDallas Mavericks (2003–2004)\nWashington Wizards (2004–2010)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n20,042\n1,083\n18.5\n7,679\n1,163\n3,521\n\n\n42\nJohnson, JoeJoe Johnson^\nSG/SF\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)\nPhoenix Suns (2002–2005)\nAtlanta Hawks (2005–2012)\nBrooklyn Nets (2012–2016)\nMiami Heat (2016)\nUtah Jazz (2016–present)\n20,033\n1,220\n16.4\n7,676\n1,938\n2,743\n\n\n43\nGasol, PauPau Gasol^\nC/PF\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)\nChicago Bulls (2014–2016)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2016–present)\n20,001\n1,119\n17.9\n7,651\n130\n4,569\n\n\n44\nStockton, JohnJohn Stockton\nPG\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n19,711\n1,504\n13.1\n7,039\n845\n4,788\n\n\n45\nKing, BernardBernard King\nSF\nNew Jersey Nets (1977–1979; 1993)\nUtah Jazz (1979–1980)\nGolden State Warriors (1980–1982)\nNew York Knicks (1982–1987)\nWashington Bullets (1987–1991)\n19,655\n874\n22.5\n7,830\n23\n3,972\n\n\n46\nRobinson, CliffCliff Robinson\nPF/SF\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)\nPhoenix Suns (1997–2001)\nDetroit Pistons (2001–2003)\nGolden State Warriors (2003–2005)\nNew Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n19,591\n1,380\n14.2\n7,389\n1,253\n3,560\n\n\n47\nDavis, WalterWalter Davis\nSG/SF\nPhoenix Suns (1977–1988)\nDenver Nuggets (1988–1991; 1991–1992)\nPortland Trail Blazers (1991)\n19,521\n1,033\n18.9\n8,118\n157\n3,128\n\n\n48\nCummings, TerryTerry Cummings\nPF\nSan Diego Clippers (1982–1984)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1984–1989; 1995–1996)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1997–1998)\nNew York Knicks (1998)\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2000)\n19,460\n1,183\n16.4\n8,045\n44\n3,326\n\n\n49\nLanier, BobBob Lanier\nC\nDetroit Pistons (1970–1980)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)\n19,248\n959\n20.1\n7,761\n2\n3,724\n\n\n50\nJohnson, EddieEddie Johnson\nSF\nKansas City/Sacramento Kings (1981–1987)\nPhoenix Suns (1987–1990)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1990–1993)\nCharlotte Hornets (1993–1994)\nIndiana Pacers (1995–1997)\nHouston Rockets (1997–1999)\n19,202\n1,199\n16.0\n7,727\n562\n3,186\n\n" ]	[ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar" ]
-751097830619274681	Homestead Strike	Homestead strike - wikipedia Homestead strike Jump to : navigation , search Homestead Strike The Pennsylvania state militia arrives to quell the hostilities , art by Thure de Thulstrup Date June 30 , 1892 Location Homestead , Pennsylvania , United States Resulted in Defeat of Strikers , A major setback to the unionization of steel workers Parties to the civil conflict Pennsylvania steel workers ; Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers Carnegie Steel Company ; Pinkerton National Detective Agency Lead figures William Weihe , National President of Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Henry Clay Frick Casualties 9 killed 11 wounded 3 killed 12 wounded Pennsylvania Historical Marker Official name Homestead Strike Designated July 1 , 1992 Pennsylvania Historical Marker Official name Homestead Strike Victims Designated July 11 , 1993 Pittsburgh Landmark -- PHLF Official name Pinkerton Landing site Designated The Homestead Strike , also known as the Homestead Steel Strike , Pinkerton Rebellion , or Homestead Massacre , was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30 , 1892 , culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6 , 1892 . The battle was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history , third behind the Ludlow Massacre and the Battle of Blair Mountain . The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead , Pennsylvania , between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ( the AA ) and the Carnegie Steel Company . The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Union 3 Nature of the 1892 strike 4 Plans of Carnegie and Frick 5 Lockout 6 Battle on July 6 6.1 Pinkertons attempt to land 6.2 Calls for state intervention 6.3 Pinkerton surrender 7 Arrival of the state militia 8 Attempted assassination and collapse of the strike 8.1 Legal battles 9 The strike 's conclusion 10 Aftermath 11 Modern site 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background ( edit ) Carnegie Steel made major technological innovations in the 1880s , especially the installation of the open - hearth system at Homestead in 1886 . It now became possible to make steel suitable for structural beams and for armor plate for the United States Navy , which paid far higher prices for the premium product . In addition , the plant moved increasingly toward the continuous system of production . Carnegie installed vastly improved systems of material - handling , like overhead cranes , hoists , charging machines , and buggies . All of this greatly sped up the process of steelmaking , and allowed the production of vastly larger quantities of the product . As the mills expanded , the labor force grew rapidly , especially with less skilled workers . In response , the more - skilled union members reacted with a strike designed to protect their historic position . Union ( edit ) Pro-Union pamphlet with lyrics to a song in support of workers The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ( AA ) was an American labor union formed in 1876 . It was a craft union representing skilled iron and steel workers . The AA 's membership was concentrated in ironworks west of the Allegheny Mountains . The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis ; helped regulate working hours , workload levels and work speeds ; and helped improve working conditions . It also acted as a hiring hall , helping employers find scarce puddlers and rollers . The AA organized the independently - owned Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works in Homestead in 1881 . The AA engaged in a bitter strike at the Homestead works on January 1 , 1882 in an effort to prevent management from including a non-union clause in the workers ' contracts , known as a `` yellow - dog contract '' . Violence occurred on both sides , and the plant brought in numerous strikebreakers . The strike ended on March 20 in a complete victory for the union . The AA struck the steel plant again on July 1 , 1889 , when negotiations for a new three - year collective bargaining agreement failed . The strikers seized the town and once again made common cause with various immigrant groups . Backed by 2,000 townspeople , the strikers drove off a trainload of strikebreakers on July 10 . When the sheriff returned with 125 newly deputized agents two days later , the strikers rallied 5,000 townspeople to their cause . Although victorious , the union agreed to significant wage cuts that left tonnage rates less than half those at the nearby Jones and Laughlin works , where technological improvements had not been made . Carnegie officials conceded that the AA essentially ran the Homestead plant after the 1889 strike . The union contract contained 58 pages of footnotes defining work - rules at the plant and strictly limited management 's ability to maximize output . For its part , the AA saw substantial gains after the 1889 strike . Membership doubled , and the local union treasury had a balance of $146,000 . The Homestead union grew belligerent , and relationships between workers and managers grew tense . Nature of the 1892 strike ( edit ) The Homestead strike was organized and purposeful , a harbinger of the type of strike which marked the modern age of labor relations in the United States . The AA strike at the Homestead steel mill in 1892 was different from previous large - scale strikes in American history such as the Great railroad strike of 1877 or the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 . Earlier strikes had been largely leaderless and disorganized mass uprisings of workers . Plans of Carnegie and Frick ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie placed industrialist Henry Clay Frick in charge of his company 's operations in 1881 . Frick resolved to break the union at Homestead . `` The mills have never been able to turn out the product they should , owing to being held back by the Amalgamated men , '' he complained in a letter to Carnegie . Carnegie was publicly in favor of labor unions . He condemned the use of strikebreakers and told associates that no steel mill was worth a single drop of blood . But Carnegie agreed with Frick 's desire to break the union and `` reorganize the whole affair , and ... exact good reasons for employing every man . Far too many men required by Amalgamated rules . '' Carnegie ordered the Homestead plant to manufacture large amounts of inventory so the plant could weather a strike . He also drafted a notice ( which Frick never released ) withdrawing recognition of the union . Portion of the typed and signed copy of the letter sent to Andrew Carnegie describing the plans and munitions that will be on the barges when the Pinkertons arrive to confront the strikers in Homestead . With the collective bargaining agreement due to expire on June 30 , 1892 , Frick and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February . With the steel industry doing well and prices higher , the AA asked for a wage increase ; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant . Frick immediately countered with a 22 % wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union 's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit . Carnegie encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union : `` ... the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority . These works , therefore , will be necessarily non-union after the expiration of the present agreement . '' Carnegie believed that the Amalgamated was a hindrance to efficiency ; furthermore it was not representative of the workers . It admitted only a small group of skilled workers . It was in its own way an elitist , discriminatory organization that was not worthy of the Republic , Carnegie felt . Frick announced on April 30 , 1892 that he would bargain for 29 more days . If no contract was reached , Carnegie Steel would cease to recognize the union . Carnegie formally approved Frick 's tactics on May 4 . Then Frick offered a slightly better wage scale and advised the Superintendent to tell the workers , `` We do not care whether a man belongs to a union or not , nor do we wish to interfere . He may belong to as many unions or organizations as he chooses , but we think our employees at Homestead Steel Works would fare much better working under the system in vogue at Edgar Thomson and Duquesne . '' Lockout ( edit ) Henry Clay Frick Frick locked workers out of the plate mill and one of the open hearth furnaces on the evening of June 28 . When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29 , Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant . A high fence topped with barbed wire , begun in January , was completed and the plant sealed to the workers . Sniper towers with searchlights were constructed near each mill building , and high - pressure water cannons ( some capable of spraying boiling - hot liquid ) were placed at each entrance . Various aspects of the plant were protected , reinforced , or shielded . At a mass meeting on June 30 , local AA leaders reviewed the final negotiating sessions and announced that the company had broken the contract by locking out workers a day before the contract expired . The Knights of Labor , which had organized the mechanics and transportation workers at Homestead , agreed to walk out alongside the skilled workers of the AA . Workers at Carnegie plants in Pittsburgh , Duquesne , Union Mills and Beaver Falls struck in sympathy the same day . The Declaration of the Strike Committee , dated July 20 , 1892 reads in part , The employees in the mill of Messrs. Carnegie , Phipps & Co. , at Homestead , Pa. , have built there a town with its homes , its schools and its churches ; have for many years been faithful co-workers with the company in the business of the mill ; have invested thousands of dollars of their savings in said mill in the expectation of spending their lives in Homestead and of working in the mill during the period of their efficiency ... `` Therefore , the committee desires to express to the public as its firm belief that both the public and the employees aforesaid have equitable rights and interests in the said mill which can not be modified or diverted without due process of law ; that the employees have the right to continuous employment in the said mill during efficiency and good behavior without regard to religious , political or economic opinions or associations ; that it is against public policy and subversive of the fundamental principles of American liberty that a whole community of workers should be denied employment or suffer any other social detriment on account of membership in a church , a political party or a trade union ; that it is our duty as American citizens to resist by every legal and ordinary means the unconstitutional , anarchic and revolutionary policy of the Carnegie Company , which seems to evince a contempt ( for ) public and private interests and a disdain ( for ) the public conscience ... The strikers were determined to keep the plant closed . They secured a steam - powered river launch and several rowboats to patrol the Monongahela River , which ran alongside the plant . Men also divided themselves into units along military lines . Picket lines were thrown up around the plant and the town , and 24 - hour shifts established . Ferries and trains were watched . Strangers were challenged to give explanations for their presence in town ; if one was not forthcoming , they were escorted outside the city limits . Telegraph communications with AA locals in other cities were established to keep tabs on the company 's attempts to hire replacement workers . Reporters were issued special badges which gave them safe passage through the town , but the badges were withdrawn if it was felt misleading or false information made it into the news . Tavern owners were even asked to prevent excessive drinking . Frick was also busy . The company placed ads for replacement workers in newspapers as far away as Boston , St. Louis and even Europe . But unprotected strikebreakers would be driven off . On July 4 , Frick formally requested that Sheriff William H. McCleary intervene to allow supervisors access to the plant . Carnegie corporation attorney Philander Knox gave the go - ahead to the sheriff on July 5 , and McCleary dispatched 11 deputies to the town to post handbills ordering the strikers to stop interfering with the plant 's operation . The strikers tore down the handbills and told the deputies that they would not turn over the plant to nonunion workers . Then they herded the deputies onto a boat and sent them downriver to Pittsburgh . Frick had ordered the construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property . The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill `` Fort Frick . '' With the mill ringed by striking workers , agents from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency , which Frick had contracted to provide security at the plant in April 1892 , planned to access the plant grounds from the river . Three hundred Pinkerton detectives assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles ( 8 km ) below Pittsburgh at 10 : 30 p.m. on the night of July 5 , 1892 . They were given Winchester rifles , placed on two specially - equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force . Upon their landing , a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives ensued . Several men were killed , nine workers among them , and the riot was ultimately quelled only by the intervention of 8,000 armed state militia . Among working - class Americans , Frick 's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive , and he soon became a target of even more union organizers . Battle on July 6 ( edit ) Hughey O'Donnell , Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers . Frick 's intent was to open the works with nonunion men on July 6 . Knox devised a plan to get the Pinkertons onto the mill property . With the mill ringed by striking workers , the agents would access the plant grounds from the river . Three hundred Pinkerton agents assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles below Pittsburgh at 10 : 30 p.m. on the night of July 5 , 1892 . They were given Winchester rifles , placed on two specially - equipped barges and towed upriver . The strikers were prepared for them ; the AA had learned of the Pinkertons as soon as they had left Boston for the embarkation point . The small flotilla of union boats went downriver to meet the barges . Strikers on the steam launch fired a few random shots at the barges , then withdrew -- blowing the launch whistle to alert the plant . The strikers blew the plant whistle at 2 : 30 a.m. , drawing thousands of men , women and children to the plant . Pinkertons attempt to land ( edit ) The Pinkertons attempted to land under cover of darkness about 4 a.m. A large crowd of families had kept pace with the boats as they were towed by a tug into the town . A few shots were fired at the tug and barges , but no one was injured . The crowd tore down the barbed - wire fence and strikers and their families surged onto the Homestead plant grounds . Some in the crowd threw stones at the barges , but strike leaders shouted for restraint . The Pinkerton agents attempted to disembark , and shots were fired . Conflicting testimony exists as to which side fired the first shot . John T. McCurry , a boatman on the steamboat Little Bill ( which had been hired by the Pinkerton Detective Agency to ferry its agents to the steel mill ) and one of the men wounded by the strikers , said : `` The armed Pinkerton men commenced to climb up the banks . Then the workmen opened fire on the detectives . The men shot first , and not until three of the Pinkerton men had fallen did they respond to the fire . I am willing to take an oath that the workmen fired first , and that the Pinkerton men did not shoot until some of their number had been wounded . '' But according to The New York Times , the Pinkertons shot first . The newspaper reported that the Pinkertons opened fire and wounded William Foy , a worker . Regardless of which side opened fire first , the first two individuals wounded were Frederick Heinde , captain of the Pinkertons , and Foy . The Pinkerton agents aboard the barges then fired into the crowd , killing two and wounding 11 . The crowd responded in kind , killing two and wounding 12 . The firefight continued for about 10 minutes . The strikers then huddled behind the pig and scrap iron in the mill yard , while the Pinkertons cut holes in the side of the barges so they could fire on any who approached . The Pinkerton tug departed with the wounded agents , leaving the barges stranded . The strikers soon set to work building a rampart of steel beams further up the riverbank from which they could fire down on the barges . Hundreds of women continued to crowd on the riverbank between the strikers and the agents , calling on the strikers to ' kill the Pinkertons ' . Strikers hiding behind a large shield while firing the cannon and watching the Pinkerton men . The strikers continued to sporadically fire on the barges . Union members took potshots at the ships from their rowboats and the steam - powered launch . The burgess of Homestead , John McLuckie , issued a proclamation at 6 : 00 a.m. asking for townspeople to help defend the peace ; more than 5,000 people congregated on the hills overlooking the steelworks . A 20 - pounder brass cannon was set up on the shore opposite the steel mill , and an attempt was made to sink the barges . Six miles away in Pittsburgh , thousands of steelworkers gathered in the streets , listening to accounts of the attacks at Homestead ; hundreds , many of them armed , began to move toward the town to assist the strikers . The Pinkertons attempted to disembark again at 8 : 00 a.m. A striker high up the riverbank fired a shot . The Pinkertons returned fire , and four more strikers were killed ( one by shrapnel sent flying when cannon fire hit one of the barges ) . Many of the Pinkerton agents refused to participate in the firefight any longer ; the agents crowded onto the barge farthest from the shore . More experienced agents were barely able to stop the new recruits from abandoning the ships and swimming away . Intermittent gunfire from both sides continued throughout the morning . When the tug attempted to retrieve the barges at 10 : 50 a.m. , gunfire drove it off . More than 300 riflemen positioned themselves on the high ground and kept a steady stream of fire on the barges . Just before noon , a sniper shot and killed another Pinkerton agent . After a few more hours , the strikers attempted to burn the barges . They seized a raft , loaded it with oil - soaked timber and floated it toward the barges . The Pinkertons nearly panicked , and a Pinkerton captain had to threaten to shoot anyone who fled . But the fire burned itself out before it reached the barges . The strikers then loaded a railroad flatcar with drums of oil and set it afire . The flatcar hurtled down the rails toward the mill 's wharf where the barges were docked . But the car stopped at the water 's edge and burned itself out . Dynamite was thrown at the barges , but it only hit the mark once ( causing a little damage to one barge ) . At 2 : 00 p.m. , the workers poured oil onto the river , hoping the oil slick would burn the barges ; attempts to light the slick failed . Calls for state intervention ( edit ) The AA worked behind the scenes to avoid further bloodshed and defuse the tense situation . At 9 : 00 a.m. , outgoing AA international president William Weihe rushed to the sheriff 's office and asked McCleary to convey a request to Frick to meet . McCleary did so , but Frick refused . He knew that the more chaotic the situation became , the more likely it was that Governor Robert E. Pattison would call out the state militia . Sheriff McCleary resisted attempts to call for state intervention until 10 a.m. on July 7 . In a telegram to Gov. Pattison , he described how his deputies and the Carnegie men had been driven off , and noted that the workers and their supporters actively resisting the landing numbered nearly 5,000 . Pattison responded by requiring McCleary to exhaust every effort to restore the peace . McCleary asked again for help at noon , and Pattison responded by asking how many deputies the sheriff had . A third telegram , sent at 3 : 00 p.m. , again elicited a response from the governor exhorting McCleary to raise his own troops . Pinkerton surrender ( edit ) Pinkerton men leave the barges after their surrender during the Homestead Strike Burning of barges At 4 : 00 p.m. , events at the mill quickly began to wind down . More than 5,000 men -- most of them armed mill hands from the nearby South Side , Braddock and Duquesne works -- arrived at the Homestead plant . Weihe wanted to prevent further trouble at Homestead , so he pleaded with Frick to confer with representatives of the Amalgamated to return to Homestead and stop the riot . Weihe urged the strikers to let the Pinkertons surrender , but he was shouted down . Weihe tried to speak again , but this time his pleas were drowned out as the strikers bombarded the barges with fireworks left over from the recent Independence Day celebration . Hugh O'Donnell , a heater in the plant and head of the union 's strike committee , then spoke to the crowd . He demanded that each Pinkerton be charged with murder , forced to turn over his arms and then be removed from the town . The crowd shouted their approval . The Pinkertons , too , wished to surrender . At 5 : 00 p.m. , they raised a white flag and two agents asked to speak with the strikers . O'Donnell guaranteed them safe passage out of town . Upon arrival , their arms were stripped from them . With heads uncovered , to distinguish them from the mill hands , they passed along between two rows of guards armed with Winchesters . As the Pinkertons crossed the grounds of the mill , the crowd formed a gauntlet through which the agents passed . Men and women threw sand and stones at the Pinkerton agents , spat on them and beat them . Several Pinkertons were clubbed into unconsciousness . Members of the crowd ransacked the barges , then burned them to the waterline . As the Pinkertons were marched through town to the Opera House ( which served as a temporary jail ) , the townspeople continued to assault the agents . Two agents were beaten as horrified town officials looked on . The press expressed shock at the treatment of the Pinkerton agents , and the torrent of abuse helped turn media sympathies away from the strikers . The strike committee met with the town council to discuss the handover of the agents to McCleary . But the real talks were taking place between McCleary and Weihe in McCleary 's office . At 10 : 15 p.m. , the two sides agreed to a transfer process . A special train arrived at 12 : 30 a.m. on July 7 . McCleary , the international AA 's lawyer and several town officials accompanied the Pinkerton agents to Pittsburgh . But when the Pinkerton agents arrived at their final destination in Pittsburgh , state officials declared that they would not be charged with murder ( per the agreement with the strikers ) but rather simply released . The announcement was made with the full concurrence of the AA attorney . A special train whisked the Pinkerton agents out of the city at 10 : 00 a.m. on July 7 . Arrival of the state militia ( edit ) On July 7 , the strike committee sent a telegram to Gov. Pattison to attempt to persuade him that law and order had been restored in the town . Pattison replied that he had heard differently . Union officials traveled to Harrisburg and met with Pattison on July 9 . Their discussions revolved not around law and order , but the safety of the Carnegie plant . Pattison , however , remained unconvinced by the strikers ' arguments . Although Pattison had ordered the Pennsylvania militia to muster on July 6 , he had not formally charged it with doing anything . Pattison 's refusal to act rested largely on his concern that the union controlled the entire city of Homestead and commanded the allegiance of its citizens . Pattison refused to order the town taken by force , for fear a massacre would occur . But once emotions had died down , Pattison felt the need to act . He had been elected with the backing of a Carnegie - supported political machine , and he could no longer refuse to protect Carnegie interests . The steelworkers resolved to meet the militia with open arms , hoping to establish good relations with the troops . But the militia managed to keep its arrival in the town a secret almost to the last moment . At 9 : 00 a.m. on July 12 , the Pennsylvania state militia arrived at the small Munhall train station near the Homestead mill ( rather than the downtown train station as expected ) . Their commander , Major General George R. Snowden , made it clear to local officials that he sided with the owners . When Hugh O'Donnell , the head of the union 's strike committee attempted to welcome Snowden and pledge the cooperation of the strikers , Snowden told him that the strikers had not been law abiding , and that `` I want you to distinctly understand that I am the master of this situation . '' More than 4,000 soldiers surrounded the plant . Within 20 minutes they had displaced the picketers ; by 10 : 00 a.m. , company officials were back in their offices . Another 2,000 troops camped on the high ground overlooking the city . The company quickly brought in strikebreakers and restarted production under the protection of the militia . Despite the presence of AFL pickets in front of several recruitment offices across the nation , Frick easily found employees to work the mill . The company quickly built bunk houses , dining halls and kitchens on the mill grounds to accommodate the strikebreakers . New employees , many of them black , arrived on July 13 , and the mill furnaces relit on July 15 . When a few workers attempted to storm into the plant to stop the relighting of the furnaces , militiamen fought them off and wounded six with bayonets . But all was not well inside the plant . A race war between nonunion black and white workers in the Homestead plant broke out on July 22 , 1892 . Desperate to find a way to continue the strike , the AA appealed to Whitelaw Reid , the Republican candidate for vice president , on July 16 . The AA offered to make no demands or set any preconditions ; the union merely asked that Carnegie Steel reopen the negotiations . Reid wrote to Frick , warning him that the strike was hurting the Republican ticket and pleading with him to reopen talks . Frick refused . Attempted assassination and collapse of the strike ( edit ) Frick , too , needed a way out of the strike . The company could not operate for long with strikebreakers living on the mill grounds , and permanent replacements had to be found . On July 18 , the town was placed under martial law , further disheartening many of the strikers . National attention became riveted on Homestead when , on July 23 , Alexander Berkman , a New York anarchist with no connection to steel or to organized labor , plotted with his lover Emma Goldman to assassinate Frick . He came in from New York , gained entrance to Frick 's office , then shot and stabbed the executive . Frick survived and continued his role ; Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison . The Berkman assassination attempt undermined public support for the union and prompted the final collapse of the strike . Hugh O'Donnell was removed as chair of the strike committee when he proposed to return to work at the lower wage scale if the unionists could get their jobs back . On August 12 , the company announced that 1,700 men were working at the mill and production had resumed at full capacity . The national AFL refused to intervene , the East European workers ignored the union and it had no strategy left . The union voted to go back to work on Carnegie 's terms ; the strike had failed and the union had collapsed . Legal battles ( edit ) The parking lot at The Waterfront open - air mall , the site of the Homestead Strike . The company had waged a second front in state court , and was winning . On July 18 , 16 of the strike leaders were charged with conspiracy , riot and murder . Each man was jailed for one night and forced to post a $10,000 bond . The union retaliated by charging company executives with murder as well . The company men , too , had to post a $10,000 bond , but they were not forced to spend any time in jail . One judge issued treason charges against the Advisory Committee on August 30 for making itself the law . Most of the men could not raise the bail bond , and went to jail or into hiding . A compromise was reached whereby both sides dropped their charges . The strike 's conclusion ( edit ) Support for the strikers evaporated . The AFL refused to call for a boycott of Carnegie products in September 1892 . Wholesale crossing of the picket line occurred , first among Eastern European immigrants and then among all workers . The strike had collapsed so much that the state militia pulled out on October 13 , ending the 95 - day occupation . The AA was nearly bankrupted by the job action . Weekly Union relief for a member averaged $6.25 but totalled a staggering $10,000 per week when including 1,600 strikers . With only 192 out of more than 3,800 strikers in attendance , the Homestead chapter of the AA voted , 101 to 91 , to return to work on November 20 , 1892 . In the end , only four workers were ever tried on the actual charges filed on July 18 . Three AA members were found innocent of all charges . Hugh Dempsey , the leader of the local Knights of Labor District Assembly , was found guilty of conspiring to poison nonunion workers at the plant -- despite the state 's star witness recanting his testimony on the stand . Dempsey served a seven - year prison term . In February 1893 , Knox and the union agreed to drop the charges filed against one another , and no further prosecutions emerged from the events at Homestead . The striking AA affiliate in Beaver Falls gave in the same day as the Homestead lodge . The AA affiliate at Union Mills held out until August 14 , 1893 . But by then the union had only 53 members . The union had been broken ; the company had been operating the plant at full capacity for almost a year , since September 1892 . Aftermath ( edit ) The Homestead strike broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement . Many employers refused to sign contracts with their AA unions while the strike lasted . A deepening in 1889 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead . An organizing drive at the Homestead plant in 1896 was crushed by Frick . In May 1899 , 300 Homestead workers actually formed an AA lodge , but Frick ordered the Homestead works shut down and the unionization effort collapsed . De-unionization efforts throughout the Midwest began against the AA in 1897 when Jones and Laughlin Steel refused to sign a contract . By 1900 , not a single steel plant in Pennsylvania remained unionized . The AA presence in Ohio and Illinois continued for a few more years , but the union continued to collapse . Many lodges disbanded , their members disillusioned . Others were easily broken in short battles . Carnegie Steel 's Mingo Junction , Ohio , plant was the last major unionized steel mill in the country . But it , too , successfully withdrew recognition without a fight in 1903 . AA membership sagged to 10,000 in 1894 from its high of over 24,000 in 1891 . A year later , it was down to 8,000 . A 1901 strike against Carnegie 's successor company , U.S. Steel collapsed . By 1909 , membership in the AA had sunk to 6,300 . A nationwide steel strike of 1919 also was unsuccessful . The AA maintained a rump membership in the steel industry until its takeover by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee in 1936 . The two organizations officially disbanded and formed the United Steelworkers May 22 , 1942 . The Bost Building , AA headquarters during the strike and today a National Historic Landmark In 1999 the Bost Building in downtown Homestead , AA headquarters throughout the strike , was designated a National Historic Landmark . It is used as a museum devoted not only to the strike , but also the steel industry in the Pittsburgh area . A railroad bridge over the Monongahela River near the site of the battle is named Pinkerton 's Landing Bridge in honor of the dead . Two sites were each designated with a Pennsylvania state historical marker : the site where Pinkerton attempted to land , and the two adjoining cemeteries of St. Mary 's and Homestead where are buried the remains of six of the seven Carnegie Steel Company workers that were killed . The Pinkerton landing site was also named a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark . Modern site ( edit ) The pumphouse where the gunfight occurred remains as a museum and meeting hall . There are several historical markers as well as a metal commemorative sign with the US Steel logo that reads `` In Honor Of The Workers . '' See also ( edit ) Pittsburgh portal Organized labour portal Battle of Blair Mountain Battle of Matewan Ludlow Massacre Pittsburgh Railway Riots Pullman Strike List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PHMC Historical Markers Search '' ( Searchable database ) . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Historic Landmark Plaques 1968 -- 2009 ( PDF ) . Pittsburgh , PA : Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : Strike at Homestead Mill '' . Public Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Warren ( 2000 ) ; Krass ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brody , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 174 - 192 ; Body , p. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 52 ; Krause , p. 42 , 174 , 246 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 54 - 55 . Jump up ^ Technically , the Homestead job action began as a lockout , not a strike . Foner , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Quoted in George Harvey , Henry Clay Frick : The Man ( New York : Beard Books , 1928 ; reprinted 2002 ) , p. 177 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 127 - 0 Jump up ^ Standiford , Les ( 10 May 2005 ) . Meet You in Hell : Andrew Carnegie , Henry Clay Frick , and the Bitter Partnership That Transformed America . Crown Publishing Group . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 23837 - 5 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Quoted in James H. Bridge , The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company ( New York : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1903 ; rev . ed. 1992 ) , p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 04112 - 8 Jump up ^ Carnegie , a pacifist , purposefully avoided the moral dilemmas raised by the Homestead strike by beginning a European vacation before the strike began . When questioned in Scotland about Frick 's actions , Carnegie washed his hands of any responsibility and declared that Frick was in charge . Brody argues that Carnegie felt Frick was doing the right thing by bringing in strikebreakers and busting the union , but Frick was doing a poor job of it . See Brody , p. 59 fn. 18 Jump up ^ Letter from Carnegie to Frick dated April 4 , 1892 , quoted in Foner , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Krass p 277 Jump up ^ Quoted in Krass p. 278 ; Krause , p. 284 - 310 , contains the best discussion of the bargaining timeline and exchange of proposals . Jump up ^ Foner , footnote p. 207 ; Foner , p. 208 ; Krause , p. 302 , 310 . Jump up ^ Foner , footnote , p. 207 , and p. 208 , 210 -- 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze marker of the 1892 Edwin Rowe depiction '' ( PDF ) . battleofhomestead.org . January 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 208 - 09 ; Krause , p. 311 ; Brody , p. 59 ; Jump up ^ Foner , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 26 . claims these were plant guards specially deputized , but Krause is more authoritative in this regard . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 209 ; Krause , p. 15 , 271 . The barges , bought specifically for the Homestead lockout , contained sleeping quarters and kitchens and were intended to house the agents for the duration of the strike . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 209 ; Krause , p. 16 . Krause indicates that at least a thousand people turned out . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 16 - 18 . Brody cites Andrew Carnegie , who claimed that Frick had not extended the barbed - wire fence to the riverbank , thus allowing the strikers access to the plant grounds . Brody , p. 59 . But Foner says that the strikers tore down the fence near the water 's edge . Foner , p. 209 . Supporting Foner , see Krause , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` What a Boatman Saw . '' New York Times . July 7 , 1892 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mob Law at Homestead . '' New York Times . July 7 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Heinde , sometimes spelled Hynd , makes the claim he was the first one wounded on the Pinkerton side . See : `` The Wounded at Pittsburg . '' New York Times . July 7 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Krause is the most accurate source on the number of dead , including the names of the killed and wounded . Krause , p. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 21 - 22 ; Brody , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 22 - 25 , 30 ; Brody , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 24 ; Foner , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 25 - 26 . Frick had sought several times to have the Pinkerton agents deputized . He guessed correctly that the strikers would attack the Pinkertons , and attacking duly deputized county law enforcement officers would provide grounds for claiming insurrection . McCleary , sympathizing with the workers , refused Frick 's demands . See Krause , p. 26 - 28 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 29 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bemis , Edward W . `` The Homestead Strike . '' Journal of Political Economy . June 1894 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 32 - 34 . Jump up ^ `` The Incident of the 6th of July . '' The Illustrated American . July 16 , 1892 , p. 4 Accessed 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dubofsky and Dulles , p. 154 ; Krause , p. 34 - 36 . Krause documents two more incidents which occurred during the surrender . A striker seized a Pinkerton agent 's rifle and attempted to break it in two . He succeeded in shooting himself in the stomach , and died . Later , as the agents passed through the gauntlet , a woman poked out an agent 's eye with her umbrella . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 36 - 38 . Krause points out that much of the press ' lurid reporting played heavily on misogynistic ideals of women as respectable and docile . The press also often described the women of the town as ' Hungarians , ' playing on nativist hatreds . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 38 - 39 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 332 - 34 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 32 , 333 -- 34 ; Foner , p. 212 ; Jump up ^ Paul Kahan , The Homestead Strike : Labor , Violence , and American Industry , 2014 , page 90 Jump up ^ Krause , p. 337 - 38 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 211 , 212 ; Krause , p. 337 - 39 Jump up ^ Krause , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 55 - 56 ; Krause , 343 - 44 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 213 - 14 ; Krause , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Warren , p. 89 ; Krause , p. 354 - 55 Jump up ^ Krause , p. 355 - 57 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 348 - 50 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 356 - 57 ; Foner , p. 215 - 17 . Jump up ^ The official charge was conspiracy to poison . `` In mid-January 1893 , Hugh Dempsey , a leading K. of L. official in the Pittsburgh area , and three others were found guilty of having conspired to poison , during September and October , a number of non-union men ... '' Aaron and Miller , p. 170 . See also : Montgomery , p. 39 ; `` The Homestead Poisoners ; Trial of Hugh Dempsey for Conspiracy Continued . '' New York Times . January 14 , 1893 ; `` Hugh Dempsey to be Pardoned . '' New York Times . January 30 , 1896 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Brody , p. 57 - 58 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 218 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bemis , Edward W . `` The Homestead Strike , '' The Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 2 , No. 3 ( Jun. , 1894 ) , pp. 369 -- 396 in JSTOR Brody , David . Steelworkers in America : The Nonunion Era . New York : Harper Torchbooks , 1969 . Cohen , Steven R. `` Steelworkers Rethink the Homestead Strike of 1892 , '' Pennsylvania History , 48 ( April 1981 ) , 155 -- 77 David P. Demarest , Jr. ( ed . ) , `` The River Ran Red '' : Homestead , 1892 . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1992 . Foner , Philip . History of the Labor Movement in the United States . Vol. 2 : From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism . New York : International Publishers , 1955 . House Judiciary Committee , Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the Labor Troubles at Homestead , PA . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1892 . Krass , Peter . Carnegie . ( 2002 ) . online edition Krause , Paul . The Battle for Homestead , 1890 -- 1892 : Politics , Culture , and Steel . Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1992 . Krause , Paul . `` Labor Republicanism and ' Za Clebom ' : Anglo - American and Slavic Solidarity in Homestead , '' in Struggle a Hard Battle `` : Essays on Working - Class Immigrants , edited by Dirk Hoerder ( 1986 ) , 143 -- 69 Marcus , Irwin . Jeanne Bullard , and Rob Moore , `` Change and Continuity : Steel Workers in Homestead , Pennsylvania , 1880 -- 1895 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , 111 ( January 1987 ) , 62 -- 75 Miner , Curtis . Homestead : The Story of a Steel Town ( Pittsburgh 1989 ) Montgomery , David . The Fall of the House of Labor : The Workplace , the State , and American Labor Activism , 1865 -- 1925 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1987 . Oates , William C. , George Ticknor Curtis , and Terence V. Powderly , `` The Homestead Strike , '' North American Review , vol. 155 , whole no . 430 ( Sept. 1892 ) , pp. 355 -- 375 . Slavishak , Edward S. , `` Working - Class Muscle : Homestead and Bodily Disorder in the Gilded Age , '' The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3 ( October 2004 ) : 339 -- 68 . online via Oxford University Press Warren , Kenenth . Triumphant Capitalism : Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America ( 2000 ) Wright , Carroll D . `` The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , 7 ( July 1893 ) , 400 -- 32 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) Media related to Homestead Strike at Wikimedia Commons Battle of Homestead Foundation United Steelworkers Homestead : A Complete History of the Struggle of July , 1892 at Project Gutenberg ( Contemporary book by Pittsburgh journalist Arthur Gordon Burgoyne . ) Pittsburgh History Timeline Culture Dialect Media Neighborhoods Notable people Skyscrapers Government Airport Conventions City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police D.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how were the homestead and pullman strikes a defeat for the unions	[ "The Homestead strike broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement. Many employers refused to sign contracts with their AA unions while the strike lasted. A deepening in 1889 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead.[59]" ]	[ "broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement" ]
1595683160201970127	Transamerica Pyramid	Transamerica Pyramid - Wikipedia Transamerica Pyramid `` Transamerica Tower '' and `` Transamerica Building '' redirect here . For the building in Baltimore , see Transamerica Tower ( Baltimore ) . For the building in Los Angeles , see AT&T Center ( Los Angeles ) . Transamerica Pyramid Transamerica Pyramid Location within San Francisco Transamerica Pyramid Transamerica Pyramid ( California ) Transamerica Pyramid Transamerica Pyramid ( the US ) Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Record height Preceded by Bank of America Center Surpassed by Salesforce Tower ( 2017 ) General information Status Complete Type Commercial offices Location 600 Montgomery Street San Francisco , California Coordinates 37 ° 47 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 24 ′ 10 '' W / 37.7952 ° N 122.4028 ° W / 37.7952 ; - 122.4028 Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 24 ′ 10 '' W / 37.7952 ° N 122.4028 ° W / 37.7952 ; - 122.4028 Construction started December 1969 Completed 1972 . Cost US $32,000,000 Owner Transamerica Corporation Management Cushman & Wakefield Height Roof 853 ft ( 260 m ) Top floor 695 ft ( 212 m ) Technical details Floor count 48 Floor area 702,076 sq ft ( 65,225.0 m ) Lifts / elevators 18 Design and construction Architect William L. Pereira & Harry D. Som Structural engineer Chin & Hensolt , Inc . Glumac International Simonson & Simonson Main contractor Dinwiddie Construction Co . References The Transamerica Pyramid at 600 Montgomery Street between Clay and Washington Streets in the Financial District of San Francisco , California , United States , is a 48 - story futurist building and the second - tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline . Its height is surpassed by Salesforce Tower . The building no longer houses the headquarters of the Transamerica Corporation , which moved its U.S. headquarters to Baltimore , Maryland , but it is still associated with the company and is depicted in the company 's logo . Designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company , at 853 feet ( 260 m ) , on completion in 1972 it was the eighth - tallest building in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Park 4 Specifications 5 Tenants 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Transamerica building was commissioned by Transamerica CEO John ( Jack ) R. Beckett , with the claim that he wished to allow light in the street below . Built on the site of the historic Montgomery Block , it has a structural height of 853 feet ( 260 m ) and has 48 floors of retail and office space . Construction began in 1969 and finished in 1972 , and was overseen by San Francisco - based contractor Dinwiddie Construction , now Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company . Transamerica moved its headquarters to the new building from across the street , where it had been based in a flatiron - shaped building now occupied by the Church of Scientology of San Francisco . Although the tower is no longer Transamerica Corporation headquarters , it is still associated with the company and is depicted in the company 's logo . The building is evocative of San Francisco and has become one of the many symbols of the city . Designed by architect William Pereira , it faced opposition during planning and construction and was sometimes referred to by detractors as `` Pereira 's Prick '' . John King of the San Francisco Chronicle summed up the improved opinion of the building in 2009 as `` an architectural icon of the best sort -- one that fits its location and gets better with age . '' King also wrote in 2011 that it is `` a uniquely memorable building , a triumph of the unexpected , unreal and engaging all at once ... It is a presence and a persona , snapping into different focus with every fresh angle , every shift in light . '' The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest skyscraper west of Chicago when constructed , surpassing the then Bank of America Center , also in San Francisco . It was surpassed by the Aon Center , Los Angeles , in 1974 . The building is thought to have been the intended target of a terrorist attack , involving the hijacking of airplanes as part of the Bojinka plot , which was foiled in 1995 . In 1999 , Transamerica was acquired by Dutch insurance company Aegon . When the non-insurance operations of Transamerica were later sold to GE Capital , Aegon retained ownership of the building as an investment . The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest skyscraper in San Francisco from 1972 to 2017 , when it was surpassed by the under - construction Salesforce Tower . Design ( edit ) The land use and zoning restrictions for the parcel limited the number of square feet of office that could be built upon the lot , which sits at the north boundary of the financial district . The building is a tall , four - sided pyramid with two `` wings '' to accommodate an elevator shaft on the east and a stairwell and a smoke tower on the west . The top 212 feet ( 65 m ) of the building is the spire . There are four cameras pointed in the four cardinal directions at the top of this spire forming the `` Transamerica Virtual Observation Deck . '' Four monitors in the lobby , whose direction and zoom can be controlled by visitors , display the cameras ' views 24 hours a day . An observation deck on the 27th floor was closed : the Pyramid 's official website says that it was closed to the public in 2001 , while the New York Times reported that it has been closed `` ( s ) ince the late 1990s '' . It was later replaced by the virtual observation deck a few years later . The video signal from the `` Transamericam '' was used for years by a local TV news station for live views of traffic and weather in downtown San Francisco . The top of the Transamerica Pyramid is covered with aluminum panels . During the Christmas holiday season , on Independence Day , and during the anniversary of 9 / 11 , a brightly twinkling beacon called the `` Crown Jewel '' is lit at the top of the pyramid . Park ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : history of the park . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) At the base of the building is a small private park called Transamerica Redwood Park . It is generally open to the public during the daytime . A number of redwood trees were transplanted from the local area to this park when the tower was built . Specifications ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The building 's façade is covered in crushed quartz , giving the building its light color . The four - story base contains 16,000 cubic yards ( 12,000 m ) of concrete and over 300 miles ( 480 km ) of steel rebar . It has 3,678 windows . The building 's foundation is 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) thick , the result of a 3 - day , 24 - hour continuous concrete pour . Several thousand dollars in coins were thrown into the pit by observers surrounding the site at street level during the pouring , for good luck . Only two of the building 's 18 elevators reach the top floor . The original proposal was for a 1,150 - foot ( 350 m ) building , which for a year would have been the second - tallest completed building in the world . The proposal was rejected by the city planning commission , saying it would interfere with views of San Francisco Bay from Nob Hill . The building is on the site that was the temporary home of A.P. Giannini 's Bank of Italy after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed its office . Giannini founded Transamerica in 1928 as a holding company for his financial empire . Bank of Italy later became Bank of America . There is a plaque commemorating two famous dogs , Bummer and Lazarus , at the base of the building . The hull of the whaling vessel Niantic , an artifact of the 1849 California Gold Rush , lay almost beneath the Transamerica Pyramid , and the location is marked by a historical plaque outside the building ( California Historical Landmark # 88 ) . The aluminum cap is indirectly illuminated from within to balance the appearance at night . The two wings increase interior space at the upper levels . One extension is the top of elevator shafts while the other is a smoke evacuation tower for fire - fighting . A glass pyramid cap sits at the top and encloses a red aircraft warning light and the brighter seasonal beacon . Comparison of approximate profiles of the Transamerica Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Because of the shape of the building , the majority of the windows can pivot 360 degrees so they can be washed from the inside . The spire is actually hollow and lined with a 100 - foot steel stairway at a 60 degree angle , followed by two steel ladders . The conference room ( with 360 degree views of the city ) is located on the 48th floor . Construction began in 1969 and the first tenants moved in during the summer of 1972 . Tenants ( edit ) ATEL Capital Group Bank of America Merrill Lynch Incapture Group TSG Consumer Partners Rembrandt Venture Partners URS Corporation Maynard , Cooper & Gale Pantheon Ventures Heller Manus Architects Gallery ( edit ) At twilight , facing north ( 2016 ) From the pedestrian pier on The Embarcadero ( 2015 ) Visible from Alamo Square ( 2011 ) Executed in LEGO bricks at Legoland California ( 2008 ) Entrance and walkway ( 2008 ) Window and concrete details ( 2015 ) Bronze frogs in fountain at park ( 2008 ) From San Francisco Bay ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal List of tallest buildings in San Francisco 49 - Mile Scenic Drive List of tallest buildings in the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Transamerica Pyramid '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ Transamerica Pyramid at Emporis Jump up ^ `` Transamerica Pyramid '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Transamerica Pyramid at Structurae Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 's Salesforce Tower becomes tallest building on West Coast '' . ABC 7 News . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official World 's 200 Tallest High - rise Buildings '' . Emporis . January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ A Landmark Church at the Golden Gates . scientology.org ^ Jump up to : Carolyn Said ( May 29 , 2004 ) . `` Transamerica Pyramid From corporate emblem to city landmark '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Michael ( 1991 ) . Exquisite Corpse : Writing on Buildings . New York ; London : Vers0 . ISBN 0 - 86091 - 323 - 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ King , John ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Pyramid 's steep path from civic eyesore to icon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( 2011 ) Cityscapes : San Francisco and Its Buildings Berkeley , California : Heyday . p. 2 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59714 - 154 - 3 Jump up ^ Irving , Reed Irvine and Kinkaid , Cliff ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Bojinka Back In The News '' . Media Monitor . Accuracy in Media . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Salesforce remakes San Francisco skyline with tallest West Coast office tower '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transamerica Pyramid Center : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : California . EYEWITNESS TRAVEL GUIDES . DK Publishing . 2014 . p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4654 - 3266 - 7 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ HISTORY - Transamerica Pyramid Center . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pellissier , Hank ( Sept. 4 , 2010 ) . `` Pyramid Redwood Park '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Foster , L. ( 2011 ) . The Photographer 's Guide to San Francisco : Where to Find Perfect Shots and How to Take Them . The Photographer 's Guide . Countryman Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 831 - 7 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , S. ( 2010 ) . San Francisco Curiosities : Quirky Characters , Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff . Curiosities Series . Globe Pequot Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6577 - 5 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huell Howser . `` Pyramid '' . California 's Gold . Episode # 3004 . PBS . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Baker , Katie ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Ask the Appeal : When Does the TransAmerica Beacon Shine ? '' . SF Appeal : San Francisco 's Online Newspaper . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Andrew ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` San Francisco 's Best Skyscrapers ( And One Fogscraper ) '' . SFist . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , G.H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . McFarland . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BofA renews lease at Transamerica Pyramid Jump up ^ Incapture Group Moves Into The Iconic Pyramid Archived 2013 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transamerica Pyramid . Official website About the Pyramid at Transamerica Corporation Transamerica Pyramid at PropertyShark Timeline of the tallest buildings west of the Mississippi River Central Tower ( 91 m ) ( 1898 ) Smith Tower ( 141 m ) ( 1914 ) Kansas City Power and Light Building ( 145.1 m ) ( 1931 ) Mercantile National Bank Building ( 159 m ) ( 1942 ) Sheraton Dallas Hotel ( 183 m ) ( 1959 ) ExxonMobil Building ( 185 m ) ( 1963 ) Republic Center Tower II ( 183 m ) ( 1964 ) Elm Place ( 191 m ) ( 1965 ) 555 California Street ( 237 m ) ( 1969 ) Transamerica Pyramid ( 260 m ) ( 1972 ) Aon Center ( 262 m ) ( 1973 ) JPMorgan Chase Tower ( 305 m ) ( 1982 ) US Bank Tower ( 310 m ) ( 1990 ) Wilshire Grand Center ( 335 m ) ( 2016 ) Timeline of the tallest buildings in California Montgomery Block ( 15 m ) ( 1853 ) Old Saint Mary 's Cathedral ( 27 m ) ( 1854 ) California State Capitol ( 64 m ) ( 1874 ) Chronicle Building ( 66 m ) ( 1890 ) Call Building ( 96 m ) ( 1898 ) Standard Oil Building ( 100 m ) ( 1922 ) Pacific Telephone Building ( 133 m ) ( 1925 ) Russ Building ( 133 m ) ( 1927 ) Los Angeles City Hall ( 138 m ) ( 1928 ) Hartford Building ( 142 m ) ( 1965 ) 44 Montgomery ( 172 m ) ( 1967 ) Bank of America Center ( 237 m ) ( 1969 ) Transamerica Pyramid ( 260 m ) ( 1972 ) Aon Center ( 262 m ) ( 1973 ) US Bank Tower ( 310 m ) ( 1990 ) Wilshire Grand Center ( 335 m ) ( 2016 ) Timeline of the tallest buildings in San Francisco Montgomery Block ( 15 m ) ( 1853 ) Old Saint Mary 's Cathedral ( 27 m ) ( 1854 ) Palace Hotel ( 37 m ) ( 1875 ) Chronicle Building ( 66 m ) ( 1890 ) Call Building ( 96 m ) ( 1898 ) Standard Oil Building ( 100 m ) ( 1922 ) Pacific Telephone Building ( 133 m ) ( 1925 ) Russ Building ( 133 m ) ( 1927 ) Hartford Building ( 142 m ) ( 1965 ) 44 Montgomery ( 172 m ) ( 1967 ) Bank of America Center ( 237 m ) ( 1969 ) Transamerica Pyramid ( 260 m ) ( 1972 ) Salesforce Tower ( 326 m ) ( 2018 ) Tallest buildings in San Francisco Skyscrapers over 500 feet ( 150 m ) Salesforce Tower Transamerica Pyramid 555 California Street 345 California Center Millennium Tower One Rincon Hill South Tower 50 Fremont Center 101 California Street 575 Market Street Four Embarcadero Center One Embarcadero Center 44 Montgomery One Market Plaza Spear Tower One Sansome Street One Rincon Hill North Tower One Front Street First Market Tower McKesson Plaza 425 Market Street One Montgomery Tower Highrises over 400 feet ( 120 m ) 333 Bush Street Hilton San Francisco Union Square Tower I Pacific Gas & Electric Building 50 California Street St. Regis Museum Tower 100 Pine Center 45 Fremont Street 333 Market Street 650 California Street 555 Mission Street The Infinity II 100 First Plaza 340 Fremont Street 399 Fremont Street One California San Francisco Marriott Marquis Russ Building 140 New Montgomery Jasper JPMorgan Chase Building The Paramount Providian Financial Building Three Embarcadero Center Two Embarcadero Center 350 Mission Street 595 Market Street 123 Mission Street 101 Montgomery Embarcadero West 100 Van Ness Avenue LUMINA Highrises over 300 feet ( 91 m ) One Maritime Plaza Four Seasons Hotel Westin St. Francis 456 Montgomery Plaza 535 Mission Street Shell Building Park Central Hotel San Francisco 222 Second Street 199 Fremont Street Hilton San Francisco Financial District One Market Plaza Steuart Tower 425 California Street 100 Montgomery Street Grand Hyatt San Francisco Fox Plaza 101 Second Street NEMA 580 California Street 601 California Street The Infinity I Hilton San Francisco Union Square Tower II 450 Sutter Street InterContinental San Francisco Stevenson Place 150 California Street 225 Bush Street 505 Montgomery Street Blue Shield of California Building Fairmont San Francisco 180 Montgomery Street KPMG Building Central Plaza Sir Francis Drake Hotel The Summit W San Francisco 353 Sacramento Street 555 Market Street Bank of California Building Phillip Burton Federal Building Ritz - Carlton Club and Residences San Francisco Marriott Union Square 88 Kearny Street 388 Market Street Commercial Union Assurance Building Hunter - Dulin Building One Bush Plaza San Francisco City Hall McAllister Tower Apartments Mark Hopkins Hotel Mills Tower Central Tower Under construction Oceanwide Center I & II 181 Fremont Park Tower at Transbay Transbay Block 8 706 Mission Street Transbay Block 9 Folsom Bay Tower 33 Tehama Street Planned and proposed Palace Hotel Residential Tower Treasure Island development 5M Project 524 Howard Street 1500 Mission Street See also : San Francisco Designated Landmarks , Buildings and structures in San Francisco San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Peace Pagoda Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas -- Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Art Institute Diego Rivera Gallery San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Mission Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Cioppino Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Mission burrito Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Japan Center Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transamerica_Pyramid&oldid=849491403 '' Categories : Office buildings completed in 1972 Headquarters in the United States Skyscraper office buildings in San Francisco Modernist architecture in California Pyramids in the United States William Pereira buildings Financial District , San Francisco Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design platinum certified buildings Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 11 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how tall is the transamerica building in san francisco	[ "The Transamerica Pyramid at 600 Montgomery Street between Clay and Washington Streets in the Financial District of San Francisco, California, United States, is a 48-story futurist building and the second-tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline. Its height is surpassed by Salesforce Tower.[5] The building no longer houses the headquarters of the Transamerica Corporation, which moved its U.S. headquarters to Baltimore, Maryland, but it is still associated with the company and is depicted in the company's logo. Designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 853 feet (260 m), on completion in 1972 it was the eighth-tallest building in the world.[6]\n" ]	[ "853 feet (260 m)" ]
6483007532517284555	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley was promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' : the first sees the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to a future in which the Earth has been destroyed ; in the second , they attempt to prevent this future in the present . The end of the season dovetails with events of the film Avengers : Infinity War . Gregg made his directorial debut on the series during the season , which features the series ' 100th episode that was promoted with a special commemorative art program . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and ran for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 . The series was renewed for a sixth season on May 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.2. 2 Second pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team is heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior to his knowledge . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover the planetary wreckage near the Lighthouse is in fact Earth , having been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space , but forward through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess , who saves them during a `` kill or be killed '' event known as the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he states she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated by General Hale and her subordinates about the others ' whereabouts , as well as their involvement in the assassination attempt on General Talbot and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges to allow him to locate the team , but he fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles Hinton , who expresses her prophetic abilities through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod ; they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Using the pod , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years . He is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape . During the escape , Simmons proposes to Fitz . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 2.31 Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium . Fitz is shot during the chase . Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team . Reunited , the team plot their escape to the Earth 's surface by using a trawler and Deke 's antigravity device . After learning about Tess ' death , Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants . Mack and Yo - Yo agree to stay behind and help him . Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke fly to the surface , but get caught in the gravity storm . Meanwhile , Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father 's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara . On the surface , Enoch finds May , but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm . A mysterious figure takes them to safety , where they are greeted by an elderly Robin . 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 2.41 Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr . They meet Samuel Voss , an acquaintance of Deke 's father . Up on the Lighthouse , Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources . Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels . They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants . On the surface , the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr . While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson 's inhibitor , May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss ' locker . Deke questions Voss about the shard , which belonged to his parents , and gets knocked out . Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers . Before dying , Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world , which requires Flint . In the past , May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time . 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens , the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr . May reveals that using the shard , Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time . Similar to the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself . On the station , Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels . Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him , who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met . Mack and Yo - Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35 , the medical floor , which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans . During a standoff with Kasius , Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels , out of Kasius ' reach . Using the gravity storm to her advantage , May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again , this time killing her . Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse . Kasius reveals he has his own seer telling him what will happen . 98 10 `` Past Life '' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr , the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity . Distraught over Sinara 's death , Kasius infects Tye , the Inhuman trainer , with odium , a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team . During a fight with Tye , Coulson seemingly gets infected . Kasius ' seer is revealed to be Yo - Yo from the future , one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture . She reveals that the team 's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection . As Flint recreates the monolith , Mack leaves to find Yo - Yo and witnesses her future self 's death by Kasius , who consumes the remaining odium and fights him . With help from Simmons , Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo - Yo , who is still alive in their timeline . Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine , although seemingly at the cost of both of their lives , as the team returns to the present . 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' Kate Woods Drew Z . Greenberg March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.90 Back in their time , the team meets Noah , Enoch 's successor , who has been monitoring the world from the Lighthouse in their absence . Coulson , May , Fitz , Simmons , Mack , and Yo - Yo investigate a beacon emitting from Earth , which fits Voss ' description of the first signs of the end . Reluctant to join the team , Johnson stays behind and discovers that Deke survived the explosion . After he is arrested , Johnson is forced to leave the bunker to save him and prevent him from exposing the team , who are now most wanted . Upon finding the beacon , the team reunites with Agent Piper , who is revealed to be working for General Hale . They are then ambushed by a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers , led by an assassin . During the fight , the assassin attempts to kill Mack with their chakram , but Yo - Yo blocks the attack and loses both her arms . Piper realigns with the team as they retreat to the Lighthouse with the beacon , which detonates as Noah sacrifices himself to save Johnson and Fitz . Later , General Hale criticizes the assassin , revealed to be her daughter , Ruby , for jeopardizing the operation . In Philadelphia , General Hale recruits Carl Creel to join her team , to which he reluctantly agrees . 100 12 `` The Real Deal '' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.04 The destruction of three monoliths caused by the beacon 's explosion creates a dimensional rift that manifests the fears of the team . Using gravitonium , Fitz creates a device capable of sealing the rift ; Coulson volunteers to deliver the device before he collapses . The team finds out about his infection , which is a result of the Ghost Rider burning off the life - sustaining GH. 325 drug within him . The team is forced to accelerate their plan when Yo - Yo is attacked by a manifestation of a Simmons LMD . Coulson sends Deke to the surface to call for backup , then proceeds alone to seal the rift . He encounters a manifestation of Mike Peterson , who claims that Coulson 's experiences are just a dream , and that he is dying on an operating table after the Battle of New York . Coulson overcomes his fear , and is saved by the real Peterson , who responds to Deke 's call and arrives with several other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . Coulson and Peterson fight off manifestations of Vrellnexians , Lash , and Hive , before managing to contain the rift . Later , the team organize a wedding ceremony for Fitz and Simmons . General Hale , who is investigating sightings of Johnson , finds evidence that Deke is related to Fitz and Simmons . 101 13 `` Principia '' Brad Turner Craig Titley March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.07 When the rift begins to reopen , Fitz sends the team to search for more gravitonium . The team hunt down a lead in Baton Rouge ; Mack reunites with his school mate , Tony Caine , who has been helping to redeem scientists coerced into working for Hydra through Cybertek Industries . Caine states that the gravitonium was in transport aboard the Principia , a Cybertek ship that went missing . Deke realizes the gravitonium may have been activated by the lightning storm , sending the Principia into the sky . Following Deke 's theory , the team find the Principia suspended in the atmosphere and discover most of the gravitonium is gone , leaving only a small portion to sustain the ship . As Mack collects the remaining gravitonium , a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers ambush them . The team successfully escapes the ship before it plummets back to Earth . Upon hearing his mother 's saying in an exchange between Simmons and Yo - Yo , Deke realizes Fitz and Simmons are his grandparents . Meanwhile , General Hale continues to form her team by attempting to recruit Werner von Strucker , whose memory had been enhanced after S.H.I.E.L.D. revived him from a vegetative state . While Strucker initially rejects Hale 's offer , Ruby convinces him to stay . 102 14 `` The Devil Complex '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Matt Owens March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.07 When Simmons is attacked by a manifestation of an astronaut , Fitz accelerates work on sealing the rift but struggles to figure out how to compress the gravitonium . Under stress , Fitz encounters his Framework alter ego , The Doctor , who taunts him . On the Zephyr , Coulson , May , and Agent Piper capture General Hale ; however , she reveals she was prepared for such an occasion , and threatens to detonate explosives strapped to Creel if S.H.I.E.L.D. fails to comply . Anton Ivanov arrives , and Coulson agrees to accompany them despite May 's unease . Simmons , Mack , and Yo - Yo are attacked by one of the robots that Mack brought back from the Principia . While dealing with technical malfunctions , Johnson is rendered unconcious by another robot and awakens restrained by The Doctor . Simmons finds Fitz trying to remove Johnson 's inhibitor . She deduces that The Doctor was not a result of the fear dimension , but a projection of Fitz 's internal turmoil . He reprogrammed the robots to isolate Johnson , whose powers he uses to compress the gravitonium and seal the rift completely . Deke attempts to comfort Simmons , while also revealing himself as their grandson . Later , Hale speaks to her mysterious benefactor , Qovas , who hands her a vial of odium and reminds her of her Hydra allegiance . 103 15 `` Rise and Shine '' Jesse Bochco Iden Baghdadchi March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 1.88 28 years ago , a young Hale was assigned by Daniel Whitehall to infiltrate the U.S. Air Force , and also to be impregnated via in vitro fertilization with Ruby as Hydra 's next leader . In the present , Hale fails to convince a recently - awakened Talbot to release Hydra contraband . She also informs Coulson that an alien alliance known as the Confederacy had made contact with Hydra and offered to assist Earth in an impending invasion ; she intends to betray the alliance by using Whitehall 's particle - infusion chamber and gravitonium to create a Destroyer of Worlds . Though she intends for it to be Ruby , she suggests Johnson may be a better fit . Upon hearing this , Coulson denies her offer and reveals his trip to the future , but she does n't believe him . Back at the Lighthouse , May and Johnson struggle to deduce Hale 's motivations and locate Coulson . Johnson , who has been left as the de facto head of S.H.I.E.L.D. , refuses to trust Fitz and goes in search of Robin . Simmons tells Fitz about their relation to Deke , suggesting they will survive despite the odds . 104 16 `` Inside Voices '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Mark Leitner April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.08 Under Hale 's orders , Creel attempts to absorb the gravitonium and begins to see flashes of Franklin Hall . In anguish from his exposure to the gravitonium , Creel works with Coulson and Talbot to escape . Hale sends Ruby after them as Creel stays behind , allowing Coulson and Talbot to escape via the Confederacy 's teleportation device . Meanwhile , Johnson and May locate Robin , who has stopped drawing her visions for some time after seeing her own death in the future . Upon seeing May , Robin begins to draw again , this time showing Coulson and Talbot 's location in the mountains . Back at the Lighthouse , Simmons convinces Yo - Yo to help her free Fitz and pursue possible leads on Hydra 's gravitonium - powered weapon . Together , they trick Mack into releasing Fitz , before locking him up . A flashback to four years ago reveals that Ian Quinn was tricked by Raina into being absorbed by the gravitonium . 105 17 `` The Honeymoon '' Garry A. Brown James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 1.82 Ruby pursues Coulson and Talbot at the mountains , but Johnson arrives in time to save them . Deke , in an attempt to cover for Johnson , is shot by Hale and her men , forcing S.H.I.E.L.D. to retreat . Deke is taken back to the Lighthouse , where Mack and Piper operate on him and successfully save him . May confronts Coulson about his recent actions , and eventually admits her feelings for him . Ruby , furious about her mother 's attitude , decides to rebel and lock Hale in her cell , while she takes over and works with Strucker . Fitz , Simmons , and Yo - Yo travel to a Hydra facility in England , where they find the particle infusion chamber . Fitz damages one of the components to render it useless , but they are then surrounded by the robot soldiers . Yo - Yo attempts to escape and call for backup , but is forced to fight Ivanov . As she emerges victorious , she learns that Ivanov 's body is linked to all the robots , thus is able to disable them altogether . However , Ruby and Strucker arrive and decide to capture Fitz and Simmons in order to have them repair the infusion chamber . Meanwhile , Johnson helps Talbot contact his family , but unknowingly helps activate his brainwashing through his wife , who has been compromised by Hydra . 106 18 `` All Roads Lead ... '' Jennifer Lynch George Kitson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 1.67 After locating Blue Raven Ridge , Johnson and May are sent to apprehend Hale , who willingly surrenders after Creel informs her of Quinn and Hall 's consciousnesses within the gravitonium . She reveals that Ruby plans to become the Destroyer of Worlds and takes them to her . They arrive at the site , just as Ruby begins the infusion process , but Strucker is forced to stop the process at 8 % . Unable to control the element , Ruby inadvertently crushes Strucker 's skull , killing him . While May extracts Fitz and Simmons , Johnson and Hale attempt to calm Ruby down . Yo - Yo returns for Johnson , though upon realizing Ruby is the Destroyer of Worlds and the one who cut her arms off , she slices Ruby 's neck with her own chakram in retaliation . Ruby 's body releases a blast of energy as Hale escapes . Back at the Lighthouse , Talbot attempts to kidnap Robin , but Coulson and Mack manage to subdue him . Later , Hale is seen in the Confederacy ship , where she reveals S.H.I.E.L.D. 's possession of the gravitonium to Qovas . 107 19 `` Option Two '' Kevin Tancharoen Nora Zuckerman & Lila Zuckerman April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.68 Coulson puts the base on lockdown as Qovas and his Confederacy ship appear above River 's End . Despite this , Qovas ' troops , the Remorath scavengers , are able to teleport inside in pursuit of the gravitonium . While Coulson , May , Mack , Fitz , and Deke defend the control room , Yo - Yo retrieves Talbot and proceeds to the lab where Simmons , Piper , and Davis are guarding the gravitonium . Yo - Yo , Piper , and Davis attempt to clear the halls , when Talbot ices Simmons and places himself in the particle infusion chamber , absorbing the remaining gravitonium . With his new powers , he is able to rescue the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents , before taking off with Coulson to an unknown location . Meanwhile , Johnson relocates Robin and Polly with the help of Caine , who also gives her the Centipede serum , which was once used to keep John Garrett alive . However , Caine fails to retrieve a special ingredient , prompting Johnson to dig up her mother 's grave . 108 20 `` The One Who Will Save Us All '' Cherie Gierhart Brent Fletcher May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.65 After arriving on Qovas ' ship , Talbot assumes leadership and demands an audience with the Confederacy . To prove himself , Talbot expresses control over his new abilities by killing one of the leaders and taking his place in the alliance . Kasius ' father , Taryan , attempts to manipulate Talbot into increasing his powers by revealing untapped subterranean deposits of gravitonium on Earth , which would allow him to save the world from Thanos ' imminent invasion . Coulson and Hale fail to convince him of Taryan 's true motives and are forced to comply . Back at the Lighthouse , an odium - powered Remorath warrior attacks Mack before succumbing to the substance . As Simmons studies the odium , Johnson returns with Jiaying 's corpse and the Centipede serum , tasking her to find a cure to save Coulson . Meanwhile , the team equip the Zephyr with gravitonium for space travel and proceed to Qovas ' ship . Johnson and May infiltrate the ship , but are forced to surrender when Talbot incapacitates Johnson . Hale is killed after attempting to trigger Talbot 's brainwashing . Later , Johnson is imprisoned and awakens to Taryan , who plans to take her back to his homeworld . 109 21 `` The Force of Gravity '' Kevin Tancharoen Drew Z . Greenberg & Craig Titley May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 1.94 As an unconscious Johnson is being transported , Taryan communicates with her using a device . Johnson destroys the device and awakens , then evades her captors . After Talbot leaves on a Quinjet for Earth , Deke rescues Coulson and May , then reunites with Johnson . At a hospital , Talbot approaches Creel and offers him peace by turning him into gravitonium ; he then absorbs Creel . Deducing Talbot 's desire to prove himself a good father , Mack and Yo - Yo track him to his family 's home . Talbot threatens the agents ; his son George dissuades him from causing further harm , and he leaves to prove his heroism . Meanwhile , Coulson leaves with Johnson on the Zephyr , while May duels with Qovas as Deke redirects the missiles to target the ship itself . May and Deke successfully teleport back to Earth as Qovas perishes along with the ship . On the Zephyr , Coulson is attacked by a Remorath , and begins to bleed out as his condition worsens . At the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons explain that the remaining Centipede serum could be combined with Jiaying 's DNA or odium , which would respectively allow the team to save Coulson or stop Talbot . Elsewhere , Talbot captures Polly and Robin , and asks the latter for the gravitonium 's location . 110 22 `` The End '' Jed Whedon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 1.88 The team argues about the usage of the Centipede serum until May destroys the odium vial . Deke advises Johnson to help unite the team and settle their differences . Under coercion , Robin informs Talbot of a gravitonium deposit in Chicago , to which he commandeers Qovas ' ship . Johnson chooses Mack to lead S.H.I.E.L.D. , and he coordinates the team as they evacuate as many civilians as possible . Simmons provides Coulson with the Centipede serum , but he refuses to take it and discreetly hides it in Johnson 's gauntlets , and convinces her to face Talbot alone . Johnson attempts to appeal to Talbot 's patriotism , but Talbot attacks and attempts to absorb her . Discovering the serum , Johnson injects herself with it and uses her enhanced abilities to blast Talbot into space , thus changing the timeline . While rescuing Polly and Robin from Qovas ' ship , Fitz is mortally wounded by falling debris , and May and Mack stay by his side as he dies . Simmons resolves to find the present version of Fitz who is in stasis aboard Enoch 's ship . After bidding his fellow agents farewell , Coulson is accompanied by May as he leaves S.H.I.E.L.D. to spend his last days in Tahiti . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Catherine Dent as Hale Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Dove Cameron as Ruby Hale Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Maximilian Osinski as Davis Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker Peter Mensah as Qovas Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot / Graviton Notable guests ( edit ) Nick Blood as Lance Hunter J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall Adam Faison as Jasper Sitwell Joey Defore as Wolfgang von Strucker Ruth Negga as Raina David Conrad as Ian Quinn Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs , with each pod having a different emphases , but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' The main characters eventually return home to their time period . Second pod ( edit ) The second pod of the season includes the series ' 100th episode , which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a `` game changer '' that would `` shake up '' the rest of the pod emotionally , to the point that `` nothing will be the same after '' it . Bell added the episode featured `` a device that grows out of our current storyline and plot that allows us to look back and reflect on where we 've come from , turn over a couple cards that people will be excited about and then also celebrate the show and people on it . '' Loeb also felt the episode `` finishes up some stories that perhaps ( viewers ) did n't even know we have n't revealed '' . The episode featured Fitz and Simmons getting married , which Tancharoen said was included because `` it was about damn time . After 100 episodes , they needed to get married . '' Coulson 's deal with Ghost Rider was also revealed , which was to have the Kree serum that revived him after his death be burned off , resulting in his chest wound slowly killing him . Whedon said that Coulson has `` come to terms with it . It 's something he actually had to come to terms with a long time ago when he was discovering the T.A.H.I.T.I. Project and everything that had been done to him . I do n't think he wants to go through any of that again . He 's ready for nature to take its course ... he seems as much at peace with it as you can be considering there 's so much he 's done in a world that thinks he 's dead . '' At the end of February 2018 , the writers were planning the end of the pod , and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale , with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not . Whedon added , `` we 're ready for if this is the end . We 're definitely going to make it rewarding either way . '' The season ends with the agents having to make a choice between Coulson 's life or saving the world , which was `` where we were always going '' when the showrunners were plotting out the season . By killing Fitz in `` The End '' , but revealing there was another still in space journeying to the future , Bell noted it helped solve `` the one time loop problem we had '' . Whedon explained when deciding when to bring the characters back to the present , it was discussed to have them return to the diner where they were taken , but Fitz would still be there , so the group was brought back after Fitz left to avoid that problem , which `` became this great opportunity . What we realized is the thing that would weirdly have the most impact , one of the most painful things that you can experience , could be then experienced and then , not brought back , but a loophole could be revealed . '' The showrunners spoke to not including a bonus scene at the end of `` The End '' to tease what would come , Tancharoen said , `` We felt like it needed to end in Tahiti . To take away from that would be wrong . '' Bell added , `` It 's also , emotionally , about the two senior members of the team , who in a sense have retired to Tahiti , and there they are watching the future of S.H.I.E.L.D. fly off into a new adventure ... It felt like a nice , succinct ending . '' Coulson 's journey was always meant to end at Tahiti , something the showrunners revealed was decided since the start of the series . Whedon explained , `` We thought it was a beautiful image ... It 's one of the things where you do n't overthink it . We latched onto that and went , ' That will be great . ' It 's an emotional thing for him . We even heard from Mike Peterson that this was something he always wanted . Our big mystery in episode 1 was , `` Never been to Tahiti . '' He does n't know , and he can never know . And here he is , finding some sort of peace on that beach . We love that image and we were solid on it all the way . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . De Caestecker also portrays `` The Doctor '' , the version of Fitz from the Framework reality . In September 2017 , former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' : Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Adrian Pasdar reprises his role as Glenn Talbot , while also becoming the villain Graviton in the season . This is despite the series introducing Franklin Hall ( portrayed by Ian Hart ) in the first season , who goes on to become the villain in the comics . Additional returning actors include Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel , J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok , Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker , Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior , Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall , and Raquel Gardner as Carla Talbot , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis . Ruth Negga and David Conrad reprise their roles as Raina and Ian Quinn , respectively , in a flashback sequence set during the events of the season one finale , `` Beginning of the End '' . The characters Lash and Hive return from earlier seasons for the series ' 100th episode . Younger versions of Jasper Sitwell and Wolfgang von Strucker also appear , portrayed by Adam Faison and Joey Defore , respectively . Older versions of the characters had been respectively portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández ( in the MCU films and first season of the series ) and Thomas Kretschmann ( in the MCU films ) . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . The next month , Marvel revealed that Dove Cameron had joined the season in an unspecified role , which was revealed in January 2018 to be the character Ruby , the daughter of Catherine Dent 's General Hale . Other recurring guests for the season include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander , Tunisha Hubbard as Ava , Shontae Saldana as Candice Lee , and Peter Mensah as Qovas . Design ( edit ) The title card for the season 's first pod After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for `` Orientation '' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen . The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name in a new typeface against a backdrop of various depictions of Earth : episodes through `` Past Life '' feature a destroyed future Earth ; episodes from `` Principia '' through `` The Devil Complex '' feature a present Earth ; while episodes from `` Rise and Shine '' through `` All Roads Lead ... '' feature the Earth beginning to crack . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . The scene for Fitz and Simmons ' wedding in `` The Real Deal '' was filmed in `` a very remote location '' in Placerita Canyon State Park . Filming for the season wrapped on April 15 , 2018 . Marvel Cinematic universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience ... No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' Whedon added in March 2018 that the then - upcoming release of Avengers : Infinity War would similarly `` open a new playground '' for the series to explore . The season features the Kree , an alien race that previously appeared in the first three seasons , and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy . The fictional element gravitonium also returns , having first appeared in the first season . It is revealed that the consciousnesses of Franklin Hall and Ian Quinn had been absorbed by the element , eventually merging with Talbot when he enters the Rebirth chamber and becomes Graviton . The last four episodes of the season are set during the events of Infinity War , taking place over a single day and making references to the film ; Whedon stated that there was an `` unspoken Marvel rule not to address time '' but that they considered the events of the series and film to roughly line up . In the episodes , the threat of Thanos becomes the driving force of Talbot 's character arc as he plans to join the Avengers in defending the Earth . Bell also spoke to not directly referencing the end of Infinity War in `` The End '' , by not showing any of the character turn to dust as a result of Thanos ' finger snap . He said `` Part of what happened was , they changed the release date ... we move at a different schedule than they do and so suddenly everything was a week earlier , and so we had to make some adjustments and that 's how we end up with our story . '' Whedon continued , `` the other thing is that there 's certain story points that are so -- there would really be no way for us to address it and keep our show intact . Given that there 's another movie coming out , and there 's gon na be constant repercussions of their universe , so what we felt was that the safe play for our story , and for the integrity of our universe , was to operate outside of it . '' Whedon also added , `` one of the things that we tried to do was even if we 're just hinting at a crossover , our concept was to create motivation for our villain , for our antagonist -- using the events of Infinity War and using the larger MCU battle to sort of inform ( Talbot 's ) motivation to become what he 's becoming . That was our main tie - in , trying to drive our own antagonist . We felt like that was a good way to deal with it , but keep the things in our world in our story . '' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes , with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life '' and `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The season concluded on May 18 , 2018 . The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . The cast and executive producers will appear at WonderCon 2018 on March 24 , to promote the rest of the season , and show a sneak peek of an upcoming episode . Marvel released three roundtable discussions in support of the series reaching 100 episodes . Hosted by Patton Oswalt , who has portrayed The Koenigs in the series , the first was released on March 8 , 2018 with the women of the series . The second , which release on March 9 , featured the full cast , while the third debuted on March 12 with the executive producers . All premiered on Marvel.com while also being available on Marvel and the series ' social media platforms and Marvel 's YouTube channel . The executive producers , main cast members except Gregg , and Ward appeared at WonderCon 2018 to promote the remainder of the season and answer fan questions . A clip from the end of `` Rise and Shine '' was also shown . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster , highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall ; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis ; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Bobbi Morse , Lance Hunter , and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' logo ; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster , highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw . The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive , along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster . Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth , Coulson killing Ward on Maveth , and the formation of the Secret Warriors . The fourth poster , highlighting season four , was created by Rahzzah . It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider , Life Model Decoys ( LMD ) and the Framework reality , Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework , and Coulson 's kiss with the May LMD . The fifth and final poster , highlighting this season , was created by Stonehouse . Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara , with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons . Home media ( edit ) The season will begin streaming on Netflix in the United States on June 17 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 0.7 N / A 1.4 N / A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' March 2 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.90 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.58 12 `` The Real Deal '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.04 0.7 1.72 1.2 3.78 13 `` Principia '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.6 1.58 1.1 3.65 14 `` The Devil Complex '' March 23 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.7 1.63 1.2 3.70 15 `` Rise and Shine '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.88 0.6 1.61 1.1 3.49 16 `` Inside Voices '' April 6 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.08 0.6 1.59 1.2 3.67 17 `` The Honeymoon '' April 13 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.82 0.4 1.29 0.9 3.10 18 `` All Roads Lead ... '' April 20 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.67 0.6 1.49 1.0 3.16 19 `` Option Two '' April 27 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.68 0.6 1.49 1.0 3.17 20 `` The One Who Will Save Us All '' May 4 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` The Force of Gravity '' May 11 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.49 1.1 3.43 22 `` The End '' May 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD The season averaged 3.57 million total viewers , including from DVR , ranking 133rd among network series in the 2017 -- 18 television season . It also had an average total 18 - 49 rating of 1.1 , which was 97th . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating , with an average score of 7.71 / 10 , based on 11 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what 's already worked , adding that `` it 's a testament to the show 's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier . '' He felt , however , that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development '' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space , saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders , especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra ' arc in the Framework , then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling , and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming - Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Television Series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Renewed for Abbreviated Sixth Season at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' I Love Lucy ' special and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' adjusts up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Blindspot ' and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' and ' Life Sentence ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Writer 's Room Starts Work on Season 5 '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Jeff Ward Set To Recur in Season 5 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the new season 5 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. cast members -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 501 / 502 ) `` Orientation , Part One & Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. first look : Dove Cameron 's role revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 505 ) `` Rewind '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 512 ) `` The Real Deal '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 513 ) `` Principia '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 514 ) `` The Devil Complex '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. reveals Graviton in new promo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 's Awesome Villain Twist Delivers on a Season 1 Tease '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on Coulson 's fate , that familial reveal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 515 ) `` Rise and Shine '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Teases the Debut of a Major Marvel Villain ( Again ) '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Schedule : Once Bumped to Friday , black - ish Shifts to Tuesday , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.M.I.A. '' TVLine . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; McClintock , Pamela ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Marvel Drama ' Inhumans ' Underwhelms in Imax Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Boss on Marvel 's Inhumans Medusa Wig Backlash , Giving Agents of SHIELD a Full Season '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Braces for Deep Impact With ' Idol , ' ' Inhuman ' Challenges '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking finale twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` How The Framework Will Continue To Impact Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In Season 5 '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is headed to space in season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` How Agents of SHIELD Season 5 Ties - In to the Marvel Studios Movies '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Agents of SHIELD Is Going To Space For Season 5 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Thomas ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Agents of SHIELD Will Become the World 's Most Wanted '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bosses Talk Season 5 ( Possibly Series ) Finale : ' If This Is the End , We 're Ready ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Agents of SHIELD ' Made It to 100 Episodes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Team Previews Game - Changing Episode 100 , ' Gorgeous Easter Eggs ' for Fans '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bosses Talk Team 's Final Life - or - Deaths Dilemma , Looming Infinity War Threat '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Did the finale include Infinity War shocker ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs Talk About Season Finale 's Emotional Exits '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. goes straight for the heart with the year 's best episode '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Star Adrianne Palicki Is Ready For ' Agents of SHIELD ' Return '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` World 's End '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 508 ) `` The Last Day '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. finale recap : Absolution / Ascension '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 507 ) `` Together or Not at All '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Nicholas ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Episode 100 Will Feature Hive & Lash '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Hub '' . Marvel.com . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dracula ' Actor to Play Villain in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Coulson awaits . Welcome to `` Marvel 's @ AgentsofSHIELD , '' @ DoveCameron ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ann Foley ( @ afoley24 ) ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm back for the first 2 eps & then @ whitney_hg who assisted me S3 & 4 will be taking over w / help from @ Christann -- They 're gon na do great ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Goes to Infinity and Beyond in Season 5 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rouben , David ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD season 5 , episode 3 recap : A Life Spent '' . FanSided . Time Inc . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of SHIELD Season 5 Episode 15 : Rise and Shine Recap '' . Metawitches. April 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wen , Ming - Na ( @ MingNa ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` First Day of school with these badass babes ! We 're back ! Season 5 # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Tancharoen , Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` # TBT to last year 's # comiccon . We 're on Day 1 of S5 of # agentsofshield but we 're with you in ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` This is Clark '' . Reddit ( / r / MarvelStudios subreddit ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . I may direct an episode in season 5 . if I do n't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it . Jump up ^ Gregg , Clark ( @ clarkgregg ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm directing my first one starting this week . # DaisyDatesanAlien '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Directorial Debut '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Clark Gregg Directs His Own `` Mini-Marvel Movie '' In New Agents of SHIELD Episode `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs on Delivering Episode 100 's Surprise ( Spoiler ) , Plus What 's Next for Two Big Reveals '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Chloe ( @ ChloeBennet4 ) ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yesterday we wrapped @ AgentsofSHIELD season 5 in truly the most epic way . What . A. Season . 9.5 months of shooting is like sprinting a marathon y'all , but we 're DONE ! I need a week long nap now . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD boss casts doubt on crossover with Marvel 's Inhumans series '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Showrunners Talk How ' Infinity War ' Might Affect The ABC Marvel Series -- Wondercon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Kree Will Return In ' Agents of SHIELD ' Season 5 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Just Teased Earth 's Destruction Links Back to Season 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is dealing with the events of Avengers : Infinity War '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's when Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Season Finale 's Foreboding Title Revealed '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Once Upon a Time and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. are heading to Fridays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the first 17 minutes of the new season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. , CLOAK & DAGGER , Animated DEADPOOL Coming to WONDERCON '' . Newsarama . February 28 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ; Yehl , Joshua ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Cast and Creators Look Back After 100 Episodes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Debuts ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road To 100 ' Art Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 2 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 3 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 4 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 ' : Season 5 Spotlight '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Budowski , Jade ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's When ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Hits Netflix ( Exclusive ) '' . Decider . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ; Hipes , Patrick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Review '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. brings the gravity in a thrilling outer - space season premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . 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-930973452901200844	Trollhunters	Trollhunters - Wikipedia Trollhunters Trollhunters : Tales of Arcadia Promotional poster for its first season Genre Adventure Action Comedy - drama Fantasy Created by Guillermo del Toro Based on Trollhunters by Guillermo del Toro Daniel Kraus Written by Guillermo del Toro Marc Guggenheim Kevin Hageman Dan Hageman Aaron Waltke Chad Quandt A.C. Bradley Voices of Anton Yelchin Kelsey Grammer Charlie Saxton Lexi Medrano Jonathan Hyde Fred Tatasciore Cole Sand Ron Perlman Amy Landecker Emile Hirsch Theme music composer Alexandre Desplat Composer ( s ) Tim Davies Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Rodrigo Blaas Guillermo del Toro Marc Guggenheim Kevin Hageman Dan Hageman Christina Steinberg Producer ( s ) Chad Hammes Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Double Dare You Productions DreamWorks Animation Television Release Original network Netflix Original release December 23 , 2016 -- May 25 , 2018 Chronology Followed by 3 Below External links Website Trollhunters : Tales of Arcadia is an American computer - animated fantasy television series created for Netflix by Guillermo del Toro and produced by DreamWorks Animation and Double Dare You Productions . It follows the story of James Lake Jr. , a teenage boy who finds a mysterious amulet and stumbles across a secret realm inhabited by trolls and other magical creatures . Soon afterward , he and his friends are charged with protecting our world from the dangerous monsters that lurk in the shadows of their small suburban town . The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8 , 2016 , at the New York Comic Con . The first season was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23 , 2016 . The second season premiered on December 15 , 2017 , and the third and final season premiered on May 25 , 2018 . Since its release , Trollhunters has been widely praised as an ambitious and boundary - pushing animated series , with Filmink 's Travis Johnson calling it `` ... the best children 's animation to come along since Avatar : The Last Airbender . '' The series was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017 , winning more than any other animated or live - action television program that year . In its first two seasons , it has also received or been nominated for several Annie Awards , Kidscreen Awards , and a Saturn Award . The show has also spawned several original children 's books and has been adapted into a series of graphic novels by Marc Guggenheim and Richard Hamilton , released by Dark Horse . Anton Yelchin continued to be part of the series through the first two seasons , as he had recorded enough dialogue to complete them before his sudden death . Yelchin was also able to provide a portion of dialogue for the final season , while the remaining portions of dialogue was recorded by Emile Hirsch . Following the show 's success , Guillermo del Toro announced that Trollhunters will be the first chapter in a trilogy of television series entitled Tales of Arcadia . The story will be continued in a science fiction inspired follow - up series entitled 3Below , and the trilogy will be concluded in a third and final fantasy series entitled Wizards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Part 1 1.2 Part 2 1.3 Part 3 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 Tales of Arcadia 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part 1 ( edit ) Beneath the town of Arcadia lives a secret civilization of trolls , which humans are oblivious to . The trolls ' common enemy are the Gumm - Gumms , evil trolls from the Darklands . The trolls ' chosen warrior , known as the `` Trollhunter '' , is supposed to protect them from the Gumm - Gumms along with other dark miscreants from the Darklands . Fifteen - year - old James `` Jim '' Lake Jr. and his friend Toby find a mystical amulet which grants him the Trollhunter mantle . He is shortly approached by his new troll mentors , Blinky and AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! . Despite his initial reluctance to lead a double life , he eventually accepts his role after discovering that attempting to discard the amulet will cause it to return to him on its own . During his visits to Heartstone Trollmarket , the presence of the first human Trollhunter stirs resentment , but he quickly gains their acceptance . Throughout his training and missions , he befriends a gnome ( who Toby dubs `` Gnome Chompsky '' ) and discovers that goblins and Changelings ( human - morphing trolls that replace humans to spy ) are gathering for the completion of the Killahead Bridge , a portal through which the Gumm - Gumms from the Darklands will arrive and invade . The project is being led by Bular , Gumm - Gumm leader Gunmar 's son , and Walter Strickler , a Changeling who is Jim 's high school teacher . While discovering more mysteries , Jim is forced to reveal the truth about his life to Claire Nuñez when she becomes a target of the goblins . Jim and his allies launch a surprise attack on Bular and his henchmen , destroying the bridge and closing the portal . Jim is forced to battle Bular . They fight and with aid from AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! , Jim succeeds in slaying him . He returns to Trollmarket , where the citizens celebrate Bular 's defeat . Shortly afterward , Claire proposes a quest into the Darklands to rescue her baby brother Enrique , who has been replaced by a Changeling who they dub NotEnrique . The spirits of past Trollhunters inform Jim that the only way to get out of the Darklands alive is to kill Gunmar . Blinky discovers that the only way to kill Gunmar is with the three Triumbric Stones . Meanwhile , Strickler has freed ancient troll assassin Angor Rot from his bonds . Using Angor 's ring , he forces Angor to obey him . Jim and the gang hunt for the Stones while Strickler has Angor create a binding spell that ties Strickler 's fate to Jim 's mother in order to ensure that Jim can not kill Strickler . During one particular confrontation with Angor Rot , Angor manages to take one of the Triumbric Stones , although Claire takes his Shadow Staff in the process . While trying to steal the stone from Angor , Jim indirectly causes Angor 's ring to break . Angor Rot goes on a rampage , attempting to kill Strickler and Jim . In the process , Strickler and Jim 's mother are both injured . Trollmarket 's leader , Vendel , informs Jim that the only way to save his mother is to break the binding spell that ties her and Strickler 's fates together . However , his mother 's memories of the troll world , including the fact that her son is the Trollhunter , are erased . Meanwhile , Strickler coaches Jim on cutting Angor Rot 's removable stone - like eye , which they acquired , into a Triumbric - like stone to help him defeat Angor . Strickler also reveals to Jim that he had the last Triumbric Stone all along ; he gives it to Jim before leaving town . Angor Rot invades Trollmarket after stealing a key from Claire . Jim and his allies defeat him , but not before AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! takes a hit from his poison dagger and turns to stone . The group is in mourning . Believing that he is responsible for the death of AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! and the ongoing endangerment of his friends , Jim sets off to the Darklands alone , not wanting to lose any more of them . Part 2 ( edit ) Jim returns Enrique , but ends up trapped in the Darklands . He is rescued by his friends along with former antagonist Nomura . AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! is revived with a potion , and is welcomed back by his friends . Gunmar also escapes the Darklands with Dictatious , Blinky 's presumed - dead brother , and a couple soldiers . They meet up with the Janus Order , an organization dedicated to Gunmar 's return . Blinky finds out Dictatious is supportive of Gunmar , much to his dismay . Meanwhile , the fact that Gunmar is out from his prison makes Jim guilty in the eyes of Troll Law . Gunmar battles and enslaves Draal , as a means of torturing Jim . Jim is guided by Merlin 's spirit imbued in the amulet he carries . Queen Usurna , who leads the Troll Tribunal , kills Vendel in secret , but is unaware that Vendel secretly records it in a special troll device . It is revealed that Usurna is faithful towards Gunmar rather than the welfare of Troll society and that she schemes with Gunmar 's counsel to bring about Gunmar 's return . Gunmar invades Trollmarket and closes off the underground city . Gunmar drains energy from the Heartstone and regains his strength . He forcibly converts many of the Trolls into his soldiers . Jim and his cohorts retreat from the city to Arcadia with as many Trolls as they can save using Claire 's magic staff . With the excessive use of dark magic , Claire comes under the spell of Morgana and secretly brings to her Angor Rot 's damaged head . Part 3 ( edit ) Merlin is awakened , and Morgana is released from her prison by the Staff of Avalon . Barbara recovers her memories of knowing about Trolls , forcing Jim and his friends to reveal the truth to their families . Angor Rot is resurrected by Morgana . To better fight against Gunmar and Morgana , Jim is irreversibly transformed into a half - troll . Morgana brings forth the Eternal Night so that she and Gunmar can freely invade the world . Jim and his allies fight and win the battle , Jim killing Gunmar and Claire trapping Morgana in the Shadow Realm with help from Angor Rot , who sacrifices himself to help defeat the witch . Merlin leads the Trolls of Arcadia to a new home in New Jersey . Jim and Claire say goodbye to their families and friends ( including Toby ) as they leave with the Trolls . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Anton Yelchin and Emile Hirsch as James `` Jim '' Lake Jr . / Trollhunter , the first human Trollhunter and a reluctant hero dealing with the pressures of leading a double life . He has a talent for cooking and eventually sword - fighting , and cares deeply for his mother and friends . Yelchin provided the voice for Jim from Part 1 , through portions of Part 3 before he passed away . Hirsch assumed the role following Yelchin 's passing . Charlie Saxton as Tobias `` Toby '' Domzalski , Jim 's best friend and confidant . Dorky and excitable , he fully embraces the secret world of trolls and aids Jim in his quests . His weapon of choice is a warhammer . Jonathan Hyde as Walter Strickler , Jim 's history teacher who is actually a Changeling . When Jim discovers the truth , he loses all respect for him and the two become bitter enemies . However , he remains affable toward Jim and has redeeming qualities . Kelsey Grammer as Blinkous `` Blinky '' Galadrigal , Jim 's six - eyed troll mentor . A wise and scholarly troll with a heart of gold , he serves as the brains of the Trollhunters and eventually becomes a sort of father figure to Jim . Fred Tatasciore as Aarghaumont `` AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! '' , a burly troll and close companion of Blinky who forms a deep bond with Toby . He was kidnapped by the Gumm - Gumms as a child , which stunted his vocabulary . Tormented by the atrocities they committed , he deserted Gunmar to live a life of peace . However , he will still fight to protect those he cares about . Lexi Medrano as Claire Nuñez , Jim 's girlfriend . She is a feisty , kind , jolly , sarcastic , curious , and intelligent tomboy who enjoys books and is a talented martial artist and gymnast . She obtains the Shadowstaff , a staff capable of creating portals activated by the user 's emotions . Victor Raider - Wexler as Vendel , the leader of Trollmarket . An ancient and wizened troll , Vendel is at first suspicious of Jim and often comes across as a pessimist , but shows a softer side and eventual faith in Jim . At the end of Part 2 , he is killed by Usurna after she revealed herself to be working for Gunmar , but not before recording the act to warn the Trollhunters . Ron Perlman as Bular , the son of Gunmar . A brutish and powerful troll warrior , he 's obsessed with freeing his father from the Darklands . He holds a special disdain for Changelings , whom he considers `` impure '' , putting him at odds with Strickler and other Changelings who seek to free Gunmar . He is killed by Jim in the first half of season 1 , but later makes appearances in the season 1 episode `` Where Is My Mind '' and the season 2 episode `` Unbecoming '' . Amy Landecker as Barbara Lake , Jim 's protective and overworked mother . Her husband left the family when Jim was five years old . Her doctor job means she 's often away from home , which lets Jim pursue his Trollhunter duties . Recurring ( edit ) Steven Yeun as Steve Palchuk , a narcissistic bully who frequently harasses Jim . Suspicious of Jim 's unusual behavior , he eventually discovers the truth and teams up with Eli Pepperjack to help Jim in Part 2 . Matthew Waterson as Draal , the son of previous Trollhunter Kanjigar . He is originally jealous and suspicious of Jim but later befriends him -- acting as Jim 's fighting tutor . During a battle in the museum , Draal sacrifices his lower right arm while removing the Trollhunter amulet from the Killahead Bridge to close the portal , and later obtains a mechanical prosthetic . Draal explains that his father kept a distance from him as he grew up , and he had hoped to become the next Trollhunter that he might earn his father 's approval . Lauren Tom as Nomura , the Changeling museum curator and a colleague of Strickler . Originally an antagonist , she was pulled into the Darklands and imprisoned by Gunmar for her failures . When Jim is captured in the Darklands , the two form a connection and escape together . Jimmie Wood as NotEnrique , the Changeling swapped with Claire 's baby brother Enrique . While troublesome and self - serving , he is n't actively malicious and even helps the Trollhunters from time to time ( usually after being bribed ) . He forms a rocky but brotherly connection with Claire . Clancy Brown as Gunmar , the iron - fisted leader of the Gumm - Gumms who reside in the Darklands . He is powerful and ruthless , and will readily dispose of loyal minions and allies who can no longer serve him . He has no qualms about enslaving or killing his fellow trolls to accomplish his goals . Tom Hiddleston and James Purefoy as Kanjigar the Courageous , Draal 's father and the noble Trollhunter prior to Jim . His ghost tutors Jim , often worrying about Jim 's team fighting style , believing that the Trollhunter must work alone to avoid endangering those he cares about -- this leads to Jim 's guilt and decision to venture into the Darklands alone . Hiddleston provided the voice acting for Kanjigar during the series premiere , while Purefoy was cast to assume the role for the rest of the series . Ike Amadi as Angor Rot , an ancient troll warlock - assassin who hunts down Trollhunters and takes their souls . In medieval times , Angor made a deal with Morgana , surrendering his own soul in return for his mystical powers . Rodrigo Blaas as Gnome Chompsky , a Gnome adopted by Toby . He started out as a `` rogue Gnome '' causing trouble , but after he was finally defeated by Jim he became friendly when he was given a dollhouse to live in and a plastic doll to be his companion . He later helped locate Enrique in the Darklands and also helped rescue Jim from the Darklands . Mark Hamill as Dictatious Galadrigal , Blinky 's brother . Presumed dead , he helps Gunmar in his quest to conquer the surface lands . He is blinded by Blinky during a struggle in the Darklands . Anjelica Huston as Queen Usurna , the queen of the Krubera , AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! 's race who live in the Deep Caverns , and a member of a council of troll leaders known as the Tribunal . She initially seems to be a kind queen concerned for AAARRRGGHH ! ! ! 's well - being . As a Tribunal member , she is strict and judgmental , and leads the Tribunal to act against Jim and his friends . Late in Part 2 , she reveals herself to be a traitor who works for Gunmar and helps him take over Trollmarket . Cole Sand as Eli Pepperjack , a nerdy classmate of Jim who believes in the paranormal . In Part 2 , he teams up with Steve Palchuk to investigate the strange creatures they both have seen and to help Jim . Lena Headey as Morgana / The Pale Lady , an ancient and seemingly malevolent entity and the patron of Angor Rot . Tom Kenny as Otto Scaarbach , a Changeling Polymorph who can change into the form of anyone . He is the Grand Commandant of the Janus Order , a secret society of Changelings who assist the Gumm - Gumms . David Bradley as Merlin , the wizard who created the Trollhunter 's amulet . Colin O'Donoghue as Douxie `` Big D '' , a charming English teen from Arcadia Oaks Academy whose band , `` Ash Dispersal Pattern , '' is an entrant in the Battle of the Bands in Part 3 . Tatiana Maslany as Aja , a `` foreign exchange student '' from `` Cantaloupia '' older sister to Krel . Jim is tasked to show them around and acclimate them to Arcadia late in Part 3 . Diego Luna as Krel , younger brother to Aja . Production ( edit ) Initially , del Toro envisioned the idea as a live - action television series ; however this was deemed impractical due to budgetary concerns , and as a result he instead turned the idea into a book . DreamWorks then planned to turn the book into an animated feature film . The feature film was going to be directed by Guillermo del Toro and Rodrigo Blaas . Eventually Dreamworks decided to instead turn it into a TV series with Netflix . Rodrigo Blaas became an Executive Producer and Supervising Director on the series. . Del Toro modeled the show 's sensibilities after shows he grew up with such as Johnny Quest , identifying them as `` really earnest and emotionally beautiful '' . To this end , he sought to make the main character of Jim `` in that ' 70s mold , '' and `` really a very good boy '' with del Toro noting that this was a constant struggle for him to express to both writers and actors . Eventually he came across Anton Yelchin , who embodied those qualities although by del Toro 's estimate it still took him a few sessions to fully understand the character . When creating the show 's narrative , del Toro noted that he wanted a `` bittersweet journey '' for the main character dealing with issues that most such `` power fantasies '' failed to address , telling indiewire `` I wanted to say , ' Look , you can be in high school and you can have your problems . Then you get all these powers and then you have a different set of problems . There is not such a thing as a final , great outcome . ' '' The show serves as one of Yelchin 's final projects as he died shortly after recording most of his character 's dialogue . Producer del Toro refused to replace his recordings , which del Toro noted was a challenge for the show 's recording engineers . Of his decision del Toro stated that the actor `` was proud of what he did , and we were so proud of how he did it . '' Del Toro added that his experience as a father and Yelchin 's young age were also factors that led to the decision . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Trollhunters episodes Season Episodes Originally released 26 December 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) 13 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 13 May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Release ( edit ) The two - episode pilot of the series premiered on October 8 , 2016 at the New York Comic Con . The first season consisted of 26 half - hour episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on December 23 , 2016 . The second season , consisting of 13 episodes , was released on December 15 , 2017 . The third and final season , consisting of 13 episodes , was released on May 25 , 2018 . Home media ( edit ) The first season of Trollhunters was released on DVD on November 7 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Trollhunters has received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.81 / 10 based on 16 reviews for the first season . The website 's consensus reads , `` Trollhunters manages to capture del Toro 's enthusiasm for telling monster stories , in a youthful and more colorful fashion that may well earn him a new generation of fans . '' On Metacritic , the season has a normalized score of 69 out of 100 based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In 2017 , it received six Daytime Emmys , more than any other television program , animated or live action , that year . On January 30 , 2017 , Trollhunters writers Kevin and Dan Hageman stated that the series is the most successful Netflix original show to date that is targeted at a younger audience . The second season of Trollhunters was nominated for six 2018 Annie Awards , tied for the most nominations of any television program in 2018 . It was also nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards , including Best Children 's Animated Series , and won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Mike Chaffe for character Blinky in `` Becoming , Part 1 '' Won Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Victor Maldonado , Alfredo Torres and Jules Rigolle , `` Win , Lose or Draal '' Won Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Alexandre Desplat and Tim Davies , `` Becoming , Part 1 '' Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Hyunjoo Song , `` Win , Lose or Draal '' Won Saturn Awards Best Animated Series or Film on Television Trollhunters Nominated Behind the Voice Actors Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Anton Yelchin , for Jim Lake Jr . Won Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Lexi Medrano , for Claire Nuñez Nominated Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Laraine Newman , for Miss Janeth Nominated Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Anjelica Huston , for Queen Usurna Nominated Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Animation Mike Chaffe , `` Becoming , Part 1 '' Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Design Victor Maldonado , `` Win , Lose Or Draal '' Won Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Guillermo del Toro , Rodrigo Blaas , Marc Guggenheim , Chad Hammes , Christina Steinberg , Dan Hageman , Kevin Hageman , Lawrence Jonas Nominated Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Kelsey Grammer , for Blinky Won Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Mary Hidalgo , Ania O'Hare , CSA Won Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Marc Guggenheim Won Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Rodrigo Blaas , Guillermo del Toro Won Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design Rodrigo Blaas , Andy Erekson , Jonathan Catalan , Dai Weier , John Laus , David M.V. Jones Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Matthew Thomas Hall and Carlos Sanches , CAS Nominated 2018 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Bruno Chiou , Yi - Fan Cho , Kevin Jong , Chun - Jung Chu , `` Homecoming '' Won Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Jules Rigolle , Alfredo Torres , Linda Chen , Rustam Hasanov , Alfonso Blaas , `` Escape from the Darklands '' Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Andrew Schmidt , `` Unbecoming '' Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production David Woo , `` Hero with a Thousand Faces '' Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Hyunjoo Song , `` In the Hall of the Gumm - Gumm King '' Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production A.C. Bradley , Kevin Hageman , Dan Hageman , Aaron Waltke , Chad Quandt , `` Escape from the Darklands '' Nominated Kidscreen Awards Best New Series , Kids Category Trollhunters Won Best Writing Trollhunters Won Best Animation Trollhunters Won Golden Reel Award Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing , Animation Short Form Matthew Hall , Jason Oliver , Goeun Lee , MPSE , James Miller , Carlos Sanches , Aran Tanchum , Vincent Guisetti Nominated Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Animated Series Guillermo del Toro , Marc Guggenheim , Chad Hammes , Rodrigo Blaas , Christina Steinberg , Dan Hageman , Kevin Hageman , Lawrence Jonas Nominated Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Dan Hageman , Kevin Hageman , Aaron Waltke , Chad Quandt , AC Bradley Won Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation Matt Hall , Goeun Lee , James Miller , James Oliver , Aran Tanchum , Stacey Michaels , Vincent Guilsetti , Alex Ulrich Nominated Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design Rodrigo Blaas , Andy Erekson , Jonathan Catalan , Dai Weier , David M.V. Jones , John Laus Nominated Tales of Arcadia ( edit ) Main article : Tales of Arcadia On November 6 , 2017 , show creator Guillermo del Toro announced that Trollhunters will be expanded into a trilogy of animated series known as Tales of Arcadia . The trilogy will be continued by a sci - fi animated series known as 3 Below , which will center on two royal aliens and their bodyguard who escape from their home planet and crash - land on Earth in Arcadia , where Trollhunters also takes place . There , the aliens adjust to human culture and try to fix their spaceship to return and take back their home planet , which is being taken over by an evil dictator . 3 Below will premiere on Netflix in 2018 . The trilogy will then be concluded with the animated series Wizards , which brings together the three disparate worlds of trolls , aliens and wizards who have found themselves drawn to Arcadia , `` ... culminating in an apocalyptic battle for the control of magic that will ultimately determine the fate of these supernatural worlds that have now converged . '' Wizards is scheduled to premiere on Netflix in 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` DreamWorks TV to Premiere ' Trollhunters ' at NYCC '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trollhunters ' : Anton Yelchin , Kelsey Grammer & Ron Perlman To Lead Cast of Guillermo del Toro Netflix Animated Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic - Con '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trollhunters ' Sets December Debut Date on Netflix , Drops New Trailer & Key Art -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Trollhunters ' Season 2 Review : Magic and Mythology Return to Arcadia in Bold New Ways '' . Collider . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Team up for Six Animated Series in 2018 '' . Collider . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Trollhunters ' Trailer Teases the Beginning of the End for the Title Team '' . Collider . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Ashley ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's Everything Coming to and Leaving Netflix in May '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Travis . `` Trollhunters Season 1 '' . Filmink . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve . `` ' Trollhunters ' Leads Creative Arts Daytime Emmy Winners '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Del Toro 's Trollhunters To Be A Comic Book From Marc Guggenheim And Richard Hamilton # C2Ccon2017 '' . Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movie , TV News . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter . `` Trollhunters Season 2 Announced , Anton Yelchin Returns '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/04/tatiana-maslany-diego-luna-emile-hirsch-cast-dreamworks-trollhunters-part-3-guillermo-del-toro-1202377460/ Jump up ^ http://collider.com/trollhunters-season-3-cast-tatiana-maslany-diego-luna-emile-hirsch/ Jump up ^ https://www.cartoonbrew.com/internet-television/trollhunters-universe-will-expand-trilogy-series-tales-arcadia-154492.html/ ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trollhunters : Guillermo del Toro previews one of Anton Yelchin 's final roles -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mancuso , Vinnie . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks ' Trollhunters ' : ' The Best Creative Experience I 've Ever Had ' '' . Observer . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon . `` Guillermo del Toro : How Netflix 's ' Trollhunters ' Reconnected Him With the Joy of Childhood ( And ' Fraiser ' ) '' . indiewire . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon . `` Guillermo del Toro on Losing Anton Yelchin , And What That Means for ' Trollhunters ' Season 2 '' . Indiewire . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The mangled gate which Star Trek star Anton Yelchin , 27 , was pinned against by his two TON Jeep when it rolled backwards and killed him in freak accident '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Comic Con : Guillermo Del Toro refuses to nix late Anton Yelchin 's voice work in his ' Trollhunters ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glass , Joe ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Trollhunters ' Animated Series Bursts Onto DVD This November '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jasper . `` ' TROLLHUNTERS ' SEASON 1 DVD RELEASE DATE '' . Anton-yelchin.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trollhunters : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trollhunters : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Trollhunters ' Tops All TV Programs With 6 Creative Arts Emmys '' . April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ColliderVideos ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trollhunters Writers Dan & Kevin Hageman Interview - Collider TV Talk '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Coco ' Leads Annie Awards Nominations With 13 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trollhunters , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 Jump up ^ `` THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 44TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY ® AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . Emmy Awards Official Site . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 44TH ANNUAL DAYTIME CREATIVE ARTS EMMY ® AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Feature - Independent - Annie Awards : ' Coco ' Tops the Animation Celebration '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2018 Kidscreen Awards go to ... '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Animation Short Form '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 45TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY ® AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . Emmy Awards Official Site . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Daytime Emmy winners : Full list of Creative Arts Awards winners and nominees '' ( PDF ) . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Trollhunters ' Universe Will Expand Into The Trilogy Series ' Tales of Arcadia ' '' . Cartoon Brew . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trollhunters panel at WonderCon 2017 . 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( 2018 ) First Team : Juventus ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Evil Genius ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trollhunters&oldid=850465077 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings 2010s American animated television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American computer - animated television series Annie Award winners Netflix children 's programming Netflix original programming Tales of Arcadia Television programs based on children 's books Television series by DreamWorks Animation Television shows set in California Trolls in popular culture Works by Guillermo del Toro Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Norsk Português Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 01 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is season 2 for trollhunters coming out	[ "The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] The first season was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The second season premiered on December 15, 2017,[5][6] and the third and final season premiered on May 25, 2018.[7][8]\n" ]	[ "December 15, 2017" ]
4438337188041808591	List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2002	List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2002 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2002 Rapper Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' was the longest - running number - one single released in 2002 . The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best - performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales and airplay . In 2002 , there were seven singles that topped the chart , the lowest number of singles to top the chart in a single year ever ( if the two songs which peaked in 2001 are included , 2002 would have the second lowest number of chart - topping singles in a year , behind 2005 ) . Although nine singles reached number one in fifty - two issues of the magazine in the calendar year , two songs began their peak position in 2001 and are thus excluded . In 2002 , five acts earned their first U.S. number one single , either as a lead artist or featured guest . Singer Ashanti was the first act to achieve the feat with rapper Ja Rule 's `` Always on Time '' . She later scored her first number - one single as a lead artist with `` Foolish '' . Singer Kelly Rowland , then - member of the girl group Destiny 's Child , earned her first number - one solo single with `` Dilemma '' , a song by rapper Nelly , who received his first number - one with `` Hot in Herre '' during this year . The ascent of `` Lose Yourself '' to number one gave rapper Eminem his first chart - topping single since he began releasing albums in 1999 . Kelly Clarkson gained her first number - one single with `` A Moment Like This '' . Clarkson and Ashanti were the only acts to have topped the chart this year with a debut single . In 2002 , Ja Rule , Ashanti , and Nelly had two number - one singles in the Billboard Hot 100 . Most of the number - one singles in 2002 were extended chart - toppers . `` Lose Yourself '' is the longest - running single , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 consecutive weeks , eight of which were in this calendar year . `` Foolish '' and `` Dilemma '' both stayed at number one for 10 weeks , the latter of which was non-consecutive . `` Ai n't It Funny '' by Jennifer Lopez peaked at number one for seven weeks . Rock band Nickelback 's `` How You Remind Me '' , which first peaked at number one in 2001 , is the best - performing single of 2002 . `` Lose Yourself '' , which is the soundtrack to the 2002 film 8 Mile , is the second most - successful soundtrack song in the entire rock era . It is behind Whitney Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' , having topped the chart for 14 weeks . `` Lose Yourself '' is also the longest - running Oscar - winning number - one song since singer - actor Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' had 14 weeks on top in the 1940s . `` A Moment Like This '' is noted for its fifty - two - to - one leap in 2002 , breaking the 38 - year - old record set by The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from number twenty - seven to one . Nelly became the first act to have consecutive number - one singles since 1995 , when Boyz II Men had consecutive number - ones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 2 See also 3 References 4 Additional sources Chart history Singer Ashanti 's debut single `` Foolish '' topped the chart for 10 straight weeks . Rapper Nelly 's `` Dilemma '' stayed at the top spot for 10 weeks , tying with Ashanti 's `` Foolish '' . Singer Kelly Clarkson 's debut single `` A Moment Like This '' is noted for its 52 - to - one leap in 2002 , breaking the 38 - year - old record set by The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from number 27 to one . Key The yellow background indicates the # 1 song on Billboard 's 2002 Year - End Chart of Pop Singles . Issue date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 5 `` How You Remind Me '' Nickelback January 12 January 19 `` U Got It Bad '' Usher January 26 February 2 February 9 February 16 February 23 `` Always on Time '' Ja Rule featuring Ashanti March 2 March 9 `` Ai n't It Funny '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule March 16 March 23 March 30 April 6 April 13 April 20 `` Foolish '' Ashanti April 27 May 4 May 11 May 18 May 25 June 1 June 8 June 15 June 22 June 29 `` Hot in Herre '' Nelly July 6 July 13 July 20 July 27 August 3 August 10 August 17 `` Dilemma '' Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland August 24 August 31 September 7 September 14 September 21 September 28 October 5 `` A Moment Like This '' Kelly Clarkson October 12 October 19 `` Dilemma '' Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland October 26 November 2 November 9 `` Lose Yourself '' Eminem November 16 November 23 November 30 December 7 December 14 December 21 December 28 See also 2002 in music List of number - one hits ( United States ) Top Hot 100 Hits of 2002 References ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Beat Bonus : Seventh Wonder '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 2003 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bonson , Fred ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Chart Beat : This Is Your Life '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Beat Bonus : Oh ' Boy ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 2003 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bonson , Fred ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Chart Beat : Still Cranked After All These Weeks '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Beat Bonus : Endless ' Love ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 2005 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2009 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Oscar Best Song Highs & Lows '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Beat Bonus : You Win Some , You ' Lose ' Some '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 2003 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Beat Bonus : The Year of Nelly '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 2002 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bonson , Fred . `` The Year in Charts : Billboard 's Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bonson , Fred ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Chart Beat Chat : Will Oscar Go Home With Marshall ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ; Mayfield , Geoff ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Santa Claus Kind To Creed 's ' Weathered ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Creed 's ' Weathered ' Wraps The Year At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Creed Makes It Lucky Seven At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Creed Scores An Eighth Week At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Jackson ' Drives ' Straight To No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Jackson Stays Driven At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Jackson Holds Off Creed For A Third Week At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 02 - 14 ) . `` J. Lo . Kicks Jackson Out Of No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Jackson Trades Places With J. Lo At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) . `` J. Lo Nabs Double No. 1s '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Alanis ' Sweeps ' Away Chart Competition '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Grammy Surge Pushes ' O Brother ' To The Top '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 03 - 21 ) . `` ' O Brother ' Still Finds Itself On Top '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 03 - 28 ) . `` ' NOW 9 ' Takes Hits To The Top '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Dion 's ' New Day ' Debuts On Top '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Foolish -- Ashanti '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Ashanti Continues Quadruple Chart Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Ashanti Fends Off The Competition At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Chesney Gallops Straight To No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Tymers Score Big With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Musiq , Lauryn Hill Storm The Charts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry ( 2002 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Ashanti Notches Double - Platinum Debut '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Diddy 's ' Remix ' Leads Five Top - 10 Debuts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 05 - 30 ) . `` On With The ' Show ' : Eminem Album An Instant No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Eminem ' Shows ' The Competition Who 's Boss '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Show ' Still On Top Of The Chart '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Korn Ca n't Stop Eminem 's ' Show ' At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Eminem Halts Roach Approach '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ' Nellyville ' Boots Eminem Out Of No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Nelly 's ' Nellyville ' Nails No. 1 Again '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 07 - 18 ) . `` ' Nellyville ' Too Hot For Chili Peppers '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 07 - 25 ) . `` DMB Struts Its ' Stuff ' With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 08 - 01 ) . `` New Keith Album ' Unleashed ' At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Springsteen Soars To No. 1 With ' The Rising ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Springsteen 's ' Rising ' Hangs Onto No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Todd , Martens ; Ellis , Michael ( 2002 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Nelly Topples The Boss At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Todd , Martens ; Ellis , Michael ( 2002 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Eminem Gets On With The ' Show ' At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Todd , Martens ; Ellis , Michael ( 2002 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Dixie Chicks Make Their ' Home ' On Top '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Dixie Chicks ' Home ' Again At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Chart Top Makes Cozy ' Home ' For Dixie Chicks '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( 2002 - 09 - 25 ) . `` ' Idol ' Clarkson 's Single Sets Billboard Record '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 10 - 03 ) . `` The King Reigns Again On Billboard Charts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Stoned , But Not Dethroned : Elvis Remains On Top '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Bon Jovi ' Bounces ' To No. 2 As Elvis Still Reigns '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Michael ; Todd , Martens ( 2002 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Faith Replaces King On Top Of The Hill '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Eminem Notches First Hot 100 No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Eminem Tightens Grip On Billboard Charts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Eminem Controls Billboard Charts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Eminem Ca n't ' Lose ' With No. 1 Single '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Eminem Ca n't ' Lose ' No. 1 Single '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Eminem Holds No. 1 Single For 6th Week '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2002 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Eminem Maintains Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( 2002 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Eminem Ca n't ' Lose ' At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . hide Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2002&oldid=787133767 '' Categories : 2002 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 16 : 53 . About Wikipedia	what was the number one song on december 9 2002	[ "\n\nIssue date\nSong\nArtist(s)\nReference\n\n\nJanuary 5\n\"How You Remind Me\"\nNickelback\n[11]\n\n\nJanuary 12\n[12]\n\n\nJanuary 19\n\"U Got It Bad\"\nUsher\n[13]\n\n\nJanuary 26\n[14]\n\n\nFebruary 2\n[15]\n\n\nFebruary 9\n[16]\n\n\nFebruary 16\n[17]\n\n\nFebruary 23\n\"Always on Time\"\nJa Rule featuring Ashanti\n[18]\n\n\nMarch 2\n[19]\n\n\nMarch 9\n\"Ain't It Funny\"\nJennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule\n[20]\n\n\nMarch 16\n[21]\n\n\nMarch 23\n[22]\n\n\nMarch 30\n[23]\n\n\nApril 6\n[24]\n\n\nApril 13\n[25]\n\n\nApril 20\n\"Foolish\"\nAshanti\n[26]\n\n\nApril 27\n[27]\n\n\nMay 4\n[28]\n\n\nMay 11\n[29]\n\n\nMay 18\n[30]\n\n\nMay 25\n[31][32]\n\n\nJune 1\n[33]\n\n\nJune 8\n[34]\n\n\nJune 15\n[35]\n\n\nJune 22\n[36]\n\n\nJune 29\n\"Hot in Herre\"\nNelly\n[37]\n\n\nJuly 6\n[38]\n\n\nJuly 13\n[39]\n\n\nJuly 20\n[40]\n\n\nJuly 27\n[41]\n\n\nAugust 3\n[42]\n\n\nAugust 10\n[43]\n\n\nAugust 17\n\"Dilemma\"\nNelly featuring Kelly Rowland\n[44]\n\n\nAugust 24\n[45]\n\n\nAugust 31\n[46]\n\n\nSeptember 7\n[47]\n\n\nSeptember 14\n[48]\n\n\nSeptember 21\n[49]\n\n\nSeptember 28\n[50]\n\n\nOctober 5\n\"A Moment Like This\"\nKelly Clarkson\n[51]\n\n\nOctober 12\n[52]\n\n\nOctober 19\n\"Dilemma\"\nNelly featuring Kelly Rowland\n[53]\n\n\nOctober 26\n[54]\n\n\nNovember 2\n[55]\n\n\nNovember 9\n\"Lose Yourself\"\nEminem\n[56]\n\n\nNovember 16\n[57]\n\n\nNovember 23\n[58]\n\n\nNovember 30\n[59]\n\n\nDecember 7\n[60]\n\n\nDecember 14\n[61]\n\n\nDecember 21\n[62]\n\n\nDecember 28\n[63]\n\n" ]	[ "\"Lose Yourself\"" ]
789976094198627933	Jerome	Jerome - wikipedia Jerome Jump to : navigation , search `` Saint Jerome '' redirects here . For other uses , see Saint Jerome ( disambiguation ) and Saint Jerome ( disambiguation ) . Saint Jerome Saint Jerome in the Wilderness by Bernardino Pinturicchio Hermit and Doctor of the Church c. 27 March 347 Stridon ( possibly Strido Dalmatiae , on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia ) 30 September 420 ( aged c. 73 ) Bethlehem , Palaestina Prima Venerated in Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Anglican Communion Lutheranism Oriental Orthodoxy Major shrine Basilica of Saint Mary Major , Rome , Italy Feast 30 September ( Western Christianity ) 15 June ( Eastern Christianity ) Attributes lion , cardinal attire , cross , skull , trumpet , owl , books and writing material Patronage archeologists ; archivists ; Bible scholars ; librarians ; libraries ; school children ; students ; translators Major works The Vulgate De viris illustribus Chronicon Part of a series on Catholic philosophy Aquinas , Scotus , and Ockham Schools Augustinianism Molinism Occamism Salamanca Scholasticism Neo-scholasticism Scotism Thomism Ethics Natural law Personalism Social teaching Virtue ethics Ancient philosophers Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome Paul the Apostle Medieval philosophers Peter Abelard Alexander of Hales Thomas Aquinas Benedict of Nursia Francis of Mayrone Giles of Rome Pope Gregory I Henry of Ghent Peter Lombard Albertus Magnus Duns Scotus William of Ockham Renaissance philosophers Erasmus Luis de Molina Thomas More Francisco de Vitoria Modern philosophers G.E.M. Anscombe Pope John Paul II Bernard Lonergan Alasdair MacIntyre Jacques Maritain Blaise Pascal Edith Stein Charles Taylor Catholicism portal Philosophy portal Jerome ( / dʒ əˈroʊm / ; Latin : Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus ; Greek : Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος ; c. 27 March 347 -- 30 September 420 ) was a priest , confessor , theologian , and historian . He was born at Stridon , a village near Emona on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia . He is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin ( the translation that became known as the Vulgate ) , and his commentaries on the Gospels . His list of writings is extensive . The protégé of Pope Damasus I , who died in December of 384 , Jerome was known for his teachings on Christian moral life , especially to those living in cosmopolitan centers such as Rome . In many cases , he focused his attention to the lives of women and identified how a woman devoted to Jesus should live her life . This focus stemmed from his close patron relationships with several prominent female ascetics who were members of affluent senatorial families . He is recognised as a Saint and Doctor of the Church by the Roman Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Lutheran Church , and the Anglican Communion . His feast day is 30 September . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Translations and commentaries 3 Historical and hagiographic writings 3.1 Saint Jerome 's description of vitamin A deficiency 4 Letters 5 Theological writings 6 Reception by later Christianity 7 In art 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Latin texts 11.1. 1 Facsimiles 11.2 English translations Life ( edit ) Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus was born at Stridon around 347 A.D. He was of Illyrian ancestry and his native tongue was the Illyrian dialect . He was not baptized until about 360 -- 366 A.D. , when he had gone to Rome with his friend Bonosus ( who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic ) to pursue rhetorical and philosophical studies . He studied under the grammarian Aelius Donatus . There Jerome learned Latin and at least some Greek , though probably not the familiarity with Greek literature he would later claim to have acquired as a schoolboy . As a student in Rome , he engaged in the superficial escapades and homosexual wanton behaviour of students there , which he indulged in quite casually but for which he suffered terrible bouts of guilt afterwards ... To appease his conscience , he would visit on Sundays the sepulchres of the martyrs and the Apostles in the catacombs . This experience would remind him of the terrors of hell : `` Often I would find myself entering those crypts , deep dug in the earth , with their walls on either side lined with the bodies of the dead , where everything was so dark that almost it seemed as though the Psalmist 's words were fulfilled , Let them go down quick into Hell . Here and there the light , not entering in through windows , but filtering down from above through shafts , relieved the horror of the darkness . But again , as soon as you found yourself cautiously moving forward , the black night closed around and there came to my mind the line of Vergil , `` Horror ubique animos , simul ipsa silentia terrent ' '' . St. Jerome in His Study ( 1480 ) , by Domenico Ghirlandaio . Jerome used a quote from Virgil -- `` On all sides round horror spread wide ; the very silence breathed a terror on my soul '' -- to describe the horror of hell . Jerome initially used classical authors to describe Christian concepts such as hell that indicated both his classical education and his deep shame of their associated practices , such as pederasty which was found in Rome . Although initially skeptical of Christianity , he was eventually converted . After several years in Rome , he travelled with Bonosus to Gaul and settled in Trier where he seems to have first taken up theological studies , and where he copied , for his friend Tyrannius Rufinus , Hilary of Poitiers ' commentary on the Psalms and the treatise De synodis . Next came a stay of at least several months , or possibly years , with Rufinus at Aquileia , where he made many Christian friends . Some of these accompanied him when he set out about 373 on a journey through Thrace and Asia Minor into northern Syria . At Antioch , where he stayed the longest , two of his companions died and he himself was seriously ill more than once . During one of these illnesses ( about the winter of 373 -- 374 ) , he had a vision that led him to lay aside his secular studies and devote himself to God . He seems to have abstained for a considerable time from the study of the classics and to have plunged deeply into that of the Bible , under the impulse of Apollinaris of Laodicea , then teaching in Antioch and not yet suspected of heresy . St. Jerome reading in the countryside , by Giovanni Bellini Seized with a desire for a life of ascetic penance , he went for a time to the desert of Chalcis , to the southeast of Antioch , known as the `` Syrian Thebaid '' , from the number of hermits inhabiting it . During this period , he seems to have found time for studying and writing . He made his first attempt to learn Hebrew under the guidance of a converted Jew ; and he seems to have been in correspondence with Jewish Christians in Antioch . Around this time he had copied for him a Hebrew Gospel , of which fragments are preserved in his notes , and is known today as the Gospel of the Hebrews , and which the Nazarenes considered to be the true Gospel of Matthew . Jerome translated parts of this Hebrew Gospel into Greek . Returning to Antioch in 378 or 379 , he was ordained by Bishop Paulinus , apparently unwillingly and on condition that he continue his ascetic life . Soon afterward , he went to Constantinople to pursue a study of Scripture under Gregory Nazianzen . He seems to have spent two years there , then left , and the next three ( 382 -- 385 ) he was in Rome again , as secretary to Pope Damasus I and the leading Roman Christians . Invited originally for the synod of 382 , held to end the schism of Antioch as there were rival claimants to be the proper patriarch in Antioch . Jerome had accompanied one of the claimants , Paulinus back to Rome in order to get more support for him , and distinguished himself to the pope , and took a prominent place in his councils . He was given duties in Rome , and he undertook a revision of the Latin Bible , to be based on the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament . He also updated the Psalter containing the Book of Psalms then at use in Rome based on the Septuagint . Though he did not realize it yet , translating much of what became the Latin Vulgate Bible would take many years and be his most important achievement ( see Writings -- Translations section below ) . This painting by Antonio da Fabriano II , depicts Saint Jerome in study . The writing implements , scrolls , and manuscripts testify to Jerome 's scholarly pursuits . The Walters Art Museum . In Rome he was surrounded by a circle of well - born and well - educated women , including some from the noblest patrician families , such as the widows Lea , Marcella and Paula , with Paula 's daughters Blaesilla and Eustochium . The resulting inclination of these women towards the monastic life , away from the indulgent lasciviousness in Rome , and his unsparing criticism of the secular clergy of Rome , brought a growing hostility against him among the Roman clergy and their supporters . Soon after the death of his patron Damasus ( 10 December 384 ) , Jerome was forced by them to leave his position at Rome after an inquiry was brought up by the Roman clergy into allegations that he had an improper relationship with the widow Paula . Still , his writings were highly regarded by women who were attempting to maintain a vow of becoming a consecrated virgin . His letters were widely read and distributed throughout the Christian empire and it is clear through his writing that he knew these virgin women were not his only audience . Additionally , his condemnation of Blaesilla 's hedonistic lifestyle in Rome had led her to adopt ascetic practices , but it affected her health and worsened her physical weakness to the point that she died just four months after starting to follow his instructions ; much of the Roman populace were outraged at Jerome for causing the premature death of such a lively young woman , and his insistence to Paula that Blaesilla should not be mourned , and complaints that her grief was excessive , were seen as heartless , polarising Roman opinion against him . In August 385 , he left Rome for good and returned to Antioch , accompanied by his brother Paulinian and several friends , and followed a little later by Paula and Eustochium , who had resolved to end their days in the Holy Land . In the winter of 385 , Jerome acted as their spiritual adviser . The pilgrims , joined by Bishop Paulinus of Antioch , visited Jerusalem , Bethlehem , and the holy places of Galilee , and then went to Egypt , the home of the great heroes of the ascetic life . At the Catechetical School of Alexandria , Jerome listened to the catechist Didymus the Blind expounding the prophet Hosea and telling his reminiscences of Anthony the Great , who had died 30 years before ; he spent some time in Nitria , admiring the disciplined community life of the numerous inhabitants of that `` city of the Lord '' , but detecting even there `` concealed serpents '' , i.e. , the influence of Origen of Alexandria . Late in the summer of 388 he was back in Palestine , and spent the remainder of his life working in a cave near Bethlehem , the very cave Jesus was born , surrounded by a few friends , both men and women ( including Paula and Eustochium ) , to whom he acted as priestly guide and teacher . Painting by Niccolò Antonio Colantonio , showing Jerome 's removal of a thorn from a lion 's paw . Amply provided by Paula with the means of livelihood and of increasing his collection of books , he led a life of incessant activity in literary production . To these last 34 years of his career belong the most important of his works ; his version of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew text , the best of his scriptural commentaries , his catalogue of Christian authors , and the dialogue against the Pelagians , the literary perfection of which even an opponent recognized . To this period also belong most of his polemics , which distinguished him among the orthodox Fathers , including the treatises against the Origenism later declared anathema , of Bishop John II of Jerusalem and his early friend Rufinus . Later , as a result of his writings against Pelagianism , a body of excited partisans broke into the monastic buildings , set them on fire , attacked the inmates and killed a deacon , forcing Jerome to seek safety in a neighboring fortress ( 416 ) . It is recorded that Jerome died near Bethlehem on 30 September 420 . The date of his death is given by the Chronicon of Prosper of Aquitaine . His remains , originally buried at Bethlehem , are said to have been later transferred to the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome , though other places in the West claim some relics -- the cathedral at Nepi boasting possession of his head , which , according to another tradition , is in the Escorial . Translations and commentaries ( edit ) St Jerome , by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio , 1607 , at St John 's Co-Cathedral , Valletta , Malta Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek . He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project , but moved to Jerusalem to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary . A wealthy Roman aristocrat , Paula , funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there . He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament , commonly referred to as the Vetus Latina . By 390 he turned to translating the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew , having previously translated portions from the Septuagint which came from Alexandria . He believed that the mainstream Rabbinical Judaism had rejected the Septuagint as invalid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements . He completed this work by 405 . Prior to Jerome 's Vulgate , all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint , not the Hebrew . Jerome 's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previous translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians , including Augustine , who thought the Septuagint inspired . Modern scholarship , however , has sometimes cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome 's Hebrew knowledge . Many modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for Jerome 's `` iuxta Hebraeos '' translation of the Old Testament . However , detailed studies have shown that to a considerable degree Jerome was a competent Hebraist . Saint Jerome , unknown Southern Dutch artist , 1520 , Hamburger Kunsthalle For the next 15 years , until he died , Jerome produced a number of commentaries on Scripture , often explaining his translation choices in using the original Hebrew rather than suspect translations . His patristic commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition , and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school . Unlike his contemporaries , he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible `` apocrypha '' and the Hebraica veritas of the protocanonical books . In his Vulgate 's prologues , he describes some portions of books in the Septuagint that were not found in the Hebrew as being non-canonical ( he called them apocrypha ) ; for Baruch , he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews , but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or `` not in the canon '' . His Preface to The Books of Samuel and Kings includes the following statement , commonly called the Helmeted Preface : This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a `` helmeted '' introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin , so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings . Wisdom , therefore , which generally bears the name of Solomon , and the book of Jesus , the Son of Sirach , and Judith , and Tobias , and the Shepherd are not in the canon . The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew , the second is Greek , as can be proved from the very style . Although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha , it is said that he later viewed them as Scripture . For example , in Jerome 's letter to Eustochium he quotes Sirach 13 : 2. , elsewhere Jerome also refers to Baruch , the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture . Jerome in the desert , tormented by his memories of the dancing girls , by Francisco de Zurbarán . Rome . Jerome 's commentaries fall into three groups : His translations or recastings of Greek predecessors , including fourteen homilies on the Book of Jeremiah and the same number on the Book of Ezekiel by Origen ( translated ca . 380 in Constantinople ) ; two homilies of Origen of Alexandria on the Song of Solomon ( in Rome , ca . 383 ) ; and thirty - nine on the Gospel of Luke ( ca . 389 , in Bethlehem ) . The nine homilies of Origen on the Book of Isaiah included among his works were not done by him . Here should be mentioned , as an important contribution to the topography of Palestine , his book De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraeorum , a translation with additions and some regrettable omissions of the Onomasticon of Eusebius . To the same period ( ca . 390 ) belongs the Liber interpretationis nominum Hebraicorum , based on a work supposed to go back to Philo and expanded by Origen . Original commentaries on the Old Testament . To the period before his settlement at Bethlehem and the following five years belong a series of short Old Testament studies : De seraphim , De voce Osanna , De tribus quaestionibus veteris legis ( usually included among the letters as 18 , 20 , and 36 ) ; Quaestiones hebraicae in Genesim ; Commentarius in Ecclesiasten ; Tractatus septem in Psalmos 10 -- 16 ( lost ) ; Explanationes in Michaeam , Sophoniam , Nahum , Habacuc , Aggaeum . After 395 he composed a series of longer commentaries , though in rather a desultory fashion : first on Jonah and Obadiah ( 396 ) , then on Isaiah ( ca . 395 - ca . 400 ) , on Zechariah , Malachi , Hoseah , Joel , Amos ( from 406 ) , on the Book of Daniel ( ca . 407 ) , on Ezekiel ( between 410 and 415 ) , and on Jeremiah ( after 415 , left unfinished ) . New Testament commentaries . These include only Philemon , Galatians , Ephesians , and Titus ( hastily composed 387 -- 388 ) ; Matthew ( dictated in a fortnight , 398 ) ; Mark , selected passages in Luke , Revelation , and the prologue to the Gospel of John . Historical and hagiographic writings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Middle Ages , Jerome was often ahistorically depicted as a cardinal . Jerome is also known as a historian . One of his earliest historical works was his Chronicle ( or Chronicon or Temporum liber ) , composed ca . 380 in Constantinople ; this is a translation into Latin of the chronological tables which compose the second part of the Chronicon of Eusebius , with a supplement covering the period from 325 to 379 . Despite numerous errors taken over from Eusebius , and some of his own , Jerome produced a valuable work , if only for the impulse which it gave to such later chroniclers as Prosper , Cassiodorus , and Victor of Tunnuna to continue his annals . Of considerable importance as well is the De viris illustribus , which was written at Bethlehem in 392 , the title and arrangement of which are borrowed from Suetonius . It contains short biographical and literary notes on 135 Christian authors , from Saint Peter down to Jerome himself . For the first seventy - eight authors Eusebius ( Historia ecclesiastica ) is the main source ; in the second section , beginning with Arnobius and Lactantius , he includes a good deal of independent information , especially as to western writers . Four works of a hagiographic nature are : the Vita Pauli monachi , written during his first sojourn at Antioch ( ca . 376 ) , the legendary material of which is derived from Egyptian monastic tradition ; the Vitae Patrum ( Vita Pauli primi eremitae ) , a biography of Saint Paul of Thebes ; the Vita Malchi monachi captivi ( ca . 391 ) , probably based on an earlier work , although it purports to be derived from the oral communications of the aged ascetic Malchus of Syria originally made to him in the desert of Chalcis ; the Vita Hilarionis , of the same date , containing more trustworthy historical matter than the other two , and based partly on the biography of Epiphanius and partly on oral tradition . The so - called Martyrologium Hieronymianum is spurious ; it was apparently composed by a western monk toward the end of the 6th or beginning of the 7th century , with reference to an expression of Jerome 's in the opening chapter of the Vita Malchi , where he speaks of intending to write a history of the saints and martyrs from the apostolic times . Saint Jerome 's description of vitamin a deficiency ( edit ) The following passage , taken from Saint Jerome 's `` Life of St. Hilarion '' , which was written about A.D. 392 , appears to be the earliest account of the etiology , symptoms and cure of severe vitamin A deficiency . `` From his thirty - first to his thirty - fifth year he had for food six ounces of barley bread , and vegetables slightly cooked without oil . But finding that his eyes were growing dim , and that his whole body was shrivelled with an eruption and a sort of stony roughness ( impetigine et pumicea quad scabredine ) he added oil to his former food , and up to the sixty - third year of his life followed this temperate course , tasting neither fruit nor pulse , nor anything whatsoever besides . '' Letters ( edit ) Saint Jerome by Matthias Stom Jerome 's letters or epistles , both by the great variety of their subjects and by their qualities of style , form an important portion of his literary remains . Whether he is discussing problems of scholarship , or reasoning on cases of conscience , comforting the afflicted , or saying pleasant things to his friends , scourging the vices and corruptions of the time and against sexual immorality among the clergy , exhorting to the ascetic life and renunciation of the world , or breaking a lance with his theological opponents , he gives a vivid picture not only of his own mind , but of the age and its peculiar characteristics . Because there was no distinct line between personal documents and those meant for publication , we frequently find in his letters both confidential messages and treatises meant for others besides the one to whom he was writing . Due to the time he spent in Rome among wealthy families belonging to the Roman upper - class , Jerome was frequently commissioned by women who had taken a vow of virginity to write them in guidance of how to live their life . As a result , he spent a great deal of his life corresponding to these women about certain abstentions and lifestyle practices . These included the clothing she should wear , the interactions she should undertake and how to go about conducting herself during such interactions , and what and how she ate and drank . The letters most frequently reprinted or referred to are of a hortatory nature , such as Ep. 14 , Ad Heliodorum de laude vitae solitariae ; Ep. 22 , Ad Eustochium de custodia virginitatis ; Ep. 52 , Ad Nepotianum de vita clericorum et monachorum , a sort of epitome of pastoral theology from the ascetic standpoint ; Ep. 53 , Ad Paulinum de studio scripturarum ; Ep. 57 , to the same , De institutione monachi ; Ep. 70 , Ad Magnum de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis ; and Ep. 107 , Ad Laetam de institutione filiae . Letter to Dardanus ( Ep. 129 ) You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers ( ch. 34 ) : as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina , between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh - barnea , ( which is located with the Arabah to the east ) and continues to the west , as far as the river of Egypt , that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara ; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine , Phoenicia , Coele ‐ Syria , and Cilicia ; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath , called Epiphany ‐ Syria ; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret , now called Tiberias , and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea , now called the Dead Sea . Theological writings ( edit ) Francesco St Jerome - Jacopo Palma il Giovane Practically all of Jerome 's productions in the field of dogma have a more or less vehemently polemical character , and are directed against assailants of the orthodox doctrines . Even the translation of the treatise of Didymus the Blind on the Holy Spirit into Latin ( begun in Rome 384 , completed at Bethlehem ) shows an apologetic tendency against the Arians and Pneumatomachoi . The same is true of his version of Origen 's De principiis ( ca . 399 ) , intended to supersede the inaccurate translation by Rufinus . The more strictly polemical writings cover every period of his life . During the sojourns at Antioch and Constantinople he was mainly occupied with the Arian controversy , and especially with the schisms centering around Meletius of Antioch and Lucifer Calaritanus . Two letters to Pope Damasus ( 15 and 16 ) complain of the conduct of both parties at Antioch , the Meletians and Paulinians , who had tried to draw him into their controversy over the application of the terms ousia and hypostasis to the Trinity . At the same time or a little later ( 379 ) he composed his Liber Contra Luciferianos , in which he cleverly uses the dialogue form to combat the tenets of that faction , particularly their rejection of baptism by heretics . In Rome ( ca . 383 ) he wrote a passionate counterblast against the teaching of Helvidius , in defense of the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary and of the superiority of the single over the married state . An opponent of a somewhat similar nature was Jovinianus , with whom he came into conflict in 392 ( Adversus Jovinianum , Against Jovinianus ) and the defense of this work addressed to his friend Pammachius , numbered 48 in the letters ) . Once more he defended the ordinary practices of piety and his own ascetic ethics in 406 against the Gallic presbyter Vigilantius , who opposed the cultus of martyrs and relics , the vow of poverty , and clerical celibacy . Meanwhile , the controversy with John II of Jerusalem and Rufinus concerning the orthodoxy of Origen occurred . To this period belong some of his most passionate and most comprehensive polemical works : the Contra Joannem Hierosolymitanum ( 398 or 399 ) ; the two closely connected Apologiae contra Rufinum ( 402 ) ; and the `` last word '' written a few months later , the Liber tertius seuten ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufini . The last of his polemical works is the skilfully composed Dialogus contra Pelagianos ( 415 ) . Reception by later Christianity ( edit ) The Virgin and Child with Saints Jerome and Nicholas of Tolentino by Lorenzo Lotto Jerome is the second most voluminous writer ( after Augustine of Hippo ) in ancient Latin Christianity . In the Roman Catholic Church , he is recognized as the patron saint of translators , librarians and encyclopedists . He acquired a knowledge of Hebrew by studying with a Jew who converted to Christianity , and took the unusual position ( for that time ) that the Hebrew , and not the Septuagint , was the inspired text of the Old Testament . The traditional view is that he used this knowledge to translate what became known as the Vulgate , and his translation was slowly but eventually accepted in the Catholic Church . The later resurgence of Hebrew studies within Christianity owes much to him . He showed more zeal and interest in the ascetic ideal than in abstract speculation . It was this strict asceticism that made Martin Luther judge him so severely . In fact , Protestant readers are not generally inclined to accept his writings as authoritative . The tendency to recognize a superior comes out in his correspondence with Augustine ( cf . Jerome 's letters numbered 56 , 67 , 102 -- 105 , 110 -- 112 , 115 -- 116 ; and 28 , 39 , 40 , 67 -- 68 , 71 -- 75 , 81 -- 82 in Augustine 's ) . Despite the criticisms already mentioned , Jerome has retained a rank among the western Fathers . This would be his due , if for nothing else , on account of the great influence exercised by his Latin version of the Bible upon the subsequent ecclesiastical and theological development . In Art ( edit ) Statue Of Saint Jerome ( Hieronymus ) -- Bethlehem , Palestine Authority , West Bank In art , Jerome is often represented as one of the four Latin doctors of the Church along with Augustine of Hippo , Ambrose , and Pope Gregory I. As a prominent member of the Roman clergy , he has often been portrayed anachronistically in the garb of a cardinal . Even when he is depicted as a half - clad anchorite , with cross , skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell , the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture . During Jerome 's life , cardinals did not exist . However , by the time of the Renaissance and the Baroque it was common practice for a secretary to the pope to be a cardinal ( as Jerome had effectively been to Damasus ) , and so this was reflected in artistic interpretations . He is also often depicted with a lion , in reference to the popular hagiographical belief that Jerome had tamed a lion in the wilderness by healing its paw . The source for the story may actually have been the second century Roman tale of Androcles , or confusion with the exploits of Saint Gerasimus ( Jerome in later Latin is `` Geronimus '' ) . Hagiographies of Jerome talk of his having spent many years in the Syrian desert , and artists often depict him in a `` wilderness '' , which for West European painters can take the form of a wood or forest . Saint Jerome in his study by Pieter Coecke van Aelst and Workshop , Walters Art Museum The saint is often depicted in connection with the vanitas motif , the reflection on the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits . In the 16th century Saint Jerome in his study by Pieter Coecke van Aelst and workshop the saint is depicted with a skull . Behind him on the wall is pinned an admonition , Cogita Mori ( Think upon death ) . Further reminders of the vanitas motif of the passage of time and the imminence of death are the image of the Last Judgment visible in the saint 's Bible , the candle and the hourglass . He is also sometimes depicted with an owl , the symbol of wisdom and scholarship . Writing materials and the trumpet of final judgment are also part of his iconography . He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial . See also ( edit ) Bible translations Ferdinand Cavallera Church Fathers Genesius of Arles Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus Order of St. Jerome International Translation Day References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` St. Jerome ( Christian scholar ) '' . Britannica Encyclopedia . 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Thomas P. Commentary on Matthew ( The Fathers of the Church , Volume 117 ) . p. 5 . `` '' Jump up ^ Maisie Ward , Saint Jerome , Sheed & Ward , London 1950 , p. 7 `` It may be taken as certain that Jerome was an Italian , coming from that wedge of Italy which seems on the old maps to be driven between Dalmatia and Pannonia . '' Jump up ^ Tom Streeter , The Church and Western Culture : An Introduction to Church History , AuthorHouse 2006 , p. 102 `` Jerome was born around 340 AD at Stridon , a town in northeast Italy at the head of the Adriatic Ocean . '' Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip , ed. ( 1893 ) . A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church . 2nd series . VI . Henry Wace . New York : The Christian Literature Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Megan Hale Williams , The Monk and the Book : Jerome and the Making of Christian Scholarship , ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2006 ) Jump up ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church he is known as Saint Jerome of Stridonium or Blessed Jerome . Though `` Blessed '' in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint , as in the West . Jump up ^ Williams , Megan Hale ( 2006 ) , The Monk and the Book : Jerome and the making of Christian Scholarship , Chicago Jump up ^ Pevarello , Daniele ( 2013 ) . The Sentences of Sextus and the origins of Christian ascetiscism . Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck . p. 1 . ISBN 9783161525797 . Jump up ^ Wilkes 1995 , p. 266 : `` Alongside Latin the native Illyrian survived in the country areas , and St Jerome claimed to speak his ' sermo gentilis ' ( Commentary on Isaiah 7.19 ) . '' Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael , ed. ( 1992 ) , Butler 's Lives of the Saints , New York : HarperCollins , p. 307 Jump up ^ Kelly , JND ( 1975 ) , Jerome : His Life , Writings , and Controversies , New York : Harper & Row , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Payne , Robert ( 1951 ) , The Fathers of the Western Church , New York : Viking Press , pp. 90 -- 92 Jump up ^ Psalm 55 : 15 Jump up ^ Jerome , Commentarius in Ezzechielem , c. 40 , v. 5 Jump up ^ Patrologia Latina 25 , 373 : Crebroque cryptas ingredi , quae in terrarum profunda defossae , ex utraque parte ingredientium per parietes habent corpora sepultorum , et ita obscura sunt omnia , ut propemodum illud propheticum compleatur : Descendant ad infernum viventes ( Ps . LIV , 16 ) : et raro desuper lumen admissum , horrorem temperet tenebrarum , ut non tam fenestram , quam foramen demissi luminis putes : rursumque pedetentim acceditur , et caeca nocte circumdatis illud Virgilianum proponitur ( Aeneid . lib. II ) : `` Horror ubique animos , simul ipsa silentia terrent . '' Jump up ^ P. Vergilius Maro , Aeneid Theodore C. Williams , Ed . Perseus Project ( retrieved 23 Aug 2013 ) Jump up ^ Payne , Robert ( 1951 ) , The Fathers of the Western Church , New York : Viking , p. 91 Jump up ^ Rebenich , Stefan ( 2002 ) , Jerome , p. 211 , Further , he began to study Hebrew : ' I betook myself to a brother who before his conversion had been a Hebrew and ' ... Jump up ^ Pritz , Ray ( 1988 ) , Nazarene Jewish Christianity : from the end of the New Testament , p. 50 , In his accounts of his desert sojourn , Jerome never mentions leaving Chalcis , and there is no pressing reason to think ... Jump up ^ `` Saint Jerome in His Study '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ Joyce Salisbury , Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world , Blaesilla Jump up ^ Bennett , Rod ( 2015 ) . The Apostasy That Was n't : The Extraordinary Story of the Unbreakable Early Church . Catholic Answers Press . ISBN 1941663494 . Jump up ^ `` ( ... ) die griechische Bibelübersetzung , die einem innerjüdischen Bedürfnis entsprang ( ... ) ( von den ) Rabbinen zuerst gerühmt ( ... ) Später jedoch , als manche ungenaue Übertragung des hebräischen Textes in der Septuaginta und Übersetzungsfehler die Grundlage für hellenistische Irrlehren abgaben , lehte man die Septuaginta ab . '' Verband der Deutschen Juden ( Hrsg . ) , neu hrsg . von Walter Homolka , Walter Jacob , Tovia Ben Chorin : Die Lehren des Judentums nach den Quellen ; München , Knesebeck , 1999 , Bd. 3 , S. 43ff Jump up ^ Pierre Nautin , article Hieronymus , in : Theologische Realenzyklopädie , Vol. 15 , Walter de Gruyter , Berlin -- New York 1986 , p. 304 - 315 , here p. 309 - 310 . Jump up ^ Michael Graves , Jerome 's Hebrew Philology : A Study Based on his Commentary on Jeremiah , Brill , 2007 : 196 - 198 . Page 197 : `` In his discussion he gives clear evidence of having consulted the Hebrew himself , providing details about the Hebrew that could not have been learned from the Greek translations . '' Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb , Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah Jump up ^ `` Jerome 's Preface to Samuel and Kings '' . Jump up ^ Barber , Michael ( 2006 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Loose Canons : The Development of the Old Testament ( Part 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jerome , To Paulinus , Epistle 58 ( A.D. 395 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 119. : `` Do not , my dearest brother , estimate my worth by the number of my years . Gray hairs are not wisdom ; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says : `` wisdom is the gray hair unto men . ' ( Wisdom 4 : 9 ) '' Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed , and to select them not for their years but for their discretion ( Num. 11 : 16 ) ? And , as a boy , Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age ( Daniel 13 : 55 -- 59 aka Story of Susannah 55 -- 59 ) '' Jump up ^ Jerome , To Oceanus , Epistle 77 : 4 ( A.D. 399 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 159. : `` I would cite the words of the psalmist : ' the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit , ' ( Ps 51 : 17 ) and those of Ezekiel ' I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death , ' ( Ez 18 : 23 ) and those of Baruch , ' Arise , arise , O Jerusalem , ' ( Baruch 5 : 5 ) and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets . '' Jump up ^ Jerome , Letter 51 , 6 , 7 , NPNF2 , VI : 87 - 8 : `` For in the book of Wisdom , which is inscribed with his name , Solomon says : `` God created man to be immortal , and made him to be an image of his own eternity . '' ( Wisdom 2 : 23 ) ... Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them , behold I have given you seven '' Jump up ^ Taylor , F. Sherwood ( 23 December 1944 ) . `` St. Jerome and Vitamin A '' . Nature . 154 : 802 -- 802 . doi : 10.1038 / 154802a0 . Jump up ^ `` regulae sancti pachomii 84 rule 104 . Jump up ^ W.H. Fremantle , `` Prolegomena to Jerome '' , V . Jump up ^ Bechard , Dean Philip ( 1 January 2000 ) . Paul Outside the Walls : A Study of Luke 's Socio - geographical Universalism in Acts 14 : 8 - 20 . Gregorian Biblical BookShop . pp. 203 -- 205 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7653 - 143 - 9 . In the Second Temple period , when Jewish authors were seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Land , it became customary to construe `` Mount Hor '' of Num 34 : 7 as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains , which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain ( Bechard 2000 , p. 205 , note 98 . ) Jump up ^ Sainte Bible expliquée et commentée , contenant le texte de la Vulgate . Bibl . Ecclésiastique. 1837 . p. 41 . Quod si objeceris terram repromissionis dici , quae in Numerorum volumine continetur ( Cap . 34 ) , a meridie maris Salinarum per Sina et Cades - Barne , usque ad torrentem Aegypti , qui juxta Rhinocoruram mari magno influit ; et ab occidente ipsum mare , quod Palaestinae , Phoenici , Syriae Coeles , Ciliciaeque pertenditur ; ab aquilone Taurum montem et Zephyrium usque Emath , quae appellatur Epiphania Syriae ; ad orientem vero per Antiochiam et lacum Cenereth , quae nunc Tiberias appellatur , et Jordanem , qui mari influit Salinarum , quod nunc Mortuum dicitur ; ( Image of p. 41 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Hieronymus ( 1910 ) . `` Epistola CXXIX Ad Dardanum de Terra promissionis ( al. 129 ; scripta circa annum 414ce ) '' . Epistularum Pars III -- Epistulae 121 - 154 , p. 171 ( The fifty - sixth volume of Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum also known as the Vienna Corpus : Letters Part 3 , Containing letters 121 - 154 of St. Jerome . ) Image of p. 171 at Archive.org Jump up ^ `` St. Jerome : Patron Saint of Librarians Luther College Library and Information Services '' . Lis.luther.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stefan Rebenich , Jerome ( New York : Routlage , 2002 ) , pp. 52 -- 59 Jump up ^ `` Jerome , St . '' Pages 872 - 873 in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Third Edition Revised . Edited by E.A. Livingstone ; F.L. Cross . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hope Werness , Continuum encyclopaedia of animal symbolism in art , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Eugene Rice has suggested that in all probability the story of Gerasimus 's lion became attached to the figure of Jerome some time during the seventh century , after the military invasions of the Arabs had forced many Greek monks who were living in the deserts of the Middle East to seek refuge in Rome . Rice conjectures ( Saint Jerome in the Renaissance , pp. 44 -- 45 ) that because of the similarity between the names Gerasimus and Geronimus -- the late Latin form of Jerome 's name -- ' a Latin - speaking cleric ... made St Geronimus the hero of a story he had heard about St Gerasimus ; and that the author of Plerosque nimirum , attracted by a story at once so picturesque , so apparently appropriate , and so resonant in suggestion and meaning , and under the impression that its source was pilgrims who had been told it in Bethlehem , included it in his life of a favourite saint otherwise bereft of miracles . ' '' Salter , David . Holy and Noble Beasts : Encounters With Animals in Medieval Literature . D.S. Brewer . p. 12 . ISBN 9780859916240 . Jump up ^ `` a figment '' found in the thirteenth - century Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine Williams , Megan Hale . The Monk and the Book : Jerome and the Making of Christian Scholarship . Chicago : U of Chicago P. p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89900 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Jerome in Catholic Saint info '' . Catholic-saints.info . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Jerome in His Study '' . The Walters Art Museum . ^ Jump up to : The Collection : Saint Jerome , gallery of the religious art collection of New Mexico State University , with explanations . Accessed August 10 , 2007 . Bibliography J.N.D. Kelly , Jerome : His Life , Writings , and Controversies ( Peabody , MA 1998 ) S. Rebenich , Jerome ( London and New York , 2002 ) `` Biblia Sacra Vulgata '' , Stuttgart , 1994 . ISBN 3 - 438 - 05303 - 9 This article uses material from Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion . Further reading ( edit ) Saint Jerome , Three biographies : Malchus , St. Hilarion and Paulus the First Hermit Authored by Saint Jerome , London , 2012 . limovia.net . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78336 - 016 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jerome Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Jerome . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Jerome Letters of Jerome Dataset -- corpus as structured data , with sender , receiver , and letter - type classification St. Jerome ( pdf ) from Fr . Alban Butler 's Lives of the Saints The Life of St. Jerome , Priest , Confessor and Doctor of the Church Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` St. Jerome '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jewish Encyclopedia : Jerome St. Jerome -- Catholic Online St Jerome ( Hieronymus ) of Stridonium Orthodox synaxarion earlyfathers.com/jerome/ Early Church Fathers . Jerome : Great Translator ( link cybersquatted as of Mar. 17 , 2013 ) Further reading of depictions of Saint Jerome in art Saint Jerome , Doctor of the Church at the Christian Iconography web site Here Followeth the Life of Jerome from Caxton 's translation of the Golden Legend Works of Saint Jerome at Somni Beati Hyeronimi Epistolarum liber , digitized codex ( 1464 ) Epistole de santo Geronimo traducte di latino , digitized codex ( 1475 -- 1490 ) Hieronymi in Danielem , digitized codex ( 1490 ) Sancti Hieronymi ad Pammachium in duodecim prophetas , digitized codex ( 1470 -- 1480 ) Colonnade Statue in St Peter 's Square Latin texts ( edit ) Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Biblia Sacra Chronological list of Jerome 's Works with modern editions and translations cited Opera Omnia ( Complete Works ) from Migne edition ( Patrologia Latina , 1844 -- 1855 ) with analytical indexes , almost complete online edition Facsimiles ( edit ) Migne volume 23 part 1 ( 1883 edition ) Migne volume 23 part 2 ( 1883 edition ) Migne volume 24 ( 1845 edition ) Migne volume 25 part 1 ( 1884 edition ) Migne volume 25 part 2 ( 1884 edition ) Migne volume 28 ( 1890 edition ? ) Migne volume 30 ( 1865 edition ) English translations ( edit ) Jerome ( 1887 ) . The pilgrimage of the holy Paula . Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society . English translations of Biblical Prefaces , Commentary on Daniel , Chronicle , and Letter 120 ( tertullian.org ) Jerome 's Letter to Pope Damasus : Preface to the Gospels English translation of Jerome 's De Viris Illustribus The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary Lives of Famous Men ( CCEL ) Apology Against Rufinus ( CCEL ) Letters , The Life of Paulus the First Hermit , The Life of S. Hilarion , The Life of Malchus , the Captive Monk , The Dialogue Against the Luciferians , The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary , Against Jovinianus , Against Vigilantius , To Pammachius against John of Jerusalem , Against the Pelagians , Prefaces ( CCEL ) Audiobook of some of the Letters History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - 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Catholicism portal Saints portal VIAF : 95147024 LCCN : n79124709 ISNI : 0000 0001 2321 3293 GND : 118550853 SELIBR : 189318 SUDOC : 027396436 BNF : cb119074986 ( data ) ULAN : 500060933 NLA : 36534521 NDL : 01023878 NKC : jn19981001563 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 010145 BNE : XX874236 IATH : w6r5192c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome&oldid=815566368 '' Categories : Jerome 347 births 420 deaths 4th - century historians 4th - century Romans 5th - century Romans 5th - century Christian saints 5th - century translators Translators of the Bible into Latin Roman Catholic theologians Christian apologists Christian hagiographers 4th - century Christian theologians Church Fathers Doctors of the Church Chronologists Latin letter writers Late Antique Latin - language writers Translation scholars Illyrian people Hieronymite Order Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did jerome translated the bible into latin	[ "Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Jerusalem to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the Vetus Latina. By 390 he turned to translating the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew, having previously translated portions from the Septuagint which came from Alexandria. He believed that the mainstream Rabbinical Judaism had rejected the Septuagint as invalid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements.[24] He completed this work by 405. Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint, not the Hebrew. Jerome's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previous translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who thought the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has sometimes cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome's Hebrew knowledge. Many modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for Jerome's \"iuxta Hebraeos\" translation of the Old Testament.[25] However, detailed studies have shown that to a considerable degree Jerome was a competent Hebraist.[26]" ]	[ "390" ]
829746382998712855	Somebody (Natalie La Rose song)	Somebody ( Natalie La Rose song ) - wikipedia Somebody ( Natalie La Rose song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Somebody '' Single by Natalie La Rose featuring Jeremih Released January 6 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Electro - R&B Length 3 : 10 Label Universal Republic International Music Group Producer ( s ) The Futuristics Cook Classics Natalie La Rose singles chronology `` Somebody '' ( 2015 ) `` Around The World '' ( 2015 ) `` Somebody '' ( 2015 ) `` Around The World '' ( 2015 ) Jeremih singles chronology `` Bad Bitch '' ( 2014 ) Bad Bitch 2014 `` Somebody '' ( 2015 ) Somebody2015 `` Planes '' ( 2014 ) Planes 2014 `` Somebody '' is the debut single from Dutch singer Natalie La Rose featuring American singer Jeremih . The song was written by La Rose and produced by The Futuristics and Cook Classics . It was released for digital download on January 6 , 2015 . Musically , `` Somebody '' is an electro - R&B song which makes use of synthesizers and heavy drum instrumentation . Both La Rose and Jeremih 's vocals make use of auto - tune . The song features snippets of `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' by Whitney Houston , `` Do You Really Wanna Know '' by Lillix written by Marcel Albert , and Shots by LMFAO and Lil Jon . The single reached the number one position on Billboard 's Rhythmic Airplay chart in its April 4 , 2015 issue . On the Billboard Hot 100 , the song peaked at number ten , making it Jeremih 's fourth top - ten hit and La Rose 's first . The single was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales exceeding 2,000,000 copies . It also charted at number two on the UK Singles Chart , and was awarded Silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry . In Australia , the song peaked at number 12 and was certified platinum , denoting sales exceeding 70,000 copies . The accompanying music video , directed by Luke Gilford , was uploaded to La Rose 's Vevo account on February 13 , 2015 . It features La Rose leading her dancers in front of an old mansion while also singing the song in a garden with a rose - covered fence and statues with strange lighting , with intercut scenes of Jeremih singing his part . The video received over 140 million views on YouTube / Vevo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Track listing 3 Remix 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References Background and composition ( edit ) The song contains interpolations of Whitney Houston 's 1987 hit `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' , `` Do You Really Wanna Know '' by Lillix written by Marcel Albert , and Shots by LMFAO and Lil Jon . La Rose explained how the song came about : `` We had the whole song except for the hook . Hours later , Flo all of a sudden was like , ' I wan na rock with somebody ! ' And we were like , ' Yes ! That 's the moment we 've been waiting for , it all makes sense . ' '' She also said : `` We had this idea to base a song around Whitney 's first big hit , I Wanna Dance With Somebody . Getting permission to use a sample was pretty difficult . We were in the process of creating the song in Miami when Jeremih was there doing a Big Dreams for Kids Back to School event . Flo invited him to add a rap to the track and he nailed it on the first take . There was no grand plan to get Jeremih involved . He just happened to be in Miami at the right time . His rap adds that extra something which makes the track really special . '' `` Somebody '' is written in the key of A minor . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single No . Title Length 1 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) 3 : 09 Digital download -- The Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) ( Imanos And Gramercy Remix ) 3 : 21 2 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) ( Kasche Remix ) 3 : 03 3 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) ( Caroline D'Amore Remix ) 3 : 55 4 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) ( Modern Machines Remix ) 4 : 08 5 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) ( Dawin Remix ) 3 : 44 6 . `` Somebody '' ( featuring Jeremih ) ( Gazzo Remix ) 4 : 52 Remix ( edit ) The official remix was released on April 8 , 2015 . It features original collaborator Jeremih and new verses from rappers Fetty Wap , Sage the Gemini and Troy Ave . There is also another remix , called the `` Young California Remix '' , that features original vocals from singer Jeremih and the vocals of rapper Sage the Gemini and The Kid Ryan . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 10 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 22 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 34 France ( SNEP ) 71 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 60 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Africa ( EMA ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 68 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 85 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 15 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 92 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 48 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 83 US Billboard Hot 100 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow 's Hits : Natalie La Rose , Wash & Josh Dorr '' . Billboard. 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Highlights : Madonna 's ' Ghosttown ' Debuts on Adult Contemporary '' from Billboard ( March 23 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ NatalieLaRoseVEVO ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) , Natalie La Rose - Somebody ft . Jeremih , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 Jump up ^ https://web.cmrra.com/song%20lookup/song.nsf/2726ac239b9c869d85257c76004dde6f/1e9a5200ed1b4ab685257ed3005d5054?OpenDocument Jump up ^ `` I Prevail , Natalie La Rose & Catfish and the Bottlemen : Emerging Picks of the Week '' . Billboard. 2015 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` On the Verge : Natalie La Rose is ' Somebody ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowlands , Geoffrey ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` The courageous and determined Natalie La Rose '' . Gulf Times . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Joe , Khajadourian , . `` Natalie La Rose `` Somebody '' Sheet Music in A Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - Somebody ( feat . Jeremih ) ( The Remixes ) - EP by Natalie La Rose Jump up ^ `` Premiere : Natalie La Rose Enlists Jeremih , Fetty Wap , Sage The Gemini and Troy Ave For the `` Somebody '' Remix `` . April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # YoungCalifornia Remix : Natalie La Rose `` Somebody '' feat . Jeremih , Sage The Gemini and The Kid Ryan `` . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 25 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Natalie La Rose search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 06 - 13 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 07 - 28 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 06 - 13 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 06 - 13 '' UK R&B Chart . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie La Rose -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Natalie La Rose . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Urban Singles 2015 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TRACK TOP - 100 2015 '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Natalie La Rose feat . Jeremih -- Somebody '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Enter Somebody in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Natalie La Rose -- Somebody '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Balfour , Jay ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Hip Hop Singles Sales : Wiz Khalifa , Fetty Wap , T'Wayne '' . HipHopDX . Cheri Media Group . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ( hide ) Jeremih Discography Studio albums Jeremih All About You Late Nights Singles `` Birthday Sex '' `` Imma Star ( Everywhere We Are ) '' `` I Like '' `` Down on Me '' `` Do n't Tell ' Em '' `` Planes '' `` Oui '' Featured singles `` My Time '' `` I Do n't Deserve You '' `` Do It Like You '' `` Amen '' `` My Moment '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' `` Party Girls '' `` Hold You Down '' `` The Body '' `` Bad Bitch '' `` Somebody '' `` Like Me '' `` Freak of the Week '' `` The Fix '' `` You Mine '' `` Switch Up '' `` Body `` What a Night '' `` Enemiez '' `` All Eyez '' `` Point Seen Money Gone '' `` Do You Mind '' Promotional singles `` Tonight Belongs to U ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody_(Natalie_La_Rose_song)&oldid=800641878 '' Categories : Natalie La Rose songs 2014 songs 2015 singles Jeremih songs Republic Records singles Debut singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i wanna rock with somebody	[ "\"Somebody\" is the debut single from Dutch singer Natalie La Rose featuring American singer Jeremih.[1] The song was written by La Rose and produced by The Futuristics and Cook Classics. It was released for digital download on January 6, 2015.", "\"Somebody\" is the debut single from Dutch singer Natalie La Rose featuring American singer Jeremih.[1] The song was written by La Rose and produced by The Futuristics and Cook Classics. It was released for digital download on January 6, 2015." ]	[ "Natalie La Rose", "Jeremih" ]
1012104891017321479	List of presidents of the United States by age	List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by age This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to August 27 , 2018 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . Contents 1 Age of U.S. presidents 2 Table 2.1 Notes 3 Oldest living U.S. presidents 4 References 5 Sources Age of U.S. presidents ( edit ) See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months . This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president at the age of 42 years , 322 days , following William McKinley 's assassination ; the oldest was Donald Trump , who was 70 years , 220 days old at his inauguration . The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy , at 43 years , 163 days of age on election day ; the oldest was Ronald Reagan , who was 73 years , 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term . Assassinated three years into his term , John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt ( 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan ( 77 years , 349 days ) . Born on May 29 , 1917 , John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors , the greatest number to date : Lyndon Johnson ( 8 years , 9 months , and 2 days ) ; Ronald Reagan ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; Richard Nixon ( 4 years , 4 months , and 16 days ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 3 years , 10 months , and 15 days ) . Born on February 6 , 1911 , Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors , the greatest number to date : Richard Nixon ( 1 year , 11 months , and 7 days ) ; Gerald Ford ( 2 years , 5 months , and 8 days ) ; John F. Kennedy ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; and Jimmy Carter ( 13 years , 7 months , and 25 days ) . Three presidents -- Donald Trump , George W. Bush , and Bill Clinton -- were born in 1946 ( all within the span of 9 weeks ) . This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born . Two presidents -- James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding -- were born on November 2 ( 70 years apart ) . This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents . The oldest living U.S. president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 94 years , 76 days ) . On November 25 , 2017 , he also became the longest - lived president , surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 93 years , 165 days . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 37 years , 219 days . He surpassed the previous record , held by Herbert Hoover ( 31 years , 230 days ) on September 7 , 2012 . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 57 years , 23 days ) . The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield , who were both assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died of cholera at the age of 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s , with two of them currently alive . They are ( in order of birth ) : John Adams ( aged 90 years , 247 days ) Herbert Hoover ( aged 90 years , 71 days ) Ronald Reagan ( aged 93 years , 120 days ) Gerald Ford ( aged 93 years , 165 days ) George H.W. Bush ( age 94 years , 76 days ) Jimmy Carter ( age 93 years , 330 days ) Table ( edit ) President Birth date Start of presidency End of presidency Post-presidency Death Date Age Date Age timespan Date Age 01 George Washington Feb 22 , 1732 Apr 30 , 1789 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days Mar 4 , 1797 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days Dec 14 , 1799 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 02 John Adams Oct 30 , 1735 Mar 4 , 1797 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days Mar 4 , 1801 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days Jul 4 , 1826 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 03 Thomas Jefferson Apr 13 , 1743 Mar 4 , 1801 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days Mar 4 , 1809 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days Jul 4 , 1826 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days 04 James Madison Mar 16 , 1751 Mar 4 , 1809 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days Mar 4 , 1817 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days Jun 28 , 1836 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 05 James Monroe Apr 28 , 1758 Mar 4 , 1817 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days Mar 4 , 1825 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days Jul 4 , 1831 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days 06 John Q. Adams Jul 11 , 1767 Mar 4 , 1825 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days Mar 4 , 1829 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days Feb 23 , 1848 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 07 Andrew Jackson Mar 15 , 1767 Mar 4 , 1829 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days Mar 4 , 1837 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days Jun 8 , 1845 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 08 Martin Van Buren Dec 5 , 1782 Mar 4 , 1837 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days Mar 4 , 1841 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days Jul 24 , 1862 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 09 William H. Harrison Feb 9 , 1773 Mar 4 , 1841 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 00,000 0 days Apr 4 , 1841 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days 10 John Tyler Mar 29 , 1790 Apr 4 , 1841 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days Mar 4 , 1845 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days Jan 18 , 1862 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days 11 James K. Polk Nov 2 , 1795 Mar 4 , 1845 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days Mar 4 , 1849 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 days Jun 15 , 1849 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days 12 Zachary Taylor Nov 24 , 1784 Mar 4 , 1849 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 00,000 0 days Jul 9 , 1850 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days 13 Millard Fillmore Jan 7 , 1800 Jul 9 , 1850 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days Mar 4 , 1853 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days Mar 8 , 1874 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 14 Franklin Pierce Nov 23 , 1804 Mar 4 , 1853 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days Mar 4 , 1857 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days Oct 8 , 1869 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days 15 James Buchanan Apr 23 , 1791 Mar 4 , 1857 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days Mar 4 , 1861 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days Jun 1 , 1868 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 16 Abraham Lincoln Feb 12 , 1809 Mar 4 , 1861 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 00,000 0 days Apr 15 , 1865 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days 17 Andrew Johnson Dec 29 , 1808 Apr 15 , 1865 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days Mar 4 , 1869 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days Jul 31 , 1875 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 18 Ulysses S. Grant Apr 27 , 1822 Mar 4 , 1869 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days Mar 4 , 1877 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days Jul 23 , 1885 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Oct 4 , 1822 Mar 4 , 1877 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days Mar 4 , 1881 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days Jan 17 , 1893 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 20 James A. Garfield Nov 19 , 1831 Mar 4 , 1881 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 00,000 0 days Sep 19 , 1881 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days 21 Chester A. Arthur Oct 5 , 1829 Sep 19 , 1881 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days Mar 4 , 1885 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days Nov 18 , 1886 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days 22 Grover Cleveland Mar 18 , 1837 Mar 4 , 1885 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days Mar 4 , 1889 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days 15 years , 112 days Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 23 Benjamin Harrison Aug 20 , 1833 Mar 4 , 1889 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days Mar 4 , 1893 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days Mar 13 , 1901 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 24 Grover Cleveland Mar 18 , 1837 Mar 4 , 1893 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days Mar 4 , 1897 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days 15 years , 112 days Jun 24 , 1908 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 25 William McKinley Jan 29 , 1843 Mar 4 , 1897 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 00,000 0 days Sep 14 , 1901 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days 26 Theodore Roosevelt Oct 27 , 1858 Sep 14 , 1901 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days Mar 4 , 1909 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days Jan 6 , 1919 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days 27 William H. Taft Sep 15 , 1857 Mar 4 , 1909 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days Mar 4 , 1913 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days Mar 8 , 1930 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 28 Woodrow Wilson Dec 28 , 1856 Mar 4 , 1913 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days Mar 4 , 1921 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days Feb 3 , 1924 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 29 Warren G. Harding Nov 2 , 1865 Mar 4 , 1921 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 00,000 0 days Aug 2 , 1923 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days 30 Calvin Coolidge Jul 4 , 1872 Aug 2 , 1923 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days Mar 4 , 1929 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days Jan 5 , 1933 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 31 Herbert Hoover Aug 10 , 1874 Mar 4 , 1929 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days Mar 4 , 1933 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days Oct 20 , 1964 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Jan 30 , 1882 Mar 4 , 1933 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 00,000 0 days Apr 12 , 1945 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days 33 Harry S. Truman May 8 , 1884 Apr 12 , 1945 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days Jan 20 , 1953 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days Dec 26 , 1972 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Oct 14 , 1890 Jan 20 , 1953 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days Jan 20 , 1961 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days Mar 28 , 1969 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days 35 John F. Kennedy May 29 , 1917 Jan 20 , 1961 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 00,000 0 days Nov 22 , 1963 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Aug 27 , 1908 Nov 22 , 1963 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days Jan 20 , 1969 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days Jan 22 , 1973 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 37 Richard Nixon Jan 9 , 1913 Jan 20 , 1969 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days Aug 9 , 1974 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days Apr 22 , 1994 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days 38 Gerald Ford Jul 14 , 1913 Aug 9 , 1974 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days Jan 20 , 1977 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days Dec 26 , 2006 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 39 Jimmy Carter Oct 1 , 1924 Jan 20 , 1977 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days Jan 20 , 1981 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days 7004137330000000000 ♠ 37 years , 219 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004342980000000000 ♠ 93 years , 330 days 40 Ronald Reagan Feb 6 , 1911 Jan 20 , 1981 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days Jan 20 , 1989 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days Jun 5 , 2004 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 41 George H.W. Bush Jun 12 , 1924 Jan 20 , 1989 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days Jan 20 , 1993 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days 7003935000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 219 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004344090000000000 ♠ 94 years , 76 days 42 Bill Clinton Aug 19 , 1946 Jan 20 , 1993 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days Jan 20 , 2001 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days 7003642800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 219 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004263060000000000 ♠ 72 years , 8 days 43 George W. Bush Jul 6 , 1946 Jan 20 , 2001 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days Jan 20 , 2009 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days 7003350600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 219 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004263500000000000 ♠ 72 years , 52 days 44 Barack Obama Aug 4 , 1961 Jan 20 , 2009 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days Jan 20 , 2017 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days 7002584000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 219 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004208420000000000 ♠ 57 years , 23 days 45 Donald Trump Jun 14 , 1946 Jan 20 , 2017 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days 2018 - 08 - 27 7004263720000000000 ♠ 72 years , 74 days President Birth date Date Age Date Age Post-presidency Date Age Start of presidency End of presidency timespan Death Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . ^ Jump up to : Died in office . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ Resigned from office . Oldest living U.S. presidents ( edit ) See also : Living Presidents of the United States Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time . Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any , from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest , from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later . On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the inauguration of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 49 ) and a former president ( at age 50 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction , at the age of 90 . On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . By contrast , the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford , who had been retired for 7003999800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 137 days . President Dates Age at start date Age at end date Length George Washington April 30 , 1789 -- December 14 , 1799 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days John Adams December 14 , 1799 -- July 4 , 1826 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days James Madison July 4 , 1826 -- June 28 , 1836 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days Andrew Jackson June 28 , 1836 -- June 8 , 1845 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days John Quincy Adams June 8 , 1845 -- February 23 , 1848 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days Martin Van Buren February 23 , 1848 -- July 24 , 1862 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 151 days James Buchanan July 24 , 1862 -- June 1 , 1868 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days Millard Fillmore June 1 , 1868 -- March 8 , 1874 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days Andrew Johnson March 8 , 1874 -- July 31 , 1875 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days Ulysses S. Grant July 31 , 1875 -- July 23 , 1885 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days Rutherford B. Hayes July 23 , 1885 -- January 17 , 1893 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days Benjamin Harrison January 17 , 1893 -- March 13 , 1901 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days Grover Cleveland March 13 , 1901 -- June 24 , 1908 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days Theodore Roosevelt June 24 , 1908 -- March 4 , 1909 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days William Howard Taft March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days Woodrow Wilson March 4 , 1913 -- February 3 , 1924 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days William Howard Taft February 3 , 1924 -- March 8 , 1930 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days Calvin Coolidge March 8 , 1930 -- January 5 , 1933 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days Herbert Hoover January 5 , 1933 -- October 20 , 1964 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days Harry S. Truman October 20 , 1964 -- December 26 , 1972 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days Lyndon B. Johnson December 26 , 1972 -- January 22 , 1973 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days Richard Nixon January 22 , 1973 -- January 20 , 1981 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years , 11 days 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Ronald Reagan January 20 , 1981 -- June 5 , 2004 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days Gerald Ford June 5 , 2004 -- December 26 , 2006 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days George H.W. Bush December 26 , 2006 -- present 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days Current 7003426200000000000 ♠ 11 years , 244 days President Dates Age at start date Age at end date Length References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Two former presidents share November 2 birthday '' . Indianapolis , Indiana : WTHR . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library . Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age&oldid=856410018 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders by age Lists relating to the United States presidency Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Latina Română Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the oldest elected president of the united states of america	[ "The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.\n" ]	[ "Donald Trump" ]
6426882637634181329	Bendy and the Ink Machine	Bendy and the ink Machine - Wikipedia Bendy and the ink Machine Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bendy and the Ink Machine Developer ( s ) TheMeatly Games Publisher ( s ) TheMeatly Games Designer ( s ) TheMeatly Programmer ( s ) Mike Mood Artist ( s ) TheMeatly Writer ( s ) TheMeatly Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Linux macOS Microsoft Windows Release Chapter One WW : February 10 , 2017 Chapter Two WW : April 18 , 2017 Chapter Three WW : September 28 , 2017 Chapter Four WW : TBA Chapter Five WW : TBA Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Bendy and the Ink Machine is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by TheMeatly Games . The game focuses on Henry , the protagonist , a retired animator , who returns to the old studio he worked at upon an invitation from his old colleague , studio owner Joey Drew , and discovering numerous secrets about the abandoned studio , while being hunted down by Bendy , an ink monster that resembles the company 's most popular character . The game 's first chapter , Moving Pictures , was released for Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows via Game Jolt on February 10 , 2017 , with a second chapter , The Old Song , together with a remastered version of the first one , following on April 18 , 2017 . After the game succeeded in its Steam Greenlight campaign on February 28 , 2017 , both available chapters were released onto Steam on April 27 , 2017 . The third chapter , Rise and Fall , was released on September 28 , 2017 , and a total of five chapters are planned . Mike Mood , the programmer , describes the game as an `` accidental success . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Chapter One : Moving Pictures 1.2 Chapter Two : The Old Song 1.3 Chapter Three : Rise and Fall 2 Characters 2.1 Henry 2.2 Bendy 2.3 Boris 2.4 Alice Angel 2.5 Sammy Lawrence 2.6 The Searchers 2.7 The Swollen Searchers 2.8 The Projectionist 2.9 Piper 2.10 Fisher 2.11 Striker 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( June 2017 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chapter one : Moving Pictures ( edit ) The player plays as Henry , an animator , who gets an invitation to his old workplace , an animation studio called Joey Drew Studios , by the eponymous owner and Henry 's old friend , Joey Drew . Upon arriving , the place seems deserted and run through with ink pipes . While exploring , Henry finds the Ink Machine , as well as evidence that Joey began practicing with the occult . He also finds a mutilated corpse of Boris the Wolf , one of the cartoon characters appearing in Joey 's cartoon posters . After finding the power switch to the Ink Machine , he looks for the six items ( a Bendy doll , a record , a wrench , a book , an inkwell , and a cog ) needed to activate the ink pressure system . Upon restoring the ink pressure and activating the Ink Machine , Henry is attacked by a living ink version of another one of the cartoon characters named Bendy . Henry runs to the exit but falls into a secret underground room as the floor collapses . He then uses an ax to break into another room with a pentagram painted on the ground with ink . Upon approaching the pentagram , Henry gets flashbacks of the Ink Machine , a wheelchair and `` Bendy '' before passing out . Chapter two : the old song ( edit ) Upon waking up , Henry begins to find more evidence of Drew and musical director Sammy Lawrence performing in Satanic rituals . Apparently stuck in the studio , Lawrence went insane and began worshiping Bendy as a form of appeasement , believing that the cartoon devil is a literal demon . Using an axe to help clear a path through the underground rooms , Henry ends up in the Music Department of the studio by following tracks through recordings to find his way out . While trying to escape , he encounters the Searchers , who are humanoid ink monsters that try to kill Henry . After pressing three buttons to open a gate , he comes across a pool of ink flooding a staircase and locates the drain switch in Lawrence 's office , which is blocked by a large puddle of ink . Henry finds the key to a closet in a trash can and learns that he must play Lawrence 's favorite song to open the way to the drain value . Once the way to Lawrence 's office is clear , Henry is finally able to drain the flooded staircase , but is knocked unconscious by Lawrence . Lawrence ties up Henry and explains that he has to sacrifice Henry to get `` Bendy '' to release him from his ink body and return him to normal . When `` Bendy '' arrives , he attacks and kills Lawrence instead , and eventually chases after Henry . After getting away , Henry finds a living version of Boris the Wolf as the chapter ends . After the credits , the player is shown Sammy Lawrence 's remains : a puddle of ink with his mask in the middle . Chapter three : Rise and Fall ( edit ) In Chapter Three , Henry wakes up in a safe room ; upon exiting the room and turning a corner , he sees Boris . In order to leave Boris ' safe - house , Henry needs to find three cans of soup and make them for Boris , after which he will supply Henry with the lever handle required to open the door . As Henry and Boris leave the safe - house , Henry finds a flashlight to help find their way through a dark room eventually reach a dead end , and Boris crawls through a small hatch that closes behind him . Henry enters a large room with a sign titled ' Heavenly Toys ' , and as he keeps walking , he enters a smaller room , which abruptly goes dark . Alice Angel suddenly appears , smashes the glass window of a space at the back of the room , and then escapes into the studio . He later catches up to Boris , who hands him a pipe to use as a weapon . After opening a gate and reaching an elevator , Alice Angel invites Henry and Boris down to level 9 , where she has set up residence . There , they discover many Boris corpses . After witnessing her killing one of the forms of a member of the Butcher Gang , she instructs Henry to complete a series of tasks for her while providing him with tools to help him , such as a wrench , an ink syringe , a plunger , an axe , and a tommy gun , ( which is only obtainable by making the ink bowl from an ink machine ( by Shawn Flynn 's voice tape ) , choosing the Path of the Demon at the crossroads , and avoiding death until you are offered the tommy gun ) . The tasks consist of finding special gears , collecting gobs of extra thick ink from the Swollen Searchers , obtaining power cores from valve boxes , destroying Bendy cutouts ( in which he must then run from `` Bendy '' , who does n't like his cutouts being destroyed as warned by `` Alice '' ) , fighting off the `` Butcher Gang '' who are trying to get to Alice 's room , and getting five ink hearts from the very bottom floor , where the Projectionist resides . Once these tasks are completed , Alice will allow him to leave . The number of items to collect are random . However , Boris unfortunately gets on the lift with Henry , and Alice brings the lift plummeting down , screaming that Henry has robbed her of the Boris that she needs to become `` beautiful '' again . Once the lift reaches the floor level 9 , Alice Angel appears , walking towards an unsuspecting Boris as he attempts to revive an unconscious Henry , and she pulls him away into her lair , ending the chapter . There are two paths to choose in the chapter : choosing the Path of the Angel causes an Alice Angel teaser to appear , which shows Boris tied up , an axe lying on the table , and Alice Angel 's shadow on the wall . If Henry chooses the Path of the Demon , `` Bendy '' is shown in an ink - filled room with the `` Butcher Gang '' enemies ( Piper , Fisher , and Striker ) and a Searcher . Characters ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( October 2017 ) Henry ( edit ) Henry is the main protagonist of the game . He is a retired cartoonist and animator who used to work with Joey Drew at his workshop 30 years prior to the beginning of the game 's story . The opening cut scene in the game shows a letter that Henry received from Drew , where he reminisces about their time making cartoons together . Drew finishes off inviting Henry to visit the studio once more with the mention of having `` something '' he needs to show him . Henry sets the game in motion by visiting the old workshop , as requested by Drew , and getting trapped in it . He is voiced by TheMeatly . Due to the game having a first - person perspective , Henry 's physical appearance is yet to be shown in - game , and little is learned about his psychological traits other than he is concerned and dismayed by the state of the workshop and is shocked by the thought of Drew having had a hand in it . From his tone when voicing his reaction to events , it is also suggested that he has some resistance to being surprised . It is also worth noting that , shortly after encountering Bendy for the first time , Henry begins having fast , blurry flashbacks of Bendy and the rituals before falling unconscious and setting in motion the second chapter of the story . Bendy ( edit ) During the events of the three chapters of the story this far , it is heavily implied that , for reasons yet unknown , Drew and other close employees began dabbling in occult magic and dark rituals that resulted in Bendy coming to life as a humanoid monster whose physical body is made mostly of ink . Evidence of this includes cardboard cutouts of Bendy littered around pentagrams in multiple rooms , as well as a room with coffins , a substance that appears to be blood , and more pentagrams in it . In addition to his frightening appearance , Bendy 's presence has apparently resulted in the entire animation studio becoming haunted , leading to paranormal activity and the animation of both shapeless monsters ( which act as enemies that the player must defeat to progress ) , and other characters from his cartoon show . So far , whenever Bendy appears ink begins to pour down from the walls and a chase begins where the player must rush to an available exit before Bendy catches up , an event that would lead to an instant Game Over . Bendy is yet to speak in - game and appears only in certain parts of the story , so very little is shown about his psychological characteristics other than his apparently aggressive behavior . So far , all characters that make contact with him are presumed to be killed in an unspecified fashion , although in Sammy Lawrence 's case , he is implied to have been melted into a puddle of ink by a post-credits cutscene in Chapter 2 . Due to his enigmatic background , Bendy 's motives are yet to be officially revealed , although most fans theorize ( and a few pieces of evidence in the game appear to support this ) that Bendy is driven by a grudge against his own creator for having `` betrayed '' him . It is also theorized that Bendy is actually Joey Drew . Boris ( edit ) A secondary character from Bendy 's show , Boris is an anthropomorphic wolf that bears considerable resemblance to Disney 's Goofy . In Bendy 's cartoon show , it is suggested ( from the promotional posters around Joey Drew 's studio ) that Boris and Bendy share a rival - like relationship . Within the game 's story , shortly after entering the studio Henry comes across the corpse of a real - life Boris tied to a table with his chest cavity torn open ( complete with ink - black `` blood '' dripping out , and a pair of `` X '' instead of eyes ) and a message on the wall that reads `` who 's laughing now ? '' . At the end of Chapter 2 , a fully alive and unharmed Boris appears before Henry after the cartoonist managed to escape Bendy for the second time . It is currently unknown whether Boris came to life alongside Bendy , or whether his animation was accidental . It is implied in Chapter 3 that the Boris corpse from Chapter 1 was , in fact , a different Boris , as Alice Angel has been harvesting Boris clones for their parts , hoping to use them to recreate her body . This also implies that he is the last remaining Boris . It is worth noting that , unlike Bendy , Boris 's real - life appearance is identical to his cartoon depiction . In Chapter 3 , Boris seems friendly and almost helpful to Henry until he disappears at the end when Alice kidnaps him to use for her recreation . Alice Angel ( edit ) Another character from Bendy 's cartoon show , Alice Angel is a young woman who acts as a supportive character in the show . Alice Angel 's model first appeared in chapter three . Alice Angel is apparently based on the cartoon trope of the protagonist 's girlfriend being taller and proportionally more attractive than the protagonist himself , a theme that can be seen in the case of cartoons like Roger Rabbit , Felix the Cat or Betty Boop ( from Fleischer Studios ) . Alice Angel makes her debut in chapter three of Bendy and the Ink Machine , as an imperfect , angel / demon hybrid , who at first seems to be a benevolent taskmaster , but becomes vengeful once she discovers the iteration of Boris she needs is going up in the lift with Henry , whom she has allowed to return to the outside world . After she and the protagonist , Henry , first meet , she sends him on a series of missions , in order to collect certain items for her . Alice seems to fear the Searchers and the other creatures wandering the studio , claiming they if they touch her , she will get dragged back into the ink that she had spawned from . One of the rooms of her lair contains multiple mutilated corpses of Boris the wolf , the hearts of which Alice has taken to give herself the shape that she has desired . It is implied that she is really her former voice actress , Susie Campbell , who was transformed like Sammy Lawrence and Norman Polk . If the player chooses the Path of the Angel at the crossroads , it is revealed in an audio log that Campbell was replaced by a woman named Allison Pendle to play the voice of Alice Angel , which makes her extremely depressed . At the end of the chapter , Boris is seen being taken away by Alice Angel for her recreation . Sammy Lawrence ( edit ) Sammy Lawrence is the lead music composer for Bendy 's cartoon show . Within Joey Drew 's workshop , Lawrence worked alongside other musicians in a music room to add soundtracks , music and songs to Bendy 's show and had his own office that he enjoyed isolating himself in . He is voiced by Aaron Landon . In Chapter two , Sammy makes his appearance as an antagonist who worships Bendy as a true demon and sees him as his `` savior '' , going so far as to trap Henry and attempts to sacrifice him in order to appease Bendy . For unknown reasons , after being summoned by Lawrence , Bendy ends up assaulting and presumably killing him instead of going for Henry , an event that takes place off camera and is evidenced by Lawrence 's screams and pleas of mercy . Lawrence 's physical appearance in - game is shown as an ink - black humanoid figure wearing heavily stained overalls and the face of a cardboard Bendy cutout as a mask . Whether his appearance is unintended or is the result of his insane zealotry for Bendy is unknown . It is also unknown if he was actually human when introduced , as earlier in - game he was shown to disappear from sight , but it is implied that may have been human before he was turned into an ink humanoid figure . At the end of the chapter , a screenshot of Sammy Lawrence as an ink puddle with a mask beside it is shown , indicating that Sammy is dead . The Searchers ( edit ) The Searchers are humanoid figures made of animated ink that appear throughout the game in attempt to attack Henry . Contact with them damages Henry , resulting in a Game Over if he sustains too much damage . They have no discernible facial features and lack lower bodies , forcing them to creep at Henry in order to attack him . Searchers disguise themselves as ink puddles that become hostile when approached and appear during certain parts of the story . In order to kill them , Henry must use his weapon to fight them , causing them to collapse and then reform at the location where they first spawned . After collapsing enough times , they disappear completely . The Searchers are , so far , the only standard enemies found in the game . Their origin and reason for their behavior are unknown , although most fans theorize that they are the reanimated remains of Joey Drew 's studio employees that were dissolved into ink and are being controlled by Bendy 's demonic presence . The Swollen Searchers ( edit ) In Chapter 3 , one of the missions from Alice Angel will be to collect extra thick ink with the ink syringe from these monsters on level 11 . Their appearance is similar to their original counterparts , except they are slightly larger and covered with large lumps . Unlike other enemies , they do not harm Henry . The Projectionist ( edit ) The Projectionist is a monster who has a projector for a head . It is actually the remains of Norman Polk , the lead projectionist working at Joey Drew Studios . The Projectionist 's domain is the very bottom level of the studio , Level 14 , but it is n't confined to the area , and will roam throughout the studio aimlessly . It will chase after Henry if he is seen in its light . Unlike the other , more human members of the studio , The Projectionist can be killed . Upon killing the Projectionist , the player will receive an achievement titled ' Norman 's Fate . ' It is also possible that all of the employees have something to do with one of the ink monsters like the Projectionist . Norman Polk aka The Projectionist can be killed by using a tommy gun ( which is only obtainable by making the ink bowl from an ink machine ( by Shawn Flynn 's voice tape ) , choosing the Path of the Demon at the crossroads , and avoiding death will allow the player to gain the tommy gun ) . Piper ( edit ) A member of the Butcher Gang . His real name is Charley . Fisher ( edit ) A member of the Butcher Gang . His real name is Barley . Striker ( edit ) A member of the Butcher Gang . His real name is Edgar . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TheMeatly Games ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` We did it ! ! WE ARE GREENLIT ! ! '' . Steam . Valve Corporation . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ZeroLogics/status/895311303425839104 Jump up ^ https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TylerMcAuleyVallier/20170711/301391/The_CoCreator_of_Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine_Talks_Accidental_Success.php External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine&oldid=807986348 '' Categories : 2017 video games Episodic video games Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Horror video games Linux games MacOS games Single - player video games Video games developed in Canada Windows games Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2017 Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from June 2017 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from October 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who do you play as in bendy and the ink machine	[ "The player plays as Henry, an animator, who gets an invitation to his old workplace, an animation studio called Joey Drew Studios, by the eponymous owner and Henry's old friend, Joey Drew. Upon arriving, the place seems deserted and run through with ink pipes. While exploring, Henry finds the Ink Machine, as well as evidence that Joey began practicing with the occult. He also finds a mutilated corpse of Boris the Wolf, one of the cartoon characters appearing in Joey's cartoon posters. After finding the power switch to the Ink Machine, he looks for the six items (a Bendy doll, a record, a wrench, a book, an inkwell, and a cog) needed to activate the ink pressure system. Upon restoring the ink pressure and activating the Ink Machine, Henry is attacked by a living ink version of another one of the cartoon characters named Bendy. Henry runs to the exit but falls into a secret underground room as the floor collapses. He then uses an ax to break into another room with a pentagram painted on the ground with ink. Upon approaching the pentagram, Henry gets flashbacks of the Ink Machine, a wheelchair and \"Bendy\" before passing out." ]	[ "Henry" ]
2297251861126505903	(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend	( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : a cowboy Legend - Wikipedia ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : a cowboy Legend Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Ghost Riders in the Sky ( Slim Whitman album ) . `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' Song Published 1948 , Edwin H. Morris & Co Inc Released June 5 , 1948 Genre Country , western Songwriter ( s ) Stan Jones `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' is a cowboy - styled country / western song written in 1948 by American songwriter , film and television actor Stan Jones . The tune sounds similar to `` Spancil Hill '' ( traditional Irish folk song by Michael Considine , Irish emigrant to the United States in the 1870s ) . A number of versions were crossover hits on the pop charts in 1949 , the most successful being by Vaughn Monroe . The ASCAP database lists the song as `` Riders in the Sky '' ( title code 480028324 ) , but the title has been written as `` Ghost Riders '' , `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' , and `` A Cowboy Legend '' . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Recordings 2.1 1948 2.2 1949 2.3 1950s 2.4 1960s 2.5 1970s 2.6 1980s 2.7 1990s 2.8 2000s 2.9 2010s 2.10 Additional versions 2.11 Non-English versions 2.11. 1 Finnish 2.11. 2 French 2.11. 3 German 2.11. 4 Italian 2.11. 5 Lithuanian 2.11. 6 Portuguese 2.11. 7 Spanish 3 Influences 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The song tells a folk tale of a cowboy who has a vision of red - eyed , steel - hooved cattle thundering across the sky , being chased by the spirits of damned cowboys . One warns him that if he does not change his ways , he will be doomed to join them , forever `` trying to catch the Devil 's herd across these endless skies '' . Jones stated he had been told the story when he was 12 years old by an old cowboy friend . The story resembles the northern European mythic Wild Hunt . More than 50 performers have recorded versions of the song . Charting versions were recorded by The Outlaws , Vaughn Monroe ( `` Riders in the Sky '' with orchestra and vocal quartet ) , which topped the Billboard magazine charts , by Bing Crosby ( with the Ken Darby Singers ) , Frankie Laine , Burl Ives ( two different versions ) , Marty Robbins , The Ramrods and Johnny Cash . Other recordings were made by Eddy Arnold , Peggy Lee ( with the Jud Conlon Singers ) , Christopher Lee , and Spike Jones and his City Slickers . Gene Autry sang it in the 1949 movie , Riders in the Sky . Jones himself recorded it for his 1957 album Creakin ' Leather . Children of Bodom , Impaled Nazarene and Die Apokalyptischen Reiter have also made covers . The melody is based on the song `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home . '' Recordings ( edit ) 1948 ( edit ) The original version by Stan Jones was recorded in late 1948 , and composer Eden Ahbez sent the song to Burl Ives , who recorded his own version a year later . 1949 ( edit ) Burl Ives recorded the song on February 17 , 1949 , and the song was released by Columbia Records as catalog No. 38445 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on April 22 , 1949 , lasting six weeks and peaking at No. 21 . The version by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra with Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on vocals , was recorded on March 14 , 1949 , and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog No. 20 - 3411 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog No . BD 1247 , HN 3014 , HQ 2071 , IM 1425 and GY 878 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on April 15 , 1949 , lasting 22 weeks and reaching No. 1 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1949 . The Bing Crosby version was recorded on March 22 , 1949 , and released by Decca Records as catalog No. 24618 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6 , 1949 , lasting 6 weeks and peaking at No. 14 . The Peggy Lee version was recorded on April 18 , 1949 , and released by Capitol Records as catalog No. 57 - 608 . It reached No. 2 on Billboard 's Most Played By Disc Jockeys listing without appearing in the retail Top 30 . Spike Jones recorded the song on May 24 , 1949 , and it was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog No. 20 - 3741 . Copies of the original release , containing lyrics ridiculing RCA stockholder Vaughn Monroe , are rare . The recording parodies the original Monroe recording , injecting much of Jones ' quintessential humor along the way . 1950s ( edit ) In 1953 Goldtown Ghost Riders was a film starring Gene Autry . He sang the song `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' . It was the opening track of Scatman Crothers ' 1956 album , Rock ' n ' roll with Scat Man . Theodore Bikel sang a humorous version of the song in his An Actor 's Holiday album ( 1956 ). Gene Autry also sang the sing for the first time in a 1950 film '' Beyond the Purple Hills '' which was quickly edited to include Autry singing the song after a chance meeting with Stan Jones in which he bought the rights to the song . 1960s ( edit ) The song was recorded by the Norman Luboff Choir and released on their 1960 album , Songs of the Cowboy . Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra released an instrumental version in 1961 , featuring Neil Levang on guitar , which spent 3 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , reaching No. 87 . Curtis Lance ( Dick Jensen ) and the Uniques recorded an instrumental version in 1961 . The Brothers Four recorded a driven , up - tempo version . with edited lyrics and truncated to three stanzas , for their third LP , B.M.O.C. : Best Music On / Off Campus for Columbia Records in 1961 . The Sons of the Pioneers included the song on their album Cool Water put out by RCA Records in 1961 under the name `` Riders in the Sky '' . A twangy guitar instrumental version by The Ramrods -- featuring the sounds of mooing cattle , bronco cheers , and sound of cracking whips -- was recorded in late 1960 and it made the Billboard Top 30 in 1961 , as well as the UK Top 10 . This was covered by UK band The Scorpions ( not the German rock band ) on the `` Parlophone '' Label . The Ventures made a surf rock cover of the song in 1961 . A live performance of the tune , featuring surf rock band The Original Surfaris appeared in the 1962 compilation album titled Surf 's Up ! At Banzai Pipeline . The performance incorporates the riff from the Jørgen Ingmann hit , `` Apache '' . Bob James , recording as The Bob James Trio , included it as the last track on his very first album Bold Conceptions released in 1962 . The Spotnicks , a Swedish instrumental rock band , covered this song on their 1962 album , The Spotnicks in London , Out - a space . Frankie Laine recorded the song on his 1963 album , Wanderlust . Frank Ifield recorded the song for his 1963 U.K. album , Born Free ( Columbia 33SX 1534 ) . Dick Dale recorded a surf - rock version for his second album , King of the Surf Guitar , released in 1963 . Californian singer Peter Tevis recorded a version with orchestral and choral arrangements by Ennio Morricone for the 1965 album , Un pugno di ... West . Baja Marimba Band recorded this song on the album , Watch Out , in 1966 . Tom Jones recorded this song opening the album , Green , Green Grass of Home , in 1967 . Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys recorded an instrumental version of this song on their 1967 album , The World Is Waiting For Terry . Davie Allan and the Arrows recorded two versions , one on the 1967 Blues ' Theme album ( Tower Records ) and the other on the 2008 Moving Right Along album ( Spinout Records ) . Jimmy Wakely , a cowboy singer , recorded the song on Shasta Records . Burl Ives made a second version of this song for his 1969 album Got the World by the Tail . 1970s ( edit ) Elvis Presley recorded it in June 1970 at MGM 's soundstage in Culver City , California . Susan Christie released a version on her 1970 album , Paint a Lady . Roy Clark recorded an instrumental version for his 1973 album Roy Clark / Superpicker , an album of all instrumentals . The song reached No. 27 on the Hot Country Singles chart that year . Former REO Speedwagon guitarist Gary Richrath quoted the melody of the song during his unaccompanied guitar solo on the band 's 1977 live album , Live : You Get What You Play For . Riders in the Sky recorded this song for their debut album , Three on the Trail , in 1979 and on several of subsequent albums . Johnny Cash made a recording of the song in 1979 for his album , Silver , which was faithful to the original , and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . Johnny Cash also performs the song in his guest appearance on The Muppet Show in 1980 . 1980s ( edit ) Country singer and rodeo cowboy Chris LeDoux recorded a version of the song for his 1980 album Old Cowboy Heroes . LeDoux 's version swaps the placements of `` yippie yi yay '' and `` yippie yi oh '' , and refers to the cowboy instead as a `` cowpoke '' . A version by The Shadows reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart in 1980 . This version was a semitone higher than the original . Australian band , the Fabulaires from Adelaide did a cover version on their Apocalypso 12 '' E.P. circa 1980 . Rock band Outlaws made a recording on their 1980 album Ghost Riders that left out the last verse . They also released a live version of the song , recorded in 1982 at the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show , which appeared on Greatest Hits of The Outlaws ... High Tides Forever . Dean `` Red Elvis '' Reed recorded the song on the album Country in 1982 in East Germany and Czechoslovakia . A Sesame Street version titled `` The Dirtiest Town In The West '' with altered lyrics first aired in 1982 . Vic Damone recorded a version on his 1982 album Over The Rainbow . Psychobilly band King Kurt released a version in 1983 on their album Ooh Wallah Wallah . The Danish cowpunk band Disneyland After Dark ( later just D-A-D ) recorded the song `` Riding With Sue '' in 1986 for their album Call of the Wild where the riffs from the melody were used in an intermezzo . 1990s ( edit ) The Chaps released a Scottish parody version called `` Rawhide '' in 1982 . Peter , Paul & Mary recorded a parody of the song titled `` Yuppies in the Sky '' on their 1990 album Flowers and Stones . Terry Scott Taylor and Daniel Amos recorded a version in 1990 that appeared on The Miracle Faith Telethon compilation album . Impaled Nazarene recorded a black metal version of the song , which was released on the Sadogoat EP in 1993 . It was subsequently included in the CD version of their bonus album , Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz . The Alberta Celtic rock group Captain Tractor recorded an unusual version for their 1994 album Land . New lyrics describe the frenzy of corruption in a prairie town at the climax of a real estate bubble . Rather than fire - and - brimstone Christian imagery , the warning takes the form of vaguely Zen lamentations : `` The winds still blow / The rains still fall / The trees do n't seem to care at all ! '' Buckethead played a dub style version of the song during his Giant Robot album tour in 1994 . Dick Dale once again covered the song for his 1994 album , Unknown Territory . For a time , this version accompanied a NASA montage as part of the preshow video on Space Mountain at Disneyland and Magic Kingdom . Duane Eddy brought his electrified `` twangy guitar '' sound along with a sax edition by Jim Horn to a 1996 version on an Curb Album Ghost Rider . On the 1997 album , VH1 Storytellers , the song was recorded live with Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson . In that performance , Willie Nelson misses the start of the third verse because he forgets the text , and ends up switching the third and fourth verses . Deborah Harry , lead singer of Blondie , recorded a trance version of the song , which features on the soundtrack to the film Three Businessmen ( 1998 ) . The song ( produced and arranged by Dan Wool and Pray for Rain ) is available free on her website . Christopher Lee recorded a version of this song on the album Devils , Rogues & Other Villains , released by Nikolas Schreck in 1998 on his Wolfslair label . The Blues Brothers performed the song in the 1998 movie Blues Brothers 2000 . This version appeared on both the movie 's soundtrack and the compilation album The Blues Brothers ' Greatest Hits of All Time . Similar to the `` Rawhide '' scene in the first movie , the band is mistakenly booked at a bluegrass festival ( announced to the crowd as `` The Bluegrass Brothers '' ) . Buster Blues ' ( J. Evan Bonifant ) harmonica parts for the film were recorded by John Popper of Blues Traveler . In 1999 , Ned Sublette included a merengue rendition on his album , Cowboy Rumba . 2000s ( edit ) The German `` Western Metal '' band Dezperadoz ( featuring a member of Sodom ) covered the song on their 2000 album , The Dawn Of Dying . Dolan Ellis , Arizona 's Official State Balladeer since 1966 , included this as the only cover on his CD , Tall Tales , Lost Trails & Heroes , released in 2000 . He has sung the song throughout the nation and in 20 foreign countries , solo and as a member of the New Christy Minstrels , always telling the folk tale of Stan Jones , the Cochise County cowboy . The Texas band , Ghoultown , recorded a version of this song on their album Tales from the Dead West ( 2000 ) . Concrete Blonde recorded a version for their last album , 2004 's Mojave . John Frusciante , Michael Rother , and Josh Klinghoffer performed a short instrumental version of the song live in 2004 . German heavy metal band , Die Apokalyptischen Reiter , released a version titled `` Ghostriders in the Sky '' on their 2006 4 - track EP , Friede Sei Mit Dir . California - based Me First and the Gimme Gimmes covered the song on their 2006 album Love Their Country This cover was later used in 2017 in racing video game Forza Horizon 3 's trailer for its Hot Wheels Expansion . Art Greenhaw , Grammy Award - Winning guitarist , producer and leader of The Light Crust Doughboys , recorded a world music fusion version of this song on the album Lone Star Sitar and released in 2006 on the Greenhaw Records label . During the credits of the 2007 movie Ghost Rider , a rock cover by the band Spiderbait is played . An instrumental version is also heard at points in the film . Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom covered this song under the title ' Ghostriders in the Sky ' and have released it on the special edition of their 2008 album , Blooddrunk . 2010s ( edit ) Judy Collins , featuring the Nashville Rhythm Section and Ghost Riders Chorus , covered '' Ghost Riders in the Sky '' on her 2010 album Paradise . Florida / Utah death metal band , Gorlock , covered it on their 2011 EP titled Despair is My Mistress . The song is the opening track on Roswell Rudd 's album , Trombone For Lovers . The character of Granddad Brown in the Irish comedy series Mrs Brown 's Boys briefly covered Ghost Riders in the Sky in the 2011 Christmas special episode `` Mammy 's Ass '' . The scene involves Granddad singing the song whilst Agnes hits him over the head with a metal tray , testing a crash helmet ( which Granddad 's wearing ) her friend Winnie is meant to be testing . A track on Drop The Lime 's 2012 album Enter The Night used the instrumental of `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . `` Outsider '' music star , The Space Lady , featured it on her GREATEST HITS LP. ( 2013 , Night School Records ) Screaming Orphans covered on the album Lonely Boy . ( 2011 ) In 2015 , a lower tempo version of Johnny Cash 's cover was used on the announcement trailer for the forthcoming Space - Opera RPG , Mass Effect : Andromeda . Monster truck Black Stallion uses it as its theme song . Country artist Ray Scott ( singer ) covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on his EP , `` Roots Sessions , Vol. 1 '' which was released in 2015 . Chrome Division covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on their 2011 `` 3rd Round Knockout '' album . Additional versions ( edit ) Versions in various genres have also been made by the following artists : Carlos Malcolm All - American Boys Chorus Boston Pops Orchestra Chrome Division Dean Martin Dixie Chicks Fred Penner Kaleidoscope Marty Robbins Mary McCaslin R.E.M. Scary Bitches ( UK goth rock ) Shebeen ( North Ireland underground music , as `` Ooh Ah Up the ' RA , or The SAM Song '' ) The Tubes ( under the track title , `` Cowboy Fee & The Heifer 's Dream '' ) Youn Sun Nah ( on her album Lento ) Vocal Majority Non-english versions ( edit ) Estonian Estonian - Canadian musician Jüri Lipp translated and recorded a surf rock version in Estonian in 1968 . Finnish ( edit ) A Finnish version titled `` Aaveratsastajat '' was written by Kullervo ( born Tapio Kullervo Lahtinen ) and it has been recorded by several popular artists including Henry Theel ja Metro - tytöt , Kari Tapio , Danny , Tapani Kansa , Reijo Taipale , and Ismo Alanko . Juha Vainio wrote an alternative , humoristic version titled `` Hirvenmetsästys '' ( The Moose Hunt ) . Pertti Metsärinteen yhtye recorded it in 1970 . An instrumental jazz version by Kalle Kalima on the album High Noon released in 2016 . French ( edit ) A French - language version titled `` Les Cavaliers du Ciel '' was released by Les Compagnons de la chanson in 1949 . French guitarist and singer , Gill Dougherty , also released a version on his 1990 album , Live In Bourges . In 1992 , another French language version titled `` Où tu iras '' was released by Les Naufragés , on their album A contre - Courant . German ( edit ) In 1949 , a German - language version titled `` Geisterreiter '' was recorded and released by East German entertainer , Rita Paul & Her Cornel - Trio . In the same year , a version was released by Gerhard Wendland . Additional German - language versions have been released by surf - punk - electro band , Mikrowelle , and television entertainer , Götz Alsmann featuring Bela B of Die Ärzte . An instrumental version was done by the Austrian band `` da Blechhauf ` n '' in 2012 . Italian ( edit ) An Italian - language version of the song , titled `` I Cavalieri del Cielo '' was recorded by famous Italian singer Gino Latilla in 1952 . Lithuanian ( edit ) A Lithuanian - language version of the song titled `` Jupi Ja Je '' was recorded by Adolfas Jarulis ir Estradinės melodijos in 1971 . Portuguese ( edit ) Brazilian artist Milton Nascimento recorded a Portuguese - language version under the title `` Cavaleiros do céu '' released on his 1981 album , Caçador de Mim . Spanish ( edit ) In 1966 , a Spanish - language version , `` Jinetes en el cielo '' , was recorded and released by the Mexican group , Los Baby 's . Mexican singer Pedro Vargas also recorded a version . The popular singer from Spain , Raphael , also released a Spanish version in the 1970s . The lyrical subject was changed to reflect a cowboy doomed to ride for eternity for breaking a young girl 's heart . The song ends happily when the girl saves him from that horrible destiny by crying and praying for him then letting a rose fall on his grave . Mexican singers ( and actors ) Manolín and Shilinsky ( find them in Wikipedia in Spanish ) recorded a comic version . Influences ( edit ) Apart from the numerous recordings by various artists , `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' has inspired various artists . The Doors ' Riders on the Storm , from the album L.A. Woman ( 1971 ) . The chorus lines of this song are and have been since the 1960s a terrace song of the Aston Villa Football Club of England . The words have been modified to include the line `` Holte Enders in the Sky , '' a reference to the occupants of the vast stand behind the goal at the southern end of the Villa Park stadium . REO Speedwagon 's `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' , from the album Ridin ' the Storm Out ( 1973 ) . Def Leppard 's `` Foolin ' '' , from the album Pyromania ( 1983 ) , with the line `` On and on , we rode the storm '' . Motörhead 's Iron Fist , from the album Iron Fist ( 1982 ) . The song was also the inspiration for the Magazine Enterprises ' horror - Western comic - book character the Ghost Rider . After the trademark to the character 's name and motif lapsed , Marvel Comics debuted its own near - identical , non-horror version of the character in Ghost Rider # 1 ( Feb. 1967 ) , drawn by Ayers . This character was renamed the Phantom Rider when Marvel debuted its demonic motorcyclist character Ghost Rider . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Jones '' . Western Music Association . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ ACE Repertory Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Houston , Susan Hilary ( 1964 ) . `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' . Western Folklore. 23 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Creakin ' Leather ( 1957 ) . Disneyland Records WDL - 3015 . `` Stan Jones sings his own compositions '' Recorded by Walt Disney Music Co . Copyright Walt Disney Productions . Jump up ^ `` ( Ghost ) Riders In the Sky by The Outlaws Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1949 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ Number One Song of the Year : 1946 - 2013 , Bob Borst website Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Week Hot 100 '' , Billboard , October 9 , 1961 . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DICK JENSEN - A DISCOGRAPHY '' . Stereo Candies . Jump up ^ `` Frank Ifield ' Born Free ' '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved 31 - 03 - 2017 . Jump up ^ DDR Amiga 8 55 957 / 1982 Jump up ^ ČSSR Supraphon 1113 3067 ZA / 1982 Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Ghostrider : Great Guitar Hits - Duane Eddy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' ( MP3 ) . Debora Harry . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ghostriders in the Sky '' on the 2006 Die Apokalyptischen Reiter EP , Friede Sei Mit Dir `` . discogs.com . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ catalog and song samples Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Neder , Alvaro . `` Caçador de mim '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jinetes en el cielo '' by Mexican group , Los Baby 's `` . popsike.com . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' El Bueyecito '' by Mexican singers , Manolín and Shilinsky `` . youtube.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riders On The Storm by The Doors Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1950 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Ayers : A Life in the ' Gowanus ' '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 10 ) . interview part 1 of 2 . Autumn 2001 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Co-creator Dick Ayers recalled that editor Vin Sullivan `` describe ( d ) what he wanted in the Ghost Rider '' and told Ayers to see the 1949 Disney animated feature The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , one segment of which adapted Washington Irving 's story `` The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' , featuring the Headless Horseman . `` ( A ) nd then he told me to play the Vaughn Monroe record `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . And then he started talking about what he wanted the guy wearing . '' External links ( edit ) Preceded by `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' by Anne Murray RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Johnny Cash version ) August 11 , 1979 Succeeded by `` You 're the Only One '' by Dolly Parton Preceded by `` Cruising Down the River '' by Russ Morgan U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single May 14 , 1949 -- July 23 , 1949 ( Vaughn Monroe ) Succeeded by `` Some Enchanted Evening '' by Perry Como Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1946 -- 1959 ) 1946 : `` Prisoner of Love '' -- Perry Como 1947 : `` Near You '' -- Francis Craig 1948 : `` Twelfth Street Rag '' -- Pee Wee Hunt 1949 : `` Riders in the Sky '' -- Vaughn Monroe Orchestra 1950 : `` Goodnight , Irene '' -- Gordon Jenkins and The Weavers 1951 : `` Too Young '' -- Nat King Cole 1952 : `` Blue Tango '' -- Leroy Anderson 1953 : `` The Song from Moulin Rouge '' -- Percy Faith 1954 : `` Little Things Mean a Lot '' -- Kitty Kallen 1955 : `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' -- Pérez Prado 1956 : `` Heartbreak Hotel '' -- Elvis Presley 1957 : `` All Shook Up '' -- Elvis Presley 1958 : `` Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno 1959 : `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Johnny Horton Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) The Shadows Hank Marvin Bruce Welch Brian Bennett Ian Samwell Mark Griffiths Jet Harris Tony Meehan Brian ' Licorice ' Locking Warren Bennett John Rostill John Farrar Alan Tarney Alan Hawkshaw Studio albums The Shadows Out of the Shadows Dance with The Shadows The Sound of The Shadows Shadow Music Jigsaw From Hank , Bruce , Brian and John Shades of Rock Rockin ' with Curly Leads Specs Appeal Tasty String of Hits Change of Address Hits Right Up Your Street Life in the Jungle XXV Guardian Angel Moonlight Shadows Simply Shadows Steppin ' to the Shadows At Their Very Best Reflection Singles `` Apache '' `` FBI '' `` Kon - Tiki '' `` The Savage '' `` Wonderful Land '' `` Dance On ! 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Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Ghost)_Riders_in_the_Sky:_A_Cowboy_Legend&oldid=807927247 '' Categories : Western music ( North America ) 1948 songs Number - one singles in the United States Burl Ives songs Bing Crosby songs Gene Autry songs Johnny Cash songs Peggy Lee songs Vic Damone songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Outlaws ( band ) songs Ghosts in popular culture Fictional cowboys and cowgirls Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has recorded ghost riders in the sky	[ "\nThe original version by Stan Jones was recorded in late 1948, and composer Eden Ahbez sent the song to Burl Ives, who recorded his own version a year later.\n" ]	[ "Stan Jones" ]
7238402701306641894	Messiah in Judaism	Messiah in Judaism - wikipedia Messiah in Judaism Jump to : navigation , search `` Jewish Messiah '' , `` Messiah of Israel '' , `` Mashiach '' and `` Moshiach '' redirect here . For the Israel windsurfer , see Nimrod Mashiach . For individuals who claimed to be the Jewish Messiah , see Jewish Messiah claimants . For the religious movement , see Messianic Judaism . For an overview of the title in Abrahamic religions , see Messiah . Part of a series on Jewish philosophy Hellenistic ( show ) Positions : Hasmonean Sadducean Pharisee Boethusian People : Philo of Alexandria Medieval ( show ) Positions : Positions in Rabbinic Judaism : Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean Tosafist Kabbalist Talmudic Karaism Positions in Western philosophy : Rationalism Averroism Neoplatonism Avicennism Topics : Mutazilites Ismailism Kalam Avempace Brethren of Purity Al - Ma'arri Al - Kindi Muhammad al - Fazari People : Isaac Israeli ben Solomon Saadia Gaon David ben Merwan al - Mukkamas Hasdai ibn Shaprut Chananel ben Chushiel Nissim Ben Jacob Samuel ibn Naghrillah Solomon Ibn Gabirol Abraham bar Ḥiyya Joseph ibn Migash Natan'el al - Fayyumi Bahya ibn Paquda Yehuda Halevi Hibat Allah Abu'l - Barakat Abraham ibn Daud Maimonides Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta Shem - Tov ibn Falaquera Gersonides Moses of Narbonne Isaac ben Sheshet Hasdai Crescas Yosef Albo Mansur ibn Sulayman al - Ghamari Moses ben Isaac ha - Levi Minz Elia del Medigo Judah ben Eliezer ha - Levi Minz Isaac Abravanel Judah Leon Abravanel Francisco Sanches Uriel da Costa Moses Almosnino Modern Judaism ( show ) Positions : Orthodox Sephardic Chabad Conservative Reform Existentialist Reconstructionist Chassidic Holocaust Renewal Neo-Hasidic Mussar Rambamist People : Baruch Spinoza Salomon Maimon Joseph Solomon Delmedigo Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi Tzvi Ashkenazi Jacob Emden Samuel Hirsch Shneur Zalman of Liadi Samson Raphael Hirsch Jacob Abendana Isaac Cardoso David Nieto Isaac Orobio de Castro Moses Mendelssohn Samuel David Luzzatto Elijah Benamozegh Moses Hess Eliezer Berkovits Eliyahu Dessler Daniel Rynhold Monsieur Chouchani Emmanuel Levinas Martin Buber Gershom Scholem Abraham Isaac Kook Joseph Soloveitchik Menachem Mendel Schneerson David Hartman Thomas Nagel Jose Faur Jacques Derrida Hilary Putnam Leo Strauss Topics ( hide ) God Faith Eschatology Ethics Messiah Chosenness Holocaust Tzadik Happiness Anger Philosophical schools and traditions In Judaism , messiah ( Hebrew : מָשִׁיחַ ‎ , translit . māšîaḥ ‎ ; Greek : χριστός , translit . khristós , lit . ' anointed , covered in oil ' ) is a title for a savior and liberator of the Jewish people . The concept of messianism originated in Judaism , and in the Hebrew Bible , a messiah is a king or High Priest traditionally anointed with holy anointing oil . However , messiahs were not exclusively Jewish , as the Hebrew Bible refers to Cyrus the Great , king of Persia , as a messiah for his decree to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple . In Jewish eschatology , the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line , who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age and World to come . The Messiah is often referred to as `` King Messiah '' ( Hebrew : מלך משיח ‎ , translit . melekh mashiach ‎ ) or malka meshiḥa in Aramaic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jewish eschatology 2 Scriptural requirements 3 Views 3.1 Second Temple period and apocalypticism 3.2 Talmud 3.3 Maimonides 4 Contemporary Jewish views 4.1 Orthodox Judaism 4.1. 1 Hasidic Judaism 4.1. 1.1 Chabad Messianism 4.2 Conservative Judaism 4.3 Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Jewish eschatology ( edit ) In Jewish eschatology the term mashiach , or `` Messiah '' , came to refer to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line , who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age . The Messiah is often referred to as `` King Messiah '' , or , in Hebrew , מלך משיח ( melekh mashiach ) , and , in Aramaic , malka meshiḥa . Orthodox views have generally held that the Messiah will be descended from his father through the line of King David , and will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel , usher in an era of peace , build the Third Temple , father a male heir , re-institute the Sanhedrin , and so on . Jewish tradition alludes to two redeemers , both of whom are called mashiach and are involved in ushering in the Messianic age : Mashiach ben David ; and Mashiach ben Yosef . In general , the term Messiah unqualified refers to Mashiach ben David ( Messiah , son of David ) . Scriptural requirements ( edit ) Many of the scriptural requirements concerning the Messiah , what he will do , and what will be done during his reign are located in the Book of Isaiah , although requirements are mentioned by other prophets as well . Views on whether Hebrew Bible passages are Messianic may vary from and among scholars of ancient Israel looking at their meaning in original context and from and among rabbinical scholars . Isaiah 1 : 26 : `` And I will restore your judges as at first and your counsellors as in the beginning ; afterwards you shall be called City of Righteousness , Faithful City . '' Some Jews interpret this to mean that the Sanhedrin will be re-established . '' ( Isaiah 1 : 26 ) Once he is King , leaders of other nations will look to him for guidance . ( Isaiah 2 : 4 ) The whole world will worship the One God of Israel ( Isaiah 2 : 11 -- 17 ) He will be descended from King David ( Isaiah 11 : 1 ) via Solomon ( 1 Chronicles 22 : 8 -- 10 , 2 Chronicles 7 : 18 ) The `` spirit of the Lord '' will be upon him , and he will have a `` fear of God '' ( Isaiah 11 : 2 ) Evil and tyranny will not be able to stand before his leadership ( Isaiah 11 : 4 ) Knowledge of God will fill the world ( Isaiah 11 : 9 ) He will include and attract people from all cultures and nations ( Isaiah 11 : 10 ) All Israelites will be returned to their homeland ( Isaiah 11 : 12 ) Death will be swallowed up forever ( Isaiah 25 : 8 ) There will be no more hunger or illness , and death will cease ( Isaiah 25 : 8 ) All of the dead will rise again ( Isaiah 26 : 19 ) The Jewish people will experience eternal joy and gladness ( Isaiah 51 : 11 ) He will be a messenger of peace ( Isaiah 52 : 7 ) Nations will recognize the wrongs they did to Israel ( Isaiah 52 : 13 -- 53 : 5 ) The peoples of the world will turn to the Jews for spiritual guidance ( Zechariah 8 : 23 ) The ruined cities of Israel will be restored ( Ezekiel 16 : 55 ) Weapons of war will be destroyed ( Ezekiel 39 : 9 ) The people of Israel will have direct access to the Torah through their minds and Torah study will become the study of the wisdom of the heart ( Jeremiah 31 : 33 ) He will give you all the worthy desires of your heart ( Psalms 37 : 4 ) He will take the barren land and make it abundant and fruitful ( Isaiah 51 : 3 , Amos 9 : 13 -- 15 , Ezekiel 36 : 29 -- 30 , Isaiah 11 : 6 -- 9 ) Views ( edit ) Second Temple period and Apocalypticism ( edit ) The majority of Second Temple texts have no reference to an individual end - time Messiah . Exceptions among the Dead Sea Scrolls include 4Q521 , the `` Messianic Apocalypse . '' Other messianic concepts are found in the Old Testament pseudepigrapha . Messianic allusions to some figures include to Menahem ben Hezekiah who traditionally was born on the same day that the Second Temple was destroyed . Talmud ( edit ) The Talmud extensively discusses the coming of the Messiah ( Sanhedrin 98a -- 99a , et al . ) and describes a period of freedom and peace , which will be the time of ultimate goodness for the Jews . Tractate Sanhedrin contains a long discussion of the events leading to the coming of the Messiah , for example : R. Johanan said : When you see a generation ever dwindling , hope for him ( the Messiah ) , as it is written , `` And the afflicted people thou wilt save . '' ( II Samuel 22 : 28 ) R. Johanan said : When thou seest a generation overwhelmed by many troubles as by a river , await him , as it is written , `` When the enemy shall come in like a flood , the Spirit of the Lord shall lift up a standard against him ; '' which is followed by , `` And the Redeemer shall come to Zion . '' R. Johanan also said : The son of David will come only in a generation that is either altogether righteous or altogether wicked . in a generation that is altogether righteous , -- as it is written , `` Thy people also shall be all righteous : they shall inherit the land for ever . '' Or altogether wicked , -- as it is written , `` And he saw that there was no man , and wondered that there was no intercessor ; '' and it is ( elsewhere ) written , `` For mine own sake , even for mine own sake , will I do it . '' The Talmud tells many stories about the Messiah , some of which represent famous Talmudic rabbis as receiving personal visitations from Elijah the Prophet and the Messiah . For example : R. Joshua b . Levi met Elijah standing by the entrance of R. Simeon b . Yohai 's tomb . He asked him : `` Have I a portion in the world to come ? '' He replied , `` if this Master desires it . '' R. Joshua b . Levi said , `` I saw two , but heard the voice of a third . '' He then asked him , `` When will the Messiah come ? '' -- `` Go and ask him himself , '' was his reply . `` Where is he sitting ? '' -- `` At the entrance . '' `` And by what sign may I recognise him ? '' -- `` He is sitting among the poor lepers : all of them untie ( them ) all at once , and rebandage them together , whereas he unties and rebandages each separately , ( before treating the next ) , thinking , should I be wanted , ( it being time for my appearance as the Messiah ) I must not be delayed ( through having to bandage a number of sores ) . '' So he went to him and greeted him , saying , `` Peace upon thee , Master and Teacher . '' `` Peace upon thee , O son of Levi , '' he replied . `` When wilt thou come , Master ? '' asked he . `` Today , '' was his answer . On his returning to Elijah , the latter enquired , `` What did he say to thee ? '' -- `` peace Upon thee , O son of Levi , '' he answered . Thereupon he ( Elijah ) observed , `` He thereby assured thee and thy father of ( a portion in ) the world to come . '' `` He spoke falsely to me , '' he rejoined , `` stating that he would come today , but has not . '' He ( Elijah ) answered him , `` This is what he said to thee , To - day , if ye will listen to his voice . '' Maimonides ( edit ) Main article : Judaism 's view of Jesus The influential Jewish philosopher Maimonides discussed the messiah in his Mishneh Torah , his 14 volume compendium of Jewish law , in the section Hilkhot Melakhim Umilchamoteihem , chapters 11 & 12 . According to Maimonides , Jesus of Nazareth is not the Messiah , as is claimed by Christians . Contemporary Jewish views ( edit ) Orthodox Judaism ( edit ) Orthodox Judaism maintains that Jews are obliged to accept the 13 Principles of Faith as formulated by Maimonides in his introduction to Chapter Helek of the Mishna Torah . Each principle starts with the words Ani Maamin ( I believe ) . Number 12 is the main principle relating to Mashiach . Orthodox Jews strictly believe in a Messiah , life after death , and restoration of the promised land . The text is as follows : אני מאמין באמונה שלמה בביאת המשיח , ואף על פי שיתמהמה עם כל זה אחכה לו בכל יום שיבוא ‎ Ani Maamin B'emunah Sh'leimah B'viyat Hamashiach . V'af al pi sheyitmahmehah im kol zeh achake lo b'chol yom sheyavo . I believe with full faith in the coming of the Messiah . And even though he tarries , with all that , I await his arrival with every day . Hasidic Judaism ( edit ) Hasidic Jews tend to have a particularly strong and passionate belief in the immediacy of the Messiah 's coming , and in the ability of their actions to hasten his arrival . Because of the supposed piousness , wisdom , and leadership abilities of the Hasidic Masters , members of Hasidic communities are sometimes inclined to regard their dynastic rebbes as potential candidates for Messiah . Many Jews , ( see the Bartenura 's explanation on Megillat Rut , and the Halakhic responsa of The Ch'sam Sofer on Choshen Mishpat ( vol. 6 ) , Chapter 98 where this view is explicit ) especially Hasidim , adhere to the belief that there is a person born each generation with the potential to become Messiah , if the Jewish people warrant his coming ; this candidate is known as the Tzadik Ha - Dor , meaning Tzaddik of the Generation . However , fewer are likely to name a candidate . Chabad messianism ( edit ) Main article : Chabad messianism Menachem Mendel Schneerson declared often that the Messiah is very close , urging all to pray for the coming of the Messiah and to do everything possible to hasten the coming of the Messiah through increased acts of kindness . In the late 1980s , the Rebbe called for his followers to become involved in outreach activities with the purpose of bringing about the Jewish Messianic Age , which led to controversy surrounding the messianic beliefs of Chabad . Some Chabad Hasidim , called mashichists , `` have not yet accepted the Rebbe 's passing '' and even after his death regard him as the ( living ) ' King Messiah ' and ' Moses of the generation ' , awaiting his second coming . The Chabad - Messianic question , regarding a dead Moshiach , got oppositional addresses from a halachic perspective by many prominent Orthodox authorities , including leaders from the Ashkenazi non-Hasidic Lithuanian ( Litvak ) institutions , Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak , Israel , and got vehement opposition , notably that of the Rabbinical Seminary of America ( Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim ) in New York and that of the Rabbinical Council of America . Conservative Judaism ( edit ) Emet Ve - Emunah , the Conservative movement 's statement of principles , states the following : Since no one can say for certain what will happen in the Messianic era each of us is free to fashion personal speculation . Some of us accept these speculations are literally true , while others understand them as elaborate metaphors ... For the world community we dream of an age when warfare will be abolished , when justice and compassion will be axioms of all , as it is said in Isaiah 11 : `` ... the land shall be filled with the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea . '' For our people , we dream of the ingathering of all Jews to Zion where we can again be masters of our own destiny and express our distinctive genius in every area of our national life . We affirm Isaiah 's prophecy ( 2 : 3 ) that `` ... Torah shall come forth from Zion , the word of the Lord from Jerusalem . We do not know when the Messiah will come , nor whether he will be a charismatic human figure or is a symbol of the redemption of humankind from the evils of the world . Through the doctrine of a Messianic figure , Judaism teaches us that every individual human being must live as if he or she , individually , has the responsibility to bring about the messianic age . Beyond that , we echo the words of Maimonides based on the prophet Habakkuk ( 2 : 3 ) that though he may tarry , yet do we wait for him each day . Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism ( edit ) Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism generally do not accept the idea that there will be a Messiah . Some believe that there may be some sort of `` messianic age '' ( the World to Come ) in the sense of a `` utopia '' , which all Jews are obligated to work towards ( thus the tradition of Tikkun olam ) . In 1999 , the Central Conference of American Rabbis , the official body of American Reform rabbis , authored `` A Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism '' , meant to describe and define the spiritual state of modern Reform Judaism . In a commentary appended to the platform , it states : Messianic age : The 1885 Pittsburgh Platform rejected the traditional Jewish hope for an heir of King David to arise when the world was ready to acknowledge that heir as the one anointed ( the original meaning of mashiach , anglicized into `` messiah '' ) . This figure would rule in God 's name over all people and ultimately usher in a time of justice , truth and peace . In the Avot , the first prayer of the Amidah , Reformers changed the prayerbook 's hope for a go - el , a redeemer , to geulah , redemption . Originally this idea reflected the views of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and the French Positivist philosophers that society was growing ever more enlightened . The cataclysmic events of the first half of the 20th Century smashed that belief , and most Reform Jews saw the messianic age as a time that would probably be far off . Still , we renew our hope for it when we express the belief that Shabbat is mey - eyn olam ha - ba , a sampler of the world to come , when we sing about Elijah , herald of the messiah , when Havdalah brings Shabbat to a close , when we open the door for Elijah late in the Pesach Seder , and when we express the hope in the first paragraph of the Kaddish that God 's sovereignty will be established in our days . See also ( edit ) Armilus Jesus and messianic prophecy Jewish Messiah claimants Messiah ben Joseph Year 6000 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schochet , Rabbi Prof. Dr. Jacob Immanuel . `` Moshiach ben Yossef '' . Tutorial . moshiach.com . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blidstein , Prof. Dr. Gerald J. `` Messiah in Rabbinic Thought '' . MESSIAH . Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Exodus 30 : 22 - 25 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Cyrus : Cyrus and the Jews : `` This prophet , Cyrus , through whom were to be redeemed His chosen people , whom he would glorify before all the world , was the promised Messiah , ' the shepherd of Yhwh ' ( xliv. 28 , xlv. 1 ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Telushkin , Joseph . `` The Messiah '' . The Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Literacy . NY : William Morrow and Co. , 1991 . Reprinted by permission of the author . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Flusser , David . `` Second Temple Period '' . Messiah . Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ See Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan : `` '' The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ The Aryeh Kaplan Anthology : Illuminating Expositions on Jewish Thought and Practice by a Revered Teacher ( New York : Noble Book Press , 1991 ) - Page 323 `` 1 : 26 ) , `` And I will restore your judges as at first , and your counselors as at the beginning , afterward you shall be called ... However , if this is accomplished , we will already have fulfilled the essential part of the Messianic promise . Jump up ^ `` Orthodox Judaism : Covenant 2 , covenant god , epistle to the hebrews '' . Jump up ^ Origins of Apocalypticism in Judaism and Christianity : Volume 3 -- Page 224 John J. Collins , Bernard McGinn -- 2000 `` That is , the vast majority of Second Temple Jewish texts have no reference to a messianic leader of the end - time ... the Damascus Document , the Rule of the Congregation , the Commentary on Genesisa , 4Q521 ( Messianic Apocalypse ) , ... '' Jump up ^ The Old Testament pseudepigrapha and the New Testament : Page 111 James H. Charlesworth -- 1985 `` The seminar was focused on an assessment of the importance of the various messianic titles and ideas in the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and their significance for a better understanding of the origins of Christology , '' Jump up ^ The Messiah texts -- Page 24 Raphael Patai -- 1988 `` The list of legendary Redeemers , or quasi-Messianic charismatic figures , includes Moses , Elijah ( see chapter 14 ) , ... the First Temple was destroyed ) , Menahem ben Hezekiah ( who was born on the very day the Second Temple was destroyed ; '' ^ Jump up to : B. Talmud Sanhedrin 98a Jump up ^ Maimonides writes : `` The anointed king is destined to stand up and restore the Davidic Kingdom to its antiquity , to the first sovereignty . He will build the Temple in Jerusalem and gather the strayed ones of Israel together . All laws will return in his days as they were before : Sacrificial offerings are offered and the Sabbatical years and Jubilees are kept , according to all its precepts that are mentioned in the Torah . Whoever does not believe in him , or whoever does not wait for his coming , not only does he defy the other prophets , but also the Torah and Moses our teacher . For the Torah testifies about him , thus : `` And the Lord Your God will return your returned ones and will show you mercy and will return and gather you ... If your strayed one shall be at the edge of Heaven ... And He shall bring you '' etc. ( Deuteronomy 30 : 3 -- 5 ) . '' `` These words that are explicitly stated in the Torah , encompass and include all the words spoken by all the prophets . In the section of Torah referring to Bala'am , too , it is stated , and there he prophesied about the two anointed ones : The first anointed one is David , who saved Israel from all their oppressors ; and the last anointed one will stand up from among his descendants and saves Israel in the end . This is what he says ( Numbers 24 : 17 -- 18 ) : `` I see him but not now '' -- this is David ; `` I behold him but not near '' -- this is the anointed king . `` A star has shot forth from Jacob '' -- this is David ; `` And a brand will rise up from Israel '' -- this is the anointed king . `` And he will smash the edges of Moab '' -- This is David , as it states : `` ... And he struck Moab and measured them by rope '' ( II Samuel 8 : 2 ) ; `` And he will uproot all Children of Seth '' -- this is the anointed king , of whom it is stated : `` And his reign shall be from sea to sea '' ( Zechariah 9 : 10 ) . `` And Edom shall be possessed '' -- this is David , thus : `` And Edom became David 's as slaves etc . '' ( II Samuel 8 : 6 ) ; `` And Se'ir shall be possessed by its enemy '' -- this is the anointed king , thus : `` And saviors shall go up Mount Zion to judge Mount Esau , and the Kingdom shall be the Lord 's '' ( Obadiah 1 : 21 ) . '' `` And by the Towns of Refuge it states : `` And if the Lord your God will widen up your territory ... you shall add on for you another three towns '' etc . ( Deuteronomy 19 : 8 -- 9 ) . Now this thing never happened ; and the Holy One does not command in vain . But as for the words of the prophets , this matter needs no proof , as all their books are full with this issue . '' `` Do not imagine that the anointed king must perform miracles and signs and create new things in the world or resurrect the dead and so on . The matter is not so : For Rabbi Akiva was a great scholar of the sages of the Mishnah , and he was the assistant - warrior of the king Bar Kokhba , and claimed that he was the anointed king . He and all the Sages of his generation deemed him the anointed king , until he was killed by sins ; only since he was killed , they knew that he was not . The Sages asked him neither a miracle nor a sign ... '' `` And if a king shall arise from among the House of David , studying Torah and indulging in commandments like his father David , according to the written and oral Torah , and he will impel all of Israel to follow it and to strengthen breaches in its observance , and will fight Hashem 's ( God 's ) wars , this one is to be treated as if he were the anointed one . If he succeeded and built a Holy Temple in its proper place and gathered the disperesed ones of Israel together , this is indeed the anointed one for certain , and he will mend the entire world to worship the Lord together , as it is stated : `` For then I shall turn for the nations a clear tongue , to call all in the Name of the Lord and to worship Him with one shoulder ( Zephaniah 3 : 9 ) . '' `` But if he did not succeed to this degree , or if he was killed , it becomes known that he is not this one of whom the Torah had promised us , and he is indeed like all proper and wholesome kings of the House of David who died . The Holy One , Blessed Be He , only set him up to try the public by him , thus : `` Some of the wise men will stumble in clarifying these words , and in elucidating and interpreting when the time of the end will be , for it is not yet the designated time . '' ( Daniel 11 : 35 ) . '' Jump up ^ `` As for Jesus of Nazareth , who claimed to be the anointed one and was condemned by the Sanhedrin . Daniel had already prophesied about him , thus : ' And the children of your people 's rebels shall raise themselves to set up prophecy and will stumble . ' Maimonides . Mishneh Torah , Sefer Shofetim , Melachim uMilchamot , Chapter 11 , Halacha 4 . Chabad translation by Eliyahu Touge . Can there be a bigger stumbling block than this ? All the Prophets said that the anointed one saves Israel and rescues them , gathers their strayed ones and strengthens their mitzvot whereas this one caused the loss of Israel by sword , and to scatter their remnant and humiliate them , and to change the Torah and to cause most of the world to erroneously worship a god besides the Lord . But the human mind has no power to reach the thoughts of the Creator , for his thoughts and ways are unlike ours . All these matters of Yeshu of Nazareth and of Muhammad who stood up after him are only intended to pave the way for the anointed king , and to mend the entire world to worship God together , thus : ' For then I shall turn a clear tongue to the nations to call all in the Name of the Lord and to worship him with one shoulder . ' '' `` How is this ? The entire world had become filled with the issues of the anointed one and of the Torah and the Laws , and these issues had spread out unto faraway islands and among many nations uncircumcised in the heart , and they discuss these issues and the Torah 's laws . These say : These Laws were true but are already defunct in these days , and do not rule for the following generations ; whereas the other ones say : There are secret layers in them and they are not to be treated literally , and the Messiah had come and revealed their secret meanings . But when the anointed king will truly rise and succeed and will be raised and uplifted , they all immediately turn about and know that their fathers inherited falsehood , and their prophets and ancestors led them astray . '' Jump up ^ Parsons , John J. `` 12th Principle : Mashiach is Coming '' . Hebrew for Christians . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ שליט `` א ‎ ( Shlit '' a ) , הרב יהודה חיון ‎ ( Rabbi Yehuda Hayon ) ( 2011 ) . יסוד האמונה בביאת המשיח וחיוב הצפיה לבואו ‎ ( Foundation of faith coming of the messiah and viewing arrival charges ) . אוצרות אחרית הימים ‎ ( Treasures of the end times ) ( in Hebrew ) . Israel : ניאל ענתי ‎ ( Daniel Enti ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of Hasidism , entry : Habad , Jonathan Sacks , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ `` IDF Says ' No ' to Meshichist ' Yechi ' Yarmulkes '' . theyeshivaworld.com . The Yeshiva World News -- 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Posner , Zalman I. ( Rabbi ) ( Fall 2002 ) . The Splintering of Chabad ( PDF ) ( Jewish Action - The Magazine of the Orthodox Union ed . ) . Orthodox Union . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Berger , Rabbi David . `` On the Spectrum of Messianic Belief in Contemporary Lubavitch Chassidism '' . www.chareidi.org . Dei'ah Vedibur -- Information & Insight -- Mordecai Plaut , Yated Ne'eman , and other corporate entities and individuals . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://ccarnet.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=45&pge_prg_id=4687&pge_id=1656 References ( edit ) Emet Ve - Emunah : Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism , Ed . Robert Gordis , Jewish Theological Seminary of America , 1988 Cohen , Abraham ( 1995 ) ( 1949 ) . Everyman 's Talmud : The Major Teachings of the Rabbinic Sages ( paperback ) . Neusner , Jacob ( paperback ed . ) . New York : Schocken Books . p. 405 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8052 - 1032 - 3 . Mashiach Rabbi Jacob Immanuel Schochet , published by S.I.E. , Brooklyn , NY , 1992 ISBN 978 - 0 - 18 - 814000 - 2 ; LCCN 92090728 ( also available in Spanish , Portuguese , Italian , French , Persian , Hebrew , and Braille translations ) Miriam Naomi Mashiah Mishneh Torah , Maimonides , Chapter on Hilkhot Melakhim Umilchamoteihem ( Laws of Kings and Wars ) Moses Maimonides 's Treatise on Resurrection , Trans . Fred Rosner Philosophies of Judaism by Julius Guttmann , trans . by David Silverman , JPS. 1964 Reform Judaism : A Centenary Perspective , Central Conference of American Rabbis External links ( edit ) Jewish Encyclopedia : Messiah Moshiach and the Future Redemption Who is the Messiah ? by Jeffrey A. Spitzer Why did the majority of the Jewish world reject Jesus as the Messiah , and why did the first Christians accept Jesus as the Messiah ? by Rabbi Shraga Simmons Chrestians versus Messianic Judaism The Messiah , by the University of Calgary ( hide ) Jews and Judaism Outline of Judaism History Timeline Ancient Temple in Jerusalem Babylonian captivity Jerusalem Significance Timeline Hasmonean dynasty Herod Sanhedrin Pharisees Sadducees Essenes First Jewish -- Roman War Bar Kokhba revolt Diaspora Middle Ages Muslim rule Sabbateans Haskalah Emancipation The Holocaust History of Zionism History of Israel Proposals for a Jewish state Land of Israel Aliyah Baal teshuva movement Arab -- Israeli / Israeli -- Palestinian conflicts Judaism by country Jewish groups Ashkenazi Jews German Jews Hungarian Jews Lithuanian Jews Polish Jews Russian Jews Soviet Jews Sephardi Jews Spanish and Portuguese Jews Turkish Jews Maghrebi Jews Mizrahi Jews Yemenite Jews Iraqi Jews Syrian Jews Persian Jews Kurdish Jews Bukharan Jews African Jews Berber Jews Beta Israel Greco - Roman Jews Romaniote Jews Italkim Jews of the Caucasus Georgian Jews Mountain Jews Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Urfalim Indian Jews Baghdadi Jews Bene Ephraim Bene Israel Bnei Menashe Cochin Jews East Asian Jews Kaifeng Jews Religious movements Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Orthodox Religious Zionism Chardal Musar movement Conservative Neolog Reform / Progressive Reconstructionist Jewish Renewal Haymanot Humanistic Rabbinic Karaite Samaritanism Schisms Shomer Masoret Intra-Jewish relations Atheism Noahidism Philosophy 613 commandments Halakha Principles of faith Chosen people Ethics Chesed Tzedakah Pikuach nefesh Kavod HaBriyot Lashon hara Tza'ar ba'alei chayim Tikkun olam Teshuva Kashrut Kabbalah Names of God Messiah Eschatology Seven Laws of Noah Tzniut Yetzer hara Religious texts Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Mishnah Talmud Jerusalem Talmud Hebrew Bible Tosefta Midrash Rabba Sifra Sifre Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Pesikta de-Rav Kahana Rabbinic literature Mishneh Torah Arba'ah Turim Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Chumash Zohar Haggadah Piyyut Siddur Places Land of Israel Four Holy Cities Jerusalem Tzfat Hebron Tiberias Beth din Synagogue Temple Tabernacle Temple Mount Western Wall Biblical figures Abraham Isaac Jacob Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Joseph Judah Moses Joshua Deborah Ruth David Solomon Elijah Ezra Nehemiah Leadership Hillel Shammai Yehudah haNasi Saadia Gaon Gershom ben Judah Isaac Alfasi Judah Halevi Abraham ibn Ezra Tosafists Yosef Karo Maimonides Nahmanides Gersonides Isaac Abravanel Maharal Isaac Luria Baal Shem Tov Vilna Gaon Moses Sofer Shneur Zalman of Liadi Moses Mendelssohn Samson Raphael Hirsch Abraham Geiger Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz Solomon Schechter David Ben - Gurion Golda Meir Menachem Begin Mordecai Kaplan Aharon Kotler Moshe Feinstein Yoel Teitelbaum Menachem Schneerson Abraham Joshua Heschel Joseph B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the idea of a messiah come from	[ "In Judaism, messiah (Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ‎, translit. māšîaḥ‎; Greek: χριστός, translit. khristós, lit. 'anointed, covered in oil') is a title for a savior and liberator of the Jewish people. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism,[1][2] and in the Hebrew Bible, a messiah is a king or High Priest traditionally anointed with holy anointing oil.[3] However, messiahs were not exclusively Jewish, as the Hebrew Bible refers to Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, as a messiah[4] for his decree to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple." ]	[ "Judaism" ]
6205414470999360986	Tremé	Tremé - wikipedia Tremé Jump to : navigation , search For the TV series based in the neighborhood , see Treme ( TV series ) . Tremé / Lafitte New Orleans Neighborhood Typical street scene . Country United States State Louisiana City New Orleans Planning District District 4 , Mid-City District Elevation 0 ft ( 0.0 m ) Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 06 '' N 90 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 29.96833 ° N 90.07389 ° W / 29.96833 ; - 90.07389 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 06 '' N 90 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 29.96833 ° N 90.07389 ° W / 29.96833 ; - 90.07389 Area 0.69 sq mi ( 1.8 km ) - land 0.69 sq mi ( 2 km ) - water 0.00 sq mi ( 0 km ) , 0 % Population 4,155 ( 2010 ) Density 6,022 / sq mi ( 2,325 / km ) Timezone CST ( UTC - 6 ) - summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) Area code 504 Tremé ( / trəˈmeɪ / trə - MAY ) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans , in the U.S. state of Louisiana . `` Tremé '' is often rendered as Treme , historically the neighborhood is sometimes called by its more formal French names of Faubourg Tremé ; it is listed in the New Orleans City Planning Districts as Tremé / Lafitte when including the Lafitte Projects . Originally known as `` Back of Town , '' urban planners renamed the neighborhood `` Faubourg Tremé '' in an effort to revitalize the historic area . A subdistrict of the Mid-City District Area , its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are Esplanade Avenue to the east , North Rampart Street to the south , St. Louis Street to the west and North Broad Street to the north . It is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city , and early in the city 's history was the main neighborhood of free people of color . Historically a racially mixed neighborhood , it remains an important center of the city 's African - American and Créole culture , especially the modern brass band tradition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Adjacent neighborhoods 1.2 Boundaries 2 Demographics 3 History 4 African - American heritage sites 5 In popular culture 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music 6 Education 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the district has a total area of 0.69 square miles ( 1.8 km ) , all of which is land . Adjacent neighborhoods ( edit ) Seventh Ward ( north ) French Quarter ( east ) Iberville Projects ( south ) Tulane / Gravier ( south ) Bayou St. John ( west ) Boundaries ( edit ) The City Planning Commission defines the boundaries of Tremé as these streets : Esplanade Avenue , North Rampart Street , St. Louis Street , North Broad Street . Demographics ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 8,853 people , 3,429 households , and 2,064 families residing in the neighborhood . The population density was 12,830 / mi2 ( 4,918 / km2 ) . As of the census of 2010 , there were 4,155 people , 1,913 households , and 827 families residing in the neighborhood . History ( edit ) Parish Prison , Tremé 1838 The modern Tremé neighborhood began as the Morand Plantation and two forts -- St. Ferdinand and St. John . Near the end of the 18th century , Claude Tremé purchased the land from the original plantation owner . By 1794 the Carondelet Canal was built from the French Quarter to Bayou St. John , splitting the land . Developers began building subdivisions throughout the area to house a diverse population that included Caucasians , Haitian Creoles , and free persons of color . Tremé abuts the north , or lake , side of the French Quarter , away from the Mississippi River -- `` back of town '' as earlier generations of New Orleanians used to say . Its traditional borders were Rampart Street on the south , Canal Street on the west , Esplanade Avenue on the east , and Broad Street on the north . Claiborne Avenue is a primary thoroughfare through the neighborhood . At the end of the 19th century , the Storyville red - light district was carved out of the upper part of Tremé ; in the 1940s this was torn down and made into a public housing project . This area is no longer considered part of the neighborhood . The `` town square '' of Tremé was Congo Square -- originally known as `` Place des Nègres '' -- where slaves gathered on Sundays to dance . This tradition flourished until the United States took control , and officials grew more anxious about unsupervised gatherings of slaves in the years before the Civil War . ' New Orleans Negro street ' 1935 The square was also an important place of business for slaves , enabling some to purchase their freedom from sales of crafts and goods there . For much of the rest of the 19th century , the square was an open - air market . `` Creoles of Color '' brass and symphonic bands gave concerts , providing the foundation for a more improvisational style that would come to be known as `` Jazz '' . At the end of the 19th century , the city officially renamed the square `` Beauregard Square '' after Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard , but the neighborhood people seldom used that name . Late in the 20th century , the city restored the traditional name of `` Congo Square '' . In the early 1960s , in an urban renewal project later considered a mistake by most analysts , a large portion of central Tremé was torn down . The land stood vacant for some time , then in the 1970s the city created Louis Armstrong Park in the area and named Congo Square within Armstrong Park . In 1994 , the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park was established here . Musicians from Tremé include Alphonse Picou , Kermit Ruffins , Troy `` Trombone Shorty '' Andrews , Lucien Barbarin , and `` The King of Treme '' Shannon Powell . While predominantly African - American , the population has been mixed from the 19th century through to the 21st . Jazz musicians of European ancestry such as Henry Ragas and Louis Prima also lived in Tremé . Also , Joe 's Cozy Corner in Tremé is often considered the birthplace of Rebirth Brass Band , one of the most notable current New Orleans bands . Alex Chilton , who led the rock groups Big Star and The Box Tops , lived in Tremé from the early 1990s until his death in 2010 . Tremé after Hurricane Katrina In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , the Tremé neighborhood received minor to moderate flooding . In the portion of the neighborhood in from I - 10 , the water was generally not high enough to damage many of the old raised homes . African - American Heritage sites ( edit ) Located in Tremé , the New Orleans African American Museum is dedicated to protecting , preserving , and promoting through education the history , art , and communities of African Americans in New Orleans and the African diaspora . It is listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail , as is the community 's St. Augustine Church -- the oldest African - American Catholic parish in the U.S. In popular culture ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Shake the Devil Off ( 2007 ) , a documentary co-written by Swiss - based director Peter Entell with Lydia Breen , that explores the post-Katrina lives of parishioners at St. Augustine Church in the Tremé ( the oldest predominately - black Catholic parish in the nation ) . Father Jerome LeDoux ( St. Augustine 's priest 1990 - 2005 ) was a central character in the film . In 2006 , he was recognized by the City of New Orleans for his work fostering greater appreciation of the Tremé 's black history and culture . Faubourg Treme : The Untold Story of Black New Orleans ( 2008 ) , a documentary film by Dawn Logsdon and Lolis Eric Elie , former Times Picayune columnist and later HBO Tremé staff writer , which bridges the pre - and post-Katrina stories of Tremé ( America 's oldest surviving black community and neighborhood ) and features a cast of local musicians , artists and writers Tradition is a Temple ( 2011 ) , popular contemporary musicians from the Tremé , like `` The King of Tremé '' Shannon Powell , Lucien Barbarin , and the Treme Brass Band , are featured heavily in this non-fiction film by Darren Hoffman Television ( edit ) Treme , an HBO drama series created in 2010 by David Simon ( creator of The Wire ) and Eric Overmeyer , is set in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and centers on the lives of residents of the Tremé area . Music ( edit ) Jazz singer Dee Dee Bridgewater recorded her 2015 album Dee Dee 's Feathers in Esplanade Studios in Tremé to commemorate 10th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina . Education ( edit ) New Orleans Public Schools and various charter schools serve the community . Joseph S. Clark Preparatory High School is located in Tremé . The McDonogh 35 High School is in the Tremé area . There were plans to move the school to the Phillips / Waters school site by 2013 . Gallery ( edit ) Corner of St. Claude & Dumaine Streets , 1895 St. Augustine Church `` Club Fabulous '' bar Tremé Brass band playing in the Candlelight Lounge New Orleans African American Museum See also ( edit ) New Orleans portal Lafitte Projects Neighborhoods in New Orleans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Faubourg is a French word meaning `` suburb '' . Jump up ^ Greater New Orleans Community Data Center . `` Tremé / Lafitte Neighborhood '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Treme ' / Lafitte Neighborhood '' . Greater New Orleans Community Data Center . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism . `` Faubourg Treme Historical Marker '' . Jump up ^ New Orleans Times - Picayune . `` Alex Chilton 's Life in New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ : : : Shake The Devil Off : : : Jump up ^ Faubourg Treme - The Untold Story of Black New Orleans Jump up ^ `` Dee Dee Bridgewater : Dee Dee 's Feathers '' . Allmusic . allmusic.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyckoff , Geraldine . `` Next up : The Tremé Creole Gumbo Festival ! '' ( Archive ) Louisiana Weekly . December 5 , 2011 . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Education . '' ( Archive ) Columbia Parc at the bayou district . Retrieved on March 16 , 2013 . `` McDonogh 35 High School is slated to move from its current Treme location to the Phillips / Waters school site on Milton St. , 3 blocks to the west of Columbia Parc at the Bayou District by 2013 . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treme , New Orleans . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Treme . Documentary on Faubourg Treme by Dawn Logsdon & Lolis Eric Elie Neighborhood Associations Representing Treme : The Downtown Neighborhoods Improvement Association ( www.dnianola.org ) ( hide ) Neighborhoods of the Mid-City District of New Orleans Bayou St. John B.W. Cooper Fairgrounds Gert Town Iberville Mid-City Seventh Ward St. Bernard Treme / Lafitte Tulane / Gravier Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Tremé&oldid = 813054071 '' Categories : Downtown New Orleans Neighborhoods in New Orleans Tremé Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for settlement type All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch Français 한국어 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you pronounce treme in new orleans	[ "Tremé (/trəˈmeɪ/ trə-MAY) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, in the U.S. state of Louisiana. \"Tremé\" is often rendered as Treme, historically the neighborhood is sometimes called by its more formal French names of Faubourg Tremé;[1] it is listed in the New Orleans City Planning Districts as Tremé / Lafitte when including the Lafitte Projects. Originally known as \"Back of Town,\" urban planners renamed the neighborhood \"Faubourg Tremé\" in an effort to revitalize the historic area[when?]. A subdistrict of the Mid-City District Area, its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are Esplanade Avenue to the east, North Rampart Street to the south, St. Louis Street to the west and North Broad Street to the north. It is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city, and early in the city's history was the main neighborhood of free people of color. Historically a racially mixed neighborhood, it remains an important center of the city's African-American and Créole culture, especially the modern brass band tradition." ]	[ "trə-MAY" ]
-3077743334292030569	Kargil War	Kargil war - wikipedia Kargil war Jump to : navigation , search Kargil War Part of the Indo - Pakistani Wars Location of the conflict Date May -- July 1999 Location Kargil district , Jammu and Kashmir Result India regains possession of Kargil Territorial changes None Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders and leaders Ved Prakash Malik Pervez Musharraf Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties and losses Indian official figures 527 killed 1,363 wounded 1 POW 1 fighter jet shot down 1 fighter jet crashed 1 helicopter shot down Pakistani claims 1,600 Pakistani official figures 357 -- 453 killed 665 + wounded 8 POWs Other Pakistani claims 1,000 to 4,000 killed Indian claims 700 + killed Kargil War Battle of Tiger Hill Battle of Tololing Operation Safed Sagar Operation Talwar Operation Vijay Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Kargil War ( Hindi : करगिल युद्ध , kargil yuddh , Urdu : کرگل جنگ ‬ ‎ kargil jang ) , also known as the Kargil conflict , was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control ( LOC ) . In India , the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay ( Hindi : विजय , literally `` Victory '' ) which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector . The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC , which serves as the de facto border between the two states . During the initial stages of the war , Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents , but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan 's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces , led by General Ashraf Rashid . The Indian Army , later supported by the Indian Air Force , recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants . Facing international diplomatic opposition , the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC . The war is one of the most recent examples of high - altitude warfare in mountainous terrain , which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides . It is one of the very few instances of direct , conventional warfare between nuclear states ( i.e. , those possessing nuclear weapons ) . India had conducted its first successful test in 1974 ; Pakistan , which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time , conducted its first known tests in 1998 , just two weeks after a second series of tests by India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Background 3 War progress 3.1 Conflict events 3.2 Occupation by Pakistan 3.3 India discovers infiltration and mobilises 3.3. 1 Naval action 3.4 India attacks Pakistani positions 3.5 Withdrawal and final battles 4 World opinion 5 Gallantry awards 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 6 Impact and influence of media 7 WMDs and the nuclear factor 8 Aftermath 8.1 India 8.2 Kargil Review Committee 8.3 Pakistan 9 Casualties 10 Kargil War Memorial , India 11 Popular culture 12 Notes 13 Footnotes 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Indian literature on Kargil war 16.2 Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre 17 External links Location Before the Partition of India in 1947 , Kargil was part of the Baltistan district of Ladakh , a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic , ethnic and religious groups , living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world 's highest mountains . The First Kashmir War ( 1947 -- 48 ) concluded with the LOC bisecting the Baltistan district , with the town and district of Kargil lying on the Indian side in the Ladakh subdivision of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . After Pakistan 's defeat in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary . The town of Kargil is located 205 km ( 127 mi ) from Srinagar , facing the Northern Areas across the LOC . Like other areas in the Himalayas , Kargil has a temperate climate . Summers are cool with frigid nights , while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to − 48 ° C ( − 54 ° F ) . An Indian national highway ( NH 1D ) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil . The area that witnessed the infiltration and fighting is a 160 km long stretch of ridges overlooking this only road linking Srinagar and Leh . The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 metres ( 16,000 ft ) high , with a few as high as 5,485 metres ( 18,000 ft ) . Apart from the district capital , Kargil , the populated areas near the front line in the conflict included the Mushko Valley and the town of Drass , southwest of Kargil , as well as the Batalik sector and other areas , northeast of Kargil . Kargil was targeted partly because the terrain was conducive to the preemptive seizure of several unoccupied military positions . With tactically vital features and well - prepared defensive posts atop the peaks , a defender on the high ground would enjoy advantages akin to a fortress . Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in mountain warfare requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders , and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures . Kargil is just 173 km ( 107 mi ) from the Pakistani - controlled town of Skardu , which was capable of providing logistical and artillery support to Pakistani combatants . Background The town of Kargil is strategically located . After the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , there had been a long period with relatively few direct armed conflicts involving the military forces of the two neighbours -- notwithstanding the efforts of both nations to control the Siachen Glacier by establishing military outposts on the surrounding mountains ridges and the resulting military skirmishes in the 1980s . During the 1990s , however , escalating tensions and conflict due to separatist activities in Kashmir , some of which were supported by Pakistan , as well as the conducting of nuclear tests by both countries in 1998 , led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere . In an attempt to defuse the situation , both countries signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999 , promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the Kashmir conflict . During the winter of 1998 -- 1999 , some elements of the Pakistani Armed Forces were covertly training and sending Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces , some allegedly in the guise of mujahideen , into territory on the Indian side of the LOC . The infiltration was codenamed `` Operation Badr '' ; its aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh , and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier , thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute . Pakistan also believed that any tension in the region would internationalise the Kashmir issue , helping it to secure a speedy resolution . Yet another goal may have been to boost the morale of the decade - long rebellion in Indian Administered Kashmir by taking a proactive role . Pakistani Lieutenant general Shahid Aziz , and then head of ISI analysis wing , has confirmed there were no mujahideen but only regular Pakistan Army soldiers who took part in the Kargil War . `` There were no Mujahideen , only taped wireless messages , which fooled no one . Our soldiers were made to occupy barren ridges , with hand held weapons and ammunition '' , Lt Gen Aziz wrote in his article in The Nation daily in January 2013 . Some writers have speculated that the operation 's objective may also have been retaliation for India 's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier . According to India 's then army chief Ved Prakash Malik , and many other scholars , much of the background planning , including construction of logistical supply routes , had been undertaken much earlier . On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s , the army had given Pakistani leaders ( Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto ) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region , but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all - out war . Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998 . After the war , Nawaz Sharif , Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict , claimed that he was unaware of the plans , and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee , his counterpart in India . Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and `` just two or three of his cronies '' , a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals , including Musharraf , knew of the plan . Musharraf , however , asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee 's journey to Lahore on 20 February . War progress Further information : Kargil order of battle Conflict events Date ( 1999 ) Event 3 May Pakistani intrusion in Kargil reported by local shepherds 5 May Indian Army patrol sent up ; Five Indian soldiers captured and tortured to death . 9 May Heavy shelling by Pakistan Army damages ammunition dump in Kargil 10 May Infiltrations first noticed in Dras , Kaksar , and Mushkoh sectors Mid-May Indian Army moves in more troops from Kashmir Valley to Kargil Sector 26 May IAF launches air strikes against infiltrators 27 May IAF loses two fighters -- MiG - 21 and MiG - 27 ; . Flt Lt Nachiketa taken POW 28 May IAF MI - 17 shot down by Pakistan ; four air crew dead 1 June Pakistan steps up attacks ; bombs NH 1A 5 June Indian Army releases documents recovered from three Pakistani soldiers indicating Pakistan 's involvement 6 June Indian Army launches major offensive in Kargil 9 June Indian Army re-captures two key positions in the Batalic sector 11 June India releases intercepts of conversation between Pakistani Army Chief Gen Pervez Musharraf , while on a visit to China and Chief of General Staff Lt Gen Aziz Khan in Rawalpindi , as proof of Pakistani Army 's involvement 13 June Indian Army secures Tololing in Dras 15 June U.S. President Bill Clinton , in a telephonic conversation , asks Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to pull out from Kargil 29 June Indian Army captures two vital posts : Point 5060 and Point 5100 near Tiger Hill 2 July Indian Army launches three - pronged attack in Kargil 4 July Indian Army recaptures Tiger Hill after an 11 - hour battle 5 July Indian Army takes control of Dras . Sharif announces Pakistani army 's withdrawal from Kargil following his meeting with Clinton 7 July India recaptures Jubar Heights in Batalik 11 July Pakistan begins pullout ; India captures key peaks in Batalik 14 July Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declares Operation Vijay a success . Government sets condition for talks with Pakistan 26 July Kargil conflict officially comes to an end . Indian Army announces complete eviction of Pakistani intruders . There were three major phases to the Kargil War . First , Pakistan infiltrated forces into the Indian - controlled section of Kashmir and occupied strategic locations enabling it to bring NH1 within range of its artillery fire . The next stage consisted of India discovering the infiltration and mobilising forces to respond to it . The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the territories held by Pakistani forces and the subsequent withdrawal of Pakistani forces back across the Line of Control after international pressure . Occupation by Pakistan Infiltration and military build - up During the winter season , due to extreme cold in the snow - capped mountainous areas of Kashmir , it was a common practice for both the Indian and Pakistan Armies to abandon some forward posts on their respective sides of the LOC and to reduce patrolling of areas that may be avenues of infiltration . When weather conditions became less severe , forward posts would be reoccupied and patrolling resumed . During February 1999 , the Pakistan Army began to re-occupy the posts it had abandoned on its side of the LOC in the Kargil region , but also sent forces to occupy some posts on the Indian side of the LOC . Troops from the elite Special Services Group as well as four to seven battalions of the Northern Light Infantry ( a paramilitary regiment not part of the regular Pakistani army at that time ) covertly and overtly set up bases on the vantage points of the Indian - controlled region . According to some reports , these Pakistani forces were backed by Kashmiri guerrillas and Afghan mercenaries . Pakistani intrusions took place in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley , along the Marpo La ridgeline in Dras , in Kaksar near Kargil , in the Batalik sector east of the Indus River , on the heights above of the Chorbatla sector where the LOC turns North and in the Turtok sector south of the Siachen area . India discovers infiltration and mobilises Initially , these incursions were not detected for a number of reasons : Indian patrols were not sent into some of the areas infiltrated by the Pakistani forces and heavy artillery fire by Pakistan in some areas provided cover for the infiltrators . But by the second week of May , the ambushing of an Indian patrol team led by Capt Saurabh Kalia , who acted on a tip - off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector , led to the exposure of the infiltration . Initially , with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the infiltration , the Indian troops in the area assumed that the infiltrators were jihadis and claimed that they would evict them within a few days . Subsequent discovery of infiltration elsewhere along the LOC , and the difference in tactics employed by the infiltrators , caused the Indian army to realise that the plan of attack was on a much bigger scale . The total area seized by the ingress is generally accepted to between 130 km2 -- 200 km2 ; The Government of India responded with Operation Vijay , a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops . However , because of the nature of the terrain , division and corps operations could not be mounted ; subsequent fighting was conducted mostly at the regimental or battalion level . In effect , two divisions of the Indian Army , numbering 20,000 , plus several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone . The total number of Indian soldiers that were involved in the military operation on the Kargil - Drass sector was thus close to 30,000 . The number of infiltrators , including those providing logistical backup , has been put at approximately 5,000 at the height of the conflict . This figure includes troops from Pakistan - administered Kashmir who provided additional artillery support . The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar in support of the mobilisation of Indian land forces , but its effectiveness during the war was limited by the high altitude and weather conditions , which in turn limited bomb loads and the number of airstrips that could be used . Naval Action The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports ( primarily the Karachi port ) to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar . The Indian Navy 's western and eastern fleets joined in the North Arabian Sea and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan 's sea trade . This exploited Pakistan 's dependence on sea based oil and trade flows . Later , then - Prime Minister of Pakistan , Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full - scale war had broken out . India attacks Pakistani positions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The terrain of Kashmir is mountainous and at high altitudes ; even the best roads , such as National Highway 1D from Leh to Srinagar , are only two lanes . The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic , and the high altitude , which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads , made control of NH 1D ( the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire ) a priority for India . From their observation posts , the Pakistani forces had a clear line - of - sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1D , inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians . This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route . The Pakistani shelling of the arterial road posed the threat of Leh being cut off , though an alternative ( and longer ) road to Leh existed via Himachal Pradesh . Indian soldiers after winning a battle during the Kargil War The infiltrators , apart from being equipped with small arms and grenade launchers , were also armed with mortars , artillery and anti-aircraft guns . Many posts were also heavily mined , with India later stating to have recovered more than 8,000 anti-personnel mines according to an ICBL report . Pakistan 's reconnaissance was done through unmanned aerial vehicles and AN / TPQ - 36 Firefinder radars supplied by the US . The initial Indian attacks were aimed at controlling the hills overlooking NH 1D , with high priority being given to the stretches of the highway near the town of Kargil . The majority of posts along the Line of Control were adjacent to the highway , and therefore the recapture of nearly every infiltrated post increased both the territorial gains and the security of the highway . The protection of this route and the recapture of the forward posts were thus ongoing objectives throughout the war . The Indian Army 's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1D . This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras , which dominated the Srinagar - Leh route . This was soon followed by the Batalik - Turtok sub-sector which provided access to Siachen Glacier . Some of the peaks that were of vital strategic importance to the Pakistani defensive troops were Point 4590 and Point 5353 . While 4590 was the nearest point that had a view of NH 1D , point 5353 was the highest feature in the Dras sector , allowing the Pakistani troops to observe NH 1D . The recapture of Point 4590 by Indian troops on 14 June was significant , notwithstanding the fact that it resulted in the Indian Army suffering the most casualties in a single battle during the conflict . Though most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared by mid-June , some parts of the highway near Drass witnessed sporadic shelling until the end of the war . IAF MiG - 21s were used extensively in the Kargil War . Once India regained control of the hills overlooking NH 1D , the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control . The Battle of Tololing , among other assaults , slowly tilted the combat in India 's favour . The Pakistani troops at Tololing were aided by Pakistani fighters from Kashmir . Some of the posts put up a stiff resistance , including Tiger Hill ( Point 5140 ) that fell only later in the war . Indian troops found well - entrenched Pakistani soldiers at Tiger Hill , and both sides suffered heavy casualties . After a final assault on the peak in which ten Pakistani soldiers and five Indian soldiers were killed , Tiger Hill finally fell . A few of the assaults occurred atop hitherto unheard of peaks -- most of them unnamed with only Point numbers to differentiate them -- which witnessed fierce hand to hand combat . As the operation was fully underway , about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the line - of - sight . The Bofors FH - 77B field howitzer played a vital role , with Indian gunners making maximum use of the terrain . However , its success was limited elsewhere due to the lack of space and depth to deploy it . It was in this type of terrain that aerial attacks were used with limited effectiveness . French made Mirage 2000H of the IAF were tasked to drop laser - guided bombs to destroy well - entrenched positions of the Pakistani forces . The IAF lost a MiG - 27 strike aircraft , which it attributed to an engine failure , and a MiG - 21 fighter which was shot down by Pakistan ; initially Pakistan said it shot down both jets after they crossed into its territory . One Indian Mi - 8 helicopter was also lost due to Stinger SAMs . On 27 May 1999 , Flt . Lt. Nachiketa developed engine trouble in the Batalik sector and bailed out of his craft . Sqn Ldr Ajay Ahuja went out of his way to locate his comrade but was shot down by a shoulder - fired Stinger missile . According to reports , he had bailed out of his stricken plane safely but was apparently killed by his captors as his body was returned riddled with bullet wounds . In many vital points , neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistani soldiers , who were out of visible range . The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet ( 5,500 m ) . Since any daylight attack would be suicidal , all the advances had to be made under the cover of darkness , escalating the risk of freezing . Accounting for the wind chill factor , the temperatures were often as low as − 15 ° C to − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F to 5 ° F ) near the mountain tops . Based on military tactics , much of the costly frontal assaults by the Indians could have been avoided if the Indian Military had chosen to blockade the supply route of the opposing force , creating a siege . Such a move would have involved the Indian troops crossing the LoC as well as initiating aerial attacks on Pakistani soil , a manoeuvre India was not willing to exercise fearing an expansion of the theatre of war and reduced international support for its cause . Two months into the conflict , Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators ; according to the official count , an estimated 75 % -- 80 % of the intruded area and nearly all the high ground were back under Indian control . Withdrawal and final battles Following the outbreak of armed fighting , Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict . Bruce Riedel , who was then an aide to President Bill Clinton , reported that US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict . However , President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the Line of Control . Following the Washington accord of 4 July 1999 , when Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops , most of the fighting came to a gradual halt , but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LOC . In addition , the United Jihad Council ( an umbrella for extremist groups ) rejected Pakistan 's plan for a climb - down , instead deciding to fight on . The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July ; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces , the fighting ceased on 26 July . The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . By the end of the war , Pakistan had to withdraw under international pressure and due to pressure from continued fighting at battle front and left India in control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control , as was established in July 1972 as per the Simla Agreement . World opinion Pakistan was criticised by other countries for instigating the war , as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Line of Control . Pakistan 's primary diplomatic response , one of plausible deniability linking the incursion to what it officially termed as `` Kashmiri freedom fighters '' , was in the end not successful . Veteran analysts argued that the battle was fought at heights where only seasoned troops could survive , so poorly equipped `` freedom fighters '' would neither have the ability nor the wherewithal to seize land and defend it . Moreover , while the army had initially denied the involvement of its troops in the intrusion , two soldiers were awarded the Nishan - E-Haider ( Pakistan 's highest military honour ) . Another 90 soldiers were also given gallantry awards , most of them posthumously , confirming Pakistan 's role in the episode . India also released taped phone conversations between the Army Chief and a senior Pakistani general where the latter is recorded saying : `` the scruff of ( the militants ) necks is in our hands '' , although Pakistan dismissed it as a `` total fabrication '' . Concurrently , Pakistan made several contradicting statements , confirming its role in Kargil , when it defended the incursions saying that the LOC itself was disputed . Pakistan also attempted to internationalise the Kashmir issue , by linking the crisis in Kargil to the larger Kashmir conflict but , such a diplomatic stance found few backers on the world stage . As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum , Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States . Clinton rebuked Sharif , however , and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory . Clinton would later reveal in his autobiography that `` Sharif 's moves were perplexing '' since the Indian Prime Minister had travelled to Lahore to promote bilateral talks aimed at resolving the Kashmir problem and `` by crossing the Line of Control , Pakistan had wrecked the ( bilateral ) talks '' . On the other hand , he applauded Indian restraint for not crossing the LoC and escalating the conflict into an all - out war . G8 nations supported India and condemned the Pakistani violation of the LOC at the Cologne summit . The European Union also opposed Pakistan 's violation of the LOC . China , a long - time ally of Pakistan , insisted on a pullout of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the LOC and settling border issues peacefully . Other organisations like the ASEAN Regional Forum too supported India 's stand on the inviolability of the LOC . Faced with growing international pressure , Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory . The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the Line of Control and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes . Gallantry awards India A number of Indian soldiers earned awards for gallantry : Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav , 18 Grenadiers , Param Vir Chakra Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey , 1 / 11 Gorkha Rifles , Param Vir Chakra , Posthumous Captain Vikram Batra , 13 JAK Rifles , Param Vir Chakra , Posthumous Rifleman Sanjay Kumar , 13 JAK Rifles , Param Vir Chakra Captain Anuj Nayyar , 17 JAT Regiment , Maha Vir Chakra , Posthumous Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari , 18 Grenadiers , Maha Vir Chakra , Posthumous Captain Haneef - u-ddin , 11 Rajputana Rifles , Vir Chakra , posthumous Major Mariappan Saravanan , 1 Bihar , Vir Chakra , Posthumous Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja , Indian Air Force , Vir Chakra , Posthumous Havildar Chuni Lal , 8 JAK LI , Vir Chakra . Also awarded Sena Medal for gallantry and posthumously awarded Ashoka Chakra as a Naib Subedar . Pakistan Two Pakistani soldiers received the Nishan - e-Haider , Pakistan 's highest military gallantry award : Captain Karnal Sher Khan , 27th Sindh Regiment , Nishan - e-Haider , Posthumous Havaldaar Lalak Jan , Northern Light Infantry , Nishan - e-Haider , Posthumous Impact and influence of media The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations . Coming at a time of exploding growth in electronic journalism in India , the Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV , and many websites provided in - depth analysis of the war . The conflict became the first `` live '' war in South Asia and it was given such detailed media coverage that one effect was the drumming up of jingoistic feelings . The conflict soon turned into a news propaganda war , in which press briefings given by government officials of each nation produced conflicting claims and counterclaims . The Indian government placed a temporary News Embargo on information from Pakistan , banning the telecast of the state - run Pakistani channel PTV and blocking access to online editions of the Dawn newspaper . The Pakistani media criticised this apparent curbing of freedom of the press in India , while India media claimed it was in the interest of national security . The Indian government ran advertisements in foreign publications including The Times and The Washington Post detailing Pakistan 's role in supporting extremists in Kashmir in an attempt to garner political support for its position . As the war progressed , media coverage of the conflict was more intense in India than in Pakistan . Many Indian channels showed images from the battle zone in a style reminiscent of CNN 's coverage of the Gulf War ( one of the shells fired by Pakistan troops even hit a Doordarshan transmission centre in Kargil while coverage continued ) . Reasons for India 's increased coverage included the greater number of privately owned electronic media in India compared to Pakistan and relatively greater transparency in the Indian media . At a seminar in Karachi , Pakistani journalists agreed that while the Indian government had taken the press and the people into its confidence , Pakistan had not . The print media in India and abroad was largely sympathetic to the Indian cause , with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that Pakistan was largely responsible for the conflict . Some analysts believe that Indian media , which was both larger in number and more credible , may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil and served as a morale booster . As the fighting intensified , the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage . This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position . Wmds and the nuclear factor Since Pakistan and India each had weapons of mass destruction , many in the international community were concerned that if the Kargil conflict intensified , it could lead to nuclear war . Both countries had tested their nuclear capability in 1998 ( India conducted its first test in 1974 while it was Pakistan 's first - ever nuclear test ) . Many pundits believed the tests to be an indication of the escalating stakes in the scenario in South Asia . When the Kargil conflict started just a year after the nuclear tests , many nations desired to end it before it intensified . International concerns increased when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement on 31 May warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use `` any weapon '' in its arsenal . This was immediately interpreted as a threat of nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war , and the belief was reinforced when the leader of Pakistan 's senate noted , `` The purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed '' . Many such ambiguous statements from officials of both countries were viewed as warnings of an impending nuclear crisis where the combatants would consider use of their limited nuclear arsenals in `` tactical '' nuclear warfare in the belief that it would not have ended in mutual assured destruction , as could have occurred in a nuclear conflict between the United States and the USSR . Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998 , the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent to markedly increase coercion against India . The nature of the India - Pakistan conflict took a more sinister turn when the United States received intelligence that Pakistani nuclear warheads were being moved towards the border . Bill Clinton tried to dissuade Pakistan prime minister Nawaz Sharif from nuclear brinkmanship , even threatening Pakistan of dire consequences . According to a White House official , Sharif seemed to be genuinely surprised by this supposed missile movement and responded that India was probably planning the same . In a May 2000 article , Sanjay Badri - Maharaj claimed that India too had readied at least five nuclear - tipped ballistic missiles , but could not back up this claim with any official proof . Sensing a deteriorating military scenario , diplomatic isolation , and the risks of a larger conventional and nuclear war , Sharif ordered the Pakistani army to vacate the Kargil heights . He later claimed in his official biography that General Pervez Musharraf had moved nuclear warheads without informing him . Recently however , Pervez Musharraf revealed in his memoirs that Pakistan 's nuclear delivery system was not operational during the Kargil war ; something that would have put Pakistan under serious disadvantage if the conflict went nuclear . The threat of WMD included chemical and even biological weapons . Pakistan accused India of using chemical weapons and incendiary weapons such as napalm against the Kashmiri fighters . India , on the other hand , showcased a cache of gas masks as proof that Pakistan may have been prepared to use non-conventional weapons . US official and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons determined that Pakistani allegations of India using banned chemicals in its bombs were unfounded . Aftermath India From the end of the war until February 2000 , the Indian stock market rose by more than 30 % . The next Indian national budget included major increases in military spending . There was a surge in patriotism , with many celebrities expressing their support for the Kargil cause . Indians were angered by media reports of the death of pilot Ajay Ahuja , especially after Indian authorities reported that Ahuja had been murdered and his body mutilated by Pakistani troops . The war had produced higher than expected fatalities for the Indian military , with a sizeable percentage of them including newly commissioned officers . One month after conclusion of the Kargil War , the Atlantique Incident , in which a Pakistan Navy plane was shot down by India , briefly reignited fears of a conflict between the two countries . After the war , the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness . India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment . Media reported about military procurement irregularities and criticism of intelligence agencies like Research and Analysis Wing , which failed to predict the intrusions or the identity / number of infiltrators during the war . An internal assessment report by the armed forces , published in an Indian magazine , showed several other failings , including `` a sense of complacency '' and being `` unprepared for a conventional war '' on the presumption that nuclearism would sustain peace . It also highlighted the lapses in command and control , the insufficient troop levels and the dearth of large - calibre guns like the Bofors . In 2006 , retired Air Chief Marshal , A. Y . Tipnis , alleged that the Indian Army did not fully inform the government about the intrusions , adding that the army chief Ved Prakash Malik , was initially reluctant to use the full strike capability of the Indian Air Force , instead requesting only helicopter gunship support . Soon after the conflict , India also decided to complete the project , previously stalled by Pakistan , to fence the entire LOC . The end of the Kargil conflict was followed by the 13th Indian General Elections to the Lok Sabha , which gave a decisive mandate to the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government . It was re-elected to power in September -- October 1999 with a majority of 303 seats out of 545 in the Lok Sabha . On the diplomatic front , Indo - US relations improved , as the United States appreciated Indian attempts to restrict the conflict to a limited geographic area . Relations with Israel -- which had discreetly aided India with ordnance supply and matériel such as unmanned aerial vehicles , laser - guided bombs , and satellite imagery -- also were bolstered . Kargil Review committee Soon after the war the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government set up an inquiry into its causes and to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures . The high - powered committee was chaired by eminent strategic affairs analyst K. Subrahmanyam and given powers to interview anyone with current or past associations with Indian security , including former Prime Ministers . The committee 's final report ( also referred to as the `` Subrahmanyam Report '' ) led to a large - scale restructuring of Indian Intelligence . It , however , came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the Kargil intrusions . The Committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting Brigadier Surinder Singh of the Indian Army for his failure to report enemy intrusions in time , and for his subsequent conduct . Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior Indian Army commanders and , ultimately , higher government functionaries . In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available . Some chapters and all annexures , however , were deemed to contain classified information by the government and not released . K. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India 's nuclear weapons program and the roles played by Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi , P. V. Narasimha Rao and V. P. Singh . Pakistan Nawaz Sharif , Prime minister at that time , after a few months a military coup d'état was initiated that ousted him and his government . Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistan economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistan forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation . Responding to this , Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf said , `` It hurts me when an ex-premier undermines his own forces '' , and claimed that Indian casualties were more than that of Pakistan . The legacy of Kargil war still continues to be debated on Pakistan 's news channels and television political correspondents , which Musharraf repeatedly appeared to justified the causes and preludes of the Kargil war . Many in Pakistan had expected a victory over the Indian military based on Pakistani official reports on the war , but were dismayed by the turn of events and questioned the eventual retreat . The military leadership is believed to have felt let down by the prime minister 's decision to withdraw the remaining fighters . However , some authors , including Musharraf 's close friend and former American CENTCOM Commander General Anthony Zinni , and former Prime minister Nawaz Sharif , state that it was General Musharraf who requested Sharif to withdraw the Pakistani troops . In 2012 , Musharraf 's senior officer and retired major - general Abdul Majeed Malik maintained that Kargil was a `` total disaster '' and bitterly criticised General Musharraf . Pointing out the fact that Pakistan was in no position to fight India in that area ; the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the diplomatic process by involving the US President Bill Clinton and got Pakistan out of the difficult scenario . Malik maintained that soldiers were not `` Mujaheddin '' but active - duty serving officers and soldiers of the Pakistan Army . The PAF F - 16s had valuable significance for the patrolling missions but none of the F - 16s took active participation in the conflict . In a national security meeting with Prime minister Nawaz Sharif at the Joint Headquarters , General Musharraf became heavily involved with serious altercations with Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Fasih Bokhari who ultimately called for a court - martial against General Musharraf . Taking participation in the arguments , Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal PQ Mehdi quoted that `` any intervention by the Navy and the PAF into disputed land of Indian - controlled Kashmir would be perceived as an escalation to all - out declared war '' . After witnessing Musharraf 's criticism given to his fellow officers , ACM PQ Mehdi decided to give Musharraf a favour after issuing orders to PAF 's F - 16s for the patrolling missions near the Skardu Valley . The Pakistan Navy largely remained camouflaged during the entire conflict , and only submarines were deployed for patrolling missions . With Sharif placing the onus of the Kargil attacks squarely on the army chief Pervez Musharraf , there was an atmosphere of uneasiness between the two . On 12 October 1999 , General Musharraf staged a bloodless coup d'état , ousting Nawaz Sharif . Benazir Bhutto , an opposition leader in the parliament and former prime minister , called the Kargil War `` Pakistan 's greatest blunder '' . Many ex-officials of the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence ( Pakistan 's principal intelligence agency ) also believed that `` Kargil was a waste of time '' and `` could not have resulted in any advantage '' on the larger issue of Kashmir . A retired Pakistan Army 's Lieutenant - General Ali Kuli Khan , lambasted the war as `` a disaster bigger than the East Pakistan tragedy '' , adding that the plan was `` flawed in terms of its conception , tactical planning and execution '' that ended in `` sacrificing so many soldiers '' . The Pakistani media criticised the whole plan and the eventual climbdown from the Kargil heights since there were no gains to show for the loss of lives and it only resulted in international condemnation . Despite calls by many , no public commission of inquiry was set up in Pakistan to investigate the people responsible for initiating the conflict . The Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ( N ) ) published a white paper in 2006 , which stated that Nawaz Sharif constituted an inquiry committee that recommended a court martial for General Pervez Musharraf , but Musharraf `` stole the report '' after toppling the government , to save himself . The report also claims that India knew about the plan 11 months before its launch , enabling a complete victory for India on military , diplomatic and economic fronts . A statement in June 2008 by a former X Corps commander and Director - General of Military Intelligence ( M.I. ) that time , Lieutenant - General ( retired ) Jamshed Gulzar Kiani said that : `` As Prime minister , Nawaz Sharif `` was never briefed by the army '' on the Kargil attack , reignited the demand for a probe of the episode by legal and political groups . Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international focus , which was one of Pakistan 's aims , it had done so in negative circumstances that eroded its credibility , since the infiltration came just after a peace process between the two countries was underway . The sanctity of the LOC too received international recognition . President Clinton 's move to ask Islamabad to withdraw hundreds of armed militants from Indian - administered Kashmir was viewed by many in Pakistan as indicative of a clear shift in US policy against Pakistan . After the war , a few changes were made to the Pakistan armed forces . In recognition of the Northern Light Infantry 's performance in the war , which even drew praise from a retired Indian Lt. General , the regiment was incorporated into the regular army . The war showed that despite a tactically sound plan that had the element of surprise , little groundwork had been done to gauge the politico - diplomatic ramifications . And like previous unsuccessful infiltrations attempts , such as Operation Gibraltar , which sparked the 1965 war , there was little co-ordination or information sharing among the branches of the Pakistani Armed Forces . One US Intelligence study is reported to have stated that Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan 's ( lack of ) grand strategy , repeating the follies of the previous wars . In 2013 , General Musharraf 's close collaborator and confidential subordinate Lieutenant General ( retired ) Shahid Aziz revealed to Pakistan 's news televisions and electronic media , that `` ( Kargil ) adventure ' was India 's intelligence failure and Pakistan 's miscalculated move , the Kargil operation was known only to General Parvez Musharraf and four of his close collaborators '' . Casualties Memorial of Operation Vijay Pakistan army losses have been difficult to determine . Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed . The US Department of State had made an early , partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities . According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif there were over 4,000 fatalities . His PML ( N ) party in its `` white paper '' on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 Mujahideens , officers and soldiers were killed . Another major Pakistani political party , the Pakistan Peoples Party , also says that `` thousands '' of soldiers and irregulars died . Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed . Musharraf , in his Hindi version of his memoirs , titled `` Agnipath '' , differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded . Apart from General Musharraf 's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded , the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army 's website . One Indian Pilot was officially captured during the fighting , while there were eight Pakistani soldiers who were captured during the fighting , and were repatriated on 13 August 1999 . India gave its official casualty figures as 527 dead and 1,363 wounded . Kargil war memorial , India Main article : Dras War Memorial The main entrance of Kargil War Memorial by the Indian Army at Dras , India Kargil War Memorial , Patna The Kargil War memorial , built by the Indian Army , is located in Dras , in the foothills of the Tololing Hill . The memorial , located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill , commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War . A poem `` Pushp Kii Abhilasha '' ( Wish of a Flower ) by Makhanlal Chaturvedi , a renowned 20th century neo-romantic Hindi poet , is inscribed on the gateway of the memorial greets visitors . The names of the soldiers who lost their lives in the War are inscribed on the Memorial Wall and can be read by visitors . A museum attached to the Kargil War Memorial , which was established to celebrate the victory of ' Operation Vijay ' , houses pictures of Indian soldiers , archives of important war documents and recordings , Pakistani war equipments and gear , and official emblems of the Army from the Kargil war . A giant national flag , weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India 's victory in the war . Popular culture The brief conflict provided considerable dramatic material for filmmakers and authors in India . Some documentaries which were shot on the subject were used by the ruling party coalition , led by Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , in furthering its election campaign that immediately followed the war . The following is a list of the major films and dramas on the subject . Lord John Marbury is a 1999 episode in the first season of The West Wing that depicts a fictionalised representation of the Kargil conflict . Pentagram 's single , ' Price of Bullets ' , released in 1999 dealt with the Kargil War . LOC : Kargil ( 2003 ) , a Hindi movie which depicts many incidents from the war was one of the longest in Indian movie history , running for more than four hours . Lakshya ( 2004 ) , another Hindi movie portraying a fictionalised account of the conflict . Movie critics have generally appreciated the realistic portrayal of characters . The film also received good reviews in Pakistan because it portrays both sides fairly . Sainika ( 2002 ) , the Kannada film directed by Mahesh Sukhdhare depicted the life of a soldier with Kargil war as one of the events . Starring C.P. Yogishwar and Sakshi Shivanand . Dhoop ( 2003 ) , Hindi film , directed by national award winner Ashwini Chaudhary , which depicted the life of Anuj Nayyar 's parents after his death . Anuj Nayyar was a captain in the Indian army and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra posthumously . Om Puri plays the role of S.K. Nayyar , Anuj 's father . Mission Fateh -- Real Stories of Kargil Heroes , a TV series telecast on Sahara channel chronicling the Indian Army 's missions . Fifty Day War -- A theatrical production on the war , directed by Aamir Raza Husain , the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict . This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia , budget of Rs. 15 million , involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting . Kurukshetra ( 2008 ) -- A Malayalam film directed by a former Indian Army Major Ravi ( Retd ) based on his experience of Kargil War . Laag ( 2000 ) -- A Pakistani film - drama based on the armed intrusions and struggle of Pakistan army soldiers in the conflict . Kargil Kartoons ( 1999 ) -- With a support of the cartoons of eight leading cartoonists , Shekhar Gurera compiled a collection of cartoons dedicated to the Indian defence forces . He also coordinated Kargil Kartoons ( A Collection of Cartoons and a chain of Cartoon Exhibition ) , the solidarity gesture of drawing on - the - spot cartoons of army men who passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil . The cartoons on Kargil War were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy , New Delhi . 25 -- 31 July 1999 , followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at Jaipur , Chandigarh , Patna and Indore . Stumped ( 2003 ) -- A film expressing the mixed emotions of 1999 Cricket World Cup celebrations and mourning associated with individual 's casualty in the Kargil war . Mausam ( 2011 film ) was a 2011 romantic drama film directed by Pankaj Kapoor , spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events . Many other movies like Tango Charlie drew heavily upon the Kargil episode , which still continues to be a plot for mainstream movies with a Malayalam movie Keerthi Chakra . The impact of the war in the sporting arena was visible during the India - Pakistan clash in the 1999 Cricket World Cup , which coincided with the Kargil timeline . The game witnessed heightened passions and was one of the most viewed matches in the tournament . Notes ^ Jump up to : Chakraborty , A. K. `` Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India 's Commitment to Peace '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown of casualties into Officers , JCOs , and Other Ranks '' . Parliament of India Website . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army 's Killed in Action during Op Vijay '' . Indian Army . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official statement giving breakdown of wounded personnel '' . Parliament of India Website . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf claims Kargil was a big success militarily for Pakistan '' . Greater Kashmir. 1 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Musharraf now has Pak 's Kargil toll : 357 '' . Indian Express . 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf 's court martial '' . thenews.com . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war '' . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs '' . NDTV . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pervez Musharraf ' crossed LoC before Kargil war ' ; V. K. Singh praises ex-Pak army chief 's ' courage ' '' . 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashok Kalyan Verma , Major General . Kargil : Blood on the Snow . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` The Kargil ( Kashmir ) War , May -- July 1999 '' . University of Texas , Austin . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tortured Kargil martyr 's parents want justice for war crime '' . Times of India . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodrigo Tavares ( 2006 ) . Understanding regional peace and security . Göteborg University ( original from Northwestern University . ISBN 9187380676 . Page 297 Jump up ^ It is also sometimes referred to as Operation Vijay Kargil so as to distinguish it from Operation Vijay , the operation by the Military of India that led to the capture of Goa , Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Kargil Conflict '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Clancy ; Tony Zinni ; Tony Koltz ( 2004 ) . Battle Ready . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15176 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Pak commander blows the lid on Islamabad 's Kargil plot '' . 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 13 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sharif admits he let down Vajpayee on Kargil conflict '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Shuja , Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within , p. 420 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hussain , Javed ( 21 October 2006 ) . `` Kargil : what might have happened '' . Dawn . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheema , Pervaiz Iqbal ( 2003 ) . The Armed Forces of Pakistan . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 119 - 1 . Pg 4 Jump up ^ `` Profile of Kargil District '' Archived 18 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Official website of Kargil District Jump up ^ `` Climate & Soil conditions '' . Official website of Kargil District . Archived from the original on 18 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War in Kargil -- The CCC 's summary on the war '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Chandran , Suba ( 2004 ) . `` Limited War with Pakistan : Will It Secure India 's Interests ? '' . ACDIS Occasional Paper . Program in Arms Control , Disarmament , and International Security ( ACDIS ) , University of Illinois . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Against the `` accepted 3 : 1 ratio for attacking troops vs defending troops '' , the ratio over mountain terrain is estimated at 6 : 1 . `` Men At War '' , India Today Jump up ^ Acosta , Marcus P. , CPT , U.S. Army , `` High Altitude Warfare : The Kargil Conflict & the Future '' , June 2003 . Alternate Link Jump up ^ `` The Coldest War '' . Outside Magazine . Archived from the original on 2 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pervez Musharraf admits Pakistan nurtured terrorism '' . The Free Press Journal . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pak backed terror groups like LeT to fan militancy : Musharraf '' . Business Standard . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Supported , Trained Terror Groups Like LeT to Fan Militancy : Pervez Musharraf '' . Outlook . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan trained terrorists against India : Pervez Musharraf '' . India Today . 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Supported , Trained Terror Groups : Pervez Musharraf '' . NDTV. 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pervez Musharraf 's confession on Pakistan terror groups : Truth finally out , say Indian political parties '' . DNA India . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf equates Bal Thackeray with Hafiz Saeed '' . The Times of India . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kargil : where defence met diplomacy '' Archived 16 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , India 's then Chief of Army Staff VP Malik , expressing his views on Operation Vijay . Hosted on Daily Times Jump up ^ Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang , `` The Fate of Kashmir '' , Stanford Journal of International Relations Jump up ^ `` Book review of The Indian Army : A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo '' Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Hosted on IPCS Jump up ^ `` No mujahideen , our soldiers took part in Kargil : Pak ex-Gen '' . The Tribune ( Online Edition ) . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shahid Aziz ( 6 January 2013 ) . `` Putting our children in line of fire '' . The Nation . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert G. Wirsing ( 2003 ) . Kashmir in the Shadow of War : regional rivalries in a nuclear age . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1090 - 6 . Pg 38 Jump up ^ Ludra , Kuldip S. ( 2001 ) . Operation Badr : Mussharef 's contribution to Pakistan 's thousand years war against India . Institute for Strategic Research and Analysis Chandigarh . Jump up ^ Low Intensity Conflicts in India By Vivek Chadha , United Service Institution of India Published by SAGE , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3325 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Hassan Abbas ( 2004 ) . Pakistan 's Drift into Extremism : Allah , the Army , and America 's War on Terror . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1497 - 9 . Jump up ^ Musharraf advised against Kargil , says Benazir , ' Musharraf planned Kargil when I was PM ' : Bhutto -- Previous interview to Hindustan Times , 30 November 2001 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195476972 . Jump up ^ Kapur , S. Paul ( 2007 ) . Dangerous Deterrent . Stanford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5550 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz blames Musharraf for Kargil '' . The Times of India . 28 May 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I learnt about Kargil from Vajpayee , says Nawaz '' . Dawn. 29 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Qadir , Shaukat ( April 2002 ) . `` An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999 '' ( PDF ) . RUSI Journal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil planned before Vajpayee 's visit : Musharraf '' . Indian Express . 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India -- Opinions '' . Tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ V. P. Malik , `` Kargil War : Need to learn strategic lessons '' , India Tribune , 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil conflict timeline '' . BBC News . 13 July 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Tariq . `` Bitter Chill of Winter '' . London Review of Books = . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Ravi Nanda ( 1999 ) . Kargil : A Wake Up Call . Vedams Books . ISBN 81 - 7095 - 074 - 0 . Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How I Started A War '' . Time . 12 July 1999 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pervez Musharraf ( 2006 ) . In the Line of Fire : A Memoir . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8344 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Northern Light Infantry in the Kargil Operations '' . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . by Ravi Rikhye 1999 August 25 , 2002 -- ORBAT ^ Jump up to : It is estimated that around 2,000 `` Mujahideen '' might have been involved as Musharraf stated on 6 July 1999 , to Pakistan 's The News ; online article , Asia Times quoting the General 's estimate . An Indian Major General ( retd ) too puts the `` Number of guerrillas at 2,000 '' , apart from the NLI Infantry Regiment . Jump up ^ `` Saurabh Kalia 's parents waging a lone battle to highlight war crimes '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` War in Kargil '' Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) `` Islamabad Playing with Fire by Praful Bidwai '' , The Tribune , 7 June 1999 Jump up ^ Gen VP Malik . `` Lessons from Kargil '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Grare , Frédéric . `` The Resurgence of Baluch nationalism '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Power '' . Force India . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Azam Khan , Cdr ( Retd ) Muhammad . `` Exercise Seaspark -- 2001 '' . Defence Journal . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Navy celebrates its silent Kargil victory '' . DNA India . 30 November 2005 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ General Ashok K Mehta ( 5 August 2005 ) . `` The silent sentinel '' . Rediff . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ General Ashok K Mehta ( 5 August 1999 ) . `` The silent sentinel '' . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce . Avoiding Armageddon . HarperCollins . ISBN 9350299941 . Jump up ^ Lambeth , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . Airpower at 18,000 ' : The Indian Air Force in the Kargil War ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hiranandani , G. M. ( 2009 ) . Transition to Guardianship : The Indian Navy 1991 -- 2000 . New Delhi : Lancer Publishers . ISBN 1935501267 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian general praises Pakistani valour at Kargil '' . Daily Times . 5 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Kashmir in the Shadow of War By Robert Wirsing Published by M.E. Sharpe , 2003 ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1090 - 6 pp36 Jump up ^ `` Landmine monitor -- India '' . Icbl.org . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Army gets hostile weapon locating capability '' . webindia123.com . Jump up ^ Adekeye Adebajo and Chandra Lekha Sriram , ed. ( 2001 ) . Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st Century . London : Frank Cass Publishers . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 0714681369 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen ( 30 June 2004 ) . `` Commander ordered capture of Point 5353 in Kargil war '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Barua , Pradeep P. ( 2005 ) . The State at War in South Asia . University of Nebraska Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1344 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` India loses two jets '' . BBC News . 27 May 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan ' prepared nuclear strike ' '' . BBC News . 16 May 2002 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan and the Kashmir militants '' . BBC News . 5 July 1999 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Story : Kargil War -- Pakistan : Face - Saving Retreat '' . india-today.com . Jump up ^ Hassan Abbas ( 2004 ) . Pakistan 's Drift into Extremism : Allah , The Army , And America 's War On Terror . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1497 - 9 . Pg 173 ; Revisiting Kargil : Was it a Failure for Pakistan 's Military ? , IPCS Jump up ^ `` Lesson learnt ? '' . Dawn. 24 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Transcripts of conversations between Lt Gen Mohammad Aziz , Chief of General Staff and Musharraf '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. brokers Kargil peace but problems remain '' . Atimes.com. 7 July 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASEAN backs India 's stand '' . The Tribune . 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Clinton ( 2004 ) . My Life . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41457 - 6 . , Pg 865 Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- South Asia -- Kashmir : Dialogue call amid fresh fighting '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` India encircles rebels on Kashmir mountaintop '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 14 June 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . CNN Jump up ^ `` Text of joint Clinton - Sharif statement '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Disarmament Diplomacy : Complete texts of Indian and Pakistani statements following Pakistan 's decision to withdraw its troops in Kargil '' . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Army Param Vir Chakra Winners Archived 15 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Shaheed Foundation Pakistan '' . Shaheed Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Perkovich , George ( 2001 ) . India 's Nuclear Bomb : The Impact on Global Proliferation ( Updated Edition with a New Afterword ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . p. 473 . ISBN 978 - 0520232105 . Jump up ^ Sachdev , A. K. ( January 2000 ) . `` Media Related Lessons From Kargil '' . Jump up ^ `` Centre bans PTV '' . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Indian Express 3 June 1999 Jump up ^ `` Delhi lifts ban on Dawn website , PTV broadcasts '' , Dawn wire service 17 July 1999 Jump up ^ Rasheeda Bhagat , `` A different view of Kargil '' , Volume 16 -- Issue 19 , 11 -- 24 Sep 1999 The Frontline Jump up ^ `` Pak TV ban gets good response '' Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rediff on the NeT : Pak media lament lost opportunity '' . rediff.com . Jump up ^ Sultan M. Hali , `` The role of media in war '' , Defence Journal , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Quoted in News Desk , `` Pakistan May Use Any Weapon '' , The News , 31 May 1999 . Jump up ^ Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program Archived 12 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ George Perkovich , `` Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran '' , Testimony before the United States House Committee on Armed Services , 1 February 2006 . Jump up ^ India had deployed Agni during Kargil , Article from `` Indian Express '' 19 June 2000 Jump up ^ `` Musharraf moved nuclear weapons in Kargil war '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NTI : Country Overview '' , Nuclear Threat Initiative ( Archive on the Wayback Machine ) Jump up ^ `` The Spoils of War '' . TIME.com. 10 April 2000 . Jump up ^ Centre files second affidavit in Kargil scam The Financial Express 14 April 2005 Jump up ^ `` Kargil coffin scam '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ War Against Error , Cover story on Outlook , 28 February 2005 ( Online edition ) Jump up ^ `` Army was reluctant to tell govt about Kargil : Tipnis '' , 7 October 2006 , The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Fencing Duel '' , India Today Jump up ^ Paul R. Dettman , `` India Changes Course '' ( Greenwood Publishing Group : 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97308 - 5 , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ News reports from Daily Times ( Pakistan ) and BBC mentioning the Israeli military support to India during the conflict . Jump up ^ `` Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee 's Report '' . Indian News . Archived from the original on 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil report shows the way '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pg 56 -- 60 Dixit , JN , `` India - Pakistan in War & Peace '' , Routledge , 2002 . Books.google.co.in. 2 August 2003 . ISBN 9780203301104 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The sacking of a Brigadier '' . Frontline . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scapegoat for the system '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 1 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Army 's Kargil inquiry indicts Brig Surinder Singh '' . Rediff . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Kargil Story '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` P. V. Narasimha Rao and the Bomb '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Narasimha Rao and the Bomb '' . informaworld . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Myra ( 2017 ) . Defeat Is an Orphan : How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War . Random House India . ISBN 9789385990830 . Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear - armed power , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily ^ Jump up to : Samina Ahmed , `` Diplomatic Fiasco : Pakistan 's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield '' , Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government . Jump up ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery . `` Coup d'itat : Pakistan gets a new sheriff '' . salon.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed , `` A Friend for all Seasons '' , ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan refuses to take even officers ' bodies '' . Rediff.com. 11 July 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry for the inconvenience '' . Jump up ^ Second - Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan , The Herald , July 2000 . Online scanned version of the article ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Musharraf and the truth about Kargil '' , The Hindu , 25 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Over soldier 's killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 5 August 2004 ) . `` India suffered more casualties in Kargil than Pakistan , claims Musharraf '' . Expressindia.com . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Badmi , Vaseem ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` 11th Hour '' . ARY News TV . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacha , Sana ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Top Story '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ K. Ratnayake , `` Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif 's resignation '' , 7 August 1999 , Can Sharif deliver ? , Michael Krepon . `` The Stability - Instability Paradox in South Asia '' -- Hosted on Henry L. Stimson Centre . Jump up ^ Tom Clancy ; Tony Koltz ( 2004 ) . Battle Ready . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Musharraf Vs. Sharif : Who 's Lying ? Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Butt ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Kargil was a total disaster '' . The News International , 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Times Report ( 9 October 2002 ) . `` Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12 : Fasih Bokhari '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil Jump up ^ Tufail , PAF , Brigadier Kaisar ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Himalayan Showdown '' . Air Forces Monthly ( UK ) . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tufail , Kaisar . `` Kargil Conflict and Pakistan Air Force '' . Kaisar Tufail at Air Force Monthly . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Admiral Mohammad Anwer ( 2006 ) . Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals : Autobiography of a Senior Naval Officer . Karachi Pakistan : AuthorHouse ( 20 October 2006 ) . p. 252 . ISBN 9781425900205 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil Was Success Only For Pervez '' . Farjinews.blogspot.com. 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Select Media Reports from Urdu Media in Pakistan ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971 Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . -- Interview of Lt Gen Ali Kuli Khan Khattak . Jump up ^ Review of Musharraf 's memoirs by S. A. Haleem Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jang , 19 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` Victory in reverse : the great climbdown '' , Dawn Jump up ^ Ayaz Amir , `` For this submission what gain ? '' , Dawn Jump up ^ `` Today 's Newspaper -- The News International '' . The News International , Pakistan . Jump up ^ Ill - conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil : PML - N Pak Tribune , 6 August 2006 Jump up ^ Call for Musharraf treason trial By M Ilyas Khan BBC News 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ Lawmakers demand probe into Kargil debacle Associated Press of Pakistan 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ MNAs seek probe into Kargil debacle By Naveed Butt The Nation Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Shift in US Kashmir stance ? '' , BBC 17 June 1999 Jump up ^ Irfan Husain , `` Kargil : the morning after '' , 29 April 2000 Dawn Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Kargil : A blessing in disguise ? '' , Daily Times , 19 July 2004 , Pakistan Jump up ^ APP ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Kargil adventure was India 's intelligence failure , Pakistan 's miscalculated move : Ex-Pak General '' . National Turk English . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex General reveals details about Kargil fiasco '' . GEO News . 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Khalid Kaikani ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Kargil adventure was four - man show : general '' . Dawn News . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ill - conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil : PML - N 6 August 2006 , PakTribune Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pak summit 2001 '' . Pakistan Peoples Party . 12 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Army rubbishes Musharraf 's Kargil claims Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` President Musharaffs disclosure on Pakistani Casualties in his book '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Pakistan army publishes list of army regulars who died in various conflicts , November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs '' . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ http://kavitakosh.org/kk/ पुष्प_की_अभिलाषा_ / _माखनलाल_चतुर्वेदी Jump up ^ 15 - kg Tricolour hoisted at Kargil war memorial Jammu and Kashmir Videos - IBNLive . Ibnlive.in.com ( 25 July 2012 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ LOC : Kargil main page on the website IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Lakshya '' . rottentomatoes.com. 18 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Bollywood 's Kargil -- Ihsan Aslam Daily Times Jump up ^ `` Sainika Film Story '' . KannadaAudio.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Dhoop on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The larger than life director '' . Financial Express . 19 February 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kargil Kartoons a collection of cartoons Jump up ^ `` Humour for warriors up front , '' Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Indian Express , 14 July 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Bowled over by the star of ' Stumped ' '' . hindu.com . Jump up ^ Tango Charlie on IMDb Jump up ^ Keerthi Chakra on IMDb Jump up ^ Hasan , Uzair ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` India vs. Pakistan : A Match Made In Heaven And Hell '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Ashwani Shrotriya . `` Operation Vijay : Everything You Need To Know In 4 Minutes '' , Dainik Bhaskar Footnotes ^ Note ( I ) : Names for the conflict : There have been various names for the conflict . During the actual fighting in Kargil , the Indian Government was careful not to use the term `` war '' , calling it a `` war - like situation '' , even though both nations indicated that they were in a `` state of war '' . Terms like Kargil `` conflict '' , Kargil `` incident '' or the official military assault , `` Operation Vijay '' , were thus preferred . After the end of the war however , the Indian Government increasingly called it the `` Kargil War '' , even though there had been no official declaration of war . Other less popularly used names included `` Third Kashmir War '' and Pakistan 's codename given to the infiltration : `` Operation Badr '' . See also Gudiya , Kargil war victim . Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System Military Intelligence ( Pakistan ) References Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia : The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil the CCC Kargil Project . Kargil Conflict ( GlobalSecurity.org ) Limited Conflict Under the Nuclear Umbrella ( RAND Corporation ) War in Kargil ( Center for Contemporary Conflict ) ( PDF ) Essay on the outcomes of the Kargil War Stephen P. Cohen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 1 . Kargil Review Committee ( 2000 ) . From Surprise to Reckoning : The Kargil Review Committee Report . SAGE Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9466 - 1 . ( Executive summary of the report , Online ) Limited War with Pakistan : Will It Secure India 's Interests ? ACDIS Occasional Paper by Suba Chandran , Published 2004 by Program in Arms Control , Disarmament , and International Security ( ACDIS ) , University of Illinois . An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999 , by Shaukat Qadir , RUSI Journal , April 2002 ( PDF ) V.P. Malik ( 2006 ) . Kargil ; From Surprise to Victory . Harper Collins , New Delhi , India . Further reading Indian literature on Kargil war M.K. Akbar ( 1999 ) . Kargil Cross Border Terrorism . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 734 - 8 . Amarinder Singh ( 2001 ) . A Ridge Too Far : War in the Kargil Heights 1999 . Motibagh Palace , Patiala . ASIN : B0006E8KKW . Jasjit Singh ( 1999 ) . Kargil 1999 : Pakistan 's Fourth War for Kashmir . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 86019 - 22 - 7 . J.N. Dixit ( 2002 ) . India - Pakistan in War & Peace . Books Today . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30472 - 5 . Ranjan Kumar Singh . Sarhad Zero Mile . Parijat Prakashan . ISBN 81 - 903561 - 0 - 0 . Mona Bhan . Counterinsurgency , Democracy and the Politics of Identity in India . Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series . Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre Muhammad Ayub . An Army ; Its role and Rule ( A History of the Pakistan Army From Independence to Kargil 1947 -- 1999 ) . Rosedog Books , Pittsburgh . Pennsylvania , USA . ISBN 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 3 . Hussain , PA , Ashfaq ( 2008 ) . Witness to Blunder . Idara Matbuaat - e-Sulemani . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Mazari , Shireen M. ( 2003 ) . The Kargil conflict , 1999 : separating fact from fiction ( 1st ed . ) . Islamabad : Institute of Strategic Studies . ISBN 9789698772000 . Aziz , PA , Shahid ( 2008 ) . Yeh Khamoshi Kahan Tak ? . Islamabad , Pakistan : Army Press Publications . Anwar , PN , Admiral Muhammad ( 18 October 2006 ) . Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals . Bloomington , US : Autor House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 0020 - 5 . Musharraf , Pervez ( 2006 ) . In the Line of Fire : A Memoir . New York ( u.a. ) : Free Press . ISBN 074 - 3283449 . Hilali , A.Z. ( 2005 ) . `` Renewal of US -- Pakistan Partnership : President BIll Clinton in Kargil War '' . US -- Pakistan relationship : Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Burlington , VT : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0754 - 642206 . Aziz , Mazhar ( 2008 ) . `` L'État , c'est militaire ' '' . Military control in Pakistan : The parallel state . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 93357 - 5 . Kiani , PA , Jameshed Gulzar . `` Making an example '' . GEO Television Press Publishers . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Siddiqa , Ayesha ( 2007 ) . Military Inc . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 9780745325453 . Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Karachi : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195476606 . External links This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . 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About Wikipedia	who was the prime minister of pakistan during kargil war	[ "Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998.[39][50] After the war, Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict, claimed that he was unaware of the plans, and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee, his counterpart in India.[51] Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and \"just two or three of his cronies\",[52] a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals, including Musharraf, knew of the plan.[47][53] Musharraf, however, asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee's journey to Lahore on 20 February.[54]" ]	[ "Nawaz Sharif" ]
3205429990393678628	Jackie Earle Haley	Jackie Earle Haley - wikipedia Jackie Earle Haley Jump to : navigation , search Jackie Earle Haley Haley at the A Nightmare on Elm Street panel at WonderCon , 2010 Jack Earle Haley ( 1961 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Northridge , California , U.S. Residence San Antonio , Texas Occupation Actor Years active 1972 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sherry Vaughan ( m . 1979 , divorced ) Jennifer Hargrave ( m . 1985 , divorced ; 2 children ) Amelia Cruz ( m . 2004 ) Children Christopher Haley ( b . 1986 ) Olivia Haley ( b . 1998 ) Jack `` Jackie '' Earle Haley ( born July 14 , 1961 ) is an American film and television actor . His earliest roles included Moocher in Breaking Away ( 1979 ) and Kelly Leak in The Bad News Bears ( 1976 ) , The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training ( 1977 ) and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan ( 1978 ) . After spending many years as a producer and director of television commercials , he revived his acting career with a supporting role in All the King 's Men ( 2006 ) . This was followed by his performance as pedophile Ronald James McGorvey in Little Children ( 2006 ) , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Subsequent notable roles include the vigilante Rorschach in Watchmen ( 2009 ) , horror icon Freddy Krueger in the remake of A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) and Odin Quincannon in Preacher ( 2016 -- ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Haley was born and raised in Northridge , California , the son of Haven Earle `` Bud '' Haley , a radio show host / disc jockey and actor . Haley has appeared in numerous films , including Damnation Alley , John Schlesinger 's The Day of the Locust , and Losin ' It , as well as guest roles on TV . A well known child actor , he starred as Kelly Leak in the comedy The Bad News Bears . He also starred in The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan . He played Moocher in Peter Yates 's acclaimed 1979 film Breaking Away and later in the short - lived TV series of the same name . Throughout the 1970s , he often played a tough , angry , pimply , long - haired misfit ; although in his feature debut , the offbeat 1972 film , The Outside Man , he played Eric , a boy apparently so desperately lonely that he tries to impress the mob assassin holding him and his mother ( Georgia Engel ) hostage . Haley also shot a pilot for an American version of the popular British comedy The Young Ones titled Oh , No ! Not THEM ! . In 1974 he played Norm a misfit kid in the 12th episode of the Saturday morning children 's show , Shazam ! It is rumored that in 1984 , Haley 's friend Johnny Depp accompanied him to auditions for Wes Craven 's A Nightmare on Elm Street ; instead of Haley being chosen for a role , it was Depp who was spotted by director Craven , who asked him if he would like to read for a part . Haley 's acting career went dormant during most of the 1990s and early 2000s , when he moved to San Antonio , Texas , and eventually turned to directing , finding success as a producer and director of television commercials . With the recommendation of Sean Penn , Haley returned to acting in 2006 , first appearing in Steven Zaillian 's All the King 's Men alongside Penn as Sugar Boy , his bodyguard , before giving a critically acclaimed performance as a recently paroled sex offender in Todd Field 's Little Children . He stated that his preparation for the role was greatly influenced by the relationship shared between his mother and his brother True , who battled a heroin addiction before he died of an overdose . Haley was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for this portrayal and in 2007 was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Haley owns a production company , JEH Productions , in San Antonio , Texas . In 2008 , he appeared in Semi-Pro and starred in Winged Creatures with Kate Beckinsale , Guy Pearce and Dakota Fanning . He also stars in Zack Snyder 's 2009 adaptation of the Alan Moore graphic novel , Watchmen , as Rorschach , a masked vigilante working to find the identity of a costumed hero killer , a role which earned Haley praise from many reviewers . The film also reunited him with Little Children co-star Patrick Wilson who played Nite Owl II , former partner of Rorschach . Also in 2010 , Haley appeared in Shutter Island , directed by Martin Scorsese , playing a patient of a hospital for the criminally insane . Haley played the role of Freddy Krueger in the A Nightmare on Elm Street remake . He has signed on to play the role in three installments in the series . Haley was a series regular on Human Target as Guerrero , an ally of the main character , Christopher Chance . The series premiered on January 17 , 2010 on Fox , and lasted for two seasons before being cancelled in May 2011 . He played Willie Loomis in the 2012 film adaptation of Dark Shadows , directed by Tim Burton , and played Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens in Lincoln , directed by Steven Spielberg . More recently , he has played the supervillian `` The Terror '' in Amazon 's re-boot of `` The Tick '' Personal life ( edit ) Haley 's first marriage was to Sherry Vaughan in 1979 . He has two children : a son , Christopher ( born 1986 ) , and a daughter , Olivia ( born 1998 ) , by his second wife , Jennifer Hargrave . He married his third wife , Amelia Cruz , in 2004 . The couple reside in San Antonio , Texas . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 Outside Man , The The Outside Man Eric Day of the Locust , The The Day of the Locust Adore Loomis 1976 Bad News Bears , The The Bad News Bears Kelly Leak 1977 Bad News Bears in Breaking Training , The The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training 1977 Damnation Alley Bill 1978 Bad News Bears Go to Japan , The The Bad News Bears Go to Japan Kelly Leak 1979 Breaking Away Moocher Losin ' It Dave 1985 Zoo Gang , The The Zoo Gang Little Joe 1991 Dollman Braxton Red 1992 Nemesis Einstein 1993 Maniac Cop III : Badge of Silence Frank Jessup 2006 All the King 's Men Roderick `` Sugar Boy '' Ellis 2006 Little Children Ronald James McGorvey Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Iowa Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor National Society of Film Critics Awards for Best Supporting Actor ( 2nd place ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Village Voice Film Poll for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Ensemble Cast Nominated -- Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Gold Derby Film Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role 2008 Semi-Pro Dukes 2009 Winged Creatures Bob Jasperson Released on DVD in the US as Fragments 2009 Watchmen Walter Kovacs / Rorschach Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Shutter Island George Noyce Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actor Nightmare on Elm Street , AA Nightmare on Elm Street Freddy Krueger Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor : Horror / Thriller Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Villain 2011 Bolden ! Judge Perry 2012 Dark Shadows Willie Loomis 2012 Lincoln Alexander H. Stephens 2013 Parkland Father Oscar Huber 2014 RoboCop Rick Mattox 2015 Criminal Activities Gerry Also director 2016 The Birth of a Nation Raymond Cobb 2016 London Has Fallen Chief Deputy Mason 2017 The Dark Tower Sayre 2018 Alita : Battle Angel Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 Wait Till Your Father Gets Home Jamie Boyle ( voice ) 11 episodes 1973 The Partridge Family Rusty Episode : `` The Strike - Out King '' 1973 Marcus Welby , M.D. Tony Episode : `` Nguyen '' Valley of the Dinosaurs Greg Butler ( voice ) Planet of the Apes Kraik Episode : `` The Legacy '' Shazam ! Norm Briggs Episode : `` The Delinquent '' The Waltons Tom Episode : `` The Emergence '' 1979 The Love Boat Paul Turner 's ' son ' 2 episodes 1980 Insight Episode : `` Chicken '' 1980 -- 1981 Breaking Away Moocher 8 episodes 1981 Every Stray Dog and Kid Television film American Playhouse Seventeen - and - Desperate Episode : `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' Whiz Kids Harlan Episode : `` A Chip Off the Old Block '' 1985 MacGyver Turk Episode : `` Last Stand '' 1986 Murder , She Wrote Billy Willetts Episode : `` Powder Keg '' 1990 Oh , No ! Not THEM ! Adrian Television film 1990 Gravedale High Gill Waterman ( voice ) 13 episodes 1991 Get a Life Cousin Donald Episode : `` Chris vs. Donald '' 1992 Renegade Stick Episode : `` Mother Courage '' 1993 Prophet of Evil : The Ervil LeBaron Story Television film 2010 -- 2011 Human Target Guerrero 25 episodes 2016 Preacher Odin Quincannon 8 episodes 2016 -- present The Tick The Terror Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Watchmen : The End Is Nigh Walter Kovacs / Rorschach 2009 Mortal Kombat Freddy Krueger 2014 The Evil Within Ruvik References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/p/jhaley.htm Jump up ^ http://hubmesh.com/actor-jackie-earle-haley-age-54-and-third-wife-amelia-cruz-thinking-of-adopting-children.html Jump up ^ California Birth Index , 1905 - 1995 . Center for Health Statistics , California Department of Health Services . Familytreelegends.com Jump up ^ Yahoo.com Archived September 27 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jackie Earle Haley : ' Bad News ' to Oscar Gold Jump up ^ `` Jackie Earle Haley Talks Freddy 's Voice , Additional Filming '' . Jump up ^ Diaconescu , Sorina ( 2006 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Movies ; A casting recall answered ; A director ' just remembered ' Jackie Earle Haley , and now he 's breaking the child - actor curse , enjoying adult roles years after ' Bad News Bears . ' '' . Jump up ^ Booth , William . `` A Former Child Star 's Grown - Up Reward '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hollypowellstudios.com Jump up ^ `` Jackie Earle Haley & Cast Interview Nightmare on Elm Street '' . MoviesOnline . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa . `` It felt like this was supposed to happen '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Moore , Omar P.L. `` Popcorn Reel In Focus Interview : `` Little Children '' 's Jackie Early Haley `` . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Film Academy Invites 115 New Members '' . Associated Press . June 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ on 2009 - 28 - 04 Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 07 - 26 ) . `` ' Watchmen ' powering up with castings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Why Nightmare on Elm Street went back for more shooting Archived January 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joshua Rich ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) . `` ' Nightmare on Elm Street ' remake : Jackie Earle Haley to play Freddy Krueger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SCREAM ' 09 : Jackie Earle Haley on ' Elm Street ' Surprises , Freddy 's Voice and a Sequel ! '' . BloodyDisgusting . Jump up ^ `` About Human Target '' . Fox . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDonnel , Jen TV tonight : Human Target The Gazette December 22 , 2010 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Jackie Earle Haley on ' RoboCop ' , Rehearsing , Auditioning and More ! '' . February 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` London Has Fallen Adds Jackie Earle Haley '' . Comingsoon.net . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jackie Earle Haley . Official website Jackie Earle Haley on IMDb ( hide ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Jack Nicholson ( 1969 ) Chief Dan George ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Robert Duvall ( 1972 ) Robert De Niro ( 1973 ) Charles Boyer ( 1974 ) Alan Arkin ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Alan Alda ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Eugene Levy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Jackie Earle Haley ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Josh Brolin ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) VIAF : 24206463 LCCN : no97043312 ISNI : 0000 0000 7826 0444 GND : 1046974882 SUDOC : 150607385 BNF : cb140496998 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Earle_Haley&oldid=801141969 '' Categories : 1961 births Male actors from California American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people People from San Antonio People from Northridge , Los Angeles 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played kelly leak in the bad news bears	[ "Jack \"Jackie\" Earle Haley[3][4] (born July 14, 1961) is an American film and television actor. His earliest roles included Moocher in Breaking Away (1979) and Kelly Leak in The Bad News Bears (1976), The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training (1977) and The Bad News Bears Go to Japan (1978). After spending many years as a producer and director of television commercials,[5] he revived his acting career with a supporting role in All the King's Men (2006). This was followed by his performance as pedophile Ronald James McGorvey in Little Children (2006), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Subsequent notable roles include the vigilante Rorschach in Watchmen (2009), horror icon Freddy Krueger in the remake of A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) and Odin Quincannon in Preacher (2016–).[6]" ]	[ "Jack \"Jackie\" Earle Haley" ]
-200329563049649624	Charles Darwin	Charles Darwin - wikipedia Charles Darwin For other people named Charles Darwin , see Charles Darwin ( disambiguation ) . Charles Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS Darwin , c. 1854 , when he was preparing On the Origin of Species for publication Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809 - 02 - 12 ) 12 February 1809 The Mount , Shrewsbury , Shropshire , England 19 April 1882 ( 1882 - 04 - 19 ) ( aged 73 ) Down House , Downe , Kent , England Known for The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species Spouse ( s ) Emma Wedgwood ( m . 1839 ) Children 10 Awards FRS ( 1839 ) Royal Medal ( 1853 ) Wollaston Medal ( 1859 ) Copley Medal ( 1864 ) Doctor of Laws ( Honorary ) , Cambridge ( 1877 ) Scientific career Fields Natural history , geology Institutions Tertiary education : University of Edinburgh Medical School ( medicine , no degree ) Christ 's College , Cambridge Bachelor of Arts ( 1831 ) Master of Arts ( 1836 ) Professional institution : Geological Society of London Academic advisors John Stevens Henslow Adam Sedgwick Influences Charles Lyell Alexander von Humboldt John Herschel Thomas Malthus Influenced Hooker , Huxley , Romanes , Haeckel , Lubbock Signature Charles Robert Darwin , FRS FRGS FLS FZS ( / ˈdɑːrwɪn / ; 12 February 1809 -- 19 April 1882 ) was an English naturalist , geologist and biologist , best known for his contributions to the science of evolution . He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and , in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace , introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection , in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding . Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species , overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species . By the 1870s , the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact . However , many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution . Darwin 's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences , explaining the diversity of life . Darwin 's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh ; instead , he helped to investigate marine invertebrates . Studies at the University of Cambridge ( Christ 's College ) encouraged his passion for natural science . His five - year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell 's uniformitarian ideas , and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author . Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage , Darwin began detailed investigations , and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection . Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists , he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority . He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea , prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories . Darwin 's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature . In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex , followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals ( 1872 ) . His research on plants was published in a series of books , and in his final book , The Formation of Vegetable Mould , through the Actions of Worms ( 1881 ) , he examined earthworms and their effect on soil . Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history , and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Survey voyage on HMS Beagle 1.3 Inception of Darwin 's evolutionary theory 1.4 Overwork , illness , and marriage 1.4. 1 Malthus and natural selection 1.5 Geology books , barnacles , evolutionary research 1.6 Publication of the theory of natural selection 1.7 Responses to publication 1.8 Descent of Man , sexual selection , and botany 1.9 Death and funeral 2 Legacy 2.1 Commemoration 3 Children 4 Views and opinions 4.1 Religious views 4.2 Human society 5 Evolutionary social movements 6 Works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 External links Biography Early life and education See also : Charles Darwin 's education and Darwin - Wedgwood family Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury , Shropshire , on 12 February 1809 , at his family 's home , The Mount . He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin ( née Wedgwood ) . He was the grandson of two prominent abolitionists : Erasmus Darwin on his father 's side , and Josiah Wedgwood on his mother 's side . Painting of seven - year - old Charles Darwin in 1816 . Both families were largely Unitarian , though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism . Robert Darwin , himself quietly a freethinker , had baby Charles baptised in November 1809 in the Anglican St Chad 's Church , Shrewsbury , but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother . The eight - year - old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817 . That July , his mother died . From September 1818 , he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder . Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor , helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire , before going to the University of Edinburgh Medical School ( at the time the best medical school in the UK ) with his brother Erasmus in October 1825 . Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing , so he neglected his studies . He learned taxidermy in around 40 daily hour - long sessions from John Edmonstone , a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest . In Darwin 's second year at the university he joined the Plinian Society , a student natural - history group featuring lively debates in which radical democratic students with materialistic views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science . He assisted Robert Edmond Grant 's investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth , and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech . One day , Grant praised Lamarck 's evolutionary ideas . Darwin was astonished by Grant 's audacity , but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus ' journals . Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jameson 's natural - history course , which covered geology -- including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism . He learned the classification of plants , and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum , one of the largest museums in Europe at the time . Darwin 's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father , who shrewdly sent him to Christ 's College , Cambridge , to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson . As Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos , he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828 . He preferred riding and shooting to studying . His cousin William Darwin Fox introduced him to the popular craze for beetle collecting ; Darwin pursued this zealously , getting some of his finds published in James Francis Stephens ' Illustrations of British entomology . He became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow and met other leading parson - naturalists who saw scientific work as religious natural theology , becoming known to these dons as `` the man who walks with Henslow '' . When his own exams drew near , Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley 's Evidences of Christianity ( 1794 ) . In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well , coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree . Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831 . He studied Paley 's Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity ( first published in 1802 ) , which made an argument for divine design in nature , explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature . He read John Herschel 's new book , Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy ( 1831 ) , which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation , and Alexander von Humboldt 's Personal Narrative of scientific travels in 1799 -- 1804 . Inspired with `` a burning zeal '' to contribute , Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics . In preparation , he joined Adam Sedgwick 's geology course , then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping strata in Wales . Survey voyage on HMS Beagle Further information : Second voyage of HMS Beagle The voyage of the Beagle , 1831 -- 1836 After leaving Sedgwick in Wales , Darwin spent a week with student friends at Barmouth , then returned home on 29 August to find a letter from Henslow proposing him as a suitable ( if unfinished ) naturalist for a self - funded supernumerary place on HMS Beagle with captain Robert FitzRoy , emphasising that this was a position for a gentleman rather than `` a mere collector '' . The ship was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America . Robert Darwin objected to his son 's planned two - year voyage , regarding it as a waste of time , but was persuaded by his brother - in - law , Josiah Wedgwood II , to agree to ( and fund ) his son 's participation . Darwin took care to remain in a private capacity to retain control over his collection , intending it for a major scientific institution . After delays , the voyage began on 27 December 1831 ; it lasted almost five years . As FitzRoy had intended , Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections , while HMS Beagle surveyed and charted coasts . He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations , and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family . He had some expertise in geology , beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates , but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal . Despite suffering badly from seasickness , Darwin wrote copious notes while on board the ship . Most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates , starting with plankton collected in a calm spell . On their first stop ashore at St Jago in Cape Verde , Darwin found that a white band high in the volcanic rock cliffs included seashells . FitzRoy had given him the first volume of Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology , which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods , and Darwin saw things Lyell 's way , theorising and thinking of writing a book on geology . When they reached Brazil , Darwin was delighted by the tropical forest , but detested the sight of slavery , and disputed this issue with Fitzroy . The survey continued to the south in Patagonia . They stopped at Bahía Blanca , and in cliffs near Punta Alta Darwin made a major find of fossil bones of huge extinct mammals beside modern seashells , indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe . He identified the little - known Megatherium by a tooth and its association with bony armour , which had at first seemed to him to be like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos . The finds brought great interest when they reached England . On rides with gauchos into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils , Darwin gained social , political and anthropological insights into both native and colonial people at a time of revolution , and learnt that two types of rhea had separate but overlapping territories . Further south , he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of elevations . He read Lyell 's second volume and accepted its view of `` centres of creation '' of species , but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell 's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species . As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America , Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals . Three Fuegians on board had been seized during the first Beagle voyage , then during a year in England were educated as missionaries . Darwin found them friendly and civilised , yet at Tierra del Fuego he met `` miserable , degraded savages '' , as different as wild from domesticated animals . He remained convinced that , despite this diversity , all humans were interrelated with a shared origin and potential for improvement towards civilisation . Unlike his scientist friends , he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals . A year on , the mission had been abandoned . The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives , had a wife , and had no wish to return to England . Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land had just been raised , including mussel - beds stranded above high tide . High in the Andes he saw seashells , and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach . He theorised that as the land rose , oceanic islands sank , and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls . On the geologically new Galápagos Islands , Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older `` centre of creation '' , and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island . He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from , but failed to collect them , even after eating tortoises taken on board as food . In Australia , the marsupial rat - kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work . He found the Aborigines `` good - humoured & pleasant '' , and noted their depletion by European settlement . FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands had formed , and the survey supported Darwin 's theorising . FitzRoy began writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages , and after reading Darwin 's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account . Darwin 's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume , on natural history . In Cape Town , Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel , who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on `` that mystery of mysteries , the replacement of extinct species by others '' as `` a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process '' . When organising his notes as the ship sailed home , Darwin wrote that , if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds , the tortoises and the Falkland Islands fox were correct , `` such facts undermine the stability of Species '' , then cautiously added `` would '' before `` undermine '' . He later wrote that such facts `` seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species '' . Inception of Darwin 's evolutionary theory Further information : Inception of Darwin 's theory While still a young man , Charles Darwin joined the scientific elite . When the ship reached Falmouth , Cornwall , on 2 October 1836 , Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil 's reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwin 's geological letters . Darwin visited his home in Shrewsbury and saw relatives , then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow , who advised him on finding naturalists available to catalogue the collections and agreed to take on the botanical specimens . Darwin 's father organised investments , enabling his son to be a self - funded gentleman scientist , and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections . Zoologists had a huge backlog of work , and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage . Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up - and - coming anatomist Richard Owen , who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin . Owen 's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatherium , a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus - sized rodent - like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara . The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodon , a huge armadillo - like creature as Darwin had initially thought . These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America . In mid-December , Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal . He wrote his first paper , showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising , and with Lyell 's enthusiastic backing read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837 . On the same day , he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society . The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds , `` gros - beaks '' and finches , were , in fact , twelve separate species of finches . On 17 February , Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society , and Lyell 's presidential address presented Owen 's findings on Darwin 's fossils , stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas . Early in March , Darwin moved to London to be near this work , joining Lyell 's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage , who described God as a programmer of laws . Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus , part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau , who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty . As a Unitarian , she welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of species , promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy . Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order , but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in John Herschel 's letter praising Lyell 's approach as a way to find a natural cause of the origin of new species . Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species , not just varieties , and what Darwin had thought was a `` wren '' was also in the finch group . Darwin had not labelled the finches by island , but from the notes of others on the ship , including FitzRoy , he allocated species to islands . The two rheas were also distinct species , and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards . In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his `` B '' notebook on Transmutation of Species , and on page 36 wrote `` I think '' above his first evolutionary tree . By mid-March , Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that `` one species does change into another '' to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas , and extinct ones such as the strange Macrauchenia , which resembled a giant guanaco . His thoughts on lifespan , asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction developed in his `` B '' notebook around mid-July on to variation in offspring `` to adapt & alter the race to changing world '' explaining the Galápagos tortoises , mockingbirds and rheas . He sketched branching descent , then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree , in which `` It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another '' , discarding Lamarck 's independent lineages progressing to higher forms . Overwork , illness , and marriage See also : Charles Darwin 's health While developing this intensive study of transmutation , Darwin became mired in more work . Still rewriting his Journal , he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections , and with Henslow 's help obtained a Treasury grant of £ 1,000 to sponsor this multi-volume Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle , a sum equivalent to about £ 83,000 in 2016 . He stretched the funding to include his planned books on geology , and agreed to unrealistic dates with the publisher . As the Victorian era began , Darwin pressed on with writing his Journal , and in August 1837 began correcting printer 's proofs . Darwin 's health suffered under the pressure . On 20 September he had `` an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart '' , so his doctors urged him to `` knock off all work '' and live in the country for a few weeks . After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall , Staffordshire , but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest . His charming , intelligent , and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwood , nine months older than Darwin , was nursing his invalid aunt . His uncle Josiah pointed out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under loam and suggested that this might have been the work of earthworms , inspiring `` a new & important theory '' on their role in soil formation , which Darwin presented at the Geological Society on 1 November . William Whewell pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society . After initially declining the work , he accepted the post in March 1838 . Despite the grind of writing and editing the Beagle reports , Darwin made remarkable progress on transmutation , taking every opportunity to question expert naturalists and , unconventionally , people with practical experience such as farmers and pigeon fanciers . Over time , his research drew on information from his relatives and children , the family butler , neighbours , colonists and former shipmates . He included mankind in his speculations from the outset , and on seeing an orangutan in the zoo on 28 March 1838 noted its childlike behaviour . Darwin chose to marry his cousin , Emma Wedgwood . The strain took a toll , and by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems , headaches and heart symptoms . For the rest of his life , he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains , vomiting , severe boils , palpitations , trembling and other symptoms , particularly during times of stress , such as attending meetings or making social visits . The cause of Darwin 's illness remained unknown , and attempts at treatment had little success . On 23 June , he took a break and went `` geologising '' in Scotland . He visited Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel `` roads '' cut into the hillsides at three heights . He later published his view that these were marine raised beaches , but then had to accept that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake . Fully recuperated , he returned to Shrewsbury in July . Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding , he scrawled rambling thoughts about career and prospects on two scraps of paper , one with columns headed `` Marry '' and `` Not Marry '' . Advantages included `` constant companion and a friend in old age ... better than a dog anyhow '' , against points such as `` less money for books '' and `` terrible loss of time . '' Having decided in favour , he discussed it with his father , then went to visit Emma on 29 July . He did not get around to proposing , but against his father 's advice he mentioned his ideas on transmutation . Malthus and natural selection Continuing his research in London , Darwin 's wide reading now included the sixth edition of Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Population , and on 28 September 1838 he noted its assertion that human `` population , when unchecked , goes on doubling itself every twenty five years , or increases in a geometrical ratio '' , a geometric progression so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe . Darwin was well prepared to compare this to de Candolle 's `` warring of the species '' of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife , explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable . As species always breed beyond available resources , favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring , while unfavourable variations would be lost . He wrote that the `` final cause of all this wedging , must be to sort out proper structure , & adapt it to changes '' , so that `` One may say there is a force like a hundred thousand wedges trying force into every kind of adapted structure into the gaps of in the economy of nature , or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones . '' This would result in the formation of new species . As he later wrote in his Autobiography : In October 1838 , that is , fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry , I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population , and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long - continued observation of the habits of animals and plants , it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved , and unfavourable ones to be destroyed . The result of this would be the formation of new species . Here , then , I had at last got a theory by which to work ... '' By mid December , Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding , and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that `` every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected '' , thinking this comparison `` a beautiful part of my theory '' . He later called his theory natural selection , an analogy with what he termed the artificial selection of selective breeding . On 11 November , he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma , once more telling her his ideas . She accepted , then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences , also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife . While he was house - hunting in London , bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest , almost prophetically remarking `` So do n't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you . '' He found what they called `` Macaw Cottage '' ( because of its gaudy interiors ) in Gower Street , then moved his `` museum '' in over Christmas . On 24 January 1839 , Darwin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) . On 29 January , Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians , then immediately caught the train to London and their new home . Geology books , barnacles , evolutionary research Further information : Development of Darwin 's theory Darwin in 1842 with his eldest son , William Erasmus Darwin Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection `` by which to work '' , as his `` prime hobby '' . His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals , finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory . For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the Beagle collections . When FitzRoy 's Narrative was published in May 1839 , Darwin 's Journal and Remarks was such a success as the third volume that later that year it was published on its own . Early in 1842 , Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell , who noted that his ally `` denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species '' . Darwin 's book The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years of work , and he then wrote his first `` pencil sketch '' of his theory of natural selection . To escape the pressures of London , the family moved to rural Down House in September . On 11 January 1844 , Darwin mentioned his theorising to the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker , writing with melodramatic humour `` it is like confessing a murder '' . Hooker replied `` There may in my opinion have been a series of productions on different spots , & also a gradual change of species . I shall be delighted to hear how you think that this change may have taken place , as no presently conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject . '' Darwin 's `` sandwalk '' at Down House was his usual `` Thinking Path '' . By July , Darwin had expanded his `` sketch '' into a 230 - page `` Essay '' , to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely . In November , the anonymously published sensational best - seller Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation brought wide interest in transmutation . Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology , but carefully reviewed his own arguments . Controversy erupted , and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists . Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846 . He now renewed a fascination and expertise in marine invertebrates , dating back to his student days with Grant , by dissecting and classifying the barnacles he had collected on the voyage , enjoying observing beautiful structures and thinking about comparisons with allied structures . In 1847 , Hooker read the `` Essay '' and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed , but would not commit himself and questioned Darwin 's opposition to continuing acts of creation . In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health , Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. James Gully 's Malvern spa and was surprised to find some benefit from hydrotherapy . Then , in 1851 , his treasured daughter Annie fell ill , reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary , and after a long series of crises she died . In eight years of work on barnacles ( Cirripedia ) , Darwin 's theory helped him to find `` homologies '' showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions , and in some genera he found minute males parasitic on hermaphrodites , showing an intermediate stage in evolution of distinct sexes . In 1853 , it earned him the Royal Society 's Royal Medal , and it made his reputation as a biologist . In 1854 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London , gaining postal access to its library . He began a major reassessment of his theory of species , and in November realised that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them becoming adapted to `` diversified places in the economy of nature '' . Publication of the theory of natural selection Further information : Publication of Darwin 's theory Charles Darwin , aged 46 in 1855 , by then working towards publication of his theory of natural selection . He wrote to Hooker about this portrait , `` if I really have as bad an expression , as my photograph gives me , how I can have one single friend is surprising . '' By the start of 1856 , Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans . Hooker increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed , but their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was firmly against the transmutation of species . Lyell was intrigued by Darwin 's speculations without realising their extent . When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace , `` On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species '' , he saw similarities with Darwin 's thoughts and urged him to publish to establish precedence . Though Darwin saw no threat , on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper . Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly , and he expanded his plans to a `` big book on species '' titled Natural Selection , which was to include his `` note on Man '' . He continued his researches , obtaining information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working in Borneo . In mid-1857 he added a section heading ; `` Theory applied to Races of Man '' , but did not add text on this topic . On 5 September 1857 , Darwin sent the American botanist Asa Gray a detailed outline of his ideas , including an abstract of Natural Selection , which omitted human origins and sexual selection . In December , Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book would examine human origins . He responded that he would avoid that subject , `` so surrounded with prejudices '' , while encouraging Wallace 's theorising and adding that `` I go much further than you . '' Darwin 's book was only partly written when , on 18 June 1858 , he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection . Shocked that he had been `` forestalled '' , Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell , as requested by Wallace , and although Wallace had not asked for publication , Darwin suggested he would send it to any journal that Wallace chose . His family was in crisis with children in the village dying of scarlet fever , and he put matters in the hands of his friends . After some discussion , Lyell and Hooker decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection . On the evening of 28 June , Darwin 's baby son died of scarlet fever after almost a week of severe illness , and he was too distraught to attend . There was little immediate attention to this announcement of the theory ; the president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any revolutionary discoveries . Only one review rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later ; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that `` all that was new in them was false , and what was true was old '' . Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his `` big book '' , suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends . Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray . On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular , with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859 . In the book , Darwin set out `` one long argument '' of detailed observations , inferences and consideration of anticipated objections . In making the case for common descent , he included evidence of homologies between humans and other mammals . Having outlined sexual selection , he hinted that it could explain differences between human races . He avoided explicit discussion of human origins , but implied the significance of his work with the sentence ; `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history . '' His theory is simply stated in the introduction : As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive ; and as , consequently , there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence , it follows that any being , if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself , under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life , will have a better chance of surviving , and thus be naturally selected . From the strong principle of inheritance , any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form . At the end of the book he concluded that : There is grandeur in this view of life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ; and that , whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity , from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been , and are being , evolved . The last word was the only variant of `` evolved '' in the first five editions of the book . `` Evolutionism '' at that time was associated with other concepts , most commonly with embryological development , and Darwin first used the word evolution in The Descent of Man in 1871 , before adding it in 1872 to the 6th edition of The Origin of Species . Responses to publication During the Darwin family 's 1868 holiday in her Isle of Wight cottage , Julia Margaret Cameron took portraits showing the bushy beard Darwin grew between 1862 and 1866 . An 1871 caricature following publication of The Descent of Man was typical of many showing Darwin with an ape body , identifying him in popular culture as the leading author of evolutionary theory . Further information : Reaction to On the Origin of Species The book aroused international interest , with less controversy than had greeted the popular Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation . Though Darwin 's illness kept him away from the public debates , he eagerly scrutinised the scientific response , commenting on press cuttings , reviews , articles , satires and caricatures , and corresponded on it with colleagues worldwide . The book did not explicitly discuss human origins , but included a number of hints about the animal ancestry of humans from which the inference could be made . The first review asked , `` If a monkey has become a man -- what may not a man become ? '' and said it should be left to theologians as it was too dangerous for ordinary readers . Amongst early favourable responses , Huxley 's reviews swiped at Richard Owen , leader of the scientific establishment Huxley was trying to overthrow . In April , Owen 's review attacked Darwin 's friends and condescendingly dismissed his ideas , angering Darwin , but Owen and others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution . Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species , but he had not developed the idea . The Church of England 's response was mixed . Darwin 's old Cambridge tutors Sedgwick and Henslow dismissed the ideas , but liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God 's design , with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as `` just as noble a conception of Deity '' . In 1860 , the publication of Essays and Reviews by seven liberal Anglican theologians diverted clerical attention from Darwin , with its ideas including higher criticism attacked by church authorities as heresy . In it , Baden Powell argued that miracles broke God 's laws , so belief in them was atheistic , and praised `` Mr Darwin 's masterly volume ( supporting ) the grand principle of the self - evolving powers of nature '' . Asa Gray discussed teleology with Darwin , who imported and distributed Gray 's pamphlet on theistic evolution , Natural Selection is not inconsistent with natural theology . The most famous confrontation was at the public 1860 Oxford evolution debate during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , where the Bishop of Oxford Samuel Wilberforce , though not opposed to transmutation of species , argued against Darwin 's explanation and human descent from apes . Joseph Hooker argued strongly for Darwin , and Thomas Huxley 's legendary retort , that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his gifts , came to symbolise a triumph of science over religion . Even Darwin 's close friends Gray , Hooker , Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support , as did many others , particularly younger naturalists . Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith , while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science . He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy in education , aiming to overturn the dominance of clergymen and aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favour of a new generation of professional scientists . Owen 's claim that brain anatomy proved humans to be a separate biological order from apes was shown to be false by Huxley in a long running dispute parodied by Kingsley as the `` Great Hippocampus Question '' , and discredited Owen . Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas . In 1863 Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man popularised prehistory , though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin . Weeks later Huxley 's Evidence as to Man 's Place in Nature showed that anatomically , humans are apes , then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection . Lobbying brought Darwin Britain 's highest scientific honour , the Royal Society 's Copley Medal , awarded on 3 November 1864 . That day , Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential `` X Club '' devoted to `` science , pure and free , untrammelled by religious dogmas '' . By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred , but only a minority supported Darwin 's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection . The Origin of Species was translated into many languages , becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life , including the `` working men '' who flocked to Huxley 's lectures . Darwin 's theory also resonated with various movements at the time and became a key fixture of popular culture . Cartoonists parodied animal ancestry in an old tradition of showing humans with animal traits , and in Britain these droll images served to popularise Darwin 's theory in an unthreatening way . While ill in 1862 Darwin began growing a beard , and when he reappeared in public in 1866 caricatures of him as an ape helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism . Descent of man , sexual selection , and botany By 1878 , an increasingly famous Darwin had suffered years of illness . Letter from Charles Darwin to John Burdon - Sanderson See also : Orchids to Variation , Descent of Man to Emotions , and Insectivorous Plants to Worms Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty - two years of his life , Darwin 's work continued . Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory , he pressed on with experiments , research , and writing of his `` big book '' . He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities , as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies . Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids , showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation . In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships , making testable predictions . As his health declined , he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants . Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel , a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe 's idealism . Wallace remained supportive , though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism . Darwin 's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication ( 1868 ) was the first part of his planned `` big book '' , and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity . It sold briskly at first , despite its size , and was translated into many languages . He wrote most of a second part , on natural selection , but it remained unpublished in his lifetime . Punch 's almanac for 1882 , published shortly before Darwin 's death , depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title Man Is But A Worm . Lyell had already popularised human prehistory , and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes . With The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871 , Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals , showing continuity of physical and mental attributes , and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the peacock 's plumage as well as human evolution of culture , differences between sexes , and physical and cultural racial characteristics , while emphasising that humans are all one species . His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , one of the first books to feature printed photographs , which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals . Both books proved very popular , and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received , remarking that `` everybody is talking about it without being shocked . '' His conclusion was `` that man with all his noble qualities , with sympathy which feels for the most debased , with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature , with his god - like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system -- with all these exalted powers -- Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin . '' His evolution - related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids , Insectivorous Plants , The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom , different forms of flowers on plants of the same species , and The Power of Movement in Plants . His botanical work was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H.G. Wells , and helped transform plant science in the late C19 and early C20 . In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms . Death and funeral See also : Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms Tombs of John Herschel and Charles Darwin . Westminster Abbey . In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called `` angina pectoris '' which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart . At the time of his death , the physicians diagnosed `` anginal attacks '' , and `` heart - failure '' . Today it is speculated that Darwin was suffering from chronic Chagas disease . This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin , describing he was bitten by the `` Kissing Bug '' in Mendoza , Argentina in 1835 ; and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited , including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease . Exhuming Darwin 's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite , T. cruzi , that causes Chagas disease . He died at Down House on 19 April 1882 . His last words were to his family , telling Emma `` I am not the least afraid of death -- Remember what a good wife you have been to me -- Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me '' , then while she rested , he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis `` It 's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you '' . He had expected to be buried in St Mary 's churchyard at Downe , but at the request of Darwin 's colleagues , after public and parliamentary petitioning , William Spottiswoode ( President of the Royal Society ) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey , close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton . The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people , including family , friends , scientists , philosophers and dignitaries . Legacy In 1881 Darwin was an eminent figure , still working on his contributions to evolutionary thought that had an enormous effect on many fields of science . Portrait by John Collier . By the time of his death , Darwin had convinced most scientists that evolution as descent with modification was correct , and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas . In June 1909 , though few at that time agreed with his view that `` natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification '' , he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate his centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of On the Origin of Species . Around the beginning of the 20th century , a period that has been called `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' , scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms , which eventually proved untenable . Ronald Fisher , an English statistician , finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection , in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection . He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution , thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis , with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright , which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory . Commemoration Main article : Commemoration of Charles Darwin See also : List of things named after Charles Darwin and List of taxa described by Charles Darwin During Darwin 's lifetime , many geographical features were given his name . An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwin 's prompt action , along with two or three of the men , saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats , and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin 's 25th birthday . When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839 , Darwin 's friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship 's captain Wickham named Port Darwin : a nearby settlement was renamed Darwin in 1911 , and it became the capital city of Australia 's Northern Territory . More than 120 species and nine genera have been named after Darwin . In one example , the group of tanagers related to those Darwin found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as `` Darwin 's finches '' in 1947 , fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work . Darwin 's work has continued to be celebrated by numerous publications and events . The Linnean Society of London has commemorated Darwin 's achievements by the award of the Darwin -- Wallace Medal since 1908 . Darwin Day has become an annual celebration , and in 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin 's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species . Darwin has been commemorated in the UK , with his portrait printed on the reverse of £ 10 banknotes printed along with a hummingbird and HMS Beagle , issued by the Bank of England . A life - size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the Natural History Museum in London . Unveiling of the Darwin Statue outside the former Shrewsbury School building in 1897 A seated statue of Darwin , unveiled 1897 , stands in front of Shrewsbury Library , the building that used to house Shrewsbury School , which Darwin attended as a boy . Another statue of Darwin as a young man is situated in the grounds of Christ 's College , Cambridge . Darwin College , a postgraduate college at Cambridge University , is named after the Darwin family . Children Darwin 's children : see also Darwin -- Wedgwood family William Erasmus Darwin ( 27 December 1839 -- 8 September 1914 ) Anne Elizabeth Darwin ( 2 March 1841 -- 23 April 1851 ) Mary Eleanor Darwin ( 23 September 1842 -- 16 October 1842 ) Henrietta Emma `` Etty '' Darwin ( 25 September 1843 -- 17 December 1927 ) George Howard Darwin ( 9 July 1845 -- 7 December 1912 ) Elizabeth `` Bessy '' Darwin ( 8 July 1847 -- 8 June 1926 ) Francis Darwin ( 16 August 1848 -- 19 September 1925 ) Leonard Darwin ( 15 January 1850 -- 26 March 1943 ) Horace Darwin ( 13 May 1851 -- 29 September 1928 ) Charles Waring Darwin ( 6 December 1856 -- 28 June 1858 ) The Darwins had ten children : two died in infancy , and Annie 's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents . Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children . Whenever they fell ill , he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin , Emma Wedgwood . He examined this topic in his writings , contrasting it with the advantages of crossing amongst many organisms . Despite his fears , most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers ( see Darwin - Wedgwood family ) . Of his surviving children , George , Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society , distinguished as astronomer , botanist and civil engineer , respectively . All three were knighted . Another son , Leonard , went on to be a soldier , politician , economist , eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher . Views and opinions Religious views Further information : Religious views of Charles Darwin In 1851 Darwin was devastated when his daughter Annie died . By then his faith in Christianity had dwindled , and he had stopped going to church . Darwin 's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism , while his father and grandfather were freethinkers , and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England . When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman , he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible . He learned John Herschel 's science which , like William Paley 's natural theology , sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design . On board HMS Beagle , Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality . He looked for `` centres of creation '' to explain distribution , and related the antlion found near kangaroos to distinct `` periods of Creation '' . By his return , he was critical of the Bible as history , and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid . In the next few years , while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species , he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma , whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning . The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator 's laws , which had an overall good effect . To Darwin , natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design , and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering , such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs . He still viewed organisms as perfectly adapted , and On the Origin of Species reflects theological views . Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy , Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver . He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil . Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe , John Brodie Innes , and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church , but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church . He considered it `` absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist '' and , though reticent about his religious views , in 1879 he wrote that `` I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God . -- I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind '' . The `` Lady Hope Story '' , published in 1915 , claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed . The claims were repudiated by Darwin 's children and have been dismissed as false by historians . Human Society Darwin 's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position . He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who , like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood , supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves . Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery , while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants . His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone , who he long recalled as `` a very pleasant and intelligent man '' , reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings , and could be as intelligent as people of other races . He took the same attitude to native people he met on the Beagle voyage . These attitudes were not unusual in Britain in the 1820s , much as it shocked visiting Americans . British society became more racist in mid century , but Darwin remained strongly against slavery , against `` ranking the so - called races of man as distinct species '' , and against ill - treatment of native people . He valued European civilisation and saw colonisation as spreading its benefits , with the sad but inevitable effect that savage peoples who did not become civilised faced extinction . Darwin 's theories presented this as natural , and were cited to promote policies that went against his humanitarian principles . He thought men 's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection , a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in her 1875 book The Sexes Throughout Nature . Darwin was intrigued by his half - cousin Francis Galton 's argument , introduced in 1865 , that statistical analysis of heredity showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited , and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans . In The Descent of Man , Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection , but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy , `` the noblest part of our nature '' , and factors such as education could be more important . When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a `` caste '' of `` those who are naturally gifted '' , Darwin foresaw practical difficulties , and thought it `` the sole feasible , yet I fear utopian , plan of procedure in improving the human race '' , preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals . Francis Galton named this field of study `` eugenics '' in 1883 . Evolutionary social movements Caricature from 1871 Vanity Fair Further information : Darwinism , Eugenics , and Social Darwinism Darwin 's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that , at times , had only an indirect relation to his writings , and sometimes went directly against his express comments . Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families , this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez - faire economics . Evolution was by then seen as having social implications , and Herbert Spencer 's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory . Soon after the Origin was published in 1859 , critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time . The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others , including Spencer 's `` survival of the fittest '' as free - market progress , and Ernst Haeckel 's polygenistic ideas of human development . Writers used natural selection to argue for various , often contradictory , ideologies such as laissez - faire dog - eat dog capitalism , colonialism and imperialism . However , Darwin 's holistic view of nature included `` dependence of one being on another '' ; thus pacifists , socialists , liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species . Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature . After the 1880s , a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance , and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism . In Britain , most shared Darwin 's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in `` positive eugenics '' . During the `` Eclipse of Darwinism '' , a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics . Negative eugenics to remove the `` feebleminded '' were popular in America , Canada and Australia , and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilization laws , followed by several other countries . Subsequently , Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute . The term `` Social Darwinism '' was used infrequently from around the 1890s , but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez - faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism . Since then , it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution . Works Further information : Charles Darwin bibliography Darwin was a prolific writer . Even without publication of his works on evolution , he would have had a considerable reputation as the author of The Voyage of the Beagle , as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of coral atolls , and as a biologist who had published the definitive work on barnacles . While On the Origin of Species dominates perceptions of his work , The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals had considerable impact , and his books on plants including The Power of Movement in Plants were innovative studies of great importance , as was his final work on The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms . See also Biology portal Creation - evolution controversy European and American voyages of scientific exploration Harriet ( tortoise ) History of biology History of evolutionary thought List of coupled cousins List of multiple discoveries Multiple discovery Portraits of Charles Darwin Tinamou egg Universal Darwinism Notes I. Darwin was eminent as a naturalist , geologist , biologist , and author . After working as a physician 's assistant and two years as a medical student , he was educated as a clergyman ; he was also trained in taxidermy . II . Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism , but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell 's ideas , and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America . FitzRoy 's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his opinion that the plains were raised beaches , but on return , newly married to a very religious lady , he recanted these ideas. ( Browne 1995 , pp. 186 , 414 ) III . In the section `` Morphology '' of Chapter XIII of On the Origin of Species , Darwin commented on homologous bone patterns between humans and other mammals , writing : `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man , formed for grasping , that of a mole for digging , the leg of the horse , the paddle of the porpoise , and the wing of the bat , should all be constructed on the same pattern , and should include the same bones , in the same relative positions ? '' and in the concluding chapter : `` The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man , wing of a bat , fin of the porpoise , and leg of the horse ... at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications . '' IV . In On the Origin of Species Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that `` In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches . Psychology will be based on a new foundation , that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation . Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history . '' In `` Chapter VI : Difficulties on Theory '' he referred to sexual selection : `` I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man , which are so strongly marked ; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences , chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind , but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous . '' In The Descent of Man of 1871 , Darwin discussed the first passage : `` During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man , without any intention of publishing on the subject , but rather with the determination not to publish , as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views . It seemed to me sufficient to indicate , in the first edition of my ' Origin of Species , ' that by this work ' light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history ; ' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth . '' In a preface to the 1874 second edition , he added a reference to the second point : `` it has been said by several critics , that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection , I invented sexual selection ; I gave , however , a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the ' Origin of Species , ' and I there stated that it was applicable to man . '' V. See , for example , WILLA volume 4 , Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education by Deborah M. De Simone : `` Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of `` intellectual chaos '' caused by Darwin 's Origin of the Species . Marked by the belief that individuals can direct human and social evolution , many progressives came to view education as the panacea for advancing social progress and for solving such problems as urbanisation , poverty , or immigration . '' VI . See , for example , the song `` A lady fair of lineage high '' from Gilbert and Sullivan 's Princess Ida , which describes the descent of man ( but not woman ! ) from apes . VII . Darwin 's belief that black people had the same essential humanity as Europeans , and had many mental similarities , was reinforced by the lessons he had from John Edmonstone in 1826 . Early in the Beagle voyage , Darwin nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy 's defence and praise of slavery . ( Darwin 1958 , p. 74 ) He wrote home about `` how steadily the general feeling , as shown at elections , has been rising against Slavery . What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it ! I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered ; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character . '' ( Darwin 1887 , p. 246 ) Regarding Fuegians , he `` could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man : it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal , inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement '' , but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians like Jemmy Button : `` It seems yet wonderful to me , when I think over all his many good qualities , that he should have been of the same race , and doubtless partaken of the same character , with the miserable , degraded savages whom we first met here . '' ( Darwin 1845 , pp. 205 , 207 -- 208 ) In the Descent of Man , he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians ' and Edmonstone 's minds to Europeans ' when arguing against `` ranking the so - called races of man as distinct species '' . He rejected the ill - treatment of native people , and for example wrote of massacres of Patagonian men , women , and children , `` Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war , because it is against barbarians . Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country ? '' ( Darwin 1845 , p. 102 ) VIII . Geneticists studied human heredity as Mendelian inheritance , while eugenics movements sought to manage society , with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom , and on disability and ethnicity in the United States , leading to geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience . A shift from voluntary arrangements to `` negative '' eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in the United States , copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based on virulent racism and `` racial hygiene '' . ( Thurtle , Phillip ( 17 December 1996 ) . `` the creation of genetic identity '' . SEHR. 5 ( Supplement : Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism ) . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Edwards , A.W.F. ( 1 April 2000 ) . `` The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection '' . Genetics . 154 ( April 2000 ) . pp. 1419 -- 1426 . PMC 1461012 . PMID 10747041 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Wilkins , John . `` Evolving Thoughts : Darwin and the Holocaust 3 : eugenics '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008. ) Citations Jump up ^ Freeman 2007 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fellows of the Royal Society '' . London : Royal Society . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Darwin in Cambridge Archived 23 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charles Darwin 's personal finances revealed in new find Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Darwin '' Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . entry in Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Desmond , Moore & Browne 2004 Jump up ^ Coyne , Jerry A. ( 2009 ) . Why Evolution is True . Viking . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02053 - 9 . Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 79 -- 111 Jump up ^ Coyne , Jerry A. ( 2009 ) . Why Evolution is True . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 923084 - 6 . In The Origin , Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development , diversification , and design of life . Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution , but at the same time refutes creationism . In Darwin 's day , the evidence for his theories was compelling , but not completely decisive . Jump up ^ Glass , Bentley ( 1959 ) . Forerunners of Darwin . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. iv . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 0222 - 9 . 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Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Charles Darwin '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Berra , Tim M. Darwin and His Children : His Other Legacy , ( Oxford : 2013 , Oxford UP ) , 101 , 129 , 168 . George became a knight commander of the Order of the Bath in 1905 . Francis was knighted in 1912 . Horace became a knight commander of the KBE in 1918 . Jump up ^ Edwards , A.W.F. 2004 . Darwin , Leonard ( 1850 -- 1943 ) . In : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2008b , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1958 , pp. 85 -- 96 Jump up ^ von Sydow 2005 , pp. 8 -- 14 Jump up ^ von Sydow 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 , 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Moore 2006 Jump up ^ `` Darwin Correspondence Project -- Darwin and the church : historical essay '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Letter 12041 Archived 7 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . -- Darwin , C.R. to Fordyce , John , 7 May 1879 Jump up ^ Darwin 's Complex loss of Faith Archived 29 June 2014 at WebCite The Guardian 17 September 2009 Jump up ^ Moore 2005 Yates 2003 Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 196 -- 198 , 240 . Jump up ^ Wilkins 2008 , pp. 408 -- 413 Jump up ^ Barta , Tony ( 2 June 2005 ) . `` Mr Darwin 's shooters : on natural selection and the naturalizing of genocide '' . Patterns of Prejudice , Volume 39 , Issue 2 . Routledge . pp. 116 -- 137 . doi : 10.1080 / 00313220500106170 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Vandermassen , Griet ( 2004 ) . `` Sexual Selection : A Tale of Male Bias and Feminist Denial '' . European Journal of Women 's Studies . 11 ( 9 ) : 11 -- 13 . doi : 10.1177 / 1350506804039812 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 556 -- 557 , 572 , 598 Darwin 1871 , pp. 167 -- 173 , 402 -- 403 `` Correspondence between Francis Galton and Charles Darwin '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins 1997 Moore 2006 Jump up ^ Sweet 2004 Jump up ^ Paul 2003 , pp. 223 -- 225 Jump up ^ Bannister 1989 Jump up ^ Paul 2003 Kotzin 2004 Jump up ^ Balfour 1882 van Wyhe 2008 Anonymous 1882 Jump up ^ Brummitt , R.K. ; C.E. Powell ( 1992 ) . Authors of Plant Names . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . ISBN 1 - 84246 - 085 - 4 . Jump up ^ Desmond , Moore & Browne 2004 Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 434 Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 479 Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Darwin 1874 , p. vi Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , pp. 214 , 232 References Anonymous ( 1882 ) . `` Obituary : Death Of Chas . Darwin '' . The New York Times ( 21 April 1882 ) . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Balfour , J.H. ( 11 May 1882 ) . `` Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin '' . Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh ( 14 ) : 284 -- 298 . Bannister , Robert C. ( 1989 ) . Social Darwinism : Science and Myth in Anglo - American Social Thought . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 566 - 4 . Bowler , Peter J. ( 2003 ) . Evolution : The History of an Idea ( 3rd ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23693 - 9 . Browne , E. Janet ( 1995 ) . Charles Darwin : vol. 1 Voyaging . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 314 - 1 . Browne , E. Janet ( 2002 ) . Charles Darwin : vol. 2 The Power of Place . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6837 - 3 . Darwin , Charles ( 1835 ) . Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow . Cambridge : ( privately printed ) . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1837 ) . Notebook B : ( Transmutation of species ) . Darwin Online . CUL - DAR121 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1839 ) . Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty 's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836 , describing their examination of the southern shores of South America , and the Beagle 's circumnavigation of the globe . Journal and remarks . 1832 -- 1836 . III . London : Henry Colburn . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1842 ) . `` Pencil Sketch of 1842 '' . In Darwin , Francis . The foundations of The origin of species : Two essays written in 1842 and 1844 . Cambridge University Press ( published 1909 ) . ISBN 0 - 548 - 79998 - 9 . Darwin , Charles ( 1845 ) . Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world , under the Command of Capt . Fitz Roy , R.N. 2d edition . London : John Murray . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Darwin , Charles ; Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1858 ) . `` On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection '' . Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London . Zoology 3 . 3 ( 9 ) : 46 -- 50 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1858. tb02500. x . Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 1st ed . ) . London : John Murray . ISBN 1 - 4353 - 9386 - 4 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1868 ) . The variation of animals and plants under domestication . London : John Murray . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 8660 - 4 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1871 ) . The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1st ed . ) . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 2085 - 7 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1872 ) . The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 6th ed . ) . London : John Murray . ISBN 1 - 4353 - 9386 - 4 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Darwin , Charles ( 1874 ) . The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 2nd ed . ) . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 2085 - 7 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Darwin , Charles ( 1887 ) . Darwin , Francis , ed . The life and letters of Charles Darwin , including an autobiographical chapter . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 404 - 08417 - 6 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Darwin , Charles ( 1958 ) . Barlow , Nora , ed . The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809 -- 1882 . With the original omissions restored . Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow . London : Collins . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Darwin , Charles ( 2006 ) . `` Journal '' . In van Wyhe , John . Darwin 's personal ' Journal ' ( 1809 -- 1881 ) . Darwin Online . CUL - DAR158. 1 -- 76 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Darwin , Charles ; Costa , James T. ( 2009 ) . The Annotated Origin : A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species Annotated by James T. Costa . Cambridge , Massachusetts , and London , England : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03281 - 1 . Desmond , Adrian ; Moore , James ( 1991 ) . Darwin . London : Michael Joseph , Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 3430 - 3 . Desmond , Adrian ; Moore , James ; Browne , Janet ( 2004 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7176 . Desmond , Adrian ; Moore , James ( 2009 ) . Darwin 's sacred cause : race , slavery and the quest for human origins . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 1 - 84614 - 035 - 8 . Dobzhansky , Theodosius ( March 1973 ) . `` Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution '' . The American Biology Teacher. 35 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 129 . doi : 10.2307 / 4444260 . Eldredge , Niles ( 2006 ) . `` Confessions of a Darwinist '' . The Virginia Quarterly Review ( Spring 2006 ) : 32 -- 53 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . FitzRoy , Robert ( 1839 ) . Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle , Volume II . London : Henry Colburn . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Freeman , R.B. ( 1977 ) . The Works of Charles Darwin : An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist . Folkestone : Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd . ISBN 0 - 208 - 01658 - 9 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Freeman , R.B. ( 2007 ) . Charles Darwin : A companion ( 2nd online ed . ) . The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online . pp. 107 , 109 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Herbert , Sandra ( 1980 ) . `` The red notebook of Charles Darwin '' . Bulletin of the British Museum ( Natural History ) . Historical Series ( 7 ( 24 April ) ) : 1 -- 164 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . Herbert , Sandra ( 1991 ) . `` Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author '' . British Journal for the History of Science . 24 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 192 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007087400027060 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Huxley , Julian ; Kettlewell , H.B.D. ( 1965 ) . Charles Darwin and His World . New York : the Viking Press . Keynes , Richard ( 2000 ) . Charles Darwin 's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46569 - 9 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Keynes , Richard ( 2001 ) . Charles Darwin 's Beagle Diary . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23503 - 0 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Kotzin , Daniel ( 2004 ) . `` Point - Counterpoint : Social Darwinism '' . Columbia American History Online . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Larson , Edward J. ( 2004 ) . Evolution : The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64288 - 9 . Leff , David ( 2000 ) . `` AboutDarwin.com '' ( 2000 -- 2008 ed . ) . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Leifchild ( 19 November 1859 ) . `` Review of ' Origin ' '' . Athenaeum ( 1673 ) . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Miles , Sara Joan ( 2001 ) . `` Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design '' . Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 53 : 196 -- 201 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Moore , James ( 2005 ) . `` Darwin -- A ' Devil 's Chaplain ' ? '' ( PDF ) . American Public Media . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Moore , James ( 2006 ) . `` Evolution and Wonder -- Understanding Charles Darwin '' . Speaking of Faith ( Radio Program ) . American Public Media . Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Owen , Richard ( 1840 ) . Darwin , C.R. , ed . Fossil Mammalia Part 1 . The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle . London : Smith Elder and Co . Paul , Diane B. ( 2003 ) . `` Darwin , social Darwinism and eugenics '' . In Hodge , Jonathan ; Radick , Gregory . The Cambridge Companion to Darwin . Cambridge University Press . pp. 214 -- 239 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77730 - 5 . Radick , Gregory ( 2013 ) . `` Darwin and Humans '' . In Ruse , Michael . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought . Cambridge University Press . pp. 173 -- 181 . Smith , Charles H. ( 1999 ) . `` Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism , Man , and Evolution : An Analytical Essay '' . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Sulloway , Frank J. ( 1982 ) . `` Darwin and His Finches : The Evolution of a Legend '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the History of Biology . 15 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 53 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00132004 . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Sweet , William ( 2004 ) . `` Herbert Spencer '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Wilkins , John S. ( 1997 ) . `` Evolution and Philosophy : Does evolution make might right ? '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Wilkins , John S. ( 2008 ) . `` Darwin '' . In Tucker , Aviezer . A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography . Blackwell Companions to Philosophy . Chichester : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 405 -- 415 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4908 - 6 . van Wyhe , John ( 27 March 2007 ) . `` Mind the gap : Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years ? '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society . 61 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 205 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2006.0171 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . van Wyhe , John ( 2008 ) . `` Charles Darwin : gentleman naturalist : A biographical sketch '' . Darwin Online . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . van Wyhe , John ( 2008b ) . Darwin : The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution . London : Andre Deutsch Ltd ( published 1 September 2008 ) . ISBN 0 - 233 - 00251 - 0 . von Sydow , Momme ( 2005 ) . `` Darwin -- A Christian Undermining Christianity ? On Self - Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science '' ( PDF ) . In Knight , David M. ; Eddy , Matthew D. Science and Beliefs : From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science , 1700 -- 1900 . Burlington : Ashgate . pp. 141 -- 156 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3996 - 7 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Yates , Simon ( 2003 ) . `` The Lady Hope Story : A Widespread Falsehood '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 15 December 2006 . 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Alexander Ormsby William Reid Robert Rigg John Rogers George Leith Roupell William Sharpey Clement Tudway Swanston James Joseph Sylvester Charles Thorp Charles Turnor John Wesley Williams James Yates Foreign Christopher Hansteen Macedonio Melloni Adolphe Quetelet Félix Savart BIBSYS : 90066479 BNE : XX990809 BNF : cb11898689q ( data ) Botanist : Darwin GND : 118523813 ISNI : 0000 0001 2125 1077 LCCN : n78095637 MusicBrainz : 71b891f5 - 92bb - 42be - 9c45 - 98b8f56a3177 NARA : 10580367 NDL : 00437248 NKC : jn19990001631 NLA : 36115292 PIC : 5005 RKD : 298412 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 003045 SELIBR : 231727 SNAC : w6c82bj2 SUDOC : 026812304 ULAN : 500228559 VIAF : 27063124 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&oldid=847436995 '' Categories : Charles Darwin 1809 births 1882 deaths 19th - century biologists 19th - century British scientists 19th - century English writers Alumni of Christ 's College , Cambridge Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Biologists Biology British carcinologists Burials at Westminster Abbey Circumnavigators of the globe Coleopterists Darwin -- Wedgwood family English agnostics English Anglicans English entomologists English geologists English naturalists English sceptics English travel writers Ethologists Evolutionary biologists Fellows of the Linnean Society of London Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Zoological Society of London Human evolution theorists Independent scientists Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the Lincean Academy Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences People educated at Shrewsbury School People from Shrewsbury Recipients of the Copley Medal Recipients of the Pour le Mérite ( civil class ) Royal Medal winners Wollaston Medal winners Deaths from coronary thrombosis Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Featured articles Biography with signature Articles with hCards CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with Botanist identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 20 elements Botanists with author abbreviations Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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About Wikipedia	name of the book written by charles darwin	[ "Charles DarwinFRS FRGS FLS FZS\nDarwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species for publication[1]Born\nCharles Robert Darwin(1809-02-12)12 February 1809The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, EnglandDied\n19 April 1882(1882-04-19) (aged 73)Down House, Downe, Kent, EnglandKnown for\nThe Voyage of the BeagleOn the Origin of SpeciesSpouse(s)\nEmma Wedgwood (m. 1839)Children\n10Awards\n\nFRS (1839)[2]\nRoyal Medal (1853)\nWollaston Medal (1859)\nCopley Medal (1864)\nDoctor of Laws (Honorary), Cambridge (1877)[3]\n\nScientific careerFields\nNatural history, geologyInstitutions\nTertiary education: University of Edinburgh Medical School (medicine, no degree) Christ's College, Cambridge Bachelor of Arts (1831) Master of Arts (1836)[4]\n\nProfessional institution: Geological Society of LondonAcademic advisors\nJohn Stevens HenslowAdam SedgwickInfluences\nCharles LyellAlexander von HumboldtJohn HerschelThomas MalthusInfluenced\nHooker, Huxley, Romanes, Haeckel, Lubbock\nSignature\n", "Charles DarwinFRS FRGS FLS FZS\nDarwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species for publication[1]Born\nCharles Robert Darwin(1809-02-12)12 February 1809The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, EnglandDied\n19 April 1882(1882-04-19) (aged 73)Down House, Downe, Kent, EnglandKnown for\nThe Voyage of the BeagleOn the Origin of SpeciesSpouse(s)\nEmma Wedgwood (m. 1839)Children\n10Awards\n\nFRS (1839)[2]\nRoyal Medal (1853)\nWollaston Medal (1859)\nCopley Medal (1864)\nDoctor of Laws (Honorary), Cambridge (1877)[3]\n\nScientific careerFields\nNatural history, geologyInstitutions\nTertiary education: University of Edinburgh Medical School (medicine, no degree) Christ's College, Cambridge Bachelor of Arts (1831) Master of Arts (1836)[4]\n\nProfessional institution: Geological Society of LondonAcademic advisors\nJohn Stevens HenslowAdam SedgwickInfluences\nCharles LyellAlexander von HumboldtJohn HerschelThomas MalthusInfluenced\nHooker, Huxley, Romanes, Haeckel, Lubbock\nSignature\n" ]	[ "The Voyage of the Beagle", "On the Origin of Species" ]
-3371424633604112162	Governor-General of Pakistan	Governor - general of Pakistan - wikipedia Governor - general of Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search Governor - General of Pakistan Standard of the Governor - General Muhammad Ali Jinnah Style His Excellency Residence Governor - General 's House Appointer Monarch of Pakistan Formation 14 August 1947 First holder Muhammad Ali Jinnah Final holder Iskander Mirza Abolished 23 March 1956 The Governor - General of Pakistan ( Urdu : گورنر جنرل پاکستان ‎ ) , was the representative in Pakistan of the British monarch , from the country 's independence in 1947 . When Pakistan was proclaimed a republic in 1956 , the office of governor - general was abolished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Governors - General of Pakistan 3 Timeline 4 See also 5 References Key ( edit ) Key for governors - general ' list Party Pakistan Muslim League Republican Party Independent Governors - General of Pakistan ( edit ) List of Governors - General of Pakistan No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Took office Left office Political party Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( 1876 -- 1948 ) 15 August 1947 11 September 1948 ( died in office ) Pakistan Muslim League Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin ( 1894 -- 1964 ) 14 September 1948 17 October 1951 Pakistan Muslim League Sir Ghulam Muhammad ( 1895 -- 1956 ) 17 October 1951 7 August 1955 Independent Iskander Mirza ( 1899 -- 1969 ) 7 August 1955 23 March 1956 Republican Party Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Governor - General of India President of Pakistan List of Presidents of Pakistan References ( edit ) Governors - General of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah Khawaja Nazimuddin Malik Ghulam Muhammad Iskander Mirza Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_Pakistan&oldid=802014537 '' Categories : Governors - General of Pakistan Lists of governors - general Pakistan - related lists Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations Hidden categories : Articles containing Urdu - language text Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी 日本語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 12 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who became the first governor general of pakistan	[ "\n1\n\nMuhammad Ali Jinnah\n(1876–1948)\n15 August 1947\n11 September 1948\n(died in office)\n\nPakistan Muslim League\n" ]	[ "Muhammad Ali Jinnah" ]
3995819673163827519	Shelley Morrison	Shelley Morrison - wikipedia Shelley Morrison Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shelley Morrison Rachel Mitrani ( 1936 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1936 ( age 81 ) New York City , New York U.S. Other names Rachel Dominguez Occupation Actress Years active 1961 -- 2016 Spouse ( s ) Walter Dominguez ( m . 1973 ) Website http://shelleymorrison.com/ Shelley Morrison ( born Rachel Mitrani ; October 26 , 1936 ) is an American actress . Early in her career , she was sometimes credited as Rachel Domínguez . Morrison has been a theater and television actress since the early 1960s , predominantly as a character actress in ethnic roles . Her most recognizable role has been as the maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series Will & Grace , which she played from 1999 to 2006 . She was a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun playing Sister Sixto , a nun known mostly for mangling the English language ; and she continued in television guest roles until securing a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Cancer 4 Activism 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Morrison was born in New York City , the only daughter of Sephardic Jewish ( specifically , Spanish Jewish ) parents , originally surnamed Mitrani . She was raised in the Bronx , New York , and her first language was Spanish . Her father , Maurice Morris , was a clothing manufacturer . Morrison moved to California with her parents in 1946 . Career ( edit ) Morrison went on to study acting at Los Angeles City College and landed early film roles in Divorce American Style and How to Save a Marriage ( And Ruin Your Life ) . From 1965 to 1967 , she appeared four times as an American Indian , Linda Little Trees , in the NBC western television series Laredo ( in the episodes `` Yahoo '' , `` Jinx '' , `` No Bugles , One Drum '' , and `` Split the Difference . '' ) In 1967 , she capitalized on her own experiences learning English to play the Puerto Rican nun , Sister Sixto , who had trouble with English in Sally Field 's show The Flying Nun . She would keep this role until the show was cancelled in 1970 . Morrison 's most widely recognizable recent role has been as the Salvadoran maid Rosario Inés Consuelo Yolanda Salazar on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace . She appeared in 68 episodes from 1999 to 2006 ( as well as a brief cameo appearance on the September 2016 Will & Grace webisode in support of Hillary Clinton 's presidential campaign ) . The role was originally created for a brief one - episode appearance , but Rosario was so popular with viewers that she became a recurring character . In addition to sparring with her libertine and very spoiled employer , Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) , Rosario married Karen 's gay friend Jack McFarland ( Sean Hayes ) to prevent her impending deportation . Among approximately 25 film appearances and 200 television appearances , Morrison has portrayed a maid or housekeeper on 32 separate occasions . Morrison had just informed her agent not to offer her any more `` maid parts '' when the call came for Will & Grace . In 2017 , NBC revived Will & Grace for a new series of episodes . On August 3 , 2017 , co-creator Max Mutchnick announced to reporters that Morrison had been asked to reprise her role as Salazar on the show , but that she had ultimately decided to retire completely from acting . Although her last official acting role was a voiceover in the 2012 animated film Foodfight ! , her final appearance as an actress was the 2016 election - themed webisode of Will & Grace . Cancer ( edit ) Morrison underwent a lumpectomy for breast cancer in 1988 , followed by a full mastectomy when the cancer recurred in 1998 . She had lung cancer and underwent surgery to remove the upper third of her right lung . Morrison 's lung cancer went into remission , but her breast cancer returned after the treatment in 1988 and 1998 . Activism ( edit ) Morrison endorsed U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich for President in 2008 , actively fundraising , contributing to his campaign , and seeking votes for him . Personal Life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morrison lives with her husband of many years , Walter Domínguez , a Mexican - American , in a three - story apartment in Los Angeles -- the same apartment in which her father had settled the family five decades earlier . Morrison and Dominguez adopted three sons and three daughters ( adopted through a traditional Native American ceremony ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patricia ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Shelley Morrison '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '' , IMDb and `` The Flying Nun '' , IMDb Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' : Why Shelley Morrison 's Rosario wo n't return for the revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Shelley Morrison on IMDb VIAF : 68651172 LCCN : no2004106384 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Morrison&oldid=811177829 '' Categories : 1936 births American film actresses American television actresses Jewish American actresses Actresses from New York City Living people American people of Spanish - Jewish descent American Sephardic Jews Los Angeles City College alumni Lung cancer survivors People from the Bronx People from the Greater Los Angeles Area 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL BLP articles lacking sources from May 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the maid on will and grace	[ "Shelley Morrison (born Rachel Mitrani; October 26, 1936) is an American actress. Early in her career, she was sometimes credited as Rachel Domínguez. Morrison has been a theater and television actress since the early 1960s, predominantly as a character actress in ethnic roles. Her most recognizable role has been as the maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series Will & Grace, which she played from 1999 to 2006. She was a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun playing Sister Sixto, a nun known mostly for mangling the English language; and she continued in television guest roles until securing a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982." ]	[ "Shelley Morrison" ]
-8823239553805241345	Epiglottis	Epiglottis - wikipedia Epiglottis Jump to : navigation , search Epiglottis Posterior view of the larynx . The epiglottis is the most superior structure shown . Details Precursor Hypopharyngeal eminence Identifiers Latin Epiglottis MeSH A02. 165.257. 625.411 Dorlands / Elsevier epiglottis TA A06. 2.07. 001 FMA 55130 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The epiglottis is a flap made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane , attached to the entrance of the larynx . It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone , pointing dorsally . It stands open during breathing , allowing air into the larynx . During swallowing , it closes to prevent aspiration , forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go down the esophagus instead . It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus . The epiglottis gets its name from being above the glottis ( epi - + glottis ) . There are taste buds on the epiglottis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 1.2 Development 2 Function 2.1 Gag reflex 3 Speech sounds 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Inflammation 5 History 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The epiglottis is shaped somewhat like a leaf of purslane , with the stem attached to the posterior part of the thyroid cartilage . The epiglottis is one of nine cartilaginous structures that make up the larynx ( voice box ) . During breathing , it lies completely within the larynx . During swallowing , it serves as part of the anterior of the pharynx . Histology ( edit ) In a direct section of the epiglottis it can be seen that the body consists of elastic cartilage . The epiglottis has two surfaces , a lingual and a laryngeal surface , related to the oral cavity and the larynx respectively . The entire lingual surface and the apical portion of the laryngeal surface ( since it is vulnerable to abrasion due to its relation to the digestive tract ) are covered by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium . However , some parts of the laryngeal surface , which is in relation to the respiratory system , has respiratory epithelium : pseudostratified , ciliated columnar cells and mucus secreting goblet cells . Development ( edit ) The epiglottis arises from the fourth pharyngeal arch . It can be seen as a distinct structure later than the other cartilage of the pharynx , visible around the fifth month of development . Function ( edit ) A high rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation , visible during an oral examination , which does not cause any serious problem apart from a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat . It is seen more often in children than adults and does not need any medical or surgical intervention . The epiglottis is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx . During swallowing , elevation of the hyoid bone draws the larynx upward ; as a result , the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position , with its superior side functioning as part of the pharynx . In this manner , the epiglottis prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus , which is at the back . Should food or liquid enter the windpipe due to the epiglottis failing to close properly , the gag reflex is induced to protect the respiratory system . Gag reflex ( edit ) The glossopharyngeal nerve ( CN IX ) sends fibers to the upper epiglottis that contribute to the afferent limb of the gag reflex . ( The gag reflex is variable in people from a limited to a hypersensitive response . ) The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve ( CN X ) sends fibers to the lower epiglottis that contribute to the efferent limb of the cough reflex . This initiates an attempt to try to dislodge the food or liquid from the windpipe . Speech sounds ( edit ) In some languages , the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds , though this sound - type is rather rare . Clinical significance ( edit ) Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Epiglottitis Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis . Epiglottitis is mainly caused by Haemophilus influenzae . A person with epiglottitis may have a fever , sore throat , difficulty swallowing , and difficulty breathing . For this reason , in children , acute epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency , because of the risk of obstruction of the pharynx . Epiglottitis is often managed with antibiotics , racemic epinephrine ( a sympathomimetic bronchodilator that is delivered by aerosol ) , and may require tracheal intubation or a tracheostomy if breathing is difficult . Behind the root of the tongue is an epiglottic vallecula which is an important anatomical landmark in intubation . The incidence of epiglottitis has decreased significantly in countries where vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae is administered . History ( edit ) The epiglottis was first described by Aristotle , although the epiglottis ' function was first defined by Vesalius in 1543 . It also has Greek roots . Additional images ( edit ) Epiglotic cartilage . Larynx Cut through the larynx of a horse The cartilages of the larynx . Posterior view . Ligaments of the larynx . Posterior view . Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea . The entrance to the larynx , viewed from behind . Muscles of larynx . Side view . Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed . Sagittal section of nose mouth , pharynx , and larynx . Larynx. 1 = vocal folds , 2 = vestibular fold , 3 = epiglottis , 4 = plica aryepiglottica , 5 = arytenoid cartilage , 6 = sinus piriformis , 7 = dorsum of the tongue See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Epiglottal consonant Epiglotto - pharyngeal consonant Pharyngeal consonant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevenson , Roger E. ( 2006 ) . Human malformations and related anomalies . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516568 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jowett , A. ; Shrestha , R. ( 1998 ) . `` Mucosa and taste buds of the human epiglottis '' . Journal of Anatomy. 193 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 618 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 7580.1998. 19340617. x . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 951 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . Jump up ^ Junqueiras basic histology text and atlas , 13th edition Jump up ^ Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` '' Development of the Urogenital system `` '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed. , Thoroughly rev. and updated . ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 362 . ISBN 9780443068119 . Jump up ^ April , Ernest . Clinical Anatomy , 3rd ed . Lippincott , Williams , and Wilkins . Jump up ^ Nicki R. Colledge ; Brian R. Walker ; Stuart H. Ralston , eds. ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine . illustrated by Robert Britton ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 681 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Brian ; Reddy , Srijaya K. ; Verghese , Susan T. ( Oct 2012 ) . `` Acute epiglottitis in the era of post-Haemophilus influenzae type B ( HIB ) vaccine '' . Journal of Anesthesia. 27 ( 2 ) : 316 -- 7 . PMID 23076559 . doi : 10.1007 / s00540 - 012 - 1500 - 9 . Retrieved Nov 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hermansen , MN ; Schmidt , J.H. ; Krug , A.H. ; Larsen , K ; Kristensen , S ( Apr 2014 ) . `` Low incidence of children with acute epiglottis after introduction of vaccination '' . Dan Med J. 61 ( 4 ) : A4788 . PMID 24814584 . Jump up ^ Lydiatt , Daniel D. ; Bucher , Gregory S. ( 2010 ) . `` The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx '' . Clinical Anatomy : NA . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 20912 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiglottis . lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( larynxsagsect ) ( hide ) Anatomy of the larynx Cartilage major / unpaired : Epiglottis Vallecula Thyroid Adam 's apple Cricoid minor / paired : Arytenoid Vocal process Muscular process Corniculate Cuneiform Ligaments / folds extrinsic ligaments : Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Lateral ligament Median ligament Thyroepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament intrinsic ligaments , upper : Quadrangular membrane Aryepiglottic Vestibular ligament / Vestibular fold intrinsic ligaments , lower : Cricothyroid ligament Median Lateral / Conus elasticus Vocal ligament / Vocal folds Laryngeal cavity Laryngeal inlet Vestibule Rima vestibuli Ventricle Rima glottidis / Glottis Infraglottic cavity Laryngeal muscles Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic Other Cricothyroid articulation Cricoarytenoid articulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiglottis&oldid=802550368 '' Categories : Digestive system Larynx Human throat Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2010 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the epiglottis in the respiratory system of humans	[ "The epiglottis is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx. During swallowing, elevation of the hyoid bone draws the larynx upward; as a result, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its superior side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner, the epiglottis prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is at the back. Should food or liquid enter the windpipe due to the epiglottis failing to close properly, the gag reflex is induced to protect the respiratory system." ]	[ "prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus" ]
-3718120943083624534	Clayne Crawford	Clayne Crawford - wikipedia Clayne Crawford Jump to : navigation , search Clayne Crawford ( 1978 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Clay , Alabama Nationality American Occupation actor Years active 1997 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sunshine Kiki Brown ( m . 2004 ) Children Clayne Crawford ( born on April 20 , 1978 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying the roles of Martin Riggs on the FOX action comedy - drama television series Lethal Weapon , and Teddy Talbot on the critically acclaimed Sundance drama Rectify ( 2013 - 2016 ) . Crawford had supporting roles in the films A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) and Swimfan ( 2002 ) . He also appeared in A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) and The Great Raid ( 2005 ) . He also played in some small independent films that were not widely distributed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Awards 4 References 5 External links Life and Career ( edit ) Born Joseph `` Joey '' Crawford in Clay , Alabama , he is the son of Brian and Lennie Crawford . By high school , he was on the football and wrestling teams , and graduated from Hewitt - Trussville High School . In 1996 his dad drove him to Los Angeles in order for Crawford to seek work as an actor . He often worked in construction to support himself while appearing in small theaters . In 2000 , he changed his name professionally from Joey to Clayne , a combination to honor an ancestor and his hometown . He had a recurring role in the first season of Jericho as Mitchell `` Mitch '' Cafferty . In 2008 he appeared on Life in the episode `` Evil ... and His Brother Ziggy . '' Crawford was the protagonist in the 2010 straight - to - DVD prequel to Smokin ' Aces , Smokin ' Aces 2 : Assassins ' Ball . In 2010 he had a recurring role in the eighth season of 24 as ' Kevin Wade , ' a young , mysterious man . He also appeared in the first and second season of the A&E series The Glades . Crawford played the role of Teddy ( Ted Talbot , Jr . ) in the first SundanceTV original series , Rectify , which was aired for four seasons from 2013 to 2016 . The series , exploring a man who is released from prison after 19 years on death row after DNA evidence appears to support his innocence , also looks at the effects on his family and town . It received critical praise and won a Peabody Award in 2014 , also receiving notice for its treatment of issues in criminal justice . Crawford played the role of Cade LaSalle , older brother to Christopher LaSalle on NCIS : New Orleans . Crawford portrayed Martin Riggs in the pilot for the Fox Television Lethal Weapon reboot , which was later picked up as a series . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 One Blood Planet Cady 2002 A Walk to Remember Dean 2002 Swimfan Josh A Love Song for Bobby Long Lee Evil Remains Tyler Direct to video 2005 The Great Raid PFC Aldridge 2005 Trust Jim Short film 2006 Steel City Ben Lee 2006 Wristcutters : A Love Story Jim 2006 False Prophets Wade Carpenter 2006 F8 Driver Short film 2006 Unknown Detective Anderson 2006 Feel Jeremy 2007 7 - 10 Split Mike 2007 Walk the Talk Reed 2007 God 's Beach Adam Short film 2007 On the Doll Wes 2007 X 's and O 's Simon 2009 The Donner Party William Eddy The Perfect Host John Taylor Baby Jonas Carter Kingshighway Billy Jones Smokin ' Aces 2 : Assassins ' Ball Agent Baker Direct to video 2011 Pox Julius 2012 The Baytown Outlaws Brick Oodie 2012 The Truth in Being Right Carl Weintraub Short film 2013 N.Y.C. Underground Siman Direct to video 2014 The Lachrymist The Disc Jockey of 94.9 KLAS ( voice , as William Westhoven ) Short film 2015 A Fighting Season Mason 2015 Convergence Ben 2016 Warrior Road Charlie 2016 Spectral Sergeant Toll 2017 The Weight Thad 2017 Tinker Grady Lee Jr . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Buffy the Vampire Slayer Rodney Munson Episode : `` Inca Mummy Girl '' ( as Joey Crawford ) 2001 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Henry McFadden Episode : Chaos Theory 2001 -- 02 Roswell Billy Darden 2 episodes 2003 CSI : Miami Chaz Episode : `` Freaks and Tweaks '' 2006 Thief Izzy Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 -- 07 Jericho Mitchell Cafferty 5 episodes 2007 The Barnes Brothers Jerry Barnes Television film 2007 Women 's Murder Club Dale Peterson Episode : `` Maybe Baby '' 2008 Gemini Division Sampson 2 episodes 2008 Life Eval Episode : `` Evil ... and His Brother Ziggy '' 2009 -- 12 Leverage Mr. Quinn 2 episodes 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Tommy Ruby Episode : `` Miscarriage of Justice '' 2009 Cold Case Darren Malloy ' 76 Episode : `` Jackels '' 2009 Dark Blue Jack Walsh Episode : `` K - Town '' 2009 Criminal Minds C. Vincent Episode : `` Hopeless '' Burn Notice Ryan Johnson Episode : `` A Dark Road '' 24 Kevin Wade 9 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Jeremy Parks Episode : `` Lost Children of the Blood '' 2010 -- 11 The Glades Ray Cargill 7 episodes All Signs of Death Chev Television film 2011 CSI : NY Wes Dillon Episode : `` Exit Strategy '' 2011 Memphis Beat Derek Simon Episode : `` Lost '' 2012 Justified Lance 3 episodes 2013 -- 15 Rectify Ted `` Teddy '' Talbot Jr . 29 episodes - Nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( TV Critics ' Choice Awards ) 2013 Graceland Donnie Banks 2 episodes 2014 Rogue Danny `` Cheat '' Chetowski 5 episodes 2015 NCIS : New Orleans Cade LaSalle 3 episodes 2016 -- present Lethal Weapon Martin Riggs Main cast Awards ( edit ) 2016 TV Critics ' Choice Awards -- Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Nominated ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Clayne Crawford '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Carlton . `` On ' 24 , ' native son 's success -- not villainous role -- makes Clay family proud '' . al.com . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Alec ( 2010 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Clayne Crawford from Clay , Alabama , may be headed to HBO series '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Profile , sundance.tv ; accessed April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRIVEN : Clayne Crawford Talks Life , Career , ' Rectify ' And Upcoming Projects ! '' . Icon vs. Icon. 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's ' Lethal Weapon ' finds its Mel Gibson '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clayne Crawford Had a ' Massive Breakdown ' After Playing the Role Mel Gibson Made Famous '' . esquire.com. 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Lethal Weapon : Why Clayne Crawford Initially Passed on Playing Riggs '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : TV Winners Include Fargo , Mr. Robot , Master of None , Rachel Bloom and Carrie Coon '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Clayne Crawford on IMDb VIAF : 107374811 ISNI : 0000 0001 1496 8256 GND : 106411699X BNF : cb162118589 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clayne_Crawford&oldid=823235382 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people People from Clay , Alabama Male actors from Alabama American male film actors American male television actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 01 : 20 . About Wikipedia	who plays riggs on the lethal weapon series	[ "Clayne Crawford (born on April 20, 1978)[1] is an American actor. He is best known for portraying the roles of Martin Riggs on the FOX action comedy-drama television series Lethal Weapon, and Teddy Talbot on the critically acclaimed Sundance drama Rectify (2013-2016)." ]	[ "Clayne Crawford" ]
7431400439018916629	List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders	List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Football League running backs by total career rushing yards . This list includes all running backs who have rushed for at least 10,000 yards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards 2 Active players with at least 9,000 yards 3 Historical rushing yards leader 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through Week 9 of 2017 season in progress Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions ( 1989 -- 1998 ) 3,062 15,269 5.0 Curtis Martin New England Patriots ( 1995 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2005 ) 3,518 14,101 4.0 5 LaDainian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 3,174 13,684 4.3 6 Jerome Bettis St. Louis / L.A. Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 3,479 13,662 3.9 7 Frank Gore San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2015 -- present ) 3,092 13,520 4.4 8 Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1992 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1993 ) 2,996 13,259 4.4 9 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys ( 1977 -- 1987 ) Denver Broncos ( 1988 ) 2,936 12,739 4.3 10 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 11 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts ( 1994 -- 1998 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2,836 12,279 4.3 12 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2009 ) 3,028 12,246 4.0 13 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 3,022 12,243 4.1 14 Peterson , Adrian Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings ( 2007 -- 2016 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2017 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2017 -- present ) 2,519 12,142 4.8 15 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 -- 1983 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1984 ) 2,949 12,120 4.1 16 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2000 ) 2,877 12,074 4.2 17 Fred Taylor Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1998 -- 2008 ) New England Patriots ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2,534 11,695 4.6 18 Steven Jackson St. Louis Rams ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2013 -- 2014 ) New England Patriots ( 2015 ) 2,764 11,438 4.1 19 John Riggins New York Jets ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Washington Redskins ( 1976 -- 1985 ) 2,916 11,352 3.9 20 Corey Dillon Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 -- 2003 ) New England Patriots ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 2,618 11,241 4.3 21 O.J. Simpson Buffalo Bills ( 1969 -- 1977 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1979 ) 2,404 11,236 4.7 22 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2008 ) 2,669 10,967 4.1 23 Ricky Watters San Francisco 49ers ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2,622 10,643 4.1 24 Jamal Lewis Baltimore Ravens ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2,542 10,607 4.2 25 Thomas Jones Arizona Cardinals ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2003 ) Chicago Bears ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2,678 10,591 4.0 26 Tiki Barber New York Giants ( 1997 -- 2006 ) 2,217 10,449 4.7 27 Eddie George Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) 2,865 10,441 3.6 28 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals ( 1979 -- 1986 ) New York Giants ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 2,562 10,273 4.0 29 Ricky Williams New Orleans Saints ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2011 ) 2,431 10,009 4.1 Active players with at least 9,000 yards ( edit ) Through Week 9 of 2017 in progress . All numbers in yards . Matt Forte : 9,656 Chris Johnson : 9,651 LeSean McCoy : 9,500 Marshawn Lynch : 9,435 Historical rushing yards leader ( edit ) Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL . Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932 , the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles , who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins . He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career . Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton 's long - standing total in 2002 . Reign Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average 1932 -- 1941 Cliff Battles Washington Redskins ( 1932 -- 1937 ) 839 3,511 4.2 1941 -- 1949 Clarke Hinkle Green Bay Packers ( 1932 -- 1941 ) 1,171 3,860 3.3 1949 -- 1958 Steve Van Buren Philadelphia Eagles ( 1944 -- 1951 ) 1,320 5,860 4.4 1958 -- 1963 Joe Perry San Francisco 49ers ( 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 ) Baltimore Colts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 1,737 8,378 4.8 1963 -- 1984 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 1984 -- 2002 Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 2002 -- present Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of National Football League rushing champions List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1995 , the Los Angeles Rams became known as the St. Louis Rams after the franchise relocated ; they returned in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickerson was traded mid-season in 1987 ; he played three games for the Rams and nine for the Colts . Jump up ^ In the 1996 season , George 's first , the Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers ; the franchise relocated prior to the commencement of the 1997 season . Jump up ^ Anderson was traded mid-season in 1986 ; he played four games for the Cardinals and eight for the Giants . References ( edit ) General `` NFL History -- Rushing Leaders '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . `` NFL Rushing Yards Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Footnotes Jump up ^ Frye , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` History of the Career Rushing Yards Record '' . thegridfe.com . GridFe . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smith 's Firm Hold on Coveted Record '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_rushing_yards_leaders&oldid=809086699 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements American football running backs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 01 : 32 . About Wikipedia	who has the nfl record for most rushing yards in a career	[ "\n\nRank\nPlayer\nTeam(s) by season\nCarries\nYards\nAverage\n\n\n1\nEmmitt Smith^\nDallas Cowboys (1990–2002)\nArizona Cardinals (2003–2004)\n4,409\n18,355\n4.2\n\n\n2\nWalter Payton^\nChicago Bears (1975–1987)\n3,838\n16,726\n4.4\n\n\n3\nBarry Sanders^\nDetroit Lions (1989–1998)\n3,062\n15,269\n5.0\n\n\n4\nCurtis Martin^\nNew England Patriots (1995–1997)\nNew York Jets (1998–2005)\n3,518\n14,101\n4.0\n\n\n5\nLaDainian Tomlinson^\nSan Diego Chargers (2001–2009)\nNew York Jets (2010–2011)\n3,174\n13,684\n4.3\n\n\n6\nJerome Bettis^\nSt. Louis/L.A. Rams (1993–1995[a])\nPittsburgh Steelers (1996–2005)\n3,479\n13,662\n3.9\n\n\n7\nFrank Gore\nSan Francisco 49ers (2005–2014)\nIndianapolis Colts (2015–present)\n3,092\n13,520\n4.4\n\n\n8\nEric Dickerson^\nLos Angeles Rams (1983–1987[b])\nIndianapolis Colts (1987–1991)\nLos Angeles Raiders (1992)\nAtlanta Falcons (1993)\n2,996\n13,259\n4.4\n\n\n9\nTony Dorsett^\nDallas Cowboys (1977–1987)\nDenver Broncos (1988)\n2,936\n12,739\n4.3\n\n\n10\nJim Brown^\nCleveland Browns (1957–1965)\n2,359\n12,312\n5.2\n\n\n11\nMarshall Faulk^\nIndianapolis Colts (1994–1998)\nSt. Louis Rams (1999–2005)\n2,836\n12,279\n4.3\n\n\n12\nEdgerrin James\nIndianapolis Colts (1999–2005)\nArizona Cardinals (2006– 2008)\nSeattle Seahawks (2009)\n3,028\n12,246\n4.0\n\n\n13\nMarcus Allen^\nLos Angeles Raiders (1982–1992)\nKansas City Chiefs (1993–1997)\n3,022\n12,243\n4.1\n\n\n14\nPeterson, AdrianAdrian Peterson\nMinnesota Vikings (2007–2016)\nNew Orleans Saints (2017)\nArizona Cardinals (2017–present)\n2,519\n12,142\n4.8\n\n\n15\nFranco Harris^\nPittsburgh Steelers (1972–1983)\nSeattle Seahawks (1984)\n2,949\n12,120\n4.1\n\n\n16\nThurman Thomas^\nBuffalo Bills (1988–1999)\nMiami Dolphins (2000)\n2,877\n12,074\n4.2\n\n\n17\nFred Taylor\nJacksonville Jaguars (1998–2008)\nNew England Patriots (2009–2010)\n2,534\n11,695\n4.6\n\n\n18\nSteven Jackson\nSt. Louis Rams (2004–2012)\nAtlanta Falcons (2013–2014)\nNew England Patriots (2015)\n2,764\n11,438\n4.1\n\n\n19\nJohn Riggins^\nNew York Jets (1971–1975)\nWashington Redskins (1976–1985)\n2,916\n11,352\n3.9\n\n\n20\nCorey Dillon\nCincinnati Bengals (1997–2003)\nNew England Patriots (2004–2006)\n2,618\n11,241\n4.3\n\n\n21\nO. J. Simpson^\nBuffalo Bills (1969–1977)\nSan Francisco 49ers (1978–1979)\n2,404\n11,236\n4.7\n\n\n22\nWarrick Dunn\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1997–2001)\nAtlanta Falcons (2002–2007)\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (2008)\n2,669\n10,967\n4.1\n\n\n23\nRicky Watters\nSan Francisco 49ers (1992–1994)\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1995–1997)\nSeattle Seahawks (1998–2001)\n2,622\n10,643\n4.1\n\n\n24\nJamal Lewis\nBaltimore Ravens (2000–2006)\nCleveland Browns (2007–2009)\n2,542\n10,607\n4.2\n\n\n25\nThomas Jones\nArizona Cardinals (2000–2002)\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (2003)\nChicago Bears (2004–2006)\nNew York Jets (2007–2009)\nKansas City Chiefs (2010–2011)\n2,678\n10,591\n4.0\n\n\n26\nTiki Barber\nNew York Giants (1997–2006)\n2,217\n10,449\n4.7\n\n\n27\nEddie George\nHouston Oilers/Tennessee Titans (1996[c]–2003)\nDallas Cowboys (2004)\n2,865\n10,441\n3.6\n\n\n28\nOttis Anderson\nSt. Louis Cardinals (1979–1986[d])\nNew York Giants (1986–1992)\n2,562\n10,273\n4.0\n\n\n29\nRicky Williams\nNew Orleans Saints (1999–2001)\nMiami Dolphins (2002–2010)\nBaltimore Ravens (2011)\n2,431\n10,009\n4.1\n\n" ]	[ "Emmitt Smith" ]
9141612377784561898	The Salvation Army in Australia	The Salvation Army in Australia - Wikipedia The Salvation Army in Australia Jump to : navigation , search Main articles : The Salvation Army , Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army , Australia Southern Territory Part of a series on The Salvation Army Background Christianity Protestantism Pietism Arminianism Methodism Holiness Movement Evangelicalism Organization General Chief of the Staff High Council Commissioners Officer Soldier Corps Prominent Salvationists William Booth Catherine Booth Bramwell Booth Florence Booth Evangeline Booth Ballington Booth Catherine Bramwell - Booth Frederick Booth - Tucker Arthur Booth - Clibborn Elijah Cadman John Lawley George Scott Railton T. Henry Howard Charles Jeffries Theodore Kitching Darkie Hutton William Ridsdel Ray Steadman - Allen Eva Burrows Other topics Brass Bands Promoted to Glory Order of the Founder Limelight Department Christmas Kettle The War Cry Articles of War Reliance Bank Related organisations American Rescue Workers Volunteers of America Skeleton Army The Blind Beggar Christianity portal The Salvation Army in Australia ( nicknamed `` Salvos '' in Australian English ) is an evangelical Christian church known for its charity work . It began operating in Australia since the late 19th Century . Administratively it is now divided between The Salvation Army , Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army , Australia Southern Territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Salvation Army Growth 19th Century 2 Australian sex abuse cases 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880 . Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer 's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten . In 1883 , Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis , known as the `` Prison Gate '' program . Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work , so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol . Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street , Carlton , to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne 's gaols . This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade , the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job . The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families . In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910 , The Army 's Limelight Department was established as Australia 's first film production company . Eighty - four cents in every dollar donated to The Salvation Army goes directly to those in need . This is one of the most efficient rates of any charity in Australia . It is thought that the name of the popular biscuit by Arnotts , SAO , stands for ' Salvation Army Officer ' . The Salvation Army helps more than one million Australians every year . In an average week , the Salvation Army provides an estimated : 100,000 meals for the hungry 2,000 beds for the homeless 5,000 to 8,000 food vouchers 1,000 people with assistance in finding employment Refuge to 500 victims of abuse Assistance to 500 people addicted to drugs , alcohol or gambling Several thousand people with counselling 3,000 elderly people with aged care services 1,000 people in the court system with chaplaincy services Family tracing services which locate 40 missing family members From these diverse activities , The Salvos have grown to be one of Australia 's most respected charitable organisations , with a 2009 survey by Sweeney Research and the advertising group Grey Global finding the Salvation Army and the nation 's Ambulance Service to be Australia 's most trusted entities . Australia 's George Carpenter was General of the Salvation Army ( worldwide leader ) from 1939 -- 1946 and Eva Burrows during the 1980s and 1990s . Salvation Army growth 19th Century ( edit ) The Salvation Army grew quickly within Australia , but it was a growth fraught with difficulty . In its early days The Salvation Army often met with suspicion , derision and violence . Salvationists simply walking down the streets would often suffer abuse and sustain injury from thrown objects . Several local councils even passed by - laws forbidding Salvation Army street processions , and the Police were liable to arrest them . From 1881 to 1907 , across the country , more than 100 Salvationists were fined or jailed for holding street - meetings and marches . `` Almost every night some of our soldiers are getting hurt . One night during the week , as we were all having our usual open - air meeting , a crowd of 200 roughs gathered around , and threw lumps of road metal . One piece struck the Captain on the mouth and split one of his teeth , and loosened two others ; yet , with all , we were able to sing , ' Hallelujah ! ' `` Another night a sister got struck on the head , almost forcing her to the ground . In the face of all , there are certain officials of the law who stand by and enjoy the brutal sport . '' -- War Cry magazine Brisbane circa 1900 Despite persecution and prosecution the number of Salvation Army Corps grew at an amazing rate , so much so that by 1900 there were over 1,300 Corps and outposts across Australia and New Zealand and The Salvation Army in Australasia could boast the following statistics : Officers & Cadets & Employees : 1929 Soldiers ( Members ) estimated at 50,000 Corps ( Churches ) : 512 Outposts : 858 Training Homes : 2 Women 's Industrial Homes : 4 Rescue Homes : 16 Maternity Homes : 7 Slum Posts & Women 's Shelters : 5 Prison-Gate Brigade Homes : 7 Men 's Shelters & Labour Yards : 6 Men 's Industrial Homes & Farms : 7 League of Mercy : 4 Military Home : 1 Australian sex abuse cases ( edit ) See also : Forgotten Australians and Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse From the 1940s to the 1980s the Salvation Army in Australia sheltered approximately 30,000 children . In 2006 the Australian Salvation Army acknowledged that sexual abuse may have occurred during this time and issued an apology . In it , the Army explicitly rejected a claim , made by a party unnamed in the apology , that there were as many as 500 potential claimants . In 2013 it was reported that private settlements totalling A $ 15.5 million had been made in Victoria relating to 474 abuse cases ; a Salvation Army spokesman said that `` This should not have happened and this was a breach of the trust placed in us '' and that they were `` deeply sorry '' whilst claiming that the abuse was `` the result of individuals and not a culture within the organisation . '' On 28 January 2014 , the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse , a royal commission of inquiry initiated in 2013 by the Australian Government and supported by all of its state governments , began an investigation into abuse cases at the Alkira Salvation Army Home for Boys at Indooroopilly ; the Riverview Training Farm ( also known as Endeavour Training Farm ) at Riverview -- both in Queensland ; the Bexley Boys ' Home at Bexley ; and the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn -- both in New South Wales . The investigation also examined The Salvation Army 's processes in investigating , disciplining , removing and / or transferring anyone accused of , or found to have engaged in , child sexual abuse in these homes . On 27 March 2014 , the Royal Commission began an investigation into the handling by The Salvation Army ( Eastern Territory ) of claims of child sexual abuse between 1993 and 2014 . Many questions were raised during the course of the investigation as to whether high - ranking members of the organisation knew about these cases of child sexual abuse and failed to investigate , discipline , sack and prosecute sex offenders while boys and girls were beaten , bashed and raped . The Royal Commission published a case study report on the findings and recommendations for one of the abovementioned case studies . See also ( edit ) Christianity in Australia Religion in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 125 Years in Australia '' Our History '' About Us `` . salvos.org.au . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Foundation-of-Salvation-Army-social-services/ Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' Overview '' About Us `` . salvos.org.au. 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://superbrands.com.au/index.php/salvation-army Jump up ^ `` Banks and telcos biggest losers of the public 's trust '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/AS10081b.htm Jump up ^ `` Eva Burrows - Biographical Information '' . Dictionary of Australian Biography . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Church-Growth-in-Australia/ Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Opposition-and-acceptance-of-The-Salvation-Army/ Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/20th-Century-overview/ Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army 's response to child abuse allegations '' . The Salvation Army . 1 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Genevieve ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Salvo abuse claims dealt with privately '' . The Age . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rintoul , Stuart ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` ' Ashamed ' Salvation Army paid $15 m to child sex abuse victims , inquiry told '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army appearance before the Victorian Parliamentary Committee 's Inquiry into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse '' ( PDF ) . The Salvation Army . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Patent '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thrower , Louise ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Royal Commission : Torture and rape at Gill Memorial '' . Goulburn Post . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army suspends officer John McIver over child sexual abuse royal commission '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Boys ' rented out ' for abuse at Salvation Army boys ' home at Bexley in Sydney 's south '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study 5 , January 2014 , Sydney '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ; Bourke , Emily ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army whistleblowers dismissed from Indooroopilly , Qld , home for reporting alleged abuse , royal commission hears '' . PM . Australia : ABC News . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army officers allegedly moved interstate if accused of child sex abuse '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study 10 , March 2014 , Sydney '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/shining-the-spotlight-on-salvation-army-abuse/story-fni0cx12-1226810825660 Jump up ^ `` Report of Case Study No. 5 : Response of The Salvation Army to child sexual abuse at its boys homes in New South Wales and Queensland '' . Sydney : Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse . January 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925289 - 06 - 0 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) David Woodbury - Salvation Army ( 2011 ) . `` Foundation of the Salvation Army in Sydney 1882 - 83 '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . ( hide ) Homelessness in Australia Service providers Anglicare Barnardo 's Caretakers Cottage Coast Shelter Detour House FareShare ( Australia ) HomeGround Services Jewish House Launch Housing Mission Australia Najidah Orange Sky Laundry Salvos Samaritans Foundation Southern Youth and Family Services Taldumande Youth Services Toora Women UnitingCare Australia Vinnies Wayside Chapel Wesley Mission Wintringham Specialist Aged Care Youth Off The Streets Youthcare Hervey Bay Peak body organisations Homelessness Council to Homeless Persons Homelessness Australia Homelessness NSW Homelessness SA NT Shelter Queensland Shelter Shelter Tasmania Shelter WA Youth Homelessness National Youth Coalition for Housing Queensland Youth Housing Coalition Yfoundations Events Homeless Persons ' Week Youth Homelessness Matters Day Youth Refuge Week Government programs Supported Accommodation Assistance Program Misc . The Choir of Hard Knocks The Big Issue ( Australia ) The Oasis ( 2008 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Salvation_Army_in_Australia&oldid=791140152 '' Categories : Salvationism in Australia Christianity in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Use Australian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with peacock terms Articles with peacock terms from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the salvation army start in australia	[ "The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880. Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten.[1] In 1883, Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis, known as the \"Prison Gate\" program. Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work, so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol. Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton, to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne's gaols. This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade, the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job.[2] The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families. In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910, The Army's Limelight Department was established as Australia's first film production company.[3]" ]	[ "1883" ]
-3120290487131183952	Jacob Marley	Jacob Marley - wikipedia Jacob Marley Jump to : navigation , search `` Marley 's Ghost '' redirects here . For other uses , see Marley 's Ghost ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Marley A Christmas Carol character Jacob Marley 's ghost visits Scrooge in Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol First appearance A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) Created by Charles Dickens Information Nickname ( s ) J.M. Species Ghost ( Formerly Human ) Gender Male Occupation Business Partner / Accountant Family unspecified ( no stated family ) Relatives The Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Present The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Nationality English Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens 's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . He is Ebenezer Scrooge 's deceased business partner , now a chained and tormented ghost , doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive . Marley roams restlessly , witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them . Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption , which Marley tells him was `` ... a chance and hope of my procuring . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the story 2 Appearances in various film adaptations 3 References 4 External links Role in the story ( edit ) In A Christmas Carol , Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story . Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve ( as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843 , this would have made the date of his passing December 24 , 1836 ) . In life , Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge . They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley , and he refers to their offices as ' our money - changing hole ' . They became successful yet hard - hearted bankers , with seats on the London Stock Exchange . Scrooge is described as Marley 's `` sole friend '' and `` sole mourner '' , and praises Marley as having been a good friend to him . Seven years after his death , on Christmas Eve , Marley 's ghost visits Scrooge . Marley preys upon Scrooge 's mind in many different ways , notably his face manifesting on the knocker on Scrooge 's front door and causing the bells in his house to ring . The ghost maintains the same voice , hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life , but is translucent . He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws , and `` captive , bound and double - ironed '' with chains which are described as `` long , and wound about him like a tail ; it was made ... of cash - boxes , keys , padlocks , ledgers , deeds , and heavy purses wrought in steel . '' He often , in moments of great despair or impatience at Scrooge 's scepticism , flings these upon the ground before him and almost induces his former partner `` into a swoon '' . He explains that it is the chain he unknowingly forged himself in life , as a result of his greed and selfishness . As he spent his life on this earth obsessing over money and mistreating the poor and wretched to fill his pocket , Marley is condemned to walk the earth for eternity , never to find rest or peace , experiencing an `` incessant torture of remorse '' . He laments that Christmas is the time he suffers most of all . When the spectre asks , `` Why do you doubt your senses ? '' Scrooge scoffs that `` ... a little thing affects them . A slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheat . You may be an undigested bit of beef , a blot of mustard , a crumb of cheese , a fragment of an underdone potato . There 's more gravy than grave about you , whatever you are ! '' Marley 's only reply is a spine - chilling howl that brings Scrooge to his knees , begging for mercy . Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits , and admonishes his former partner to listen to what they have to say , or Scrooge will suffer Marley 's fate ; he says that Scrooge 's chain was as heavy as his seven years earlier , and remarks that `` you have laboured on it since -- it is a ponderous chain ! '' . Marley then departs into the night sky , surrounded by a countless horde of other tormented spirits , some of whom were known to Scrooge when they were alive , all of them chained in a similar manner to Marley and suffering the same unbearable torment , as they struggle in vain to make up for their wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby . Appearances in various film adaptations ( edit ) Frank Finlay as Marley In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by an uncredited Claude Rains . In this adaptation , he is invisible , and the viewers only hear his voice . In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol , he is played by Leo G. Carroll . Michael Hordern played Marley twice , once in the 1951 film Scrooge and then as the voice of Marley in Richard Williams ' 1971 animated film . Hordern also played the role of Scrooge in a 1977 television adaptation for the BBC , with the role of Marley played by John Le Mesurier . In the 1962 animated television special Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol , he is voiced by Royal Dano . In the 1969 animated TV film by Famous Classic Tales , Marley is voiced by Bruce Montague . This incarnation of Marley has a skull - like head with hair dancing up like a flame , a floor - length nightgown , and chais wrapped around his waist . In the 1970 film Scrooge , Marley is played by Alec Guinness . In the 1983 special Mickey 's Christmas Carol , the character is played by Goofy ( Hal Smith ) . This version of the character was mentioned to be like a twisted version of Robin Hood , `` robbing widows and swindling the poor , '' which ultimately led to his punishment of carrying his chains `` for eternity ... or even longer '' . He was also mentioned to have left very little in the way of a fortune , leaving only enough for Scrooge to pay for Marley 's tombstone , so the former had him buried at sea instead . After bidding Scrooge farewell , he trips on Scrooge 's cane and falls down the stairs , letting out Goofy 's signature howl as he tumbles . In the 1984 made - for - television film of A Christmas Carol , the film opens with Marley 's funeral procession . While Scrooge walks home , he hears Marley 's voice calling him from an apparitional hearse , and then again before Scrooge sees Marley 's face on the door knocker . Frank Finlay 's performance as Marley is considered one of the best portrayals of the character . In the film Scrooged ( 1988 ) , a modern interpretation of Dickens ' novella , Lew Heyward , a version of Jacob Marley , is portrayed by John Forsythe . In a particularly memorable scene , he is depicted as a walking mummified corpse all covered in dust and cobwebs as he appears to Frank Cross , the film 's Scrooge , played by Bill Murray . In the 1991 Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Devil 's Due '' , Data reenacts Jacob Marley 's scene , playing the role of Scrooge . A holodeck version of Marley is portrayed by William Glover . In the 1992 movie The Muppet Christmas Carol , the character is bifurcated into two brothers named Jacob and Robert ( a reference to Bob Marley ) so that they can be played respectively by Statler and Waldorf ( Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz ) . In the 1994 special A Flintstones Christmas Carol , the character is called ' Jacob Marbley ' and is played by Mr. Slate ( John Stephenson ) . A stone tablet portrait shows of Marbley cheating Scrooge by tipping his side of the scale with his finger . In the 1995 made - for - TV film Ebbie , Jeffrey DeMunn plays Marley 's modern version , Jake Marley , Elizabeth `` Ebbie '' Scrooge 's mentor and later partner who dies of a heart attack right in front of her . In the 1997 made - for - television film , Ms. Scrooge , Katherine Helmond portrays a female version of the character , Maude Marley . She explains that her only chance for salvation is for Ebenita to changer her ways . In the 1998 Canadian made - for - television Western version , Ebenezer ( portrayed by Jack Palance ) , the character 's last name has been changed to `` Marlowe '' and is portrayed by Richard Halliday . In the 1999 made - for - television film version , he is portrayed by Bernard Lloyd . This film version opens with his funeral in 1836 , then jumps ahead to 1843 . In the 2000 VH1 made - for - television film A Diva 's Christmas Carol , Rozonda Thomas plays a female version of the character Marli Jacob , the former singing partner of Ebony Scrooge who died in a car crash years earlier . Unlike other adaptations , she is freed from her chains when Ebony changes her ways . In the 2001 film Christmas Carol : The Movie , Marley is voiced by Nicolas Cage . In the 2004 parody An Easter Carol , Marley is voiced by Tim Hodge . ( as Grandma Nezzer ) In the 2004 film A Christmas Carol : The Musical , Marley is played by Jason Alexander . Marley 's Ghost is a 2003 play by Jeff Goode which is a prequel to A Christmas Carol . In the 2006 movie A Christmas Carol , the character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic cricket ( just like Jiminy Cricket , who played the Ghost of Christmas Past in Mickey 's Christmas Carol ) . In this adaptation , he is given an extra scene where Scrooge 's redemption frees him from his punishment . In the 2008 comedy film An American Carol , the role of Marley is taken by the spirit of John F. Kennedy , portrayed by Chriss Anglin . In the 2009 animated film adaptation , he is voiced by Gary Oldman . This version is shown to be in a state of decay , with his cheeks splitting at one point , rendering him unable to talk properly . In the 2015 BBC television series Dickensian he is played by Peter Firth . Early in planning for the My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic episode `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' , Discord was cast as a Jacob Marley like character ; however , the concept was cut for time . In the Thomas and Friends episode , Diesel 's Ghostly Christmas , the role of Marley 's Ghost is portrayed by Emily . In the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas , he was played by Donald Sumpter . In `` Alex 's a Christmas Carol `` he is played by Patrick Star who wears chains '' that are invisible to mortal eyes `` . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scrooge U : Part XV - Great Scott ! '' . Jimhillmedia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins The Man Who Invented Christmas Ghosts and Ghostlore List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Ghost Dance Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Marley&oldid=826980404 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1843 A Christmas Carol characters Fictional accountants Fictional ghosts Fictional people from London Fictional people from the 19th - century Male characters in film Male characters in literature Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is marley what is marley's relationship to scrooge	[ "Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was \"...a chance and hope of my procuring.\"" ]	[ "deceased business partner" ]
-7761472625965008433	Pacific Ocean	Pacific Ocean - Wikipedia Pacific Ocean Jump to : navigation , search `` North Pacific '' , `` Pacific '' , and `` Pacific region '' redirect here . For the region in Colombia , see Pacific Region , Colombia . For other uses , see North Pacific ( disambiguation ) and Pacific ( disambiguation ) . Pacific Ocean Coordinates 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ; - 160 Coordinates : 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ° N 160 ° W / 0 ; - 160 Surface area 165,000,000 km ( 64,000,000 sq mi ) Average depth 4,280 m ( 14,040 ft ) Max . depth 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ) Water volume 710,000,000 km ( 170,000,000 cu mi ) Islands List of islands Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth 's oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east . At 165,250,000 square kilometers ( 63,800,000 square miles ) in area ( as defined with an Antarctic southern border ) , this largest division of the World Ocean -- and , in turn , the hydrosphere -- covers about 46 % of Earth 's water surface and about one - third of its total surface area , making it larger than all of Earth 's land area combined . Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean . The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean , with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands , while straddling the equator , are deemed wholly within the South Pacific . Its mean depth is 4,280 meters ( 14,040 feet ) . The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world , reaching a depth of 10,911 meters ( 35,797 feet ) . The western Pacific has many peripheral seas . Though the peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times , the eastern Pacific was first sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and discovered the great `` southern sea '' which he named Mar del Sur ( in Spanish ) . The ocean 's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521 , as he encountered favorable winds on reaching the ocean . He called it Mar Pacífico , which in both Portuguese and Spanish means `` peaceful sea '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early migrations 1.2 European exploration 1.3 New Imperialism 2 Geography 2.1 Bordering countries and territories 2.1. 1 Sovereign nations 2.1. 2 Territories 2.2 Landmasses and islands 3 Water characteristics 4 Climate 5 Geology 5.1 Geological history 5.2 Seamount chains 6 Economy 6.1 Fishing 7 Environmental issues 8 Major ports and harbors 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links History ( edit ) Early migrations ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) Universalis Cosmographia , the Waldseemüller map dated 1507 , from a time when the nature of the Americas was ambiguous , particularly North America , as a possible part of Asia , was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans . South America was generally considered a `` new world '' and shows the name `` America '' for the first time , after Amerigo Vespucci Made in 1529 , the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size Maris Pacifici by Ortelius ( 1589 ) . One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times . About 3000 BC , the Austronesian peoples on the island of Taiwan mastered the art of long - distance canoe travel and spread themselves and their languages south to the Philippines , Indonesia , and maritime Southeast Asia ; west towards Madagascar ; southeast towards New Guinea and Melanesia ( intermarrying with native Papuans ) ; and east to the islands of Micronesia , Oceania and Polynesia . Long - distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan . Trade , and therefore knowledge , extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia . By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of this trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims . In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality . From 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean . European Exploration ( edit ) Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration , circa 1702 -- 1707 . Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration , circa 1754 . The first contact of European navigators with the western edge of the Pacific Ocean was made by the Portuguese expeditions of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão , via the Lesser Sunda Islands , to the Maluku Islands , in 1512 , and with Jorge Álvares 's expedition to southern China in 1513 , both ordered by Afonso de Albuquerque from Malacca . The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached a new ocean . He named it Mar del Sur ( literally , `` Sea of the South '' or `` South Sea '' ) because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific . Later , Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian ( Spanish ) expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519 . Magellan called the ocean Pacífico ( or `` Pacific '' meaning , `` peaceful '' ) because , after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn , the expedition found calm waters . The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century . Although Magellan himself died in the Philippines in 1521 , Spanish Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano led the expedition back to Spain across the Indian Ocean and round the Cape of Good Hope , completing the first world circumnavigation in a single expedition in 1522 . Sailing around and east of the Moluccas , between 1525 and 1527 , Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands , the Aru Islands , and Papua New Guinea . In 1542 -- 43 the Portuguese also reached Japan . In 1564 , five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands . For the remainder of the 16th century , Spanish influence was paramount , with ships sailing from Mexico and Peru across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines , via Guam , and establishing the Spanish East Indies . The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco , in one of the longest trade routes in history . Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu , the Marquesas , the Cook Islands , the Solomon Islands , and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific . Later , in the quest for Terra Australis ( i.e. , `` the ( great ) Southern Land '' ) , Spanish explorations in the 17th century , such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos , and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea , named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres . Dutch explorers , sailing around southern Africa , also engaged in discovery and trade ; Willem Janszoon , made the first completely documented European landing in Australia ( 1606 ) , in Cape York Peninsula , and Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642 . In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum -- a sea closed to other naval powers . As the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships . On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines . The 18th century marked the beginning of major exploration by the Russians in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands , such as the First Kamchatka expedition and the Great Northern Expedition , led by the Danish Russian navy officer Vitus Bering . Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada , and Alaska . The French explored and settled Polynesia , and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia , Hawaii , and the North American Pacific Northwest . In 1768 , Pierre - Antoine Véron , a young astronomer accompanying Louis Antoine de Bougainville on his voyage of exploration , established the width of the Pacific with precision for the first time in history . One of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789 -- 1794 . It sailed vast areas of the Pacific , from Cape Horn to Alaska , Guam and the Philippines , New Zealand , Australia , and the South Pacific . New imperialism ( edit ) See also : New Imperialism The Bathyscaphe Trieste , before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench , 23 January 1960 Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers , and later , Japan and the United States . Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of HMS Beagle in the 1830s , with Charles Darwin aboard ; HMS Challenger during the 1870s ; the USS Tuscarora ( 1873 -- 76 ) ; and the German Gazelle ( 1874 -- 76 ) . Dupetit Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 In Oceania , France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively . After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887 , Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888 . By occupying Easter Island , Chile joined the imperial nations . By 1900 nearly all Pacific islands were in control of Britain , France , United States , Germany , Japan , and Chile . Although the United States gained control of Guam and the Philippines from Spain in 1898 , Japan controlled most of the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during World War II . However , by the end of that war , Japan was defeated and the U.S. Pacific Fleet was the virtual master of the ocean . Since the end of World War II , many former colonies in the Pacific have become independent states . Geography ( edit ) Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station . Anvil tops of thunderclouds are also visible . The Pacific separates Asia and Australia from the Americas . It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern ( North Pacific ) and southern ( South Pacific ) portions . It extends from the Antarctic region in the South to the Arctic in the north . The Pacific Ocean encompasses approximately one - third of the Earth 's surface , having an area of 165,200,000 km ( 63,800,000 sq mi ) -- significantly larger than Earth 's entire landmass of some 150,000,000 km ( 58,000,000 sq mi ) . Extending approximately 15,500 km ( 9,600 mi ) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic to the northern extent of the circumpolar Southern Ocean at 60 ° S ( older definitions extend it to Antarctica 's Ross Sea ) , the Pacific reaches its greatest east - west width at about 5 ° N latitude , where it stretches approximately 19,800 km ( 12,300 mi ) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia -- halfway around the world , and more than five times the diameter of the Moon . The lowest known point on Earth -- the Mariana Trench -- lies 10,911 m ( 35,797 ft ; 5,966 fathoms ) below sea level . Its average depth is 4,280 m ( 14,040 ft ; 2,340 fathoms ) , putting the total water volume at roughly 710,000,000 km ( 170,000,000 cu mi ) . Due to the effects of plate tectonics , the Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking by roughly 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) per year on three sides , roughly averaging 0.52 km ( 0.20 sq mi ) a year . By contrast , the Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size . Along the Pacific Ocean 's irregular western margins lie many seas , the largest of which are the Celebes Sea , Coral Sea , East China Sea , Philippine Sea , Sea of Japan , South China Sea , Sulu Sea , Tasman Sea , and Yellow Sea . The Indonesian Seaway ( including the Strait of Malacca and Torres Strait ) joins the Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the west , and Drake Passage and the Strait of Magellan link the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east . To the north , the Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean . As the Pacific straddles the 180th meridian , the West Pacific ( or western Pacific , near Asia ) is in the Eastern Hemisphere , while the East Pacific ( or eastern Pacific , near the Americas ) is in the Western Hemisphere . The Southern Pacific Ocean harbors the Southeast Indian Ridge crossing from south of Australia turning into the Pacific - Antarctic Ridge ( north of the South Pole ) and merges with another ridge ( south of South America ) to form the East Pacific Rise which also connects with another ridge ( south of North America ) which overlooks the Juan de Fuca Ridge . For most of Magellan 's voyage from the Strait of Magellan to the Philippines , the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful . However , the Pacific is not always peaceful . Many tropical storms batter the islands of the Pacific . The lands around the Pacific Rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by earthquakes . Tsunamis , caused by underwater earthquakes , have devastated many islands and in some cases destroyed entire towns . The Martin Waldseemüller map of 1507 was the first to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans . Later , the Diogo Ribeiro map of 1529 was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size . Bordering countries and Territories ( edit ) The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin Regions , island nations and territories of Oceania Sovereign nations ( edit ) Australia Brunei Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati North Korea South Korea Malaysia Marshall Islands Mexico Nauru Nicaragua New Zealand Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Taiwan Thailand Timor - Leste Tonga Tuvalu United States Vanuatu Vietnam The status of Taiwan and China is disputed . For more information , see political status of Taiwan . Territories ( edit ) American Samoa ( US ) Baker Island ( US ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) Coral Sea Islands ( Australia ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( US ) Hong Kong ( China ) Howland Island ( US ) Jarvis Island ( US ) Johnston Island ( US ) Kingman Reef ( US ) Macau ( China ) Midway Atoll ( US ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( New Zealand ) Norfolk Island ( Australia ) Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) Palmyra Atoll ( US ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Wake Island ( US ) Landmasses and Islands ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Islands This ocean has most of the islands in the world . There are about 25,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean . The islands entirely within the Pacific Ocean can be divided into three main groups known as Micronesia , Melanesia and Polynesia . Micronesia , which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line , includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest , the Caroline Islands in the center , the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast . Melanesia , to the southwest , includes New Guinea , the world 's second largest island after Greenland and by far the largest of the Pacific islands . The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago , the Solomon Islands , Santa Cruz , Vanuatu , Fiji and New Caledonia . The largest area , Polynesia , stretching from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south , also encompasses Tuvalu , Tokelau , Samoa , Tonga and the Kermadec Islands to the west , the Cook Islands , Society Islands and Austral Islands in the center , and the Marquesas Islands , Tuamotu , Mangareva Islands , and Easter Island to the east . Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types : continental islands , high islands , coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms . Continental islands lie outside the andesite line and include New Guinea , the islands of New Zealand , and the Philippines . Some of these islands are structurally associated with nearby continents . High islands are of volcanic origin , and many contain active volcanoes . Among these are Bougainville , Hawaii , and the Solomon Islands . The coral reefs of the South Pacific are low - lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean 's surface . One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches . A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform , which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands . Examples include Banaba ( formerly Ocean Island ) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia . Pacific Ocean up sun from the rocks Point Reyes headlands , Point Reyes National Seashore , California Tahuna maru islet , French Polynesia Los Molinos on the coast of Southern Chile Water characteristics ( edit ) Sunset in Monterey County , California , U.S. The volume of the Pacific Ocean , representing about 50.1 percent of the world 's oceanic water , has been estimated at some 714 million cubic kilometers ( 171 million cubic miles ) . Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from − 1.4 ° C ( 29.5 ° F ) , the freezing point of sea water , in the poleward areas to about 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) near the equator . Salinity also varies latitudinally , reaching a maximum of 37 parts per thousand in the southeastern area . The water near the equator , which can have a salinity as low as 34 parts per thousand , is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year . The lowest counts of less than 32 parts per thousand are found in the far north as less evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas . The motion of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( the North Pacific gyre ) and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The North Equatorial Current , driven westward along latitude 15 ° N by the trade winds , turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current . Turning eastward at about 45 ° N , the Kuroshio forks and some water moves northward as the Aleutian Current , while the rest turns southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current . The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea . Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow , south - flowing California Current . The South Equatorial Current , flowing west along the equator , swings southward east of New Guinea , turns east at about 50 ° S , and joins the main westerly circulation of the South Pacific , which includes the Earth - circling Antarctic Circumpolar Current . As it approaches the Chilean coast , the South Equatorial Current divides ; one branch flows around Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current . Climate ( edit ) Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 The climate patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres generally mirror each other . The trade winds in the southern and eastern Pacific are remarkably steady while conditions in the North Pacific are far more varied with , for example , cold winter temperatures on the east coast of Russia contrasting with the milder weather off British Columbia during the winter months due to the preferred flow of ocean currents . In the tropical and subtropical Pacific , the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) affects weather conditions . To determine the phase of ENSO , the most recent three - month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately 3,000 km ( 1,900 mi ) to the southeast of Hawaii is computed , and if the region is more than 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) above or below normal for that period , then an El Niño or La Niña is considered in progress . In the tropical western Pacific , the monsoon and the related wet season during the summer months contrast with dry winds in the winter which blow over the ocean from the Asian landmass . Worldwide , tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer , when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest . However , each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns . On a worldwide scale , May is the least active month , while September is the most active month . November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active . The Pacific hosts the two most active tropical cyclone basins , which are the northwestern Pacific and the eastern Pacific . Pacific hurricanes form south of Mexico , sometimes striking the western Mexican coast and occasionally the southwestern United States between June and October , while typhoons forming in the northwestern Pacific moving into southeast and east Asia from May to December . Tropical cyclones also form in the South Pacific basin , where they occasionally impact island nations . In the arctic , icing from October to May can present a hazard for shipping while persistent fog occurs from June to December . A climatological low in the Gulf of Alaska keeps the southern coast wet and mild during the winter months . The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong , especially in the Southern Hemisphere , due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica , which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet . In the Southern hemisphere , because of the stormy and cloudy conditions associated with extratropical cyclones riding the jet stream , it is usual to refer to the Westerlies as the Roaring Forties , Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude . Geology ( edit ) Main articles : Geology of the Pacific Ocean and Pacific Plate Ring of Fire . The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches . Ulawun stratovolcano situated on the island of New Britain , Papua New Guinea The ocean was first mapped by Abraham Ortelius ; he called it Maris Pacifici following Ferdinand Magellan 's description of it as `` a pacific sea '' during his circumnavigation from 1519 to 1522 . To Magellan , it seemed much more calm ( pacific ) than the Atlantic . The andesite line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific . A petrologic boundary , it separates the deeper , mafic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of felsic igneous rock on its margins . The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off California and passes south of the Aleutian arc , along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula , the Kuril Islands , Japan , the Mariana Islands , the Solomon Islands , and New Zealand 's North Island . The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Andes Cordillera along South America to Mexico , returning then to the islands off California . Indonesia , the Philippines , Japan , New Guinea , and New Zealand lie outside the andesite line . Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs , submerged volcanic mountains , and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin . Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome - shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs , chains , and clusters . Outside the andesite line , volcanism is of the explosive type , and the Pacific Ring of Fire is the world 's foremost belt of explosive volcanism . The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones . The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is almost totally bounded by subduction zones . Only the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones . Geological History ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean was born 750 million years ago at the breakup of Rodinia , although it is generally called the Panthalassic Ocean until the breakup of Pangea , about 200 million years ago . The oldest Pacific Ocean floor is only around 180 Ma old , with older crust subducted by now . Seamount chains ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean contains several long seamount chains , formed by hotspot volcanism . These include the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain and the Louisville Ridge . Economy ( edit ) The exploitation of the Pacific 's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean 's great depths . In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand , petroleum and natural gas are extracted , and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia , Japan , Papua New Guinea , Nicaragua , Panama , and the Philippines , although in sharply declining volume in some cases . Fishing ( edit ) Fish are an important economic asset in the Pacific . The shallower shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield herring , salmon , sardines , snapper , swordfish , and tuna , as well as shellfish . Overfishing has become a serious problem in some areas . For example , catches in the rich fishing grounds of the Okhotsk Sea off the Russian coast have been reduced by at least half since the 1990s as a result of overfishing . Environmental issues ( edit ) Main article : Marine pollution See also : Great Pacific garbage patch and Environmental impact of shipping Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast The quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north - east Pacific Ocean increased a hundredfold between 1972 and 2012 . Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles . The main culprits are those using the rivers for disposing of their waste . The rivers then empty into the ocean , often also bringing chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture . The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone . Marine debris , also known as marine litter , is human - created waste that has ended up floating in a lake , sea , ocean , or waterway . Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines , frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter . In addition , the Pacific Ocean has served as the crash site of satellites , including Mars 96 , Fobos - Grunt , and Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite . Major ports and harbors ( edit ) Main article : List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean See also ( edit ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Pacific Alliance Pacific - Antarctic Ridge Pacific coast Pacific hurricane Pacific Time Zone Pacific War Seven Seas Trans - Pacific Partnership Typhoon War of the Pacific Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Ocean '' . Britannica Concise. 2006 . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ International Hydrographic Organization ( 1953 ) . `` Limits of Oceans and Seas '' ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Monte Carlo , Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Atlas : Japan Marine Science and Technology Center '' . Retrieved 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Ferdinand Magellan '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Library Acquires Copy of 1507 Waldseemüller World Map -- News Releases ( Library of Congress ) '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , David ( 2004 ) . South Pacific . David Stanley . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56691 - 411 - 6 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hannard ( 1991 ) , page 7 Jump up ^ Milton , Giles ( 1999 ) . Nathaniel 's Nutmeg . London : Sceptre . pp. 5 , 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 69676 - 7 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jonathan . ( 1996 ) ( 1996 ) . Macau , the Imaginary City : Culture and Society , 1557 to the Present . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3749 - 6 Jump up ^ Ober , Frederick Albion . Vasco Nuñez de Balboa . Library of Alexandria . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4655 - 7034 - 5 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Camino , Mercedes Maroto . Producing the Pacific : Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration ( 1567 -- 1606 ) , p. 76 . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Life in the sea : Pacific Ocean '' , Oceanário de Lisboa . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Galvano , Antonio ( 2004 ) ( 1563 ) . The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555 , issued by the Hakluyt Society . Kessinger Publishing . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 9022 - 6 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kratoska , Paul H. ( 2001 ) . South East Asia , Colonial History : Imperialism before 1800 , Volume 1 de South East Asia , Colonial History . Taylor & Francis . pp. 52 -- 56 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Whiteway , Richard Stephen ( 1899 ) . The rise of Portuguese power in India , 1497 -- 1550 . Westminster : A. Constable . Jump up ^ Steven Thomas , `` Portuguese in Japan '' . Steven 's Balagan . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , James D. ; Delpar , Helen ; Brungardt , Maurice Philip ; Weldon , Richard N. ( January 2000 ) . A Reference Guide to Latin American History . M.E. Sharpe . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 744 - 6 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 305 -- 307 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7 . Jump up ^ J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan ( 1979 ) Dutch Discoveries of Australia. Rigby Ltd , Australia . pp. 19 -- 30 ISBN 0 - 7270 - 0800 - 5 Jump up ^ Primary Australian History : Book F ( B6 ) Ages 10 -- 11 . R.I.C. Publications . 2008 . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74126 - 688 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lytle Schurz , William ( 1922 ) , `` The Spanish Lake '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review , 5 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 194 , JSTOR 2506024 Jump up ^ Williams , Glyndwr ( 2004 ) . Captain Cook : Explorations And Reassessments . Boydell Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 100 - 6 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bernard Eccleston , Michael Dawson . 1998 . The Asia - Pacific Profile . Routledge . p. 250 . Jump up ^ William Sater , Chile and the United States : Empires in Conflict , 1990 by the University of Georgia Press , ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1249 - 5 Jump up ^ Tewari , Nita ; Alvarez , Alvin N. ( 17 September 2008 ) . Asian American Psychology : Current Perspectives . CRC Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84169 - 749 - 9 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Area of Earth 's Land Surface '' , The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic : A-F . Routledge . p. 1461 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 436 - 8 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics '' , Bucknell University . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Greg ( 2009 ) . Plate Tectonics . Capstone . pp. 9 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4232 - 0 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ International Hydrographic Organization ( 1953 ) . Limits of Oceans and Seas . International Hydrographic Organization . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Agno , Lydia ( 1998 ) . Basic Geography . Goodwill Trading Co. , Inc . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 971 - 11 - 0165 - 7 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : The trade winds '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Rousseau Murphy ( 1979 ) . The Ring of Fire . Avon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 47191 - 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bryant , Edward ( 2008 ) . Tsunami : The Underrated Hazard . Springer . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74274 - 6 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Map That Named America '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ribero , Diego ( London : W. Griggs , ( 1887 ? ) ) , Carta universal en que se contiene todo lo que del mundo se ha descubierto fasta agora / hizola Diego Ribero cosmographo de su magestad , ano de 1529 , e ( n ) Sevilla , W. Griggs , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Harsh ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` This ocean has most of the islands in the world '' . Mysticalroads . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ishihara , Masahide ; Hoshino , Eiichi ; Fujita , Yoko ( 2016 ) . Self - determinable Development of Small Islands . Springer . p. 180 . ISBN 9789811001321 . Jump up ^ United States . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council ( 2009 ) . Toward an Ecosystem Approach for the Western Pacific Region : from Species - based Fishery Management Plans to Place - based Fishery Ecosystem Plans : Environmental Impact Statement . Evanston , IL : Northwestern University . p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Academic American encyclopedia . Grolier Incorporated. 1997 . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7172 - 2068 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lal , Brij Vilash ; Fortune , Kate ( 2000 ) . The Pacific Islands : An Encyclopedia . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 63 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2265 - 1 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Barbara A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing . pp. 521 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1913 - 7 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dunford , Betty ; Ridgell , Reilly ( 1996 ) . Pacific Neighbors : The Islands of Micronesia , Melanesia , and Polynesia . Bess Press . pp. 125 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57306 - 022 - 6 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Rosemary G. ; Clague , David A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islands . University of California Press . p. 706 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25649 - 1 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coral island '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru '' , Charting the Pacific . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PWLF.org -- The Pacific WildLife Foundation -- The Pacific Ocean '' . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mongillo , John F. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of Environmental Science . University Rochester Press . pp. 255 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 147 - 1 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Salinity '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Driven Surface Currents : Equatorial Currents Background '' , Ocean Motion . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kuroshio '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aleutian Current '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Equatorial Current '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Islands '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Climate Prediction Center ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` ENSO : Recent Evolution , Current Status and Predictions '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . pp. 5 , 19 -- 20 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Monsoon . Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved on 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory -- Hurricane Research Division . `` Frequently Asked Questions : When is hurricane season ? '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 25 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' , World Factbook , CIA . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ John P. Stimac . Air pressure and wind . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Walker , Stuart ( 1998 ) . The sailor 's wind . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 91 . ISBN 9780393045550 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Alexander ( 15 December 2006 ) . Map New Zealand : 100 Magnificent Maps from the Collection of the Alexander Turnbull Library . Godwit . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86962 - 126 - 1 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Trent , D.D. ; Hazlett , Richard ; Bierman , Paul ( 2010 ) . Geology and the Environment . Cengage Learning . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 73755 - 5 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lal , Brij Vilash ; Fortune , Kate ( January 2000 ) . The Pacific Islands : An Encyclopedia . University of Hawaii Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2265 - 1 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mueller - Dombois , Dieter ( 1998 ) . Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands . Springer . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98313 - 4 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEOL 102 The Proterozoic Eon II : Rodinia and Pannotia '' . Geol.umd.edu. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Mussett , Alan E. ; Khan , M. Aftab ( 23 October 2000 ) . Looking Into the Earth : An Introduction to Geological Geophysics . Cambridge University Press . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78574 - 7 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Fisheries '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean : Commerce and Shipping '' , The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th edition . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean Threats & Impacts : Overfishing and Exploitation '' Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Center for Ocean Solutions . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Plastic waste in the North Pacific is an ongoing concern BBC 9 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` PHOTOS : Giant Ocean - Trash Vortex Documented - A First '' . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Gerlach : Marine Pollution , Springer , Berlin ( 1975 ) Further reading ( edit ) Barkley , Richard A. ( 1968 ) . Oceanographic Atlas of the Pacific Ocean . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . prepared by the Special Publications Division , National Geographic Society . ( 1985 ) . Blue Horizons : Paradise Isles of the Pacific . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 87044 - 544 - 8 . Cameron , Ian ( 1987 ) . Lost Paradise : The Exploration of the Pacific . Topsfield , Mass. : Salem House . ISBN 0 - 88162 - 275 - 3 . Couper , A.D. ( ed . ) ( 1989 ) . Development and Social Change in the Pacific Islands . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 00917 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Gilbert , John ( 1971 ) . Charting the Vast Pacific . London : Aldus . ISBN 0 - 490 - 00226 - 9 . Lower , J. Arthur ( 1978 ) . Ocean of Destiny : A Concise History of the North Pacific , 1500 -- 1978 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0101 - 8 . Napier , W. ; Gilbert , J. ; Holland , J. ( 1973 ) . Pacific Voyages . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04335 - X . Nunn , Patrick D. ( 1998 ) . Pacific Island Landscapes : Landscape and Geological Development of Southwest Pacific Islands , Especially Fiji , Samoa and Tonga . [email protected] . ISBN 978 - 982 - 02 - 0129 - 3 . Oliver , Douglas L. ( 1989 ) . The Pacific Islands ( 3rd ed . ) . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1233 - 6 . Paine , Lincoln . The Sea and Civilization : A Maritime History of the World ( 2015 ) . Ridgell , Reilly ( 1988 ) . Pacific Nations and Territories : The Islands of Micronesia , Melanesia , and Polynesia ( 2nd ed . ) . Honolulu : Bess Press . ISBN 0 - 935848 - 50 - 9 . Samson , Jane . British imperial strategies in the Pacific , 1750 -- 1900 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2003 ) . Soule , Gardner ( 1970 ) . The Greatest Depths : Probing the Seas to 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) and Below . Philadelphia : Macrae Smith . ISBN 0 - 8255 - 8350 - 0 . Spate , O.H.K. ( 1988 ) . Paradise Found and Lost . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1715 - 5 . Terrell , John ( 1986 ) . Prehistory in the Pacific Islands : A Study of Variation in Language , Customs , and Human Biology . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30604 - 3 . Historiography ( edit ) Davidson , James Wightman . `` Problems of Pacific history . '' Journal of Pacific History 1 # 1 ( 1966 ) : 5 -- 21 . Gulliver , Katrina . `` Finding the Pacific world . '' Journal of World History 22 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 83 -- 100 . online Igler , David ( 2013 ) . The Great Ocean : Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 991495 - 8 . Munro , Doug . The Ivory Tower and Beyond : Participant Historians of the Pacific ( Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2009 ) . Routledge , David . `` Pacific history as seen from the Pacific Islands . '' Pacific Studies 8 # 2 ( 1985 ) : 81 + online Samson , Jane . `` Pacific / Oceanic History '' in Kelly Boyd , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 901 -- 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacific Ocean . Look up pacific ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . EPIC Pacific Ocean Data Collection Viewable on - line collection of observational data NOAA In - situ Ocean Data Viewer plot and download ocean observations NOAA PMEL Argo profiling floats Realtime Pacific Ocean data NOAA TAO El Niño data Realtime Pacific Ocean El Niño buoy data NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses -- Realtime ( OSCAR ) Near - realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - 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8340682635561110530	2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament	2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 64 Finals site Nationwide Arena Columbus , Ohio Champions Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 2nd title , 6th title game , 8th Final Four ) Runner - up Mississippi State Bulldogs ( 2nd title game , 2nd Final Four ) Semifinalists Connecticut Huskies ( 19th Final Four ) Louisville Cardinals ( 3rd Final Four ) Winning coach Muffet McGraw ( 2nd title ) MOP Arike Ogunbowale ( Notre Dame ) NCAA Division I Women 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament began on March 16 , 2018 , and concluded with the national championship game on Sunday , April 1 . The Final Four was played at Nationwide Arena in Columbus , Ohio . This is the third time that the women 's Final Four was played in Ohio after previously being held in Cincinnati in 1997 and Cleveland in 2007 and the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Columbus . For only the fourth time in the tournament 's 37 - year history , all four of the number one seeds made it to the Final Four . Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 37 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 11 consecutive Final Four appearances . Contents ( hide ) 1 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures 2.1 Automatic qualifiers 2.2 Tournament seeds 3 Bracket 3.1 Albany Regional -- Albany , New York 3.1. 1 Albany Regional Final 3.1. 2 Albany Regional all tournament team 3.2 Kansas City Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri 3.2. 1 Kansas City Regional Final 3.2. 2 Kansas City Regional all tournament team 3.3 Lexington Regional -- Lexington , Kentucky 3.3. 1 Lexington Regional Final 3.3. 2 Lexington Regional all tournament team 3.4 Spokane Regional -- Spokane , Washington 3.4. 1 Spokane Regional Final 3.4. 2 Spokane Regional all tournament team 4 Final Four 4.1 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , Ohio 4.1. 1 Final Four 4.1. 2 National Championship 4.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 5 Record by conference 6 Media coverage 6.1 Television 6.1. 1 Studio host and analysts 6.1. 2 Broadcast assignments 6.2 Radio 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 and 2017 . The following are the sites selected to host the last four rounds of the 2018 tournament . Subregionals ( First and Second Rounds ) March 16 -- 18 KFC Yum ! Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) Thompson -- Boling Arena , Knoxville , Tennessee ( Host : University of Tennessee ) Reed Arena , College Station , Texas ( Host : Texas A&M University ) Reynolds Coliseum , Raleigh , North Carolina ( Host : North Carolina State University ) Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) Matthew Knight Arena , Eugene , Oregon ( Host : University of Oregon ) Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) March 17 -- 19 Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) Stegeman Coliseum , Athens , Georgia ( Host : University of Georgia ) St. John Arena , Columbus , Ohio , ( Host : Ohio State University ) Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) Humphrey Coliseum , Starkville , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) Maples Pavilion , Stanford , California ( Host : Stanford University ) Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) Albany Kansas City Lexington Spokane Columbus 2018 NCAA Regionals and Final Four March 23 -- 25 Kansas City Regional , Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri ( Host : Big 12 ) Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) March 24 -- 26 Albany Regional , Times Union Center , Albany , New York ( Hosts : MAAC ) Spokane Regional , Veterans Memorial Arena , Spokane , Washington ( Host : University of Idaho ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 30 and April 1 Nationwide Arena , Columbus , Ohio ( Host : Ohio State University ) Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format Selections for the 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 12 via ESPN . The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . A total of 64 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following teams automatically qualified for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid ACC Louisville 32 -- 2 21st 2017 America East Maine 23 -- 9 8th American Connecticut 32 -- 0 30th 2017 Atlantic 10 George Washington 19 -- 13 18th 2016 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 30 -- 4 5th 2017 Big 12 Baylor 31 -- 1 17th 2017 Big East DePaul 26 -- 7 23rd 2017 Big Sky Northern Colorado 26 -- 6 1st Never Big South Liberty 24 -- 9 17th 2013 Big Ten Ohio State 27 -- 6 25th 2017 Big West Cal State Northridge 19 -- 15 4th 2015 Colonial Elon 25 -- 7 2nd 2017 C - USA Western Kentucky 24 -- 8 20th 2017 Horizon Green Bay 29 -- 3 18th 2017 Ivy League Princeton 24 -- 5 7th 2016 MAAC Quinnipiac 27 -- 5 4th 2017 Mid-American Central Michigan 28 -- 4 4th 2013 MEAC North Carolina A&T 23 -- 8 4th 2016 Missouri Valley Drake 26 -- 7 12th 2017 Mountain West Boise State 23 -- 9 5th 2017 Northeast Saint Francis ( PA ) 24 -- 9 12th 2011 Ohio Valley Belmont 31 -- 3 4th 2017 Pac - 12 Oregon 30 -- 4 14th 2017 Patriot American 26 -- 6 2nd 2015 SEC South Carolina 26 -- 6 15th 2017 Southern Mercer 30 -- 2 1st Never Southland Nicholls State 19 -- 13 1st Never SWAC Grambling State 19 -- 13 6th 1999 Summit South Dakota State 26 -- 6 8th 2016 Sun Belt Little Rock 23 -- 9 5th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 27 -- 5 10th 2017 WAC Seattle 18 -- 14 1st Never Tournament seeds ( edit ) Albany Regional -- Times Union Center , Albany , New York Seed School Conference Record Berth type Connecticut American 32 -- 0 Automatic South Carolina SEC 26 -- 6 Automatic Florida State ACC 25 -- 6 At - large Georgia SEC 25 -- 6 At - Large 5 Duke ACC 22 -- 8 At - Large 6 South Florida American 26 -- 7 At - Large 7 California Pac - 12 21 -- 10 At - Large 8 Miami ( FL ) ACC 21 -- 10 At - Large 9 Quinnipiac MAAC 27 -- 5 Automatic 10 Virginia ACC 18 -- 13 At - Large 11 Buffalo Mid-American 27 -- 5 At - Large 12 Belmont Ohio Valley 31 -- 3 Automatic 13 Mercer Southern 30 -- 2 Automatic 14 Little Rock Sun Belt 23 -- 9 Automatic 15 North Carolina A&T MEAC 23 -- 8 Automatic 16 Saint Francis ( PA ) Northeast 24 -- 9 Automatic Kansas City Regional -- Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri Seed School Conference Record Berth type Mississippi State SEC 32 -- 1 At - Large Texas Big 12 26 -- 6 At - Large UCLA Pac - 12 24 -- 7 At - Large NC State ACC 24 -- 8 At - Large 5 Maryland Big Ten 25 -- 7 At - Large 6 Iowa Big Ten 24 -- 7 At - Large 7 Arizona State Pac - 12 21 -- 12 At - Large 8 Syracuse ACC 22 -- 8 At - Large 9 Oklahoma State Big 12 20 -- 10 At - Large 10 Nebraska Big Ten 21 -- 10 At - Large 11 Creighton Big East 18 -- 12 At - Large 12 Princeton Ivy League 24 -- 5 Automatic 13 Elon Colonial 25 -- 7 Automatic 14 American Patriot 26 -- 6 Automatic 15 Maine America East 23 -- 9 Automatic 16 Nicholls State Southland 19 -- 13 Automatic Lexington Regional -- Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Seed School Conference Record Berth type Louisville ACC 32 -- 2 Automatic Baylor Big 12 31 -- 1 Automatic Tennessee SEC 24 -- 7 At - Large Stanford Pac - 12 22 -- 10 At - Large 5 Missouri SEC 24 -- 7 At - Large 6 Oregon State Pac - 12 23 -- 7 At - Large 7 Michigan Big Ten 22 -- 9 At - Large 8 Marquette Big East 23 -- 9 At - Large 9 Dayton Atlantic 10 23 -- 6 At - Large 10 Northern Colorado Big Sky 26 -- 6 Automatic 11 Western Kentucky C - USA 24 -- 8 Automatic 12 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 30 -- 4 Automatic 13 Gonzaga West Coast 27 -- 5 Automatic 14 Liberty Big South 24 -- 9 Automatic 15 Grambling State SWAC 19 -- 13 Automatic 16 Boise State Mountain West 23 -- 9 Automatic Spokane Regional -- Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena , Spokane , Washington Seed School Conference Record Berth type Notre Dame ACC 29 -- 3 At - Large Oregon Pac - 12 30 -- 4 Automatic Ohio State Big Ten 27 -- 6 Automatic Texas A&M SEC 24 -- 9 At - Large 5 DePaul Big East 26 -- 7 Automatic 6 LSU SEC 19 -- 9 At - Large 7 Green Bay Horizon 29 -- 3 Automatic 8 South Dakota State Summit 26 -- 6 Automatic 9 Villanova Big East 22 -- 8 At - Large 10 Minnesota Big Ten 23 -- 8 At - Large 11 Central Michigan Mid-American 28 -- 4 Automatic 12 Oklahoma Big 12 16 -- 14 At - Large 13 Drake Missouri Valley 26 -- 7 Automatic 14 George Washington Atlantic 10 19 -- 13 Automatic 15 Seattle WAC 18 -- 14 Automatic 16 Cal State Northridge Big West 19 -- 15 Automatic Bracket ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period Albany Regional -- Albany , New York ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Connecticut 140 16 St. Francis ( PA ) 52 Connecticut 71 Storrs , Connecticut ( Sat / Mon ) 9 Quinnipiac 46 8 Miami ( FL ) 72 9 Quinnipiac 86 Connecticut 72 5 Duke 59 5 Duke 72 12 Belmont 58 5 Duke 66 Athens , Georgia ( Sat / Mon ) Georgia 40 Georgia 68 13 Mercer 63 Connecticut 94 South Carolina 65 6 South Florida 79 11 Buffalo 102 11 Buffalo 86 Tallahassee , Florida ( Sat / Mon ) Florida State 65 Florida State 91 14 Little Rock 49 11 Buffalo 63 South Carolina 79 7 California 62 10 Virginia 68 10 Virginia 56 Columbia , South Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) South Carolina 66 South Carolina 63 15 North Carolina A&T 52 Albany Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Monday , March 26 7 : 00 pm Summary # 1 Connecticut Huskies 94 , # 2 South Carolina Gamecocks 65 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 12 , 24 -- 21 , 22 -- 14 , 18 -- 18 Pts : G. Williams 23 Rebs : N. Collier 7 Asts : K. Samuelson 7 Pts : A. Wilson 27 Rebs : A. Wilson 8 Asts : D. Cliney / T. Harris / B. Jackson / A. Jennings 2 Times Union Center -- Albany , New York Attendance : 9,522 Referees : Eric Brewton , Roy Gulbeyan , Brenda Pantoja Albany Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Gabby Williams , UConn ( MOP ) Cierra Dillard , Buffalo A'ja Wilson , South Carolina Crystal Dangerfield , UConn Katie Lou Samuelson , UConn Kansas City Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Mississippi State 95 16 Nicholls State 50 Mississippi State 71 Starkville , Mississippi ( Sat / Mon ) 9 Oklahoma State 56 8 Syracuse 57 9 Oklahoma State 84 Mississippi State 71 NC State 57 5 Maryland 77 12 Princeton 57 5 Maryland 60 Raleigh , North Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) NC State 74 NC State 62 13 Elon 35 Mississippi State 89 UCLA 73 6 Iowa 70 11 Creighton 76 11 Creighton 64 Los Angeles , California ( Sat / Mon ) UCLA 86 UCLA 71 14 American 60 UCLA 84 Texas 75 7 Arizona State 73 10 Nebraska 62 7 Arizona State 65 Austin , Texas ( Sat / Mon ) Texas 85 Texas 83 15 Maine 54 Kansas City Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Sunday , March 25 7 : 30 pm Summary # 1 Mississippi State Bulldogs 89 , # 3 UCLA Bruins 73 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 17 , 19 -- 9 , 21 -- 24 , 26 -- 23 Pts : V. Vivians 24 Rebs : T. McCowan 21 Asts : R. Johnson / M. William 5 Pts : J. Canada 23 Rebs : J. Canada 8 Asts : J. Canada 5 Sprint Center -- Kansas City , MO Attendance : 4,089 Referees : Tina Napier , Charles Gonzalez , Susan Blauch Kansas City Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State ( Co-MOP ) Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State ( Co-MOP ) Kiara Leslie , NC State Jordin Canada , UCLA Monique Billings , UCLA Lexington Regional -- Lexington , Kentucky ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Louisville 74 16 Boise State 42 Louisville 90 Louisville , Kentucky ( Fri / Sun ) 8 Marquette 72 8 Marquette 84 9 Dayton 65 Louisville 86 Stanford 59 5 Missouri 70 12 Florida Gulf Coast 80 12 Florida Gulf Coast 70 Stanford , California ( Sat / Mon ) Stanford 90 Stanford 82 13 Gonzaga 68 Louisville 76 6 Oregon State 43 6 Oregon State 82 11 Western Kentucky 58 6 Oregon State 66 Knoxville , Tennessee ( Fri / Sun ) Tennessee 59 Tennessee 100 14 Liberty 60 6 Oregon State 72 Baylor 67 7 Michigan 75 10 Northern Colorado 61 7 Michigan 58 Waco , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Baylor 80 Baylor 96 15 Grambling State 46 Lexington Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Sunday , March 25 12 : 00 pm Summary # 1 Louisville Cardinals 76 , # 6 Oregon State Beavers 43 Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 8 , 17 -- 16 , 28 -- 12 , 17 -- 7 Pts : A. Durr 18 Rebs : J. Jones 6 Asts : K. McWilliams Pts : M. Gülich 14 Rebs : M. Gülich 8 Asts : D. Evans 5 Rupp Arena -- Lexington , KY Attendance : 6,268 Referees : Dee Kantner , Jesse Dickerson , Michol Murray Lexington Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Asia Durr , Louisville ( MOP ) Myisha Hines - Allen , Louisville Arica Carter , Louisville Sam Fuehring , Louisville Marie Gülich , Oregon State Spokane Regional -- Spokane , Washington ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Notre Dame 99 16 Cal State Northridge 81 Notre Dame 98 Notre Dame , Indiana ( Fri / Sun ) 9 Villanova 72 8 South Dakota State 74 9 Villanova 81 * Notre Dame 90 Texas A&M 84 5 DePaul 90 12 Oklahoma 79 5 DePaul 79 College Station , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Texas A&M 80 Texas A&M 89 13 Drake 76 Notre Dame 84 Oregon 74 6 LSU 69 11 Central Michigan 78 11 Central Michigan 95 Columbus , Ohio ( Sat / Mon ) Ohio State 78 Ohio State 87 14 George Washington 45 11 Central Michigan 68 Oregon 83 7 Green Bay 77 10 Minnesota 89 10 Minnesota 73 Eugene , Oregon ( Fri / Sun ) Oregon 101 Oregon 88 15 Seattle 45 Spokane Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN Monday , March 26 9 : 00 pm Summary # 1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 84 , # 2 Oregon Ducks 74 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 21 , 18 -- 25 , 21 -- 9 , 23 -- 19 Pts : K. Westbeld 20 Rebs : J. Young 13 Asts : M. Mabrey 7 Pts : S. Ionescu 26 Rebs : R. Hebard 10 Asts : S. Ionescu 4 Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena -- Spokane , WA Attendance : 5,226 Referees : Lisa Mattingly , Penny Davis , Kevin Pethtel Spokane Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Marina Mabrey , Notre Dame Chennedy Carter , Texas A&M Sabrina Ionescu , Oregon Ruthy Hebard , Oregon Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Connecticut 's Albany Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Notre Dame 's Spokane Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Mississippi State 's Kansas City Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Louisville 's Lexington Region ) . Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , Ohio ( edit ) National Semifinals March 30 National Championship Game April 1 A1 Connecticut 89 S1 Notre Dame 91 * S1 Notre Dame 61 KC1 Mississippi State 58 KC1 Mississippi State 73 * L1 Louisville 63 * -- Denotes overtime period Final Four ( edit ) ESPN2 Friday , March 30 7 : 00 pm Report # 1 Mississippi State Bulldogs 73 , # 1 Louisville Cardinals 63 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 11 , 18 -- 19 , 15 -- 18 , 13 -- 11 , Overtime : 14 -- 4 Pts : Vivians -- 25 Rebs : McCowan -- 25 Asts : William -- 4 Pts : Durr -- 18 Rebs : Jones -- 9 Asts : Carter -- 3 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , OH Attendance : 19,564 Referees : Lisa Mattingly , Penny Davis , Denise Brooks ESPN2 Friday , March 30 9 : 52 pm Report # 1 Connecticut Huskies 89 , # 1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 91 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 24 , 27 -- 10 , 19 -- 23 , 19 -- 22 , Overtime : 10 -- 12 Pts : Collier -- 24 Rebs : Williams -- 10 Asts : Williams -- 7 Pts : Young -- 32 Rebs : Shepard , Young -- 11 Asts : Shepard , Westbeld -- 5 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , OH Attendance : 19,564 Referees : Lisa Jones , Michael McConnell , Karen Preato National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship Game ESPN Sunday , April 1 6 : 00 pm Report # 1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish 61 , # 1 Mississippi State Bulldogs 58 Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 17 , 3 -- 13 , 24 -- 11 , 20 -- 17 Pts : J. Shepard -- 19 Rebs : K. Westbeld -- 9 Asts : Three tied -- 2 Pts : V. Vivians -- 21 Rebs : T. McCowan -- 17 Asts : M. William -- 2 Nationwide Arena -- Columbus , OH Attendance : 19,599 Referees : Dee Kantner , Brenda Pantoja , Joseph Vaszily Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Jessica Shepard , Notre Dame Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State Napheesa Collier , Connecticut Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC ACC 8 16 -- 7 . 696 8 6 SEC 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 5 -- American 4 -- 2 . 667 -- -- Pac - 12 6 12 -- 6 . 667 6 5 -- -- -- Big 12 5 -- 4 . 556 -- -- -- -- Mid-American 4 -- 2 . 667 -- -- -- -- Big Ten 6 4 -- 6 . 400 6 -- -- -- -- -- Big East 4 -- 4 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- MAAC 1 -- 1 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- Atlantic Sun 1 -- 1 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- Atlantic 10 0 -- 2 . 000 -- -- -- -- -- -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The America East , Big Sky , Big South , Big West , Conference USA , Colonial , Horizon , Ivy League , MEAC , Missouri Valley , Mountain West , Northeast , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt , SWAC , WAC and West Coast conferences each had one representative that was eliminated in the first round . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament . During the first and second rounds , ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2 , ESPNU , and ESPNews . All other games aired regionally on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN . Most of the nation got whip - a-round coverage during this time , which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score . Studio host and analysts ( edit ) Maria Taylor ( Host ) Andy Landers ( Analyst ) Rebecca Lobo ( Analyst ) ( First , Second Rounds , Final Four and National Championship Game ) Nell Fortner ( Analyst ) ( Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game ) Broadcast assignments ( edit ) First & Second Rounds Friday / Sunday Beth Mowins & Nell Fortner -- Louisville , Kentucky Brenda VanLengen & Carol Ross -- Knoxville , Tennessee Lowell Galindo & Andraya Carter -- College Station , Texas John Brickley & Mike Thibault -- Raleigh , North Carolina Roy Philpott & Brooke Weisbrod -- Notre Dame , Indiana Paul Sunderland & Steffi Sorensen -- Columbia , South Carolina Dave Pasch & LaChina Robinson -- Eugene , Oregon Eric Frede & Christy Thomaskutty -- Waco , Texas Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Friday / Sunday Beth Mowins , Debbie Antonelli & Allison Williams -- Lexington , Kentucky Pam Ward , Gail Goestenkors & Courtney Lyle -- Kansas City , Missouri Final Four Adam Amin , Kara Lawson , Rebecca Lobo & Holly Rowe -- Columbus , Ohio First & Second Rounds Saturday / Monday Adam Amin & Kara Lawson -- Storrs , Connecticut Melissa Lee & Amanda Butler -- Athens , Georgia Sam Gore & Christy Winters - Scott -- Columbus , Ohio Clay Matvick & Katie Smith -- Tallahassee , Florida Courtney Lyle & Tamika Catchings -- Starkville , Mississippi Elise Woodward & Dan Hughes -- Stanford , California Tiffany Greene & Chiney Ogwumike -- Los Angeles , California Pam Ward & Gail Goestenkors -- Austin , Texas Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday / Monday Adam Amin , Kara Lawson , Rebecca Lobo & Holly Rowe -- Albany , New York Dave Pasch , LaChina Robinson & Molly McGrath -- Spokane , Washington Championship Adam Amin , Kara Lawson , Rebecca Lobo & Holly Rowe -- Columbus , Ohio Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . Teams participating in the Regional Finals , Final Four , and Championship were allowed to have their own local broadcasts , but they were n't allowed to stream those broadcasts online . Regional Finals Sunday Justin Kutcher & Ann Schatz -- Lexington , Kentucky Ted Emrich & Krista Blunk -- Kansas City , Missouri Final Four John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Columbus , Ohio Regional Finals Monday John Sadak & Debbie Antonelli -- Albany , New York Dick Fain & Kristen Kozlowski -- Spokane , Washington Championship John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Columbus , Ohio See also ( edit ) 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 U Sports Women 's Basketball Championship 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NAIA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NAIA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's basketball : Columbus to host Final Four in 2018 '' . Buckeye Xtra Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's Final Four sites for 2017 - 20 includes record fourth for New Orleans '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 regional hosts '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 To Host 2016 and 2018 NCAA Women 's Basketball Regionals '' . Big12Sports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Info '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ [email protected] , Carl . `` Williams keeps a cool head throughout '' . Journal Inquirer . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Journal , Logan Lowery Daily . `` MSU NOTEBOOK : Vivians , McCowan share MVP honor '' . Daily Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville routs Oregon State 76 - 43 to reach Final Four '' . NewsTimes . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resilient Notre Dame headed to Final Four '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Pelton on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/22996417/arike-ogunbowale-notre-dame-wins-most-outstanding-player-honors-ncaa-women-basketball-tournament Jump up ^ Margolis , Rachel ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN and NCAA Extend Rights Agreement through 2023 -- 24 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , Westwood One extend deal '' . NCAA . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WO Sports to Air NCAA Women 's Basketball '' . Radio Online . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) NCAA Women 's Basketball Division I NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters 2018 NCAA Division I women 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC American America East Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt The Summit League WAC West Coast National NCAA WNIT WBI 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=839272795 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I women 's basketball season NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 11 . About Wikipedia	where is the women's ncaa basketball tournament being held	[ "The 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament began on March 16, 2018, and concluded with the national championship game on Sunday, April 1. The Final Four was played at Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio.[1] This is the third time that the women's Final Four was played in Ohio after previously being held in Cincinnati in 1997 and Cleveland in 2007 and the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Columbus.[2] For only the fourth time in the tournament’s 37-year history, all four of the number one seeds made it to the Final Four.[citation needed]" ]	[ "at Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio" ]
-83845537134523377	List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders	List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders This is the current revision of this page , as edited by DA1 ( talk contribs ) at 00 : 09 , 24 June 2017 ( Reverted 2 pending edits by 174.17. 133.223 to revision 785590394 by Materialscientist : WP : CITATION ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 00 : 09 , 24 June 2017 by DA1 ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted 2 pending edits by 174.17. 133.223 to revision 785590394 by Materialscientist : WP : CITATION ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search An accepted version of this page , accepted on 24 June 2017 , was based on this revision . This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game . This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history . Twenty - three different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) ^ Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 1 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 2 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 3 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 4 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 1 2 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 4 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 2 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 4 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 4 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 1 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 4 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 3 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 3 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 King , Bernard Bernard King * 000000001984 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 1 4 15 16 60 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 000000002005 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 2 5 24 27 60 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 3 7 17 18 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association players with 50 or more points in a playoff game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2016 - 17 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from a 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=787192447 '' Categories : National Basketball Association games National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 00 : 09 . 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About Wikipedia	who scored the most points in nba in one game	[ "\n\nRank\nPoints\nPlayer\nDate\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nTeam\nOpponent\nScore\nMP\nFGM\nFGA\n3PM\n3PA\nFTM\nFTA\nNotes\nRef.\n\nScoring by quarter\n\n\n\n1\n100\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962\n23\n18\n28\n31\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nNew York Knicks\n169–147\n48\n36\n63\n—\n—\n28\n32\n[A]\n[1][2] [3][4][5]\n\n\n2\n81\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant\n000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006\n14\n12\n27\n28\nLos Angeles Lakers\nToronto Raptors\n122–104\n41:56\n28\n46\n7\n13\n18\n20\n[B]\n[6][7][8]\n\n\n3\n78\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nLos Angeles Lakers\n147–151\n63\n31\n62\n—\n—\n16\n31\n[C]\n[5]\n\n\n4\n73\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nChicago Packers\n135–117\n48\n29\n48\n—\n—\n15\n25\n[D]\n[5]\n\n\n73\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nNew York Knicks\n127–111\n48\n29\n43\n—\n—\n15\n19\n[E]\n[9]\n\n\n73\nThompson, DavidDavid Thompson\n000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978\n32\n21\n9\n11\nDenver Nuggets\nDetroit Pistons\n137–139\n43\n28\n38\n—\n—\n17\n20\n[F]\n\n\n\n7\n72\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nLos Angeles Lakers\n115–127\n—\n29\n48\n—\n—\n14\n18\n\n[9]\n\n\n8\n71\nBaylor, ElginElgin Baylor\n000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960\n—\n—\n—\n—\nLos Angeles Lakers\nNew York Knicks\n123–108\n45\n28\n48\n—\n—\n15\n18\n[G]\n\n\n\n71\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson\n000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994\n18\n6\n19\n28\nSan Antonio Spurs\nLos Angeles Clippers\n112–97\n44\n26\n41\n1\n2\n18\n25\n[H]\n[10][11]\n\n\n10\n70\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nSyracuse Nationals\n148–163\n48\n27\n38\n—\n—\n16\n22\n\n[9]\n\n\n70\nBooker, DevinDevin Booker^\nMarch 24, 2017\n10\n9\n23\n28\nPhoenix Suns\nBoston Celtics\n120–130\n45\n21\n40\n4\n11\n24\n26\n[I]\n\n\n\n12\n69\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\n000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990\n16\n15\n20\n18\nChicago Bulls\nCleveland Cavaliers\n117–113\n50\n23\n37\n2\n6\n21\n23\n[J]\n[12][13][14]\n\n\n13\n68\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967\n14\n15\n15\n24\nPhiladelphia 76ers\nChicago Bulls\n143–123\n—\n30\n40\n—\n—\n8\n22\n\n\n\n\n68\nMaravich, PetePete Maravich\n000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977\n17\n14\n17\n20\nNew Orleans Jazz\nNew York Knicks\n124–107\n43\n26\n43\n—\n—\n16\n19\n\n\n\n\n15\n67\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nNew York Knicks\n135–126\n—\n27\n37\n—\n—\n13\n17\n\n\n\n\n67\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nSt. Louis Hawks\n121–128\n48\n26\n44\n—\n—\n15\n20\n\n[5]\n\n\n67\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nNew York Knicks\n135–149\n48\n25\n38\n—\n—\n17\n22\n\n[5]\n\n\n67\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nLos Angeles Lakers\n129–134\n—\n28\n47\n—\n—\n11\n17\n\n[9]\n\n\n19\n66\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969\n17\n17\n22\n10\nLos Angeles Lakers\nPhoenix Suns\n134–116\n48\n29\n35\n—\n—\n8\n18\n[K]\n\n\n\n20\n65\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nCincinnati Royals\n132–152\n48\n24\n40\n—\n—\n17\n30\n\n[5]\n\n\n65\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nSt. Louis Hawks\n147–137\n48\n25\n43\n—\n—\n15\n20\n\n[5]\n\n\n65\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia 76ers\nLos Angeles Lakers\n132–125\n—\n28\n43\n—\n—\n9\n20\n\n\n\n\n65\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant\n000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007\n4\n19\n9\n24\nLos Angeles Lakers\nPortland Trail Blazers\n116–111\n49:58\n23\n39\n8\n12\n11\n12\n[L]\n[15]\n\n\n24\n64\nBaylor, ElginElgin Baylor\n000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959\n13\n12\n17\n22\nMinneapolis Lakers\nBoston Celtics\n136–115\n—\n25\n47\n—\n—\n14\n19\n[M]\n\n\n\n64\nBarry, RickRick Barry\n000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974\n—\n—\n23\n22\nGolden State Warriors\nPortland Trail Blazers\n143–120\n43\n30\n45\n—\n—\n4\n5\n\n\n\n\n64\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\n000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993\n22\n8\n11\n16\nChicago Bulls\nOrlando Magic\n124–128\n47\n27\n49\n1\n5\n9\n11\n[N]\n[16]\n\n\n27\n63\nFulks, JoeJoe Fulks\n000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nIndianapolis Jets\n108–87\n—\n27\n56\n—\n—\n9\n14\n[O]\n\n\n\n63\nBaylor, ElginElgin Baylor\n000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961\n—\n—\n—\n—\nLos Angeles Lakers\nPhiladelphia Warriors\n151–147\n—\n23\n55\n—\n—\n17\n24\n[P]\n[17]\n\n\n63\nWest, JerryJerry West\n000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nLos Angeles Lakers\nNew York Knicks\n129–121\n39\n22\n36\n—\n—\n19\n22\n\n\n\n\n63\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nLos Angeles Lakers\n118–120\n—\n24\n41\n—\n—\n15\n20\n\n[9]\n\n\n63\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n117–128\n—\n27\n58\n—\n—\n9\n20\n\n\n\n\n63\nGervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin\n000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978\n20\n33\n10\nDNP\nSan Antonio Spurs\nNew Orleans Jazz\n132–153\n33\n23\n49\n—\n—\n17\n20\n[Q]\n\n\n\n63\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\n000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986\n17\n6\n13\n18\nChicago Bulls\nBoston Celtics\n131–135\n53\n22\n41\n0\n0\n19\n21\n[R]\n\n\n\n34\n62\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nBoston Celtics\n136–145\n48\n27\n45\n—\n—\n8\n10\n\n[5]\n\n\n62\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nSt. Louis Hawks\n136–130\n53\n24\n48\n—\n—\n14\n20\n[S]\n[5]\n\n\n62\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nSyracuse Nationals\n139–132\n53\n25\n42\n—\n—\n12\n17\n[T]\n[5]\n\n\n62\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nNew York Knicks\n123–103\n—\n27\n44\n—\n—\n8\n17\n\n[9]\n\n\n62\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nCincinnati Royals\n122–106\n—\n26\n44\n—\n—\n10\n21\n\n\n\n\n62\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia 76ers\nSan Francisco Warriors\n135–125\n—\n26\n39\n—\n—\n10\n19\n\n\n\n\n62\nMcGrady, TracyTracy McGrady\n000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004\n7\n21\n24\n10\nOrlando Magic\nWashington Wizards\n108–99\n45:50\n20\n37\n5\n14\n17\n26\n\n[18]\n\n\n62\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant\n000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005\n15\n17\n30\nDNP\nLos Angeles Lakers\nDallas Mavericks\n112–90\n32:53\n18\n31\n4\n10\n22\n25\n[U]\n[19][20]\n\n\n62\nAnthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^\n000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014\n20\n17\n19\n6\nNew York Knicks\nCharlotte Bobcats\n125–96\n38:39\n23\n35\n6\n11\n10\n10\n[V]\n[21]\n\n\n43\n61\nMikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan\n000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952\n18\n18\n—\n—\nMinneapolis Lakers\nRochester Royals\n91–81\n—\n22\n45\n—\n—\n17\n21\n[W]\n\n\n\n61\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nChicago Packers\n135–113\n48\n28\n48\n—\n—\n5\n10\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nSt. Louis Hawks\n139–121\n48\n21\n36\n—\n—\n19\n34\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nChicago Packers\n128–119\n48\n24\n46\n—\n—\n13\n17\n\n[5]\n\n\n61\nBaylor, ElginElgin Baylor\n000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962\n18\n15\n13\n15\nLos Angeles Lakers\nBoston Celtics\n126–121\n—\n22\n46\n—\n—\n17\n19\n[X]\n\n\n\n61\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nCincinnati Royals\n139–143\n—\n27\n52\n—\n—\n7\n15\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nSyracuse Nationals\n136–124\n—\n27\n57\n—\n—\n7\n11\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962\n—\n—\n—\n—\nSan Francisco Warriors\nSt. Louis Hawks\n130–110\n—\n26\n53\n—\n—\n9\n14\n\n[9]\n\n\n61\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\n000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987\n14\n10\n7\n26\nChicago Bulls\nDetroit Pistons\n125–120\n43\n22\n39\n0\n0\n17\n18\n[Y]\n[22][23][24]\n\n\n61\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\n000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987\n15\n17\n16\n13\nChicago Bulls\nAtlanta Hawks\n114–117\n41\n22\n38\n0\n3\n17\n21\n[Z]\n[25][26][27][28][29]\n\n\n61\nMalone, KarlKarl Malone\n000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990\n17\n13\n20\n11\nUtah Jazz\nMilwaukee Bucks\n144–96\n33\n21\n26\n0\n0\n19\n23\n\n[30]\n\n\n61\nO'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal\n000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000\n10\n16\n16\n19\nLos Angeles Lakers\nLos Angeles Clippers\n123–103\n44:52\n24\n35\n0\n0\n13\n22\n[AA]\n[31]\n\n\n61\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant\n000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009\n18\n16\n12\n15\nLos Angeles Lakers\nNew York Knicks\n126–117\n36:48\n19\n31\n3\n6\n20\n20\n\n[32]\n\n\n61\nJames, LeBronLeBron James^\n000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014\n11\n13\n25\n12\nMiami Heat\nCharlotte Bobcats\n124–107\n41:12\n22\n33\n8\n10\n9\n12\n[AB]\n[33][34]\n\n\n57\n60\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nLos Angeles Lakers\n138–117\n48\n22\n47\n—\n—\n16\n26\n\n[5]\n\n\n60\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961\n—\n—\n—\n—\nPhiladelphia Warriors\nLos Angeles Lakers\n123–118\n48\n24\n43\n—\n—\n12\n19\n[AC]\n[5]\n\n\n60\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\n000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969\n18\n9\n10\n23\nLos Angeles Lakers\nCincinnati Royals\n126–113\n—\n22\n36\n—\n—\n16\n24\n[AD]\n\n\n\n60\nKing, BernardBernard King\n000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984\n21\n19\n11\n9\nNew York Knicks\nNew Jersey Nets\n114–120\n41\n19\n30\n0\n0\n22\n26\n\n[35]\n\n\n60\nBird, LarryLarry Bird\n000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985\n12\n11\n19\n18\nBoston Celtics\nAtlanta Hawks\n126–115\n43\n22\n36\n1\n4\n15\n16\n[AE]\n[36]\n\n\n60\nChambers, TomTom Chambers\n000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990\n14\n21\n14\n11\nPhoenix Suns\nSeattle SuperSonics\n121–95\n42\n22\n32\n0\n0\n16\n18\n\n[37][38][39][40]\n\n\n60\nIverson, AllenAllen Iverson*\n000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005\n17\n12\n11\n20\nPhiladelphia 76ers\nOrlando Magic\n112–99\n42:01\n17\n36\n2\n5\n24\n27\n\n[41][42]\n\n\n60\nArenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas\n000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006\n12\n5\n12\n15\nWashington Wizards\nLos Angeles Lakers\n147–141\n49:00\n17\n32\n5\n12\n21\n27\n[AF]\n[43]\n\n\n60\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant\n000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007\n13\n11\n19\n17\nLos Angeles Lakers\nMemphis Grizzlies\n121–119\n45:11\n20\n37\n3\n7\n17\n18\n[AG]\n[44]\n\n\n60\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant\n000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016\n15\n7\n15\n23\nLos Angeles Lakers\nUtah Jazz\n101–96\n42\n22\n50\n6\n21\n10\n12\n[AH]\n[45][46]\n\n\n60\nKlay Thompson^\nDecember 5, 2016\n17\n23\n20\nDNP\nGolden State Warriors\nIndiana Pacers\n142–106\n29\n21\n33\n8\n14\n10\n11\n[AI]\n[47]\n\n" ]	[ "Wilt Chamberlain" ]
-8669112864337852373	2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles	2018 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- men 's singles Men 's Singles 2018 Wimbledon Championships Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Kevin Anderson Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships Roger Federer was the top seed and defending champion , but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Kevin Anderson despite leading by two sets to love and having a match point in the third set . Novak Djokovic claimed his fourth Wimbledon title , defeating Anderson in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 . The win moved him to 13 grand slam titles , and outright fourth place on the all time men 's singles grand slam wins list , passing Roy Emerson . The win was also Djokovic 's first title on the ATP tour for over 12 months , his last win coming at Eastbourne on July 1 , 2017 . The semifinal match between Anderson and John Isner , lasting 6 hours 36 minutes , was the second longest men 's singles match at Wimbledon and the third longest men 's singles match in tennis history . Isner has thus played in the two longest matches in Wimbledon history ( the other one being the record - holding 2010 match against Nicolas Mahut ) . The 2018 semifinals were the longest two semifinals in Wimbledon history . Anderson became the first man representing South Africa to reach the Wimbledon men 's singles final since Brian Norton in 1921 ( South African - born Kevin Curren represented the United States when he was a finalist in 1985 ) . Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP No. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament . Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the fourth round . Feliciano López made his 66th consecutive Grand Slam main draw appearance , surpassing the previous record of 65 consecutive appearances he jointly held with Federer . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Roger Federer ( Quarterfinals ) 02 . Rafael Nadal ( Semifinals ) 03 . Marin Čilić ( Second round ) 04 . Alexander Zverev ( Third round ) 05 . Juan Martín del Potro ( Quarterfinals ) 06 . Grigor Dimitrov ( First round ) 07 . Dominic Thiem ( First round , retired ) 08 . Kevin Anderson ( Final ) 09 . John Isner ( Semifinals ) 10 . David Goffin ( First round ) 11 . Sam Querrey ( Third round ) 12 . Novak Djokovic ( Champion ) 13 . Milos Raonic ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Diego Schwartzman ( Second round ) 15 . Nick Kyrgios ( Third round ) 16 . Borna Ćorić ( First round ) 17 . Lucas Pouille ( Second round ) 18 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 19 . Fabio Fognini ( Third round ) 20 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( First round ) 21 . Kyle Edmund ( Third round ) 22 . Adrian Mannarino ( Fourth round ) 23 . Richard Gasquet ( First round ) 24 . Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals ) 25 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( Third round ) 26 . Denis Shapovalov ( Second round ) 27 . Damir Džumhur ( Second round ) 28 . Filip Krajinović ( First round ) 29 . Marco Cecchinato ( First round ) 30 . Fernando Verdasco ( First round ) 31 . Stefanos Tsitsipas ( Fourth round ) 32 . Leonardo Mayer ( First round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Roger Federer 6 7 5 11 8 Kevin Anderson 6 7 6 13 8 Kevin Anderson 7 6 6 6 26 9 John Isner 6 7 7 24 13 Milos Raonic 7 6 9 John Isner 6 7 6 6 8 Kevin Anderson 6 12 Novak Djokovic 6 6 7 12 Novak Djokovic 6 6 6 24 Kei Nishikori 6 12 Novak Djokovic 6 7 10 Rafael Nadal 6 6 6 8 5 Juan Martín del Potro 5 7 6 Rafael Nadal 7 6 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round R Federer 6 6 6 D Lajović R Federer 6 6 6 L Lacko 6 7 6 L Lacko Q B Bonzi 6 6 R Federer 6 7 6 I Karlović 7 7 6 J-L Struff 5 M Youzhny 6 5 6 I Karlović 7 6 6 6 11 J-L Struff 6 7 7 6 J-L Struff 6 7 7 13 32 L Mayer 6 7 6 6 R Federer 6 7 6 22 A Mannarino 6 7 6 22 A Mannarino 0 5 Q C Garín 6 6 22 A Mannarino 7 7 7 R Harrison 6 6 6 R Harrison 5 5 6 R Carballés Baena 22 A Mannarino 6 6 5 6 G García López 6 6 6 D Medvedev 6 7 G Elias G García López D Medvedev 7 6 6 D Medvedev 6 6 6 16 B Ćorić 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 S Querrey 6 6 6 J Thompson 11 S Querrey 7 6 6 WC S Stakhovsky 6 6 5 6 WC S Stakhovsky 6 J Sousa 7 6 11 S Querrey 7 L Đere 6 7 G Monfils 5 6 6 6 P Lorenzi 7 6 6 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 6 G Monfils 7 7 6 G Monfils 6 7 7 23 R Gasquet 6 5 G Monfils 6 6 7 6 25 P Kohlschreiber 6 6 7 8 K Anderson 7 7 5 7 E Donskoy 5 25 P Kohlschreiber 7 7 7 G Müller 7 7 6 G Müller 6 6 6 LL M Mmoh 5 6 6 6 25 P Kohlschreiber 5 5 Q J-P Smith 8 K Anderson 6 7 7 A Seppi 6 6 6 A Seppi 7 Q N Gombos 8 K Anderson 6 6 6 6 8 K Anderson 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round M Čilić 6 6 6 PR Y Nishioka M Čilić 6 6 6 5 Q J Kubler 5 6 6 G Pella 6 7 7 G Pella 6 7 7 G Pella 6 R Berankis 6 6 6 M McDonald 6 6 7 M McDonald 7 6 7 M McDonald 7 5 6 11 N Jarry 6 7 6 N Jarry 6 7 6 9 28 F Krajinović 6 6 M McDonald 7 17 L Pouille 6 6 6 13 M Raonic 6 6 6 6 WC D Kudla 6 17 L Pouille 7 6 LL P Polansky 6 Q D Novak 6 6 6 6 Q D Novak 6 6 7 Q D Novak 6 6 5 J Millman 6 6 7 6 13 M Raonic 7 7 6 Q S Travaglia 7 5 J Millman 6 6 6 WC L Broady 5 0 13 M Raonic 7 7 7 13 M Raonic 7 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 J Isner 6 7 7 Q Y Maden 6 5 9 J Isner 6 6 6 6 7 S Johnson 5 6 7 6 Q R Bemelmans 7 7 5 Q R Bemelmans 7 6 6 8 9 J Isner 6 6 6 A Bedene 7 7 6 R Albot C Norrie 6 6 6 A Bedene 6 6 7 R Albot 6 6 6 6 R Albot 6 7 5 6 20 P Carreño Busta 6 0 7 9 J Isner 6 7 7 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 6 7 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 Q G Barrère 7 5 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 6 M Jaziri 6 J Donaldson 6 6 J Donaldson 7 6 6 31 S Tsitsipas 6 6 6 Y Bhambri 6 Q T Fabbiano Q T Fabbiano 6 6 6 Q T Fabbiano 7 6 7 S Wawrinka 7 7 6 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 D Thiem 5 0 M Baghdatis 6 7 M Baghdatis 6 7 5 D Ferrer 6 6 5 K Khachanov 6 6 6 7 K Khachanov 6 7 7 K Khachanov 7 6 6 J Benneteau 7 7 6 F Tiafoe 6 6 6 M Fucsovics 5 5 J Benneteau 6 F Tiafoe 7 7 6 F Tiafoe 6 6 6 30 F Verdasco 6 6 6 K Khachanov 21 K Edmund 6 6 7 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Q A Bolt 5 21 K Edmund 6 7 6 Y Sugita 6 6 Q B Klahn 6 Q B Klahn 7 6 6 21 K Edmund 6 G Andreozzi 6 6 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 H Zeballos 7 6 6 H Zeballos T Sandgren 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 12 N Djokovic 6 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 N Kyrgios 7 7 6 6 D Istomin 6 6 7 15 N Kyrgios 6 6 7 M Copil 6 5 6 6 R Haase 5 R Haase 7 7 7 15 N Kyrgios 6 LL B Tomic 6 6 7 24 K Nishikori 6 7 6 LL H Hurkacz 6 LL B Tomic 6 6 5 Q C Harrison 6 6 24 K Nishikori 6 7 7 24 K Nishikori 6 7 6 24 K Nishikori 7 7 6 27 D Džumhur 6 6 6 Q E Gulbis 6 6 6 M Marterer 27 D Džumhur 6 6 Q E Gulbis 6 7 6 Q E Gulbis 6 6 6 WC J Clarke 6 6 6 Q E Gulbis 7 5 6 6 LL L Sonego 6 A Zverev 6 6 7 0 T Fritz 6 6 6 T Fritz 7 7 PR J Duckworth 5 0 A Zverev 6 5 6 6 6 A Zverev 7 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 JM del Potro 6 6 6 P Gojowczyk 5 JM del Potro 6 6 6 F López 6 6 6 F López F Delbonis 5 JM del Potro 6 7 6 B Paire 7 7 6 B Paire 6 LL J Jung 5 6 B Paire 0 6 6 7 J Chardy 6 5 26 D Shapovalov 6 6 26 D Shapovalov 6 7 6 5 JM del Potro 7 7 5 7 18 J Sock 7 7 5 G Simon 6 6 7 6 M Berrettini 6 6 6 7 6 M Berrettini 6 G Simon 6 7 6 G Simon 6 7 6 N Basilashvili 6 G Simon 6 6 6 7 A Ramos Viñolas 6 M Ebden 7 6 Q S Robert 7 6 6 Q S Robert 6 6 M Ebden 6 6 6 M Ebden 6 7 6 10 D Goffin Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 M Bašić 14 D Schwartzman 6 J Veselý 7 6 6 J Veselý 6 6 7 F Mayer 6 6 J Veselý 7 6 6 P Cuevas 6 6 19 F Fognini 6 6 LL S Bolelli 7 7 6 LL S Bolelli T Daniel 6 19 F Fognini 6 6 6 19 F Fognini 6 6 6 J Veselý 29 M Cecchinato 7 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 A de Minaur 6 6 7 6 A de Minaur 6 6 7 6 P-H Herbert 6 6 6 P-H Herbert 7 5 M Zverev A de Minaur V Pospisil 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 M Kukushkin 6 6 6 M Kukushkin D Sela R Nadal 6 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Novak Djokovic wins fourth Wimbledon by beating Kevin Anderson '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic seals fourth Wimbledon title in final stroll over Kevin Anderson '' . Guardian . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/07/the-latest-mens-wimbledon-semifinals-underway/75276/ Jump up ^ Quarrell , Dan ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Novak Djokovic pips Rafael Nadal in second longest Wimbledon semi-final ever '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anderson Wins 26 - 24 In Fifth Set , Reaches Wimbledon Final '' . atpworldtour.com . July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis : Del Potro shows his form in three - set Wimbledon romp past Lopez '' . The Straits Times . July 5 , 2018 . 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About Wikipedia	who won men’s singles 2018 wimbledon championships	[ "Novak Djokovic claimed his fourth Wimbledon title, defeating Anderson in the final 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3). The win moved him to 13 grand slam titles, and outright fourth place on the all time men's singles grand slam wins list, passing Roy Emerson. The win was also Djokovic's first title on the ATP tour for over 12 months, his last win coming at Eastbourne on July 1, 2017.[1][2]\t\n" ]	[ "Novak Djokovic" ]
6194404874804514988	Boston Terrier	Boston Terrier - wikipedia Boston Terrier Boston Terrier Boston Terrier with a black brindle coat Other names Boston Bull Boston Bull Terrier Boxwood American Gentlemen Origin The United States of America hide Traits Weight 15 -- 25 lb ( 7 -- 11 kg ) Male 8 - 25 lb Female 6 - 22 lb Height 9 -- 15 in ( 23 -- 38 cm ) Coat Short , smooth , & slick Color Brindle seal black with white Litter size 1 -- 6 puppies Life span 11 - 13 years hide Classification / standards FCI Group 9 , Section 11 Small Molossian Dogs # 140 standard AKC Non-sporting standard ANKC Group 7 ( Non-Sporting ) standard CKC Group 6 - Non-Sporting standard KC ( UK ) Utility standard NZKC Non-sporting standard UKC Companion Breeds standard Notes State dog of Massachusetts Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States of America . This `` American Gentleman '' was accepted in 1893 by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting breed . Color and markings are important when distinguishing this breed to the AKC standard . They should be either black , brindle or seal with white markings . Bostons are small and compact with a short tail and erect ears . The AKC says they are highly intelligent and very easily trained . They are friendly and can be stubborn at times . The average life span of a Boston is around 11 to 13 years , though some can live well into their teens . The American Kennel Club ranked the Boston Terrier as the 21st most popular breed in 2016 . Contents 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Coat and color 2.2 Notable features 3 Behavior 4 Health 5 Grooming 6 Purposes beyond companionship 7 Popular Boston Terriers 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) A six month old female Boston Terrier with a black coat A young male Boston Terrier with a black brindle coat The Boston terrier breed originated around 1870 , when Robert C. Hooper of Boston , purchased from Edward Burnett a dog named Judge ( known later as Hooper 's Judge ) , which was of a Bull and Terrier type lineage . Hooper 's Judge is either directly related to the original Bull and Terrier breeds of the 19th and early 20th centuries , or Judge is the result of modern English Bulldogs being crossed into terriers created in the 1860s for show purposes , like the White English Terrier . The American Kennel Club cites Hooper 's Judge as the ancestor of almost all true modern Boston Terriers . Judge weighed over 27.5 pounds ( 12.5 kg ) . The offspring interbred with one or more French Bulldogs , providing the foundation for the Boston Terrier . Bred down in size from fighting dogs of the Bull and Terrier types , the Boston Terrier originally weighed up to 44 pounds ( 20 kg ) ( Olde Boston Bulldogge ) . The breed was first shown in Boston in 1870 . By 1889 the breed had become sufficiently popular in Boston that fanciers formed the American Bull Terrier Club , the breed 's nickname , `` roundheads '' . Shortly after , at the suggestion of James Watson ( a noted writer and authority ) , the club changed its name to the Boston Terrier Club and in 1893 it was admitted to membership in the American Kennel Club , thus making it the first US breed to be recognized . It is one of a small number of breeds to have originated in the United States . The Boston Terrier was the first non-sporting dog bred in the US . In the early years , the color and markings were not very important . By the 20th century the breed 's distinctive markings and color were written into the standard , becoming an essential feature . The Boston Terrier has lost most of its aggressive nature , preferring the company of humans , although some males will still challenge other dogs if they feel their territory is being invaded . Boston University 's mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . The Boston Terrier is also the mascot of Wofford College in Spartanburg , S.C. Description ( edit ) A female Boston Terrier with a black coat An adult male Boston Terrier with a black coat The Boston Terrier is a compactly built , well - proportioned dog . It has a square - looking head with erect ears and a slightly arched neck . The muzzle is short and generally wrinkle - free , with an even or a slightly undershot bite . The chest is broad and the tail is short . According to international breed standards , the dog should weigh no more than 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) . Boston Terriers usually stand up to 15 - 17 inches at the withers . The American Kennel Club divides the breed into three classes : under 15 pounds , 15 pounds and under 20 pounds , 20 pounds and not exceeding 25 pounds . Coat and color ( edit ) The Boston Terrier is characteristically marked with white in proportion to either black , brindle , seal ( color of a wet seal , a very dark brown that looks black except in the bright sun ) , or a combination of the three . Any other color is not accepted as a Boston Terrier by the American Kennel Club , as they are usually obtained by crossbreeding with other breeds and the dog loses its characteristic `` tuxedo '' appearance . According to the American Kennel Club , an ideal Boston Terrier should have white that covers its chest , muzzle , band around the neck , halfway up the forelegs , up to the hocks on the rear legs , and a white blaze between ( but not touching ) the eyes . For conformation showing , symmetrical markings are preferred . Due to the Boston Terrier 's markings resembling formal wear , in addition to its refined and pleasant personality , the breed is commonly referred to as the `` American Gentleman . '' Notable features ( edit ) The Boston Terrier 's large , prominent pair of eyes is a distinguishable feature . The breed 's round eyes are set widely apart , are large in size , and located squarely in the skull . The breed 's genetic makeup produces a short tail . These short tails can take the shape of a corkscrew , or curl , or they can be straight . Generally , Boston Terriers ' tails do not exceed two inches in length . Behavior ( edit ) Boston is a gentle breed that typically has a strong , happy - go - lucky , and friendly personality with a merry sense of humour . Bostons are generally eager to please their owner and can be easily trained . They can be very protective of their owners , which may result in aggressive and territorial behavior toward other pets and strangers . The breed requires only a minimal amount of grooming . While originally bred for fighting as well as hunting rats in garment factories , they were later down bred for companionship . They are not considered terriers by the American Kennel Club , however , but are part of the non-sporting group . Both females and males are generally quiet and bark only when necessary , though early training in this regard is essential . Their usually sensible attitude towards barking makes them excellent choices for apartment dwellers . They enjoy being around people , get along well with children , the elderly , other canines , and non-canine pets , if properly socialized . Health ( edit ) A newborn Boston Terrier Boston Terrier in the agility ring . Curvature of the back , called roaching , might be caused by patella problems with the rear legs , which in turn causes the dog to lean forward onto the forelegs . This might also just be a structural fault with little consequence to the dog . Due to their shortened muzzles , many Boston Terriers can not tolerate excessively hot or cold weather and demanding exercise under such conditions can cause them harm . A sensitive digestive system is also typical of Boston Terriers with flatulence commonly being associated with poor diet in the breed . Their large and prominent eyes make Boston Terriers prone to corneal ulcers . Due to the breed being characterized by a short muzzle paired with a large pair of eyes , their eyes are susceptible to injury when making contact with sand , dust , debris , or sharp objects , such as plants with thorns . Bostons are brachycephalic breeds . The word comes from Greek roots `` Brachy , '' meaning short and `` cephalic , '' meaning head . This anatomy can cause tiny nostrils , long palates and a narrow trachea . Bostons may be prone to snoring and reverse sneeze -- a rapid and repeated forced inhalation through the nose -- accompanied by snorting or gagging sounds used to clear the palate of mucus , which does not harm the dog in any way . Brachycephalic dogs may be prone to complications with general anesthesia . Bostons frequently require caesarean section to give birth , with over 90 % of litters in a UK Kennel Club survey delivered this way . Grooming ( edit ) With a short , shiny , smooth coat , Boston Terriers require few grooming needs . Bostons produce light shedding , and weekly brushing of their fine coat is effective at removing loose hair . Brushing promotes the health of the coat because it distributes skin oils , and it also encourages new hair growth . Occasional bathing is suitable for the low - maintenance breed . The nails of Boston Terriers require regular trimming . Overgrown nails not only have the potential to inflict pain on the breed , but they can also make walking difficult or tear off after getting snagged on something . Similarly to nail trimming , teeth brushing should also be done regularly to promote good oral health . The risk of the breed developing oral pain , gum infection , or bad breath can be decreased with regular teeth brushing that removes plaque buildup and other bacteria . Purposes beyond companionship ( edit ) In the past , Bostons were primarily pit - fighting dogs , but with their friendly and happy temperament , they became companion dogs . In modern days , aside from being an excellent companion , the Boston Terrier also excels in all sorts of canine sports . The breed is increasingly popular in dog agility competitions , obedience training , rally obedience , tracking , dock diving , flyball , weight - pulling , barn hunt and lure coursing . Being such a versatile breed and with their outgoing personality and eagerness to meet new acquaintances , the Boston Terrier is a popular therapy dog . Popular Boston Terriers ( edit ) In 2012 , a high school student named Victoria Reed took the advice of her veterinarian and submitted a photo of her Boston Terrier , Bruschi , to Guinness World Records . With each eye being 1.1 inches , or 28 mm , in diameter , Bruschi is recognized by Guinness to be the dog with the largest eyes . In 1921 at a ceremony to commemorate the United States ' 102nd Infantry , the U.S. Army awarded a gold medal to an honorable war dog : Sergeant Stubby . The Bull Terrier , possessing three service stripes and one wound stripe , was given rank in the U.S. Army - making him the first dog to ever earn it . The comforting , protective war dog was also rewarded a medal by France . Sergeant Stubby died in 1926 with the legacy of being the United States ' `` greatest war dog . '' See also ( edit ) Olde Boston Bulldogge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier '' . Animal World . ^ Jump up to : Meade , Scottee ( 2000 ) . The Boston Terrier : An Owner 's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet. Howell Book House . ISBN 1 - 58245 - 159 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Terrier Dog Breed Information '' . Akc.org . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier - American Kennel Club '' . Akc.org . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Terrier Club Of America '' . Bostonterrierclubofamerica.org . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Dog Breeds - Full Ranking List '' . Akc.org . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends , The American Kennel Club , Retrieved 19 May 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Get to Know the Boston Terrier '' , ' The American Kennel Club ' , retrieved 19 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier Dog Breed Information and Pictures '' . Dogbreedinfo.com . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Terrier Club of America . `` Boston Terrier eyes '' . Boston Terrier Club of America . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chester , Jo . `` Do Boston Terriers ' tails curl ? '' . The Nest . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier '' . Easy Pet MD . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Terrier '' . Vet Street . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cline , Mrs. Charles D. ( 1995 ) . Boston Terriers . T.F.H. Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7938 - 2397 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier - Temperament & Personality '' . Petwave.com . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Boston Terriers '' . adoptaboston.com . Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier Dog Breed Information , Pictures , Characteristics & Facts -- Dogtime '' . Dogtime.com . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brachycephalic '' . marvistavet.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Health Concerns : Respiratory System '' . Animal Health Center . New Jersey Veterinary Medical Association . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Evans , K. ; Adams , V. ( 2010 ) . `` Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of small animal practice . 51 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 118 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 5827.2009. 00902. x . PMID 20136998 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wedderburn , Peter ( 6 April 2009 ) . `` Why do over 80 per cent of Bulldog births happen by caesarian section ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Terrier '' . AKC . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bedwell - Wilson , Wendy . `` Boston Terrier health watch : teeth , gums , and jaw '' . Dummies . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier '' . Dog Time . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Terrier '' . Dog Breed Plus . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Terrier Club Of America '' . bostonterrierclubofamerica.org . ^ Jump up to : Moye , David ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` World 's largest dog eyes : Bruschi the Boston Terrier eyeballs world record '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kane , Gillian . `` Sergeant Stubby '' . Slate . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Bulanda , Susan ( 1994 ) . Boston Terriers . Barron 's Educational Series , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8120 - 1696 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Terrier . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Boston Terrier . Boston Terrier Club of America , Inc . Boston Terrier Club of Canada The Boston Terrier and All About It at Project Gutenberg ( First published 1910 ) Boston Terrier Photos , Videos and Informations `` The Boston Terrier '' in The power of the dog by Arthur Croxton Smith . 1910 . Terriers Working breeds Long legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Brazilian Terrier Enkarterriko Billanuko Fox Terrier ( Smooth ) Gos Rater Valencià Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kaikadi Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Majorca Ratter Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano de Huerta Soft - coated Wheaten Terrier Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Short legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Bull type breeds American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull Terrier Irish Bull Terrier Miniature Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds Australian Silky Terrier English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Russkiy Toy Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Russian Black Terrier Toy dogs Extant Affenpinscher Australian Silky Terrier Bichon Frisé Bolognese Bolonka Boston Terrier Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Chihuahua Chinese Crested Dog Coton de Tulear English Toy Terrier French Bulldog Griffon Bruxellois Havanese Italian Greyhound Japanese Chin King Charles Spaniel Lhasa Apso Löwchen Maltese Miniature Pinscher Miniature Poodle Papillon Pekingese Phalène Pomeranian Pug Russkiy Toy Shih Tzu Tibetan Spaniel Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Toy Poodle Yorkshire Terrier Extinct Toy Trawler Spaniel Dogs originating in the United States Extant Alaskan Husky Alaskan Klee Kai Alaskan Malamute American Bulldog American Bully American Cocker Spaniel American English Coonhound American Foxhound American Hairless Terrier American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier American Water Spaniel Australian Shepherd Black and Tan Coonhound Black and Tan Virginia Foxhound Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Bluetick Coonhound Boston Terrier Boykin Spaniel Carolina Dog Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Leopard Dog Chesapeake Bay Retriever Chinook Cur Feist King Shepherd Kyi - Leo Majestic Tree Hound McNab Miniature American Shepherd Miniature Australian Shepherd Mountain Cur Old Time Farm Shepherd Olde Boston Bulldogge Olde English Bulldogge Plott Hound Rat Terrier Redbone Coonhound Shiloh Shepherd Dog Silken Windhound Stephens Cur Swinford Bandog Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Texas Heeler Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Treeing Cur Treeing Tennessee Brindle Treeing Walker Coonhound Trigg Hound White Shepherd Extinct Hare Indian Dog Hawaiian Poi Dog Salish Wool Dog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Terrier&oldid=864356271 '' Categories : Toy dogs Dog breeds FCI breeds Terriers Dog breeds originating in the United States Symbols of Massachusetts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 17 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the average lifespan of a boston terrier	[ "Boston Terrier\nBoston Terrier with a black brindle coatOther names\nBoston Bull Boston Bull Terrier Boxwood[1] American GentlemenOrigin\nThe United States of America\nhideTraitsWeight\n15–25 lb (7–11 kg)\nMale\n8 - 25 lb\nFemale\n6 - 22 lbHeight\n9–15 in (23–38 cm)Coat\nShort, smooth, & slickColor\nBrindlesealblack with whiteLitter size\n1–6 puppiesLife span\n11-13 years\nhideClassification / standardsFCI\nGroup 9, Section 11 Small Molossian Dogs #140\nstandardAKC\nNon-sporting\nstandardANKC\nGroup 7 (Non-Sporting)\nstandardCKC\nGroup 6 - Non-Sporting\nstandardKC (UK)\nUtility\nstandardNZKC\nNon-sporting\nstandardUKC\nCompanion Breeds\nstandardNotes\nState dog of Massachusetts\nDomestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)" ]	[ "11-13 years" ]
3417976065255779910	History of Arsenal F.C. (1966–present)	History of Arsenal FC ( 1966 -- present ) - wikipedia History of Arsenal FC ( 1966 -- present ) Jump to : navigation , search For an account of the club 's history before 1966 , see History of Arsenal F.C. ( 1886 -- 1966 ) . The history of Arsenal Football Club from 1966 to the present day covers the third , fourth , and fifth periods of success in Arsenal 's history , including three Doubles , a Cup Double , and success in European football . Following Bertie Mee 's appointment in 1966 , Arsenal won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , their first European trophy , in 1969 -- 70 , and their first League and FA Cup double in 1970 -- 71 . The Double - winning side , however , was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses : Arsenal lost three FA Cup finals ( 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , and 1979 -- 80 ) and the 1979 -- 80 Cup Winners ' Cup final on penalties . The club 's only success during this time was an FA Cup win in 1978 -- 79 against Manchester United . After stagnation in the 1980s , the return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory . Arsenal won the League Cup in 1986 -- 87 , the Football League Centenary Trophy in 1988 , two League title wins in 1988 -- 89 and 1990 -- 91 , the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1992 -- 93 and a second European trophy , the Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1993 -- 94 . However , Graham 's reputation was tarnished when it was revealed that he had taken kickbacks for signing certain players and he was sacked in 1995 . Arsenal fifth period of success came with the appointment of Arsène Wenger in 1996 . Under him , Arsenal won a second league and cup double in 1997 -- 98 and then a third in 2001 -- 02 . In addition , the club were victorious in the 2002 -- 03 and 2004 -- 05 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 -- 04 without losing a single match . In 2005 -- 06 became the first London club to reach the UEFA Champions League Final , and lost 2 -- 1 against FC Barcelona . During the following close season , they left their longstanding home of Highbury to the new Emirates Stadium nearby . Contents ( hide ) 1 The first Double ( 1966 -- 76 ) 2 Four cup finals under Neill ( 1976 -- 80 ) 3 Slight decline ( 1980 -- 86 ) 4 The George Graham years ( 1986 -- 95 ) 5 Bruce Rioch : The interregnum ( 1995 -- 96 ) 6 Two more Doubles ( 1996 -- 2003 ) 7 The `` Invincibles '' and a Champions League Final ( 2003 -- 06 ) 8 Move to Emirates Stadium 9 Trophy drought ( 2006 -- 13 ) 10 Consecutive FA Cup victories ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading The first Double ( 1966 -- 76 ) ( edit ) Following the dismissal of Billy Wright in the summer of 1966 , Arsenal appointed physiotherapist Bertie Mee as his successor . The move that brought surprise to some , not least Mee himself , who requested that he be able to return to his old role as physio if being manager had not worked out after 12 months . With assistant Dave Sexton , Mee brought a more professional approach to the club and promoted talent from within ; Arsenal 's youth team had won the FA Youth Cup in 1966 , and talented attacking players such as Charlie George , John Radford , Peter Simpson and Ray Kennedy graduated to the first team . Mee complemented this attacking ability with some more experienced heads ; captain Frank McLintock at centre half marshalled a strong defence , while the hard - tackling Peter Storey filled the defensive midfield position . The team showed early signs of promise , reaching two successive League Cup finals , in 1968 and 1969 . Both times the Gunners went home empty - handed . The first time Arsenal lost to Don Revie 's Leeds United 1 -- 0 in a dour match of few chances , Terry Cooper grabbing the only goal . The second League Cup loss was an infamous upset -- Arsenal lost 3 -- 1 to Third Division side Swindon Town . Eight of the team had been struck by flu that had led to the postponement of Arsenal 's previous League fixture , and Arsenal had only reached extra time thanks to a late goalkeeping error that had allowed Bobby Gould to score . In extra time , Don Rogers scored twice as Arsenal searched for a winner . However , that season was not a total disaster for Arsenal ; they had also finished fourth , which won them a place in Europe for the 1969 -- 70 season . In turn , this led to the club collecting their first silverware in seventeen years and also their first European trophy , the 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal beat Ajax 3 - 1 on aggregate in the semi-finals , and then staged a famous comeback against Anderlecht in the final . Arsenal were 3 - 0 down after 74 minutes of the first leg at Stade Émile Versé , but Ray Kennedy got a late away goal to give the Gunners a glimmer of hope ; in the second leg in front of a packed Highbury , inspired by captain Frank McLintock , Arsenal won 3 - 0 with goals from John Radford , Eddie Kelly and Jon Sammels , to win the tie 4 - 3 on aggregate . The same season , Arsenal had only finished 12th in the league , perhaps distracted by their European campaign , and did not look like league contenders . Yet the following season , 1970 -- 71 , Arsenal went on to become only the second club of the 20th century to win the FA Cup and League Double , the club 's first . After a bright start Arsenal looked to be out of the title chase with a 5 -- 0 loss to Stoke City in September . However , Arsenal recovered and put in a strong run ( they did not lose again in the league until January ) , and as the season closed they became involved in a tight race with Leeds United . Arsenal were pushed all the way -- after being defeated 1 -- 0 by Leeds in April , they needed to beat or draw 0 -- 0 with North London rivals Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane on the last day of the season to take the title on goal average . An 87th - minute goal by Ray Kennedy gave Arsenal a 1 -- 0 lead and despite Spurs ' desperate attempts for an equaliser Arsenal hung on to win and take the title . In the meantime , Arsenal had also reached the FA Cup Final , following a titanic semi-final battle with Stoke which saw them come from 2 -- 0 down to force a replay and eventual victory . In the Final , five days after the win at Tottenham , Arsenal beat Liverpool 2 -- 1 at Wembley ; Arsenal went 1 -- 0 down early in extra time , before Eddie Kelly 's 101st - minute equaliser from close range . Ten minutes later , Charlie George scored the winner from the edge of the penalty area to win the game , and the Double , for Arsenal . The Double proved to be a premature high point of a decade characterised by a string of near - misses . Despite signing World Cup winner Alan Ball for a club record £ 220,000 in the close season , Arsenal began 1971 -- 72 badly , losing three matches in August , and were forced to play catch - up for the rest of the season , ultimately finishing fifth . Their debut in the European Cup started encouragingly , but they were knocked out in the quarter - finals by a Johann Cruyff - inspired Ajax , who went on to win the trophy as part of a hat - trick of European titles . Arsenal also reached the FA Cup Final for the second year in a row ; in a repeat of the 1968 League Cup Final they lost 1 -- 0 to Leeds United , in an ugly match of few real chances . Arsenal finished as First Division runners - up in 1972 -- 73 , but within a year the Double - winning side had been broken up , and Mee was unable to build a new team in its place . The club 's form declined sharply , finishing 16th in 1974 -- 75 and 17th in 1975 -- 76 , their lowest in more than forty years , which prompted Mee 's resignation . Tottenham manager Terry Neill , a former Arsenal player , was appointed in his place , even though he had never got Spurs anywhere beyond mid-table , to become Arsenal 's youngest - ever manager . Four Cup finals under Neill ( 1976 -- 80 ) ( edit ) Worst team Arsenal moved back into the top half of the table , inspired in part by the emergence of Irish superstar Liam Brady . Brady formed part of a large Irish contingent at Highbury , which included Pat Rice , Frank Stapleton , Pat Jennings Sammy Nelson , John Devine and the young David O'Leary . Further to this were experienced signings such as Malcolm Macdonald and Alan Hudson , as well as the return of Don Howe , who had been part of the backroom staff when the Double was won , to the Arsenal coaching setup . Although they could not challenge the League dominance of Liverpool at the time , towards the end of the decade they proved their mettle in the FA Cup . Arsenal reached three finals in a row ( 1978 , 1979 , and 1980 ) , but won only one , the 1979 final against Manchester United . Largely inspired by Brady , Arsenal went 2 -- 0 up through Brian Talbot and Frank Stapleton and looked to be coasting to victory ; with five minutes to go , United scored twice in quick succession to level the match . Extra time loomed , but Alan Sunderland converted Graham Rix 's cross in injury time to secure a famous 3 -- 2 win . The next season , 1979 -- 80 , proved to be cruel as Arsenal played a record - breaking 70 matches and reached two cup finals , only to end the season empty - handed . Arsenal were favourites to beat Second Division West Ham United in the FA Cup final , but lost 1 -- 0 to a Trevor Brooking header . Meanwhile , they had also reached the Cup Winners ' Cup final against Valencia , after Paul Vaessen 's goal had given them a famous victory over Juventus in the semi-finals ; the final finished goalless and Arsenal lost on penalties , with Brady and Rix having their efforts saved . Slight decline ( 1980 -- 86 ) ( edit ) Liam Brady left Arsenal for Juventus in the summer of 1980 , and the team entered another barren spell . They continued to finish in the top four at the start of the 1980s , but never really looked like winning the title , and they could not rediscover their FA Cup form either -- aside from 1982 -- 83 when Arsenal reached both cup semi-finals in only to be knocked out in both by Manchester United . Neill struggled to control his team at times ; throughout his tenure , he had fallings - out with many of his players ( including Hudson and Macdonald ) and he was unable to contain the drinking culture within the squad . His signings to replace the departed Brady and Stapleton failed to make the same impact , and towards the end of Neill 's reign the club suffered several embarrassing cup defeats ; this included losing to part - timers K.F.C. Winterslag in the 1981 -- 82 UEFA Cup and Third Division Walsall in the 1983 -- 84 League Cup . Neill was sacked in December 1983 , soon after the latter result . Don Howe , Neill 's assistant , succeeded him but he could not get the side anywhere near a trophy either . Although Arsenal managed to finish sixth and seventh under him , they never seriously challenged for the title ( although they did briefly top the league in October 1984 ) and were dumped out of the 1984 -- 85 FA Cup by Third Division York City . The fans were getting increasingly disillusioned with the club 's muddling performances and attendances started to dip beneath 20,000 . In March 1986 , after hearing the board had approached FC Barcelona coach Terry Venables as his replacement , Howe resigned . Steve Burtenshaw was briefly caretaker manager but the club decided to look to outside for Howe 's long - term successor . The Arsenal board of directors did contact Scottish club Aberdeen with a view to offering the job to their manager Alex Ferguson ( while also drawing up an offer to Millwall manager George Graham to become assistant manager of Arsenal ) , but Ferguson rejected the offer . However , Ferguson did cross the border six months later to succeed Ron Atkinson at Manchester United . The George Graham years ( 1986 -- 95 ) ( edit ) Alan Smith attacking for Arsenal v. Sheffield Wednesday in a match at Highbury in 1992 ; Arsenal won 7 -- 1 In May 1986 , Millwall manager George Graham , a former Arsenal player , was appointed as Howe 's long - term replacement , and it was the beginning of a new era of success at Highbury . Graham gradually sold off most of the older players and replaced them with new signings and players promoted from the youth team , while imposing much stricter discipline than his predecessors , both in the dressing room and on the pitch . Arsenal 's form immediately improved , so much so that the club were top of the League at Christmas 1986 . Players like Kenny Sansom , Steve Williams , Tommy Caton , Charlie Nicholas and Gus Caesar were gradually discarded and a new - look Arsenal side featured players including Lee Dixon , Nigel Winterburn , Steve Bould , David Rocastle , Alan Smith and Paul Merson . Though Arsenal finished fourth in Graham 's first season in charge ( having led the First Division for most of the winter ) , Arsenal did win the League Cup , in a campaign marked by comebacks . Arsenal faced Tottenham Hotspur in the semi-finals ; after losing 1 -- 0 at Highbury in the first leg and conceding a second goal in the first half of the second leg at White Hart Lane , Arsenal scored twice through Viv Anderson and Niall Quinn to draw 2 -- 2 on aggregate and force a replay ; in the replay Spurs went 1 -- 0 up , only for Arsenal to come back again with late goals from Ian Allinson and David Rocastle to win . The final against Liverpool was a repeat performance ; after Arsenal had gone 1 -- 0 down to an Ian Rush goal , two Charlie Nicholas goals brought Arsenal their first League Cup triumph and their first major trophy for eight years . However , UEFA voted to continue the ban on English clubs in European competitions that was imposed in the wake of the Heysel disaster in 1985 for a third season , and this meant that Arsenal were unable to compete in the 1987 -- 88 UEFA Cup . While Arsenal lost the League Cup final the following year in a shock 3 -- 2 defeat to Luton Town and dipped to sixth place in the league , their League form steadily improved afterwards , thanks largely to a revamped defence which consisted of Lee Dixon , Nigel Winterburn , Steve Bould and Tony Adams , which formed the basis of Arsenal 's successes for a decade or more . Until he left in 1993 , long - serving defender David O'Leary remained an important member of the squad who frequently appeared as a substitute and filled in whenever the younger members of the back four were unavailable . However , during this time Graham 's Arsenal were not a purely defensive side ; Graham also employed capable midfielders such as David Rocastle , Michael Thomas and Paul Merson , and striker Alan Smith , whose prolific goalscoring regularly brought him more than 20 goals in most of the eight seasons he spent at the club . In Graham 's third season ( 1988 -- 89 ) , the club won the Football League Centenary Trophy before winning their first League title since 1971 , in highly dramatic fashion . Having led the League since Christmas , Arsenal were overtaken by Liverpool after losing to Derby County and drawing at home to Wimbledon in May . Arsenal had seemingly thrown away the title , but the final game of the season , on 26 May , was against Liverpool at Anfield ; Arsenal needed to win by two goals to take the title ; Liverpool had already won the FA Cup and were favourites to complete the Double . Alan Smith scored for Arsenal early in the second half to make it 1 -- 0 , but as time ticked by Arsenal struggled to get a second , and with 90 minutes gone on the clock , Arsenal still needed another goal and it looked as though the league title would be staying at Anfield . But , with only seconds to go , a Smith flick - on found Michael Thomas surging through the Liverpool defence ; the young midfielder lifted the ball over Bruce Grobbelaar and into the net , giving Arsenal the title . Arsenal did not retain the title the following season ; they finished fourth in 1989 -- 90 and fell behind champions Liverpool , runners - up Aston Villa and third - placed Tottenham Hotspur in the title challenge . They also failed to make their mark in the cups , and the post-Heysel ban on English clubs in European competition was still in force at that time , so Arsenal were unable to represent England in the European Cup . The ban was lifted at the end of the season , though Liverpool ( the team present at the Heysel disaster ) had to serve an extra year . Graham prepared for another title challenge by signing goalkeeper David Seaman and Swedish winger Anders Limpar in the summer of 1990 ; both players proved vital as Arsenal retook the title in 1990 -- 91 , despite two major setbacks . Arsenal had two points deducted in November 1990 after ten of their players were involved in a brawl with Manchester United players in a match at Old Trafford , and captain Tony Adams was sentenced to four months ' imprisonment for drink driving just before Christmas . Despite these setbacks , Arsenal lost only one league match all season and finished seven points clear of Liverpool at the end of what had for most of the season been a two - horse race for the title . They also reached the FA Cup semi-finals , where they faced Tottenham Hotspur ; Paul Gascoigne scored with a free kick from 30 yards after just five minutes and Tottenham ran home 3 -- 1 winners , dashing hopes of a unique second Double . In September 1991 , Arsenal paid a club record of £ 2.5 million for Crystal Palace striker Ian Wright , who would go on to spend seven years at the club and become their all - time leading goalscorer in the process . The 1991 -- 92 season saw the club 's first entry in the European Cup for 20 years . The European venture went badly ; Arsenal were knocked out by Benfica in the second round and failed to make the lucrative group stage . The season went from bad to worse when the Gunners were knocked out of the FA Cup by lowly Wrexham , though Arsenal recovered to finish fourth in the League . The ban on English clubs in European competitions had been lifted two years earlier , but Arsenal missed out on a UEFA Cup place as English clubs were gradually being phased back into European competitions and at this stage only the second and third placed teams were qualifying for the UEFA Cup . During the 1992 close season the club acquired Danish midfielder John Jensen , who had just won Euro 92 with Denmark , scoring a goal in their victory over Germany in the final . Jensen 's arrival coincided with the departure of fellow midfielder David Rocastle to Leeds United , the defending league champions . Around this point , Graham altered his tactics ; he became more defensive and turned out far less attack - minded sides , which depended mainly on goals from Wright rather than the whole team . Between 1986 -- 87 and 1991 -- 92 Arsenal averaged 66 League goals a season ( scoring 81 in 1991 -- 92 ) , but between 1992 -- 93 and 1994 -- 95 they only averaged 48 ; this included just 40 in 1992 -- 93 , when the club finished 10th in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League , scoring fewer than any other team in the division , though they had briefly topped the table in November . They were founder members of the FA Premier League on its launch for the 1992 -- 93 season . They lost their first ever Premiership game 4 - 2 after taking a 2 -- 0 lead over underdogs Norwich City at Highbury ; Norwich , among the pre-season relegation favourites , were actively involved in the title race and finished third , whereas Arsenal ( among the pre-season title favourites ) finished 10th . Arsenal 's form in the cups was much better than in the league , and in 1992 -- 93 they became the first side to win the FA Cup and League Cup double . In the League Cup final , Arsenal faced Sheffield Wednesday ; a Merson - inspired Arsenal side came from 1 -- 0 down to win 2 -- 1 thanks to a Steve Morrow goal . In the FA Cup , Arsenal beat Spurs 1 -- 0 in the semi-finals ( avenging their defeat of 1991 ) , and played Sheffield Wednesday in the final , just as they had done in the League Cup final a few weeks earlier . The game ended 1 -- 1 and went to a replay ; Wright opened the scoring for Arsenal but Chris Waddle equalised . Extra time came , and still no goal broke the deadlock until the 120th minute , when Andy Linighan powered home a header from a corner to win the match and the cup double for Arsenal . In 1993 -- 94 , Arsenal won their second European trophy ; a side missing key players ( John Jensen and Martin Keown were injured , while Ian Wright was suspended ) , beat favourites and holders Parma 1 -- 0 in the Cup Winners ' Cup final in Copenhagen , with a tight defensive performance and Alan Smith 's 21st - minute goal from a left foot volley . The 1994 Cup Winners ' Cup proved to be George Graham 's last trophy at the club ; the following February the Scot was sacked after nearly nine years in charge , after it was discovered he had accepted an illegal £ 425,000 payment from Norwegian agent Rune Hauge following Arsenal 's 1992 acquisition of John Jensen , one of Hauge 's clients . In the weeks before Graham was sacked , he made three major signings for Arsenal . Glenn Helder , a Dutch winger signed from Vitesse , was a regular first - team player for more than a year after joining the club but was then loaned to Benfica before permanently departing in October 1997 to join NAC Breda back in the Netherlands . Chris Kiwomya , an attacking midfielder signed from Ipswich Town , scored 3 goals in 17 matches before the end of the season but never played for the club again , finally departing in 1998 to sign for Queens Park Rangers . Nineteen - year - old Welsh striker John Hartson was signed from Luton Town and occupied the first - team place vacated by the injury - hit Alan Smith , who retired from playing months later . However , Hartson was not a regular player the following season and was sold to West Ham United in 1997 . George Graham 's final season at Arsenal was also the final season at the club for several of the club 's key players . Alan Smith , one of his first signings , was forced into retirement by injury several months later . Paul Davis , the club 's longest - serving player , was given a free transfer at the season 's end , having found his first team opportunities increasingly limited towards the end of his time at Arsenal . Swedish midfielder Stefan Schwarz was sold to Fiorentina that summer after just one season at Highbury . Striker Kevin Campbell , who had struggled to establish himself as a regular player in spite of some impressive performances over five seasons , was sold to Nottingham Forest . Winger Jimmy Carter , who had failed to establish himself as a regular player in four seasons at Arsenal , was sold to Portsmouth . Bruce Rioch : the interregnum ( 1995 -- 96 ) ( edit ) Assistant manager Stewart Houston took charge until the end of the 1994 -- 95 season . Arsenal finished 12th in the Premier League . However , they did reach the Cup Winners ' Cup final again , after a titanic semi-final against Sampdoria , which they won on penalties after drawing 5 -- 5 on aggregate . Arsenal faced Real Zaragoza in the final ; Esnáider scored for the Spaniards and John Hartson equalised for Arsenal . The game was heading to a 1 -- 1 draw and penalties , before midfielder Nayim struck from 40 yards in the 120th minute , in virtually the last kick of the game . David Seaman , who had been Arsenal 's hero in the semi-final shootout , could not backpedal fast enough and only got a hand to the ball as it went in . In June 1995 , Arsenal appointed Bruce Rioch , who had just guided Bolton Wanderers to the League Cup final and promotion to the top flight , as manager . He ( briefly ) broke the English transfer record by paying Internazionale £ 7.5 million for Dutch striker Dennis Bergkamp , and the new signing formed an impressive partnership with Ian Wright . Arsenal reached the League Cup semi-finals and finished fifth in the Premiership at the end of 1995 -- 96 , securing a place in the following season 's UEFA Cup and giving hope for an eventual title challenge . However , the Rioch era ended abruptly : in August 1996 , just before the start of the new season , Rioch was sacked after a dispute over transfer funds with the board of directors , triggering a couple of months ' turmoil at the club . Stewart Houston was once again put in temporary charge ; he remained at the helm for a month , before resigning to take over at QPR . Youth team coach Pat Rice held the fort for several games , before making way for the Frenchman Arsène Wenger at the end of September . Two more Doubles ( 1996 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Arsenal 's players and fans celebrate their 2004 Premier League win with an open - top bus parade . The team immediately improved under Wenger 's management , coming third and winning a UEFA Cup place in 1996 -- 97 , missing out on second ( and a Champions League spot ) on goal difference . Wenger rebuilt the Arsenal squad with a crop of French players who were largely unknown in the UK . Patrick Vieira had been signed on Wenger 's recommendation before he had officially taken up the reins , and Wenger added Nicolas Anelka and Emmanuel Petit , as well as Dutch winger Marc Overmars in the summer of 1997 . Wenger melded the new arrivals with some of the `` old guard '' , retaining Adams , Dixon , Winterburn , Keown and Bould , and he kept Pat Rice on as assistant manager . Wenger got his first silverware , and became the first foreign manager to win the English league , the following season , when he steered the side to their second double . It had looked like Arsenal were out of the title race by December after losing 3 -- 1 at home to Blackburn , but they overcame a twelve - point deficit to overtake Manchester United ; a 4 -- 0 home win over Everton on 3 May won the title with two matches to spare . On 16 May , Arsenal beat Newcastle United 2 -- 0 in the FA Cup final to complete the double . To top it off , the same season Ian Wright broke Cliff Bastin 's goalscoring record , bringing his tally to 185 goals before leaving the club in the summer of 1998 . Despite the signing of Freddie Ljungberg in 1998 and Thierry Henry a year later , a more barren period followed for Arsenal over the next few years , though they came close several times . Arsenal led the League for much of 1998 -- 99 , until a 1 -- 0 loss to Leeds United allowed Manchester United to overtake them ; Arsenal beat Aston Villa on the last day of the season but United 's victory over Spurs meant they took the title . To rub it in further , Arsenal also lost the last ever FA Cup semi-final replay to Manchester United ; Dennis Bergkamp had missed a penalty in normal time , and Ryan Giggs scored the winner in extra time after a mazy solo run through the Arsenal defence . Arsenal 's return to the Champions League for the first time in seven years was also unsuccessful , as they failed to get past the group stage . Arsenal came second again in 1999 -- 2000 ; this time , there was never any real title race and Arsenal finished the season 18 points behind winners Manchester United . Arsenal had another poor season in the Champions League , finishing third in their group ; this won them a consolation place in the UEFA Cup , and Arsenal got all the way to the final , where they faced Galatasaray in Copenhagen , the scene of their 1994 Cup Winners ' Cup triumph . The match was a tepid affair , a 0 -- 0 draw with few chances ; it went to penalties and Arsenal lost after Davor Šuker and Patrick Vieira missed their spot - kicks . Arsenal again finished second in 2000 -- 01 , this time ten points behind Manchester United ; the title race had been as good as over since February , when Arsenal lost 6 -- 1 at Old Trafford . Arsenal 's season gave priority to the Cups and Europe . They beat Spurs in the semi-finals and met Liverpool in the final at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff ; Arsenal dominated most of the match , and were denied a goal by the arm of defender Stéphane Henchoz , which went unpunished . Arsenal finally did go 1 -- 0 up through Ljungberg but succumbed to two late Michael Owen goals and lost 2 -- 1 . In Europe , Arsenal made it to the Champions League quarter - finals for the first time since 1972 , only to be eliminated on the away goals rule by eventual finalists Valencia . By now , Wenger had been forced to rebuild much of the Double - winning side of 1998 ; Anelka , Overmars and Petit had all left for Spanish clubs in return for hefty fees , while age was finally catching up with the famous back line ; Bould and Winterburn had already left , and Adams and Dixon would only last another season before retiring . In their place , Wenger signed the likes of Sol Campbell and Lauren in defence , as well as promoting Ashley Cole from the youth ranks . In midfield , Wenger added the talismanic Robert Pirès and signed his compatriot Sylvain Wiltord in attack , while in the meantime Thierry Henry had adapted to the English game to become one of the Premiership 's best strikers . Attack was definitely Arsenal 's forté as they won a record - equalling third Double in 2001 -- 02 season ; the Gunners were the only team to score in every game of the Premiership season , and went unbeaten in domestic away games . After an initially tight title race ( just three points separated the top four in February ) , Arsenal pulled away from the pack with a 13 - game winning streak , finishing seven points ahead of runners - up Liverpool . Arsenal secured the title in the penultimate match of the season with a 1 -- 0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford , the goal coming from Wiltord . The previous weekend , Arsenal had wrapped up their eighth FA Cup , beating Chelsea 2 -- 0 with goals from Ray Parlour and Freddie Ljungberg . In 2002 -- 03 , Arsenal became the first club in more than 20 years to retain the FA Cup , with a 1 -- 0 victory against Southampton thanks to a Pirès goal . Their joy was soured by the fact that they narrowly missed out on retaining the Premiership title . Arsenal had led eventual winners Manchester United by eight points at one stage , but their form collapsed late on in the season ; they drew 2 -- 2 away to Bolton Wanderers after leading 2 -- 0 , and then lost 3 -- 2 at home to Leeds United a week later , which gave United the title . The `` invincibles '' and a Champions League final ( 2003 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Arsenal captain Patrick Vieira lifts the 2003 -- 04 Premier League trophy . Little did they know it at the time , but the defeat to Leeds would be Arsenal 's last in the League for over a year . 2003 -- 04 was a record - breaking season for Arsenal , as they won the Premiership unbeaten ( 26 wins , 12 draws , 0 defeats ) , finishing a clear 11 points ahead of second - place Chelsea . They became only the second team to do so , the first having been Preston North End in 1888 -- 89 . Their rivals for the title gained revenge in other competitions -- Arsenal were defeated in the Champions League quarter - finals and FA Cup semi-finals by Chelsea and Manchester United , respectively , in successive matches . Faced with the potential collapse of their season , Arsenal recovered from being 1 -- 0 and 2 -- 1 behind to Liverpool in their next league match to win 4 -- 2 , thanks to a Thierry Henry hat - trick , and went on to win the league with a 2 -- 2 draw away to Tottenham Hotspur , mimicking their success in 1971 . Arsenal were unable to retain the title in 2004 -- 05 , finishing second , 12 points behind a record - breaking Chelsea side . However , the Gunners did stretch their unbeaten run to 49 consecutive matches , an English league football record ; the record was equalled with a dramatic 5 -- 3 win over Middlesbrough ( Arsenal having trailed 3 -- 1 shortly after half - time ) and then surpassed with a 3 -- 0 win over Blackburn Rovers in August 2004 , before their unbeaten season was ended with a 2 -- 0 away defeat by Manchester United . This defeat arguably upset the team 's form and they fell away from title contention before recovering with a late flourish to finish second , sealed with a 7 -- 0 drubbing of Everton . Champions League glory eluded them again , with the club getting knocked out 3 -- 2 on aggregate by Bayern Munich in the second round . Arsenal did not end the season empty - handed ; they came away with their third FA Cup in four years , winning 5 -- 4 on penalties after a 0 -- 0 draw where they played ten versus eleven against Manchester United . Weakened by the sale of captain Patrick Vieira to Juventus in the summer of 2005 , Arsenal 's 2005 -- 06 season was comparatively disappointing domestically and the club failed to challenge for any trophies at home . In the league , their poor away form dogged them and despite recording some impressive wins at home ( 5 -- 0 over Aston Villa , and 7 -- 0 over Middlesbrough ) , Arsenal spent much of the latter stages of the season in fifth place or lower , and looked set to miss out on the Champions League for the first time since 1997 . However , they won their last three matches of the season , culminating in a 4 -- 2 victory over Wigan Athletic in the last ever match at Highbury ; coupled with Tottenham Hotspur 's loss at West Ham the same day , this meant Arsenal pipped Spurs to fourth place and a Champions League spot . In contrast to their domestic form , Arsenal 's form in Europe in 2005 -- 06 was much stronger ; they reached the UEFA Champions League final for the first time in their history , becoming the first London club ever to do so . Arsenal finished top of their group unbeaten , above Ajax , Thun and Sparta Prague against whom Thierry Henry scored two goals on away to become the all - time record goalscorer for Arsenal ; in the knockout stages they beat Real Madrid ( becoming the first British team to beat Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ) , Juventus and then Villarreal to reach the final , setting a competition record of ten matches without conceding a goal in the process . In the final , against Barcelona , Arsenal were reduced to ten men early on when goalkeeper Jens Lehmann was sent off for a professional foul ; nevertheless they were the ones who scored first , Sol Campbell scoring with a header from a free kick in the 37th minute . Arsenal desperately defended their lead , but two late goals from Samuel Eto'o and Juliano Belletti meant Barcelona ran out 2 -- 1 winners . Move to Emirates Stadium ( edit ) The Emirates Stadium on the day of Dennis Bergkamp 's testimonial , the first match to be played there . Arsenal have been highly successful in the 1990s and 2000s , but Highbury 's capacity was limited to only 38,500 in the post-Taylor report era ; virtually every match was sold out and the club were unable to maximise matchday revenue . With expansion of Highbury ruled impossible , in 1999 , Arsenal announced plans to move to nearby Ashburton Grove ; construction started in December 2002 with the demolition of buildings on the site , and in July 2006 , the new Emirates Stadium opened , ready for the start of the 2006 -- 07 season . Arsenal took a little time to get used to their new surroundings and as early as November , manager Arsène Wenger conceded that his side was unlikely to make a serious challenge for the title . Dogged by poor away form throughout the season , Arsenal eventually finished fourth , level on points with third - placed Liverpool . With a team largely filled with reserve and younger players , they reached the League Cup Final , which they lost 2 -- 1 to Chelsea . They were less successful in other competitions , however , being knocked out early on in both the Champions League and FA Cup . Trophy drought ( 2006 -- 13 ) ( edit ) 2006 -- 07 marked a transitional period -- Arsenal had sold a string of key players , including Ashley Cole , Sol Campbell , Lauren , Freddie Ljungberg , and most significantly , all - time top scorer and club captain Thierry Henry to Barcelona . Arsenal went into 2007 -- 08 season with only four players from the title - winning season in 2003 -- 04 , with the likes of Cesc Fàbregas and Gaël Clichy establishing their places in the side . Arsenal started the season strongly , going undefeated until early December , and in the process , setting a club record of 28 matches unbeaten in all competitions . The young squad continued to impress into the new year , with Emmanuel Adebayor in excellent scoring form . But Eduardo , a player of growing importance to the club , suffered a horrific injury at St Andrew 's in Birmingham City and the game subsequently ended 2 -- 2 . The team were rocked and , inevitably , Arsenal slumped in the spring , eventually finishing third . They had little success in the cups , knocked out of the Champions League by Liverpool in the quarter - finals and the FA Cup by Manchester United . The League Cup was more fruitful , where Arsenal reached the semi-finals for a third season in a row , before being knocked out 6 -- 2 on aggregate by Tottenham Hotspur , their first defeat in a North London derby in almost nine years . Arsenal 's 2008 -- 09 season started well , reaching top of the table by late September . After that , the team lost momentum , with three defeats in November , and had dropped out of the top four by Christmas , despite victories over Manchester United and Chelsea . Arsenal continued to drop points in the league in the New Year , but eventually overtook Aston Villa to regain fourth place by mid-March , eventually finishing nine points clear . Arsenal also reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup , losing to Chelsea 2 -- 1 in their first game at the new Wembley Stadium . In Europe , they finished second in their group and beat Roma and Villarreal before losing 4 -- 1 on aggregate to Manchester United in the semi-finals . Despite being written off by much of the media going into the 2009 -- 10 season , Arsenal made a bright start in the Premier League , aided by a new attacking formation and added defensive steel , in the form of holding midfielder Alex Song of Cameroon and new signing Thomas Vermaelen of Belgium . Arsenal 's title challenge looked set to end in late November , following losses to Chelsea , Manchester United , and Manchester City , but an impressive run of games in December , aided by Chelsea and Manchester United both dropping points , restored momentum to Arsenal 's title challenge going into 2010 . In December , Arsenal were eliminated from the League Cup at the quarter - final stage by Manchester City . After being written out of the title race once in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League season by pundits , Arsenal headed into a tough period of matches from 27 January through 10 February , in which they faced Aston Villa , Manchester United , Chelsea , and Liverpool all in a row . After losing to Stoke City in the FA Cup 3 -- 1 , Arsenal drew Aston Villa 0 -- 0 , got thrashed 3 -- 1 at home by Manchester United , and lost at Chelsea 2 -- 0 . At the time , it left Arsenal nine points behind league leaders Chelsea . Again , Arsenal were written off in their title hopes , only for it to be resurrected once again , after Chelsea lost to Everton 2 -- 1 , Manchester City 4 -- 2 , and drew with Blackburn Rovers 1 -- 1 . Meanwhile , Manchester United also dropped points , drawing with Aston Villa 1 -- 1 and also losing to Everton 3 -- 1 . Following Arsenal 's 2 -- 0 loss to Chelsea on 7 February , Arsenal went on a good run , winning all of their league games up to 20 March . However , on 27 February , a major injury to Welsh midfielder Aaron Ramsey occurred ; it was eerily reminiscent of Eduardo 's injury against Birmingham City on 23 February . However , whereas Arsenal drew against Birmingham that year 2 -- 2 following a penalty call against Gaël Clichy in injury time ( in which James McFadden converted the penalty and left then - captain William Gallas kicking at an advertisement board and in tears ) and questioned Arsenal 's fragile team mentality , Arsenal managed to rally against Stoke 3 -- 1 , having scored a penalty from captain Cesc Fàbregas in the 90th minute , and defender Thomas Vermaelen scoring a third in injury time . As of 25 March , Arsenal are in third place with 67 points , two points behind league leaders Manchester United with 31 games played . Arsenal 's Champions League match against Porto in the first leg went poorly . Played at the Estádio do Dragão in Porto on 17 February 2010 , the first goal was scored by Porto : in the 11th minute of the match , stand - in goalkeeper Łukasz Fabiański ( for the injured Manuel Almunia ) pushed a cross from Silvestre Varela into his own net , resulting in a quick 1 -- 0 lead for Porto . However , in the 18th minute , Sol Campbell , making his first Champions League appearance for Arsenal since the 2006 Champions League final , scored a header from Vermaelen 's headed flick and Tomáš Rosický 's headed setup from a corner delivered by Fàbregas . This gave Arsenal a possibly vital away goal . However , the match got worse for Arsenal as miscommunication by Campbell and Fabiański led to the goalkeeper picking up what was judged a deliberate back pass to the goal keeper inside the 18 - yard box . As a result , the referee gave a free - kick to Porto inside Arsenal 's penalty area . Rúben Micael took the resulting quick free - kick directly , catching the Arsenal defence and goalkeeper off - guard and squared a pass to Radamel Falcao , who easily scored . The game match 2 -- 1 for Porto . Arsenal 's second leg against Porto fared much better . Played at the Emirates Stadium on 9 March , Arsenal needed at least one goal and a clean sheet to advance , with the aggregate score 2 -- 1 for Porto and away aggregate 1 -- 0 for Arsenal . The match began brightly for Arsenal , as Nicklas Bendtner scored in the 10th and 25th minute , before Samir Nasri scored a fantastic goal in the 66th minute , dribbling past three defenders on the far right side touchline before scoring from an acute angle , hitting the goalkeeper 's right post and into the net . Three minutes later , Emmanuel Eboué scored on a counter-attack , dribbling past goalkeeper Helton before tucking the ball into an empty net . The night ended with Bendtner scoring a penalty in the 90th minute , thus giving him his first senior professional hat - trick , and Arsenal advancing to the quarter - finals of the Champions League , 6 -- 2 on aggregate . Ironically , Bendtner had missed a number of easy chances the match before Porto against Burnley . However , Arsenal managed to win 3 -- 1 in that match . On 19 March 2010 , Arsenal drew Barcelona in the Champions League quarter - finals . The first of the two - legged match was played on 31 March at Arsenal 's Emirates Stadium ; it marked Thierry Henry 's return to the Emirates for the first time as an opponent of Arsenal . The second leg was played on 6 April at the Camp Nou and marked Cesc Fàbregas ' return to the Catalan giants , where he played in their youth squad . If Arsenal prevailed past Barcelona , they would face the winner of the CSKA Moscow -- Internazionale match . In their first leg match at Emirates , Arsenal drew 2 -- 2 with Barça , with goals from Theo Walcott and captain Fàbregas . The second leg at the Camp Nou did not go as well , despite Bendtner scoring early on . Lionel Messi scored an four goals to end the match at an aggregate score of 6 -- 3 for Barcelona , eliminating Arsenal from the Champions League . Arsenal finished the Premier League season in third place , their 15th successive top - five finish and the 13th successive season they had achieved qualification for the Champions League . It was also their fifth successive trophyless season , however , something of a disappointment considering this trophyless spell was preceded by five trophy winning seasons from a possible eight ( including two seasons where they won the double ) . 2010 -- 11 saw Arsenal perform well in the Premier League and compete strongly in a title challenge , alongside Manchester United . To prove such a challenge , they faced struggling champions Chelsea on 27 December and mauled them 3 -- 1 at Emirates . Good form continued in the following months and in February , manager Arsène Wenger was awarded Manager of the Month Award . Notable events in this month was the 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona , in which the team came from behind to seal a win , and the 4 -- 4 draw against Newcastle United that is widely regarded to be one of the most bizarre and great games of the Premier League era . They progressed to the final of the League Cup but were beaten 2 -- 1 by Birmingham City , squandering their chances of winning a trophy . After this embarrassment , the Gunners travelled to the Camp Nou to play the second leg of the Barça tie , where they were beaten by the three - time winners and eventual victors . Arsenal 's FA Cup run ended with defeat in the quarter - finals to Manchester United . Also , completing a miserable couple of weeks for the Gunners , their title hopes were ended when they lost 2 -- 1 to Bolton Wanderers away in April 2011 . After challenging for the title for the majority of the season , Arsenal ended up finishing fourth after losses at Stoke and Aston Villa . Arsenal had failed to win a single trophy for the seventh consecutive year . The 2011 -- 12 campaign commenced for Arsenal on 13 August 2011 against Newcastle in the midst of two major transfer sagas concerning the club 's biggest assets : Cesc Fàbregas and Samir Nasri both departed Arsenal . The game finished 0 -- 0 and neither of the said players were in the named squad , but new signing Gervinho was sent off for violent conduct . However , the team did muster a 1 -- 0 win over Italian outit Udinese in the first leg of a Champions League playoff . On 15 August 2011 , Fàbregas left for Barcelona for an estimated € 35 million . In addition to his loss , Nasri left for Manchester City on 24 August 2011 , ending a protracted transfer saga after playing for Arsenal in their match against Liverpool on 21 August , in which Arsenal lost 2 -- 0 , placing them 14th with one draw and one loss . However , they managed to gain qualification for the Champions League for the upcoming year for the 14th time ; the only other English Club to boast such a record in recent years is Manchester United . With mounting injury problems and suspensions , the season was already looking bleak for Arsenal , and this was epitomized by an 8 -- 2 mauling in the hands of Manchester United . Following their collapse early in the season , Arsenal were already written off as title challengers , with some fans suggesting Arsenal 's long - standing manager Arsène Wenger be sacked . After the disappointing result against Manchester United , Arsenal went on a spending spree on the last day of the transfer window , purchasing Per Mertesacker , Mikel Arteta , André Santos and Yossi Benayoun . Results began to improve , with a win over newly promoted Swansea City , before a Champions League away draw against Borussia Dortmund . Winning in the League Cup against Shrewsbury Town , in the Premier League against Bolton and in the Champions League against Olympiacos boosted morale around the club , and Arsenal began climbing the league table , after spending a time in the bottom quarter of the table . Despite losing the first North London Derby of the season against Tottenham , Arsenal continued to gain points , and as of 23 October 2011 were in seventh place in the Premier League . In week that followed , Arsenal managed to extend their good form by beating Chelsea at Stamford Bridge 3 -- 5 , with a hat - trick from captain Robin van Persie . December 2011 saw the announcement of the possible comeback of Thierry Henry , Arsenal 's all - time best player and goalscorer , to whom a statue was built , to the club , and the following month , it was confirmed that he had rejoined the Gunners from the New York Red Bulls on a two - month loan deal coinciding with the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) off - season . On 9 January 2012 , Henry marked his return to Arsenal with his second debut at the Emirates against Leeds United in the third round of the FA Cup . Furthermore , he scored the winning goal -- his 227th overall for Arsenal -- after coming on as a substitute and collecting a long through from Alex Song . It was a moment that sent Arsenal fans into raptures , and Henry gave them even more to cheer about when he produced another winner to give Arsenal a 2 -- 1 victory in a Premier League match against Sunderland . However , the Gunners suffered a shocking 4 -- 0 loss to Milan in the Champions League in what would eventually be Henry 's final match with the club , creating what proved to be an insurmountable obstacle for the club to overturn . Arsenal were also eliminated from the FA Cup in the fifth round , again against Sunderland , losing 2 -- 0 . In spite of these failures , Arsenal tried to turn the 2011 -- 12 season into a positive one , almost eliminating Milan by winning 3 -- 0 at the Emirates Stadium and winning 5 -- 2 in the second North London Derby of the season against Spurs . Arsenal remained third in the Premier League table ; while not mathematically assured of a place in the 2012 -- 13 UEFA Champions League due to Chelsea 's continued participation in the Champion 's League , with three weeks to go before the end of the 2011 -- 12 Premier League season . Manchester City eventually won the league again after three decades , their first Premiership title . The beginning of 2012 -- 13 season saw rumours about the possible departure of star player Robin van Persie , since on 4 July 2012 he announced he would not renew his contract with the club . To this situation , Arsène Wenger signed strikers Olivier Giroud from Montpellier and Lukas Podolski from 1 . FC Köln . When Van Persie 's transfer to rivals Manchester United was effective , Wenger also purchased Spanish winger Santi Cazorla from Málaga . Arsenal were eliminated in the round of 16 of the 2013 UEFA Champions League 3 -- 3 on away goals against eventual champions Bayern Munich . Despite being knocked out of the Champions League , Arsenal had a very strong finish to their domestic campaign . After losing the North London Derby 2 -- 1 to Tottenham on 3 March , Arsenal collected 26 points over their remaining ten games , including a 1 -- 1 draw with Manchester United on 28 April , and relegating the newly crowned FA Cup winners Wigan Athletic with a 4 -- 1 victory on 14 May . Arsenal secured fourth place in the Premier League and a Champions League qualifying spot with a 1 -- 0 win over Newcastle . However , with the win came some controversy at half - time in the Tottenham -- Sunderland game . It was wrongly reported that Newcastle had tied the game . Much to the dismay of Tottenham supporters , despite their win against Sunderland , Arsenal still finished above them . Consecutive FA Cup victories ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) The 2013 off - season was quite tumultuous for Arsenal supporters . Before the start of the transfer window , many of the club 's youth players were sold or left the club . Previous Arsenal record transfer fee holder Andrey Arshavin went back to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg , and Denílson to São Paulo and Sébastien Squillaci were some of the bigger name players to leave on free transfers . Despite the club 's promised ambitions to make big signings , Arsenal had only captured the signature of 20 - year - old Frenchman Yaya Sanogo from Auxerre . Halfway through the summer transfer season , the club had a protracted saga with possible signing of Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . The club believed that a bid above £ 40 million would trigger a release clause , but this information proved incorrect and Suárez remained under contract with Liverpool . In the chase for Suárez , the club was also thought to be close to signing Gonzalo Higuaín from Real Madrid , but the striker instead signed for Napoli . With the 2013 -- 14 Premier League season on the horizon , Arsenal sold Ivorian striker Gervinho to Roma for an estimated £ 8.5 million and goalkeeper Vito Mannone to Sunderland for an estimated £ 2.5 million . On transfer deadline day , German international midfielder Mesut Özil was transferred to Arsenal from Real Madrid for a club - record fee . In a twist of fate , Real elected to sell Özil to create the opportunity they needed to sign star forward Gareth Bale from Tottenham , the Gunners ' long - time rivals . During the January transfer , Arsenal also acquired the services of Kim Källström from Spartak Moscow until the end of the season . At the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , the team finished the Premier League in fourth place . Having beaten defending champions Wigan Athletic in the semi-finals , Arsenal made it to the 2014 FA Cup Final and took on Hull City on 17 May 2014 . Coming back from 2 -- 0 down after just eight minutes , the Gunners levelled the score at 2 -- 2 by the end of 90 minutes , with goals from Santi Cazorla and Laurent Koscielny in either half . In the second period of extra time , Aaron Ramsey scored the deciding goal in the 109th minute to seal the win and Arsenal 's first major trophy in nine years . During the transfer window that coincided with the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil , Wenger brought in David Ospina ( Colombia ) and Mathieu Debuchy ( France ) after seeing their performances while a pundit for French TV during the tournament , and also added young English defender Calum Chambers from Southampton . His most important signing , however , proved to be Alexis Sánchez , who also impressed during the tournament with Chile and who Barcelona was letting let leave in order to save money for the transfer of Luis Suárez from Liverpool . In the Community Shield match against the 2014 Premier League champions Manchester City , Arsenal convincingly won 3 -- 0 for their second trophy within three months . Santi Cazorla , Aaron Ramsey and substitute Olivier Giroud scored the goals in the traditional opening game of the English football season . In the 2014 -- 15 Premier League , after a hard - fought 2 -- 1 comeback win where Aaron Ramsey scored in the final minute of the first game against Crystal Palace , two away draws at Everton and Leicester City in August , plus right back Bacary Sagna 's earlier move to Manchester City , fans wanted another signing . Arsenal managed to sign Danny Welbeck from Manchester United on deadline day while Wenger officiated at a Peace Game hosted by Pope Francis . Arsenal remained undefeated for the first six games until they lost 2 -- 0 at Chelsea on 5 October . They went on to finish third in the league and won the FA Cup for the second year in a row after a 4 -- 0 trouncing of Aston Villa in the final at Wembley , thanks to goals by Theo Walcott , Alexis Sánchez from distance , Per Mertesacker and Olivier Giroud , respectively . This qualified them for their second successive Community Shield , this time against Chelsea , and the Gunners retained the Shield thanks to Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 's first - half strike . This match was the debut of new goalkeeper Petr Čech , who had coincidentally arrived from Chelsea after having won the Premier League , FA Cup and Champions League with the Blues , and the Czech managed to keep a clean sheet against his former club . It was also the first time that Arsène Wenger had beaten a team managed by José Mourinho , his 14th attempt . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 600 - 61344 - 5 . Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1969 - 70 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ George Graham also claimed the goal , though Kelly is officially credited with it . Reference : `` 1971 -- King George of Wembley '' . BBC Sport. 10 May 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . p. 123 . Jump up ^ This is perhaps best exemplified by Arsenal 's disastrous 1977 tour of Australia that ended with Neill sending Hudson and Macdonald home halfway through after they were caught breaking curfew . Reference : Spurling , Jon ( 2004 ) . Rebels For The Cause : The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club . Mainstream . pp. 133 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84018 - 900 - 1 . Jump up ^ Soar & Tyler ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Spurling ( 2004 ) . Rebels For The Cause . p. 179 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The away goals rule was not in force in the League Cup at the time ; had it been then Arsenal would have won the tie on the night . Jump up ^ Statistics sourced from `` Arsenal '' . Football Club History Database. 2006 . Retrieved 21 September . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` England 1992 / 93 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal blog GoonerNow '' . Jump up ^ Graham was eventually banned for a year by the Football Association for his involvement in the scandal , after he admitted he had received an `` unsolicited gift '' from Hauge . References : Collins , Roy ( 18 March 2000 ) . `` Rune Hauge , international man of mystery '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Owen shatters Arsenal in Cup final '' . BBC Sport. 12 May 2001 . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger writes off title hopes '' . SkySports.com . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 28 Unbeaten : Top men and magic moments '' . Arsenal.com. 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Arsenal 's title dreams and pretty patterns were simply torn apart , guardian.co.uk , 30 November 2009 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Arsenal are out of title race , says Chelsea 's Michael Ballack , guardian.co.uk , 8 February 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3151137/first-team/stoke-city-v-arsenal?tab=report , Stoke City 1 -- 3 Arsenal Match Report , Arsenal.com 27 February 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Birmingham City 2 -- 2 Arsenal , guardian.co.uk , 23 February 2008 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Gallas tantrum shows that Arsenal are feeling the pressure , soccerlens.com , 24 February 2008 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ FC Porto 2 - Arsenal 1 , Arsenal.com , 17 February 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Porto 2 Arsenal 1 : Lucasz Fabianski 's double trouble -- Gunners keeper 's clangers throws it all away , dailymail.co.uk , 18 February 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Arsenal 5 -- FC Porto 0 -- Report , 9 March 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Arsenal striker Nicklas Bendtner able to enjoy last laugh after hat - trick against Porto , telegraph.co.uk , 11 March 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Vermaelen -- Bendtner came back brilliantly , arsenal.com , 9 March 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ Arsenal face Barcelona in Champions League , arsenal.com , 19 March 2010 , accessed 25 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Fulham '' . BBC News . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC News . 30 August 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/champions_league_fixtures/default.stm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arsenal bid £ 40m plus £ 1 for Luis Suárez to activate talks , The Guardian , 23 July 2013 , retrieved 23 July 2013 Jump up ^ FA Cup Final 2014 Match Report , BBC , 17 May 2014 , retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ Arsenal win FA Cup News Report , ITV , 17 May 2014 , retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ Arsenal win Community Shield , BBC , 10 August 2014 , retrieved 10 August 2014 References ( edit ) Soar , Phil & Tyler , Martin ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 61344 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Spurling , Jon ( 2004 ) . Rebels For The Cause : The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club . Mainstream . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84018 - 900 - 1 . `` Club history '' . Arsenal.com . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 June 2006 . `` Arsenal statistics '' . Arseweb . Retrieved 27 July 2005 . `` History of Arsenal FC '' . Arsenal - Mania . Retrieved 9 March 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Tony with Ridley , Ian ( 1998 ) . Addicted . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218795 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Hornby , Nick ( 1992 ) . Fever Pitch . Indigo . ISBN 978 - 0 - 575 - 40015 - 3 . Lawrence , Amy ( 1997 ) . Proud to Say That Name : The Marble Hall of Fame . Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 898 - 1 . Maidment , Jem ( 2005 ) . The Official Arsenal 100 Greatest Games . Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 61376 - 3 . Tossell , David ( 2002 ) . Seventy - One Guns : The Year of the First Arsenal Double . Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 589 - 9 . Weaver , Graham ( 2005 ) . Gunners ' Glory : 14 Milestones in Arsenal 's History . Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 667 - 4 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arsenal_F.C._(1966 -- present ) &oldid = 800899970 '' Categories : History of association football clubs in England History of Arsenal F.C. Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from October 2011 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Македонски Malti Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time arsenal won the premier league title	[ "Arsenal fifth period of success came with the appointment of Arsène Wenger in 1996. Under him, Arsenal won a second league and cup double in 1997–98 and then a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club were victorious in the 2002–03 and 2004–05 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match. In 2005–06 became the first London club to reach the UEFA Champions League Final, and lost 2–1 against FC Barcelona. During the following close season, they left their longstanding home of Highbury to the new Emirates Stadium nearby." ]	[ "2003–04" ]
-3591955504456805151	Gnosis	Gnosis - wikipedia Gnosis Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gnosis ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Gnosticism Gnosis ( hide ) Gnosis Enlightenment ( spiritual ) Western Revelation Divine illumination Divine light Eastern Jnana Bodhi Prajna Buddhism Hinduism Gnostic sects ( show ) List of Gnostic sects Syrian - Egyptic Sethianism Samaritan Baptist sects Dositheos Simon Magus ( Simonians ) Menander Basilides ( Basilideans ) Rome Valentinus ( Valentinianism ) Christian Gnosticism Cerinthus Marcion ( Marcionism ) Nicolaism Persian Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Mandaeism Sabians Modern Modern schools Scriptures ( show ) Texts Nag Hammadi library Pseudo-Abdias Clementine literature Gnosticism and the New Testament Codices Codex Tchacos Cologne Mani - Codex Askew Codex Bruce Codex Berlin Codex Influenced by ( show ) Merkabah mysticism Apocalyptic literature Messiah Philo Middle Platonism John the Baptist Early Christianity Christology Docetism Wisdom ( personification ) Influence on ( show ) Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Western esotericism Perennial philosophy Esoteric Christianity Theosophy Carl Jung Gnosticism in modern times Gnosis is the common Greek noun for knowledge ( γνῶσις , gnôsis , f . ) . The term is used in various Hellenistic religions and philosophies . It is best known from Gnosticism , where it signifies a knowledge or insight into man 's real nature as Divine , leading to the deliverance of the Divine spark within man from the constraints of earthly existence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Gnosis 1.2 Gnostikos 1.3 Gnosticism 2 Judeo - Christian usage 2.1 Hellenistic Jewish literature 2.2 New Testament 2.3 In the writings of the Greek Fathers 2.4 In Eastern Orthodox thought 3 Gnosticism 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Etymology ( edit ) Gnosis ( edit ) Gnosis is a feminine Greek noun which means `` knowledge '' . It is often used for personal knowledge compared with intellectual knowledge ( εἶδειν eídein ) , as with the French connaitre compared with savoir , the Spanish conocer compared with saber , or the German kennen rather than wissen . Latin dropped the initial g ( which was preserved in Greek ) so gno - becomes no - as in noscō meaning `` I know '' , noscentia meaning `` knowledge '' and notus meaning `` known '' . The g remains in the Latin co-gni - tio meaning `` knowledge '' and i - gno - tus and i - gna - rus meaning `` unknown '' and from which comes the word i - gno - rant , and a-gno - stic which means `` not knowing '' and once again this reflects the Sanskrit jna which means `` to know '' , `` to perceive '' or `` to understand '' . Gnostikos ( edit ) A related term is the adjective gnostikos , `` cognitive '' , a reasonably common adjective in Classical Greek . Plato uses the plural adjective γνωστικοί -- gnostikoi and the singular feminine adjective γνωστικὴ ἐπιστήμη -- gnostike episteme in his Politikos where Gnostike episteme was also used to indicate one 's aptitude . The terms do not appear to indicate any mystic , esoteric or hidden meaning in the works of Plato , but instead expressed a sort of higher intelligence and ability analogous to talent . Plato The Statesman 258e -- Stranger : In this way , then , divide all science into two arts , calling the one practical ( praktikos ) , and the other purely intellectual ( gnostikos ) . Younger Socrates : Let us assume that all science is one and that these are its two forms . In the Hellenistic era the term became associated with the mystery cults . Gnosis is used throughout Greek philosophy as a technical term for experience knowledge ( see gnosiology ) in contrast to theoretical knowledge or epistemology . The term is also related to the study of knowledge retention or memory ( see also cognition ) , in relation to ontic or ontological , which is how something actually is rather than how something is captured ( abstraction ) and stored ( memory ) in the mind . Gnosticism ( edit ) Irenaeus used the phrase `` knowledge falsely so - called '' ( pseudonymos gnosis , from 1 Timothy 6 : 20 ) for the title of his book On the Detection and Overthrow of False Knowledge , that contains the adjective gnostikos , which is the source for the 17th - century English term `` Gnosticism '' . Judeo - Christian usage ( edit ) Hellenistic Jewish literature ( edit ) The Greek word gnosis ( knowledge ) is a standard translation of the Hebrew word `` knowledge '' ( דעת da ` ath ) in the Septuagint , thus : The Lord gives wisdom ( sophia ) , from his face come knowledge ( gnosis ) and understanding ( sunesis ) '' -- Proverbs 2.6 Philo also refers to the `` knowledge '' ( gnosis ) and `` wisdom '' ( sophia ) of God . New Testament ( edit ) Paul distinguishes `` knowledge '' ( gnosis ) and `` knowledge falsely so - called '' ( pseudonymos gnosis ) . In the writings of the Greek fathers ( edit ) The fathers of early Christianity used the word `` knowledge '' ( gnosis ) in the New Testament to mean spiritual knowledge or specific knowledge of the divine . This positive usage was to contrast it with how gnostic sectarians used the word . This positive use carried over from Hellenic philosophy into Greek Orthodoxy as a critical characteristic of ascetic practices , through St. Clement of Alexandria , Irenaeus , Hippolytus of Rome , Hegesippus , and Origen . Cardiognosis ( `` knowledge of the heart '' ) from Eastern Christianity related to the tradition of the staretz and in Roman Catholic theology is the view that only God knows the condition of one 's relationship with God . In Eastern Orthodox thought ( edit ) Gnosis in Orthodox Christian ( especially Eastern Orthodox ) thought is the spiritual knowledge of a saint ( one who has obtained theosis ) or mystically enlightened human being . Within the cultures of the term 's provenance ( Byzantine and Hellenic ) Gnosis was a knowledge or insight into the infinite , divine and uncreated in all and above all , rather than knowledge strictly into the finite , natural or material world . Gnosis is a transcendental as well as mature understanding . It indicates direct spiritual experiential knowledge and intuitive knowledge , mystic rather than that from rational or reasoned thinking . Gnosis itself is obtained through understanding at which one can arrive via inner experience or contemplation such as an internal epiphany of intuition and external epiphany such as the Theophany . In the Philokalia it is emphasized that such knowledge is not secret knowledge but rather a maturing , transcendent form of knowledge derived from contemplation ( theoria resulting from practice of hesychasm ) , since knowledge can not truly be derived from knowledge but rather knowledge can only be derived from theoria ( to witness , see ( vision ) or experience ) . Knowledge thus plays an important role in relation to theosis ( deification / personal relationship with God ) and theoria ( revelation of the divine , vision of God ) . Gnosis , as the proper use of the spiritual or noetic faculty plays an important role in Orthodox Christian theology . Its importance in the economy of salvation is discussed periodically in the Philokalia where as direct , personal knowledge of God ( noesis ; see also Noema ) it is distinguished from ordinary epistemological knowledge ( episteme -- i.e. , speculative philosophy ) . Gnosticism ( edit ) Main article : Gnosticism Gnosticism originated in the late first century CE in nonrabbinical Jewish sects and early Christian sects . In the formation of Christianity , various sectarian groups , labeled `` gnostics '' by their opponents , emphasised spiritual knowledge ( gnosis ) of the Divine spark within , over faith ( pistis ) in the teachings and traditions of the various communities of Christians . Gnosticism presents a distinction between the highest , unknowable God , and the demiurge `` creator '' of the material . The Gnostics considered the most essential part of the process of salvation to be this personal knowledge , in contrast to faith as an outlook in their world view along with faith in the ecclesiastical authority . They were regarded as heretics by the Fathers of the early church . See also ( edit ) Religion portal Aseity Chaos magic Fana ( Sufism ) Gnosticism Gnosticism in modern times Ilm , Islamic concept of knowledge and gnosis Jnana Hans Jonas Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Kurt Rudolph Satori Valentinus ( Gnostic ) Samael Aun Weor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanley E. Porter ; David Yoon ( 2016 ) . Paul and Gnosis . BRILL . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 31669 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kurt Rudolph ( 2001 ) . Gnosis : The Nature and History of Gnosticism . A&C Black . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08640 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Gnosticism , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Liddell Scott entry γνῶσις , εως , ἡ , A. seeking to know , inquiry , investigation , esp . judicial , `` τὰς τῶν δικαστηρίων γ . '' D. 18.224 ; `` τὴν κατὰ τοῦ διαιτητοῦ γ . '' Id. 21.92 , cf . 7.9 , Lycurg. 141 ; `` γ . περὶ τῆς δίκης '' PHib. 1.92. 13 ( iii B.C. ) . 2 . result of investigation , decision , PPetr. 3p. 118 ( iii B.C. ) . II . knowing , knowledge , Heraclit. 56 ; opp . ἀγνωσίη , Hp . Vict. 1.23 ( dub . ) ; opp . ἄγνοια , Pl. R. 478c ; `` ἡ αἴσθησις γ . τις '' Arist. GA731a33 : pl. , `` Θεὸς γνώσεων κύριος '' LXX 1 Ki. 2.3. b . higher , esoteric knowledge , 1 Ep. Cor. 8.7 , 10 , Ep. Eph. 3.19 , etc. ; `` χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν νοῦν , λόγον , γνῶσιν '' PMag. Par. 2.290. 2 . acquaintance with a person , πρός τινα Test . ap. Aeschin. 1.50 ; `` τῶν Σεβαστῶν '' IPE1. 47.6 ( Olbia ) . 3 . recognizing , Th. 7.44. 4 . means of knowing , ( `` αἱ αἰσθήσεις ) κυριώταται τῶν καθ _̓ ἕκαστα γ . '' Arist. Metaph. 981b11 . III . being known , γνῶσιν ἔχει τι , = γνωστόν ἐστι , Pl. Tht. 206b. 2 . fame , credit , Hdn. 7.5. 5 , Luc. Herod. 3 . IV . means of knowing : hence , statement in writing , PLond. 5.1708 , etc . ( vi A.D. ) . V. = γνῶμα , Hsch . s.h.v. Jump up ^ Pagels , Elaine ( 1995 ) . The Origin of Satan . Allen Lane , The Penguin Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ LSJ entry γνωστ - ικός , ή , όν , A. of or for knowing , cognitive : ἡ - κή ( sc . ἐπιστήμη ) , theoretical science ( opp . πρακτική ) , Pl. Plt. 258e , etc. ; τὸ γ . ib. 261b ; `` ἕξεις γ . '' Arist. AP0. 100a11 ( Comp . ) ; `` γ . εἰκόνες '' Hierocl.in CA25p. 475M. : c. gen. , able to discern , Ocell . 2.7 . Adv . `` - κῶς '' Procl. Inst. 39 , Dam. Pr. 79 , Phlp.in Ph. 241.22 . Jump up ^ In Perseus databank 10x Plato , Cratylus , Theaetetus , Sophist , Statesman 2x Plutarch , Compendium libri de animae procreatione + De animae procreatione in Timaeo , 2x Pseudo-Plutarch , De musica Jump up ^ Cooper and Hutchinson . `` Introduction to Politikos . '' Cooper , John M. & Hutchinson , D.S. ( Eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Plato : Complete Works , Hackett Publishing Co. , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Plato . Plato in Twelve Volumes , Vol. 12 translated by Harold N. Fowler . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . ^ Jump up to : feminine nominative adjective Jump up ^ New Testament studies : Society for New Testament Studies - 1981 `` see also the more extensive analysis of gnosis in Philo by Hans Jonas , Gnosis und spatantiker Geist 11 / 1 '' Jump up ^ Donald K. McKim , Westminster dictionary of theological terms , 1996 , p. 39 Jump up ^ A concise dictionary of theology by Gerald O'Collins , Edward G. Farrugia pg 130 Publisher : T. & T. Clark Publishers ( August 30 , 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08354 - 8 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Spiritual knowledge is the state of spiritual theoria , when one sees invisibly and hears inaudibly and comprehends incomprehensibly the glory of God . Precisely then comprehension ceases and , what is more , he understands that he does not understand . Within the vision of the uncreated Light man also sees angels and Saints and , in general , he experiences communion with the angels and the Saints . He is then certain that resurrection exists . This is the spiritual knowledge which all the holy Prophets , the Apostles , Martyrs , ascetics and all the Saints of the Church had . The teachings of the Saints are an offspring of this spiritual knowledge . And , naturally , as we said earlier , spiritual knowledge is a fruit of the vision of God . `` THE ILLNESS AND CURE OF THE SOUL '' Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos ( 2 ) Jump up ^ St. Symeon the New Theologian in Practical & Theological Discourses , 1.1 The Philokalia Volume Four : When men search for God with their bodily eyes they find Him nowhere , for He is invisible . But for those who ponder in the Spirit He is present everywhere . He is in all , yet beyond all Jump up ^ Faith And Science In Orthodox Gnosiology And Methodology by George Metallinos `` The scientist and professor of the knowledge of the Uncreated , in the Orthodox Tradition , is the Geron / Starets ( the Elder or Spiritual Father ) , the guide or `` teacher of the desert . '' The recording of both types of knowledge presupposes empirical knowledge of the phenomenon . The same holds true in the field of science , where only the specialist understands the research of other scientists of the same field . The adoption of conclusions or findings of a scientific branch by non-specialists ( i.e. those who are unable to experimentally examine the research of the specialists ) is based on the trust of the specialists credibility . Otherwise , there would be no scientific progress . The same holds true for the science of faith . The empirical knowledge of the Saints , Prophets , Apostles , Fathers and Mothers of all ages is adopted and founded upon the same trust . The patristic tradition and the Church 's Councils function on this provable experience . There is no Ecumenical Council without the presence of the glorified / deified ( theoumenoi ) , those who see the divine ( this is the problem of the councils of today ! ) Orthodox doctrine results from this relationship . '' University of Athens - Department of Theology Jump up ^ The Philokalia Volume Four Palmer , G.E.H ; Sherrard , Philip ; Ware , Kallistos ( Timothy ) . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19382 - X , glossary , pg 434 , Spiritual Knowledge ( γνῶσις ) : the knowledge of the intellect ( q.v. ) . As such , it is knowledge inspired by God , as insight ( noesis ) or revelational , intuitive knowledge ( see gnosiology ) and so linked with contemplation and immediate spiritual perception . Jump up ^ Glossary of terms from the Philokalia pg 434 the knowledge of the intellect as distinct from that of the reason ( q.v. ) . Knowledge inspired by God , and so linked with contemplation ( q.v. ) and immediate spiritual perception . Jump up ^ The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church , SVS Press , 1997 . ( ISBN 0 - 913836 - 31 - 1 ) James Clarke & Co Ltd , 2002 . ( ISBN 0 - 227 - 67919 - 9 ) pg 218 Jump up ^ Magris 2005 , p. 3515 - 3516 . Jump up ^ The Social World of the First Christians ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 064586 - 5 , essay `` Prolegomena to the Study of Ancient Gnosticism '' by Bentley Layton ( 3 ) Sources ( edit ) Magris , Aldo ( 2005 ) , `` Gnosticism : Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages ( further considerations ) '' , in Jones , Lindsay , MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion , MacMillan ( hide ) Gnosticism topics Proto - Gnostics Basilides Cerinthus Marcion Marcus Philo Simon Magus Valentinus Early Gnosticism Borborites Cainites Carpocratians Marcosians Nicolaites Ophites Thomasenes Syrian - Egyptic Gnosticism Archontics Bardaisanites Basilideans Sethians Thomasenes Valentinians Persian Gnosticism Mandaeism Manichaeism Sabianism Gnosticism in the Middle Ages Bogomilism Catharism Paulicianism Gnosticism in modern times Apostolic Johannite Church Carl Jung Charles William King Ecclesia Gnostica Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica Elaine Pagels Gilles Quispel G.R.S. Mead Hans Jonas Madame Blavatsky Jules Doinel Marvin Meyer Nag Hammadi library Stephan Hoeller The Gnostic Society Gnostic texts Askew Codex Bruce Codex Codex Tchacos Gnostic Gospels Nag Hammadi library Pistis Sophia / Faith - Wisdom more Gnostic Gospels Gospel of Judas Gospel of Marcion / Gospel of the Lord Gospel of Mary Gospel of Philip Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Truth more Important concepts Abrasax / Abraxas Aeon Archon Demiurge Gnosis Monad Pleroma Sophia terms Related articles Bosnian Church Buddhism and Gnosticism Christianity and Gnosticism Hermeticism Esoteric Christianity Gnostic sects Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Pythagoreanism Thelema Theosophy GND : 4021391 - 2 BNF : cb11944981z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&oldid=805108089 '' Categories : Gnosticism Spiritual faculties Theology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Cymraeg Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the word gnosis mean in greek	[ "Gnosis is the common Greek noun for knowledge (γνῶσις, gnôsis, f.).[1] The term is used in various Hellenistic religions and philosophies.[2][3] It is best known from Gnosticism, where it signifies a knowledge or insight into man's real nature as Divine, leading to the deliverance of the Divine spark within man from the constraints of earthly existence.[3][2]" ]	[ "knowledge" ]
2959455242958653547	Washington (state)	Washington ( state ) - Wikipedia Washington ( state ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Washington state '' and `` State of Washington '' redirect here . For other uses , see Washington . State of Washington Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Evergreen State '' ( unofficial ) Motto ( s ) : Al - ki or Alki , `` bye and bye '' in Chinook Jargon ( unofficial ) State song ( s ) : `` Washington , My Home '' Official language None ( de jure ) English ( de facto ) Demonym Washingtonian Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Largest metro Metro Seattle Area Ranked 18th Total 71,362 sq mi ( 184,827 km ) Width 360 miles ( 580 km ) Length 240 miles ( 400 km ) % water 6.6 Latitude 45 ° 33 ′ N to 49 ° N Longitude 116 ° 55 ′ W to 124 ° 46 ′ W Population Ranked 13th Total 7,288,000 ( 2016 est . ) Density 103 / sq mi ( 39.6 / km ) Ranked 25th Median household income $67,243 ( 2015 ) ( 9th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Rainier 14,411 ft ( 4,392 m ) Mean 1,700 ft ( 520 m ) Lowest point Pacific Ocean sea level Before statehood Washington Territory Admission to Union November 11 , 1889 ( 42nd ) Governor Jay Inslee ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib ( D ) Legislature Washington State Legislature Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Patty Murray ( D ) Maria Cantwell ( D ) U.S. House delegation 6 Democrats , 4 Republicans ( list ) Time zone Pacific : UTC − 8 / − 7 ISO 3166 US - WA Abbreviations WA , Wash . Website access.wa.gov ( show ) Washington state symbols The Flag of Washington The Seal of Washington Living insignia Amphibian Pacific chorus frog Bird American goldfinch Fish Steelhead trout Flower Rhododendron Grass Bluebunch wheatgrass Insect Green Darner Mammal Olympic marmot / Orca Tree Western Hemlock Inanimate insignia Dance Square dance Food Apple Gemstone Petrified wood Ship Lady Washington Soil Tokul Song `` Washington , My Home '' Tartan Washington state tartan Other Vegetable : Sweet onion State route marker State quarter Released in 2007 Lists of United States state symbols Washington ( / ˈwɒʃɪŋtən / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named after George Washington , the first President of the United States , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital . Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington , D.C. , the capital of the U.S. , which is often shortened to Washington . Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 sq km ) , and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along the Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west , mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast and far southeast , and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 m ) and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States . Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the biggest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy . Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles , shipbuilding and other transportation equipment , lumber , food processing , metals and metal products , chemicals , and machinery . Washington has over 1,000 dams , including the Grand Coulee Dam , built for a variety of purposes including irrigation , power , flood control , and water storage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Western Washington 2.2 Eastern Washington 2.3 Climate 2.3. 1 Rain shadow effects 2.3. 2 Temperatures 2.4 Flora and fauna 3 History 3.1 Early history 3.2 European exploration 3.3 Settlement 3.4 Statehood 3.5 Industrial era 3.6 Mount St. Helens eruption , 1980 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Birth data 4.3 Areas of concentration 4.4 Cities and towns 4.5 Languages 4.6 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Taxes 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Wine 5.4 Internet access 6 Transportation 7 Environment 8 Government and politics 8.1 State government 8.2 United States Congress 8.3 Politics 8.4 Passed bills 9 Education 9.1 Elementary and secondary 9.2 Higher education 10 Healthcare 11 Culture 11.1 Arts 11.2 Sports 11.2. 1 Major professional teams 11.2. 2 Minor professional and amateur teams 11.2. 3 College sports teams 11.2. 4 Individual sports 12 Symbols , honors , and names 12.1 The Evergreen State 12.2 State symbols 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) Washington was named after President George Washington by an act of the United States Congress during the creation of Washington Territory in 1853 . The territory was originally to be named `` Columbia '' , for the Columbia River and the Columbia District , but Kentucky representative Richard H. Stanton found the name too similar to the District of Columbia ( the national capital , itself containing the city of Washington ) and proposed naming the new territory after President Washington . Washington is the only U.S. state named after a president . Confusion over the state of Washington and the city of Washington , D.C. led to renaming proposals during the statehood process for Washington in 1889 , including David Dudley Field II 's suggestion to name the new state `` Tacoma . '' These proposals failed to garner support . Washington , D.C. 's own statehood movement in the 21st century includes a proposal to use the name `` State of Washington , Douglass Commonwealth '' , which would conflict with the current state of Washington . To distinguish it from the national capital , Washington may be referred to as `` Washington state '' , or , in more formal contexts , as `` the State of Washington '' . Residents of Washington ( known as `` Washingtonians '' ) and the Pacific Northwest simply refer to the state as `` Washington '' , and the nation 's capital `` Washington , D.C. '' , `` the other Washington '' , or simply `` D.C. '' . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geology of the Pacific Northwest The Pacific Coast of Westport , Washington Cascade Pass in the North Cascades National Park Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States . It borders Idaho to the east , bounded mostly by the meridian running north from the confluence of the Snake River and Clearwater River ( about 116 ° 57 ' west ) , except for the southernmost section where the border follows the Snake River . Oregon is to the south , with the Columbia River forming the western part and the 46th parallel forming the eastern part of the Oregon - Washington border . To the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean . Its northern border lies mostly along the 49th parallel , and then via marine boundaries through the Strait of Georgia , Haro Strait and Strait of Juan de Fuca , with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north . Washington is part of a region known as the Pacific Northwest , a term which always includes Washington and Oregon and may or may not include some or all of the following , depending on the user 's intent : Idaho , western Montana , northern California , British Columbia , and Alaska . The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north - south , bisecting the state . In addition to Western Washington and Eastern Washington residents call the two parts of the state the `` West side '' and `` East side '' , `` Wet side '' and `` Dry side '' , or `` Timberland '' and `` Wheatland '' , the latter pair more commonly in the names of region - specific businesses and institutions . Western Washington ( edit ) Major volcanoes in Washington Mount Baker Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Mount St. Helens Mount Adams From the Cascade Mountains westward , Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate , with mild temperatures and wet winters , autumns and springs , and relatively dry summers . The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes , which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains . From the north to the south , these major volcanoes are Mount Baker , Glacier Peak , Mount Rainier , Mount St. Helens , and Mount Adams . All are active volcanoes . Mount Rainier , the tallest mountain in the state , is 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the city of Seattle , from which it is prominently visible . The USGS consideres 14,411 - foot - tall ( 4,392 m ) Mt . Rainier the most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range , due to its proximity to the Seattle metropolitan area , and most dangerous in the continental U.S. according to the Decade Volcanoes list . It is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states . The Columbia River Gorge . Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains , far west on the Olympic Peninsula , which support dense forests of conifers and areas of temperate rainforest . These deep forests , such as the Hoh Rainforest , are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States . Eastern Washington ( edit ) Southeastern Washington Eastern Washington -- the part of the state east of the Cascades -- has a relatively dry climate , in distinct contrast to the west side . It includes large areas of semiarid steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades ; the Hanford reservation receives an average annual precipitation of 6 to 7 inches ( 150 to 180 mm ) . Farther east , the climate becomes less arid , with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches ( 540 mm ) in Pullman , near the Washington - Idaho border . The Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state . The Palouse southeast region of Washington was grassland that has been mostly converted into farmland , and extends to the Blue Mountains . Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in Washington Köppen climate types of Washington state As described above , Washington 's climate varies greatly from west to east . An oceanic climate ( also called `` west coast marine climate '' ) predominates in western Washington , and a much drier semi-arid climate prevails east of the Cascade Range . Major factors determining Washington 's climate include the large semi-permanent high pressure and low pressure systems of the north Pacific Ocean , the continental air masses of North America , and the Olympic and Cascade mountains . In the spring and summer , a high pressure anticyclone system dominates the north Pacific Ocean , causing air to spiral out in a clockwise fashion . For Washington this means prevailing winds from the northwest bring relatively cool air and a predictably dry season . Dryland farming caused a large dust storm in arid parts of eastern Washington on October 4 , 2009 . Courtesy : NASA / GSFC , MODIS Rapid Response . In the autumn and winter , a low - pressure cyclone system takes over in the north Pacific Ocean , with air spiraling inward in a counter-clockwise fashion . This causes Washington 's prevailing winds , the Chinooks , to come from the southwest , bringing relatively warm and moist air masses and a predictably wet season . The term `` Pineapple Express '' is used colloquially to describe the extreme form of the wet - season Chinook winds . Despite western Washington 's having a marine climate similar to those of many coastal cities of Europe , there are exceptions such as the `` Big Snow '' events of 1880 , 1881 , 1893 and 1916 and the `` deep freeze '' winters of 1883 -- 84 , 1915 -- 16 , 1949 -- 50 and 1955 -- 56 , among others . During these events western Washington experienced up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of snow , sub-zero ( − 18 ° C ) temperatures , three months with snow on the ground , and lakes and rivers frozen over for weeks . Seattle 's lowest officially recorded temperature is 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) set on January 31 , 1950 , but low - altitude areas approximately three hours away from Seattle have recorded lows as cold as − 48 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) . Weather during the cold season is greatly influenced by the Southern Oscillation . During the El Niño phase , the jet stream enters the U.S. farther south through California , therefore late fall and winter are drier than normal with less snowpack . The La Niña phase reinforces the jet stream through the Pacific Northwest , causing Washington to have even more rain and snow than average . In 2006 , the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington published The Impacts of Climate change in Washington 's Economy , a preliminary assessment on the risks and opportunities presented given the possibility of a rise in global temperatures and their effects on Washington state . Rain shadow effects ( edit ) Main article : Rain shadow Washington experiences extensive variation in rainfall . Rainfall in Washington varies dramatically going from east to west . The western side of the Olympic Peninsula receives as much as 160 inches ( 4,100 mm ) of precipitation annually , making it the wettest area of the 48 conterminous states and a temperate rainforest . Weeks may pass without a clear day . The western slopes of the Cascade Range receive some of the heaviest annual snowfall ( in some places more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimetres water equivalent ) in the country . In the rain shadow area east of the Cascades , the annual precipitation is only 6 inches ( 150 mm ) . Precipitation then increases again eastward toward the Rocky Mountains . The Olympic mountains and Cascades compound this climatic pattern by causing orographic lift of the air masses blown inland from the Pacific Ocean , resulting in the windward side of the mountains receiving high levels of precipitation and the leeward side receiving low levels . This occurs most dramatically around the Olympic Mountains and the Cascade Range . In both cases the windward slopes facing southwest receive high precipitation and mild , cool temperatures . While the Puget Sound lowlands are known for clouds and rain in the winter , the western slopes of the Cascades receive larger amounts of precipitation , often falling as snow at higher elevations . ( Mount Baker , near the state 's northern border , is one of the snowiest places in the world : in 1999 , it set the world record for snowfall in a single season : 1,140 inches ( 95 ft ; 29 m ) . ) East of the Cascades , a large region experiences strong rain shadow effects . Semi-arid conditions occur in much of eastern Washington with the strongest rain shadow effects at the relatively low elevations of the central Columbia Plateau -- especially the region just east of the Columbia River from about the Snake River to the Okanagan Highland . Thus instead of rain forests much of eastern Washington is covered with grassland and shrub - steppe . Temperatures ( edit ) The average annual temperature ranges from 51 ° F ( 11 ° C ) on the Pacific coast to 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the northeast . The lowest temperature recorded in the state was − 48 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) in Winthrop and Mazama . The highest recorded temperature in the state was 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) at Ice Harbor Dam . Both records were set east of the Cascades . Western Washington is known for its mild climate , considerable fog , frequent cloud cover and long - lasting drizzles in the winter , and warm , temperate summers . The Eastern region occasionally experiences extreme climate . Arctic cold fronts in the winter and heat waves in the summer are not uncommon . In the Western region , temperatures have reached as high as 112 ° F ( 44 ° C ) in Marietta - Alderwood. and as low as − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) in Longview . ( hide ) Climate data for Washington State ( 1895 - 2015 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 74 ( 23 ) 83 ( 28 ) 95 ( 35 ) 103 ( 39 ) 107 ( 42 ) 113 ( 45 ) 118 ( 48 ) 118 ( 48 ) 111 ( 44 ) 99 ( 37 ) 83 ( 28 ) 74 ( 23 ) 118 ( 48 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 60 ( 16 ) 64 ( 18 ) 73 ( 23 ) 86 ( 30 ) 94 ( 34 ) 102 ( 39 ) 109 ( 43 ) 106 ( 41 ) 98 ( 37 ) 84 ( 29 ) 67 ( 19 ) 60 ( 16 ) 112 ( 44 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 34.8 ( 1.6 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 47.7 ( 8.7 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 69.9 ( 21.1 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 77.3 ( 25.2 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 56.15 ( 13.43 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 23.0 ( − 5 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 29.6 ( − 1.3 ) 34.2 ( 1.2 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 50.5 ( 10.3 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 44.7 ( 7.1 ) 37.2 ( 2.9 ) 29.9 ( − 1.2 ) 25.3 ( − 3.7 ) 36.35 ( 2.42 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) − 19 ( − 28 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 16 ( − 9 ) ( − 17 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) − 20 ( − 29 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 42 ( − 41 ) − 40 ( − 40 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 7 ( − 22 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 48 ( − 44 ) − 48 ( − 44 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 6.08 ( 154.4 ) 4.61 ( 117.1 ) 4.23 ( 107.4 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 2.31 ( 58.7 ) 1.89 ( 48 ) 0.85 ( 21.6 ) 1.02 ( 25.9 ) 1.93 ( 49 ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 6.22 ( 158 ) 6.52 ( 165.6 ) 42.2 ( 1,071.8 ) Source # 1 : `` Office of the Washington State Climatologist '' . OWSC . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Source # 2 : `` Comparative Data for the Western States . '' . WRCC . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Bellingham Ephrata Forks Paradise Richland Seattle Spokane Vancouver Winthrop Yakima Average daily high and low temperatures in ° F ( ° C ) in cities and other locations in Washington colored and sortable by average temperature Place Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Bellingham 48 / 36 ( 9 / 2 ) 50 / 36 ( 10 / 2 ) 54 / 39 ( 12 / 4 ) 59 / 42 ( 15 / 6 ) 64 / 47 ( 18 / 8 ) 69 / 51 ( 21 / 11 ) 73 / 54 ( 23 / 12 ) 74 / 54 ( 23 / 12 ) 68 / 50 ( 20 / 10 ) 59 / 45 ( 15 / 7 ) 51 / 39 ( 11 / 4 ) 46 / 35 ( 8 / 2 ) Ephrata 35 / 22 ( 2 / − 6 ) 43 / 26 ( 6 / − 3 ) 54 / 32 ( 12 / 0 ) 63 / 38 ( 17 / 3 ) 72 / 46 ( 22 / 8 ) 80 / 54 ( 27 / 12 ) 88 / 60 ( 31 / 16 ) 87 / 59 ( 31 / 15 ) 78 / 50 ( 26 / 10 ) 62 / 39 ( 17 / 4 ) 45 / 29 ( 7 / − 2 ) 34 / 21 ( 1 / − 6 ) Forks 47 / 36 ( 8 / 2 ) 49 / 35 ( 9 / 2 ) 51 / 37 ( 11 / 3 ) 55 / 39 ( 13 / 4 ) 60 / 43 ( 16 / 6 ) 63 / 48 ( 17 / 9 ) 67 / 51 ( 19 / 11 ) 69 / 51 ( 21 / 11 ) 66 / 47 ( 19 / 8 ) 58 / 42 ( 14 / 6 ) 50 / 38 ( 10 / 3 ) 46 / 35 ( 8 / 2 ) Paradise 35 / 23 ( 2 / − 5 ) 36 / 22 ( 2 / − 6 ) 38 / 24 ( 3 / − 4 ) 42 / 26 ( 6 / − 3 ) 49 / 32 ( 9 / 0 ) 55 / 36 ( 13 / 2 ) 63 / 43 ( 17 / 6 ) 65 / 44 ( 18 / 7 ) 58 / 40 ( 14 / 4 ) 48 / 33 ( 9 / 1 ) 37 / 25 ( 3 / − 4 ) 34 / 21 ( 1 / − 6 ) Richland 41 / 29 ( 5 / − 2 ) 47 / 30 ( 8 / − 1 ) 58 / 35 ( 14 / 2 ) 65 / 41 ( 18 / 5 ) 73 / 48 ( 23 / 9 ) 80 / 54 ( 27 / 12 ) 88 / 59 ( 31 / 15 ) 88 / 58 ( 31 / 14 ) 78 / 50 ( 26 / 10 ) 64 / 40 ( 18 / 4 ) 49 / 34 ( 9 / 1 ) 38 / 27 ( 3 / − 3 ) Seattle 47 / 37 ( 8 / 3 ) 50 / 37 ( 10 / 3 ) 54 / 39 ( 12 / 4 ) 59 / 42 ( 15 / 6 ) 65 / 47 ( 18 / 8 ) 70 / 52 ( 21 / 11 ) 76 / 56 ( 24 / 13 ) 76 / 56 ( 24 / 13 ) 71 / 52 ( 22 / 11 ) 60 / 46 ( 16 / 8 ) 51 / 40 ( 11 / 4 ) 46 / 36 ( 8 / 2 ) Spokane 35 / 24 ( 2 / − 4 ) 40 / 25 ( 4 / − 4 ) 49 / 31 ( 9 / − 1 ) 57 / 36 ( 14 / 2 ) 67 / 43 ( 19 / 6 ) 74 / 50 ( 23 / 10 ) 83 / 55 ( 28 / 13 ) 83 / 55 ( 28 / 13 ) 73 / 46 ( 23 / 8 ) 58 / 36 ( 14 / 2 ) 42 / 29 ( 6 / − 2 ) 32 / 22 ( 0 / − 6 ) Vancouver 47 / 33 ( 8 / 1 ) 51 / 33 ( 11 / 1 ) 56 / 37 ( 13 / 3 ) 60 / 40 ( 16 / 4 ) 67 / 45 ( 19 / 7 ) 72 / 50 ( 22 / 10 ) 78 / 54 ( 26 / 12 ) 79 / 53 ( 26 / 12 ) 75 / 48 ( 24 / 9 ) 63 / 41 ( 17 / 5 ) 52 / 37 ( 11 / 3 ) 46 / 32 ( 8 / 0 ) Winthrop 31 / 15 ( − 1 / − 9 ) 39 / 18 ( 4 / − 8 ) 51 / 26 ( 11 / − 3 ) 62 / 32 ( 17 / 0 ) 71 / 40 ( 22 / 4 ) 78 / 46 ( 26 / 8 ) 86 / 50 ( 30 / 10 ) 86 / 49 ( 30 / 9 ) 78 / 41 ( 26 / 5 ) 62 / 32 ( 17 / 0 ) 42 / 25 ( 6 / − 4 ) 29 / 14 ( − 2 / − 10 ) Yakima 39 / 23 ( 4 / − 5 ) 46 / 26 ( 8 / − 3 ) 56 / 30 ( 13 / − 1 ) 64 / 34 ( 18 / 1 ) 72 / 42 ( 22 / 6 ) 80 / 48 ( 27 / 9 ) 88 / 53 ( 31 / 12 ) 87 / 52 ( 31 / 11 ) 78 / 44 ( 26 / 7 ) 64 / 34 ( 18 / 1 ) 48 / 27 ( 9 / − 3 ) 36 / 21 ( 2 / − 6 ) Flora and fauna ( edit ) Black - tailed deer graze at Deer Park in Olympic National Park See also : List of flora of Washington ( state ) , List of fauna of Washington ( state ) , and List of federal lands in Washington ( state ) Forests cover 52 % of the state 's land area , mostly west of the North Cascades . Approximately two - thirds of Washington 's forested area is publicly owned , including 64 % of federal land . Other common trees and plants in the region are camassia , Douglas fir , hemlock , penstemon , ponderosa pine , western red cedar , and many species of ferns . The state 's various areas of wilderness offer sanctuary , with substantially large populations of shorebirds and marine mammals . The Pacific shore surrounding the San Juan Islands are heavily inhabited with killer , gray and humpback whales . Mammals native to the state include the bat , black bear , bobcat , cougar , coyote , deer , elk , gray wolf , moose , mountain beaver , muskrat , opossum , pocket gopher , raccoon , river otter , skunk , and tree squirrel . Because of the wide range of geography , the State of Washington is home to several different ecoregions which allow for a varied range of bird species . This range includes raptors , shorebirds , woodland birds , grassland birds , ducks , and others . There have also been a large number of species introduced to Washington , dating back to the early 18th century , including horses and burros . The channel catfish , lamprey , and sturgeon are among the 400 known freshwater fishes . Along with the Cascades frog , there are several forms of snakes that define the most prominent reptiles and amphibians . Coastal bays and islands are often inhabited by plentiful amounts of shellfish and whales . There are five species of salmon that ascend the Western Washington area , from streams to spawn . Washington has a variety of National Park Service units . Among these are the Alta Lake State Park , Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area , San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge , as well as three national parks , the Olympic National Park , North Cascades National Park and Mount Rainier National Park . The three national parks were established between 1899 and 1968 . Almost 95 % ( 876,517 acres , 354,714 hectares , 3,547.14 square kilometers ) of Olympic National Park 's area has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System . Additionally , there are 143 state parks and 9 national forests , run by the Washington State Park System and the United States Forest Service . The Okanogan National Forest is the largest national forest located on the West Coast , encompassing 1,499,023 acres ( 606,633 ha ) . It is managed together as the Okanogan -- Wenatchee National Forest , encompassing a considerablely larger area of around 3,239,404 acres ( 1,310,940 ha ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Washington ( state ) Early History ( edit ) A farm and barren hills near Riverside , in north central Washington . The skeletal remains of Kennewick Man , one of the oldest and most complete human remains ever found in North America , were discovered in Washington . Before the coming of Europeans , the region had many established tribes of aboriginal Americans , notable for their totem poles and their ornately carved canoes and masks . Prominent among their industries were salmon fishing and , notably among the Makah , whale hunting . The peoples of the Interior had a very different subsistence - based culture based on hunting , food - gathering and some forms of agriculture , as well as a dependency on salmon from the Columbia and its tributaries . The smallpox epidemic of the 1770s devastated the Native American population . European exploration ( edit ) The first recorded European landing on the Washington coast was by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta in 1775 , on board the Santiago , part of a two - ship flotilla with the Sonora . He claimed all the coastal lands up to Prince William Sound for Spain as part of their claimed rights under the Treaty of Tordesillas , which they maintained made the Pacific a `` Spanish lake '' and all its shores part of the Spanish Empire . In 1778 , British explorer Captain James Cook sighted Cape Flattery , at the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca , but Cook did not realize the strait existed . It was not discovered until Charles William Barkley , captain of the Imperial Eagle , sighted it in 1787 . The straits were further explored by Spanish explorers Manuel Quimper in 1790 and Francisco de Eliza in 1791 , and British explorer George Vancouver in 1792 . Settlement ( edit ) The British - Spanish Nootka Convention of 1790 ended Spanish claims of exclusivity and opened the Northwest Coast to explorers and traders from other nations , most notably Britain and Russia as well as the fledgling United States . American captain Robert Gray ( for whom Grays Harbor County is named ) then discovered the mouth of the Columbia River . He named the river after his ship , the Columbia . Beginning in 1792 , Gray established trade in sea otter pelts . The Lewis and Clark Expedition entered the state on October 10 , 1805 . Explorer David Thompson , on his voyage down the Columbia River camped at the confluence with the Snake River on July 9 , 1811 , and erected a pole and a notice claiming the country for Great Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a trading post at the site . Fur trading at Fort Nez Percés in 1841 Britain and the United States agreed to what has since been described as `` joint occupancy '' of lands west of the Continental Divide to the Pacific Ocean as part of the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 , which established the 49th Parallel as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains . Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues , west to the Pacific , were deferred until a later time . Spain , in 1819 , ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States , although these rights did not include possession . Negotiations with Great Britain over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the Oregon boundary dispute was highly contested between Britain and the United States . Disputed joint - occupancy by Britain and the U.S. lasted for several decades . With American settlers pouring into Oregon Country , Hudson 's Bay Company , which had previously discouraged settlement because it conflicted with the fur trade , reversed its position in an attempt to maintain British control of the Columbia District . Fur trapper James Sinclair , on orders from Sir George Simpson , Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company , led some 200 settlers from the Red River Colony west in 1841 to settle on Hudson Bay Company farms near Fort Vancouver . The party crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley , near present - day Radium Hot Springs , British Columbia , then traveled south - west down the Kootenai River and Columbia River . Despite such efforts , Britain eventually ceded all claims to land south of the 49th parallel to the United States in the Oregon Treaty on June 15 , 1846 . In 1836 , a group of missionaries including Marcus Whitman established several missions and Whitman 's own settlement Waiilatpu , in what is now southeastern Washington state , near present day Walla Walla County , in territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Perce Indian tribes . Whitman 's settlement would in 1843 help the Oregon Trail , the overland emigration route to the west , get established for thousands of emigrants in following decades . Marcus provided medical care for the Native Americans , but when Indian patients -- lacking immunity to new , ' European ' diseases -- died in striking numbers , while at the same time many white patients recovered , they held ' medicine man ' Marcus Whitman personally responsible , and murdered Whitman and twelve other white settlers in the Whitman massacre in 1847 . This event triggered the Cayuse War between settlers and Indians . Fort Nisqually , a farm and trading post of the Hudson 's Bay Company and the first European settlement in the Puget Sound area , was founded in 1833 . Black pioneer George Washington Bush and his Caucasian wife , Isabella James Bush , from Missouri and Tennessee , respectively , led four white families into the territory and founded New Market , now Tumwater , in 1846 . They settled in Washington to avoid Oregon 's discriminatory settlement laws . After them , many more settlers , migrating overland along the Oregon trail , wandered north to settle in the Puget Sound area . Statehood ( edit ) See also : Washington Territory Yesler Way , Seattle , 1887 The growing populace of Oregon Territory north of the Columbia River formally requested a new territory , which was granted by the U.S. government in 1853 . The boundary of Washington Territory initially extended farther east than the present state 's , including what is now the Idaho Panhandle and parts of western Montana , and picked up more land to the southeast that was left behind when Oregon was admitted as a state . The creation of Idaho Territory in 1863 established the final eastern border . A Washington State constitution was drafted and ratified in 1878 , but it was never officially adopted . Although never approved by Congress , the 1878 constitution is an important historical document which shows the political thinking of the time . It was used extensively during the drafting of Washington State 's 1889 constitution , the one and only official Constitution of the State of Washington . Washington became the 42nd state in the United States on November 11 , 1889 . Early prominent industries in the state included agriculture and lumber . In eastern Washington , the Yakima River Valley became known for its apple orchards , while the growth of wheat using dry farming techniques became particularly productive . Heavy rainfall to the west of the Cascade Range produced dense forests , and the ports along Puget Sound prospered from the manufacturing and shipping of lumber products , particularly the Douglas fir . Other industries that developed in the state included fishing , salmon canning and mining . Industrial era ( edit ) Boeing B - 17E Flying Fortress bombers under construction , c. 1942 For a long period , Tacoma had large smelters where gold , silver , copper and lead ores were treated . Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country , and for a time it possessed a large shipbuilding industry . The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and World War II , and the Boeing company became an established icon in the area . During the Great Depression , a series of hydroelectric dams were constructed along the Columbia river as part of a project to increase the production of electricity . This culminated in 1941 with the completion of the Grand Coulee Dam , the largest concrete structure in the United States . During World War II , the state became a focus for war industries . While the Boeing Company produced many of the nation 's heavy bombers , ports in Seattle , Bremerton , Vancouver , and Tacoma were available for the manufacture of warships . Seattle was the point of departure for many soldiers in the Pacific , a number of whom were quartered at Golden Gardens Park . In eastern Washington , the Hanford Works atomic energy plant was opened in 1943 and played a major role in the construction of the nation 's atomic bombs . Mount St. Helens eruption , 1980 ( edit ) Main article : 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens On May 18 , 1980 , following a period of heavy tremors and eruptions , the northeast face of Mount St. Helens erupted violently , destroying a large part of the top of the volcano . The eruption flattened the forests , killed 57 people , flooded the Columbia River and its tributaries with ash and mud , and blanketed large parts of Washington eastward and other surrounding states in ash , making day look like night . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,201 -- 1860 11,594 865.4 % 1870 23,955 106.6 % 1880 75,116 213.6 % 1890 357,232 375.6 % 1900 518,103 45.0 % 1910 1,141,990 120.4 % 1920 1,356,621 18.8 % 1930 1,563,396 15.2 % 1940 1,736,191 11.1 % 1950 2,378,963 37.0 % 1960 2,853,214 19.9 % 1970 3,409,169 19.5 % 1980 4,132,156 21.2 % 1990 4,866,692 17.8 % 2000 5,894,121 21.1 % 6,724,540 14.1 % Est. 2016 7,288,000 8.4 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 Population ( edit ) The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Washington was 7,288,000 on July 1 , 2016 , an 8.4 % increase since the 2010 Census . In 2015 , the state ranked 13th overall in population , and was the third most populous , after California and Texas , west of the Mississippi River . Washington has the largest Pacific Northwest population , followed by Oregon , then Idaho . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Washington was 6,724,540 . The Seattle - Tacoma - Bellevue Metropolitan Area population was 3,439,809 in the 2010 Census , half the state total . The center of population of Washington in 2000 was in an unpopulated part of the Cascade Mountains in rural eastern King County , southeast of North Bend , northeast of Enumclaw and west of Snoqualmie Pass . Washington 's proportion of residents under age five was 6.7 % , and 25.7 % under 18 , and 11.2 % 65 or older . Female residents were 50.2 % of the population . The racial makeup of the population as of the 2010 Census was : White : 77.3 % ( 72.5 % non-Hispanic ) Black or African American : 3.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 1.5 % Asian : 7.2 % ( 0.9 % Asian Indian , 1.4 % Chinese , 1.4 % Filipino , 0.5 % Japanese , 0.9 % Korean , 1.0 % Vietnamese , 1 % other ) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.6 % ( 0.1 % Native Hawaiian , 0.1 % Guamanian , 0.2 % Samoan , 0.2 % other ) Other race : 5.2 % Two or more races : 4.7 % Washington Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 88.5 % 81.8 % 77.3 % Black or African American 3.1 % 3.2 % 3.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native 1.7 % 1.6 % 1.5 % Asian 4.3 % 5.5 % 7.2 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander -- 0.4 % 0.6 % Other race 2.4 % 3.9 % 5.2 % Two or more races -- 3.6 % 4.7 % Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.2 % of the population in 2010 : 8.9 % were of Mexican , 0.4 % Puerto Rican , 0.1 % Cuban , and 1.8 % other Hispanic or Latino origin . According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the largest ancestry groups were German ( 18.1 % ) , Irish ( 11.0 % ) , English ( 10.5 % ) , Norwegian ( 5.4 % ) , and American ( 4.9 % ) . Birth Data ( edit ) In 2011 , 44.3 % of Washington 's population younger than age 1 were minorities . Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White : 69,376 ( 80.1 % ) 70,966 ( 80.1 % ) 71,041 ( 78.9 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 54,779 ( 63.2 % ) 55,872 ( 63.1 % ) 55,352 ( 62.2 % ) Asian 9,820 ( 11.3 % ) 10,306 ( 11.6 % ) 10,611 ( 11.9 % ) Black 5,241 ( 6.0 % ) 5,254 ( 5.9 % ) 5,302 ( 6.0 % ) Native 2,140 ( 2.5 % ) 2,059 ( 2.3 % ) 2,036 ( 2.3 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 15,575 ( 18.0 % ) 15,779 ( 17.8 % ) 16,073 ( 18.1 % ) Total Washington 86,577 ( 100 % ) 88,585 ( 100 % ) 88,990 ( 100 % ) Areas of concentration ( edit ) Washington population density map While the population of African Americans in the Pacific Northwest is scarce overall , they are mostly concentrated in the South End and Central District areas of Seattle , and in inner Tacoma . The black community of Seattle consisted of one individual in 1858 , Manuel Lopes , and grew to a population of 406 by 1900 . It developed substantially during and after World War II when wartime industries and the U.S. Armed Forces employed and recruited tens of thousands of African Americans from the Southeastern United States . They moved west in the second wave of the Great Migration left a high influence in West Coast rock music and R&B and soul in the 1960s , including Seattle native Jimi Hendrix , a pioneer in hard rock , who was of African American and Cherokee Indian descent . American Indians lived on Indian reservations or jurisdictory lands such as the Colville Indian Reservation , Makah , Muckleshoot Indian Reservation , Quinault ( tribe ) , Salish people , Spokane Indian Reservation , and Yakama Indian Reservation . The westernmost and Pacific coasts have primarily American Indian communities , such as the Chinook , Lummi , and Salish . But Urban Indian communities formed by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs relocation programs in Seattle since the end of World War II brought a variety of Native American peoples to this diverse metropolis . The city was named for Chief Seattle in the very early 1850s when European Americans settled the sound . Chinese New Year , Seattle , 2011 Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are mostly concentrated in the Seattle − Tacoma metropolitan area of the state . Seattle , Bellevue , and Redmond , which are all located within King County , have sizable Chinese communities ( including Taiwanese ) , as well as significant Indian and Japanese communities . The Chinatown - International District in Seattle has a historical Chinese population dating back to the 1860s , who mainly emigrated from Guangdong Province in southern China , and is home to a diverse East and Southeast Asian community . Koreans are heavily concentrated in the suburban cities of Federal Way and Auburn to the south and in Lynnwood to the north . Tacoma is home to thousands of Cambodians , and has one of the largest Cambodian - American communities in the United States , along with Long Beach , California and Lowell , Massachusetts . The Vietnamese and Filipino populations of Washington are mostly concentrated within the Seattle metropolitan area . Washington state has the second highest percentage of Pacific Islander people in the mainland U.S. ( behind Utah ) ; the Seattle - Tacoma area is home to over 15,000 people of Samoan ancestry , who mainly reside in southeast Seattle , Tacoma , Federal Way , and in SeaTac . The most numerous ( ethnic , not racial , group ) are Latinos at 11 % , as Mexican Americans formed a large ethnic group in the Chehalis Valley , farming areas of Yakima Valley and Eastern Washington . They were reported to at least date as far back as the 1800s . But it was in the late 20th century , that large - scale Mexican immigration and other Latinos settled in the southern suburbs of Seattle with limited concentrations in King , Pierce and Snohomish Counties during the region 's real estate construction booms in the 1980s and 1990s . Additionally , Washington has a large Ethiopian community , with many Eritrean residents as well . Both emerged in the late 1960s and developed since 1980 . The number of Somali immigrants residing in the Seattle area are estimated to being in the several thousands to over 30,000 . Cities and towns ( edit ) See also : List of cities in Washington Largest cities or towns in Washington Source : Rank County Pop . Seattle Spokane Seattle King 704,352 Tacoma Vancouver Spokane Spokane 215,973 Tacoma Pierce 211,277 Vancouver Clark 174,826 5 Bellevue King 141,400 6 Kent King 127,514 7 Everett Snohomish 109,043 8 Renton King 100,953 9 Federal Way King 96,757 10 Spokane Valley Spokane 96,340 Languages ( edit ) Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Washington Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 7.79 % Chinese ( including Cantonese and Mandarin ) 1.19 % Vietnamese 0.94 % Tagalog 0.84 % Korean 0.83 % Russian 0.80 % German 0.55 % Japanese 0.39 % French 0.33 % Ukrainian 0.27 % In 2010 , 82.51 % ( 5,060,313 ) of Washington residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 7.79 % ( 477,566 ) spoke Spanish , 1.19 % ( 72,552 ) Chinese ( which includes Cantonese and Mandarin ) , 0.94 % ( 57,895 ) Vietnamese , 0.84 % ( 51,301 ) Tagalog , 0.83 % ( 50,757 ) Korean , 0.80 % ( 49,282 ) Russian , and German was spoken as a main language by 0.55 % ( 33,744 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 17.49 % ( 1,073,002 ) of Washington 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Pacific Northwest § Spirituality and religion Major religious affiliations of the people of Washington are : Christian : 60 % Evangelical Protestant : 25 % Mainline Protestant : 14 % Catholic : 17 % Mormon : 4 % Unaffiliated : 32 % Jewish : 1 % Hinduism : 1.0 % Muslim : 0.5 % Other religions 3 % The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 784,332 ; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( Mormon ) with 282,356 ; and the Assemblies of God with 125,005 . Aquarian Tabernacle Church is the largest Wiccan church in the country . As with many other Western states , the percentage of Washington 's population identifying themselves as `` non-religious '' is higher than the national average . The percentage of non-religious people in Washington is one of the highest in the United States . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Washington ( state ) See also : Mountain recreation economy of Washington , Washington locations by per capita income , and List of Washington ( state ) companies Microsoft Corporation headquarters in Redmond , an Eastside suburb of Seattle . The 2014 total gross state product for Washington was $425.017 billion , placing it 14th in the nation . The per capita GDP in 2009 was $52,403 , 10th in the nation . Significant business within the state include the design and manufacture of aircraft ( Boeing ) , automotive ( Paccar ) , computer software development ( Microsoft , Bungie , Amazon.com , Nintendo of America , Valve Corporation , ArenaNet ) , telecom ( T - Mobile US ) , electronics , biotechnology , aluminum production , lumber and wood products ( Weyerhaeuser ) , mining , beverages ( Starbucks , Jones Soda ) , real estate ( John L. Scott , Colliers International , Windermere Real Estate , Kidder Mathews ) , retail ( Nordstrom , Eddie Bauer , Car Toys , Costco , R.E.I. ) , and tourism ( Alaska Airlines , Expedia , Inc . ) . A Fortune magazine survey of the top 20 Most Admired Companies in the US has four Washington - based companies : Amazon.com , Starbucks , Microsoft , and Costco . The state has significant amounts of hydroelectric power generation at over 80 % . Also , significant amounts of trade with Asia pass through the ports of the Puget Sound leading to a number 6 ranking of US ports ( ranking combines Twenty - foot Equivalent Units moved and Infrastructure index ) . With the passage of Initiative 1183 , the Washington State Liquor Control Board ( WSLCB ) ended its monopoly of all - state liquor store and liquor distribution operations on June 1 , 2012 . Among its resident billionaires , Washington boasts Bill Gates , technology advisor and former Chairman & CEO of Microsoft , who , with a net worth of $84.1 billion , is the wealthiest man in the world as of 2013 . Other Washington state billionaires include Paul Allen ( Microsoft ) , Steve Ballmer ( Microsoft ) , Jeff Bezos ( Amazon ) , Craig McCaw ( McCaw Cellular Communications ) , James Jannard ( Oakley ) , Howard Schultz ( Starbucks ) , and Charles Simonyi ( Microsoft ) . As of January 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate is 6.3 percent . Taxes ( edit ) Starbucks headquarters , Seattle The state of Washington is one of seven states that does not levy a personal income tax . The state does not collect a corporate income tax or franchise tax either . Washington businesses are responsible for various other state levies , including the business and occupation tax ( B & O ) , a gross receipts tax which charges varying rates for different types of businesses . Washington 's state base sales tax is 6.5 percent which is combined with a local sales tax which varies by locality . As of March 2017 , the combined sales tax rate in Seattle and Tacoma was 10.1 percent . The cities of Lynwood and Mill Creek have the highest sale tax rate in the state at 10.4 percent . These taxes apply to services as well as products . Most foods are exempt from sales tax ; however , prepared foods , dietary supplements and soft drinks remain taxable . The combined state and local retail sales tax rates increase the taxes paid by consumers , depending on the variable local sales tax rates , generally between 8 and 9 percent . An excise tax applies to certain select products such as gasoline , cigarettes , and alcoholic beverages . Property tax was the first tax levied in the state of Washington and its collection accounts for about 30 percent of Washington 's total state and local revenue . It continues to be the most important revenue source for public schools , fire protection , libraries , parks and recreation , and other special purpose districts . All real property and personal property is subject to tax unless specifically exempted by law . Personal property also is taxed , although most personal property owned by individuals is exempt . Personal property tax applies to personal property used when conducting business or to other personal property not exempt by law . All property taxes are paid to the county treasurer 's office where the property is located . Washington does not impose a tax on intangible assets such as bank accounts , stocks or bonds . Neither does the state assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state . Washington does not collect inheritance taxes ; however , the estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws , and therefore the state imposes its own estate tax . Washington 's tax policy differs significantly from neighboring Oregon 's , which levies no sales tax but a very high income tax . This leads to border economic anomalies in the Portland - Vancouver metropolitan area . Additional border economies exist with neighboring Canada and Idaho . Agriculture ( edit ) Azwell , Washington , a small community of pickers ' cabins and apple orchards . Washington is a leading agricultural state . ( The following figures are from the Washington State Department of Agriculture and the USDA , National Agricultural Statistics Service , Washington Field Office . ) For 2013 , the total value of Washington 's agricultural products was $10.2 billion . In 2013 , Washington ranked first in the nation in production of red raspberries ( 92.7 percent of total U.S. production ) , hops ( 79.2 percent ) , spearmint oil ( 72.9 percent ) , wrinkled seed peas ( 60 percent ) , apples ( 57 percent ) , sweet cherries ( 50.9 percent ) , pears ( 49.5 percent ) , Concord grapes ( 36.5 percent ) , carrots for processing ( 36.5 percent ) , green peas for processing ( 34.4 percent ) , and peppermint oil ( 31.4 percent ) . Washington also ranked second in the nation in production of fall potatoes ( a quarter of the nation 's production ) , nectarines , apricots , grapes ( all varieties taken together ) , sweet corn for processing ( a quarter of the nation 's production ) , and summer onions ( a fifth of the nation 's production ) . The apple industry is of particular importance to Washington . Because of the favorable climate of dry , warm summers and cold winters of central Washington , the state has led the U.S. in apple production since the 1920s . Two areas account for the vast majority of the state 's apple crop : the Wenatchee -- Okanogan region ( comprising Chelan , Okanogan , Douglas , and Grant counties ) , and the Yakima region ( comprising Yakima , Benton and Kittitas counties ) . Wine ( edit ) Main article : Washington wine Washington ranks second in the United States in the production of wine , behind only California . By 2006 , the state had over 31,000 acres ( 130 km ) of vineyards , a harvest of 120,000 short tons ( 109,000 t ) of grapes , and exports going to over 40 countries around the world from the 600 wineries located in the state . While there are some viticultural activities in the cooler , wetter western half of the state , the majority ( 99 % ) of wine grape production takes place in the desert - like eastern half . The rain shadow of the Cascade Range leaves the Columbia River Basin with around 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of annual rain fall , making irrigation and water rights of paramount interest to the Washington wine industry . Viticulture in the state is also influenced by long sunlight hours ( on average , two more hours a day than in California during the growing season ) and consistent temperatures . Internet access ( edit ) As of December 2014 , there are 124 broadband providers that offer service to Washington state , with 93 % of consumers having access to broadband speeds of 25 / 3mbps or more . Additionally , some 406,000 people in Washington live in an area served by only one broadband provider , leaving them without a competitive market . From 2009 -- 2014 the Washington State Broadband Project was awarded $7.3 M in federal grants but the program was discontinued in 2014 . For infrastructure , another $166 M has been awarded since 2011 for broadband infrastructure projects in Washington state . Transportation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Washington has the largest ferry system in the United States . Floating bridges on Lake Washington . Washington has a system of state highways , called State Routes , as well as an extensive ferry system which is the largest in the nation and the third largest in the world . There are 140 public airfields in Washington , including 16 state airports owned by the Washington State Department of Transportation . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport ( Sea - Tac ) is the major commercial airport of greater Seattle . Boeing Field in Seattle is one of the busiest primary non-hub airports in the US . There are extensive waterways in the midst of Washington 's largest cites , including Seattle , Bellevue , Tacoma and Olympia . The state highways incorporate an extensive network of bridges and the largest ferry system in the United States to serve transportation needs in the Puget Sound area . Washington 's marine highway constitutes a fleet of twenty - eight ferries that navigate Puget Sound and its inland waterways to 20 different ports of call , completing close to 147,000 sailings each year . Washington is home to four of the five longest floating bridges in the world : the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge , Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge over Lake Washington , and the Hood Canal Bridge which connects the Olympic Peninsula and Kitsap Peninsula . Washington has a number of seaports on the Pacific Ocean , including Seattle , Tacoma , Kalama , Anacortes , Vancouver , Longview , Greys County , Olympia , and Port Angeles . The Cascade Mountain Range also impedes transportation . Washington operates and maintains roads over seven major mountain passes and eight minor passes . During winter months some of these passes are plowed , sanded , and kept safe with avalanche control . Not all stay open through the winter . The North Cascades Highway , State Route 20 , closes every year due to snowfall and avalanches in the area of Washington Pass . The Cayuse and Chinook Passes east of Mount Rainier also close in winter . Washington is crossed by a number of freight railroads , and Amtrak 's passenger Cascade route between Eugene , Oregon and Vancouver , BC is the eighth busiest Amtrak service in the US , and one of the few profitable routes in the system . Public transportation has generally lagged , although the much - delayed link light rail system in the greater Seattle region opened its first line in 2009 . Residents of Vancouver have resisted proposals to extend Portland 's mass transit system into Washington . Environment ( edit ) In 2007 , Washington became the first state in the nation to target all forms of highly toxic brominated flame retardants known as PBDEs for elimination from the many common household products in which they are used . A 2004 study of 40 mothers from Oregon , Washington , British Columbia , and Montana found PBDEs in the breast milk of every woman tested . Three recent studies by the Washington Department of Ecology showed that toxic chemicals banned decades ago continue to linger in the environment and concentrate in the food chain . In one of the studies , state government scientists found unacceptable levels of toxic substances in 93 samples of freshwater fish collected from 45 sites . The toxic substances included PCBs ; dioxins , two chlorinated pesticides , DDE and dieldrin , and PBDEs . As a result of the study , the department will investigate the sources of PCBs in the Wenatchee River , where unhealthy levels of PCBs were found in mountain whitefish . Based on the 2007 information and a previous 2004 Ecology study , the Washington State Department of Health is advising the public not to eat mountain whitefish from the Wenatchee River from Leavenworth downstream to where the river joins the Columbia , due to unhealthy levels of PCBs . Study results also indicated high levels of contaminants in fish tissue that scientists collected from Lake Washington and the Spokane River , where fish consumption advisories are already in effect . On March 27 , 2006 , Governor Christine Gregoire signed into law the recently approved House Bill 2322 . This bill would limit phosphorus content in dishwashing detergents statewide to 0.5 percent over the next six years . Though the ban would be effective statewide in 2010 , it would take place in Whatcom County , Spokane County , and Clark County in 2008 . A recent discovery had linked high contents of phosphorus in water to a boom in algae population . An invasive amount of algae in bodies of water would eventually lead to a variety of excess ecological and technological issues . Government and politics ( edit ) State government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Washington ( state ) The Washington State Capitol building in Olympia . Washington 's executive branch is headed by a governor elected for a four - year term . The current statewide elected officers are : Jay Inslee , Governor ( D ) Cyrus Habib , Lieutenant Governor ( D ) Kim Wyman , Secretary of State ( R ) Duane Davidson , State Treasurer ( R ) Patrice McCarthy , State Auditor ( D ) Bob Ferguson , Attorney General ( D ) Chris Reykdal , Superintendent of Public Instruction ( non-partisan office ) Hilary Franz , Commissioner of Public Lands ( D ) Mike Kreidler , Insurance Commissioner ( D ) The bicameral Washington State Legislature is the state 's legislative branch . The state legislature is composed of a lower House of Representatives and an upper State Senate . The state is divided into 49 legislative districts of equal population , each of which elects two representatives and one senator . Representatives serve two - year terms , whilst senators serve for four years . There are no term limits . As of the 2013 and 2014 session , the Democratic Party held the majority in the House , while the Republicans had control of the state Senate with a coalition of some Democrats . In the 2014 midterm elections , the Republican Party took full control of the Senate . The Washington Supreme Court is the highest court in the state . Nine justices serve on the bench and are elected statewide . United States Congress ( edit ) See also : United States congressional delegations from Washington The two United States Senators from Washington are Patty Murray ( D ) and Maria Cantwell ( D ) . Washington 's ten representatives in the United States House of Representatives ( see map of districts ) are Suzan DelBene ( D - 1 ) , Richard Ray ( Rick ) Larsen ( D - 2 ) , Jaime Herrera ( R - 3 ) , Dan Newhouse ( R - 4 ) , Cathy McMorris Rodgers ( R - 5 ) , Derek Kilmer ( D - 6 ) , Pramila Jayapal ( D - 7 ) , Dave Reichert ( R - 8 ) , Adam Smith ( D - 9 ) , and Dennis Heck ( D - 10 ) . Due to Congressional redistricting as a result of the 2010 Census , Washington gained one seat in the United States House of Representatives . With the extra seat , Washington also gained one electoral vote . Politics ( edit ) Gubernatorial election results Year Democratic Republican 1952 47.4 % 510,675 52.7 % 567,822 1956 54.6 % 616,773 45.0 % 508,041 1960 50.3 % 611,987 48.9 % 594,122 1964 43.9 % 548,692 55.8 % 697,256 1968 46.7 % 881,994 53.3 % 1,006,993 1972 42.8 % 630,613 50.8 % 747,825 1976 53.1 % 821,797 44.4 % 687,039 1980 43.3 % 749,813 56.7 % 981,083 1984 53.3 % 1,006,993 46.7 % 881,994 1988 62.2 % 1,166,448 37.8 % 708,481 1992 52.2 % 1,184,315 47.8 % 1,086,216 58.0 % 1,296,492 42.0 % 940,538 2000 58.4 % 1,441,973 39.7 % 980,060 48.9 % 1,373,361 48.9 % 1,373,232 2008 53.2 % 1,598,738 46.8 % 1,404,124 2012 51.5 % 1,582,802 48.5 % 1,488,245 2016 54.4 % 1,760,520 45.6 % 1,476,346 Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1952 44.7 % 492,845 54.3 % 599,107 1956 45.4 % 523,002 53.9 % 620,430 1960 48.3 % 599,298 52.7 % 629,273 1964 62.0 % 779,881 37.4 % 470,366 1968 47.2 % 616,037 45.1 % 588,510 1972 38.6 % 568,334 56.9 % 837,135 1976 46.1 % 717,323 50.0 % 777,732 1980 37.3 % 650,193 49.7 % 865,244 1984 42.9 % 807,352 55.8 % 1,051,670 1988 50.1 % 933,516 48.5 % 903,835 1992 43.4 % 993,037 32.0 % 731,234 49.8 % 1,123,323 37.3 % 840,712 2000 50.1 % 1,247,652 44.6 % 1,108,864 52.8 % 1,510,201 45.6 % 1,304,894 2008 57.3 % 1,750,848 40.3 % 1,229,216 2012 56.2 % 1,755,396 41.3 % 1,290,670 2016 54.3 % 1,742,718 38.1 % 1,221,747 See also : Political party strength in Washington ( state ) The state is typically thought of as politically divided by the Cascade Mountains , with Western Washington being liberal ( particularly the I - 5 Corridor ) and Eastern Washington being conservative . Washington has voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in every election since 1988 . Due to Western Washington 's large population , Democrats usually fare better statewide . The Seattle metropolitan combined statistical area , home to almost two - thirds of Washington 's population , generally delivers stronger Democratic margins than most other parts of Western Washington . This is especially true of King County , home to Seattle and almost a third of the state 's population . Washington was considered a key swing state in 1968 , and it was the only western state to give its electoral votes to Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey over his Republican opponent Richard Nixon . Washington was considered a part of the 1994 Republican Revolution , and had the biggest pickup in the house for Republicans , who picked up seven of Washington 's nine House seats . However , this dominance did not last for long as Democrats picked up one seat in the 1996 election and two more in 1998 , giving the Democrats a 5 -- 4 majority . The two current United States Senators from Washington are Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell , both Democrats . The governorship is held by Democrat Jay Inslee , who was elected to his first term in the 2012 gubernatorial election . In 2013 and 2014 both houses of the Washington State Legislature ( the Washington Senate and the Washington House of Representatives ) were controlled by a Democratic majority . The state senate was under Republican control , due to two Democrats joining Republicans to form a Majority Coalition Caucus . After the 2014 elections , the Democrats retained control of the House , while Republicans took a majority in the Senate without the need for a coalition . No state has gone longer without a Republican governor than Washington state . Democrats have controlled the Washington Governor 's Mansion for more than 32 years . The last Republican Governor was John Spellman . Washington has not voted for a Republican senator , governor , or presidential candidate since 1994 - tying Delaware for the longest streak in the country . Passed bills ( edit ) Washington is one of three states to have legalized assisted suicide . In 2008 voted on by initiative the Washington Death with Dignity Act passed and became law . In November 2009 , Washington state voters approved full domestic partnerships via Referendum 71 , marking the first time voters in any state expanded recognition of same - sex relationships at the ballot box . Three years later , in November 2012 , same - sex marriage was affirmed via Referendum 74 , making Washington one of only three states to have approved same - sex marriage by popular vote . Also In November 2012 , Washington state became one of just two states to pass by initiative the legal sale and possession of cannabis for both medical and non-medical use with Initiative 502 . The law took effect in December 2012 . Although marijuana is still illegal under U.S. Federal law , persons 21 and older in Washington state can possess up to one ounce of marijuana , 16 ounces of marijuana - infused product in solid form , 72 ounces of marijuana - infused product in liquid form , or any combination of all three , and to legally consume marijuana and marijuana - infused products . Some 334 legal recreational marijuana retail outlets are projected to open by June 2014 . Washington state was the first state in the United States where assisted suicide , same - sex marriage , and recreational cannabis use all became legal . After the 2014 elections , it was joined by Oregon . Education ( edit ) Elementary and secondary ( edit ) As of the 2008 -- 2009 school year , 1,040,750 students were enrolled in elementary and secondary schools in Washington , with 59,562 teachers employed to educate them . As of August 2009 , there were 295 school districts in the state , serviced by nine Educational Service Districts . Washington School Information Processing Cooperative ( a non-profit , opt - in , State agency ) provides information management systems for fiscal & human resources and student data . Elementary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction ( OSPI ) , led by State School Superintendent Randy Dorn . High school juniors and seniors in Washington have the option of utilizing the state 's Running Start program . Initiated by the state legislature in 1990 , the program allows students to attend institutions of higher education at public expense , simultaneously earning high school and college credit . The state also has several public arts focused high schools including Tacoma School of the Arts , Vancouver school of Arts and Academics , and The Center School . There are also four Science and Math based high schools : one in the Tri-Cities , Washington , known as Delta , one in Tacoma , Washington , known as SAMI , another in Seattle known as Raisbeck Aviation High School , and one in Redmond , Washington known as Tesla STEM High School . Higher education ( edit ) There are more than 40 institutions of higher education in Washington . The state has major research universities , technical schools , religious schools , and private career colleges . Colleges and Universities include the University of Washington , Seattle University , Washington State University , Western Washington University , Eastern Washington University , Central Washington University , and The Evergreen State College . Education in Washington State school administration Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction Department of Early Learning State Board of Education School Information Processing Cooperative Local school administration School districts Educational service districts Rural school districts Higher education Colleges and universities Higher Education Coordinating Board Other Office of the Education Ombudsman Homeschooling Washington Assessment of Student Learning High schools Private schools Healthcare ( edit ) See also : Washington Healthplanfinder The state of Washington reformed its healthcare system in 1993 through the Washington Health Services Act . The legislation required individuals to obtain health insurance or face penalties and required employers to provide insurance to employees . In addition , health insurance companies were required to sell policies to all individuals , regardless of pre-existing conditions , and cover basic benefits . The act was mostly repealed in 1995 before it could go into full effect . The state adopted the Washington Healthplanfinder system in 2014 after the passage of the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( also known as `` Obamacare '' ) . Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Sports ( edit ) Major professional teams ( edit ) Club Sport League City & Stadium Seattle Mariners Baseball Major League Baseball ; AL Seattle , Safeco Field Seattle Seahawks Football National Football League ; NFC Seattle , CenturyLink Field Seattle Sounders FC Soccer Major League Soccer Seattle , CenturyLink Field Minor professional and amateur teams ( edit ) Club Sport League City & Stadium Everett AquaSox Baseball Northwest League ; A Everett , Everett Memorial Stadium Everett Silvertips Ice hockey Western Hockey League Everett , Xfinity Arena Seattle Majestics American football Women 's Football Alliance Kent , French Field Seattle Mist Indoor football Legends Football League Kent , ShoWare Center Seattle Reign FC Soccer National Women 's Soccer League Seattle , Memorial Stadium Seattle Saracens Rugby union Canadian Direct Insurance Premier League Seattle , Magnuson Park Seattle Sounders Women Soccer Women 's Premier Soccer League Tukwila , Starfire Sports Complex Seattle Storm Basketball Women 's National Basketball Association Seattle , KeyArena Seattle Thunderbirds Ice hockey Western Hockey League Kent , ShoWare Center Spokane Chiefs Ice hockey Western Hockey League Spokane , Spokane Arena Spokane Indians Baseball Northwest League ; A Spokane , Avista Stadium Tacoma Rainiers Baseball Pacific Coast League ; AAA Tacoma , Cheney Stadium Tacoma Stars Indoor soccer Major Arena Soccer League Kent , ShoWare Center Tri-City Americans Ice hockey Western Hockey League Kennewick , Toyota Center Tri-City Dust Devils Baseball Northwest League ; A Pasco , Gesa Stadium Wenatchee Wild Ice hockey British Columbia Hockey League Wenatchee , Town Toyota Center College sports teams ( edit ) NCAA Division I Washington Huskies ( Pac - 12 Conference ; Football Bowl Subdivision ) Washington State Cougars ( Pac - 12 Conference ; Football Bowl Subdivision ) Gonzaga Bulldogs ( West Coast Conference ) Seattle Redhawks ( Western Athletic Conference ) Eastern Washington Eagles ( Big Sky Conference ; Football Championship Subdivision ) NCAA Division II Central Washington Wildcats Saint Martin 's Saints Seattle Pacific Falcons Western Washington Vikings NCAA Division III Pacific Lutheran Lutes Puget Sound Loggers Whitman Missionaries Whitworth Pirates Individual sports ( edit ) The Seattle Open Invitational golf tournament was part of the PGA Tour from the 1930s to the 1960s . The GTE Northwest Classic was part of the Senior PGA Tour from 1986 to 1995 , and the Boeing Classic since 2005 . In addition , the 2015 U.S. Open was held at Chambers Bay , and several major tournaments were held at Sahalee Country Club . Pacific Raceways is a motorsports venue that has hosted the Northwest Nationals of the NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series and a round of the Trans - Am Series . The WTA Seattle tennis tournament was part of the WTA Tour from 1977 to 1982 . The KeyArena has hosted several mixed martial arts events , such as UFC Fight Night : Nogueira vs. Davis , UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Diaz , and UFC on Fox : Johnson vs. Moraga . Symbols , honors , and names ( edit ) Reverse side of the Washington quarter Four ships of the United States Navy , including two battleships , have been named USS Washington in honor of the state . Previous ships had held that name in honor of George Washington . The Evergreen state ( edit ) The state 's nickname `` Evergreen State '' was proposed in 1890 by Charles T. Conover of Seattle , Washington . The name proved popular as the forests were full of evergreen trees and the abundance of rain keeps the shrubbery and grasses green throughout the year . Although that nickname is widely used by the state , appearing on vehicle license plates for instance , it has not been officially adopted . The publicly funded Evergreen State College in Olympia also takes its name from this nickname . State Symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington state symbols The state song is `` Washington , My Home '' , the state bird is the American goldfinch , the state fruit is the apple , and the state vegetable is the Walla Walla sweet onion . The state dance , adopted in 1979 , is the square dance . The state tree is the western hemlock . The state flower is the coast rhododendron . The state fish is the steelhead . The state folk song is `` Roll On , Columbia , Roll On '' by Woody Guthrie . The unofficial , but popularly accepted , state rock song is Louie Louie . The state grass is bluebunch wheatgrass . The state insect is the green darner dragonfly . The state gem is petrified wood . The state fossil is the Columbian mammoth . The state marine mammal is the orca . The state land mammal is the Olympic marmot . The state seal ( featured in the state flag as well ) was inspired by the unfinished portrait by Gilbert Stuart . See also ( edit ) Washington portal Index of Washington - related articles Outline of Washington -- organized list of topics about Washington References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State Symbols '' . Washington State Legislature . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 ( NST - EST2016 - 01 ) '' . American Factfinder . United States Census Bureau . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Table H - 8 . Median Household Income by State : 1984 to 2015 ( Microsoft Excel ) , United States Census Bureau , September 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brier , Warren J. ( January 1960 ) . `` How Washington Territory Got Its Name '' . Pacific Northwest Quarterly . 51 ( 1 ) : 13 . JSTOR 40487423 . Jump up ^ `` City of Longview History '' . City of Longview , WA . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Settlers met at Cowlitz Landing and discussed the establishment of a new territory north of the Columbia River '' . Washington History -- Territorial Timeline . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House Resolution No. 2016 -- 4662 '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Legislature . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` How Did Washington State and Washington , D.C. , Get the Same Name ? '' . Slate . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bush , Evan ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dear D.C. , you ca n't call yourself ' State of Washington . ' That 's our name . '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berger , Knute ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. wants to steal our state 's name . They can have it '' . Crosscut.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Constitution -- Article XXIV -- Boundaries '' . Washington State Legislature . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britain and the United States agree on the 49th parallel as the main Pacific Northwest boundary in the Treaty of Oregon on June 15 , 1846 . - HistoryLink.org '' . Historylink.org . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States -- Highest and Lowest Elevations '' . U.S. Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Volcano Hazards Program -- Mount Rainier Hazards '' . U.S. Geological Survey . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Les ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` Washington State 's Glaciers are Melting , and That Has Scientists Concerned '' . McClatchy Newspapers . Commondreams.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Lynda V. ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Hoh Rain Forest revels in wet , ' wild ballet ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pullman 2 NW , Washington Period of Record Climate summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , James W. ( 1971 ) . Washington State Place Names . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 95158 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Dust Storm in Eastern Washington : Image of the Day '' . NASA Earth Observatory . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kruckeberg , Arthur R. ( 1991 ) . The Natural History of Puget Sound Country . University of Washington Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97477 - X . Jump up ^ Dorpat , Paul ( January 31 , 2002 ) . `` Snow and Other Weathers -- Seattle and King County '' . HistoryLink.org . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States Extreme Record Temperatures & Differences '' . Golden Gate Weather Services . 2005 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change -- Economic Impacts '' . Ecy.wa.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Baker Holds Snowfall Record , NOAA Reports '' . NOAA . August 2 , 1999 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Western Regional Climate Data Center , Marietta '' . Wrcc.dri.edu . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Western Regional Climate Data Center , Longview '' . Wrcc.dri.edu . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bellingham 3 SSW , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPHRATA MUNI AP , WASHINGTON '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Jump up ^ `` Quillayute State Airport , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rainier Paradise Ranger Station , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richland , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Tacoma International Airport , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData '' . Spokane Area monthly summarized data for 1981 - 2010 : mean maximum , mean average , and mean minimum temperature . National Weather Service Forecast Office , Spokane , Washington , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 4 NNE , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WINTHROP 1 WSW , WASHINGTON '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Jump up ^ `` Yakima Air Terminal , Washington '' . National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) 1981 - 2010 Monthly Normals . Western Regional Climate Center ( WRCC ) , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Diversity of Washington 's Forests -- Washington Forestland Ownership '' . Washington Forest Protection Association . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Flora Checklist '' . University of Washington Herbarium. 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Eugene . `` Washington ( state , United States ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Species Fact Sheets -- Mammals '' . Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BirdWeb -- Browse Birds '' . Seattle Audubon Society . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Introduced Wildlife of Oregon and Washington '' ( PDF ) . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . April 27 , 2001 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plants and Animals in Washington '' . Landscope . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wydoski , Richard ; Whitney , Richard ( 2003 ) . Inland Fishes of Washington ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98338 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Species Fact Sheets -- Reptiles and Amphibians '' . Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Herp Atlas '' . Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife . June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington '' . National Park Service . 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listing of National Park System Areas by State '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alphabetic list of Washington State Parks '' . Washington State Park System . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Land Areas of the National Forest System '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service . January 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kennewick Man Skeletal Find May Revolutionalize Continent 's History '' . Science Daily . Middle Tennessee State University . April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lange , Greg ( January 23 , 2003 ) . `` Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s . '' . Historylink.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Articles on George Washington Bush '' . City of Tumwater , WA . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Meany & Condon , p. 4 Jump up ^ Lange , Greg ( February 15 , 2003 ) . `` Washington is admitted as the 42nd state to the United States of America on November 11 , 1889 . '' . Historylink.org . 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Jump up ^ `` All Cities in Washington -- Census 2000 '' . US Census Data provided by CensusViewer.com. 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 American Community Survey '' . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Cassandra Tate , `` Mandatory Busing in Seattle : Memories of a Bumpy Ride '' , History Link , August 7 , 2002 . Accessed online October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwantes , Carlos ( 2000 ) . The Pacific Northwest : An Interpretive History ( Revised and Enlarged Edition ) . University of Nebraska Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0803292284 . Jump up ^ Lornet Turnbull ( September 17 , 2004 ) . `` 1,500 Cambodian refugees face deportation for crimes '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Population and Demographics '' . Seattle City , Washington Statistics and Demographics ( US Census 2000 ) . areaConnect . Jump up ^ Brown , Charles E. ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Puget Sound 's Samoan community awaits news '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Race , Hispanic or Latino , Age , and Housing Occupancy : 2010 more information 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Factfinder2census.gov. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved on December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ García , Jerry ; Treviño , Dora Sánchez ( 1998 ) . `` A Chicana in Northern Aztlán : An Oral History of Dora Sánchez Treviño '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies . 19 ( 2 ) : 16 -- 52 . doi : 10.2307 / 3347156 . Jump up ^ Ember , Melvin ( 1997 ) . American Immigrant Cultures : Builders of a Nation . Simon & Schuster Macmillan . p. 264 . ISBN 0028972147 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian and Eritrean Communities in Seattle '' . HistoryLink . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Somali Community in Seattle - HistoryLink.org '' . Historylink.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ( 2014 ) '' . Religions.pewforum.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LDS Statistics and Church Facts Total Church Membership '' . Mormonnewsroom.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duval , Cyndi ( November 2007 ) . `` Wicca more prevalent in the Pacific Northwest than most realize '' . Christian Examiner . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BEA : Gross Domestic Product by State '' . Bea.gov . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Admired Companies '' . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ports on East Coast , Gulf Coast Outgain West Coast Peers In Second - Annual CBRE Seaports Index '' . CBRE Group . April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Billionaires -- Bill Gates '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Frank ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` No news here ... Gates still richest '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 State Unemployment Rates '' . National Conference of State Legislatures. April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Transit 3 sales - tax increase takes effect Saturday '' . The Seattle Times . 2017 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Retail sales tax '' . Washington State Department of Revenue . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local Sales and Use Tax Rates by City / County '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Department of Revenue . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schotzko , Thomas R. ; Granatstein , David ( 2005 ) , A Brief Look at the Washington Apple Industry : Past and Present ( PDF ) , Pullman , WA : Washington State University , p. 1 , retrieved May 9 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lemons , Hoyt ; Rayburn , D. Tousley ( July 1945 ) . `` The Washington Apple Industry . I. Its Geographic Basis '' . Economic Geography . Clark University . 21 ( 3 ) : 161 -- 162 , 166 . doi : 10.2307 / 141294 . Jump up ^ A. Domine ( ed ) Wine pg 798 -- 800 Ullmann Publishing 2008 ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 4611 - 4 Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pg − 761 - 762 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ C. Fallis , editor The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine pg 50 Global Book Publishing 2006 ISBN 1 - 74048 - 050 - 3 Jump up ^ Reese , Nick . `` Washington State Broadband Availability and Coverage '' . Broadband Now . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Broadband Office '' . Washington State Broadband Office . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` List of Broadband Grants in Washington '' . 2.ntia.doc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` WSDOT Washington State Ferries Our Fleet '' . Wsdot.wa.gov . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle - Tacoma International Airport '' . Portseattle.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` King County International Airport / Boeing Field '' . Kingcounty.gov . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toxics Persist in Washington Rivers , Lakes and Fish '' . Ens-newswire.com . June 25 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phosphate Ban Signed Into Law In Washington State '' ( PDF ) . The Lands Council . Spring 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Perspecitve ( sic ) Of The Phosphate Detergent Conflict '' . University of Colorado Boulder . February 1994 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Auditor -- Troy Kelley '' . Washington State Auditor 's Office . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Washington '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 1994 General '' . Washington Secretary of State -- Elections Division . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 1996 General '' . Washington Secretary of State -- Elections Division . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 1998 General '' . Washington Secretary of State -- Elections Division . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Nate ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) . `` The 15 Best - Educated Districts in the U.S. , and Why It Matters in the Georgia Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bly , Laura ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Colorado , Washington OK Recreational Marijuana Use '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Report Card 2008 -- 09 '' . Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` School District Web sites '' . Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About OSPI '' . Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Secondary Education -- Running Start '' . Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gutman , David ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dismantling of state 's health reforms in 1993 may offer lessons for Obamacare repeal '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jollota , Pat ( 2002 ) . Naming Clark County . Clark County , Washington : Fort Vancouver Historical Society of Clark County . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes measure designating Walla Walla onion state veggie '' . Seattle : KOMO News . April 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WSDOT -- Highway Map -- Washington State Facts '' . Washington State Department of Transportation . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the State Seal '' . Secretary of State of Washington . Retrieved April 5 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , Elwood ; Meany , Edmond S ( 1893 ) , The State of Washington : A Brief History of the Discovery , Settlement and Organization of Washington , the `` Evergreen State '' , as well as a Compilation of Official Statistics Showing the Material Development of the State up to Date , Tacoma , WA : World 's Fair Commission of the State of Washington . Hawthorne , Julian ; Brewerton , George Douglas ( 1893 ) , History of Washington : The Evergreen State , from Early Dawn to Daylight : With Portraits and Biographies , 1 , New York : American Historical Publishing Volume 2 . Edmond S. Meany , History of the State of Washington , New York : Macmillan , 1909 . Meany , Edmond S. ; Condon , John T. ( eds . ) , Washington 's First Constitution , 1878 and Proceedings of the Convention ( PDF ) . Reprinted from the Washington Historical Quarterly , 1918 -- 1919 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWashington ( state ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity State of Washington website The official tourism site of the State of Washington Washington State Databases -- Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Washington state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association . Secretary of State 's Washington History website Constitution of the State of Washington Washington Administrative Code ( State Administrative Rules ) State Code Search Tool Energy Profile for Washington -- Economic , environmental , and energy data USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Washington Washington State Facts from USDA U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts : Washington Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History Police Scanner Information for Washington state CWU Brooks Library Edward W. Nolan Photograph Collection The collection contains images of the State of Washington and the American West from the 1880s to the 1930s . Washington ( state ) at DMOZ Geographic data related to Washington ( state ) at OpenStreetMap ( hide ) Topics related to the State of Washington ( hide ) State of Washington Olympia ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Census - designated places Federal lands Indian reservations History Geography Earthquakes People Music Parks Highways Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Politics Government Law Governors Legislature Legislative districts Senate House Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Congressional delegation Congressional districts City governments State agencies Agriculture Archaeology and Historic Preservation Commerce Corrections Early Learning Ecology Employment Security Enterprise Services Financial Institutions Fish and Wildlife Health Higher Education Coordinating Board Information Services Labor and Industries Licensing Military Natural Resources Parks Institute for Public Policy Public Stadium Authority Public Disclosure Commission Retirement Systems Revenue Services for the Blind Social and Health Services Transportation Utilities and Transportation Regions Western Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern / Inland Central Washington Columbia Plateau Methow Valley Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Largest cities Seattle Spokane Tacoma Vancouver Bellevue Kent Everett Renton Yakima Federal Way Spokane Valley Kirkland Bellingham Kennewick Auburn Pasco Marysville Lakewood Redmond Shoreline Richland Metropolitan areas Greater Seattle Greater Spokane Tri-Cities Wenatchee metropolitan area Greater Portland and Vancouver Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima Operational military installations of Washington Army Fort Fort Lewis Airfield Gray Army Airfield Vagabond Army Airfield Joint Base Joint Base Lewis - McChord Range Yakima Training Center Navy Naval air station Naval Air Station Whidbey Island Regions Navy Region Northwest Outlying Field Coupeville Station Naval Station Everett Base Naval Base Kitsap Munitions facilities Indian Island Shipyard Puget Sound Naval Shipyard & Intermediate Maintenance Facility Air Force Air Force Base McChord Field Fairchild Air Force Base National Guard Army Camp Murray Air Fairchild Air Force Base State Guard Camp Murray Sector Joint Base Lewis - McChord Coast Guard Air Station Port Angeles Sector Thirteenth District Seattle Station Bellingham Everett Ilwaco La Push Neah Bay Port Angeles Port Townsend Seattle Tacoma Westport Support Center Seattle George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - 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120.5 VIAF : 155860715 LCCN : n79027224 GND : 4118995 - 4 SUDOC : 175808112 NDL : 00629511 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_(state)&oldid=800593425 '' Categories : 1889 establishments in the United States Pacific Northwest States and territories established in 1889 States of the United States States of the West Coast of the United States Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which state is named for a us president	[ "Washington (/ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen)) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the capital of the U.S., which is often shortened to Washington." ]	[ "Washington" ]
-1741518632104393555	List of Atlantic hurricane records	List of Atlantic hurricane records - Wikipedia List of Atlantic hurricane records Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) Parts of this article ( those related to Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Since the reliable record keeping of tropical cyclone data within the North Atlantic Ocean began in 1851 , there have been 1,505 systems of at least tropical storm intensity and 879 of at least hurricane intensity . Though a majority of these tropical depressions have fallen within climatological averages , prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record - keeping including in duration and intensity . The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tropical cyclogenesis 1.1 Earliest / latest formations for each category 1.2 Earliest formation records by storm number 2 Intensity 2.1 Most intense 2.1. 1 By pressure 2.1. 2 By highest sustained winds 2.1. 3 Most intense by month 2.1. 4 Hurricane Severity Index 2.2 Fastest intensification 3 Seasonal records 3.1 Highest number of named storms 3.2 Seasonal activity 3.3 Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season 4 Effects 4.1 Costliest Atlantic hurricanes 4.2 Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes 4.3 Most tornadoes spawned 5 Miscellaneous records 5.1 Distance traveled 5.2 Highest forward speed 5.3 Largest in diameter 5.4 Longest duration 5.4. 1 Longest duration as a Category 5 hurricane 6 Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tropical cyclogenesis ( edit ) Earliest / latest formations for each Category ( edit ) See also : Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Alice was both the latest and earliest recorded hurricane to exist in any given calendar year . Climatologically speaking , approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between the dates of June 1 and November 30 -- dates which delimit the modern - day Atlantic hurricane season . Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same , the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31 . Regardless , on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season ; as of November 2017 there have been 68 tropical cyclones in the off - season , with the most recent being Tropical Storm Arlene in 2017 . The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season , which formed on January 3 , became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012 . Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane -- a tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) -- however following post-storm analysis it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder ; as it became a major hurricane on June 8 . Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season , Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27 . However , reanalysis from 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3 , making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8 , 2005 . The earliest - forming Category 5 hurricane , Emily , reached the highest intensity on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17 , 2005 . Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30 , the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season . December , the only month of the year after the hurricane season , has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones . Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30 . However , the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity . Both Alice and Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years -- the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006 . No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December . In 1999 , Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean ; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane , though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season . Hurricane Hattie ( October 27 - November 1 , 1961 ) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented , though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date . Consequently , this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity . Earliest Formation Latest Formation Category Year Storm Date Reached Notes Year Storm Date Reached Notes 1 ! Tropical storm 1938 Unnamed 0103 ! January 3 2005 -- 06 Tropical Storm Zeta 1230 ! December 30 2 ! Category 1 1938 Unnamed 0104 ! January 4 1954 -- 55 Hurricane Alice 1230 ! December 30 3 ! Category 2 1908 Unnamed 0307 ! March 7 2016 Hurricane Otto 1124 ! November 24 4 ! Category 3 1966 Hurricane Alma 0521 ! June 8 2016 Hurricane Otto 1124 ! November 24 5 ! Category 4 2005 Hurricane Dennis 0727 ! July 8 1999 Hurricane Lenny 1117 ! November 17 6 ! Category 5 2005 Hurricane Emily 0717 ! July 17 1932 1932 Cuba hurricane 1105 ! November 5 Earliest formation records by storm number ( edit ) Earliest formation of Atlantic Basin tropical storms by storm number Storm # Earliest Next earliest Name Date of formation Name Date of formation Unnamed January 3 , 1938 Unnamed January 4 , 1951 Unnamed May 17 , 1887 Tie Unnamed May 26 , 1908 Beryl May 26 , 2012 Colin June 5 , 2016 Unnamed June 12 , 1887 Danielle June 20 , 2016 Debby June 23 , 2012 5 Emily July 11 , 2005 Danny July 16 , 1997 6 Franklin July 21 , 2005 Unnamed August 2 , 1959 7 Gert July 24 , 2005 Unnamed August 7 , 1936 8 Harvey August 3 , 2005 Unnamed August 15 , 1936 9 Irene August 7 , 2005 Unnamed August 20 , 1936 10 Jose August 22 , 2005 Tie Jerry August 23 , 1995 Joyce August 23 , 2012 11 Katrina August 24 , 2005 Tie Unnamed August 28 , 1936 Karen August 28 , 1995 12 Luis August 29 , 1995 Leslie August 30 , 2012 13 Tie Maria - September 2 , 2005 Michael September 4 , 2012 Lee - September 2 , 2011 14 Nate September 5 , 2005 Maria September 7 , 2011 15 Ophelia September 7 , 2005 ( 06z ) Unnamed September 19 , 1936 16 Philippe September 17 , 2005 Ophelia September 21 , 2011 17 Rita September 18 , 2005 Philippe September 24 , 2011 18 Stan October 2 , 2005 Sebastien October 21 , 1995 19 Unnamed October 4 , 2005 Tony October 24 , 2012 20 Tammy October 5 , 2005 Unnamed November 15 , 1933 21 Vince October 9 , 2005 N / A 22 Wilma October 17 , 2005 N / A 23 Alpha October 22 , 2005 N / A 24 Beta October 27 , 2005 N / A 25 Gamma November 18 , 2005 N / A 26 Delta November 23 , 2005 N / A 27 Epsilon November 29 , 2005 N / A 28 Zeta December 30 , 2005 N / A Based on data from : U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center - Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool Note : Storms that originally form as a tropical depression will not be posted unless they reach tropical storm status ( for example , Hurricane Michael in 2012 formed on September 3 as a tropical depression , but was not named until it reached tropical storm status , on September 4 , thus putting Hurricane Michael on the list with the date September 4 ) . Intensity ( edit ) Most intense ( edit ) By pressure ( edit ) Most intense Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg Wilma 2005 882 26.05 Gilbert 1988 888 26.23 `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 26.34 Rita 2005 895 26.43 5 Allen 1980 899 26.55 6 Camille 1969 900 26.58 7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64 8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73 Dean 2007 10 Maria 2017 908 26.81 Source : HURDAT Generally speaking , the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm 's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure . The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure . In terms of wind speed , Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record , with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph ( 310 km / h ) . For many years , it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity , but this conclusion was changed in 2014 . The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity . Nonetheless , their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes . Owing to their intensity , the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification . Hurricane Opal , the strongest Category 4 hurricane recorded , intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar ( hPa ; 27.05 inHg ) , a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes . Nonetheless , the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones . Presently , Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded , after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar ( hPa ; 26.05 inHg ) in October 2005 ; this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific , where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures . However , this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific , which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar . Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert , which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years . The 1935 Labor Day hurricane , with a pressure of 892 mbar ( hPa ; 26.34 inHg ) , is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950 . Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde , this pressure remains the lowest measured over land . Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list , with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh , respectively . However , with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar ( hPa ; 26.43 inHg ) , Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico . Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes Intensity is measured solely by central pressure Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 mbar ( hPa ) Camille 1969 900 mbar ( hPa ) Gilbert 1988 Dean 2007 905 mbar ( hPa ) 5 `` Cuba '' 1924 910 mbar ( hPa ) 6 Janet 1955 914 mbar ( hPa ) Irma 2017 8 `` Cuba '' 1932 918 mbar ( hPa ) 9 Katrina 2005 920 mbar ( hPa ) Maria 2017 Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track Data Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones National Hurricane Center In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen . Allen 's pressure was measured at 899 mbar . Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record . Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis . Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record , but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014 , with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars , tying it with Hurricanes Mitch , and Dean . Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars . Currently , Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar ( hPa ; 26.73 inHg ) . Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone , with a pressure as low as 908 mbar ( hPa ; 26.81 inHg ) . In addition , the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Irma of 2017 , with a pressure of 914 mbar ( hPa ; 27.0 inHg ) . Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise . However , six of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes -- six of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute six of the most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history . The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity , the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall . Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland , Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar ( hPa ; 26.58 inHg ) , making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall . Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula , Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar ( hPa ; 26.58 inHg ) at landfall , making its landfall the second strongest , tied with Camille . Similarly , Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula , though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure ; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history . Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico shortly after its peak intensity , with a pressure of 920 mbar ( hPa ; 27.17 inHg ) . In addition , despite being well past its peak intensity , Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Buras - Triumph , Louisiana with a pressure of 920 mbar ( hPa ; 27.17 inHg ) , thus making it the ninth - strongest landfall , tied with Maria . By highest sustained winds ( edit ) Highest 1 minute sustained winds ( 175 mph or greater ) Rank Hurricane Season Winds mph km / h Allen 1980 190 305 `` Labor Day '' 1935 185 295 Gilbert 1988 185 295 Wilma 2005 185 295 5 Mitch 1998 180 285 Rita 2005 180 285 Irma 2017 180 285 8 `` Cuba '' 1932 175 280 Janet 1955 175 280 Carla 1961 175 280 Camille 1969 175 280 Anita 1977 175 280 David 1979 175 280 Andrew 1992 175 280 Katrina 2005 175 280 Dean 2007 175 280 Felix 2007 175 280 Maria 2017 175 280 Most intense by month ( edit ) Intensity is measured solely by central pressure . Most intense Atlantic tropical cyclones by month Month Storm Year Minimum pressure Maximum winds Category Notes 01 ! January Alice 1955 0980 ! ~ 980 mbar ( hPa ; 28.94 inHg ) 0090 ! 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) 2 ! Category 1 02 ! February `` Groundhog Day '' 1952 0990 ! 990 mbar ( hPa ; 29.23 inHg ) 0070 ! 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) 1 ! Tropical storm 06 ! March Unnamed 1908 0991 ! < 991 mbar ( hPa ; 29.27 inHg ) 0100 ! 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) 3 ! Category 2 04 ! April Arlene 2017 0990 ! 990 mbar ( hPa ; 29.23 inHg ) 0050 ! 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) 1 ! Tropical storm 05 ! May Able 1951 0973 ! 973 mbar ( hPa ; 28.74 inHg ) 0090 ! 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) 2 ! Category 1 06 ! June Audrey 1957 0946 ! 946 mbar ( hPa ; 27.94 inHg ) 0125 ! 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) 4 ! Category 3 Alex 0110 ! 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) 3 ! Category 2 07 ! July Emily 2005 0929 ! 929 mbar ( hPa ; 27.44 inHg ) 0160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 6 ! Category 5 08 ! August Allen 1980 0899 ! 899 mbar ( hPa ; 26.55 inHg ) 0190 ! 190 mph ( 305 km / h ) 6 ! Category 5 09 ! September Gilbert 1988 0888 ! 888 mbar ( hPa ; 26.23 inHg ) 0185 ! 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) 6 ! Category 5 10 ! October Wilma 2005 0882 ! 882 mbar ( hPa ; 26.05 inHg ) 0185 ! 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) 6 ! Category 5 11 ! November `` Cuba '' 1932 0918 ! 918 mbar ( hPa ; 27.11 inHg ) 0175 ! 175 mph ( 290 km / h ) 6 ! Category 5 12 ! December Nicole 1998 0979 ! 979 mbar ( hPa ; 28.91 inHg ) 0085 ! 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) 2 ! Category 1 Hurricane Severity Index ( edit ) Most severe landfalling Atlantic hurricanes in the United States based on size and intensity for total points on the Hurricane Severity Index Rank Hurricane Year Intensity Size Total Carla 1961 17 25 42 Hugo 16 24 40 Betsy 1965 15 25 40 Camille 1969 22 14 36 Katrina 2005 13 23 36 Opal 1995 11 25 36 7 Miami 1926 15 19 34 8 Audrey 1957 17 16 33 Fran 11 22 33 Wilma 2005 12 21 33 Fastest intensification ( edit ) Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a hurricane ( 1 - minute sustained surface winds ) -- 12 hours Blanche 1969 -- 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) to 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) -- from 0600 UTC to 1800 UTC August 11 Harvey 1981 -- 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) -- from 1200 UTC September 12 to 0000 UTC September 13 Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a Category 5 hurricane ( 1 - minute sustained surface winds ) -- 54 hours Wilma 2005 -- 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) to 170 mph ( 275 km / h ) -- from 0000 UTC October 17 to 0600 UTC October 19 Maria 2017 -- 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) to 160 mph ( 258 km / h ) -- from 1800 UTC September 16 to 0000 UTC September 19 Fastest intensification from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane ( 1 - minute sustained surface winds ) -- 24 hours Wilma 2005 -- 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) to 170 mph ( 275 km / h ) -- from 0600 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19 Maximum pressure drop in 12 hours -- 83 mbar Wilma 2005 -- 975 millibars ( 28.8 inHg ) to 892 millibars ( 26.3 inHg ) -- from 1800 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19 Maximum pressure drop in 24 hours -- 97 mbar Wilma 2005 -- 979 millibars ( 28.9 inHg ) to 882 millibars ( 26.0 inHg ) -- from 1200 UTC October 18 to 1200 UTC October 19 Seasonal records ( edit ) Highest number of named storms ( edit ) Number of named storm occurrences by month Month Storms Season 01 ! January 1938 , 1951 , 1978 , 2016 02 ! February 1952 † 03 ! March 1908 † 04 ! April 1992 , 2003 , 2017 05 ! May 1887 , 2012 06 ! June 1886 , 1936 , 1968 07 ! July 5 2005 08 ! August 8 2004 , 2012 09 ! September 8 2002 , 2010 10 ! October 8 1950 11 ! November 2005 12 ! December 1887 , 2003 Based on data from : U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center - Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool † -- Highest number for month by virtue of being only known season to see a storm form Seasonal activity ( edit ) From 1981 to 2010 , there were on average 12.1 storms in the Atlantic Basin . Each hurricane season may be impacted by an El Niño or La Niña which contributes to the amount of storms in any given year , and a hurricane with a peak intensity of Category 3 or higher on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale is classified as major . Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851 , and 1930 included 7 or less recorded tropical storms or hurricanes , as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965 . The usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s , which makes early storm counts less reliable . The most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history took place in 2005 , when a total of 28 storms were counted . The storm count includes 15 hurricanes , of which 7 strengthened to major hurricane status . Most storms Total storms Year Tropical storms Hurricanes Notes Hurricanes Major 28 2005 28 15 7 4 Category 5s , 1 subtropical storm 20 1933 20 11 6 2 Category 5s 19 1887 19 11 1995 19 11 5 19 12 5 2011 19 7 1 unnamed storm 2012 19 10 18 1969 18 12 5 1 subtropical storm , 1 Category 5 17 1936 17 7 2017 17 10 6 2 Category 5s 16 1949 16 7 1950 16 11 6 1954 16 7 2003 16 7 1 Category 5 2008 16 8 5 Fewest storms Total storms Year Tropical storms Hurricanes Notes Hurricanes Major 1914 0 0 before accurate satellite data in mid-1960's 1930 before accurate satellite data in mid-1960's 6 1965 6 1977 6 5 1 Category 5 1982 6 1 subtropical storm 1986 6 0 7 1972 7 0 3 subtropical storms 7 1992 7 1 subtropical storm , 1 Category 5 7 0 Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season ( edit ) This bar chart shows the number of named storms and hurricanes per year from 1851 - 2017 . Data is incomplete prior to the advent of satellite tracking in the mid-1960s . Effects ( edit ) Costliest Atlantic hurricanes ( edit ) Hurricanes Katrina ( left ) and Harvey ( right ) both caused $125 billion in damage , more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide . Main article : List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes Costliest Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Damage Katrina 2005 7011125000000000000 ♠ $125 billion Harvey 2017 Maria 2017 7010916060000000000 ♠ $91.6 billion Sandy 2012 7010687000000000000 ♠ $68.7 billion 5 Irma 2017 7010647600000000000 ♠ $64.8 billion 6 Ike 2008 7010380000000000000 ♠ $38 billion 7 Wilma 2005 7010274000000000000 ♠ $27.4 billion 8 Andrew 1992 7010272500000000000 ♠ $27.3 billion 9 Ivan 7010260700000000000 ♠ $26.1 billion 10 Rita 2005 7010185000000000000 ♠ $18.5 billion Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes ( edit ) Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998 . Main article : List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities `` Great Hurricane '' 1780 22,000 + Mitch 1998 11,374 + `` Galveston '' 1900 8,000 -- 12,000 Fifi 8,000 -- 10,000 5 Flora 1963 7,186 -- 8,000 6 `` Dominican Republic '' 1930 2,000 -- 8,000 7 `` Pointe - à - Pitre '' 1776 6,000 + 8 `` Newfoundland '' 1775 4,000 -- 4,163 9 `` Okeechobee '' 1928 4,075 + 10 `` Monterrey '' 1909 4,000 Most tornadoes spawned ( edit ) Hurricane Ivan spawned 120 tornadoes , more tornadoes than any other Atlantic hurricane on record . See also : History of tropical cyclone - spawned tornadoes Number of tornadoes spawned Rank Count Name Year 120 Hurricane Ivan 115 Hurricane Beulah 1967 101 Hurricane Frances 86 Hurricane Rita 2005 5 81 Tropical Storm Fay 2008 6 62 Hurricane Katrina 2005 7 54 Hurricane Harvey 2017 8 39 Hurricane Danny 1985 9 34 Hurricane David 1979 Hurricane Isaac 2012 11 33 Hurricane Cindy 2005 Miscellaneous records ( edit ) Distance traveled ( edit ) Greatest Travels Sources : NOAA Rank Distance ( Miles ) Name Date 6,850 Hurricane Faith 1966 6,000 Hurricane Carrie 1957 5,760 Hurricane Alberto 2000 5,210 Hurricane Cleo 1964 Hurricane Chloe 1967 6 4,990 Hurricane Flora 1963 Highest forward speed ( edit ) Highest forward speed Rank Speed Name Year Day Time ref ( s ) 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) Tropical Storm Six 1961 September 15 1200 UTC 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) Hurricane Emily September 26 1200 UTC 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) Tropical Storm Four 1970 August 18 1200 UTC 66 mph ( 106 km / h ) Hurricane Luis 1995 September 11 0600 UTC 5 63 mph ( 101 km / h ) Hurricane Lisa 1998 October 9 1800 UTC Hurricane Irene 1999 October 19 0000 UTC Tropical Storm Helene 2000 September 25 1200 UTC Notes These are the highest estimated forward speeds of any tropical system ( including tropical depressions , tropical storms , and hurricanes ) between 1851 and 2017 . This list does not include extratropical systems , which routinely reach very high forward speeds . Largest in diameter ( edit ) Below are the five largest hurricanes ( by gale diameter ) ever observed in the Atlantic basin . Known Atlantic hurricanes with gale diameter of 750 miles Rank Storm Season Diameter ( mi ) ( km ) Sandy 2012 945 1,520 Igor 920 1,480 Olga 865 1,390 Lili 805 1,295 5 Karl 780 1,255 Sources : ( 1 ) Longest duration ( edit ) Greatest duration Sources : NOAA HRD , NHC Rank Duration ( days , hours ) Name Date 27d , 18h `` San Ciriaco '' August 1899 27d , 6h Hurricane Ginger September 1971 24d , 18h Hurricane Inga September 1969 22d , 6h Hurricane Nadine September 2012 5 22d Hurricane Kyle September 2002 6 21d Hurricane Four September 1926 7 20d , 18h Hurricane Carrie September 1957 Hurricane Nine September 1893 8 20d , 6h Hurricane Inez September 1966 9 19d , 6h Hurricane Alberto August 2000 Notes Fluctuated between tropical and post-tropical at some point in its existence , so the number of days is non-consecutive . Longest duration as a Category 5 hurricane ( edit ) Greatest duration as a Category 5 Sources : HURDAT2 Rank Duration ( days , hours ) Name Date 3d , 6h `` Cuba '' November 1932 3d Hurricane Allen August 1980 Hurricane Irma September 2017 2d , 12h Hurricane Ivan September 2004 5 1d , 18h Hurricane David August 1979 Hurricane Mitch October 1998 Hurricane Isabel September 2003 8 1d , 6h Hurricane Camille August 1969 Hurricane Maria September 2017 10 1d `` Bahamas '' September 1932 Hurricane Gilbert September 1988 Hurricane Rita September 2005 Hurricane Dean August 2007 Hurricane Felix September 2007 Notes Was a Category 5 hurricane on more than one occasion , fluctuating between Category 5 strength and an inferior category , therefore the time period at Category 5 intensity is discontinuous . Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms ( edit ) Costliest tropical cyclone : Hurricane Katrina -- 2005 and Hurricane Harvey -- 2017 -- US $125 billion in damages Fastest seafloor current produced by a tropical cyclone : Hurricane Ivan -- 2004 -- 2.25 m / s ( 5 mph ) Highest confirmed wave produced by a tropical cyclone : Hurricane Luis -- 1995 -- 98 feet ( 30 m ) Highest forward speed of a tropical cyclone : Tropical Storm Six -- 1961 -- 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) Most tornadoes spawned by a tropical cyclone : Hurricane Ivan -- 2004 -- 120 confirmed tornadoes Smallest tropical cyclone on record : Tropical Storm Marco -- 2008 -- gale - force winds extended 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) from storm center ( previous record : Cyclone Tracy 1974 -- 30 mi ( 48 km ) ) Smallest tropical cyclone eye on record : Hurricane Wilma -- 2005 -- diameter 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of tropical cyclone records List of tropical cyclones List of Pacific hurricanes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . Jump up ^ The first storm of 1938 was the earliest instance of a tropical cyclone reaching tropical storm intensity during the year . However , the 1952 Groundhog Day tropical storm was the earliest instance of a tropical cyclone to have peaked at tropical storm intensity ; it did so on February 2 . Jump up ^ Alice formed in December 1954 but persisted into January 1955 . ^ Jump up to : These are the strongest systems in their respective months by virtue of being the only known systems . ^ Jump up to : Hurricanes Audrey ( 1957 ) and Alex ( 2010 ) had the same minimum pressure , though Audrey was a Category 3 hurricane at peak strength while Alex peaked as a high - end Category 2 . Jump up ^ Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851 , the first year of the Atlantic tropical cyclone record , and 1930 , as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965 , included 7 or less recorded tropical storms or hurricanes , but are not included on this chart since they were before the inauguration of satellite data in the mid-1960s . Jump up ^ All damage figures are in United States dollars , and are not adjusted for inflation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology '' . Miami , Florida : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dorst , Neal ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` G1 ) When is hurricane season ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.6 . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; et al. ( June 2013 ) . `` Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT '' ( TXT ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Hurricane Research Division . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldenburg , Stan ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` A3 ) What is a super-typhoon ? What is a major hurricane ? What is an intense hurricane ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurricanes : Science and Society . `` 1957 -- Hurricane Audrey '' . Storms in the 1950s . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20160720_pa_1956to1960Reanalysis.pdf ^ Jump up to : Franklin , James L. ; Brown , Daniel P. ( March 10 , 2006 ) . Hurricane Emily ( PDF ) . National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurricane.com . `` Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storm Records '' . Hurricane.com . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Gillan ( December 1999 ) . `` Late Hurricanes : a Message for the Regio '' . Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands . Coast and Beach Stability in the Lesser Antilles . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Paolino , JJ ; Myrie , Donovan ( 2011 ) . `` Category Five Notables '' . Stormfacts.net . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162016_Otto.pdf Jump up ^ Beven , John L. ; Avila , Lixion A. ; Blake , Eric S. ; Brown , Daniel P. ; Franklin , James L. ; Knabb , Richard D. ; Pasch , Richard J. ; Rhome , Jamie R. ; Stewart , Stacy R. ( March 2008 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Monthly Weather Review Atlantic Hurricane Season Summary . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . 136 ( 3 ) : 1109 -- 1173 . Bibcode : 2008MWRv ... 136.1109 B . doi : 10.1175 / 2007MWR2074. 1 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` E1 ) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.6 . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayfield , Max ( November 29 , 1995 ) . Hurricane Opal Preliminary Report ( Preliminary Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Geographic Information Center . `` The Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale '' . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ; Central Pacific Hurricane Center . `` The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949 -- 2016 '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . A guide on how to read the database is available here . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Best Track Information for the North Indian Ocean 1990 - 2008 '' . India Meteorological Department . 2009 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 16 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Royer , Stephane ( 7 February 2003 ) . `` Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo '' . Météo France . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MetService ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967 -- 2006 '' . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship . Jump up ^ `` Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951 - 2018 '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , H.E. ; Masters , J.M. ; Landsea , C.W. ( December 1 , 1989 ) . `` A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert '' . Monthly Weather Review . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . 117 ( 12 ) : 2824 -- 2828 . Bibcode : 1989MWRv ... 117.2824 W . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1989 ) 117 < 2824 : ARMSLP > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , James L. ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Dean '' ( PDF ) . National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Reports . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service ( November 14 , 2005 ) . `` Post Storm Data Acquisition -- Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel . `` Hurricane Maria Intermediate Advisory Number 15A '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Alessandra Potenza . `` Irma is now one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Henson ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ R.H. Simpson ; Arnold L. Sugg ( April 1970 ) . `` The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . 98 ( 4 ) : 293 . Bibcode : 1970MWRv ... 98 ... 293S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 - 98.4. 293 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Knabb , Richard D. ; Rhome , Jamie R. `` Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Katrina . '' National Hurricane Center . December 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Severity Index Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria track '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Background Information : The North Atlantic Hurricane Season '' . Climate Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Global Warming and Hurricanes '' . August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 1993 ) . `` 11 '' . Significant Tornadoes 1680 - 1991 , A Chronology and Analysis of Events . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ John L. Beven II . Hurricane Frances . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Neal Dorst ; Sandy Delgado ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Subject : E7 ) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled ? '' . Hurricane Research Division . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul L. ( December 1 , 1957 ) . `` The Hurricane Season of 1957 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 12 ) : 401 -- 408 . Bibcode : 1957MWRv ... 85 ... 401M . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1957 ) 085 < 0401 : THSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is the average forward speed of a hurricane ? '' . Hurricane Research Division . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Neal Dorst ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Subject : E6 ) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest ? '' . Hurricane Research Division . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lixion Avila & Robbie Berg ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Remnants of Nadine Discussion Eighty - Eight ( Final ) '' . National Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ; Chris Landsea ( September 5 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Ivan Uncovered a 60,000 year old Cypress Forest in the Gulf of Mexico '' . WordPress.com . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane and Storm Shutters in Gulf Shores Alabama '' . Hurricane Shutters Florida . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 2004 ) . `` Extremes of Weather : Horrifying hurricanes '' . The Canadian Atlas . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Atlantic_hurricane_records&oldid=835633329 '' Categories : Atlantic hurricanes Lists of tropical cyclones Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles with too many examples Articles with multiple maintenance issues Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the largest hurricane in us history	[ "\nKnown Atlantic hurricanes with gale diameter of 750 miles\n\nRank\nStorm\nSeason\nDiameter\n\n\n(mi)\n(km)\n\n\n1\nSandy\n2012\n945\n1,520\n\n\n2\nIgor\n2010\n920\n1,480\n\n\n3\nOlga\n2001\n865\n1,390\n\n\n4\nLili\n1996\n805\n1,295\n\n\n5\nKarl\n2004\n780\n1,255\n\n\nSources: [1]\n\n" ]	[ "Sandy" ]
7869254577233685858	Curly Howard	Curly Howard - wikipedia Curly Howard For the DJ , see Curly Howard ( DJ ) . Curly Howard Curly Howard in Disorder in the Court Jerome Lester Horwitz ( 1903 - 10 - 22 ) October 22 , 1903 Bensonhurst , Brooklyn , New York , U.S. January 18 , 1952 ( 1952 - 01 - 18 ) ( aged 48 ) San Gabriel , California , U.S. Cause of death Cerebral hemorrhage Resting place Home of Peace Cemetery Other names Jerry Howard Jerome Howard Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1918 -- 1947 Height 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Spouse ( s ) Julia Rosenthal ( m . 1930 ; annulled 1931 ) Elaine Ackerman ( m . 1937 ; div. 1940 ) Marion Buxbaum ( m . 1945 ; div. 1946 ) Valerie Newman ( m . 1947 ; his death 1952 ) Children Relatives Moe Howard ( brother ) Shemp Howard ( brother ) Joan Howard Maurer ( niece ) Website threestooges.net Jerome Lester Horwitz ( October 22 , 1903 -- January 18 , 1952 ) , better known by his stage name Curly Howard , was an American vaudevillian actor and comedian . He was best known as a member of the American farce comedy team the Three Stooges , which also featured his elder brothers Moe and Shemp Howard and actor Larry Fine . Curly Howard was generally considered the most popular and recognizable of the Stooges . He was well known for his high - pitched voice and vocal expressions ( `` nyuk - nyuk - nyuk ! '' , `` woob - woob - woob ! '' , `` soitenly ! '' ( certainly ) , and barking like a dog ) as well as his physical comedy ( e.g. , falling on the ground and pivoting on his shoulder as he `` walked '' in circular motion ) , improvisations , and athleticism . An untrained actor , Curly borrowed ( and significantly exaggerated ) the `` woob woob '' from `` nervous '' and soft - spoken comedian Hugh Herbert . Curly 's unique version of `` woob - woob - woob '' was firmly established by the time of the Stooges ' second Columbia film , Punch Drunks ( 1934 ) . Howard was forced to leave the Three Stooges act in 1946 when a massive stroke ended his show business career . He suffered through serious health problems and several more strokes until his death in 1952 at age 48 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career and the Three Stooges 2.2 Prime years 3 Illness 3.1 Slow decline 3.2 1946 stroke 3.3 Retirement 3.4 Final months and death 4 Personal life 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 6.1 Features 6.2 Short subjects 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Curly Howard was born Jerome Lester Horwitz in the Bensonhurst section of the Brooklyn borough of New York City , on October 22 , 1903 . Of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry , he was the youngest of the five sons of Jennie ( Gorovitz ) and Solomon Horwitz . Because he was the youngest , his brothers called him `` Babe '' to tease him . The name `` Babe '' stuck with him all his life , although when his elder brother Shemp Howard married Gertrude Frank , who was also nicknamed `` Babe '' , the brothers called him `` Curly '' to avoid confusion . His full formal Hebrew name was `` Yehudah Lev ben Shlomo Natan ha Levi . '' A quiet child , Howard rarely caused problems for his parents ( something older brothers Moe and Shemp excelled in ) . He was a mediocre student but excelled as an athlete on the school basketball team . He did n't graduate from high school , and instead he kept himself busy with odd jobs and constantly following his older brothers , whom he idolized . He was also an accomplished ballroom dancer and singer and regularly turned up at the Triangle Ballroom in Brooklyn , occasionally bumping into George Raft . When Howard was 12 , he accidentally shot himself in the left ankle while cleaning a rifle . Moe rushed him to the hospital and saved his life . The wound resulted in a noticeably thinner left leg and a slight limp . He was so frightened of surgery that he never had the limp corrected . While with the Stooges , he developed his famous exaggerated walk to mask the limp on screen . Howard was interested in music and comedy and would watch his brothers Shemp and Moe perform as stooges in Ted Healy 's vaudeville act . He also liked to hang around backstage , although he never participated in any of the routines . Career ( edit ) Early career and the Three Stooges ( edit ) From an early age , Howard was always `` in demand socially , '' as brother Moe put it . He married his first wife , Julia Rosenthal , on August 5 , 1930 , but the couple had their marriage annulled shortly afterwards . Howard 's first on - stage break was as a comedy musical conductor in 1928 for the Orville Knapp Band . Moe later recalled that his performances usually overshadowed those of the band . Though he enjoyed the gig , he watched as older brothers Moe and Shemp ( and partner Larry Fine ) made it big as some of Ted Healy 's `` Stooges . '' Vaudeville star Healy had a very popular stage act , in which he would try to tell jokes or sing , only to have his stooges wander on stage and interrupt or heckle him and cause disturbances from the audience . Meanwhile , Healy and company appeared in their first feature film , Rube Goldberg 's Soup to Nuts ( 1930 ) . Shemp Howard , however , disliked Healy 's abrasiveness , bad temper , and heavy drinking . In 1932 , he was offered a contract at the Vitaphone Studios in Brooklyn . ( Contrary to stories told by Moe , the role of `` Knobby Walsh '' in the Joe Palooka series did not come along until late 1935 , after Shemp had been at Vitaphone for three years and had already appeared in almost thirty short subjects . ) Shemp was thrilled to be away from Healy but , as was his nature , worried incessantly about brother Moe and partner Larry . Moe , however , told Shemp to pursue this opportunity . With Shemp gone , Moe suggested that Curly fill the role of the third Stooge . But Healy felt that , with his thick , chestnut hair and elegant waxed mustache , he did not `` look funny '' and was `` too handsome '' . Howard left the room and returned minutes later with his head shaven ( the mustache remained very briefly ) . Healy quipped , `` Boy , do n't you look girlie ? '' Moe misheard the joke as `` curly '' , and all who witnessed the exchange realized that the nickname `` Curly '' would be a perfect fit . In one of the few interviews Howard gave in his lifetime , he complained about the loss of his hair : `` I had to shave it off right down to the skin . '' In 1934 , MGM was building Healy up as a solo comedian in feature films and Healy dissolved the act to pursue his own career . Like Shemp , the team of Howard , Fine , and Howard was tired of Healy 's alcoholism and abrasiveness and renamed their act the `` Three Stooges . '' That same year , they signed on to appear in two - reel comedy short subjects for Columbia Pictures . The Stooges soon became the most popular short - subject attraction , with Howard playing an integral part in the trio 's work . Prime years ( edit ) Larry Fine , Curly Howard , and Moe Howard , from left to right , in 1937 Howard 's childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm made him a hit with audiences , particularly children . He was known in the act for having an `` indestructible '' head , which always won out by breaking anything that assaulted it , including saws ( resulting in his characteristic quip , `` Oh , look ! '' ) . Although having no formal acting training , his comedic skills were exceptional . Many times , directors would simply let the camera roll freely and let Howard improvise . Jules White , in particular , would leave gaps in the Stooge scripts where he could improvise for several minutes . In later years , White commented : `` If we wrote a scene and needed a little something extra , I 'd say to Curly , ' Look , we 've got a gap to fill this in with a `` woob - woob '' or some other bit of business . ' And he never disappointed us . '' By the time the Stooges hit their peak in the late 1930s , their films had almost become vehicles for Howard 's unbridled comic performances . Classics like A Plumbing We Will Go ( 1940 ) , We Want Our Mummy ( 1938 ) , An Ache in Every Stake ( 1941 ) , and Cactus Makes Perfect ( 1942 ) display his ability to take inanimate objects ( like food , tools , pipes , etc . ) and turn them into ingenious comic props . Moe Howard later confirmed that when Curly forgot his lines , that merely allowed him to improvise on the spot so that the `` take '' could continue uninterrupted : `` If we were going through a scene and he 'd forget his words for a moment , you know , rather than stand , get pale and stop , you never knew what he was going to do . On one occasion he 'd get down to the floor and spin around like a top until he remembered what he had to say . '' Howard also developed a set of reactions and expressions that the other Stooges would imitate long after he 'd left the act : Many of these were spoken in a form of New York accent . `` Nyuk , nyuk , nyuk '' -- Curly Howard 's traditional laughter , accompanied by manic finger - snapping , often used to amuse himself ; `` Woob , woob , woob ! '' -- used when he was either scared , dazed , or flirting with a `` dame '' ; `` Hmmm ! '' -- an under - the - breath , high - pitched sound meant to show different emotions , including interest , excitement , frustration , or anger ; one of his most - used reactions / expressions ; `` Nyahh - ahhh - ahhh ! '' -- scared reaction ( this was the reaction most often used by the other Stooges after Howard 's departure ) ; `` Laaa - Deeeeeee '' or simply `` Laaa , laaa , laaa '' -- his working `` song '' ; also used when he was acting innocently right before taking out an enemy ; `` Ruff Ruff '' -- dog bark , used to give an enemy a final push before departing the scene , or barking at an attractive dame ; `` Ha - cha - cha - cha - cha ! '' -- a take on Jimmy Durante 's famed call , used more sparingly than other expressions ; `` I 'm a victim of soicumstance ( circumstance ) '' ; `` Soiteny ! '' ( `` certainly '' ) ; `` I 'll moider you ! '' ( `` I 'll murder you ! '' ; used as a threat , but much more by Moe than by Curly ) ; `` Huff huff huff ! '' -- sharp , huffing exhales either due to excitement or meant to provoke a foe ; `` Ah - ba - ba - ba - ba - ba - ba ! '' -- used during his later years , a sort of nonsense , high - pitched yelling that signified being scared or overly excited ; `` Indubitably '' -- an expression used to feign an intelligent response ; His teeth , while chattering nervously , made the sound of a small hammer striking a chisel ; `` A WISE Guy , Eh ? '' -- annoyed response ; `` Oh Look ! '' -- surprised remark , usually about a common object ; `` Say a coupla adjectives ! '' -- to another ( injured ) stooge , usually Moe . Occasionally , the Stooges faced a problem that required deep thought ; whereupon Curly would bang his head on a wall several times , then shout , `` I got it ! I got it ! '' Moe would ask , `` What have you got ? '' Curly 's answer : `` A terrific headache . '' Despite his mispronunciations , he had an uncanny ability to spell big words ( e.g. , `` chrysanthemum '' ) instantly , if asked . The gag was bad timing : this talent might have landed the Stooges a job , but the opportunity was missed . Moe would then growl , `` Where were you a minute ago ? '' ( smack ) On several occasions , Moe Howard was convinced that rising star Lou Costello ( a close friend of Shemp ) was stealing material from his brother . Costello was known to acquire prints of the Stooges ' films from Columbia Pictures on occasion , presumably to study him . Inevitably , Curly Howard 's routines would show up in Abbott and Costello feature films , much to Moe 's chagrin . ( It did not help that Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn would not allow the Stooges to make feature - length films like contemporaries Laurel and Hardy , the Marx Brothers , and Abbott and Costello . ) Illness ( edit ) Slow decline ( edit ) By 1944 , Howard 's energy began to wane . Films like Idle Roomers ( 1944 ) and Booby Dupes ( 1945 ) present a Curly whose voice was deeper and his actions slower . It is believed that he suffered the first of many strokes between the filming of Idiots Deluxe ( October 1944 ) and If a Body Meets a Body ( March 1945 ) . After the filming of the feature length Rockin ' in the Rockies ( December 1944 ) , he finally checked himself ( at Moe Howard 's insistence ) into Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara , California , on January 23 , 1945 , and was diagnosed with extreme hypertension , a retinal hemorrhage , and obesity . His ill health forced him to rest , leading to only five shorts being released in 1945 ( the normal output was six to eight per year ) . The Three Stooges : An Illustrated History , From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons by Michael Fleming , states that Moe Howard pleaded with Harry Cohn to allow his younger brother some time off upon discharge to regain his strength , but Cohn would not halt the production of his profitable Stooge shorts and flatly refused his request . Other sources state the Stooges had five months off between August 1945 and January 1946 . They used that time to book themselves a feature film at Monogram , and then leave on a 2 - month live performance commitment in New York City working shows 7 days per week . During that NYC appearance , Howard met and married his 3rd wife Marion Buxbaum , a bad relationship that further deteriorated his health and morale . Returning to L.A. in late November 1945 , Howard was a shell of his former self . With two months rest , the team 's 1946 schedule at Columbia commenced in late January , but involved only 24 days work during February - early May . In spite of 8 weeks ' time off in that same period , Howard 's condition continued to deteriorate . By early 1946 , Howard 's voice had become even more coarse than before , and it was increasingly difficult for him to remember even the simplest dialogue . He had lost a considerable amount of weight , and lines had creased his face . 1946 stroke ( edit ) Half - Wits Holiday ( released 1947 ) would be Howard 's final appearance as an official member of the Stooges . During filming on May 6 , 1946 , he suffered a severe stroke while sitting in director Jules White 's chair , waiting to film the last scene of the day . When called by the assistant director to take the stage , he did not answer . Moe went looking for his brother : he found him with his head dropped to his chest . Moe later recalled that his mouth was distorted and he was unable to speak , only cry . Moe quietly alerted White to all this , leading the latter to rework the scene quickly , dividing the action between Moe and Larry while Curly was rushed to the hospital , where Moe joined him after the filming . Howard spent several weeks at the Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , California before returning home for further recuperation . In January 1945 , Shemp had been recruited to substitute for a resting Curly during live performances in New Orleans . After Howard 's stroke , Shemp agreed to replace him in the Columbia shorts , but only until his younger brother was well enough to rejoin the act . An extant copy of the Stooges ' 1947 Columbia Pictures contract was signed by all four Stooges and stipulated that Shemp 's joining `` in place and stead of Jerry Howard '' would be only temporary until Curly recovered sufficiently to return to work full - time . Howard , partially recovered and with his hair regrown , made a brief cameo appearance as a train passenger barking in his sleep in the third film after brother Shemp 's return , Hold That Lion ! ( 1947 ) . It was the only film that featured Larry Fine and all three Howard brothers -- Moe , Shemp and Curly -- simultaneously ; director White later said he spontaneously staged the bit during Curly 's impromptu visit to the soundstage : `` It was a spur - of - the - moment idea . Curly was visiting the set ; this was sometime after his stroke . Apparently he came in on his own , since I did n't see a nurse with him . He was sitting around , reading a newspaper . As I walked in , the newspaper he had in front of his face came down and he waved hello to me . I thought it would be funny to have him do a bit in the picture and he was happy to do it . '' A still from Curly 's cut scene in Malice in the Palace , 1949 In June 1948 , Howard filmed a second cameo as an irate chef for the short Malice in the Palace ( 1949 ) , but due to his illness , his performance was not deemed good enough and his scenes were cut . A lobby card for the short shows him with the other Stooges , although he never appeared in the final release . Retirement ( edit ) Still not fully recovered from his stroke , Howard met Valerie Newman and married her on July 31 , 1947 . A friend , Irma Leveton , later recalled , `` Valerie was the only decent thing that happened to Curly and the only one that really cared about him . '' Although his health continued to decline after the marriage , Valerie gave birth to a daughter , Janie , in 1948 . Later that year Howard suffered a second massive stroke , which left him partially paralyzed . He used a wheelchair by 1950 and was fed boiled rice and apples as part of his diet to reduce his weight ( and blood pressure ) . Valerie admitted him into the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital on August 29 , 1950 . He was released after several months of treatment and medical tests , although he would return periodically until his death . In February 1951 , he was placed in a nursing home , where he suffered another stroke a month later . In April , he went to live at the North Hollywood Hospital and Sanitarium . Final months and death ( edit ) Grave of Curly Howard , at Home of Peace Cemetery In December 1951 , the North Hollywood Hospital and Sanitarium supervisor advised the Howard family that he was becoming a problem to the nursing staff at the facility because of his mental deterioration . They admitted they could no longer care for him and suggested he be placed in a mental hospital . Moe refused and relocated him to the Baldy View Sanitarium in San Gabriel , California . On January 7 , 1952 , Moe was contacted on the Columbia set while filming He Cooked His Goose to help move Curly for what would be the last time . Eleven days later , on January 18 , Curly Howard died . He lived the shortest life of the Stooges , dying at the age of 48 . He was given a Jewish funeral and laid to rest at the Western Jewish Institute section of Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles . His older brothers , Benjamin and Shemp , and parents Jennie and Solomon are all interred there as well . Personal life ( edit ) Howard 's offscreen personality was the antithesis of his onscreen manic persona . An introvert , he generally kept to himself , rarely socializing with people unless he had been drinking ( which he would increasingly turn to as the stresses of his career grew ) . In addition , he came to life when in the presence of brother Shemp . Howard could not be himself around brother Moe , who treated his younger brother with a fatherly wag of the finger . Never an intellectual , Howard simply refrained from engaging in `` crazy antics '' unless he was in his element : with family , performing or intoxicated . On June 7 , 1937 , Howard married Elaine Ackerman , who gave birth to their only child , Marilyn , the following year . The couple divorced in June 1940 , after which he gained a lot of weight and developed hypertension . He was also insecure about his shaved head , believing it made him unappealing to women ; he increasingly drank to excess and caroused to cope with his feelings of inferiority . He took to wearing a hat in public to convey an image of masculinity , saying he felt like a little kid with his hair shaved off , even though he was popular with women all his life . In fact , many who knew him said women were his main weakness . Moe 's son - in - law Norman Maurer even went so far as to say he `` was a pushover for women . If a pretty girl went up to him and gave him a spiel , Curly would marry them . Then she would take his money and run off . It was the same when a real estate agent would come up and say ' I have a house for you ' ; Curly would sell his current home and buy another one . '' During World War II , for seven months of each year , the trio 's filming schedule would go on hiatus , allowing them to make personal appearances . The Stooges entertained servicemen constantly , and the intense work schedule took its toll on Howard . He never drank while performing in film or on stage ; Moe would not allow it . But once away from Moe 's watchful eye , he would find the nearest nightclub , down a few drinks , and enjoy himself . His drinking , eating , and carousing increased . He had difficulties managing his finances , often spending his money on wine , food , women , homes , cars , and especially dogs , and was often near bankruptcy . Moe eventually helped him manage his money and even filled out his income tax returns . Howard found constant companionship in his dogs and often befriended strays whenever the Stooges were traveling . He would pick up homeless dogs and take them with him from town to town until he found them a home somewhere else on the tour . When not performing , he would usually have a few dogs waiting for him at home as well . Moe urged Curly to find himself a wife , hoping it would persuade his brother to finally settle down and allow his health to improve somewhat . After a two - week courtship , he married Marion Buxbaum on October 17 , 1945 , a union which lasted approximately three months . The divorce proceeding was a bitter one , exacerbated by exploitation in the local media . After the divorce , his health fell into rapid and devastating decline . On July 31 , 1947 , he married Valerie Newman . They had one daughter together , named Janie ( born in 1948 ) , and remained married until his death . Legacy ( edit ) Curly Howard is considered by many fans and critics alike to be their favorite member of The Three Stooges . In a 1972 interview Larry Fine recalled , `` Personally , I thought Curly was the greatest because he was a natural comedian who had no formal training . Whatever he did , he made up on the spur of the moment . When we lost Curly , we took a hit . '' Curly 's mannerisms , behavior and personality along with his catchphrases of `` n'yuk , n'yuk , n'yuk , '' `` woob , woob , woob '' and `` soitenly ! '' have become a part of American popular culture . Steve Allen called him one of the `` most original , yet seldom recognized , comic geniuses . '' The Ted Okuda and Edward Watz book The Columbia Comedy Shorts puts Howard 's appeal and legacy in critical perspective : `` Few comics have come close to equaling the pure energy and genuine sense of fun Curly was able to project . He was merriment personified , a creature of frantic action whose only concern was to satisfy his immediate cravings . Allowing his emotions to dominate , and making no attempt whatsoever to hide his true feelings , he would chuckle self - indulgently at his own cleverness . When confronted with a problem he would grunt , slap his face and tackle the obstacle with all the tenacity of a six - year - old child . '' From 1980 to 1982 , the ABC TV comedic skit series , Fridays , featured an occasional skit of `` The Numb Boys '' - essentially a Three Stooges routine related to a recent news topic - with John Roarke playing Curly ( and Bruce Mahler as Moe and Larry David as Larry ) . In 2000 , longtime Stooges fan Mel Gibson produced a television film for ABC about the lives and careers of the Stooges . In an interview promoting the film , he said Curly was his favorite of the Stooges . In the film , Curly was played by Michael Chiklis . In the 2012 Farrelly brothers ' film The Three Stooges , Will Sasso portrays Curly Howard . Robert Capron portrays Young Curly . In the children 's novel series Captain Underpants and its film adaptation , the elementary school that the main characters attend is named Jerome Horwitz Elementary School , in reference to Howard 's birth name . Filmography ( edit ) Features ( edit ) Turn Back the Clock ( 1933 ) Broadway to Hollywood ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Myrt and Marge ( 1933 ) Fugitive Lovers ( 1934 ) Hollywood Party ( 1934 ) The Captain Hates the Sea ( 1934 ) Start Cheering ( 1938 ) Time Out for Rhythm ( 1941 ) My Sister Eileen ( 1942 ) Good Luck , Mr. Yates ( 1943 ) ( scenes deleted , reused in Gents Without Cents ) Rockin ' in the Rockies ( 1945 ) Swing Parade of 1946 ( 1946 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ! ( 1960 ) ( scenes from Stooge shorts ) Short subjects ( edit ) Nertsery Rhymes ( 1933 ) Beer and Pretzels ( 1933 ) Hello Pop ! ( 1933 ) Plane Nuts ( 1933 ) Roast Beef and Movies ( 1934 ) Jail Birds of Paradise ( 1934 ) Hollywood on Parade # B - 9 ( 1934 ) Woman Haters ( 1934 ) ( * credited as `` Curley '' ) The Big Idea ( 1934 ) Punch Drunks ( 1934 ) Men in Black ( 1934 ) Three Little Pigskins ( 1934 ) Horses ' Collars ( 1935 ) Restless Knights ( 1935 ) Screen Snapshots Series 14 , No. 6 ( 1935 ) Pop Goes the Easel ( 1935 ) Uncivil Warriors ( 1935 ) Pardon My Scotch ( 1935 ) Hoi Polloi ( 1935 ) Three Little Beers ( 1935 ) Ants in the Pantry ( 1936 ) Movie Maniacs ( 1936 ) Screen Snapshots Series 15 , No. 7 ( 1936 ) Half Shot Shooters ( 1936 ) Disorder in the Court ( 1936 ) A Pain in the Pullman ( 1936 ) False Alarms ( 1936 ) Whoops , I 'm an Indian ! ( 1936 ) Slippery Silks ( 1936 ) Grips , Grunts and Groans ( 1937 ) Dizzy Doctors ( 1937 ) Three Dumb Clucks ( 1937 ) Back to the Woods ( 1937 ) Goofs and Saddles ( 1937 ) Cash and Carry ( 1937 ) Playing the Ponies ( 1937 ) The Sitter Downers ( 1937 ) Termites of 1938 ( 1938 ) Wee Wee Monsieur ( 1938 ) Tassels in the Air ( 1938 ) Healthy , Wealthy and Dumb ( 1938 ) Violent Is the Word for Curly ( 1938 ) Three Missing Links ( 1938 ) Mutts to You ( 1938 ) Flat Foot Stooges ( 1938 ) Three Little Sew and Sews ( 1939 ) We Want Our Mummy ( 1939 ) A Ducking They Did Go ( 1939 ) Screen Snapshots : Stars on Horseback ( 1939 ) Yes , We Have No Bonanza ( 1939 ) Saved by the Belle ( 1939 ) Calling All Curs ( 1939 ) Oily to Bed , Oily to Rise ( 1939 ) Three Sappy People ( 1939 ) You Nazty Spy ! ( 1940 ) Screen Snapshots : Art and Artists ( 1940 ) Rockin ' thru the Rockies ( 1940 ) A Plumbing We Will Go ( 1940 ) Nutty but Nice ( 1940 ) How High Is Up ? ( 1940 ) From Nurse to Worse ( 1940 ) No Census , No Feeling ( 1940 ) Cookoo Cavaliers ( 1940 ) Boobs in Arms ( 1940 ) So Long Mr. Chumps ( 1941 ) Dutiful but Dumb ( 1941 ) All the World 's a Stooge ( 1941 ) I 'll Never Heil Again ( 1941 ) An Ache in Every Stake ( 1941 ) In the Sweet Pie and Pie ( 1941 ) Some More of Samoa ( 1941 ) Loco Boy Makes Good ( 1942 ) What 's the Matador ? ( 1942 ) Cactus Makes Perfect ( 1942 ) Matri - Phony ( 1942 ) Three Smart Saps ( 1942 ) Even as IOU ( 1942 ) Sock - a-Bye Baby ( 1942 ) They Stooge to Conga ( 1943 ) Dizzy Detectives ( 1943 ) Spook Louder ( 1943 ) Back from the Front ( 1943 ) Three Little Twirps ( 1943 ) Higher Than a Kite ( 1943 ) I Can Hardly Wait ( 1943 ) Dizzy Pilots ( 1943 ) Phony Express ( 1943 ) A Gem of a Jam ( 1943 ) Crash Goes the Hash ( 1944 ) Busy Buddies ( 1944 ) The Yoke 's on Me ( 1944 ) Idle Roomers ( 1944 ) Gents Without Cents ( 1944 ) No Dough Boys ( 1944 ) Three Pests in a Mess ( 1945 ) Booby Dupes ( 1945 ) Idiots Deluxe ( 1945 ) If a Body Meets a Body ( 1945 ) Micro-Phonies ( 1945 ) Beer Barrel Polecats ( 1946 ) A Bird in the Head ( 1946 ) Uncivil War Birds ( 1946 ) The Three Troubledoers ( 1946 ) Monkey Businessmen ( 1946 ) Three Loan Wolves ( 1946 ) G.I. Wanna Home ( 1946 ) Rhythm and Weep ( 1946 ) Three Little Pirates ( 1946 ) Half - Wits Holiday ( 1947 ) Hold That Lion ! ( 1947 , cameo appearance ) Malice in the Palace ( 1949 , cameo appearance filmed but not used ) Booty and the Beast ( 1953 , recycled footage from Hold That Lion ! ) Further reading ( edit ) Curly : An Illustrated Biography of the Superstooge by Joan Howard Maurer ( Citadel Press , 1988 ) . The Complete Three Stooges : The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion by Jon Solomon , ( Comedy III Productions , Inc. , 2002 ) . One Fine Stooge : A Frizzy Life in Pictures by Steve Cox and Jim Terry , ( Cumberland House Publishing , 2006 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maurer , Joan Howard ; Jeff Lenburg ; Greg Lenburg ( 1982 ) . The Three Stooges Scrapbook . Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0946 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Ted ; Watz , Edward ( 1986 ) . The Columbia Comedy Shorts . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 181 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Moe ; Joan Howard Maurer ( 1977 ) . Moe Howard and the Three Stooges . Citadel Press . pp. 21 -- 23 , 25 , 33 , 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Curly has a traditional Jewish gravestone with his full formal Hebrew name engraved on it in Hebrew script , directly transliterated from the Hebrew inscription contained there . Jump up ^ The Three Stooges Journal , Winter 2005 ; Issue # 76 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) . The Three Stooges : An Illustrated History , From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons . New York : Broadway Books . pp. 22 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 33 , 49 , 50 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0556 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : A&E Network 's Biography Jump up ^ Funny TV and Movie Lines ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Soitenly '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.proz.com/kudoz/English/poetry_literature/1124818-toidy_toid_and_toid.html Jump up ^ Seely , Peter ; Gail W. Pieper ( 2007 ) . Stoogeology : Essays on the Three Stooges . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 9 . ISBN 0786429208 . Jump up ^ willdogs Archived May 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Ted ; Watz , Edward ; ( 1986 ) . The Columbia Comedy Shorts , p. 69 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 181 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Moe and Shemp Howard and Larry Fine , who were the originals in the Three Stooges act , compose the trio to appear here . Curley ( sic ) Howard , who took Shemp 's place after the act had been organized some years and whose appearance is familiar to movie audiences , is not on the current tour because of illness . '' The Times - Picayune ; January 18 , 1946 edition Jump up ^ `` Curly Howard '' . Find a Grave . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of the Stooges VHS Documentary , narrated by Steve Allen ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ The Three Stooges Story , ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ List of Fridays episodes . Jump up ^ TV Guide.com . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Curly Howard at The Three Stooges Official Website Curly Howard on IMDb Curly Howard at the TCM Movie Database Curly Howard at the Internet Broadway Database `` Curly Howard '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Three Stooges Sued by Curly 's Widow The Three Stooges Moe Howard Larry Fine Curly Howard Shemp Howard Joe Besser Joe DeRita Works The Three Stooges filmography The Three Stooges Collection Jerks of All Trades The New Three Stooges episodes The Three Stooges Scrapbook Kook 's Tour Moe Howard and the Three Stooges Related topics List of supporting actors in Three Stooges films The Three Stooges in popular culture Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad , Mad , Mad Dr. No - No The Robonic Stooges Stoogemania `` Swinging the Alphabet '' `` The Curly Shuffle '' 1984 arcade game 1987 video game 2000 TV movie 2012 feature film 2018 prequel C3 Entertainment Associated people Edward Bernds Tiny Brauer Charley Chase Paul Garner Ted Healy Rich Koz Del Lord Hugh McCollum Christine McIntyre Frank Mitchell Joe Palma / Fake Shemp Fred Sanborn Emil Sitka Greta Thyssen Elwood Ullman Jack White Jules White Book ISNI : 0000 0000 2884 0635 LCCN : n85219229 MusicBrainz : 4c88a1ad - beca - 4776 - a1bc - 0a9f233e43d3 VIAF : 38359160 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curly_Howard&oldid=846253164 '' Categories : 1903 births 1952 deaths Vaudeville performers The Three Stooges members Male actors from New York City Jewish American comedians American male film actors The Three Stooges American male television actors American male stage actors American male comedians American comedians American people of Lithuanian - Jewish descent Jewish American male actors 20th - century American male actors People from Bensonhurst , Brooklyn American male comedy actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge עברית Norsk Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 13 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did curly from the three stooges die	[ "Jerome Lester Horwitz (October 22, 1903 – January 18, 1952), better known by his stage name Curly Howard, was an American vaudevillian actor and comedian. He was best known as a member of the American farce comedy team the Three Stooges, which also featured his elder brothers Moe and Shemp Howard and actor Larry Fine. Curly Howard was generally considered the most popular and recognizable of the Stooges. He was well known for his high-pitched voice and vocal expressions (\"nyuk-nyuk-nyuk!\", \"woob-woob-woob!\", \"soitenly!\" [certainly], and barking like a dog) as well as his physical comedy (e.g., falling on the ground and pivoting on his shoulder as he \"walked\" in circular motion), improvisations, and athleticism.[1] An untrained actor, Curly borrowed (and significantly exaggerated) the \"woob woob\" from \"nervous\" and soft-spoken comedian Hugh Herbert.[2] Curly's unique version of \"woob-woob-woob\" was firmly established by the time of the Stooges' second Columbia film, Punch Drunks (1934).[1]" ]	[ "January 18, 1952" ]
-7695296271266037413	List of most-followed Instagram accounts	List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed individual on Instagram , with more than 144 million followers . This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of October 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 260 million followers . Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed individual , with over 144 million followers . Twelve accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Instagram . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country @ instagram Instagram 260 Social media platform USA @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 144 Footballer POR @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 144 Musician and actress USA @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 132 Musician USA 5 @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 120 Reality TV personality USA 6 @ beyonce Beyoncé 119 Musician USA 7 @ therock Dwayne Johnson 119 Actor and professional wrestler USA 8 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 117 Reality TV personality USA 9 @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 112 Musician USA 10 @ neymarjr Neymar 104 Footballer BRA 11 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 102 Musician CAN 12 @ leomessi Lionel Messi 100 Footballer ARG 13 @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 97 Model USA 14 @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 94 Musician TRI 15 @ natgeo National Geographic 93 Magazine USA 16 @ nike Nike 81 Sportswear multinational USA 17 @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 81 Musician and actress USA 18 @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 81 Reality TV personality USA 19 @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 20 @ katyperry Katy Perry 73 Musician USA 21 @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 70 Musician USA 22 @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 68 Reality TV personality USA 23 @ badgalriri Rihanna 65 Musician BAR 24 @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 64 Football club ESP 25 @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 64 Comedian and actor USA 26 @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 61 Lingerie brand USA 27 @ fcbarcelona FC Barcelona 61 Football club ESP 28 @ theellenshow Ellen Degeneres 59 Comedian USA 29 @ shakira Shakira 54 Musician COL 30 @ zendaya Zendaya 53 Actress and musician USA 31 @ justintimberlake Justin Timberlake 52 Musician and actor USA 32 @ davidbeckham David Beckham 51 Footballer GBR 33 @ vindiesel Vin Diesel 51 Actor USA 34 @ champagnepapi Drake 49 Musician CAN 35 @ emmawatson Emma Watson 48 Actress GBR 36 @ 9gag 9GAG 47 Social media platform HKG 37 @ chrisbrownofficial Chris Brown 47 Musician USA 38 @ kingjames LeBron James 44 Basketball player USA 39 @ gigihadid Gigi Hadid 44 Model USA 40 @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 41 Actress and model GBR 41 @ jamesrodriguez10 James Rodriguez 40 Footballer COL 42 @ ronaldinho Ronaldinho 38 Footballer BRA 43 @ shawnmendes Shawn Mendes 37 Musician CAN 44 @ garethbale11 Gareth Bale 37 Footballer GBR 45 @ nikefootball Nike Football 36 Sportswear USA 46 @ nasa NASA 36 Space agency USA 47 @ zacefron Zac Efron 36 Actor USA 48 @ maluma Maluma 36 Musician COL 49 @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimovic 35 Footballer SWE 50 @ iamcardib Cardi B 34 Musician USA As of October 30 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 15 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession United States @ instagram Instagram 260 Social media platform Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 144 Footballer Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 104 Footballer Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 102 Musician 5 Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 100 Footballer 6 Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 94 Musician 7 Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 65 Musician 8 Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 64 Football club 9 Colombia @ shakira Shakira 54 Musician 10 United Kingdom @ davidbeckham David Beckham 51 Footballer 11 Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 47 Social media platform 12 Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 35 Footballer 13 France @ chanelofficial Chanel 30 Clothing retailer 14 Uruguay @ luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 30 Footballer 15 Germany @ adidasoriginals Adidas Originals 29 Clothing line As of October 29 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Facebook pages List of most - followed Instagram Business accounts List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits Dating EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch List of original programs Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse IGTV List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo Portal WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Hello Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Moves Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot tbh Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Telecom Infra Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Financial performance 2018 Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=866449536 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most followers on instagram now	[ "This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of October 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 260 million followers. Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed individual, with over 144 million followers. Twelve accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site.\n" ]	[ "Instagram's own account" ]
5237394652227878357	2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights	2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Television camera filming Serbia versus Brazil in Group E . FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters . Television ( edit ) Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . Afghanistan ATN Albania RTSH Andorra TF1 , France Télévisions , TVE , beIN Sports Angola TPA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Argentina TV Pública , TyC Sports , DirecTV Armenia ARMTV Australia SBS , Optus Sport Austria ORF , OE24 , DAZN Azerbaijan İTV , AzTV Bangladesh BTV , Maasranga TV , Nagorik TV , Sony Pictures Networks Bahamas ZNS , DirecTV Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Benin ORTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Bermuda BBC , DirecTV Bhutan Sony Pictures Networks Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Globo , SporTV , Fox Sports Brunei Astro Bulgaria BNT Burkina Faso RTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Cambodia CBS Cameroon CRTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Canada CBC , Sportsnet , TVA Sports Chad ORTNV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV , Movistar China CCTV , Migu , Youku Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV Congo Télé Congo , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Costa Rica Teletica , Sky , Movistar Côte d'Ivoire RTI , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Croatia HRT Cuba ICRT Cyprus CyBC Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR , TV 2 Dominica Sky , DirecTV Dominican Republic Antena 7 , Sky Ecuador RTS , DirecTV El Salvador TCS , Sky Estonia ERR Faroe Islands DR , TV 2 Finland Yle France TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Gabon RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Gambia GRTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Germany ARD , ZDF , Sky Sport , DAZN Georgia GPB Ghana GBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Greece ERT Greenland DR , TV 2 Guatemala TV Azteca , Tigo Sports , Sky , Movistar Guinea RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Honduras TVC , Sky , Movistar Hong Kong ViuTV , Now TV Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV India Jio TV , AirTel TV , Sony Pictures Networks Indonesia Trans Media , K - Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV Iran IRIB , beIN Sports Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton Italy Mediaset Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Kosovo RTK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos TVLAO Latvia LTV Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malaysia Astro , RTM Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malta PBS Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México Moldova TRM Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Mongolia NTV , MNB Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Myanmar Skynet Sports Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ North Korea KCTV Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV Peru Latina , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP , NC+ Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV Romania TVR Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV San Marino Mediaset Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Serbia RTS Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTVSLO Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain TVE Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks Suriname SCCN , DirecTV Sweden SVT , TV4 Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN Taiwan ELTA , CTS Tajikistan Varzish TV Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV Timor Leste ETO Telco Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports Turkey TRT Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Ukraine Inter , NTN United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island NBC , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV Vietnam VTV Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Region Broadcaster Ref . Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , talkSPORT United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island ESPN Radio , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家播 2018 世界盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家播放俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جام‌جهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳廣視《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯世界盃》 64 場全程直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世足 6 月登場華視加入轉播行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` NBC Sports and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` DirecTV picks up Fifa rights package in Caribbean '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera secures first 2018 / 2022 rights package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport rebranded beIN SPORTS '' . Al Arabiya. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世界盃. 多星道 ( 版權所限 , 本節目不設網上收聽及重溫 ) '' . RTHK . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RRI Mendapat Lisensi Radio Siaran Sepakbola Piala Dunia 2018 '' . RRI . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondiale Russia 2018 in diretta anche su Radio 105 '' . Calcio Casteddu ( in Italian ) . Calcio Casteddu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=850545656 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	fifa world cup 2018 will be shown on which channel in india	[ "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nTVE\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nNBC, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nVTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n", "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nTVE\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nNBC, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nVTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n", "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nTVE\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nNBC, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nVTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n" ]	[ "Jio TV", "AirTel TV", "Sony Pictures Networks" ]
-1121123354486556129	Incorporation of the Bill of Rights	Incorporation of the Bill of Rights - wikipedia Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Jump to : navigation , search Main article : United States Bill of Rights Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Incorporation , in U.S. law , is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states . When it was first ratified , the Bill of Rights only protected the rights it enumerated from federal infringement , allowing states and local governments to abridge them . However , beginning in 1897 with Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago , various portions have been held to be incorporated against state and local government through the Fourteenth Amendment . Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the development of the incorporation doctrine , the Supreme Court in 1833 held in Barron v. Baltimore that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal , but not any state governments . Even years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment , the Supreme Court in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments . However , beginning in the 1920s , a series of United States Supreme Court decisions interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment to `` incorporate '' most portions of the Bill of Rights , making these portions , for the first time , enforceable against the state governments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Incorporation 1.3 Selective versus total incorporation 1.4 Due process interpretation 1.5 Incorporation under privileges or immunities 2 Specific amendments 2.1 Amendment I 2.2 Amendment II 2.3 Amendment III 2.4 Amendment IV 2.5 Amendment V 2.6 Amendment VI 2.7 Amendment VII 2.8 Amendment VIII 3 Reverse incorporation 4 References 5 Further reading History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ... -- Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ( 1791 ) The United States Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the United States Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689 , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . Although James Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . ( N ) or shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ... -- Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) In the 1833 case of Barron v. Baltimore , the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Bill of Rights did not apply to state governments ; such protections were instead provided by the constitutions of each state . After the Civil War , Congress and the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment , which included the Due Process Clause and the Privileges or Immunities Clause . While the Fifth Amendment had included a due process clause , the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment crucially differed from the Fifth Amendment in that it explicitly applied to the states . The Privileges or Immunities Clause also explicitly applied to the states , unlike the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV of the Constitution . In the Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause was not designed to protected individuals from the actions of state governments . In Twining v. New Jersey ( 1908 ) , the Supreme Court acknowledged that the Due Process Clause might incorporate some of the Bill of Rights , but continued to reject any incorporation under the Privileges or Immunities Clause . Incorporation ( edit ) The doctrine of incorporation has been traced back to either Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago ( 1897 ) in which the Supreme Court appeared to require some form of just compensation for property appropriated by state or local authorities ( although there was a state statute on the books that provided the same guarantee ) or , more commonly , to Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , in which the Court expressly held that States were bound to protect freedom of speech . Since that time , the Court has steadily incorporated most of the significant provisions of the Bill of Rights . Provisions that the Supreme Court either has refused to incorporate , or whose possible incorporation has not yet been addressed include the Fifth Amendment right to an indictment by a grand jury , and the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial in civil lawsuits . Incorporation applies both procedurally and substantively to the guarantees of the states . Thus , procedurally , only a jury can convict a defendant of a serious crime , since the Sixth Amendment jury - trial right has been incorporated against the states ; substantively , for example , states must recognize the First Amendment prohibition against a state - established religion , regardless of whether state laws and constitutions offer such a prohibition . The Supreme Court has declined , however , to apply new procedural constitutional rights retroactively against the states in criminal cases ( Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 ( 1989 ) ) with limited exceptions , and it has waived constitutional requirements if the states can prove that a constitutional violation was `` harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . '' Rep. John Bingham , the principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment , advocated that the Fourteenth applied the first eight Amendments of the Bill of Rights to the States . The U.S. Supreme Court subsequently declined to interpret it that way , despite the dissenting argument in the 1947 case of Adamson v. California by Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black that the framers ' intent should control the Court 's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment ( he included a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from Bingham 's congressional testimony ) . Although the Adamson Court declined to adopt Black 's interpretation , the Court during the following twenty - five years employed a doctrine of selective incorporation that succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' The 14th Amendment has vastly expanded civil rights protections and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Selective versus total incorporation ( edit ) In the 1940s and 1960s the Supreme Court gradually issued a series of decisions incorporating several of the specific rights from the Bill of Rights , so as to be binding upon the States . A dissenting school of thought championed by Justice Hugo Black supported that incorporation of specific rights , but urged incorporation of all specific rights instead of just some of them . Black was for so - called mechanical incorporation , or total incorporation , of Amendments 1 through 8 of the Bill of Rights ( Amendments 9 and 10 being patently connected to the powers of the state governments ) . Black felt that the Fourteenth Amendment required the States to respect all of the enumerated rights set forth in the first eight amendments , but he did not wish to see the doctrine expanded to include other , unenumerated `` fundamental rights '' that might be based on the Ninth Amendment . Black felt that his formulation eliminated any arbitrariness or caprice in deciding what the Fourteenth Amendment ought to protect , by sticking to words already found in the Constitution . Although Black was willing to invalidate federal statutes on federalism grounds , he was not inclined to read any of the first eight amendments as states ' rights provisions as opposed to individual rights provisions . Justice Black felt that the Fourteenth Amendment was designed to apply the first eight amendments from the Bill of Rights to the states , as he expressed in his dissenting opinion in Adamson v. California . This view was again expressed by Black in his concurrence in Duncan v. Louisiana citing the Fourteenth Amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause : `` ' No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ' seem to me an eminently reasonable way of expressing the idea that henceforth the Bill of Rights shall apply to the States . '' Due process interpretation ( edit ) Justice Felix Frankfurter , however , felt that the incorporation process ought to be incremental , and that the federal courts should only apply those sections of the Bill of Rights whose abridgment would `` shock the conscience , '' as he put it in Rochin v. California ( 1952 ) . Such a selective incorporation approach followed that of Justice Moody , who wrote in Twining v. New Jersey ( 1908 ) that `` It is possible that some of the personal rights safeguarded by the first eight Amendments against National action may also be safeguarded against state action , because a denial of them would be a denial of due process of law . If this is so , it is not because those rights are enumerated in the first eight Amendments , but because they are of such a nature that they are included in the conception of due process of law . '' The due process approach thus considers a right to be incorporated not because it was listed in the Bill of Rights , but only because it is required by the definition of due process , which may change over time . For example , Moody 's decision in Twining stated that the 5th Amendment right against self - incrimination was not inherent in a conception of due process and so did not apply to states , but was overruled in Malloy v. Hogan ( 1964 ) . Similarly , Justice Cardozo stated in Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) that the right against double jeopardy was not inherent to due process and so does not apply to the states , but that was overruled in Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) . Frankfurter 's incrementalist approach did carry the day , but the end result is very nearly what Justice Black advocated , with the exceptions noted below . Incorporation under Privileges or Immunities ( edit ) No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ... -- Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment Some have suggested that the Privileges or Immunities Clause would be a more appropriate textual basis than the due process clause for incorporation of the Bill of Rights . It is often said that the Slaughter - House Cases `` gutted the privileges or immunities clause '' and thus prevented its use for applying the Bill of Rights against the states . In his dissent to Adamson v. California , however , Justice Hugo Black pointed out that the Slaughter - House Cases did not directly involve any right enumerated in the Constitution : ( T ) he state law under consideration in the Slaughter - House cases was only challenged as one which authorized a monopoly , and the brief for the challenger properly conceded that there was `` no direct constitutional provision against a monopoly . '' The argument did not invoke any specific provision of the Bill of Rights , but urged that the state monopoly statute violated `` the natural right of a person '' to do business and engage in his trade or vocation . Thus , in Black 's view , the Slaughterhouse Cases should not impede incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states , via the Privileges or Immunities Clause . Some scholars go even further , and argue that the Slaughterhouse Cases affirmatively supported incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states . In dicta , Justice Miller 's opinion in Slaughterhouse went so far as to acknowledge that the `` right to peaceably assemble and petition for redress of grievances ... are rights of the citizen guaranteed by the Federal Constitution , '' although in context Miller may have only been referring to assemblies for petitioning the federal government . In the 2010 landmark case McDonald v. Chicago , the Supreme Court declared the Second Amendment is incorporated through the Due Process Clause . However , Justice Thomas , the fifth justice in the majority , criticized substantive due process and declared instead that he reached the same incorporation only through the Privileges or Immunities Clause . No other justice attempted to question his rationale . This is considered by some as a `` revival '' of the Privileges or Immunities Clause , however as it is a concurring opinion and not the majority opinion in the case , it holds no legal weight in lower courts ; it is merely an indication that SCOTUS may be inclined , given the proper question , to reconsider and ultimately reverse the Slaughterhouse Cases . Specific amendments ( edit ) Many of the provisions of the First Amendment were applied to the States in the 1930s and 1940s , but most of the procedural protections provided to criminal defendants were not enforced against the States until the Warren Court of the 1960s , famous for its concern for the rights of those accused of crimes , brought state standards in line with federal requirements . The following list enumerates , by amendment and individual clause , the Supreme Court cases that have incorporated the rights contained in the Bill of Rights . ( The Ninth Amendment is not listed ; its wording indicates that it `` is not a source of rights as such ; it is simply a rule about how to read the Constitution . '' The Tenth Amendment is also not listed ; by its wording , it is a reservation of powers to the states and to the people . ) Amendment I ( edit ) Guarantee against establishment of religion This provision has been incorporated against the states . See Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Guarantee of free exercise of religion This provision has been incorporated against the states . See Cantwell v. Connecticut , 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) . Guarantee of freedom of speech This provision has been incorporated against the states . See Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) ( dicta ) . Guarantee of freedom of the press This provision has been incorporated against the states . See Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) . Guarantee of freedom of assembly This provision has been incorporated against the states . See DeJonge v. Oregon , 299 U.S. 353 ( 1937 ) . Guarantee of the right to petition for redress of grievances This provision has been incorporated against the states . See Edwards v. South Carolina , 372 U.S. 229 ( 1963 ) . Guarantee of freedom of expressive association This right , though not in the words of the first amendment , was first mentioned in the case NAACP v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) and was at that time applied to the states . See also Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court held that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends . '' Amendment II ( edit ) Right to keep and bear arms This right has been incorporated against the states . Described as a fundamental and individual right that will necessarily be subject to strict scrutiny by the courts , see McDonald v. City of Chicago ( 2010 ) . Self Defense is described as `` the central component '' of the Second Amendment in McDonald , supra. , and upheld District of Columbia v. Heller 554 U.S ( 2008 ) concluding the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment right , recognized in Heller , to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense . The 14th Amendment makes the 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms fully applicable to the States , see , McDonald vs. City of Chicago ( 2010 ) . `` The right to keep and bear arms must be regarded as a substantive guarantee , not a prohibition that could be ignored as long as the States legislated in an evenhanded manner , '' McDonald , supra ... Amendment iii ( edit ) Freedom from quartering of soldiers This provision has been incorporated against the states within the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , but has not been incorporated against the states elsewhere . In 1982 , the Second Circuit applied the Third Amendment to the states in Engblom v. Carey . This is a binding authority over Connecticut , New York , and Vermont , but is only a persuasive authority over the remainder of the United States . The Tenth Circuit has suggested that the right is incorporated because the Bill of Rights explicitly codifies the `` fee ownership system developed in English law '' through the Third , Fourth , and Fifth Amendments , and the Fourteenth Amendment likewise forbids the states from depriving citizens of their property without due process of law . See United States v. Nichols , 841 F. 2d 1485 , 1510 n. 1 ( 10th Cir. 1988 ) . The `` problem '' is that the third amendment , by and large , is the only one that is almost never violated by the states and Federal government , almost nobody is suing over the issue , so very few cases are being heard . The U.S. Supreme Court has never had a third amendment case appealed to it . Amendment IV ( edit ) Unreasonable search and seizure This right has been incorporated against the states by the Supreme Court 's decision in Mapp v. Ohio , 367 U.S. 643 ( 1961 ) , although there is dicta in Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) , saying the `` core '' of the Fourth Amendment applied to the States . The remedy of exclusion of unlawfully seized evidence , the exclusionary rule , has been incorporated against the states . See Mapp v. Ohio . In Mapp , the Court overruled Wolf v. Colorado in which the Court had ruled that the exclusionary rule did not apply to the states . Warrant requirements The various warrant requirements have been incorporated against the states . See Aguilar v. Texas , 378 U.S. 108 ( 1964 ) . The standards for judging whether a search or seizure undertaken without a warrant was `` unreasonable '' also have been incorporated against the states . See Ker v. California , 374 U.S. 23 ( 1963 ) . Amendment v. ( edit ) Right to indictment by a grand jury This right has been held not to be incorporated against the states . See Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Protection against double jeopardy This right has been incorporated against the states . See Benton v. Maryland , 395 U.S. 784 ( 1969 ) . Constitutional privilege against self - incrimination This right has been incorporated against the states . Self Incrimination in Court See Griffin v. California , 380 U.S. 609 ( 1965 ) , Malloy v. Hogan , 378 U.S. 1 ( 1964 ) . Miranda See Miranda v. Arizona , 348 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) . A note about the Miranda warnings : The text of the Fifth Amendment does not require that the police , before interrogating a suspect whom they have in custody , give him or her the now - famous Miranda warnings . Nevertheless , the Court has held that these warnings are a necessary prophylactic device , and thus required by the Fifth Amendment by police who interrogate any criminal suspect in custody , regardless of whether he or she is ultimately prosecuted in state or federal court . Protection against taking of private property without just compensation This right has been incorporated against the states . See Chicago , Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago , 166 U.S. 226 ( 1897 ) . Amendment vi ( edit ) Right to a speedy trial This right has been incorporated against the states . See Klopfer v. North Carolina , 386 U.S. 213 ( 1967 ) . Right to a public trial This right has been incorporated against the states . See In re Oliver , 333 U.S. 257 ( 1948 ) . Right to trial by impartial jury This right has been incorporated against the states . See Duncan v. Louisiana , 391 U.S. 145 ( 1968 ) , which guarantees the right to a jury trial in non-petty cases . See also Parker v. Gladden , 385 U.S. 363 ( 1966 ) , where the Supreme Court ruled `` that the statements of the bailiff to the jurors are controlled by the command of the Sixth Amendment , made applicable to the States through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . It guarantees that ' the accused shall enjoy the right to a trial , by an impartial jury ( ... ) . ' '' However , the size of the jury , as well as the requirement that it unanimously reach its verdict , vary between federal and state courts . Even so , the Supreme Court has ruled that a jury in a criminal case may have as few as six members . Williams v. Florida , 399 U.S. 78 ( 1970 ) . If there are twelve , only nine jurors need agree on a verdict . Furthermore , there is no right to a jury trial in juvenile delinquency proceedings held in state court . See McKeiver v. Pennsylvania , 403 U.S. 528 ( 1971 ) . Right to a jury selected from residents of the state and district where the crime occurred This right has not been incorporated against the states . See Caudill v. Scott , 857 F. 2d 344 ( 6th Cir. 1988 ) ; Cook v. Morrill , 783 F. 2d 593 ( 5th Cir. 1986 ) ; Zicarelli v. Dietz , 633 F. 2d 312 ( 3d Cir. 1980 ) . Right to notice of accusations This right has been incorporated against the states . See In re Oliver , 333 U.S. 257 ( 1948 ) . See also Rabe v. Washington , 405 U.S. 313 ( 1972 ) . Right to confront adverse witnesses This right has been incorporated against the states . See Pointer v. Texas , 380 U.S. 400 ( 1965 ) . Right to compulsory process ( subpoenas ) to obtain witness testimony This right has been incorporated against the states . See Washington v. Texas , 388 U.S. 14 ( 1967 ) . Right to assistance of counsel This right has been incorporated against the states . See Powell v. Alabama 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) , for capital cases , see Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) for all felony cases , and see Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25 ( 1972 ) for imprisonable misdemeanors . In subsequent decisions , the Court extended the right to counsel to any case in which a jail sentence is imposed . Amendment VII ( edit ) Right to jury trial in civil cases This right has not been incorporated against the states . See Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis , 241 U.S. 211 ( 1916 ) and Pearson v. Yewdall , 95 U.S. 294 ( 1877 ) Re-Examination Clause This right has not been incorporated against the states . See Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Bombolis , 241 U.S. 211 ( 1916 ) Amendment viii ( edit ) Protection against excessive bail This right may have been incorporated against the states . In Schilb v. Kuebel , 404 U.S. 357 ( 1971 ) , the Court stated in dicta : `` Bail , of course , is basic to our system of law , and the Eighth Amendment 's proscription of excessive bail has been assumed to have application to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment . '' In Murphy v. Hunt , 455 U.S. 478 ( 1982 ) , the Court did not reach the issue because the case was dismissed as moot . Bail was included in the list of incorporated rights in McDonald footnote 12 , citing Schilb . Protection against excessive fines This right has not been incorporated . See McDonald v. City of Chicago , footnote 13 ( 2010 ) . Protection against cruel and unusual punishments This right has been incorporated against the states . See Robinson v. California , 370 U.S. 660 ( 1962 ) . This holding has led the Court to suggest , in dicta , that the excessive bail and excessive fines protections have also been incorporated . See Baze v. Rees , 128 S. Ct. 1520 , 1529 ( 2008 ) . Reverse incorporation ( edit ) A similar legal doctrine to incorporation is that of reverse incorporation . Whereas incorporation applies the Bill of Rights to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , in reverse incorporation , the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has been held to apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause located in the Fifth Amendment . For example , in Bolling v. Sharpe , 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954 ) , which was a companion case to Brown v. Board of Education , the schools of the District of Columbia were desegregated even though Washington is federal . Likewise , in Adarand Constructors , Inc. v. Peña 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) , an affirmative action program by the federal government was subjected to strict scrutiny based on equal protection . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chu , Vivian ( 21 September 2009 ) . `` The Second Amendment and Incorporation : An Overview of Recent Appellate Cases '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Constitutional Rights Foundation discussion , giving summary , extensive WWW links and timeline ; JRank Law Library ; Encyclopedia.com Article ; BYU Law Review Article Jump up ^ Congressional Globe : Debates and Proceedings , 1833 -- 1873 Jump up ^ Adamson v. California , 332 U.S. 46 , 92 - 118 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History '' , Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Jowell and Jonathan Cooper ( 2002 ) . Understanding Human Rights Principles . Oxford and Portland , Oregon : Hart Publishing . p. 180 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Loveland , Ian ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 18 - Human Rights I : Traditional Perspectives '' . Constitutional Law , Administrative Law , and Human Rights : A Critical Introduction ( Seventh ed . ) . London : Oxford University Press . p. 559 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayawickrama , Nihal ( 2002 ) . The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law : National , Regional and International Jurisprudence . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 98 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) ( `` '' The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections. `` '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Obergefell v. Hodges , No. 14 - 556 , slip op . at 24 ( U.S. June 26 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History '' , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Steffen W. Schmidt , Mack C. Shelley , Barbara A. Bardes : American Government and Politics Today , Page 71 . Thomson Wadsworth , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil Reed : The Bill of Rights : Creation and Reconstruction , Page 234 . Yale University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ Curtis , Michael Kent ( 1994 ) ( 1986 ) . No State Shall Abridge ( Second printing in paperback ed . ) . Duke University Press . pp. 5 , 202 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0599 - 2 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Michael Kent ( 1994 ) ( 1986 ) . No State Shall Abridge ( Second printing in paperback ed . ) . Duke University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0599 - 2 . Jump up ^ See Doherty , Brian . `` Killing Slaughterhouse : Understanding the controversial 1873 decision at the center of the Supreme Court 's upcoming gun rights fight , '' Reason Magazine Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ See Pilon , Roger . `` Lawless Judges : Refocusing the Issue for Conservatives , '' Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy Volume II , page 21 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Adamson v. California , 332 U.S. 46 ( 1947 ) ( Black , J. , dissenting ) . Jump up ^ See Wildenthal , Bryan . `` The Lost Compromise : Reassessing the Early Understanding in Court and Congress on Incorporation of the Bill of Rights in the Fourteenth Amendment '' . Ohio State Law Journal , Vol. 61 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Slaughter - House Cases , 83 U.S. 36 ( 1873 ) . Jump up ^ Privileges or Immunities Clause alive again Jump up ^ Laurence H. Tribe , American Constitutional Law 776 n . 14 ( 2nd ed. 1998 ) Jump up ^ Justice Thomas , in a concurring opinion in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , expressed his view that Everson was wrongly decided and that incorporation of the Establishment Clause is not justified under the Constitution . See Nussbaum , Martha Craven ( 2008 ) . Liberty of conscience : in defense of America 's tradition of religious equality . Basic Books . pp. 105 et seq. and Chapter 4 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05164 - 2 . Nebraska Law Review Article . Jump up ^ Hartman , Gary , Roy M. Mersky , and Cindy L. Tate ( 2004 ) . `` Landmark Supreme Court Cases : `` Edwards v. South Carolina . '' `` . New York : Facts On File , Inc. , 2004 . American History Online . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pearson Prentice Hall : Supreme Court Cases - Edwards v. South Carolina , 1963 '' . Pearson Education , Inc . Pearson Education , Inc . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Vance , Laurence M. `` Does the First Amendment Protect the Freedom of Association ? The Future of Freedom Foundation '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar and Renee Lettow Lerner , `` Fifth Amendment First Principles : The Self - Incrimination Clause '' , Michigan Law Review 93 ( 1995 ) : 857 , accessed February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Cord , `` Neo-Incorporation : The Burger Court and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , '' Fordham Law Review 44 , no . 2 ( 1975 ) : 215 - 230 , accessed February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill of Rights Institute : Incorporation '' . Bill of Rights Center . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation - 1992 Edition -- > Amendments to the Constitution -- > Seventh Amendment - Civil Trials '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1992 . p. 1453 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . The Amendment governs only courts which sit under the authority of the United States , including courts in the territories and the District of Columbia , and does not apply generally to state courts . Jump up ^ Columbia Law Review , May 2004 Further reading ( edit ) J. Lieberman ( 1999 ) . A Practical Companion to the Constitution . Berkeley : University of California Press . Regina McClendon , Public Law Research Institute ( 1994 ) ( stating that `` ( t ) he almost total incorporation of the Bill of Rights lends support to the theory that incorporation of the Second Amendment is inevitable '' ) . `` Limits On The Power Of States To Regulate Firearms '' . W3.uchastings.edu . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . American Jurisprudence , 2d ed. , `` Constitutional Law '' § 405 . Ernest H. Schopler , Comment Note -- What Provisions of the Federal Constitution 's Bill of Rights Are Applicable to the States , 23 L. Ed . 2d 985 ( Lexis ) . ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights&oldid=822877265 '' Categories : United States constitutional law Legal history of the United States Incorporation case law Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the bill of rights applies to the states through this amendment	[ "Incorporation, in U.S. law, is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states. When it was first ratified, the Bill of Rights only protected the rights it enumerated from federal infringement, allowing states and local governments to abridge them. However, beginning in 1897 with Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago, various portions have been held to be incorporated against state and local government through the Fourteenth Amendment." ]	[ "the Fourteenth Amendment" ]
-4547968846969161979	Inlet manifold	Inlet manifold - Wikipedia Inlet manifold Jump to : navigation , search Carburetors used as intake runners A cutaway view of the intake of the original Fordson tractor ( including the intake manifold , vaporizer , carburetor , and fuel lines ) . In automotive engineering , an inlet manifold or intake manifold ( in American English ) is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel / air mixture to the cylinders . The word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald ( from the Anglo - Saxon manig ( many ) and feald ( repeatedly ) ) and refers to the multiplying of one ( pipe ) into many . In contrast , an exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into a smaller number of pipes -- often down to one pipe . The primary function of the intake manifold is to evenly distribute the combustion mixture ( or just air in a direct injection engine ) to each intake port in the cylinder head ( s ) . Even distribution is important to optimize the efficiency and performance of the engine . It may also serve as a mount for the carburetor , throttle body , fuel injectors and other components of the engine . Due to the downward movement of the pistons and the restriction caused by the throttle valve , in a reciprocating spark ignition piston engine , a partial vacuum ( lower than atmospheric pressure ) exists in the intake manifold . This manifold vacuum can be substantial , and can be used as a source of automobile ancillary power to drive auxiliary systems : power assisted brakes , emission control devices , cruise control , ignition advance , windshield wipers , power windows , ventilation system valves , etc . This vacuum can also be used to draw any piston blow - by gases from the engine 's crankcase . This is known as a positive crankcase ventilation system , in which the gases are burned with the fuel / air mixture . The intake manifold has historically been manufactured from aluminum or cast iron , but use of composite plastic materials is gaining popularity ( e.g. most Chrysler 4 - cylinders , Ford Zetec 2.0 , Duratec 2.0 and 2.3 , and GM 's Ecotec series ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Turbulence 2 Volumetric efficiency 3 Variable - length intake manifold 4 See also 5 References Turbulence ( edit ) The carburetor or the fuel injectors spray fuel droplets into the air in the manifold . Due to electrostatic forces some of the fuel will form into pools along the walls of the manifold , or may converge into larger droplets in the air . Both actions are undesirable because they create inconsistencies in the air - fuel ratio . Turbulence in the intake causes forces of uneven proportions in varying vectors to be applied to the fuel , aiding in atomization . Better atomization allows for a more complete burn of all the fuel and helps reduce engine knock by enlarging the flame front . To achieve this turbulence it is a common practice to leave the surfaces of the intake and intake ports in the cylinder head rough and unpolished . Only a certain degree of turbulence is useful in the intake . Once the fuel is sufficiently atomized additional turbulence causes unneeded pressure drops and a drop in engine performance . Volumetric efficiency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Cylinder head porting Comparison of a stock intake manifold for a Volkswagen 1.8 T engine ( top ) to a custom - built one used in competition ( bottom ) . In the custom - built manifold , the runners to the intake ports on the cylinder head are much wider and more gently tapered . This difference improves the volumetric efficiency of the engine 's fuel / air intake . The design and orientation of the intake manifold is a major factor in the volumetric efficiency of an engine . Abrupt contour changes provoke pressure drops , resulting in less air ( and / or fuel ) entering the combustion chamber ; high - performance manifolds have smooth contours and gradual transitions between adjacent segments . Modern intake manifolds usually employ runners , individual tubes extending to each intake port on the cylinder head which emanate from a central volume or `` plenum '' beneath the carburetor . The purpose of the runner is to take advantage of the Helmholtz resonance property of air . Air flows at considerable speed through the open valve . When the valve closes , the air that has not yet entered the valve still has a lot of momentum and compresses against the valve , creating a pocket of high pressure . This high - pressure air begins to equalize with lower - pressure air in the manifold . Due to the air 's inertia , the equalization will tend to oscillate : At first the air in the runner will be at a lower pressure than the manifold . The air in the manifold then tries to equalize back into the runner , and the oscillation repeats . This process occurs at the speed of sound , and in most manifolds travels up and down the runner many times before the valve opens again . The smaller the cross-sectional area of the runner , the higher the pressure changes on resonance for a given airflow . This aspect of Helmholtz resonance reproduces one result of the Venturi effect . When the piston accelerates downwards , the pressure at the output of the intake runner is reduced . This low pressure pulse runs to the input end , where it is converted into an over-pressure pulse . This pulse travels back through the runner and rams air through the valve . The valve then closes . To harness the full power of the Helmholtz resonance effect , the opening of the intake valve must be timed correctly , otherwise the pulse could have a negative effect . This poses a very difficult problem for engines , since valve timing is dynamic and based on engine speed , whereas the pulse timing is static and dependent on the length of the intake runner and the speed of sound . The traditional solution has been to tune the length of the intake runner for a specific engine speed where maximum performance is desired . However , modern technology has given rise to a number of solutions involving electronically controlled valve timing ( for example Valvetronic ) , and dynamic intake geometry ( see below ) . As a result of `` resonance tuning '' , some naturally aspirated intake systems operate at a volumetric efficiency above 100 % : the air pressure in the combustion chamber before the compression stroke is greater than the atmospheric pressure . In combination with this intake manifold design feature , the exhaust manifold design , as well as the exhaust valve opening time can be so calibrated as to achieve greater evacuation of the cylinder . The exhaust manifolds achieve a vacuum in the cylinder just before the piston reaches top dead center . The opening inlet valve can then -- at typical compression ratios -- fill 10 % of the cylinder before beginning downward travel . Instead of achieving higher pressure in the cylinder , the inlet valve can stay open after the piston reaches bottom dead center while the air still flows in . In some engines the intake runners are straight for minimal resistance . In most engines , however , the runners have curves ... and some very convoluted to achieve desired runner length . These turns allow for a more compact manifold , with denser packaging of the whole engine , as a result . Also , these `` snaked '' runners are needed for some variable length / split runner designs , and allow the size of the plenum to be reduced . In an engine with at least six cylinders the averaged intake flow is nearly constant and the plenum volume can be smaller . To avoid standing waves within the plenum it is made as compact as possible . The intake runners each use a smaller part of the plenum surface than the inlet , which supplies air to the plenum , for aerodynamic reasons . Each runner is placed to have nearly the same distance to the main inlet . Runners whose cylinders fire close after each other , are not placed as neighbors . `` 180 - degree intake manifolds '' ... Originally designed for carburetor V8 engines , the two plane , split plenum intake manifold separates the intake pulses which the manifold experiences by 180 degrees in the firing order . This minimizes interference of one cylinder 's pressure waves with those of another , giving better torque from smooth mid-range flow . Such manifolds may have been originally designed for either two - or four - barrel carburetors , but now are used with both throttle - body and multi-point fuel injection . An example of the latter is the Honda J engine which converts to a single plane manifold around 3500 rpm for greater peak flow and horsepower . `` Heat Riser '' ... now obsolete , earlier manifolds ... with ' wet runners ' for carbureted engines ... used exhaust gas diversion through the intake manifold to provide vaporizing heat . The amount of exhaust gas flow diversion was controlled by a heat riser valve in the exhaust manifold , and employed a bi-metallic spring which changed tension according to the heat in the manifold . Today 's fuel - injected engines do not require such devices . Variable - length intake manifold ( edit ) Lower intake manifold on a 1999 Mazda Miata engine , showing components of a variable length intake system . Main article : Variable - length intake manifold Variable - Length Intake Manifold ( VLIM ) is an internal combustion engine manifold technology . Four common implementations exist . First , two discrete intake runners with different length are employed , and a butterfly valve can close the short path . Second the intake runners can be bent around a common plenum , and a sliding valve separates them from the plenum with a variable length . Straight high - speed runners can receive plugs , which contain small long runner extensions . The plenum of a 6 - or 8 - cylinder engine can be parted into halves , with the even firing cylinders in one half and the odd firing cylinders in the other part . Both sub-plenums and the air intake are connected to an Y ( sort of main plenum ) . The air oscillates between both sub-plenums , with a large pressure oscillation there , but a constant pressure at the main plenum . Each runner from a sub plenum to the main plenum can be changed in length . For V engines this can be implemented by parting a single large plenum at high engine speed by means of sliding valves into it when speed is reduced . As the name implies , VLIM can vary the length of the intake tract in order to optimize power and torque , as well as provide better fuel efficiency . There are two main effects of variable intake geometry : Venturi effect - At low rpm , the speed of the airflow is increased by directing the air through a path with limited capacity ( cross-sectional area ) . The larger path opens when the load increases so that a greater amount of air can enter the chamber . In dual overhead cam ( DOHC ) designs , the air paths are often connected to separate intake valves so the shorter path can be excluded by deactivating the intake valve itself . Pressurization - A tuned intake path can have a light pressurizing effect similar to a low - pressure supercharger due to Helmholtz resonance . However , this effect occurs only over a narrow engine speed range which is directly influenced by intake length . A variable intake can create two or more pressurized `` hot spots . '' When the intake air speed is higher , the dynamic pressure pushing the air ( and / or mixture ) inside the engine is increased . The dynamic pressure is proportional to the square of the inlet air speed , so by making the passage narrower or longer the speed / dynamic pressure is increased . Many automobile manufacturers use similar technology with different names . Another common term for this technology is Variable Resonance Induction System ( VRIS ) . Vehicles using variable intake geometry ( show ) Audi - 2.8 - liter V6 gas engine ( 1991 -- 98 ) ; 3.6 - and 4.2 - liter V8 engines , 1987 -- present Alfa Romeo - 2.0 TwinSpark 16v - 155 ps ( 114 kW ) BMW DISA and DIVA systems Dodge - 2.0 A588 - ECH ( 2001 -- 2005 ) used in the 2001 -- 2005 model year Dodge Neon R / T Ferrari - 360 Modena , 550 Maranello Ford VIS ( Variable - resonance Intake System ) - on their 2.9 - liter 24V Cosworth ( BOB ) based on the Ford Cologne V6 engine in the later model Ford Scorpio . Ford DSI ( Dual - Stage Intake ) - on their Duratec 2.5 - and 3.0 - liter V6s and it was also found on the Yamaha V6 in the Taurus SHO . Ford - The Ford Modular V8 engines sport either the Intake Manifold Runner Control ( IMRC ) for 4V engines , or the Charge Motion Control Valve ( CMCV ) for 3V engines . Ford - The 2.0 L Split Port engine in the Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer feature an Intake Manifold Runner Control variable geometry intake manifold . General Motors - 3.9 L LZ8 / LZ9 V6 , 3.2 L LA3 V6 , and the 4.3 L LF4 V6 in some second generation S10s and Sonomas GM Daewoo - DOHC versions of E-TEC II engines Holden - Alloytec Honda - Integra , Legend , NSX , Prelude Hyundai - XG V6 Isuzu - Isuzu Rodeo Used in the second generation V6 , 3.2 L ( 6VD1 ) Rodeos . Jaguar - AJ - V6 Lancia VIS Mazda VICS ( Variable Inertia Charging System ) is used on the Mazda FE - DOHC engine and Mazda B engine family of straight - 4s , and VRIS ( Variable Resistance Induction System ) in the Mazda K engine family of V6 engines . An updated version of this technology is employed on the new Mazda Z engine , which is also used by Ford as the Duratec . Mercedes - Benz MG - MG ZS 180 MG ZT 160 , 180 and 190 Mitsubishi Cyclone is used on the 2.0 L I4 4G63 engine family . Nissan I4 , V6 , V8 Opel ( or Vauxhall ) TwinPort - modern versions of Ecotec Family 1 and Ecotec Family 0 straight - 4 engines ; a similar technology is used in 3.2 L 54 ° V6 engine Peugeot 2.2 L I4 , 3.0 L V6 Porsche VarioRam - 964 , 993 , 996 , Boxster Proton Campro CPS and VIM - Proton Gen - 2 CPS and Proton Waja CPS ; Proton Campro IAFM - 2008 Proton Saga 1.3 Renault - Clio 2.0 RS Rover - Rover 623 Rover 825 Rover 75 v6 Rover 45 v6 Subaru Legacy 1989 -- 1994 JDM EJ20 2.0 - liter naturally aspirated DOHC 16 - valve flat - 4 Subaru SVX 1992 -- 1997 EG33 3.3 - liter naturally aspirated DOHC 24 - valve flat - 6 Subaru Legacy and Subaru Impreza 1999 -- 2001 JDM EJ20 2.0 - liter naturally aspirated DOHC 16 - valve flat - 4 Toyota T - VIS - ( Toyota Variable Induction System ) used in the early versions of the 3S - GE , 7M - GE , and 4A - GE engines , and ACIS - ( Acoustic Control Induction System ) . Volkswagen - 1.6 L I4 , VR6 , W8 Volvo - VVIS ( Volvo Variable Induction System ) Volvo B52 engine as found on the Volvo 850 and S70 / V70 vehicles , and their successors . Longer inlet ducts used between 1500 and 4100 rpm at 80 % load or higher . See also ( edit ) Cylinder head porting Fusible core injection molding References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intake manifolds . Jump up ^ manifold , ( adv . ) `` in the proportion of many to one , by many times '' . AD1526 Oxford English Dictionary , Jump up ^ Volvoclub UK : 850GLT Engine Info Reciprocating engines and configurations Type Bourke Orbital Piston Pistonless ( Wankel ) Radial Rotary Split cycle Stelzer Tschudi Stroke cycles Two - stroke Four - stroke Five - stroke Six - stroke Two - and four - stroke Configurations & number of cylinders Single cylinder Single Two cylinders Split - single I2 V2 F2 Inline / straight I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I12 I14 Flat F2 F4 F6 F8 F10 F12 F16 V / Vee V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V8 V10 V12 V14 V16 V18 V20 V24 W8 W12 W16 W18 Other inline U Square four VR Opposed X X24 Junkers Jumo 222 Components Valves Cylinder head porting Corliss Intake Exhaust Multi Overhead Piston Poppet Side Sleeve Slide Rotary valve Variable valve timing Camless Desmodromic Hydraulic tappet Fuel supplies Carburetor Gasoline direct injection Common rail Mechanisms Cam Camshaft Overhead camshaft Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Scotch yoke Swashplate Rhombic drive Linkages Peaucellier -- Lipkin Watt 's ( parallel ) Other Hemi Recuperator Turbo - compounding Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossflow cylinder head Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Reverse - flow cylinder head Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inlet_manifold&oldid=800136899 '' Categories : Engine technology Auto parts Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the intake manifold located on a car	[ "In automotive engineering, an inlet manifold or intake manifold (in American English) is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders. The word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald (from the Anglo-Saxon manig [many] and feald [repeatedly]) and refers to the multiplying of one (pipe) into many.[1]" ]	[ "engine" ]
4497049436812986147	List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game venues	List of major League Baseball All - Star Game venues - wikipedia List of major League Baseball All - Star Game venues The first All - Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World 's Fair at Comiskey Park and was the brainchild of Arch Ward , then sports editor for the Chicago Tribune . Initially intended to be a one - time event , its great success resulted in making the game an annual event , with some years ( 1959 -- 1962 ) having two All - Star Games . Contents 1 Venue selection 2 List of hosts 3 Various statistics 3.1 Times hosted by city 3.2 Times hosted by club 3.3 Ballparks that have hosted more than one All - Star Game 3.3. 1 Active baseball parks 3.3. 2 Discontinued baseball parks 3.4 Ballparks that have never hosted an All - Star Game 3.4. 1 Active baseball parks ( oldest parks listed first ) 3.4. 2 Discontinued baseball parks ( oldest parks listed first ) 3.5 The last time each franchise has hosted an All - Star Game 3.6 Hosting All - Star Game and post-season games in same season 4 References Venue selection ( edit ) The venue for each All - Star Game is chosen by an MLB selection committee . This choice may be made to commemorate a particular historical occasion , the opening of a new ballpark , or a significant milestone . The criteria for choosing the venue are subjective ; for the most part , cities with new parks and cities who have not hosted the game in a long time -- or ever -- tend to be favored . The venues among the major league franchises : between 1964 and 2015 , five teams hosted 3 times , 13 teams twice , ten teams once , and two teams not at all . The `` home team '' is the league in which the host franchise plays its games . Through the 2018 season , the American League has hosted 43 times , and the National League has hosted 46 times . Traditionally , the game 's venue alternated between the two leagues from year to year with six exceptions : 1950 -- 1951 ( American League ) 1952 -- 1953 ( National League ) 1959 both games ( National League ) 1960 both games ( American League ) 1961 second game -- 1962 ( American League ) 2006 -- 2007 ( National League ) This tradition was discontinued after the 2015 game . As of 2018 , one Major League Baseball franchise has never hosted an All - Star Game : the Tampa Bay Rays . The Miami Marlins hosted for the first time in 2017 following the 2012 opening of Marlins Park , although Miami was initially scheduled to host in 2000 , MLB eventually moved the game to Atlanta . All - Star games have been played in D.C. , hosted by both incarnations of the Washington Senators ( now known as the Minnesota Twins and as the Texas Rangers ) , as well as by the Washington Nationals in 2018 . Of the remaining 27 franchises , the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964 , but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013 . The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought , since 1980 . During that span , 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All - Star Game at least twice since 1964 : Atlanta Braves ( 1972 and 2000 ) , Chicago White Sox ( 1983 and 2003 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1970 , 1988 , and 2015 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1981 , 1997 , 2019 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1971 and 2005 ) , Houston Astros ( 1968 , 1986 , and 2004 ) , Kansas City Royals ( 1973 and 2012 ) , Los Angeles Angels ( 1967 , 1989 , and 2010 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 1975 and 2002 ) , Minnesota Twins ( 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 ) , New York Yankees ( 1977 and 2008 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1976 and 1996 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1974 , 1994 , and 2006 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1978 , 1992 , and 2016 ) , San Francisco Giants ( 1984 and 2007 ) , Seattle Mariners ( 1979 and 2001 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 1966 and 2009 ) , and Washington Senators / Texas Rangers ( 1969 and 1995 ) . New stadiums that have not hosted the All - Star Game in cities that have hosted it previously are : Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , the new Yankee Stadium in New York City , and SunTrust Park in Atlanta . Future All - Star Games will be played at Progressive Field in 2019 and Dodger Stadium in 2020 . Following the game at the first Yankee Stadium in 2008 in its final season , the Bronx 's old stadium joined Cleveland 's old Cleveland Stadium ( also known as Municipal Stadium prior to its own demolition ) as the only venues that have hosted four Major League Baseball All - Star games . New York City has hosted it more than any other city , having done so nine times in five different stadiums ; after 2017 , Tampa Bay will remain the only major league city since the first All - Star Game in 1933 to never have hosted . List of hosts ( edit ) Date City Stadium Host team Attendance Host League July 6 , 1933 Chicago Comiskey Park Chicago White Sox 49,200 American July 10 , 1934 New York City Polo Grounds New York Giants 48,363 National July 8 , 1935 Cleveland Cleveland Stadium Cleveland Indians 69,812 American July 7 , 1936 Boston Braves Field Boston Bees 25,556 National July 7 , 1937 Washington , D.C. Griffith Stadium Washington Senators 31,391 American July 6 , 1938 Cincinnati Crosley Field Cincinnati Reds 27,067 National July 11 , 1939 New York City ( 2 ) Yankee Stadium New York Yankees 62,892 American July 9 , 1940 St. Louis Sportsman 's Park St. Louis Cardinals 32,373 National July 8 , 1941 Detroit Briggs Stadium Detroit Tigers 54,674 American July 6 , 1942 New York City ( 3 ) Polo Grounds ( 2 ) New York Giants ( 2 ) 34,178 National July 13 , 1943 Philadelphia Shibe Park Philadelphia Athletics 31,938 American July 11 , 1944 Pittsburgh Forbes Field Pittsburgh Pirates 29,589 National 1945 Not held because of World War II July 9 , 1946 Boston ( 2 ) Fenway Park Boston Red Sox 34,906 American July 8 , 1947 Chicago ( 2 ) Wrigley Field Chicago Cubs 41,123 National July 13 , 1948 St. Louis ( 2 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 2 ) St. Louis Browns 34,009 American July 12 , 1949 New York City ( 4 ) Ebbets Field Brooklyn Dodgers 32,577 National July 11 , 1950 Chicago ( 3 ) Comiskey Park ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox ( 2 ) 46,127 American July 10 , 1951 Detroit ( 2 ) Briggs Stadium ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers ( 2 ) 52,075 American July 8 , 1952 Philadelphia ( 2 ) Shibe Park ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 32,785 National July 14 , 1953 Cincinnati ( 2 ) Crosley Field ( 2 ) Cincinnati Redlegs 30,846 National July 13 , 1954 Cleveland ( 2 ) Cleveland Stadium ( 2 ) Cleveland Indians ( 2 ) 69,751 American July 12 , 1955 Milwaukee County Stadium Milwaukee Braves 45,643 National July 10 , 1956 Washington , D.C. ( 2 ) Griffith Stadium ( 2 ) Washington Senators ( 2 ) 28,843 American July 9 , 1957 St. Louis ( 3 ) Busch Stadium St. Louis Cardinals ( 2 ) 30,693 National July 8 , 1958 Baltimore Memorial Stadium Baltimore Orioles 48,829 American July 7 , 1959 Pittsburgh ( 2 ) Forbes Field ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2 ) 35,277 National August 3 , 1959 Los Angeles Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles Dodgers 55,105 National July 11 , 1960 Kansas City Municipal Stadium Kansas City Athletics 30,619 American July 13 , 1960 New York City ( 5 ) Yankee Stadium ( 2 ) New York Yankees ( 2 ) 38,362 American July 11 , 1961 San Francisco Candlestick Park San Francisco Giants 44,115 National July 31 , 1961 Boston ( 3 ) Fenway Park ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox ( 2 ) 31,851 American July 10 , 1962 Washington , D.C. ( 3 ) D.C. Stadium Washington Senators 45,480 American July 30 , 1962 Chicago ( 4 ) Wrigley Field ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs ( 2 ) 38,359 National July 9 , 1963 Cleveland ( 3 ) Cleveland Stadium ( 3 ) Cleveland Indians ( 3 ) 44,160 American July 7 , 1964 New York City ( 6 ) Shea Stadium New York Mets 50,850 National July 13 , 1965 Bloomington Metropolitan Stadium Minnesota Twins 46,706 American July 12 , 1966 St. Louis ( 4 ) Busch Memorial Stadium St. Louis Cardinals ( 3 ) 49,936 National July 11 , 1967 Anaheim Anaheim Stadium California Angels 46,309 American July 9 , 1968 Houston Astrodome Houston Astros 48,321 National July 23 , 1969 Washington , D.C. ( 4 ) RFK Stadium Washington Senators ( 2 ) 45,259 American July 14 , 1970 Cincinnati ( 3 ) Riverfront Stadium Cincinnati Reds ( 2 ) 51,838 National July 13 , 1971 Detroit ( 3 ) Tiger Stadium Detroit Tigers ( 3 ) 53,559 American July 25 , 1972 Atlanta Atlanta Stadium Atlanta Braves 53,107 National July 24 , 1973 Kansas City ( 2 ) Royals Stadium Kansas City Royals 40,849 American July 23 , 1974 Pittsburgh ( 3 ) Three Rivers Stadium Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 ) 50,706 National July 15 , 1975 Milwaukee ( 2 ) County Stadium ( 2 ) Milwaukee Brewers 51,480 American July 13 , 1976 Philadelphia ( 3 ) Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 ) 63,974 National July 19 , 1977 New York City ( 7 ) Yankee Stadium ( 3 ) New York Yankees ( 3 ) 56,683 American July 11 , 1978 San Diego San Diego Stadium San Diego Padres 51,549 National July 17 , 1979 Seattle Kingdome Seattle Mariners 58,905 American July 8 , 1980 Los Angeles ( 2 ) Dodger Stadium Los Angeles Dodgers ( 2 ) 56,088 National August 9 , 1981 Cleveland ( 4 ) Cleveland Stadium ( 4 ) Cleveland Indians ( 4 ) 72,086 American July 13 , 1982 Montreal Olympic Stadium Montreal Expos 59,057 National July 6 , 1983 Chicago ( 5 ) Comiskey Park ( 3 ) Chicago White Sox ( 3 ) 43,801 American July 10 , 1984 San Francisco ( 2 ) Candlestick Park ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants ( 2 ) 57,756 National July 16 , 1985 Minneapolis Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minnesota Twins ( 2 ) 54,960 American July 15 , 1986 Houston ( 2 ) Astrodome ( 2 ) Houston Astros ( 2 ) 45,774 National July 14 , 1987 Oakland Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland Athletics 49,671 American July 12 , 1988 Cincinnati ( 4 ) Riverfront Stadium ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 3 ) 55,837 National July 11 , 1989 Anaheim ( 2 ) Anaheim Stadium ( 2 ) California Angels ( 2 ) 64,036 American July 10 , 1990 Chicago ( 6 ) Wrigley Field ( 3 ) Chicago Cubs ( 3 ) 39,071 National July 9 , 1991 Toronto SkyDome Toronto Blue Jays 52,383 American July 14 , 1992 San Diego ( 2 ) Jack Murphy Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego Padres ( 2 ) 59,372 National July 13 , 1993 Baltimore ( 2 ) Oriole Park at Camden Yards Baltimore Orioles ( 2 ) 48,147 American July 12 , 1994 Pittsburgh ( 4 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 4 ) 59,568 National July 11 , 1995 Arlington The Ballpark in Arlington Texas Rangers 50,920 American July 9 , 1996 Philadelphia ( 4 ) Veterans Stadium ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies ( 3 ) 62,670 National July 8 , 1997 Cleveland ( 5 ) Jacobs Field Cleveland Indians ( 5 ) 44,916 American July 7 , 1998 Denver Coors Field Colorado Rockies 51,267 National July 13 , 1999 Boston ( 4 ) Fenway Park ( 3 ) Boston Red Sox ( 3 ) 34,187 American July 11 , 2000 Atlanta ( 2 ) Turner Field Atlanta Braves ( 2 ) 51,323 National July 10 , 2001 Seattle ( 2 ) Safeco Field Seattle Mariners ( 2 ) 47,364 American July 9 , 2002 Milwaukee ( 3 ) Miller Park Milwaukee Brewers ( 2 ) 41,871 National July 15 , 2003 Chicago ( 7 ) U.S. Cellular Field Chicago White Sox ( 4 ) 47,609 American July 13 , 2004 Houston ( 3 ) Minute Maid Park Houston Astros ( 3 ) 41,886 National July 12 , 2005 Detroit ( 4 ) Comerica Park Detroit Tigers ( 4 ) 41,617 American July 11 , 2006 Pittsburgh ( 5 ) PNC Park Pittsburgh Pirates ( 5 ) 38,904 National July 10 , 2007 San Francisco ( 3 ) AT&T Park San Francisco Giants ( 3 ) 43,965 National July 15 , 2008 New York City ( 8 ) Yankee Stadium ( 4 ) New York Yankees ( 4 ) 55,632 American July 14 , 2009 St. Louis ( 5 ) Busch Stadium St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 ) 46,760 National July 13 , 2010 Anaheim ( 3 ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( 3 ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 45,408 American July 12 , 2011 Phoenix Chase Field Arizona Diamondbacks 49,033 National July 10 , 2012 Kansas City ( 3 ) Kauffman Stadium ( 2 ) Kansas City Royals ( 2 ) 40,933 American July 16 , 2013 New York City ( 9 ) Citi Field New York Mets ( 2 ) 45,186 National July 15 , 2014 Minneapolis ( 2 ) Target Field Minnesota Twins ( 3 ) 41,048 American July 14 , 2015 Cincinnati ( 5 ) Great American Ball Park Cincinnati Reds ( 4 ) 43,656 National July 12 , 2016 San Diego ( 3 ) Petco Park San Diego Padres ( 3 ) 42,386 National July 11 , 2017 Miami Marlins Park Miami Marlins 37,188 National July 17 , 2018 Washington , D.C. ( 5 ) Nationals Park Washington Nationals 43,843 National July 9 , 2019 Cleveland ( 6 ) Progressive Field ( 2 ) Cleveland Indians ( 6 ) American July 14 , 2020 Los Angeles ( 3 ) Dodger Stadium ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) National July 13 , 2021 Atlanta ( 3 ) SunTrust Park Atlanta Braves ( 3 ) National Various statistics ( edit ) Times hosted by city ( edit ) City Times Hosted Years New York City 9 1934 , 1939 , 1942 , 1949 , 1960 , 1964 , 1977 , 2008 , 2013 Chicago 7 1933 , 1947 , 1950 , 1962 , 1983 , 1990 , 2003 Cleveland 6 1935 , 1954 , 1963 , 1981 , 1997 , 2019 Pittsburgh 5 1944 , 1959 , 1974 , 1994 , 2006 St. Louis 5 1940 , 1948 , 1957 , 1966 , 2009 Cincinnati 5 1938 , 1953 , 1970 , 1988 , 2015 Washington , D.C. 5 1937 , 1956 , 1962 , 1969 , 2018 Boston 1936 , 1946 , 1961 , 1999 Detroit 1941 , 1951 , 1971 , 2005 Philadelphia 1943 , 1952 , 1976 , 1996 Kansas City 1960 , 1973 , 2012 Milwaukee 1955 , 1975 , 2002 San Diego 1978 , 1992 , 2016 San Francisco 1961 , 1984 , 2007 Houston 1968 , 1986 , 2004 Anaheim 1967 , 1989 , 2010 Minneapolis 1965 , 1985 , 2014 Baltimore 1958 , 1993 Los Angeles 1959 , 1980 , 2020 Atlanta 1972 , 2000 Seattle 1979 , 2001 Montreal 1982 Oakland Toronto 1991 Arlington 1995 Denver 1998 Phoenix 2011 Miami 2017 St. Petersburg 0 -- Times hosted by club ( edit ) Club Times Hosted Years Cleveland Indians 6 1935 , 1954 , 1963 , 1981 , 1997 , 2019 New York / San Francisco Giants 5 1934 , 1942 , 1961 , 1984 , 2007 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 5 1937 , 1956 , 1965 , 1985 , 2014 Cincinnati Reds / Redlegs 5 1938 , 1953 , 1970 , 1988 , 2015 Pittsburgh Pirates 5 1944 , 1959 , 1974 , 1994 , 2006 Chicago White Sox 1933 , 1950 , 1983 , 2003 Boston Bees / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1936 , 1955 , 1972 , 2000 New York Yankees 1939 , 1960 , 1977 , 2008 St. Louis Cardinals 1940 , 1957 , 1966 , 2009 Detroit Tigers 1941 , 1951 , 1971 , 2005 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1943 , 1960 , 1987 Boston Red Sox 1946 , 1961 , 1999 Chicago Cubs 1947 , 1962 , 1990 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1948 , 1958 , 1993 Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers 1949 , 1959 , 1980 , 2020 Philadelphia Phillies 1952 , 1976 , 1996 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1962 , 1969 , 1995 California / Los Angeles Angels 1967 , 1989 , 2010 Houston Astros 1968 , 1986 , 2004 San Diego Padres 1978 , 1992 , 2016 New York Mets 1964 , 2013 Kansas City Royals 1973 , 2012 Milwaukee Brewers 1975 , 2002 Seattle Mariners 1979 , 2001 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1982 , 2018 Toronto Blue Jays 1991 Colorado Rockies 1998 Arizona Diamondbacks 2011 Miami Marlins 2017 Tampa Bay Rays 0 -- The Tampa Bay Rays have yet to host the All - Star Game . Ballparks that have hosted more than one All - Star Game ( edit ) Active Baseball parks ( edit ) Wrigley Field 1947 , 1962 , 1990 Fenway Park 1946 , 1961 , 1999 Angel Stadium 1967 , 1989 , 2010 Kauffman Stadium 1973 , 2012 Progressive Field and Dodger Stadium will join this list in 2019 and 2020 , respectively . Discontinued Baseball parks ( edit ) Yankee Stadium 1939 , 1960 , 1977 , 2008 Cleveland Stadium 1935 , 1954 , 1963 , 1981 Sportsman 's Park 1940 , 1948 , 1957 Tiger Stadium 1941 , 1951 , 1971 Comiskey Park 1933 , 1950 , 1983 Polo Grounds 1934 , 1942 Shibe Park 1943 , 1952 Crosley Field 1938 , 1953 Griffith Stadium 1937 , 1956 Forbes Field 1944 , 1959 Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium 1962 , 1969 Milwaukee County Stadium 1955 , 1975 Candlestick Park 1961 , 1984 Houston Astrodome 1968 , 1986 Riverfront Stadium 1970 , 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium 1978 , 1992 Three Rivers Stadium 1974 , 1994 Veterans Stadium 1976 , 1996 The only discontinued ballparks that hosted one All - Star Game are : Ebbets Field in 1949 , Memorial Stadium in 1958 , Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 1959 , Shea Stadium in 1964 , Metropolitan Stadium in 1965 , Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966 , Fulton County Stadium in 1972 , the Kingdome in 1979 , Olympic Stadium ( Montreal ) in 1982 , Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in 1985 , and Turner Field in 2000 . Ballparks that have never hosted an All - Star Game ( edit ) Active Baseball parks ( oldest parks listed first ) ( edit ) Tropicana Field , opened in 1990 ; the Rays have played there since 1998 . Citizens Bank Park , opened in 2004 ; the Phillies last hosted the ASG in 1996 in Veterans Stadium . Yankee Stadium ( New ) , opened in 2009 ; the Yankees last hosted the ASG in 2008 at the previous park . SunTrust Park , opened in 2017 ; the Braves last hosted the ASG in 2000 in Turner Field . Discontinued Baseball parks ( oldest parks listed first ) ( edit ) Baker Bowl , the Phillies played there from 1895 to 1938 ( the All - Star game began in 1933 ) League Park , the Indians split games between League Park and Cleveland Stadium off and on until the end of the 1946 season Seals Stadium , the Giants played there from 1958 to 1959 * Wrigley Field of Los Angeles , the Angels played there in 1961 * Colt Stadium , the Colt . 45s ( now the Astros ) played there from 1962 to 1964 * Sick 's Stadium , the Pilots played there in 1969 * Jarry Park , the Expos played there from 1969 to 1976 * Arlington Stadium , the Rangers played there from 1972 to 1993 Exhibition Stadium , the Blue Jays played there from 1977 to 1989 Mile High Stadium , the Rockies played there from 1993 to 1994 * Sun Life Stadium , the Marlins played there from 1993 to 2011 A * indicates that the stadium was a temporary facility , used in the short term by a team awaiting the construction of a larger , permanent home park . The last time each franchise has hosted an All - Star Game ( edit ) from least recent to most recent Los Angeles Dodgers , 1980 ( will host the 2020 All - Star Game ) Oakland Athletics , 1987 Chicago Cubs , 1990 Toronto Blue Jays , 1991 Baltimore Orioles , 1993 Texas Rangers , 1995 Philadelphia Phillies , 1996 Cleveland Indians , 1997 ( will host the 2019 All - Star Game ) Tampa Bay Rays , never ( Franchise started in 1998 ) Colorado Rockies , 1998 Boston Red Sox , 1999 Atlanta Braves , 2000 Seattle Mariners , 2001 Milwaukee Brewers , 2002 Chicago White Sox , 2003 Houston Astros , 2004 Detroit Tigers , 2005 Pittsburgh Pirates , 2006 San Francisco Giants , 2007 New York Yankees , 2008 St. Louis Cardinals , 2009 Los Angeles Angels , 2010 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2011 Kansas City Royals , 2012 New York Mets , 2013 Minnesota Twins , 2014 Cincinnati Reds , 2015 San Diego Padres , 2016 Miami Marlins , 2017 Washington Nationals , 2018 Hosting All - Star Game and post-season games in same season ( edit ) The following teams have hosted the All - Star Game in the summer then proceeded to host post-season games in the fall : 1939 : New York Yankees -- won World Series 1946 : Boston Red Sox -- lost World Series 1949 : Brooklyn Dodgers -- lost World Series 1954 : Cleveland Indians -- lost World Series 1959 : ( Game 2 ) : Los Angeles Dodgers -- won World Series 1960 : ( Game 2 ) : New York Yankees -- lost World Series 1965 : Minnesota Twins -- lost World Series League Championship Series play began 1969 1970 : Cincinnati Reds -- lost World Series -- also first season for Riverfront Stadium 1974 : Pittsburgh Pirates -- lost NLCS 1976 : Philadelphia Phillies -- lost NLCS 1977 : New York Yankees -- won World Series 1983 : Chicago White Sox -- lost ALCS 1986 : Houston Astros -- lost NLCS 1991 : Toronto Blue Jays -- lost ALCS Division Series play began 1995 1997 : Cleveland Indians -- lost World Series 1999 : Boston Red Sox -- lost ALCS 2000 : Atlanta Braves -- lost NLDS 2001 : Seattle Mariners -- lost ALCS 2004 : Houston Astros -- lost NLCS 2009 : St. Louis Cardinals -- lost NLDS 2011 : Arizona Diamondbacks -- lost NLDS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game History '' . Baseball Almanac . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Marlins will host 2017 All - Star Game '' . Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Baseball parks Types Wooden ballparks Multi-purpose ballparks Modern ballparks Temporary and converted ballparks Lists Major League Baseball stadiums ( All - Star Game venues former stadiums Spring training ballparks ) Nippon Professional Baseball stadiums Baseball parks by capacity ( U.S. parks ) Baseball parks used in film and television Terraces at baseball venues Triple - A baseball stadiums Double - A baseball stadiums By location Atlanta Baltimore Boston Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Denver Detroit Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex Houston Indianapolis Japan South Korea ( futures ) Louisville Los Angeles Milwaukee Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , Minnesota Montreal Newark Oakland Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland San Antonio San Diego San Francisco Seattle St. Louis Toledo Toronto Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game_venues&oldid=854538176 '' Categories : Major League Baseball All - Star Game Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball venues Lists of baseball stadiums in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did cleveland host the all star game	[ "Of the remaining 27 franchises, the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964, but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013. The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought, since 1980. During that span, 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All-Star Game at least twice since 1964: Atlanta Braves (1972 and 2000), Chicago White Sox (1983 and 2003), Cincinnati Reds (1970, 1988, and 2015), Cleveland Indians (1981, 1997, 2019), Detroit Tigers (1971 and 2005), Houston Astros (1968, 1986, and 2004), Kansas City Royals (1973 and 2012), Los Angeles Angels (1967, 1989, and 2010), Milwaukee Brewers (1975 and 2002), Minnesota Twins (1965, 1985, and 2014), New York Yankees (1977 and 2008), Philadelphia Phillies (1976 and 1996), Pittsburgh Pirates (1974, 1994, and 2006), San Diego Padres (1978, 1992, and 2016), San Francisco Giants (1984 and 2007), Seattle Mariners (1979 and 2001), St. Louis Cardinals (1966 and 2009), and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1969 and 1995).\n", "Of the remaining 27 franchises, the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964, but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013. The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought, since 1980. During that span, 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All-Star Game at least twice since 1964: Atlanta Braves (1972 and 2000), Chicago White Sox (1983 and 2003), Cincinnati Reds (1970, 1988, and 2015), Cleveland Indians (1981, 1997, 2019), Detroit Tigers (1971 and 2005), Houston Astros (1968, 1986, and 2004), Kansas City Royals (1973 and 2012), Los Angeles Angels (1967, 1989, and 2010), Milwaukee Brewers (1975 and 2002), Minnesota Twins (1965, 1985, and 2014), New York Yankees (1977 and 2008), Philadelphia Phillies (1976 and 1996), Pittsburgh Pirates (1974, 1994, and 2006), San Diego Padres (1978, 1992, and 2016), San Francisco Giants (1984 and 2007), Seattle Mariners (1979 and 2001), St. Louis Cardinals (1966 and 2009), and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1969 and 1995).\n" ]	[ "1981", "1997" ]
868307689117499388	Leprechaun (film)	Leprechaun ( film ) - wikipedia Leprechaun ( film ) This article is about the first film . For the entire series , see Leprechaun ( film series ) . Leprechaun Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Jones Produced by Jeffrey B. Mallian Written by Mark Jones Starring Warwick Davis Jennifer Aniston Ken Olandt Mark Holton Robert Gorman Music by Kevin Kiner Robert J. Walsh Cinematography Levie Isaacks Edited by Christopher Roth Production company Trimark Pictures Distributed by Trimark Pictures Release date January 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 08 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $8.6 million ( US ) Leprechaun is a 1993 American comedy horror film written and directed by Mark Jones . It stars Warwick Davis in the title role and Jennifer Aniston in her film debut . Davis plays a vengeful leprechaun who believes a family has stolen his pot of gold . As he hunts them , they attempt to locate his gold to vanquish him . The film was originally meant to be more of a straight horror film , but Davis injected humor into his role . Re-shoots also added increased gore to appeal to older audiences . It was the first film produced in - house by Trimark to be theatrically released and grossed $8.6 million in North America against a budget of less than $1 million . Reviews on release were negative and focused on the film 's acting , humor , and directing , all of which were criticized ; it has also been called Aniston 's worst film . It is the first entry in the Leprechaun horror film series and was followed by five sequels and a remake . Leprechaun is often broadcast on Saint Patrick 's Day . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Sequels and reboot 5 Reception 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Sources 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1983 , Dan O'Grady returns to his home in North Dakota from a trip to his native Ireland , where he stole the pot of gold from a leprechaun . After burying the gold , O'Grady discovers that the evil leprechaun has followed him home and murdered his wife . O'Grady uses a four - leaf clover to suppress the leprechaun 's powers and trap it inside a crate . Before he can burn it , he suffers a stroke . Ten years later , J.D. Redding and his teenage daughter Tory rent the O'Grady farmhouse for the summer . Contract workers Nathan Murphy , his 10 - year - old brother Alex , and their dimwitted friend Ozzie Jones help re-paint the farmhouse . While looking around the basement , Ozzie hears the leprechaun 's cry for help and mistakes him for a little child . He brushes the old four - leaf clover off the crate , freeing the leprechaun . After failing to convince the others that he met a leprechaun , Ozzie spots a rainbow and chases it , believing that he will find a pot of gold at the end . Alex accompanies him for fear that Ozzie might hurt himself . A bag of one hundred gold pieces magically appears before Ozzie . After Ozzie tests the gold and accidentally swallows a piece , they stash it in an old well and plot to keep it for themselves , hoping to fix Ozzie 's brain . At the farm , the leprechaun lures J.D. into a trap by imitating a cat , biting and injuring his hand . Tory and the others rush him to the hospital , and the leprechaun follows on a tricycle . Alex and Ozzie visit a pawn shop to see if the gold is pure , and the leprechaun kills Joe the shop owner for stealing his gold . The leprechaun returns to the farmhouse , where he searches for his gold and shines every shoe that he finds . After leaving J.D. at the hospital , the group drives back to the farmhouse . Finding it ransacked , Nathan checks outside , where he is injured by a bear trap set by the leprechaun . After finding a shotgun in the farmhouse , they shoot the leprechaun several times . When this has no effect , they attempt to flee the farm , but their truck 's engine has been sabotaged by the leprechaun . After ramming the truck with a go - kart , the leprechaun terrorizes the group until Ozzie reveals that he and Alex found the pot of gold . Tory recovers the bag from the well and gives it to the leprechaun . Believing the worst to be over , they leave for the hospital . While counting his gold , the leprechaun discovers that he is missing the piece that Ozzie swallowed . Thinking that they have tricked him , he menaces them until Ozzie tells them about O'Grady , who was taken to a nursing home after his stroke . Tory visits the home to learn how to kill the leprechaun . At the nursing home , the leprechaun pretends to be O'Grady . After he chases Tory to an elevator , the leprechaun throws O'Grady's bloodied body down the shaft as Tory flees . Before dying , O'Grady tells her that the only way to kill the leprechaun is with a four - leaf clover . Tory returns to the farmhouse , where she searches for a clover until she is attacked by the leprechaun ; Nathan and Ozzie save her . Alex sets a trap near the well , but the leprechaun almost kills him . Ozzie reveals that he swallowed the last gold coin , and the leprechaun critically wounds him trying to get it . Before the leprechaun can kill Ozzie , Alex takes a four - leaf clover Tory has found , sticks it to a wad of gum , and shoots it into the leprechaun 's mouth , taking away his power . The leprechaun falls into the well , but his skeleton climbs out . Nathan pushes the leprechaun back into the well and blows up both the well and the leprechaun with gasoline . The police arrive , and Tory is reunited with her father . As the police investigate the remains of the well , the leprechaun vows he will not rest until he recovers every last piece of his gold . Cast ( edit ) Warwick Davis as The Leprechaun Jennifer Aniston as Tory Redding Ken Olandt as Nathan Murphy Mark Holton as Ozzie Jones Robert Hy Gorman as Alex Murphy David Permenter as Deputy Tripet William Newman as Sheriff Roy Cronin Shay Duffin as Daniel O'Grady Pamela Mant as Mrs. O'Grady John Sanderford as J.D. Redding John Voldstad as Joe Production ( edit ) Warwick Davis signs Leprechaun merchandise at the Norwich Sci - Fi Film , Toy , and Collectors ' Fair in 2006 Mark Jones , the writer - director , had a career in American television shows . Desiring to make a film , he decided that a low budget horror film was his best opportunity . Jones was inspired by the Lucky Charms commercials to create a leprechaun character , only his twist was to turn the character into an antagonist . Jones was further influenced by the film Critters , which featured a small antagonist . Jones brought the concept to Trimark , who were looking to get into film production and distribution . Leprechaun became the first film produced in - house by Trimark to be theatrically released . Entertainment Weekly quoted the budget at `` just under $1 million '' . Warwick Davis , who had experienced a dry spell after playing the protagonist in Willow , liked the script and was excited to play against type . Jennifer Aniston , who was an unknown at the time , impressed Jones , and he fought to have her cast . Shooting occurred over three weeks , beginning at Valencia Studios , where Terminator 2 : Judgment Day had recently finished production . Several violent scenes were filmed at Big Sky Ranch , where Little House on the Prairie and The Waltons were shot . Davis later said it felt `` a little blasphemous '' . Davis performed most of his own stunts . For the scene where Davis chases Aniston in a wheelchair , Aniston had to run in slow motion so that Davis could keep up with her , as he had trouble manipulating the wheels . The film was initially more of a straightforward horror film , but Davis sought to add more comedic elements . Jones agreed with this tonal shift , and they shot it as a horror comedy . Several scenes had to be re-shot after the producers insisted that the film be made gorier to appeal to older audiences . Gabe Bartalos performed the make - up effects . Trimark contacted Bartalos to produce a sample . Bartalos 's early efforts were not to his liking , and he pushed the design in a more grotesque direction , as that was what he wanted to see on the screen as a horror fan . Bartalos 's design impressed Trimark , and he got the account . Applying the make - up took three hours , and taking it off took another 40 minutes . Davis described the experience as `` not a pleasant sensation '' . To pass the time while the make - up was being applied , Davis said he had bizarre conversations with Bartalos , with whom he got along well . Davis was conscious of the need to stay relaxed and not move , and he channelled his confidence that the make - up effects were properly applied into his acting . Release ( edit ) Leading up to the film 's release , Trimark engaged in an aggressive marketing campaign , partnering with the National Basketball Association , American Stock Exchange , and , after failing to secure deals with either corporate headquarters , individual franchisees of Domino 's Pizza and Subway . Leprechaun opened on January 8 , 1993 , in 620 theatres and took in $2,493,020 its opening week , ultimately earning $8,556,940 in the United States . Vidmark released it on VHS in April 1993 , and it sold over 100,000 copies . The film score was released on March 9 , 1993 , by Intrada Records . The film was released on DVD in August 1998 . Lionsgate released a triple feature collection on March 11 , 2008 . All seven films in the series were released on Blu - ray in a collection in September 2014 . The film is often broadcast on cable channels such as Syfy on Saint Patrick 's Day . Sequels and reboot ( edit ) Main article : Leprechaun ( film series ) Leprechaun was followed by five sequels : Leprechaun 2 ( 1994 ) , Leprechaun 3 ( 1995 ) , Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( 1997 ) , Leprechaun in the Hood ( 2000 ) , and Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood ( 2003 ) . In 2014 , a reboot , Leprechaun : Origins was released . After Leprechaun 2 's theatrical gross disappointed Trimark , Leprechaun 3 was released direct - to - video . Origins was theatrically released . Leprechaun Returns will be premiere on Syfy in 2019 , the film serves as a direct sequel to the original film , ignoring the subsequent installments . The film stars Linden Porco as the Leprechaun and Mark Holton as Ozzie Jones , who reprise his role from the first film and directed by Steven Kostanski . Reception ( edit ) On release , critical reception for the film was negative . Writing for The Deseret News , Chris Hicks said that the film should have been released direct - to - video . Also criticizing Trimark 's release of the film , The Austin Chronicle 's Marc Savlov called it cliched , uninteresting , and an `` utter waste of perfectly good Kodak film stock '' . Internet - based critic James Berardinelli called it `` unwatchable '' and not even enjoyably bad , and Matt Bourjaily of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the film `` has brought new meaning to the term ' bad ' '' . At the Los Angeles Daily News , Robert Strauss called it `` as witless and worthless a horror film as could possibly be conjured '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette critic Ron Weiskind called the film incompetent and criticized the film 's acting , lack of suspense , and production values . Weiskind concluded , `` Forget about the proverbial pot of gold . The movie Leprechaun is a crock . '' Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times called the cast `` the usual all - formula grab - bag '' , and The Washington Post 's Richard Harrington said the human actors are all bland . Berardinelli described the characters as `` a group of morons who act like they flunked kindergarten '' but said Aniston `` might be competent '' in a better film . Weiskind instead called Aniston 's character a `` Beverly Hills brat '' who audiences will want to die . Of Davis , Harrington wrote that he `` imbues a weak character with a strong presence '' , saying the film is only interesting while Davis is on - screen . Harrington concludes that the film is notable only for Davis ' performance . Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the leprechaun `` no more than dangerously cranky '' and reminiscent of Chucky from Child 's Play ; Hicks also described the leprechaun as similar to Chucky . Wilmington wrote that while a killer Leprechaun logically follows a trend of gimmicky antagonists , it is still a bad idea . Of the film 's humor , Wilmington wrote that Leprechaun `` is n't dumb enough to be fun '' . Hicks described the film 's humor as `` ill - advised slapstick '' , and Canby wrote that it is `` neither scary nor funny '' . Berardinelli called the leprechaun 's one - liners `` more idiotic than pithy '' . Writing in the Chicago Sun - Times , critic Jeff Makos unfavorably compared the film 's tone to that of Tremors , which he posited as an influence . Makos said Davis does his best to be funny , but the film has no funny jokes , making audience feedback probably more entertaining than the film itself . The use of Lucky Charms as humor also received commentary . Harrington wrote that Jones is `` so bereft of inventive ideas that he refers to Lucky Charms cereal not once but three times '' , and Bourjaily criticized the Lucky Charms jokes as unfunny . Berardinelli said director Mark Jones has no style evident in the film . Wilmington described it as a `` dingy , drab , pointless little movie ... made without flair or imagination , seemingly enervated by its own bad taste and low intentions '' . Canby called the screenplay and direction amateurish , and Hicks wrote that Jones is bereft of ideas and should go back to his day job , describing the plot as `` by - the - numbers killings with no rhyme or reason '' . Harrington wrote that the film `` has major continuity and credibility problems '' . Strauss identified the theme as anti-greed but said the writing is `` simultaneously prosaic and murky '' , causing Jones to miss his mark . Wilmington wrote that the leprechaun 's cries for his gold reflects the filmmakers ' cynical desire for box office success . Sight & Sound described Leprechaun as a film which seems to have no concept of a target audience , stating , `` Jones wants this to be a lively romp for older kids in the mould of Time Bandits ... but also wants to corner the lucrative horror market . '' The review concluded , `` Unsuitable for adults or kids , this is ultimately for completists . '' Harrington called the make - up `` quite evil - looking '' , though Strauss wrote that `` effects are strictly so - so '' . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 23 % of 13 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 4 / 10 . A 2014 retrospective from Entertainment Weekly identified it as Aniston 's worst role to date , and Aniston herself has expressed embarrassment over the film . In 2009 , Tanya Gold of The Guardian selected it as one of her ten favorite scary films to watch on Halloween . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun ( 1993 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( 2014 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Shlocky charms : The crazy rise and ' terrifying ' return of ' Leprechaun ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun ( 1993 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Warwick ( 2011 ) . Size Matters Not . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 190 -- 194 . ISBN 9781118119396 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha ( 2001 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Interview : Warwick Davis '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( 1993 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Marketing ' Leprechaun ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Movies '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1993 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Muir 2011 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun - Kevin Kiner '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Traiman , Steve ( 1998 - 07 - 11 ) . `` DVD ETA : A Flood of Second - Half Releases Signals Format 's Arrival '' . Billboard. 110 ( 28 ) : 63 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) . `` New Lionsgate DVD Cover Art and Info -- March '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Exclusive details / cover art : `` Leprechaun : The Complete Movie Collection '' Blu - ray set `` . Fangoria . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Amy ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day good for a Google Doodle and a ' Leprechaun ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Haidet , Ryan ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` How Jennifer Aniston made St. Patrick 's Day scary forever '' . WVEC . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking of All Seven ' Leprechaun ' Films '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( April 29 , 1995 ) . `` Shelf Talk '' . Billboard . Vol. 107 no . 17 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) . `` WWE Studio 's ' Leprechaun : Origins ' Gets Theatrical Release ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) . `` ( Teaser ) Sequel to Original Film ' Leprechaun Returns ' Coming 2019 from ' The Void ' Director ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Chris ( 1993 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Film review : Leprechaun '' . The Deseret News . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Savlov , Marc ( 1993 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Leprechaun '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James ( 1993 ) . `` Leprechaun '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bourjaily , Matt ( 1993 - 01 - 22 ) . `` ' Leprechaun ' Gags On Bad Jokes '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Robert ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) . `` No Gold In ' Leprechaun ' '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 -- via Philly.com . ^ Jump up to : Weiskind , Ron ( 1993 - 02 - 06 ) . `` You 'll Need to Take a Lucky Charm Along to Get Through Blarney in ' Leprechaun ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . C4 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmington , Michael ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Stage and Film : ' Leprechaun ' Savages Taste in Bloody Quest for Gold '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Richard ( 1993 - 01 - 09 ) . `` ' Leprechaun ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( 1993 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Leprechaun ( 1993 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Makos , Jeff ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' Leprechaun ' Needs Some Luck '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Video '' . Sight & Sound . Vol. 3 no . 12 . London : British Film Institute . 1993 - 12 - 01 . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) . `` 24 Stars ' Worst Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kelleher , Lynne ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Jennifer Aniston tells of ' mortifying moment ' fiance Justin Theroux stumbled across her first film ' Leprechaun ' '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gold , Tanya ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Horror films for Halloween '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Sources ( edit ) Muir , John Kenneth ( 2011 ) . Horror Films of the 1990s . McFarland . ISBN 0786484802 . External links ( edit ) Leprechaun on IMDb Leprechaun Leprechaun Leprechaun 2 Leprechaun 3 Leprechaun 4 : In Space Leprechaun in the Hood Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood Leprechaun : Origins Films directed by Mark Jones Leprechaun ( 1993 ) Rumpelstiltskin ( 1995 ) Nightmare Boulevard ( 2004 ) Triloquist ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leprechaun_(film)&oldid=865305700 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1993 horror films 1990s comedy horror films American films American comedy horror films American independent films American satirical films American supernatural horror films Directorial debut films Films set in 1983 Films set in 1993 Films set in North Dakota Films shot in California Trimark Pictures films Leprechaun ( film series ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from April 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the leprechaun in the leprechaun movie	[ "Warwick Davis as The Leprechaun\nJennifer Aniston as Tory Redding\nKen Olandt as Nathan Murphy\nMark Holton as Ozzie Jones\nRobert Hy Gorman as Alex Murphy\nDavid Permenter as Deputy Tripet\nWilliam Newman as Sheriff Roy Cronin\nShay Duffin as Daniel O'Grady\nPamela Mant as Mrs. O'Grady\nJohn Sanderford as J. D. Redding\nJohn Voldstad as Joe" ]	[ "Warwick Davis" ]
2882326625543319801	Midnight, Texas	Midnight , Texas - wikipedia Midnight , Texas Jump to : navigation , search Midnight , Texas Genre Drama Supernatural Based on Midnight , Texas by Charlaine Harris Developed by Monica Owusu - Breen Starring François Arnaud Dylan Bruce Parisa Fitz - Henley Arielle Kebbel Jason Lewis Peter Mensah Sarah Ramos Yul Vazquez Sean Bridgers Composer ( s ) Jacob Groth Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Monica Owusu - Breen David Janollari Niels Arden Oplev Producer ( s ) Anne - Marie McGintee Christopher Markey Location ( s ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Las Vegas , New Mexico Cinematography Mike Spragg Eric Kress Editor ( s ) Timothy Good John Heath Arman Tahmizyan Louis Cioffi Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) David Janollari Entertainment Moorish Dignity Productions Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) -- present Midnight , Texas is an American supernatural drama television series broadcast on NBC as a summer entry to the 2016 -- 17 network television schedule . The series was commissioned on May 13 , 2016 . Midnight , Texas is based on the book series of the same name by author Charlaine Harris , who also wrote The Southern Vampire Mysteries , the novels which were adapted into the True Blood television series . The series premiered on July 24 , 2017 . On February 14 , 2018 , NBC renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) On the run from his past , young psychic Manfred Bernardo is told by the ghost of his grandmother to seek out refuge in Midnight , Texas . There , he will find a community that can help him . Full of diverse characters -- including a vampire , a witch , a fallen angel , a demon and a shapeshifter -- Midnight faces numerous threats from the outside world as it welcomes the newcomer . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Manfred Bernardo ( François Arnaud ) , a psychic who moves to Midnight trying to outrun trouble that is following him . Bobo Winthrop ( Dylan Bruce ) , the human proprietor of Midnight Pawn , landlord to Lemuel , Olivia , and Manfred . Also , the best friend of Fiji . Fiji Cavanaugh ( Parisa Fitz - Henley ) , a quirky free - spirited witch who owns Midnight 's magic shop and struggles to come to terms with how powerful she really is . Olivia Charity ( Arielle Kebbel ) , a freelance assassin with as many secrets as guns she owns , and lover of Lemuel . Joe Strong ( Jason Lewis ) , a fallen angel who has prophesied darkness heading towards Midnight and husband of Chuy , who admonishes him for revealing his angelhood to others . Lemuel `` Lem '' Bridger ( Peter Mensah ) , a vampire with a dark past who first came to Midnight in the 1950s and never left , and Olivia 's lover . Creek Lovell ( Sarah Ramos ) , the mortal `` girl next door beauty '' waitress and gas - station attendant who becomes the love interest of Manfred , much to her father 's distaste . ( season 1 ) Reverend Emilio Sheehan ( Yul Vazquez ) , a quiet weretiger who presides over the Wedding Chapel and Pet Cemetery and their Midnighter patrons . ( season 1 ) Recurring ( edit ) Xylda ( Joanne Camp ) , a former psychic and Manfred 's grandmother and con - partner who now appears as a ghost to watch over him . Madonna Reed ( Kellee Stewart ) , a fierce protector of her fellow Midnighters , and waitress and bartender at Midnight 's Home Cookin ' diner . Chuy Strong ( Bernardo Saracino ) , a half - demon who , along with his husband , Joe , fears others will find out what they are . Shawn Lovell ( Bob Jesser ) , the owner of Midnight 's Gas ' N Go , who is an overly protective father to his children and distrusts Manfred . Connor Lovell ( John - Paul Howard ) , the younger brother of Creek , who is as protective of her as she is of him . He harbors a secret of his own . Mr. Snuggly ( Joe Smith ) , Fiji 's talking familiar cat , who previously belonged to her aunt Mildred . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Teleplay by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Niels Arden Oplev Monica Owusu - Breen July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 3.57 Pursued by a mysterious man named Hightower , young psychic Manfred Barnardo flees his life in Dallas and moves to the mysterious town of Midnight , Texas . While there , he meets the locals and forms a bond with a waitress named Creek . However , soon after his arrival the many members of the town begin to show impossible secrets , and a young woman named Aubrey Harrison is found dead . Manfred attempts to connect with Aubrey 's spirit to solve her murder , but accidentally floods his house full of ghosts and evil spirits . Manfred uses her tip - off on his Ouija board to locate the murder weapon , which the police link to his landlord and Aubrey 's fiancee Bobo . At the end of the episode , Bobo is arrested , much to the disbelief of the local community , especially local `` wiccan '' Fiji , who attacks the police car with magic . Manfred returns to his house to find it glowing orange and filled with ghosts and evil spirits . `` Bad Moon Rising '' David Solomon Monica Owusu - Breen July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 3.29 Manny enlists the help of the other ' Midnighters ' to try and get rid of the ghosts and demonic entity haunting his house , and Fiji performs an exorcism to try and encourage the spirits to move . Meanwhile , Manny tries to help clear Bobo 's name by allowing Aubrey to inhabit his body so that he can see what happened to her , before relaying this to the sheriff at Davey , who still seems skeptical . The sheriff 's deputy makes a fatal error when she decides to investigate noises coming from the Reverend 's cellar , causing chaos throughout the town , which Lemuel , Manny , Fiji and Olivia try to clear up . The demonic entity in Manny 's home turns out to be a lot more powerful than it first seems , causing serious problems for Fiji . Bobo is freed after a Sons of Lucifer jacket with Aubrey 's hair in its zipper is found downstream of her body . The Sons of Lucifer , led by Aubrey 's husband , then murder the sheriff . `` Lemuel , Unchained '' David Solomon Turi Meyer & Al Septien August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 3.06 An old friend of Lemuel 's arrives in town with a nest of vampires , though it 's soon revealed that there 's more to his visit than a reunion . Joe reveals who he is to the Reverend , and his fears about what 's happening in the town . Lemuel tells Olivia how he became a vampire , while Manny 's grandmother reveals her own past with the vampire to her grandson . When Lemuel is betrayed , and the city is in danger , Manny and the others prepare for a fight , and Bobo and Fiji grow closer . With Joe 's help , the vampires are destroyed and Olivia saves Lemuel from the sun . Creek and her father clash over her relationship with Manny . `` Sexy Beast '' Steve Shill Liz Sagal August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 3.19 Bobo refers a client to Manfred , a woman who 's looking for her younger brother , which leads Manfred to uncover an ancient supernatural who seduces and feeds on men , and seeks his friends ' help to deal with her . Olivia interrogates a man she discovered following her after a job . He was hired by her father , and she sends him back with a message to leave her alone , revealing part of her past in the process . Meanwhile , Bobo tries to keep his past a secret , and he and Fiji finally kiss . 5 `` Unearthed '' Milan Cheylov Brynn Malone August 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) 2.85 When Manfred 's dark past finally catches up to him , Creek turns to Olivia for help . As it turns out , Xilda and Manny ran away with Hightower 's money on the day of Manny 's wedding to his daughter Violet , and she committed suicide . This causes frictions between Manny and Creek , but he finally clears things up by summoning Violet 's spirit . Meanwhile , the Sons of Lucifer kidnap Fiji , forcing Bobo to confront his own troubled history : his parent 's are white supremacists , and he ran away at 17 with a huge weapons cache , which the Sons want in exchange for Fiji 's life . With Lemuel 's help , Bobo rescues Fiji and they get rid of the Sons , but Fiji asks him for some time off . 6 `` Blinded by the Light '' Nick Gomez Mark H. Kruger August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) 3.37 A girl from a neighboring town goes missing so the citizens go looking for her and find Tiffany , the girl from the vampire van ( from Lemuel Unchained ) . The Rev reveals part of what he knows about Midnight and the veil in order to calm Fiji and Manfred . Joe reveals his secret . The missing girl is found with Creek 's father , whom the midnighters come to believe is the man who murdered Aubrey and Tiffany and kidnapped the girl . In a shock twist , the serial killer is revealed to be Creek 's brother Connor , and Lemuel is forced to kill him . 7 `` Angel Heart '' Mairzee Almas Larry Caldwell & Liz Sagal September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 2.93 Bowie , an angelic bounty hunter and Joe 's former mentor , arrives in Midnight to punish him for leaving the angelic fold . Joe and Chuy ask for their friends ' help , disclosing Chuy 's real self and the story of how they meet . Now also a fallen angel , Bowie wants revenge from Joe 's humilliation . Joe 's not strong enough to defeat his former mentor and , when their friends ' plan falls , Chuy transforms into a demon to kill her , and Joe 's the only one who can help him turn back into a human . Joe also tells Manny his belief that he 's the leader who will close Hell 's breach forever but , after Creek breaks up with him to find herself , Manny leaves Midnight . 8 `` Last Temptation of Midnight '' Kevin Tancharoen Monica Owusu - Breen September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 2.52 Manfred 's grandmother Xylda confesses that she had a vision that confirm 's Joe 's words and tries to convince him to return to Midnight , but his van breaks down and he gets lost in the desert . Meanwhile , a faceless supernatural makes a pilgrimage to Midnight to usher in a demon 's arrival from the veil to Hell with an human sacrifice . Xylda finally convinces Manny to go back , and moves on to the afterlife . Manfred hitchhikes in the faceless supernatural truck , but manages to escape being killed . Back on Midnight , the Hell 's breach is affecting its inhabitants . Manny returns in time to prevent Creek from killing herself and Lemuel from turning Olivia , but the sacrifice is made . 9 `` Riders on the Storm '' Greg Beeman Al Septien & Turi Meyer September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 2.45 As the veil breaks and an apocalyptic sandstorm engulfs Midnight , the Midnighters rally to protect Fiji from demonic forces . Fiji remembers her arrival to Midnight 10 years before , when her aunt Mildred told they were both witches and taught her . With his friends ' help , Manny tries to raise the spirit of the shaman who closed the breach the first time around , but they have to flee Midnight . But the sandstorm follows them , forcing them hide in abandoned club . Fiji reveals that the demon , Colconnar , wants her because she 's a rare and powerful virgin witch but she omits the fact that she accidentally killed her boyfriend , Jeremy . Olivia tells Lemuel she 's going to leave Midnight once Fiji is safe . Fiji and Manny find a way to get answers , but black magic requires a sacrifice . Fiji 's cat offers himself , but the spell takes Manny 's instead . In the afterlife , Manny meets the shaman , who tells him how to close the breach . Colconnar 's envoy , Jeremy , tells her that if she comes to Colconnar willingly , he will spare the others . Manny returns to life , but Fiji has left . 10 `` The Virgin Sacrifice '' David Solomon Monica Owusu - Breen September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 2.72 With Hell literally about to erupt , Manfred leads the Midnighters to take back their home . Bobo , Creek and Olivia find Fiji , but Olivia is badly burnt by a spectre . As the shaman told him that to destroy evil he has to know evil , Manny allows himself to be possessed by demonic spirits from the pawn shop 's cursed artefacts . Creek takes Olivia away to the hospital . Bobo convinces Fiji to make love , so the demon would n't have what he wants . The enraged Colconnar swears to destroy everything , but he 's destroyed by the demon - possessed Manny , who then releases the spirits as by their pact . At the hospital , Lemuel heals Olivia by giving her some of his blood . Manny and Creek reconcile . Madonna is revealed to work for Olivia 's estranged father . One week later , they all reunite in the church for Olivia and Lemuel 's wedding . The next morning , a new company arrives , wanting to renovate the old hotel for tourism , but Manny sees many spirits trapped inside . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 60 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 based on 25 reviews . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 50 out of 100 , based on 16 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' July 24 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.57 0.5 1.35 1.4 4.92 `` Bad Moon Rising '' July 31 , 2017 0.8 / 4 3.29 0.5 1.62 1.3 4.91 `` Lemuel , Unchained '' August 7 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.06 0.5 1.66 1.3 4.72 `` Sexy Beast '' August 14 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.19 0.6 1.65 1.3 4.84 5 `` Unearthed '' August 21 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.85 0.2 0.70 0.8 3.46 6 `` Blinded by the Light '' August 28 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.45 0.4 1.72 1.3 4.74 7 `` Angel Heart '' September 4 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.93 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Last Temptation of Midnight '' September 11 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.52 0.5 1.53 1.1 4.05 9 `` Riders on the Storm '' September 13 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.45 0.5 1.59 1.1 4.05 10 `` The Virgin Sacrifice '' September 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.72 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Andreeva ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Midnight , Texas ' Pilot Picked Up To Series By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Midnight , Texas ' Drama Based On ' True Blood ' Author Books Set At NBC '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Midnight , Texas Renewed for Season 2 -- Find Out Who Wo n't Be Back '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Midnight , Texas ' : François Arnaud Set As The Lead In NBC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Bresha Webb Joins NBC Comedy Pilot ' Marlon ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arielle Kebbel Joins NBC 's ' Midnight , Texas ' ; CBS ' Kevin James Comedy Adds 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Ramos To Co-Star In NBC Drama Pilot ' Midnight , Texas ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' premiere adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' To Tell the Truth ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior , ' ' Bachelorette , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' adjusts up , ' Gong Show ' and ' Midnight , Texas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Original shows all hold , ' Black - ish ' rerun adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' adjusts up , ' To Tell the Truth ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' To Tell the Truth , ' CBS reruns adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Midnight , Texas : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Midnight , Texas - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Midnight , Texas ' premiere solid , ' AGT ' at No. 1 : Broadcast Live + 3 ratings for July 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' World of Dance ' dominate broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' AGT , ' ' World of Dance ' finale on top again in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' special posts good - sized gain : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Weekend Update ' finishes with big gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' stay strong : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' ties ' America 's Got Talent ' in 18 - 49 : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Midnight , Texas on IMDb ( hide ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. Bio ( since 2018 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Champions ( since 2018 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) Genius Junior ( since 2018 ) Good Girls ( since 2018 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Rise ( since 2018 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning ( The More You Know ) The Voyager with Josh Garcia Wilderness Vet Journey with Dylan Dreyer Naturally , Danny Seo Give The Champion Within with Lauren Thompson Upcoming Making It ( 2018 ) Reverie ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) The Titan Games ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight,_Texas&oldid=831330057 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American supernatural television series Angels in television Demons in television English - language television programs Ghosts in television NBC network shows Television shows set in Texas Serial drama television series Vampires in television Witchcraft in television Television series by Universal Television Television programs based on American novels Fictional populated places in Texas Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 01 : 12 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in midnight texas season 1	[ "\n\nMidnight, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nDrama\nSupernatural\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\nMidnight, Texas by Charlaine Harris\n\n\nDeveloped by\nMonica Owusu-Breen\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nFrançois Arnaud\nDylan Bruce\nParisa Fitz-Henley\nArielle Kebbel\nJason Lewis\nPeter Mensah\nSarah Ramos\nYul Vazquez\nSean Bridgers\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nJacob Groth\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n10 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nMonica Owusu-Breen\nDavid Janollari\nNiels Arden Oplev\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAnne-Marie McGintee\nChristopher Markey\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\n\n\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\nLas Vegas, New Mexico\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\n\n\n\nMike Spragg\nEric Kress\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nTimothy Good\nJohn Heath\nArman Tahmizyan\nLouis Cioffi\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n43 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nDavid Janollari Entertainment\nMoorish Dignity Productions\nUniversal Television\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nNBCUniversal Television Distribution\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNBC\n\n\nOriginal release\nJuly 24, 2017 (2017-07-24) – present\n\n" ]	[ "10" ]
-4798940267729133724	Mardi Gras	Mardi Gras - wikipedia Mardi Gras Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the carnival . For other uses , see Mardi Gras ( disambiguation ) . Mardi Gras , Carnival Celebrations in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States Also called Fat Tuesday , Shrove Tuesday , Pancake Tuesday Type Christian , Cultural Significance Celebration period before fasting season of Lent Celebrations Parades , parties Date Day before Ash Wednesday , 47 days before Easter 2018 date February 13 2019 date March 5 2020 date February 25 Frequency Annual Related to Shrove Tuesday ; Carnival , Shrove Monday , Ash Wednesday , Lent , Užgavėnės , Maslenitsa , Valentine 's Day Mardi Gras ( / ˈmɑːrdiɡrɑː / ) , also called Shrove Tuesday , or Fat Tuesday , in English , refers to events of the Carnival celebrations , beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany ( Three Kings Day ) and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday . Mardi Gras is French for `` Fat Tuesday '' , reflecting the practice of the last night of eating richer , fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season . Related popular practices are associated with Shrovetide celebrations before the fasting and religious obligations associated with the penitential season of Lent . In countries such as the United Kingdom , Mardi Gras is also known as Shrove Tuesday , which is derived from the word shrive , meaning `` confess '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditions 1.1 Belgium 1.2 Brazil 1.3 Cayman Islands 1.4 Colombia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Italy 1.9 Netherlands 1.10 Russia and Ukraine 1.11 Sweden 1.12 United States 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Traditions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The festival season varies from city to city , as some traditions , such as the one in New Orleans , Louisiana , consider Mardi Gras to stretch the entire period from Twelfth Night ( the last night of Christmas which begins Epiphany ) to Ash Wednesday . Others treat the final three - day period before Ash Wednesday as the Mardi Gras . In Mobile , Alabama , Mardi Gras - associated social events begin in November , followed by mystic society balls on Thanksgiving , then New Year 's Eve , followed by parades and balls in January and February , celebrating up to midnight before Ash Wednesday . In earlier times , parades were held on New Year 's Day . Other cities famous for Mardi Gras celebrations include Rio de Janeiro ; Barranquilla , Colombia ; George Town , Cayman Islands ; Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ; Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ; and Mazatlán , Sinaloa , Mexico . Carnival is an important celebration in Anglican and Catholic European nations . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the week before Ash Wednesday is called `` Shrovetide '' , ending on Shrove Tuesday . It has its popular celebratory aspects , as well . Pancakes are a traditional food . Pancakes and related fried breads or pastries made with sugar , fat , and eggs are also traditionally consumed at this time in many parts of Latin America and the Caribbean . Mardi Gras in Dakar , Senegal Mardi Gras in Marseille , France Mardi Gras in Binche , Belgium Belgium In the Belgian city of Binche , the Mardi Gras festival is one of the most important days of the year and the summit of the Carnival of Binche . Around 1000 Gilles dance throughout the city from morning until past dusk , whilst traditional carnival songs play . In 2003 , the `` Carnival of Binche '' was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . Brazil Main article : Brazilian Carnival Carnival is the most famous Brazilian holiday . During this time , Brazil attracts 70 % of its tourists . Variations in carnival celebrations are observed throughout the multitude of Brazilian cities . Yet , a commonality observed among them is the incorporation of samba into the celebrations . The southeastern cities of Brazil have massive parades that take place in large sambadromes . The Rio Carnival is where two million people celebrate in the city . The city of Salvador holds a very large carnival celebration where millions of people celebrate the party in the streets of the city with a very big diversity of musical styles together . Cayman Islands This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cayman Mardi Gras hosts a festive Monday Food Festival as well as an Ash Wednesday . Colombia Main article : Barranquilla 's Carnival Carnaval de Barranquilla is Colombia 's Mardi Gras celebration . In 2003 , it was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . Czech Republic In the Czech Republic it is a folk tradition to celebrate Mardi Gras , which is called Masopust ( meat - fast i.e. beginning of fast there ) . There are celebration in many places including Prague but the tradition also prevails in the villages such as Staré Hamry , whose the door - to - door processions there made it to the UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage List . France This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carnival parades take place in many cities including Dunkerque , Granville , Sarreguemines as well as in the French Caribbean islands Guadeloupe and Martinique . The Nice Carnival is held annually in Nice on the French Riviera . The earliest records establish its existence in 1294 when the Count of Provence , Charles Anjou , wrote that he had passed `` the joyous days of carnival . '' This may make the Nice Carnival the original carnival celebration . Today the event attracts over a million visitors to Nice every year over a two - week period . Germany Main articles : Karneval , Fasching and Fastnacht The celebration on the same day in Germany knows many different terms , such as Schmutziger Donnerstag or Fetter Donnerstag ( Fat Thursday ) , Unsinniger Donnerstag , Weiberfastnacht , Greesentag and others , and are often only one part of the whole carnival events during one or even two weeks before Ash Wednesday be called Karneval , Fasching , or Fastnacht among others , depending on the region . In standard German , schmutzig means `` dirty '' , but in the Alemannic dialects schmotzig means `` lard '' ( Schmalz ) , or `` fat '' ; `` Greasy Thursday '' , as remaining winter stores of lard and butter used to be consumed at that time , before the fasting began . Fastnacht means `` Eve of the Fast '' , but all three terms cover the whole carnival season . The traditional start of the carnival season is on November 11 at 11 : 11 am ( 11 / 11 11 : 11 ) . Italy In Italy Mardi Gras is called Martedì Grasso ( Fat Tuesday ) . It 's the main day of Carnival along with the Thursday before , called Giovedí Grasso ( Fat Thursday ) , which ratifies the start of the celebrations . The most famous Carnivals in Italy are in Venice , Viareggio and Ivrea . Ivrea has the characteristic `` Battle of Oranges '' that finds its roots in medieval times . The Italian version of the festival is spelled Carnevale . Netherlands Main article : Carnival in the Netherlands The Netherlands also has a festival similar to Mardi Gras . It 's called Carnaval and is similar to the Venice Carnival . The origin of the word Carnaval is carnem levare which means `` to take away meat '' in Latin , or carne vale , Latin for `` farewell to meat '' . It marks the beginning of Lent ( March 1 , 2017 ) leading up to Easter The carnival in the Netherlands is mainly held in the southern part of the Netherlands in the provinces of Noord - Brabant and Limburg , some parts of Zeeland and in eastern parts of Twente and Gelderland . As with many popular festivals , people tend to loosen some moral codes and become laid - back or loose , which is based in the ancient role - reversal origins of Carnaval , including dressing in costumes . Russia and Ukraine This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Both Russia and Ukraine have the festival of Maslenitsa ( Масленица , rus . ) , which on its pagan side celebrates the end of winter and the upcoming summer , and on its Christian side marks the last week before the Great Fasting period before Christian Easter . The festival includes family gatherings with festive meals and treats of bliny ( crepes ) that resemble the round shape of sun , and culminates on the weekend with mass outdoors gatherings , festivities and entertaining activities such as pole climbing , where a wheel with variety of presents is affixed on the top of a long pole and the contestants need to reach the top to get them . Also the festival 's mascot - a feminine figure made out of straw , which symbolizes winter , gets put of fire at the end of the celebration . Sweden In Sweden the celebration is called Fettisdagen , when you eat fastlagsbulle , more commonly called Semla . The name comes from the words `` fett '' ( fat ) and `` tisdag '' ( Tuesday ) . Originally , this was the only day one should eat fastlagsbullar . United States See also : Mardi Gras in the United States , Mardi Gras in Mobile , and Mardi Gras in New Orleans While not observed nationally throughout the United States , a number of traditionally ethnic French cities and regions in the country have notable celebrations . Mardi Gras arrived in North America as a French Catholic tradition with the Le Moyne brothers , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville , in the late 17th century , when King Louis XIV sent the pair to defend France 's claim on the territory of Louisiane , which included what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana and part of eastern Texas . The expedition , led by Iberville , entered the mouth of the Mississippi River on the evening of March 2 , 1699 ( new style ) , Lundi Gras . They did not yet know it was the river explored and claimed for France by René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle in 1683 . The party proceeded upstream to a place on the east bank about 60 miles downriver from where New Orleans is today , and made camp . This was on March 3 , 1699 , Mardi Gras , so in honour of this holiday , Iberville named the spot Point du Mardi Gras ( French : `` Mardi Gras Point '' ) and called the nearby tributary Bayou Mardi Gras . Bienville went on to found the settlement of Mobile , Alabama in 1702 as the first capital of French Louisiana . In 1703 French settlers in Mobile established the first organised Mardi Gras celebration tradition in what was to become the United States . The first informal mystic society , or krewe , was formed in Mobile in 1711 , the Boeuf Gras Society . By 1720 , Biloxi had been made capital of Louisiana . The French Mardi Gras customs had accompanied the colonists who settled there . Knights of Revelry parade down Royal Street in Mobile during the 2010 Mardi Gras season . In 1723 , the capital of Louisiana was moved to New Orleans , founded in 1718 . The first Mardi Gras parade held in New Orleans is recorded to have taken place in 1837 . The tradition in New Orleans expanded to the point that it became synonymous with the city in popular perception , and embraced by residents of New Orleans beyond those of French or Catholic heritage . Mardi Gras celebrations are part of the basis of the slogan Laissez les bons temps rouler ( `` Let the good times roll '' ) . On Mardi Gras Day , the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday , the last parades of the season wrap up and the celebrations come to a close with the Meeting of the Courts ( known locally as the Rex Ball ) . Other cities along the Gulf Coast with early French colonial heritage , from Pensacola , Florida ; Galveston , Texas ; to Lake Charles and Lafayette , Louisiana ; and north to Natchez , Mississippi , have active Mardi Gras celebrations . Galveston 's first recorded Mardi Gras celebration , in 1867 , included a masked ball at Turner Hall ( Sealy at 21st St . ) and a theatrical performance from Shakespeare 's `` King Henry IV '' featuring Alvan Reed ( a justice of the peace weighing in at 350 pounds ! ) as Falstaff . The first year that Mardi Gras was celebrated on a grand scale in Galveston was 1871 with the emergence of two rival Mardi Gras societies , or `` Krewes '' called the Knights of Momus ( known only by the initials `` K.O.M. '' ) and the Knights of Myth , both of which devised night parades , masked balls , exquisite costumes and elaborate invitations . The Knights of Momus , led by some prominent Galvestonians , decorated horse - drawn wagons for a torch lit night parade . Boasting such themes as `` The Crusades , '' `` Peter the Great , '' and `` Ancient France , '' the procession through downtown Galveston culminated at Turner Hall with a presentation of tableaux and a grand gala . In the rural Acadiana area , many Cajuns celebrate with the Courir de Mardi Gras , a tradition that dates to medieval celebrations in France . St. Louis , Missouri , founded in 1764 by French fur traders , claims to host the second largest Mardi Gras celebration in the United States . The celebration is held in the historic French neighborhood , Soulard , and attracts hundreds of thousands of people from around the country . Although founded in the 1760s , the St. Louis Mardi Gras festivities only date to the 1980s . The city 's celebration begins with `` 12th night , '' held on Epiphany , and ends on Fat Tuesday . The season is peppered with various parades celebrating the city 's rich French Catholic heritage . See also Carnaval de Ponce Joie de vivre Shrove Tuesday Sydney Mardi Gras Soulard Užgavėnės References ^ Jump up to : Melitta Weiss Adamson , Francine Segan ( 2008 ) . Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl . ABC - CLIO . In Anglican countries , Mardis Gras is known as Shrove Tuesday - from shrive meaning `` confess '' - or Pancake Day -- after the breakfast food that symbolizes one final hearty meal of eggs , butter , milk and sugar before the fast . On Ash Wednesday , the morning after Mardi Gras , repentant Christians return to church to receive upon the forehead the sign of the cross in ashes . Jump up ^ In London , Mardi Gras season : `` Paul 's Pastry Shop kneads a ton of dough in Picayune '' , Allbusiness.com , 2009 , webpage : Allbusiness - 35 . Jump up ^ Metro ( 25 July 2002 ) . `` Mardi Gras in New Orleans '' . London . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ In Mobile , USA Today ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` New Orleans has competition for Mardi Gras '' . McLean , VA . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ In San Diego , Mardi Gras season : `` sandiego.com -- Mardi Gras in San Diego : FAQ 's '' , SanDiego.com , 2008 , webpage : SanDiego. com - SD . ^ Jump up to : `` Mardi Gras Terminology '' . `` Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau '' . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilds , John ; Charles L. Dufour ; Walter G. Cowan ( 1996 ) . Louisiana , Yesterday and Today : A Historical Guide to the State . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0807118931 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bratcher , Dennis ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Season of Lent '' . Christian Resource Institute . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Carnival Association , 1927 '' , MardiGrasDigest.com , 2006 , webpage : mardigrasdigest - Mobile . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras in Bohemia - Prague '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staročeský masopust Hamry '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Woher hat der Schmutzige Donnerstag seinen Namen ? '' . Regionalzeitung Rontaler AG ( in German ) . February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killinger , Charles L. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Culture and Customs of Italy . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313324895 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish semla : more than just a bun '' . Sweden.se . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans & Mardi Gras History Timeline '' ( event list ) , Mardi Gras Digest , 2005 , webpage : MG - time Archived November 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` 9 Things You May Not Know About Mardi Gras '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline 18th Century : '' ( events ) , Timelines of History , 2007 , webpage : TLine - 1700 - 1724 : on `` 1702 -- 1711 '' of Mobile . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival / Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline '' . Museum of Mobile . Museum of Mobile . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras in Mobile '' ( history ) , Jeff Sessions , Senator , Library of Congress , 2006 , webpage : LibCongress - 2665 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras '' ( history ) , Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2007 , webpage : MGmobile . Jump up ^ Barry Jean Ancelet ( 1989 ) . Capitaine , voyage ton flag : The Traditional Cajun Country Mardi Gras . Center for Louisiana Studies , University of Southwestern Louisiana . ISBN 0 - 940984 - 46 - 6 . Jump up ^ Geiling , Natasha . `` Best Places to Celebrate Mardi Gras Outside of New Orleans '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Houser , Dave G. `` 7 big Mardi Gras celebrations ( not in New Orleans ) '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ / soulardhistory. html `` Mardi Gras in St. Louis ' Soulard Neighborhood '' Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2018 - 2 - 12 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 12th Night Soulard Mardi Gras 2018 St. Louis , MO '' . stlmardigras.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mardi Gras . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardi_Gras&oldid=825337143 '' Categories : Mardi Gras Tuesday observances February observances March observances Holidays based on the date of Easter Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Pages with URL errors Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from February 2016 Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Nouormand Polski Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do the words mardi and gras come from	[ "Mardi Gras (/ˈmɑːrdiɡrɑː/), also called Shrove Tuesday,[1] or Fat Tuesday,[2][3][4][5] in English, refers to events of the Carnival celebrations, beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany (Three Kings Day) and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday. Mardi Gras is French for \"Fat Tuesday\", reflecting the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season." ]	[ "Mardi Gras is French for \"Fat Tuesday\"" ]
8113544085753034911	Magnum XL-200	Magnum XL - 200 - wikipedia Magnum XL - 200 Jump to : navigation , search Magnum XL - 200 Cedar Point Coordinates 41 ° 29 ′ 7.25 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 10 '' W / 41.4853472 ° N 82.68611 ° W / 41.4853472 ; - 82.68611 Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 7.25 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 10 '' W / 41.4853472 ° N 82.68611 ° W / 41.4853472 ; - 82.68611 Status Operating Opening date May 6 , 1989 Cost US $ 8,000,000 General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Arrow Dynamics Designer Ron Toomer Model Hyper Coaster Track layout Out and Back Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 205 ft ( 62 m ) Drop 194.7 ft ( 59.3 m ) Length 5,106 ft ( 1,556 m ) Speed 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 2 : 00 Max vertical angle 60 ° Capacity 2,000 riders per hour Height restriction 48 in ( 122 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 6 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 36 riders per train . Fast Lane available Magnum XL - 200 at RCDB Pictures of Magnum XL - 200 at RCDB Magnum XL - 200 , colloquially known as simply Magnum , is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Dynamics at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . When built in 1989 , it was the tallest , fastest , and steepest complete - circuit roller coaster in the world as well as the first hypercoaster -- a roller coaster that exceeds 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height . Some have credited Magnum with starting a period in the industry known as the roller coaster wars , in which amusement parks competed with one another at a rapid pace to build the next tallest and fastest roller coaster . More than 40 million people had ridden Magnum as of 2009 . Magnum XL - 200 held the title of tallest roller coaster in the world until 1994 when Pepsi Max Big One opened at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the United Kingdom . Amusement Today presented Magnum with its `` Best Steel Roller Coaster '' Golden Ticket Award for three consecutive years from 1998 to 2000 . As of 2014 , it was ranked thirteenth in the world by the same publication . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Opening 2 Ride experience 2.1 Layout 2.2 Trains 2.3 Track 3 Accident 4 Awards and rankings 5 Records 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) By the mid-1980s , Cedar Point had grown into a successful collection of roller coasters and other smaller rides on the shores of Lake Erie . Dick Kinzel took over as president and CEO of Cedar Fair , the company that operates the park , in 1986 . In 1988 , Kinzel saw a report on CNN about the opening of a new coaster in Japan called Bandit at Yomiuriland that emphasized height and speed but had no inversions . Kinzel wanted to introduce a similar coaster that emphasized steep drops and negative g - forces over inversions and spins , which were common at the time . It had been 10 years since the last major addition , Gemini , was introduced . Cedar Point asked for proposals from TOGO , Dinn Corporation , Intamin and Arrow Dynamics to build a roller coaster without inversions or over-the - shoulder restraints . They chose Arrow , which proposed a 187 feet ( 57 m ) - tall coaster . That got Cedar Point 's management interested in breaking the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) barrier , partly because of the publicity to be gained from building the first roller coaster to do so . The name Magnum XL - 200 was chosen because Magnum , P.I. was popular at the time and Cedar Point 's management wanted to incorporate the height into the name . The original proposal was to cost $7.5 million , but was raised to $8 million after the height was extended to 200 feet ( 61 m ) . Opening ( edit ) Entrance sign introduced on Magnum 's 20th anniversary in 2009 Magnum XL - 200 was announced on August 16 , 1988 , and construction began shortly thereafter . Following its completion in 1989 , Kinzel was one of the first people to ride the coaster , boarding the train after one test cycle . It officially opened to the public on May 6 , 1989 as the world 's tallest , fastest and steepest complete - circuit roller coaster . It was measured for the Guinness Book of World Records on June 2 . Cedar Point set a record attendance in 1989 , due in part to the introduction of the Magnum . Magnum was awarded the ACE Roller Coaster Landmark award on June 21 , 2004 . Magnum has been repainted once in its history . The original track color was scarlet red , but the park started painting Magnum Molly orange in 2005 . The job was completed in 2006 . Cedar Point celebrated Magnum 's 20th anniversary on opening day in 2009 with a ceremony and an appearance by Ron Toomer , its designer . A new entrance sign was also introduced . Magnum XL - 200 has been the target of false rumors since 1998 claiming the structure was sinking due to unstable ground . The rumors supposedly started as an April Fools Day joke in an Ohio newspaper , but quickly spread via the Internet . Cedar Point quickly denounced such rumors . Ride experience ( edit ) Layout ( edit ) Magnum XL - 200 is classified as a hypercoaster and an out and back roller coaster . After the train departs the station , it travels west over the walkway leading to Cedar Point Shores . It then makes a 90 - degree turn to the right and begins the 205 - foot ( 62 m ) climb to the top of the chain lift hill , which operates at a speed of 6 mph ( 9.7 km / h ) . The train descends 194.7 feet ( 59.3 m ) at a 60 - degree angle , reaching a top speed of 72 miles per hour ( 116 km / h ) . The train then ascends a 157 - foot ( 48 m ) camelback hill , curving to the left into the first tunnel . Coming out of the tunnel , the train ascends a third , 80 - foot ( 24 m ) - tall hill . After the third hill , it enters a pretzel - shaped turnaround ( a set of trim brakes can be found before the turn around to reduce the speed and positive Gs ) where it curves to the left toward the beach and then left again into another tunnel . The train then traverses over seven airtime hills and a third tunnel into a mid-course brake run . The train turns left and goes back over the walkway to Cedar Point Shores . It then turns right and enters the brake run , followed by a 90 degree right turn back into the station . One cycle of the ride lasts about 2 minutes . Trains ( edit ) Riders coming back to the station Magnum XL - 200 has three white - and - black trains . Each train has red , black or blue striping at the front . Each train has six cars ; riders are arranged two - across in three rows for a total of 36 riders per train . Magnum was the first coaster in which Arrow Dynamics used its Hypercoaster trains , which were subsequently installed on dozens of other new rides . Riders are secured by a single lap bar and a seat belt . When Magnum XL - 200 opened , it used pads similar to those still in use on Gemini . Shortly after its debut , however , these up - stop plates were replaced with more traditional up - stop wheels that keep the train from flying off its rails . Track ( edit ) Magnum XL - 200 's steel track is 5,106 feet ( 1,556 m ) in length , and its main hill is approximately 205 feet ( 62 m ) high . Magnum XL - 200 originally had a scarlet red track with silver supports . The track was repainted Molly orange in 2005 , but the supports remained silver . The track consists of a tubular steel spine connected by struts to tubular steel running rails . When it opened , a steel out and back roller coaster without any loops was unheard of . Magnum is not a smooth - riding roller coaster , partly because its pieces were welded together , unassisted by computer design . The track sections range from 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) to 200 feet ( 61 m ) and 157 support columns were used . Accident ( edit ) On May 26 , 2007 , one of the coaster 's trains collided with another at less than 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) , causing minor damage to both trains and minor injuries to at least three passengers . Two people were taken to a first aid station , and a third person was taken to a local hospital because of an asthma attack . The ride reopened the next day and park spokesman Robin Innes said the accident was caused by rain : `` We think it was just caused by excessive moisture on the tracks due to the heavy rain storms we had in the morning '' he said . Awards and rankings ( edit ) Magnum 's ACE Landmark sign Magnum XL - 200 was designated an ACE Roller Coaster Landmark on June 21 , 2004 , at the 27th Annual Convention of the American Coaster Enthusiasts . It received the designation for inspiring more than a dozen similar rides on three continents and for being the first hypercoaster . Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ranking 5 7 9 8 10 8 9 13 15 15 23 NAPHA Survey : Favorite Steel Roller Coaster Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Ranking N / A Records ( edit ) Preceded by Dragon Mountain World 's Tallest Complete Circuit Roller Coaster May 1989 -- May 1994 Succeeded by Big One Preceded by Bandit World 's Fastest Roller Coaster May 1989 -- May 1991 Succeeded by Steel Phantom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum XL - 200 stats and info '' . Ultimate Roller Coaster . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum XL - 200 '' . Experience the Point . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum XL - 200 20th anniversary ceremony '' . PointBuzz . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Blast from the Past Part 3 '' . News Plus Notes . November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 18 ( 6.2 ) : 46 -- 47 . September 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Scott ; Holmes , Carol ( 2009 ) . `` 20 Years of Magnum '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Zanesville , Ohio : American Coaster Enthusiasts. 30 ( 4 ) : 4 -- 11 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Blast from the Past Part . 1 '' . News Plus Notes . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Blast from the Past Part . 2 '' . News Plus Notes . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio roller coaster to be fastest ride '' . Associated Press . August 17 , 1988 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chavezblade , Jon ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` Kinzel reflects on wild ride '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Magnum XL - 200 ( Cedar Point ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PointBuzz Timeline '' . PointBuzz . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Coaster Landmark '' . American Coaster Enthusiasts . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum XL - 200 gets repainted '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's opening weekend at Cedar Point '' . Associated Press . May 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is Magnum XL - 200 sinking ? '' . Cedarpoint.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magnum XL - 200 POV '' . 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brakes and Lift Hill '' . Coaster - Net . January 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Magnum XL - 200 Red Train '' . Themeparkcritic . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow Dyanamics Hypercoasters '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandy , Adam ( 2006 ) . `` Roller Coaster History -- Late Eighties '' . Ultimate RollerCoaster . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Borgen , Andrew . `` Magnum XL - 200 ( CP Guide ) '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Coasters : Magnum XL - 200 '' . National Geographic . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rain blamed for Magnum malfunction '' . Sandusky Register . May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . August 1998 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . August 1999 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . August 2000 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . August 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . September 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 14 -- 15B . September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 18 -- 19B . September 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 32 -- 33 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 19 ( 6.2 ) : 49 -- 50 . September 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 20 ( 6.2 ) : 50 . September 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 21 ( 6.2 ) : 46 . September 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAPHA 2005 -- 2011 Survey Results '' . National Amusement Park Historical Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnum XL - 200 . Cedarpoint.com - Magnum XL - 200 's official page Magnum XL - 200 1987 News Broadcasts Magnum XL - 200 at Coaster - Net Magnum XL - 200 at The Point Online Cedar Point History Current attractions Former attractions Roller coasters Blue Streak Cedar Creek Mine Ride Corkscrew GateKeeper Gemini Iron Dragon Magnum XL - 200 Maverick Millennium Force Raptor Rougarou Steel Vengeance Top Thrill Dragster Valravn Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Woodstock Express Attractions Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad maXair Power Tower Skyhawk SlingShot WindSeeker Water rides Snake River Falls Thunder Canyon Former attractions Demon Drop Disaster Transport Jumbo Jet Mill Race Shoot the Rapids Space Spiral VertiGo White Water Landing WildCat Resorts Camper Village Castaway Bay Cedar Point 's Express Hotel Hotel Breakers Lighthouse Point Sandcastle Suites Hotel Other Cedar Point Shores Planet Snoopy Cedar Point Light Fast Lane Dinosaurs Alive ! Camp Snoopy HalloWeekends Luminosity -- Ignite the Night ! Website : cedarpoint.com Recipients of the ACE Coaster Landmark Award Batman : The Ride ( Great America ) ( 2005 ) The Beast ( 2004 ) Big Dipper ( NYP ) Blue Streak ( 2010 ) The Comet ( 2009 ) Coney Island Cyclone ( 2002 ) Corkscrew ( 2011 ) Cyclone ( 2003 ) Dragon Coaster ( 2009 ) Giant Dipper ( Santa Cruz ) ( 2007 ) Giant Dipper ( San Diego ) ( 2010 ) Jack Rabbit ( 2010 ) Leap - The - Dips ( 2002 ) Legend ( 2006 ) Loch Ness Monster ( 2003 ) Magnum XL - 200 ( 2004 ) Matterhorn Bobsleds ( NYP ) Mind Bender ( 2008 ) The New Revolution ( 2002 ) Phoenix ( 2005 ) The Racer ( 2007 ) Racer ( 2010 ) Racer 75 ( 2003 ) Roller Coaster ( 2005 ) Runaway Mine Train ( 2006 ) Thunderbolt ( 2008 ) Whizzer ( Six Flags ) ( 2012 ) Wildcat ( 2008 ) Wooden Roller Coaster ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnum_XL-200&oldid=834003686 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 1989 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Hypercoasters Cedar Point Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair Roller coasters in Ohio Hidden categories : Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the magnum built at cedar point	[ "Magnum XL-200, colloquially known as simply Magnum, is a steel roller coaster built by Arrow Dynamics at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. When built in 1989, it was the tallest, fastest, and steepest complete-circuit roller coaster in the world as well as the first hypercoaster – a roller coaster that exceeds 200 feet (61 m) in height.[1] Some have credited Magnum with starting a period in the industry known as the roller coaster wars, in which amusement parks competed with one another at a rapid pace to build the next tallest and fastest roller coaster.[2][3] More than 40 million people had ridden Magnum as of 2009.[4]" ]	[ "1989" ]
-8027545285956585592	Summer Time in Europe	Summer time in Europe - wikipedia Summer time in Europe Jump to : navigation , search Time in Europe : light blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time ( UTC + 1 ) red Central European Time ( UTC + 1 ) Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time ( UTC + 2 ) golden Eastern European Time ( UTC + 2 ) Eastern European Summer Time ( UTC + 3 ) light green Further - eastern European Time / Moscow Time / Turkey Time ( UTC + 3 ) Light colours indicate where standard time is observed all year ; dark colours indicate where a summer time is observed . European Summer Time is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries , not including Iceland , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Turkey and Russia -- in the period between spring and autumn , during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year , in order to make the most efficient use of seasonal daylight . It corresponds to the notion and practice of `` daylight saving time '' to be found in many other parts of the world . European Summer Time begins at 01 : 00 UTC / WET ( 02 : 00 CET , 03 : 00 EET ) on the last Sunday in March and ends at 01 : 00 UTC ( 02 : 00 WEST , 03 : 00 CEST , 04 : 00 EEST ) on the last Sunday in October each year ; i.e. the change is made at the same absolute time across all time zones . Greenland , except for the northeastern coast around Danmarkshavn ( UTC year - round ) , observes Summer Time simultaneously with Europe , except for Thule Air Base ( which follows Atlantic Time and observes in accordance with Canadian rules ) . Summer Time thus begins at 00 : 00 East Greenland Time and Saturday 22 : 00 West Greenland Time , and ends 01 : 00 EGST and Saturday 23 : 00 WGST . Summer Time lasts , depending upon the calendar year , for either 30 or 31 weeks of the year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Exact transition dates 3 Double Summer Time 4 Countries not switching to and from summer time 5 Local observations 5.1 Austria - Hungary 5.2 Bulgaria 5.3 Czech Republic 5.4 Czechoslovakia 5.5 Denmark 5.6 Estonia 5.7 Finland 5.8 France 5.9 Germany 5.10 Hungary 5.11 Iceland 5.12 Ireland 5.13 Italy 5.14 Norway 5.15 Poland 5.16 Portugal 5.17 Romania 5.18 Russia 5.19 Slovakia 5.20 Slovenia 5.21 Sweden 5.22 Switzerland 5.23 Turkey 5.24 Ukraine 5.25 United Kingdom 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Summer Time was first introduced during the First World War . However , most countries discontinued the practice after the war . It was then restarted in various countries during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath . Again it was widely cancelled by the 1950s , although re-introduced in isolated cases until the late 1960s when the energy crisis began to prompt policy makers to re-introduce the policy across the continent . It has remained in place in most European countries since that time . Historically the countries of Europe had different practices for observing Summer Time , but this hindered coordination of transport , communications and movements . Starting in 1981 the European Community began issuing directives requiring member states to legislate particular start and end dates for Summer Time . Since 1981 each directive has specified a transition time of 01 : 00 UTC and a start date of the last Sunday in March , but the end dates have differed . Successive Directives laid down two dates for the end : one on the last Sunday in September applied by the continental Member States , and the other on the fourth Sunday in October for the United Kingdom and Ireland . In 1996 the end date was changed to the fourth Sunday in October for all countries . In 1998 the end date was adjusted to be the last Sunday in October ; this happened to be the same as the previous rule for 1996 and 1997 . The ninth directive , currently in force , has made this permanent . There have been proposals in 2015 and 2016 from members of the European Parliament to abolish summer time observance , but the European Commission has yet to put forward proposals to be considered as it says it has not found conclusive evidence in favour of a change and member states are divided . It did however note that there would be a cost to lose harmonisation between member states ' summer time rules . In 2017 the Finnish and Lithuanian parliaments both voted in favour of proposals calling on the EU to reconsider daylight saving , with similar criticism from Poland and Sweden . The European Commission at the time was reviewing the practice . On 8 February 2018 , the European Parliament voted to make the European Commission re-evaluate DST in Europe . Exact transition dates ( edit ) European Summer Time begins ( clocks go forward ) at 01 : 00 UTC on the last Sunday in March : 30 March 2014 29 March 2015 27 March 2016 26 March 2017 25 March 2018 31 March 2019 29 March 2020 28 March 2021 27 March 2022 The formula used to calculate the beginning of European Summer Time is Sunday ( 31 − ( ( ( ( 5 × y ) ÷ 4 ) + 4 ) mod 7 ) ) March at 01 : 00 UTC where y is the year , and a mod b is the remainder of division after truncating a and b to integers . The above formula is valid until 2099 . European Summer Time ends ( clocks go back ) at 01 : 00 UTC on the last Sunday in October : 26 October 2014 25 October 2015 30 October 2016 29 October 2017 28 October 2018 27 October 2019 25 October 2020 31 October 2021 30 October 2022 To calculate the end of European Summer Time , a variant of the formula above is used for October : Sunday ( 31 − ( ( ( ( 5 × y ) ÷ 4 ) + 1 ) mod 7 ) ) October at 01 : 00 UTC Double summer time ( edit ) `` Double Summer Time '' ( two hours ahead of local winter time ) has been observed on some occasions , notably in 1921 , 1941 - 5 and 1947 . See : British Double Summer Time ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Central European Midsummer Time ( UTC + 03 : 00 ) Moscow Midsummer Time ( UTC + 05 : 00 ) Countries not switching to and from summer time ( edit ) There are three countries that do not use summer time , and keep the same time all year . Some may be thought of as using `` permanent '' summer time since they are using time zones allocated to regions further east than themselves . Belarus explicitly decided to stay permanently on ( what it formerly called ) summer time after 2011 . Spain , France , Belgium , and the Netherlands may also be thought of as observing `` summer time '' throughout the winter , and `` double - summer time '' during summer , because of their position far to the west of the central European time zone . Belarus switched to summer time in Spring 2011 and did not switch back , and is now observing UTC + 03 : 00 all year round . The midpoint of Belarus has longitude 28 ° E ( corresponds to UTC + 1.8 ) . Iceland observes UTC all year round despite being at longitudes ( 13 ° W - 24 ° W ) which would indicate UTC − 1 . Iceland 's high latitude ( the Reykjavík region , home to nearly two - thirds of the country 's people , is at 64 ° N ) means that sunset and sunrise times change by many hours over the year , and the effect of changing the clock by one hour would , in comparison , be small . Russia used `` permanent summer time '' from 2011 to 2014 . In October 2014 Russia changed permanently back to standard time ( UTC + 03 : 00 in the country 's west , including Moscow ) , setting the clocks back one hour at the same time as other European countries did . Turkey decided not to observe daylight saving time anymore in September 2016 , and decided to stay in UTC + 3 throughout the year rather than switching back to its original time UTC + 2 . Local observations ( edit ) In most of Europe , the word Summer is added to the name of each European time zone during this period : thus , in the UTC + 01 : 00 time zone , Central European Time becomes Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) Austria - Hungary used summer time during World War I in 1916 , 1917 and 1918 , similar to the German Empire . Bulgaria ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Bulgaria in 1979 by a regulation of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers . Bulgaria observes the European Union rules for summer time . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Kingdom of Bohemia , summer time was used for three seasons since 1916 to 1918 , while being part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire during World War I. During the World War II period , when Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became a de facto part of Nazi Germany , summer time was used since 1940 . In 1940 / 1941 and 1941 / 1942 , the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter . Czechoslovakia used summer time from 1945 to 1949 and from 1979 up to 1992 . In winter 1946 / 1947 ( from 1 December to 23 February ) , also winter time ( CET + 01 : 00 ) was used . So Czechoslovakia used summer time yearly from 1979 and both Czech Republic and Slovakia continued in doing so after the dissolution in 1993 . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czech lands and Slovakia used summer time in 1916 , 1917 and 1918 under the Austro - Hungarian Empire during World War I . Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia used summer time since 1940 . In 1940 / 1941 and 1941 / 1942 , the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter . The Slovak State during World War II also used summer time . Czechoslovakia continued to use the summer time since 1945 to 1949 . In winter 1946 / 1947 ( from 1 December to 23 February ) , also winter time ( CET − 01 : 00 ) was used . Czechoslovakia used summer time since 1979 up to 1992 ( year of its dissolution ) . Czech Republic and Slovak Republic continue to use the summer time . Denmark ( edit ) Although summer time has been observed in Denmark for the past few decades , a national association against summer time ( Landsforeningen mod Sommertid ) still exists . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia the use of summer time was not used in 1989 -- 1996 and 2000 -- 2001 . It was used under Soviet rule in 1981 -- 1988 . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , summer time has been used on a regular basis since 1981 . In June 2017 , a citizens ' initiative , signed by 70 000 Finnish citizens , to abolish daylight saving time , was handed over to the Finnish parliament . France ( edit ) From 1923 until the Second World War France observed summer time from the last Saturday in March until the first Saturday in October . During the Second World War France also observed summer time . However , after the war the practice was abandoned ( since the country changed time zones instituting de facto permanent summer time ) . In 1975 , summer time was reimplemented because of the oil crisis . Since GMT ( now UTC ) is France 's `` natural '' time zone its use of UTC + 1 in winter can be seen as a form of daylight saving time in winter , while its use of Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) in summer can be seen as a form of `` double summer time '' . France follows EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time . Germany ( edit ) Summer time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire from the year 1916 to 1918 . After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918 , summer time ceased to be observed in peace time . Summer time was reintroduced in 1940 , during World War II , in an attempt to save energy for the war economy . After the defeat of Germany , summer time was retained by the occupation powers . In 1945 , Berlin and the Soviet Occupation Zone even observed Central European Midsummer Time ( Mitteleuropäische Hochsommerzeit , MEHSZ ; UTC + 03 : 00 ) ; in 1947 , all of Germany switched to midsummer time from 11 May to 29 June . After the Federal Republic ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were established in 1949 , summer time again ceased to be observed in 1950 . In 1978 , West Germany decided to re-introduce summer time , following the example set by several neighbouring states in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis . However , it only came into effect in 1980 , after West and East Germany reached an agreement to simultaneously observe summer time from the last Sunday in March ( 02 : 00 CET ) to the last Sunday in September ( 03 : 00 CEST ) . Therefore , both German states observed the same time until the German re-unification in 1990 , after which the re-unified Germany retained the laws and thus also the Time Act ( Zeitgesetz ) of West Germany . After 1980 , West and East Germany ; since 1991 reunified Germany : Central European Summer Time . Germany follows EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time . Hungary ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Hungary first in 1916 and it was observed until 1919 . After that summer time was in use between 1941 -- 1949 and 1954 -- 1957 . Summer time has been in use again since 1980 and follows EU rules . Hungary may scrap DST in 2017 . Iceland ( edit ) Iceland uses UTC but has not used summer time since April 1968 . From 1908 to 1968 Iceland used UTC − 1 . Summer time was used in 1917 - 1919 , 1921 and 1939 - 1967 . Ireland ( edit ) Further information : Time in Ireland In Ireland , Summer Time , known as Irish Standard Time ( IST ) is observed during Summer ( March to October ) . IST is sometimes mistaken for `` Irish Summer Time '' , though this is incorrect . Italy ( edit ) Summer time in Italy was adopted and abolished several times , being observed from 1916 to 1920 and between 1944 and 1948 . A law was approved in 1965 that took effect the following year , and made the application of summer time mandatory in the whole country . Since 1996 , it has been coordinated with the European Union . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , summer time was observed in 1916 , 1940 -- 45 , and 1959 - 65 . The arrangement was controversial , and in 1965 the Norwegian parliament ( Stortinget ) voted to discontinue the practice . Their neighbour , Sweden , did not use it . However , in 1980 summer time was reintroduced ( together with Sweden and Denmark ) , and since at least 2002 Norway has followed the European Union in this matter . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , `` the summer time '' was observed in the following years : 1918 1946 - 1949 1957 - 1964 1977 - ( still ) In the years 1979 - 1995 the last day of summer time was the last Saturday of September . In 1996 it was changed to the last Saturday of October , in order to synchronise with other countries of the EU . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , summer time ( locally known by `` Hora de Verão '' ) was introduced in 1916 . In the years 1922 , 1923 , 1925 , 1930 , 1933 and from 1967 to 1975 summer time was not applied . For many years the official hour in the Madeira Islands was one hour earlier than that in Lisbon , and the Azores Islands was two hours behind . Today , in the Madeira Islands the official time is the same as that of Lisbon , and in the Azores Islands is one hour behind Lisbon . The start and end dates for summer time in Portugal follow the pattern in the rest of the EU : the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October . Romania ( edit ) Summer time in Romania was originally introduced in 1932 ( between 22 May and 2 October ) . Between 1933 and 1940 summer time started on the first Sunday in April and ended on the first Sunday in October . Summer time was abandoned in 1941 and reintroduced in 1979 . Until 1996 , with few exceptions , summer time started at the end of March and ended at the end of September . Since 1997 , it has started in the last Sunday in March and ended on the last Sunday in October , in accordance with European Union rules . Russia ( edit ) Further information : Time in Russia A decree of the Russian Provisional Government introduced summer time ( Russian : летнее время ) in Russia on 30 June 1917 , and clocks moved one hour forward . A decree of the Soviet government led to the abandonment of this system five months later : clocks moved one hour back again on 28 December . From 1930 , Decree time had the effect of imposing year - round time - zone advances in the Soviet Union . A decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR reintroduced summer time in the USSR ( Moscow Summer Time , for example ) on 1 April 1981 , and its practice continued into post-Soviet times until 2011 . The changeover dates in Russia were the same as for other European countries , but clocks were moved forward or back at 02 : 00 local time in all zones . Thus in Moscow ( local time = UTC + 3 in winter , UTC + 4 in summer ) , summer time commenced at 02 : 00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March , and ended at 03 : 00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October . ( Note that `` day before the last Sunday '' is not the same as `` the last Saturday '' in a month where the last day is a Saturday . ) Night black sky at 9 : 06 am ( UTC + 4 ) on 23 December 2013 in Moscow On 8 February 2011 , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced cancellation of biannual clock changes in Russia in favor of a permanent switch to summer time . An hour was added in March 2011 for the last time , and clocks did not move back again . At the same time some of Russia 's time zones were consolidated . After this reform many Russian cities had a `` standard time '' two hours more than would be suggested by their `` astronomical time '' ( because the original standard time was already ahead of astronomical time in many areas ) . During his 2012 election campaign , Vladimir Putin proposed re-introducing summer time , as some workers had complained about not seeing any daylight during the winter , since the sun had not risen when they went to work . According to a report in the International Herald Tribune , Russian citizens remembered the winter of 2011 - 12 as the `` darkest winter on record '' as a result of the time change . However , Putin later said it would be up to then Prime Minister Medvedev 's cabinet to decide how to proceed with a seasonal time shift , and it decided to stay with the 2011 policy . On 26 October 2014 Russia permanently returned to `` winter '' time . Slovakia ( edit ) In Slovakia , formerly part of Czechoslovakia , the authorities introduced summer time ( locally known as `` Letný čas '' ) , with occasional breaks , in the early 1940s . Annual summer time , however , dates only from 1979 . After several years , Slovakia established the rule that summer time begins in the last weekend of March ( during the night from Saturday to Sunday ) and ends in the last weekend of September . Since 1996 , summer time has been prolonged about one month so it lasts until the last weekend in October , in accordance with European Union rules . Slovenia ( edit ) Summer time in Slovenia ( locally known as `` Poletni čas '' ) was introduced on 16 November 1982 when it was one of the Yugoslavia republics . Same law was valid until 1996 when the end of summer time was changed from first Sunday in October to last Sunday in October . In 2006 , the European Union standard was adopted and is still used today . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden summer time was originally introduced on 15 May 1916 . Then it proved unpopular , and on 30 September in the same year , Sweden returned to year - round standard time . This situation continued for more than half a century . On 6 April 1980 , Sweden again introduced summer time , and since then summer time has been observed every summer in Sweden . Except for the introduction year 1980 , summer time has always started on the last Sunday in March . It ended on the last Sunday in September during the years 1980 - 1995 , and has ended on the last Sunday in October since 1996 , following a unification of start / end dates of summer time within the EU as well as in several European countries then outside the EU . The transit authority Västtrafik changes their clocks at 4 AM , so that the last tram that leaves around 3 : 30 actually goes 2 : 30 on last weekend of October for those who have changed their clocks at the legal time . The public transport company SL changes their clocks at the legal time , and runs extra departures during the October transition hour . Switzerland ( edit ) The last country in Europe to adopt summer time , in 1981 , was Switzerland , despite the fact the summer time was rejected in a federal voting in 1977 by 52.1 % of voters . Since 1996 Swiss summer time follows EU regulations . It had been in use in 1941 and 1942 . Turkey ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Turkey in 1947 , but suspended from 1965 through 1972 . Since 1974 , Turkey follows European Summer Time . In 2008 , the Turkish Ministry of Energy proposed that Turkey should abolish summer time while at the same time switching to GMT + 2.5 , originally from 2009 onwards , but when this appeared infeasible , to start in 2011 . The plan has not been heard of since . For the year 2011 , Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3 : 00 am ( 03 : 00 ) on Monday 28 March , one day later than the rest of Europe , to avoid disrupting the national university - entrance examinations held on 27 March . Once again , for the year 2014 , Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3 : 00 am ( 03 : 00 ) on Monday 31 March , one day later than the rest of Europe , to avoid disrupting the local elections held on 30 March . In 2015 , Turkey delayed the switch from European Summer Time by 2 weeks , to 4 : 00 am ( 04 : 00 ) on Sunday 8 November , two weeks later than the rest of Europe , due to the calling of a snap general election on Sunday , 1 November . In 2016 , Turkey scrapped winter time , by switching to New Turkey Time . This means permanent UTC + 3 , which was used during summer time in Turkey . The switch was on 12 : 00 am ( 00 : 00 ) on Thursday 8 September , in reality stopping switches between summer and winter time . Ukraine ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Ukraine in the early 1980s ; from 1981 till 1989 this was Moscow Summer Time ; since 1992 Eastern European Summer Time has been used . On 20 September 2011 the Verkhovna Rada ( Ukrainian parliament ) voted not to return from Eastern European Summer Time to Eastern European Time . This change would have had the effect of moving Ukraine into the Further - eastern European Time zone UTC + 03 : 00 along with Belarus and western Russia ( which do not observe summer time ) . However , on 18 October 2011 the Parliament canceled these plans and the country returned to Eastern European Time as scheduled . 295 MPs voted in favour out of 349 registered MPs . Crimea and regions of eastern Ukraine under the control of separatist militants observe Further - eastern European Time . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : British Summer Time In the United Kingdom local time during this period is known as British Summer Time ( BST ) ( UTC + 01 : 00 ) while local time during the rest of the year is normally referred to as Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . More generally British Summer Time is part of Western European Summer Time . Legislation : Summer Time Act 1916 ; Summer Time Act 1922 ; Time ( Ireland ) Act , 1916 ; Summer Time Act , 1925 ; Emergency Powers ( Defence ) Act , 1939 ; The Summer Time Order 1964 ; The Summer Time Order 1967 ; Summer Time Act 1972 ; The Summer Time Order 1997 ; The Summer Time Order 2002 . Since 1996 all clocks in the European Union , of which the UK is a member state , have changed on same dates and at the same time , 01 : 00 GMT . British Summer Time starts : Last Sunday in March British Summer Time ends : Last Sunday in October British Summer Time clocks change at 01 : 00 ( 1.00 am ) Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . See also ( edit ) Daylight saving time in the Americas -- Greenland ( uses European summer time rule ) Winter time ( Czechoslovakia ) -- 1946 / 1947 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Communication from the commission to the Council , the European Parliament and the European economic and social committee under Article 5 of Directive 2000 / 84 / EC on summer time arrangements '' . European Commission . 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission - Mobility and Transport : Summertime '' . 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph Myers ( 21 January 2007 ) . `` History of legal time in Britain '' . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2000 / 84 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 January 2001 on summer time arrangement '' . Jump up ^ `` Summertime : changing the clocks '' . epthinktank.eu. 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Politicians Speak Up to Remove DST '' . www.timeanddate.com . Jump up ^ Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time , Euractiv 27 / 10 / 17 Jump up ^ Lithuania hopes to kill daylight savings time , Euractiv 22 / 11 / 17 Jump up ^ `` EU Parliament Votes to Re-Evaluate DST in Europe '' . www.timeanddate.com . Jump up ^ Attributed to Robert H. van Gent . `` Daylight Saving Time : About this exhibit '' Jump up ^ `` Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight - saving time shift '' . The Guardian . 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://m3web.bg , M3 Web - . `` Bulgaria Turns Clocks to Daylight Saving Time March 28 - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency '' . novinite.com . Jump up ^ `` Landsforeningen mod Sommertid '' ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens ' initiative to dump Daylight Saving Time heads to Finnish lawmakers '' . yle.fi . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ Poulle , Yvonne ( 1999 ) . `` La France à l'heure allemande '' ( PDF ) . Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes ( in French ) . 157 ( 2 ) : 493 -- 502 . doi : 10.3406 / bec. 1999.450989 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Steffen . `` France and Spain kicks into `` Double Summer Time '' `` . Time and Date.com . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ DST and midsummer DST in Germany until 1979 , Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt. ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` @ sztro.NET - horoszkóp , asztrológia - nyári időszámítás Magyarországon '' . asztro.net . Jump up ^ `` Hva er sommertid ? '' . Forskning.no ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hora Legal desde 1911 ( Legal Time since 1911 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ `` Observatorul Astronomic - Ora de vara '' ( in Romanian ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Contains tables with all historical summer time start and end dates since 1932 . Jump up ^ `` Time Zone & Clock Changes 1900 - 1924 in Moscow , Russia '' . www.timeanddate.com . ^ Jump up to : Gessen , Masha ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Will Russia Turn Back the Clock ? '' . Latitude : Views from Around the World . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russian prime minister promises daylight saving time '' . Time and Date.com. 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC Russia : Putin abolishes `` daylight savings '' time change Jump up ^ Российская Газета : Президент вернул `` зимнее время '' Jump up ^ Natten mellan lördag och söndag går vi över till sommartid ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ Sommartid blir vintertid - även i SL - trafiken ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ ChF , Chancellerie fédérale . `` Votation No '' . www.admin.ch . Jump up ^ `` Seit 30 Jahren Sommerzeit in der Schweiz '' . www.suedostschweiz.ch . Jump up ^ `` Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011 '' . Turkish Daily News . Worldtimezone.com. 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey switches to summer time one day later '' . World Bulletin . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's election delays summertime '' . World Bulletin . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` End of Daylight Saving Time delayed in Turkey '' . Hürriyet. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scraps Winter Time delayed In Turkey '' . Hürriyet. 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ukraine cancels use of daylight saving time , Kyiv Post ( 20 September 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Ukraine to return to standard time on 30 Oct ( updated ) , Kyiv Post ( 18 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ Deputies cancelled the winter time , WorldTimeZone.com ( 20 September 2011 ) Jump up ^ Ukraine cancels plan to drop winter time change , Kyiv Post ( 18 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time '' . ITAR TASS. 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full text - Daylight Saving Time - United Kingdom Law - The Summer Time Order 1997 '' . www.webexhibits.org . Jump up ^ British Summer Time , wwp.greenwichmeantime.com Further reading ( edit ) David Prerau . Saving the Daylight : Why We Put the Clocks Forward . Granta Books . ISBN 1 - 86207 - 796 - 7 . ( hide ) Daylight saving time ( or summer time ) By continent Daylight saving time in Africa Daylight saving time in Asia Daylight saving time in the Americas Summer Time in Europe Daylight saving time in Oceania Overviews Daylight saving time by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_Time_in_Europe&oldid=843092680 '' Categories : Daylight saving time Time in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dolnoserbski Español Esperanto Hornjoserbsce Íslenska Norsk Português Slovenčina Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the clock go forward in europe	[ "European Summer Time begins at 01:00 UTC/WET (02:00 CET, 03:00 EET) on the last Sunday in March and ends at 01:00 UTC (02:00 WEST, 03:00 CEST, 04:00 EEST) on the last Sunday in October each year; i.e. the change is made at the same absolute time across all time zones." ]	[ "on the last Sunday in March" ]
-4616383097952062833	Bra size	Bra size - wikipedia Bra size Jump to : navigation , search Measuring for bra size The bra size ( also known as brassiere measurement or bust size ) is the measure which indicates the size characteristics of a bra . Bra sizes are usually expressed as scales , with a number of systems being in use around the world . The scales take into account the band length and the cup size . From the wearer 's point of view , the main measures that are taken into account , in determining the best bra fit for the wearer , are the measures of the wearer around the torso below the breasts and over the breasts , which defines the band length . For convenience , because of the impracticality of measuring a woman 's breast size , the volume of the bra cup is based on the difference between these two measures . Determining the correct bra size is the process manufacturers engage in to design and manufacture bras that correctly fit a majority of women , and for individual women , the process of identifying a correctly fitting bra . Bra sizes usually consist of one or more letters indicating the breast cup size and a number , indicating a band size around the woman 's torso . Bra cup sizes were invented in 1932 and band sizes became popular in the 1940s . The shape , size , position , symmetry , spacing , firmness , and amount of sagging of individual women 's breasts vary considerably . Manufacturers ' bra size labeling systems vary from country to country because no international standards exist . Even within a single country , one study found that the bra label size was consistently different from the measured size . As a result , about 25 % of women have a difficult time finding a properly fitted bra . Some women choose to buy custom - made bras due to the unusual size or shape of their breasts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measurement method origins 1.1 Cup design origins 1.2 Band measurement origins 1.3 Other innovations 2 Consumer fitting 2.1 Larger breasts and bra fit 2.2 Bad bra - fit symptoms 2.3 Obtaining best fit 2.4 Confirming bra fit 3 Consumer measurement difficulties 3.1 Asymmetrical breasts common 3.2 Breast volume variation 3.3 Increasing breast size 4 Consumer measurement methods 4.1 Band measurement methods 4.1. 1 Underbust + 0 4.1. 2 Underbust + 4 4.1. 3 Sizing chart 4.1. 4 Above the breasts 4.2 Cup measurement methods 4.3 Cup sizes vary 4.4 Measuring cup size without a bra 4.5 Consumer fit research 5 Manufacturer design standards 5.1 UK 5.2 Australia / New Zealand 5.3 United States and Canada 5.4 Continental Europe 5.5 South Korea / Japan 5.6 France / Belgium / Spain 5.7 Italy 5.8 Advertising and retail influence 5.9 Research 5.10 Calculating cup volume and breast weight 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading Measurement method origins ( edit ) This 1932 ad by the S.H. Camp Company was the first to denote cup size and band measurement Parisienne Madeleine Gabeau received a United States patent on 21 November 1911 for a brassiere with soft cups and a metal band that supported and separated the breasts . To avoid the prevailing fashion that created a single `` monobosom '' , her design provided `` that the edges of the material d may be carried close along the inner and under contours of the breasts , so as to preserve their form , I employ an outlining band of metal b which is bent to conform to the lower curves of the breast . '' Cup design origins ( edit ) The term `` cup '' was not used to describe bras until 1916 when two patents were filed . In October 1932 , the S.H. Camp and Company were the first to measure cup size by the letters of the alphabet , A , B , C , and D , though the letters represented how pendulous the breasts were and not their volume . Camp 's advertising in the February 1933 issue of Corset and Underwear Review featured letter - labeled profiles of breasts . Cup sizes A through D were not intended to be used for larger - breasted women . Warner 's 1944 advertisement for bra sizes A through D In 1937 , Warner introduced its Alphabet Bra with four cup sizes ( A , B , C and D ) to its product descriptions . Before long , these cup sizes got nicknames : egg cup , tea cup , coffee cup and challenge cup . Two other companies , Model and Fay - Miss ( renamed in 1935 as the Bali Brassiere Company ) followed , offering A , B , C and D cup sizes in the late 1930s . Catalog companies continued to use the designations Small , Medium and Large through the 1940s . Britain did not adopt the American cups in 1933 , but resisted using cup sizes for its products until 1948 . The Sears Company finally applied cup sizes to bras in its catalog in the 1950s . Band measurement origins ( edit ) Adjustable bands were introduced using multiple hook and eye closures in the 1930s . Prior to the widespread use of bras , the undergarment of choice for Western women was a corset . To help women meet the perceived ideal female body shape , corset and girdle manufacturers used a calculation called hip spring , the difference between waist and hip measurement ( usually 10 -- 12 inches ) . The band measurement system was created by U.S. bra manufacturers just after World War II . Other innovations ( edit ) The underwire was first added to a strapless bra in 1937 by André , a custom - bra firm . Patents for underwire - type devices in bras were issued in 1931 and 1932 , but were not widely adopted by manufacturers until after World War II when metal shortages eased . In the 1930s , Dunlop chemists were able to reliably transform rubber latex into elastic thread . After 1940 , `` whirlpool , '' or concentric stitching was used to shape the cup structure of some designs . The man - made fibres were quickly adopted by the industry because of their easy - care properties . Since a brassiere must be laundered frequently , easy - care fabric was in great demand . Consumer fitting ( edit ) Pendulous breasts can make it difficult for a person to properly fit a bra . For best results , the breasts should be measured twice : once when standing upright , once bending over at the waist with the breasts hanging down . If the difference between these two measurements is more than 10 cm , then the average is chosen for calculating the cup size . A number of reports , surveys and studies in different countries have found that between 80 % to 85 % of women wear incorrectly fitted bras . In November 2005 , Oprah Winfrey produced a show devoted to bras and bra sizes , during which she talked about research that eight out of ten women wear the wrong size bra . Larger breasts and bra fit ( edit ) A woman wearing an Elle Macpherson brand 30E bra demonstrates correct band fit with incorrect cup fit . Her bra band is parallel to the ground and her breasts do not spill out under her arm , but she exhibits major spilling of her breast tissue over the top of the cup . When purchasing bras , larger - breasted women usually have difficulty selecting a well - fitting bra . Buxom women are more likely than smaller - breasted women to wear an incorrectly sized bra . They tend to buy bras that are too small , while smaller - breasted women tend to purchase bras that are too large . Studies have revealed that the most common mistake made by women when selecting a bra was to choose too large a back band and too small a cup , for example , 38C instead of 34E , or 34B instead of 30D . As breasts become larger , their shape and the distribution of tissue within them changes . The breasts may become ptotic . This makes measurements increasingly unreliable . The heavier a person 's build , the more difficult it is to obtain accurate measurements , as measuring tape sinks into the flesh more easily . In a study conducted in the United Kingdom of 103 women seeking mammoplasty , researchers found a strong link between obesity and inaccurate back measurement . They concluded that `` obesity , breast hypertrophy , fashion and bra - fitting practices combine to make those women who most need supportive bras the least likely to get accurately fitted bras . '' One issue that complicates finding a correctly fitting bra is that band and cup sizes are not standardized , but vary considerably from one manufacturer to another , resulting in sizes that only provide an approximate fit . Women can not rely on labeled bra sizes to identify a bra that fits properly . Scientific studies show that the current system of bra sizing may be inaccurate . Manufacturers cut their bras differently , so , for example , two 34B bras from two companies may not fit the same person . Customers should pay attention to which sizing system is used by the manufacturer . The main difference is in how cup sizes increase , by 2 cm or 1 inch ( = 2.54 cm , see below ) . Some French manufacturers also increase cup sizes by 3 cm . Unlike dress sizes , manufacturers do not agree on a single standard . British bras currently range from A to LL cup size ( with Rigby&Peller recently introducing bras by Elila which go up to US - N - Cup ) , while most Americans can find bras with cup sizes ranging from A to G. Some brands ( Goddess , Elila ) go as high as N , a size roughly equal to a British JJ - Cup . In continental Europe , Milena Lingerie from Poland produces up to cup R. Larger sizes are usually harder to find in retail outlets . As the cup size increases , the labeled cup size of different manufacturers ' bras tend to vary more widely in actual volume . One study found that the label size was consistently different from the measured size . Even medical studies have attested to the difficulty of getting a correct fit . Research by plastic surgeons has suggested that bra size is imprecise because breast volume is not calculated accurately : The current popular system of determining bra size is inaccurate so often as to be useless . Add to this the many different styles of bras and the lack of standardization between brands , and one can see why finding a comfortable , well - fitting bra is more a matter of educated guesswork , trial , and error than of precise measurements . The use of the cup sizing and band measurement systems has evolved over time and continues to change . Experts recommend that women get fitted by an experienced person at a retailer offering the widest possible selection of bra sizes and brands . Bad bra - fit symptoms ( edit ) If the straps dig into the shoulder , leaving red marks or causing shoulder or neck pain , the bra band is not offering enough support . If breast tissue overflows the bottom of the bra , under the armpit , or over the top edge of the bra cup , the cup size is too small . Loose fabric in the bra cup indicates the cup size is too big . If the underwires poke the breast under the armpit or if the bra 's center panel does not lie flat against the sternum , the cup size is too small . If the band rides up the torso at the back , the band size is too big . If it digs into the flesh , causing the flesh to spill over the edges of the band , the band is too small . If the band feels tight , this may be due to the cups being too small ; instead of going up in band size a person should try going up in cup size . Similarly a band might feel too loose if the cup is too big . It is possible to test whether a bra band is too tight or too loose by reversing the bra on her torso so that the cups are at the back and then check for fit and comfort . Generally , if the wearer must continually adjust the bra or experiences general discomfort , the bra is a poor fit and she should get a new fitting . Obtaining best fit ( edit ) Bra extension for the band Bra experts recommend that women , especially those whose cup sizes are D or larger , get a professional bra fitting from the lingerie department of a clothing store or a specialty lingerie store . However , even professional bra fitters in different countries including New Zealand and the United Kingdom produce inconsistent measurements of the same person . There is significant heterogeneity in breast shape , density , and volume . As such , current methods of bra fitting may be insufficient for this range of chest morphology . A 2004 study by Consumers Reports in New Zealand found that 80 % of department store bra fittings resulted in a poor fit . However , because manufacturer 's standards widely vary , women can not rely on their own measurements to obtain a satisfactory fit . Some bra manufacturers and distributors state that trying on and learning to recognize a properly fitting bra is the best way to determine a correct bra size , much like shoes . Bra fitters generally agree that a correctly fitting bra should meet the following criteria : When viewed from the side , the edge of the chest band should be horizontal , should not ride up the back , and should be firm but comfortable . Each cup 's underwire at the front should lie flat against the sternum ( not the breast ) , along the inframammary fold , and should not dig into the chest or the breasts , rub or poke out at the front . The breasts should be enclosed by the cups and there should be a smooth line where the fabric at the top of the cup ends . The apex of the breast , the nipple , must be in the center of the cup . The breast should not bulge over the top or out the sides of the cups , even with a low - cut style such as the balconette bra . The straps of a correctly fitted bra should not dig into or slip off the shoulder , which suggests a too - large band . The back of the bra should not ride up and the chest band should remain parallel to the floor when viewed from the back . The breasts should be supported primarily by the band around the rib cage , rather than by the shoulder straps . The woman should be able to breathe and move easily without the bra slipping around . Confirming bra fit ( edit ) One method to confirm that the bra is the best fit has been nicknamed the Swoop and Scoop . After identifying a well - fitting bra , the woman bends forward ( the swoop ) , allowing their breasts to fall into the bra , filling the cup naturally , and then fastening the bra on the outermost set of hooks . When the woman stands up , she uses the opposite hand to place each breast gently into the cup ( the scoop ) , and she then runs her index finger along the inside top edge of the bra cup to make sure her breast tissue does not spill over the edges . Experts suggest that women choose a bra band that fits well on the outermost hooks . This allows the wearer to use the tighter hooks on the bra strap as it stretches during its lifetime of about eight months . The band should be tight enough to support the bust , but the straps should not provide the primary support . Consumer measurement difficulties ( edit ) A bra is one of the most complicated articles of clothing to make . A typical bra design has between 20 and 48 parts , including the band , hooks , cups , lining , and straps . Major retailers place orders from manufacturers in batches of 10,000 . Orders of this size require a large - scale operation to manage the cutting , sewing and packing required . Constructing a properly fitting brassiere is difficult . Adelle Kirk , formerly a manager at the global Kurt Salmon management consulting firm that specializes in the apparel and retail businesses , said that making bras is complex : Bras are one of the most complex pieces of apparel . There are lots of different styles , and each style has a dozen different sizes , and within that there are a lot of colors . Furthermore , there is a lot of product engineering . You 've got hooks , you 've got straps , there are usually two parts to every cup , and each requires a heavy amount of sewing . It is very component intensive . Asymmetrical breasts common ( edit ) Obtaining the correct size is complicated by the fact that up to 25 % of women 's breasts display a persistent , visible breast asymmetry , which is defined as differing in size by at least one cup size . For about 5 % to 10 % of women , their breasts are severely different , with the left breast being larger in 62 % of cases . Minor asymmetry may be resolved by wearing a padded bra , but in severe cases of developmental breast deformity -- commonly called `` Amazon 's Syndrome '' by physicians , may require corrective surgery due to morphological alterations caused by variations in shape , volume , position of the breasts relative to the inframammary fold , the position of the nipple - areola complex on the chest , or both . Breast volume variation ( edit ) Obtaining the correct size is further complicated by the fact that the size and shape of women 's breasts change , if they experience menstrual cycles , during the cycle and can experience unusual or unexpectedly rapid growth in size due to pregnancy , weight gain or loss , or medical conditions . Even breathing can substantially alter the measurements . Some women 's breasts can change shape by as much as 20 % per month : `` Breasts change shape quite consistently on a month - to - month basis , but they will individually change their volume by a different amount ... Some girls will change less than 10 % and other girls can change by as much as 20 % . '' Would it be better not to wear a bra at all then ? `` ... In fact there are very few advantages in wearing existing bras . Having a bra that 's generally supportive would have significant improvement particularly in terms of stopping them going south ... The skin is what gives the breasts their support '' Increasing breast size ( edit ) In 2010 , the most common bra size sold in the UK was 36D . In 2004 , market research company Mintel reported that bust sizes in the United Kingdom had increased from 1998 to 2004 in younger as well as older consumers and that the shift was not limited to overweight women , while a more recent study showed that the most often sold bra size in the US in 2008 was 36D . Researchers also said more women wear the correct -- bigger -- size now , spurred on by shows like BBC 1 's What Not To Wear and Channel 4 's How To Look Good Naked . Consumer measurement methods ( edit ) Bra retailers recommend several methods for measuring band and cup size . These are based on two primary methods , either under the bust or over the bust , and sometimes both . Calculating the correct bra band size is complicated by a variety of factors . The American National Standards Institute states that while a voluntary consensus of sizes exists , there is much confusion to the ' true ' size of clothing . As a result , bra measurement can be considered an art and a science . Online shopping and in - person bra shopping experiences may differ because online recommendations are based on averages and in - person shopping can be completely personalized so the shopper may easily try on band sizes above and below her between measured band size . For the woman with a large cup size and a between band size , they may find their cup size is not available in local stores so may have to shop online where most large cup sizes are readily available on certain sites . Others recommend rounding to the nearest whole number . Band measurement methods ( edit ) There are several possible methods for measuring the bust . Underbust + 0 ( edit ) A measuring tape is pulled around the torso at the inframammary fold . The tape is then pulled tight while remaining horizontal and parallel to the floor . The measurement in inches is then rounded to the nearest even number for the band size . Underbust + 4 ( edit ) This method begins the same way as the underbust + 0 method , where a measuring tape is pulled tight around the torso under the bust while remaining horizontal . If the measurement is even , 4 is added to calculate the band size . If it is odd , 5 is added . Kohl 's uses this method for its online fitting guide . Sizing Chart ( edit ) Currently , many large U.S. department stores determine band size by starting with the measurement taken underneath the bust similar to the aforementioned underbust + 0 and underbust + 4 methods . A sizing chart or calculator then uses this measurement to determine the band size . Band sizes calculated using this method vary between manufacturers , although the band sizes generally lie in between band sizes that would result from the underbust + 0 method and underbust + 4 method . Above the breasts ( edit ) Victoria 's Secret uses this method , where a measuring tape is pulled around the torso under the armpit and above the bust . Because band sizes are most commonly manufactured in even numbers , the wearer must round to the closest even number . Cup measurement methods ( edit ) Pictogram for the European bra size 70B using EN 13402 - 1 Bra - wearers can calculate their cup size by finding the difference between their bust size and their band size . The bust size , bust line measure , or over-bust measure is the measurement around the torso over the fullest part of the breasts , with the crest of the breast halfway between the elbow and shoulder , usually over the nipples , ideally while standing straight with arms to the side and wearing a properly fitted bra . This practice assumes the current bra fits correctly . The measurements are made in the same units as the band size , either inches or centimetres . The cup size is calculated by subtracting the band size from the over-the - bust measurement . Cup sizes vary ( edit ) Cup sizes vary from one country to another . The larger the cup size , the bigger the variation . Over the bust / band measurement difference and cup size Difference ( inches ) < 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Cupsize U.S. AA DD / E DDD / F DDDD / G J -- -- Cupsize UK / Austr . AA DD FF GG HH J JJ KK Surveys of bra sizes tend to be very dependent on the population studied and how it was obtained . For instance , one U.S. study reported that the most common size was 34B , followed by 34C , that 63 % were size 34 and 39 % cup size B. However , the survey sample was drawn from 103 Caucasian student volunteers at a Midwest U.S. university aged 18 -- 25 , and excluded pregnant and nursing women . Bra maker Triumph conducted a survey in 2007 to determine the percentage of women wearing four cup sizes , and found that 57 % of British women , more than any other country , need a D cup . Triumph Survey Country UK 57 % 18 % 19 % 6 % Denmark 50 % 19 % 24 % 7 % Netherlands 36 % 27 % 29 % 8 % Belgium 28 % 28 % 35 % 9 % France 26 % 29 % 38 % 7 % Sweden 24 % 30 % 33 % 14 % Greece 23 % 28 % 40 % 9 % Switzerland 19 % 24 % 43 % 14 % Austria 11 % 27 % 51 % 10 % Italy 10 % 21 % 68 % 1 % Measuring cup size without a bra ( edit ) Bra - wearers who have difficulty calculating a correct cup size may be able to find a correct fit using a method adopted by plastic surgeons . Using a flexible tape measure , position the tape at the outside of the chest , under the arm , where the breast tissue begins . Measure across the fullest part of the breast , usually across the nipple , to where the breast tissue stops at the breast bone . This measuring approach assumes that the breasts are not so large or pendulous that they sag significantly , making measuring across the fullness of the breast impractical . Only women whose breasts are firm and spherical can measure without a bra . Conversion of the measurement to cup size is as follows : Measuring cup size Measurement Cup size inch cm 7.0 17.8 7.5 19.1 8.0 20.3 8.5 21.6 9.0 22.9 9.5 24.1 10.0 25.4 10.5 26.7 11.0 27.9 DD These cup measurements are only correct for a 34 - inch band because cup size is relative to band size . The volume of a brassiere cup is the same for 30D , 32C , 34B , and 36A , though the shape of each cup may be different . These related bra sizes of the same cup volume are called sister sizes . It is sometimes possible that two adjacent sister sizes will both fit a person , since the cup volume is the same , while the band size can be adjusted to a small degree by using the hook and eye fasteners in the bra clasp . Consumer fit research ( edit ) A 2012 study by White and Scurr University of Portsmouth compared method that adds 4 to the band size over-the - bust method used in many United Kingdom lingerie shops with and compared that to measurements obtained using a professional method . The study relied on the professional bra - fitting method described by McGhee and Steele ( 2010 ) . The study utilized a five - step approach to obtain the best fitting bra size for an individual . The study measured 45 women using the traditional selection method that adds 4 to the band size over-the - bust method . Women tried bras on until they obtained the best fit based on professional bra fitting criteria . The researchers found that 76 % of women overestimated their band and 84 % underestimated their cup size . When women wear bras with too big a band , breast support is reduced . Too small a cup size may cause skin irritation . They noted that `` ill - fitting bras and insufficient breast support can lead to the development of musculoskeletal pain and inhibit women participating in physical activity . '' The study recommended that women should be educated about the criteria for finding a well - fitting bra . They recommended that women measure under their bust to determine their band size rather than the traditional over the bust measurement method . Manufacturer design standards ( edit ) Bra - labeling systems used around the world are at times misleading and confusing . Cup and band sizes vary around the world . In countries that have adopted the European EN 13402 dress - size standard , the torso is measured in centimetres and rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm . Bra - fitting experts in the United Kingdom state that many women who buy off the rack without professional assistance wear up to two sizes too small . Manufacturer Fruit of the Loom attempted to solve the problem of finding a well - fitting bra for asymmetrical breasts by introducing Pick Your Perfect Bra , which allow women to choose a bra with two different cup sizes , although it is only available in A through D cup sizes . Approximate ( band ) size equivalents between various systems Under bust ( cm ) 58 -- 62 63 -- 67 68 -- 72 73 -- 77 78 -- 82 83 -- 87 88 -- 92 93 -- 97 98 -- 102 103 -- 107 108 -- 112 113 -- 117 118 -- 122 123 -- 127 128 -- 132 133 -- 142 143 + EU 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 FR , BE , ES 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 IT 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 US , UK ( in ) 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 AU , NZ 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 UK dress 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 There are several sizing systems in different countries . Most use the chest circumferences measurement system and lettered cup sizes , but there are some significant differences . Many bras available come in only 36 sizes . UK ( edit ) These are equivalent UK cup volumes The UK uses the inch - system , this means that the difference in chest circumference between the cup sizes is always one inch , or 2.54 cm . The difference between 2 band sizes is 2 inches or 5.08 cm . Leading brands and manufacturers including Panache , Bestform , Gossard , Freya , Curvy Kate , Bravissimo and Fantasie , which use the British standard band sizes 28 - 30 - 32 - 34 - 36 - 38 - 40 - 42 - 44 , and so on . Cup sizes are designated by AA - A-B-C-D - DD - E-F - FF - G - GG - H - HH - J - JJ - K - KK - L . However , some clothing retailers and mail order companies have their own house brands and use a custom sizing system . Marks and Spencers uses AA - A-B-C-D - DD - E-F-G - GG - H-J , leaving out FF and HH . As a result , their J - Cup is equal to a British standard H - cup . Evans and ASDA sell bras ( ASDA as part of their George clothing range ) whose sizing runs A-B-C-D - DD - E-F-G-H . Their H - Cup is roughly equal to a British standard G - cup . Some retailers reserve AA for young teens , and use AAA for women . Australia / New Zealand ( edit ) Australia and New Zealand use a permutation of the British system . Cup sizes are the same , but Australia 's bra band measurement system is based on dress sizing charts . However , dress sizes and cuts are calculated for B and C cups only , so basing the choice of band size upon dress size is not an accurate way to get the bra size . Depending upon a person 's build , a size 16 may wear a 16 C ( UK 40 C ) , a 14 DD , 12 F or a 10 G ( UK 34 G ) underneath their clothes , because all bra sizes are made for the same chest circumference of approx. 40 inches . United States and Canada ( edit ) Bra - sizing in the United States and Canada is very similar to the United Kingdom . Band sizes use the same designation in inches and the cups also increase by 1 - inch - steps . However , some manufacturers use conflicting sizing methods . Some label bras beyond a C cup as D - DD - DDD - DDDD - E-EE - EEE - EEEE - F ... , some use the variation : D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 , D5 ... but many use the following system : A , B , C , D , DD , DDD , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O. and others label them like the British system D - DD - E-F - FF ... Comparing the larger cup sizes between different manufacturers can be difficult . In 2013 , underwear maker Jockey International offered a new way to measure bra and cup size . It introduced a system with ten cup sizes per band size that are numbered and not lettered , designated as 1 - 36 , 2 - 36 etc . The company developed the system over eight years , during which they scanned and measured the breasts and torsos of 800 women . Researchers also tracked the women 's use of their bras at home . To implement the system , women must purchase a set of plastic cups from the company to find their Jockey cup size . Some analysts were critical of the requirement to buy the measurement kit , since women must pay about USD $20 to adopt Jockey 's proprietary system , in addition to the cost of the bras themselves . Continental Europe ( edit ) Band size Underbust circumference Bust size Underbust size cm FR / BE / ES EU IT 58 -- 62 75 60 0 63 -- 67 80 65 68 -- 72 85 70 II 73 -- 77 90 75 III 78 -- 82 95 80 IV , IIII 83 -- 87 100 85 5 V 88 -- 92 105 90 6 VI 93 -- 97 110 95 7 VII 98 -- 102 115 100 8 VIII 103 -- 107 120 105 9 IX , VIIII 108 -- 112 125 110 10 X Cup size Difference ( cm ) Cup 10 -- 12 AA 12 -- 14 14 -- 16 16 -- 18 18 -- 20 20 -- 22 22 -- 24 24 -- 26 26 -- 28 In Continental Europe the torso is measured in centimetres and rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm . Band sizes run 65 - 70 - 75 - 80 ... , increasing in steps of 5 cm , similar to the English double inch . A person with a loosely measured underbust circumference of 78 -- 82 cm should wear a band size 80 . The cup labels begin with `` AA '' for an 11 ± 1 cm difference between bust and underbust circumference , i.e. not between bust circumference and band size as in the English systems . They increase in steps of 2 cm , instead of 2.5 cm or 1 - inch , and except for the initial cup size letters are neither doubled nor skipped . In very large cup sizes this causes smaller cups than their English counterparts . This system has been standardized in the European dress size standard EN 13402 introduced in 2006 , but was in use in many European countries before that date . South Korea / Japan ( edit ) In South Korea and Japan the torso is measured in centimetres and rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm . Band sizes run 65 - 70 - 75 - 80 ... , increasing in steps of 5 cm , similar to the English double inch . A person with a loosely measured underbust circumference of 78 -- 82 cm should wear a band size 80 . The cup labels begin with `` AAA '' for an 5 ± 1.25 cm difference between bust and underbust circumference , i.e. similar bust circumference and band size as in the English systems . They increase in steps of 2.5 cm , and except for the initial cup size letters are neither doubled nor skipped . Japanese sizes are the same as Korean ones , but the cup labels begin with `` AA '' for a 7.5 ± 1.25 cm difference and usually precedes the bust designation , i.e. `` B75 '' instead of `` 75B '' . This system has been standardized in the Korea dress size standard KS K9404 introduced in 1999 and in Japan dress size standard JIS L4006 introduced in 1998 . France / belgium / spain ( edit ) The French and Spanish system is a permutation of the Continental European sizing system . While cup sizes are the same , band sizes are exactly 15 cm larger than the European band size . Italy ( edit ) The Italian band size uses small consecutive integers instead of the underbust circumference rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm . Since it starts with size 0 for European size 60 , the conversion consists of a division by 5 and then a subtraction of 12 . The size designations are often given in Roman numerals . Cup sizes have traditionally used a step size of 2.5 cm , which is close to the English inch of 2.54 cm , and featured some double letters for large cups , but in recent years some Italian manufacturers have switched over to the European 2 - cm system . Here is a conversion table for bra sizes in Italy with respect other countries : Italy II III IV V VI VII VIII Europe 65 cm 70 cm 75 cm 80 cm 85 cm 90 cm 95 cm 100 cm UK & USA 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 France & Spain 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 Advertising and retail influence ( edit ) Manufacturers ' marketing and advertising often appeals to fashion and image over fit , comfort , and function . Since about 1994 , manufacturers have re-focused their advertising , moving from advertising functional brassieres that emphasize support and foundation , to selling lingerie that emphasize fashion while sacrificing basic fit and function , like linings under scratchy lace . Women with larger breasts ( cup size greater than D ) can have a difficult time finding a correctly sized bra because many stores do not offer a sufficient range of bras in greater sizes . Many salespeople are not trained in how to properly fit a bra , and when the customer can not find what they want , will sell the customer the next largest or smallest size . Some salespeople measure customers over their shirt and bra , adding errors to every measurement . Elisabeth Squires , an author of a breast - health and bra guide , says `` Most really good fitters will tell you this is an art , not a science . '' Research ( edit ) English mechanical engineer and professor John Tyrer from Loughborough University tackled the problem of bra design after his wife returned disheartened from a shopping trip when she could not find anything to suit her needs . On assignment from the British government , he uncovered that 80 % of women wear the wrong size of bra . He reported that women are measuring their chest diameter and maximum breast diameter rather than their breast volume , especially when the body is in motion . According to Tyrer , `` to get the most supportive and fitted bra it 's infinitely better if you know the volume of the breast and the size of the back . '' . He says the A , B , C , D cup measurement system is flawed . `` It 's like measuring a motor car by the diameter of the gas cap . '' `` The whole design is fundamentally flawed . It 's an instrument of torture . '' Tyrer has developed a bra design with crossed straps in the back . These use the weight of one breast to lift the other using counterbalance . Standard designs constrict chest movement during breathing . One of the tools used in the development of Tyrer 's design has been a projective differential shape body analyzer for 40,000 GBP . Contrary to popular belief , breasts weigh up to ~ 1 kg and not ~ 0.2 ... 0.3 kg . Tyrer said , `` By measuring the diameter of the chest and breasts current measurements are supposed to tell you something about the size and volume of each breast , but in fact it does n't '' . Bra companies remain reluctant to manufacture Tyrer 's prototype , which is a front closing bra with more vertical orientation and adjustable cups . Calculating cup volume and breast weight ( edit ) The average breast weighs about 0.5 kilograms ( 1.1 lb ) . Each breast contributes to about 4 -- 5 % of the body fat . The density of fatty tissue is more or less equal to 0.9 kg / l for all women . If a cup is a hemisphere , its volume V is given by the following formula : V = 2 π r 3 3 ( \ displaystyle V = ( 2 \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) \ over 3 ) ) V = π D 3 12 ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ pi D ^ ( 3 ) \ over 12 ) ) where r is the radius of the cup , and D is its diameter . If the cup is an hemi - ellipsoid , its volume is given by the formula : V = 2 π a b c 3 ( \ displaystyle V = ( 2 \ pi abc \ over 3 ) ) V ≈ π × c w × c d × w l 12 ( \ displaystyle V \ approx ( \ pi \ times cw \ times cd \ times wl \ over 12 ) ) where a , b and c are the three semi-axes of the hemi - ellipsoid , and cw cd and wl are respectively the cup width , the cup depth and the length of the wire . Cups give a hemi - spherical shape to breasts and underwires give shape to cups . So the curvature radius of the underwire is the key parameter to determine volume and weight of the breast . The same underwires are used for the cups of sizes 36A , 34B , 32C , 30D etc ... so those cups have the same volume . The reference numbers of underwire sizes are based on a B cup bra , for example underwire size 32 is for 32B cup ( and 34A , 30C ... ) . An underwire size 30 width has a curvature diameter of 3 - inch 5 / 6 ≈ 9.7 cm and this diameter increases by 1⁄3 inch ≈ 0.847 cm by size . The table below shows volume calculations for some cups that can be found in a ready - to - wear large size shop . Underwire size Bra size ( US system ) Bra size ( UK system ) Cup diameter Volume of one cup Weight of both breasts 30 32A 30B 28C 32A 30B 28C 9.7 cm ( 3 in 5 / 6 ) 240 cm ( 0.51 US pt ) 0.43 kg ( 0.95 lb ) 32 34A 32B 30C 28D 34A 32B 30C 28D 10.6 cm ( 4 in 1 / 6 ) 310 cm ( 0.66 US pt ) 0.56 kg ( 1.2 lb ) 34 36A 34B 32C 30D 28E 36A 34B 32C 30D 28DD 11.4 cm ( 4 in 1 / 2 ) 390 cm ( 0.82 US pt ) 0.70 kg ( 1.5 lb ) 36 38A 36B 34C 32D 30E 28F 38A 36B 34C 32D 30DD 28E 12.3 cm ( 4 in 5 / 6 ) 480 cm ( 1.0 US pt ) 0.86 kg ( 1.9 lb ) 38 40A 38B 36C 34D 32E 30F 28G 40A 38B 36C 34D 32DD 30E 28F 13.1 cm ( 5 in 1 / 6 ) 590 cm ( 1.2 US pt ) 1.1 kg ( 2.4 lb ) 40 42A 40B 38C 36D 34E 32F 30G 28H 42A 40B 38C 36D 34DD 32E 30F 28FF 14.0 cm ( 5 in 1 / 2 ) 710 cm ( 1.5 US pt ) 1.3 kg ( 2.9 lb ) 42 44A 42B 40C 38D 36E 34F 32G 30H 28I 44A 42B 40C 38D 36DD 34E 32F 30FF 28G 14.8 cm ( 5 in 5 / 6 ) 850 cm ( 1.8 US pt ) 1.5 kg ( 3.3 lb ) 44 44B 42C 40D 38E 36F 34G 32H 30I 28J 44B 42C 40D 38DD 36E 34F 32FF 30G 28GG 15.7 cm ( 6 in 1 / 6 ) 1,000 cm ( 2.1 US pt ) 1.8 kg ( 4.0 lb ) 46 44C 42D 40E 38F 36G 34H 32I 30J 28K 44C 42D 40DD 38E 36F 34FF 32G 30GG 28H 16.5 cm ( 6 in 1 / 2 ) 1,180 cm ( 2.5 US pt ) 2.1 kg ( 4.6 lb ) 48 44D 42E 40F 38G 36H 34I 32J 30K 28L 44D 42DD 40E 38F 36FF 34G 32GG 30H 28HH 17.4 cm ( 6 in 5 / 6 ) 1,370 cm ( 2.9 US pt ) 2.5 kg ( 5.5 lb ) 50 44E 42F 40G 38H 36I 34J 32K 30L 28M 44DD 42E 40F 38FF 36G 34GG 32H 30HH 28J 18.2 cm ( 7 in 1 / 6 ) 1,580 cm ( 3.3 US pt ) 2.8 kg ( 6.2 lb ) 52 44F 42G 40H 38I 36J 34K 32L 30M 28N 44E 42F 40FF 38G 36GG 34H 32HH 30J 28JJ 19.0 cm ( 7 in 1 / 2 ) 1,810 cm ( 3.8 US pt ) 3.3 kg ( 7.3 lb ) 54 44G 42H 40I 38J 36K 34L 32M 30N 28O 44F 42FF 40G 38GG 36H 34HH 32J 30JJ 28K 19.9 cm ( 7 in 5 / 6 ) 2,060 cm ( 4.4 US pt ) 3.7 kg ( 8.2 lb ) 56 44H 42I 40J 38K 36L 34M 32N 30O 28P 44FF 42G 40GG 38H 36HH 34J 32JJ 30K 28KK 20.7 cm ( 8 in 1 / 6 ) 2,340 cm ( 4.9 US pt ) 4.2 kg ( 9.3 lb ) 58 44I 42J 40K 38L 36M 34N 32O 30P 44G 42GG 40H 38HH 36J 34JJ 32K 30KK 21.6 cm ( 8 in 1 / 2 ) 2,640 cm ( 5.6 US pt ) 4.8 kg ( 11 lb ) 60 44J 42K 40L 38M 36N 34O 32P 44GG 42H 40HH 38J 36JJ 34K 32KK 22.4 cm ( 8 in 5 / 6 ) 3,000 cm ( 6.3 US pt ) 5.3 kg ( 12 lb ) See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Brassiere designs History of brassieres Wonderbra Underwire bra Cupless bra Nursing bra Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Find Your Bra Size '' . BareWeb Inc . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Pechter 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Why most women wear wrong bra size '' . Cupmysize.com . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ US patent 1009297 , Madeleine Gabeau , `` Breast Supporters '' , issued 1909 - November - 21 Jump up ^ Farrell - Beck & Gau 2002 . Jump up ^ US patent 1115674 , Mary Phelps Jacob , `` Brassière '' , issued 1914 - November - 14 Jump up ^ Apsan 2006 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg & Eisenberg 2012 . Jump up ^ Apsan 2006 , p. 186 ; Farrell - Beck & Gau 2002 ; Steele 2010 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Fields 2007 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Spirella , Health and the Older Woman '' . Jump up ^ `` History of Fashion in America Timeline of Important Dates '' . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Edmark , Tomima . `` Bra Styles : Expert Bra Fitting Advice '' . HerRoom.com . Jump up ^ `` Brassiere '' . Clothing and Fashion Encyclopedia . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Cameron & Fitzgerald 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Winfrey : Oprah 's Bra and Swimsuit Intervention '' . 20 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Lantin , Barbara ( 14 April 2003 ) . `` A Weight off my shoulders '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bravissimo sizes up staff -- Royal Free Hampstead '' . ^ Jump up to : Greenbaum et al. 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Bra - Sizing Myths '' . Knickers : The lingerie blog . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everything You Need to Know About Bra Fitting '' . HerRoom.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Size Chart '' . The Wizard of Bras . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Proper Measuring Techniques for Plus - Size Women '' . HerRoom.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Zhenga , Yu & Fan 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Diana , Mario . `` A bra that 's a little off can cause big problems '' . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alles über verschiedene Größensysteme '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , Hannah ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Introducing British 48N cup bra '' . London : Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenbaum et al. 2003 ; Pechter 1998 . ^ Jump up to : McGhee & Steele 2006 . Jump up ^ Pechter 1998 ; Ringberg et al. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : King , Stephanie ( 2 June 2005 ) . `` A Short History of Lingerie : Doreen the Bra That Conquered the World '' . London : The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` Lingerie Bra Fitting Video '' . Fantasie . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Schurman , Aysha . `` Signs of the Wrong Bra Size '' . Life123 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bra Fitting Guide '' . Belladonna Eyes . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bra fitting tips from the German bra fitting forum www.busenfreundinnen.net '' . www.busenfreundinnen.net . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bra fitting Services '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 Woman 's Hour -- Bras '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Bra Fitting Fiasco '' . Daily Mail . London . 9 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Which ? Report -- Bra fitting services '' . 1 September 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' What 's My Size ? '' Status Report on U.S. Clothing Size Standards and a Glimpse of the International Scene `` . New York . July 24 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Bailly , Jenny . `` The 4 Biggest Bra Shopping Mistakes '' . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Bra Mistakes You 're Probably Making ( And How To Fix Them ) '' . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swoop and Scoop '' . Freya . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bra Size Guide '' . Lacy Hint . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Watson , Noshua . `` MAS Holdings : Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry '' ( PDF ) . INSEAD . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Moberg , Matthew ; Siskin , Jonathan ; Stern , Barry ; Wu , Ru ( 1999 ) . `` Sara Lee : Wonderbra '' . University of Michigan Business School . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . 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Archived from the original on 25 February 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bra Fitting : Free Professional Bra Fitting In Your Area '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Calculate Your Bra Size '' . MBSC . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Measure Your Bra Size at Victoria 's Secret '' . Jump up ^ `` Find Your Bra Size '' . BareNecessities.com . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Tomima Edmark . How to Measure for Bra . HerRoom.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Breasts For Proper Bra Siz '' . femaleontop.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bra Size Chart '' . DimensionsGuide.com . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breast Size Chart '' . DimensionsGuide.com . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick 's of Hollywood -- Bra Size Conversion Chart '' . Frederick 's of Hollywood . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HerRoom sizing chart '' . HerRoom.com . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Exclusive collection of small bras - A Cup Bras , AA Cup Bras , AAA Cup Bras and also AAAA Cup Bras '' . daintylady.co.uk . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Petite Lingerie and Small Bra Sizes AAA , AA and A Cup Bras '' . lulalu.com . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alles über verschiedene Größensysteme '' . Busenfreundinnen . ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Stephanie ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` A New Step in Wrestling With the Bra '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bras and Pants '' . Mintel International Group Ltd. 2005 . Jump up ^ Seigel , Jessica ( 13 February 2004 ) . `` The Cups Runneth Over '' . New York : New York Times . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Jane ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` Finding a Good Fit For the Female Form '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Support Act '' . Leicester -- Features . BBC . 14 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessica Seigel . Bent out of shape : Why is it so hard to find the perfect bra ? '' . Lifetime Magazine . May -- June 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I did n't know that '' , episode 24 . National Geographic TV . Jump up ^ `` I Did n't Know That , episode 24 '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Festival Programme , Bras to Bridges or Why Bras Do n't Work '' . Loughborough University -- Faculty of Science . Jump up ^ Katch et al. 1980 . Jump up ^ Nanas , Edward ( February 1964 ) . `` Brassieres : An Engineering Miracle '' . Science and Mechanics . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McCunn , Don . `` Underwire Charts '' ( PDF ) . Design Enterprises of San Francisco . Jump up ^ `` Plussize `` Trusiz '' Chart `` . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . References ( edit ) Apsan , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . The Lingerie Handbook . New York : Workman Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7611 - 4323 - 9 . Araco , A. ; Gravante , G. ; Araco , F. ; Gentile , P. ; Castrì , F. ; Delogu , D. ; Filingeri , V. ; Cervelli , V. ( 2006 ) . `` Breast Asymmetries : A Brief Review and Our Experience '' . Aesthetic Plastic Surgery . 30 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 319 . doi : 10.1007 / s00266 - 005 - 0178 - x . Chen , Chin - Man ; LaBat , Karen ; Bye , Elizabeth ( 2010 ) . `` Physical Characteristics Related to Bra Fit '' . Ergonomics. 53 ( 4 ) : 514 -- 24 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140130903490684 . PMID 20309747 . Eisenberg , Ted ; Eisenberg , Joyne K. ( 2012 ) . The Scoop on Breasts : A Plastic Surgeon Busts the Myths . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Incompra Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9857249 - 0 - 0 . Farrell - Beck , Jane ; Gau , Colleen ( 2002 ) . Uplift : The Bra in America . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1835 - 0 . Fields , Jill ( 2007 ) . An Intimate Affair : Women , Lingerie , and Sexuality . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22369 - 1 . Greenbaum , A.R. ; Heslop , T. ; Morris , J. ; Dunn , K.W. ( 2003 ) . `` An Investigation of the Suitability of Bra Fit in Women Referred for Reduction Mammaplasty '' . British Journal of Plastic Surgery . 56 ( 3 ) : 230 -- 236 . doi : 10.1016 / S0007 - 1226 ( 03 ) 00122 - X . PMID 12859918 . Katch , Victor L. ; Campaigne , Barbara ; Freedson , Patty ; Sady , Stanley ; Katch , Frank I. ; Behnke , Albert R. ( 1980 ) . `` Contribution of Breast Volume and Weight to Body Fat Distribution in Females '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 53 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 100 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330530113 . PMID 7416252 . Losken , Albert ; Fishman , Inessa ; Denson , Donald D. ; Moyer , Hunter R. ; Carlson , Grant W. ( 2005 ) . `` An Objective Evaluation of Breast Symmetry and Shape Differences Using 3 - Dimensional Images '' . Annals of Plastic Surgery . 55 ( 6 ) : 571 -- 575 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. sap. 0000185459.49434. 5f . PMID 16327452 . McGhee , Deirdre E. ; Steele , Julie R. ( 2006 ) . `` How do Respiratory State and Measurement Method affect Bra Size Calculations ? '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 40 ( 12 ) : 970 -- 974 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2005.025171 . PMC 2577461 . PMID 17021004 . -- -- -- ; -- -- -- ( 2010 ) . `` Optimising Breast Support in Female Patients through Correct Bra Fit : A Cross-sectional Study '' . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 13 ( 6 ) : 568 -- 572 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsams. 2010.03. 003 . PMID 20451452 . Pechter , Edward A. ( 1998 ) . `` A New Method for Determining Bra Size and Predicting Postaugmentation Breast Size '' . Plastic Reconstruction Surgery . 102 ( 4 ) : 1259 -- 1265 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006534 - 199809040 - 00056 . PMID 9734454 . Ringberg , Anita ; Bågeman , Erika ; Rose , Carsten ; Ingvar , Christian ; Jernström , Helena ( 2006 ) . `` Of Cup and Bra Size : Reply to Prospective Study of Breast Size and Premenopausal Breast Cancer Incidence '' . International Journal of Cancer . 119 ( 9 ) : 2242 -- 2243 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 22104 . PMID 16841335 . Steele , Valerie ( 2010 ) . The Berg Companion to Fashion . Oxford , England : Berg Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84788 - 592 - 0 . White , J. ; Scurr , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of Professional Bra Fitting Criteria for Bra Selection and Fitting in the UK '' . Ergonomics. 55 ( 6 ) : 704 -- 711 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140139.2011. 647096 . Wieslander , J.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Medfödd bröstdeformitet allvarligt handikapp : Viktig indikation för bröstrekonstruktion med silikonimplantat '' ( Congenital Breast Deformity is a Serious Handicap : An Important Indication for Breast Reconstruction with Silicone Implants ) ( PDF ) . Lakartidningen ( in Swedish ) . 96 ( 14 ) : 1703 -- 1705 , 1708 -- 1710 . ISSN 1652 - 7518 . PMID 10222685 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Wood , Katherine ; Cameron , Melainie ; Fitzgerald , Kylie ( 2008 ) . `` Breast Size , Bra Fit and Thoracic Pain in Young Women : A Correlational Study '' . Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 16 : 1 . doi : 10.1186 / 1746 - 1340 - 16 - 1 . PMC 2275741 . PMID 18339205 . Zhenga , Rong ; Yu , Winnie ; Fan , Jintu ( 2007 ) . `` Development of a New Chinese Bra Sizing System Based on Breast Anthropometric Measurements '' . International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 37 ( 8 ) : 697 -- 705 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ergon. 2007.05. 008 . Further reading ( edit ) Jahme , Carole ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` Breast size : a human anomaly '' . Ask Carole ( column ) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bra_size&oldid=810111375 '' Categories : Brassieres Sizes in clothing Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a 32 bra size in cm	[ "\nApproximate (band) size equivalents between various systems\n\nUnder bust (cm)\n58–62\n63–67\n68–72\n73–77\n78–82\n83–87\n88–92\n93–97\n98–102\n103–107\n108–112\n113–117\n118–122\n123–127\n128–132\n133–142\n143+\n\n\nEU\n60\n65\n70\n75\n80\n85\n90\n95\n100\n105\n110\n115\n120\n125\n130\n135\n140\n\n\nFR, BE, ES\n75\n80\n85\n90\n95\n100\n105\n110\n115\n120\n125\n130\n135\n140\n145\n150\n155\n\n\nIT\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n\n\nUS, UK (in)\n28\n30\n32\n34\n36\n38\n40\n42\n44\n46\n48\n50\n52\n54\n56\n58\n60\n\n\nAU, NZ\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\n22\n24\n26\n28\n30\n32\n34\n36\n38\n\n\nUK dress\n4\n6\n8\n10\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\n22\n24\n26\n28\n30\n32\n34\n36\n\n" ]	[ "68–72" ]
1864906471947786324	2022 FIFA World Cup	2022 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2022 FIFA World Cup This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 August 2018 . 2022 FIFA World Cup كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2022 Kaʾs al - ʿālam li - kurrat al - qadam 2022 Qatar 2022 Bid logo Tournament details Host country Qatar Dates 21 November -- 18 December Teams 32 ( from 5 or 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 8 or 12 ( in 5 or 8 host cities ) ← 2018 2026 → The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022 . This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country . This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan ( the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue , Yekaterinburg ) . In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams , with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament . This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May , June , or July ; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December . It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days , with the final being held on 18 December 2022 , which is also Qatar National Day . Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event . A FIFA internal investigation and report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing , but the chief investigator Michael J. Garcia has since described FIFA 's report on his inquiry as `` materially incomplete and erroneous '' . On 27 May 2015 , Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . On 7 June 2015 , it was announced that Qatar would possibly no longer be eligible to host the event , if evidence of bribery was proven . According to Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit and Compliance Committee : `` Should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar ... came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled . '' Qatar has faced strong criticism due to the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup , with Amnesty International referring to `` forced labour '' and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses , despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014 . On 6 August 2018 , former FIFA president Sepp Blatter claimed that Qatar had used `` black ops '' , suggesting that the bid committee had cheated to win the hosting rights . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Possible expansion 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 4 Venues 5 Schedule 6 Controversies 6.1 Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths 6.2 Move to November and December 6.3 Bidding corruption allegations 7 Sponsorship 8 Broadcasting rights 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid . Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , until Qatar took the 2022 cup . During the bidding process , all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew their 2018 bids , thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the 2022 bid . In the end , there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup : Australia , Japan , Qatar , South Korea and the United States . The twenty - two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes . The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar , which was graded as having `` high operational risk '' , generated criticism from media commentators . It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals . The voting patterns were as follows : 2022 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Australia Eliminated There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA 's executive committee . These allegations are being investigated by FIFA . ( See § Bidding corruption allegations , below . ) Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup -- the next smallest by area is Switzerland , host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup , which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32 . Possible expansion ( edit ) On 12 April 2018 , CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams , four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned . FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request . However , the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48 - team World Cup , and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country . Qualification ( edit ) The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced . All FIFA member associations , of which there are currently 211 , are eligible to enter qualification . Qatar , as hosts , qualified automatically for the tournament . However , Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup . If they reach the final stage , their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval . If the hosts choose not to compete , the next - ranked team will advance instead . For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934 , the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before . The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments , i.e. : CAF ( Africa ) : 5 AFC ( Asia ) : 4.5 ( not including host nation ) UEFA ( Europe ) : 13 CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) : 3.5 OFC ( Oceania ) : 0.5 CONMEBOL ( South America ) : 4.5 The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019 . Qualified teams ( edit ) Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Previous best performance Qatar Host nation 2 December 2010 None ( debut ) -- Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Venues ( edit ) The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010 . The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) , and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure . Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards . The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country . The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials , harmless equipment , and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions . Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System ( GSAS ) for all the world cup stadiums . All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners . Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging , due to concerns about the heat . A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup . However , no specific countries were named in the report . Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA 's executive committee . Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament . According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch , the investment banking division of Bank of America , the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs . Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the twelve originally planned . Although as of April 2017 , FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years ' time , Qatar 's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight . Lusail Al Khor Al Rayyan Al Wakrah Lusail Iconic Stadium Al - Bayt Stadium Ahmed bin Ali Stadium Al Wakrah Stadium Capacity : 86,250 ( under construction ) Capacity : 60,000 ( under construction ) Capacity : 44,740 ( Expanded for World Cup ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Lusail Doha Al - Khor Al - Wakrah Al - Rayyan Cities in Qatar being used Foundation Ras Abu Aboud Khalifa Al Thumama Stadiums in Doha Doha Khalifa International Stadium Qatar Foundation Stadium Ras Abu Aboud Stadium Al Thumama Stadium Capacity : 40,000 ( upgraded ) Capacity : 45,350 ( under construction ) Capacity : 40,000 ( planned ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Schedule ( edit ) The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022 . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event , with regard to interpretations of human rights , particularly worker conditions , the rights of fans in the LGBT community because the status of homosexuality is illegal in Qatar , climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially . Hassan Abdulla al Thawadi , chief executive of the Qatar 2022 World Cup bid , said the Muslim state would also permit alcohol consumption during the event , drinking in public is not permitted as Qatar 's legal system is based on Sharia . The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial ; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to `` buy '' the World Cup , the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups , and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised . The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible , with initial plans for air - conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter . Sepp Blatter , who was FIFA President when Qatar was selected , later remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a `` mistake '' because of the extreme heat . Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths ( edit ) The issue of migrant workers ' rights has also attracted attention , with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water , have their identity papers taken away from them , and that they are not paid on time or at all , making some of them in effect slaves . The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held . These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese workers and over 700 Indian workers have died since 2010 , when Qatar 's bid as World Cup 's host was won , about 250 Indian workers dying each year . Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar , the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths . In the United Kingdom , in any group of half a million 25 - to 30 - year - old men , an average of 300 die each year , a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar . In 2015 , a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country . The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Government of Qatar . The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation 's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real - estate projects related to the World Cup , and the Qatar Government 's counter-claim that none had . The BBC later reported that this often - cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct , and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar , not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup , and not just of construction workers . Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low - skilled jobs ; additionally , they are given preference at the workplace . Michael van Praag , president of Royal Dutch Football Association , requested the FIFA Executive Committee to pressure Qatar over those allegations to ensure better workers ' conditions . He also stated that a new vote on the attribution of the World Cup to Qatar would have to take place if the corruption allegations were to be proved . In March 2016 , Amnesty International accused Qatar of using forced labour and forcing the employees to live in poor conditions and withholding their wages and passports . It accused Fifa of failing to stop the stadium being built on `` human right abuses '' . Migrant workers told Amnesty about verbal abuse and threats they received after complaining about not being paid for up to several months . Nepali workers were even denied leave to visit their family after the 2015 Nepal earthquake . In October 2017 , the International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country . According to the ITUC , the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system , including ending the Al - Kafala system . The ITUC also stated that the agreement would positively affect the general situation of workers , especially of those who work on the 2022 FIFA World Cup infrastructure projects . The workers will no longer need their employer 's permission to leave the country or change their jobs . Move to November and December ( edit ) Owing to the climate in Qatar , concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional timeframe of June and July . In October 2013 , a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . On 24 February 2015 , the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022 , to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April . The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world . Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption , whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be . FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar 's desert state was a `` blatant mistake '' . Frank Lowy , chairman of Football Federation Australia , said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League , they would seek compensation from FIFA . Richard Scudamore , chief executive of the Premier League , stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League 's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme . On 19 March 2015 , FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December . Bidding corruption allegations ( edit ) See also : Garcia Report Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid . A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She retracted her claims , but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials . More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . Five of FIFA 's six primary sponsors , Sony , Adidas , Visa , Hyundai and Coca - Cola , have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims . The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents . Jim Boyce , Vice President of FIFA , has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven . FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing . Despite the claims , the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media . In the 2015 FIFA corruption case , Swiss officials , operating under information from the United States Department of Justice , arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich , Switzerland . They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA 's main headquarters . The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided . The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million ( USD ) corruption and bribery scandal . On 7 June 2015 , Phaedra Almajid , the former media officer for the Qatar bid team , claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup . In an interview published on the same day , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit and Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled . '' Sponsorship ( edit ) FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors Adidas Coca - Cola Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Anheuser - Busch InBev Vivo Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Albania -- RTSH Armenia -- ARMTV Australia -- SBS Austria -- ORF Azerbaijan -- İTV Belarus -- BTRC Belgium -- VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina -- BHRT Brazil -- Rede Globo , SporTV Bulgaria -- BNT Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS Caribbean -- International Media Content , SportsMax China -- CCTV Croatia -- HRT Cyprus -- CyBC Czech Republic -- ČT Estonia -- ERR Europe -- European Broadcasting Union ( 37 countries ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Georgia -- GPB Hungary -- MTVA Iceland -- RÚV Ireland -- RTÉ Israel -- IPBC Latvia -- LTV Lithuania -- LRT Macedonia -- MRT Malta -- PBS Mexico -- Televisa , TV Azteca Moldova -- TRM Montenegro -- RTCG Netherlands -- NOS New Zealand -- Sky Sport Poland -- TVP Portugal -- RTP Romania -- TVR Serbia -- RTS Slovakia -- RTVS Sweden -- SVT , TV4 United Kingdom -- BBC , ITV United States -- Fox Sports , Telemundo Deportes See also ( edit ) 2020s portal Middle East portal 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup 2026 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fifa , Qatar 2022 : Mondiali dal 21 novembre al 18 dicembre '' ( Fifa , Qatar 2022 : World Cup from 21 November to 18 December ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . 25 September 2015 . 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FIFA.com 2022 website Qatar 2022 official website 2022 FIFA World Cup General information Qualification Bids Controversies 2015 FIFA corruption case Garcia Report 2022 FIFA World Cup stadiums Al Bayt Stadium ( Al Khor ) Al Rayyan Stadium ( Al Rayyan ) Al Thumama Stadium ( Doha ) Al Wakrah Stadium ( Al Wakrah ) Education City Stadium ( Doha ) Khalifa International Stadium ( Doha ) Iconic Stadium ( Lusail ) Ras Abu Aboud Stadium ( Doha ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854449783 '' Categories : 2022 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup tournaments 2022 in association football 2022 -- 23 in Qatari football International association football competitions hosted by Qatar Scheduled association football competitions November 2022 sports events December 2022 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Articles needing the year an event occurred from July 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 12 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where will world cup be held in 2022	[ "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim-majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament.\n" ]	[ "Qatar" ]
-1371158412989089618	Smoking age	Smoking age - wikipedia Smoking age The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products . Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products . Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 See also 4 References Smoking age laws by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Legal age to smoke any tobacco products Legal age to buy any tobacco products Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years . ( Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93 : `` la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite '' . ) Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Benin None 18 Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Any person who sells , by retail , any tobacco product , shall display clearly , for the public , a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Burkina Faso None 18 Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18 . Other tobacco products are not regulated . Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public . Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors . Republic of the Congo 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public , and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor . ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL Article 1 : L'usage , la vente , l'achat et la consommation du tabac , de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs . ) Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years . A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale . Egypt 21 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited . Equatorial Guinea 18 Eritrea None 18 Ethiopia None 18 `` No person may directly or indirectly give , provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . '' Gabon None 18 Gambia None Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public . Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place . Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Madagascar None 18 Malawi 14 Mali None 18 Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health ( Restrictions on Tobacco Products ) Regulations 1999 , Sec. 2 ( e ) ( i ) ) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010 . Niger None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law . No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008 . Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor . Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in , buying , selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products . It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18 . São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . ( Chapitre III. - Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac . ) Seychelles 18 Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Sudan None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle , store , work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility . Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor , and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years . Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor . Tunisia None 18 Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes . Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16 . No minimum age for consumption and possession in public . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993 . Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . Minors may not sell tobacco . Americas ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of January 2018 : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda does n't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general . Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . Bahamas None 18 Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a minor . A person selling or supplying any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall , before selling or supplying them , ensure , by requiring photo identification , that the latter person is not a minor . Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Brazil 18 18 It is illegal to `` sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence , even if only through improper use '' ( ... ) . This also includes tobacco products of any kind . British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to purchase , possess or consume tobacco . Canada Regulations by province and territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994 . Alberta 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . Further , minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place . British Columbia None 19 Manitoba None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , buy for , lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property . Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . New Brunswick None 19 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , directly or indirectly , tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . Northwest Territories None 18 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18 . No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory . Nova Scotia 19 19 No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product , to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco . Nunavut None 19 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . Ontario None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old . Prince Edward Island None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . Quebec None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult , if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor . Saskatchewan None 18 It is illegal to sell , lend , assign , give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Yukon 18 ( federal law ) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors . Federal laws apply . Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years . In case of question , one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age . Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors . Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation , at their own expense , to display posters that are visible , clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale , stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Cuba None 18 Minors can not legally buy tobacco , but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older . Cayman Islands None 18 Tobacco Law , 2007 PART V -- Section 10 : No person shall sell tobacco to a minor . Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor . El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited . ( El decreto 90 - 97 , Código de Salud , indica en su artículo 50 ) Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor . Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and / or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited . Jamaica None 18 Mexico None 18 Nicaragua None 18 Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to / by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited . Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale / purchase of tobacco products ( 21 U.S.C. § 387f. ( 3 ) ( a ) ( ii ) ) . State and local laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply , possession and consumption to / by person underage , or increase the age beyond 18 . However , most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor . The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18 , and currently no state falls under that category . Regulations by state : State / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 ( including Alabama National Guard Bases ) 18 ( on military bases under federal law ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products . The minimum age was introduced in 1896 . Alaska None 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Possession by minors is prohibited . The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988 . American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment , or to receive them . None 21 Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Arkansas 18 It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public . 18 21 Helena -- West Helena has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . California 18 21 As of 9 June 2016 , it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age , with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old . Before 9 June , the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age . Colorado 18 It is illegal to sell , give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product . 18 21 Aspen has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Connecticut None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18 . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Delaware None 18 Selling , giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal . Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992 . Florida None 18 The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years . Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 . Guam 21 The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 , as of 1 January 2018 . Hawaii 21 It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age . It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco . The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890 . The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016 . Idaho 18 Illinois 18 18 21 Fourteen cities in Illinois , including Chicago and Naperville , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Indiana None 18 Giving , selling , providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal . Minors may not possess , accept or purchase tobacco . Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business , defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Iowa 18 It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco , to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products . It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Kansas None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco . None 21 Nineteen cities in Kansas , including Overland Park and Olathe , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Kentucky None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products . Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco . From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years . In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age . Louisiana None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana . Maine 18 21 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Implementation for 21 and older July 2018 . Maryland None 18 Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989 . Massachusetts None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor . None 21 Over 100 cities in Massachusetts , including Boston , have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . Michigan 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises . 18 21 Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Minnesota 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony . 18 21 Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Mississippi 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . 18 21 Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Missouri None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public . Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit . None 21 Twelve cities in Missouri , including Kansas City , St. Louis and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Montana None 18 Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited , whether over the counter , by vending machine , or otherwise . Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit . Nebraska 18 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , in any way tobacco to a minor . Minors may not smoke in public . Nevada None 18 New Hampshire 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . New Jersey None 21 No person shall sell , give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age , any cigarettes made of tobacco . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005 . The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017 . New Mexico None 18 Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age . New York None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . None 21 New York City ( among others ) and come counties have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . North Carolina None 18 It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy , attempt to buy , to receive , or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . North Dakota 18 Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Ohio 18 None 21 Nine cities in Ohio , including Cleveland and Columbus , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Oklahoma None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915 . Oregon None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018 . Pennsylvania None 18 It is illegal to sell , furnish , give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor . Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase , nor shall any person sell , give , or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age , any tobacco products . No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess , tobacco in any public street , place , or resort , any tobacco and / or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . 18 21 Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . South Carolina None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , or attempt to possess a tobacco product , or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product . South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota did n't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors . Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors . Tennessee None 18 It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product , to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product , or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false , fraudulent , or not actually that person 's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product . Texas 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Exception : The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent , a guardian , or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual , if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee 's duties as an employee . The minimum age to purchase , possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989 . 18 21 San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 21 . United States Virgin Islands None 18 Utah 19 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess , consume , purchase any tobacco product . Vermont None 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Washington None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Washington , D.C. None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016 . West Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Wisconsin None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Wyoming 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase / sale age for tobacco products . Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises . Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor . Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals , schools and restaurants . Bhutan Illegal In 2004 , Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale , cultivation , and production of tobacco . People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties . Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess , buy or consume tobacco products . Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years . Any police - officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public . Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel . China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . No one shall smoke on school or education premises . Weakly enforced to not enforced . No age limit prior to 29 December 2006 . Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution . Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years . Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson . Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004 . Jordan None 18 ( consumption of water pipes on premises ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes , restaurants and similar places . Japan 20 It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years . It is punishable by a ¥ 10,000 fine . Kazakhstan None 18 Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products . Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age . Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age . Furthermore , a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal . Mongolia 21 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women . North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . ( The tobacco law does not define the word `` minor '' , but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years ) . Oman 18 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale . Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the `` STOP for Health Act '' . ( Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health ) Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years . Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18 , increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021 . It is illegal to sell or give , directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public . South Korea 19 20 Sri Lanka None 21 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years . Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to force , induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke . It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke . No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke . Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016 , President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan . United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use , buy , and sell tobacco products . It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age . Yemen 14 Europe ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Depending on jurisdiction Note : Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years . Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004 . Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state , but is nationwide 16 years . It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002 . Belarus None 18 ( Decree No. 28 of 2002 `` It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens ( by citizens ) of the Republic of Belarus , foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old . '' ) Belgium None 16 ( `` It is forbidden to sell tobacco products to young people under the age of 16 and advertising for tobacco products is forbidden . '' ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift , sell and consume tobacco products . The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004 . No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998 . Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age . Minors may not sell tobacco products . Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor . `` ( ... ) any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his / her conviction , he / she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and / or to both penalties . '' Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited . Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated . The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18 . A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older , unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry , as a cook - waiter or salesman . However , it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers do n't check the age . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999 . Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008 . Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18 . Minors may not be in possession of , or handle tobacco products . Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995 . France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property . Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited . Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 . Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public . This does not apply to married adolescents . Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952 . Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007 . Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006 . Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18 . The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units . Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985 . The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996 . Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002 . Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation is punished with a fine between € 250.00 and € 1000.00 . If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to € 500.00 and € 2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months . Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013 . Kosovo None Latvia 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products . Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015 . Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006 . Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017 . Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Malta None 18 `` No person shall sell , supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise , any cigarettes , cigars , tobacco , tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years , or in any manner induce such person to smoke . '' Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale . Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport . As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke - free environment . All forms of tobacco advertising , promotion or sponsorship are prohibited . Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts . Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores . Norway None 18 No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law . Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store , with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first . and imitation tobacco products are not allowed . Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law . As of June 2004 , smoking is prohibited in all public places , including restaurants , pubs and work places . Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products . Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor . There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18 . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008 . Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18 . Vending machines selling tobacco are banned . There is no minimum legal age of smoking . Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence . Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited . Contrary to that , a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia . Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law . Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited . Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . ID - Card or passport has to be shown if requested . Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances ( e.g. electronic cigarettes ) to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006 . Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997 . Switzerland Regulations by canton : States / territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply ( except for Parents ) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Basel - Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Basel - Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Bern None 18 ( to enter smoking facility or premises ) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Graubünden None 16 Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years . Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 18 ( purchase de jure ) 16 ( public possession & purchase de facto ) England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16 . Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007 . No minimum age prior to 1908 . 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence . Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18 . Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18 , and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product . Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007 . 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers , whether for his own use or not , shall be guilty of an offence . A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008 . ^ Disputed . Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . ' Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco . Historical regulations ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age See also ( edit ) Age of candidacy Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholism Amethyst Initiative Choose Responsibility Legal drinking age Legal drinking age controversy Mature minor doctrine National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage References ( edit ) ^ `` Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs '' . aps.dz ( in French ) . Algérie Presse Service . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Lei n ° 1 / 07 de 14 de Maio 2007 `` . wipo.int . 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Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products Regulation Act 1997 '' ( PDF ) . legislation.sa.gov.au . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` History of tobacco laws in Tasmania '' . dhhs.tas.gov.au . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1987 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1987 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT 2006 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT 2006 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 1998 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Fidji. 1998 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ http://www.cab.org.nz/vat/gl/roi/pages/legalagesandid.aspx ^ `` That was the law -- The Police Offences Act 1927 '' . lawsociety.org.nz . New Zealand Law Society . 28 April 2014 . 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related lists Lists by country Minimum ages Youth rights Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Georgian - language sources ( ka ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Albanian - language sources ( sq ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from March 2018 Incomplete lists from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the legal age to buy cigarettes in australia	[ "\n\nRegulations by state/territory:\n\n\nProvince/territory\nSmoking age\nPurchase age\nNotes\n\n\n Australian Capital Territory\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years.[271] Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor.[272]\n\n\n New South Wales\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years.[273]\n\n\n Northern Territory\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors. It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present.[274][275]\n\n\n Queensland\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years; however, a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child.[276]\n\n\n South Australia\nNone\n18\nIt is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[277]\n\n\n Tasmania\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.\nMinimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997.[278]\n\n\n Victoria\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor. Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence.[279]\n\n\n Western Australia\nNone\n18\nIt is illegal to sell, deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor. Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited.[280][281]\n\n" ]	[ "18" ]
-1091680690740117116	Head of state	Head of state - wikipedia Head of state Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with head of government . This article is about the political term . For other uses , see Head of state ( disambiguation ) . Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms , is currently the longest serving head of state . A head of state ( or chief of state ) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state . Depending on the country 's form of government and separation of powers , the head of state may be a purely ceremonial figurehead with limited or no executive power or concurrently the head of government . In countries with parliamentary systems , the head of state is typically a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day - to - day government activities and may not be empowered to exercise any kind of secular political authority ( e.g. , Queen Margrethe II of Denmark ) . In countries where the head of state is also the head of government , the head of state serves as both a public figurehead and the actual highest - ranking political leader who oversees the executive branch ( e.g. , the President of the United States ) . Former French president Charles de Gaulle , while developing the current Constitution of France ( 1958 ) , said the head of state should embody l'esprit de la nation ( `` the spirit of the nation '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional models 1.1 Parliamentary system 1.1. 1 Standard model 1.1. 2 Non-executive model 1.1. 3 Executive model 1.2 Semi-presidential systems 1.3 Presidential system 1.4 Single - party states 1.5 Complications with categorization 2 Roles 2.1 Symbolic role 2.2 Executive role 2.2. 1 Appointment of senior officials 2.2. 2 Diplomatic role 2.2. 3 Military role 2.3 Legislative roles 2.4 Summoning and dissolving the legislature 2.5 Other prerogatives 2.5. 1 Granting nobility , knighthood and various titles and other honors 2.5. 2 Immunity 2.5. 3 Reserve Powers 2.5. 4 Right of pardon 3 Governors - general ( Commonwealth realms ) 4 Selection and various types and styles of heads of state 4.1 European writers and revolutions , 16th -- 20th centuries 4.2 Shared and substitute heads of state 4.2. 1 Interim 4.2. 2 Shared 4.2. 3 Extraordinary arrangements 4.3 Religious heads of state 4.3. 1 Christianity 4.3. 2 Islam 4.3. 3 Hinduism 4.3. 4 Buddhism 4.4 City states and crowned republics 4.5 Multiple or collective heads of state 4.6 Unique cases and titles 5 Legitimacy 5.1 By fiction or fiat 5.2 By divine appointment 5.3 By social contract 5.4 By constitution 5.5 By hereditary succession 5.6 By election 5.7 By appointment 5.8 By force or revolution 5.9 By foreign imposition 5.10 Loss 6 Former heads of state 6.1 Personal influence or privileges 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Constitutional models ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grassalkovich Palace in Bratislava is the seat of the President of Slovakia . Some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of `` models '' . An independent nation state normally has a head of state , and determines the extent of its head 's executive powers of government or formal representational functions . In protocolary terms , the head of a sovereign , independent state is usually identified as the person who , according to that state 's constitution , is the reigning monarch , in the case of a monarchy , or the president , in the case of a republic . Among the different state constitutions ( fundamental laws ) that establish different political systems , four major types of heads of state can be distinguished : The parliamentary system , with two subset models ; The standard model , in which the head of state , in theory , possesses key executive powers , but the exercise of such power is done on the binding advice of a head of government ( e.g. , United Kingdom , India , Pakistan ) . The non-executive model , in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers , and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role ( e.g. , Sweden , Japan , Israel ) . The semi-presidential system , in which the head of state shares key executive powers with a head of government or cabinet ( e.g. , Russia , France , Sri Lanka ) ; and The presidential system , in which the head of state is also the head of government and has all executive powers ( e.g. , United States , Indonesia ) . The same role in a federal constituent and a dependent territory is fulfilled by the corresponding office equivalent to that of a head of state . For example , in each Canadian province the role is fulfilled by the Lieutenant Governor , whereas in most British Overseas Territories the powers and duties are performed by the Governor . The same applies to Australian states , Indian states , etc . Hong Kong 's constitutional document , the Basic Law , for example , specifies the Chief Executive as the head of the special administrative region , in addition to his role as the head of government . These non-sovereign - state heads , nevertheless , have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs , depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned . Parliamentary system ( edit ) World 's parliamentary states , as of 2017 , coloured by form of government Green = republics with an executive president elected by a parliament Orange = parliamentary republics Red = parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power Standard model ( edit ) In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer , heading the executive branch of the state , and possessing limited executive power . In reality , however , following a process of constitutional evolution , powers are usually only exercised by direction of a cabinet , presided over by a head of government who is answerable to the legislature . This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature ( or , at least , not a majority opposition -- a subtle but important difference ) . It also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet , forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution . The executive branch is thus said to be responsible ( or answerable ) to the legislature , with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional advice to the head of state . In parliamentary constitutional monarchies , the legitimacy of the unelected head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives . Accordingly , at the time of the Glorious Revolution , the English parliament acted of its own authority to name a new king and queen ( the joint monarchs Mary II and William III ) ; likewise , Edward VIII 's abdication required the approval of each of the six independent realms of which he was monarch . In monarchies with a written constitution , the position of monarch is a creature of the constitution and could quite properly be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment , although there are often significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure ( as in the Constitution of Spain ) . In republics with a parliamentary system ( such as India , Germany , Austria , Italy and Israel ) the head of state is usually titled president and the principal functions of such presidents are mainly ceremonial and symbolic , as opposed to the presidents in a presidential or semi-presidential system . President Pranab Mukherjee , head of state of the Republic of India from July 2012 to July 2017 In reality , numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system . The older the constitution , the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government , as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems , in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices . Usually , the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament . For example , under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy , the Statuto Albertino -- the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king -- was customary , but not required by law . So , Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system , but a de jure `` presidential '' system . Examples of heads of state in parliamentary systems using greater powers than usual , either because of ambiguous constitutions or unprecedented national emergencies , include the decision by King Léopold III of the Belgians to surrender on behalf of his state to the invading German army in 1940 , against the will of his government . Judging that his responsibility to the nation by virtue of his coronation oath required him to act , he believed that his government 's decision to fight rather than surrender was mistaken and would damage Belgium . ( Leopold 's decision proved highly controversial . After World War II , Belgium voted in a referendum to allow him back on the throne , but because of the ongoing controversy he ultimately abdicated . ) The Belgian constitutional crisis in 1990 , when the head of state refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion , was resolved by the cabinet assuming the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as `` unable to reign '' for twenty - four hours . Non-executive model ( edit ) Two contemporary heads of state who are constitutional monarchs , but with no political power : Emperor Akihito of Japan ( left ) , and King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden ( right . ) These officials are excluded completely from the executive : they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role , even formal , within the government . Hence their states ' governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His / Her Majesty 's Government or His / Her Excellency 's Government . Within this general category , variants in terms of powers and functions may exist . The Constitution of Japan ( 日本国憲法 , Nihonkoku - Kenpō ) was drawn up under the Allied occupation that followed World War II and was intended to replace the previous militaristic and quasi-absolute monarchy system with a form of liberal democracy parliamentary system . The constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet , who is chaired by the prime minister ( articles 65 and 66 ) and responsible to the Diet ( articles 67 and 69 ) . The emperor is defined in the constitution as `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' ( article 1 ) , and is generally recognized throughout the world as the Japanese head of state . Although the emperor formally appoints the prime minister to office , article 6 of the constitution requires him to appoint the candidate `` as designated by the Diet '' , without any right to decline appointment . He is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan . Since the passage in Sweden of the 1974 Instrument of Government , the Swedish monarch no longer has many of the standard parliamentary system head of state functions that had previously belonged to him or her , as was the case in the preceding 1809 Instrument of Government . Today , the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints ( following a vote in the Riksdag ) the prime minister and terminates his or her commission following a vote of no confidence or voluntary resignation . Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister . Laws and ordinances are promulgated by two Cabinet members in unison signing `` On Behalf of the Government '' and the government -- not the monarch -- is the high contracting party with respect to international treaties . The remaining official functions of the sovereign , by constitutional mandate or by unwritten convention , are to open the annual session of the Riksdag , receive foreign ambassadors and sign the letters of credence for Swedish ambassadors , chair the foreign advisory committee , preside at the special Cabinet council when a new prime minister takes office , and to be kept informed by the prime minister on matters of state . In contrast , the only contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach ( head of government ) to the president . However , he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach . The president does , however , hold limited reserve powers , such as referring a bill to the supreme court to test its constitutionality , which are used under the president 's discretion . The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel , which holds no reserve powers whatsoever . The least ceremonial powers held by the President are to appoint the Prime Minister , to approve the dissolution of the Knesset made by the Prime Minister , and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence . Executive model ( edit ) Some parliamentary republics ( like South Africa , Botswana and Suriname ) have fused the roles of the head of state with the head of government ( like in a presidential system ) , while having the sole executive officer , often called a president , being dependent on the Parliament 's confidence to rule ( like in a parliamentary system ) . While also being the leading symbol of the nation , the president in this system acts mostly as a prime minister , since the incumbent must be a member of the legislature at the time of the election , answer question sessions in Parliament , avoid motions of no confidence , etc . Semi-presidential systems ( edit ) Charles de Gaulle , President and head of state of the French Fifth Republic ( 1959 -- 1969 ) Main article : Semi-presidential system Semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems , notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature . The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a prime minister who is chosen by the president , but who nevertheless must be able to gain support in the National Assembly . Should a president be of one side of the political spectrum and the opposition be in control of the legislature , the president is usually obliged to select someone from the opposition to become prime minister , a process known as Cohabitation . President François Mitterrand , a Socialist , for example , was forced to cohabit with the neo-Gaullist ( right wing ) Jacques Chirac , who became his prime minister from 1986 to 1988 . In the French system , in the event of cohabitation , the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in security and foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic and economic agenda . Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system . Weimar Germany , for example , in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies , and a cabinet appointed by him from the Reichstag , which was expected , in normal circumstances , to be answerable to the Reichstag . Initially , the President was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant ; however , persistent political instability , in which governments often lasted only a few months , led to a change in the power structure of the republic , with the president 's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes . By 1932 , power had shifted to such an extent that the German President , Paul von Hindenburg , was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job , even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not . Subsequently , President von Hindenburg used his power to appoint Adolf Hitler as Chancellor without consulting the Reichstag . Presidential system ( edit ) George Washington , the first President of the United States , set the precedent for an executive head of state in republican systems of government Main article : Presidential system Note : The head of state in a `` presidential '' system may not actually hold the title of `` president '' - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the legislature to remain in office . Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive , operating separately from , and independent from , the legislature . This system is known as a `` presidential system '' and sometimes called the `` imperial model '' , because the executive officials of the government are answerable solely and exclusively to a presiding , acting head of state , and is selected by and on occasion dismissed by the head of state without reference to the legislature . It is notable that some presidential systems , while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature , may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office ( for example , in the United States of America ) . In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office , not removing them from office , and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members en bloc , so it is not accountability in the sense understood in a parliamentary system . Presidential systems are a notable feature of constitutions in the Americas , including those of Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , El Salvador , Mexico and Venezuela ; this is generally attributed to the strong influence of the United States in the region , and as the United States Constitution served as an inspiration and model for the Latin American wars of independence of the early 19th century . Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means ( popular direct or indirect election ) ; however , like all other systems , the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means , notably through military dictatorship or coup d'état , as often seen in Latin American , Middle Eastern and other presidential regimes . Some of the characteristics of a presidential system ( i.e. , a strong dominant political figure with an executive answerable to them , not the legislature ) can also be found among absolute monarchies , parliamentary monarchies and single party ( e.g. , Communist ) regimes , but in most cases of dictatorship , their stated constitutional models are applied in name only and not in political theory or practice . In the 1870s in the United States , in the aftermath of the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and his near - removal from office , it was speculated that the United States , too , would move from a presidential system to a semi-presidential or even parliamentary one , with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming the real center of government as a quasi-prime minister . This did not happen and the presidency , having been damaged by three late nineteenth and early twentieth century assassinations ( Lincoln , Garfield and McKinley ) and one impeachment ( Johnson ) , reasserted its political dominance by the early twentieth century through such figures as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson . Single - party states ( edit ) In certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) and its constitutive Soviet republics , real political power belonged to the sole legal party . In these states , there was no formal office of head of state , but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person . In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR ; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ; and in the case of the Soviet Russia Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All - Russian Congress of Soviets ( pre-1922 ) , and Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian SFSR ( 1956 -- 1966 ) . This position may or may not have been held by the de facto Soviet leader at the moment . For example , Nikita Khrushchev never headed the Supreme Soviet but was First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party ( party leader ) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers ( head of government ) . This may even lead to an institutional variability , as in North Korea , where , after the presidency of party leader Kim Il - Sung , the office was vacant for years , the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of `` Eternal President '' ( while all substantive power , as party leader , itself not formally created for four years , was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il , initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998 , for ceremonial purposes , by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly , while the party leader 's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared `` the highest post of the state '' , not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People 's Republic of China . Complications with categorization ( edit ) While clear categories do exist , it is sometimes difficult to choose which category some individual heads of state belong to . In reality , the category to which each head of state belongs is assessed not by theory but by practice . Constitutional change in Liechtenstein in 2003 gave its head of state , the Reigning Prince , constitutional powers that included a veto over legislation and power to dismiss the head of government and cabinet . It could be argued that the strengthening of the Prince 's powers , vis - a-vis the Landtag ( legislature ) , has moved Liechtenstein into the semi-presidential category . Similarly the original powers given to the Greek President under the 1974 Hellenic Republic constitution moved Greece closer to the French semi-presidential model . George V , Emperor of India , and Empress Mary at the Delhi Durbar , 1911 Another complication exists with South Africa , in which the President is in fact elected by the National Assembly ( legislature ) and is thus similar , in principle , to a head of government in a parliamentary system but is also , in addition , recognized as the head of state . The offices of President of Nauru and President of Botswana are similar in this respect to the South African presidency . Panama , during the military dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega , was nominally a presidential republic . However , the elected civilian presidents were effectively figureheads with real political power being exercised by the chief of the Panamanian Defense Forces . Historically , at the time of the League of Nations ( 1920 -- 1946 ) and the founding of the United Nations ( 1945 ) , India 's head of state was the monarch of the United Kingdom , ruling directly or indirectly as Emperor of India through the Viceroy and Governor - General of India . Roles ( edit ) Coronation ceremony : King Bhumibol Adulyadej at his coronation on 5 May 1950 ( left ) , and Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in her coronation portrait on 2 June 1953 . Head of state is the highest - ranking constitutional position in a sovereign state . A head of state has some or all of the roles listed below , often depending on the constitutional category ( above ) , and does not necessarily regularly exercise the most power or influence of governance . There is usually a formal public ceremony when a person becomes head of state , or some time after . This may be the swearing in at the inauguration of a president of a republic , or the coronation of a monarch . Symbolic role ( edit ) One of the most important roles of the modern head of state is being a living national symbol of the state ; in hereditary monarchies this extends to the monarch being a symbol of the unbroken continuity of the state . For instance , the Canadian monarch is described by the government as being the personification of the Canadian state and is described by the Department of Canadian Heritage as the `` personal symbol of allegiance , unity and authority for all Canadians '' . In many countries , official portraits of the head of state can be found in government offices , courts of law , even airports , libraries , and other public buildings . The idea , sometimes regulated by law , is to use these portraits to make the public aware of the symbolic connection to the government , a practice that dates back to medieval times . Sometimes this practice is taken to excess , and the head of state becomes the principal symbol of the nation , resulting in the emergence of a personality cult where the image of the head of state is the only visual representation of the country , surpassing other symbols such as the flag . Other common representations are on coins , postage and other stamps and banknotes , sometimes by no more than a mention or signature ; and public places , streets , monuments and institutions such as schools are named for current or previous heads of state . In monarchies ( e.g. , Belgium ) there can even be a practice to attribute the adjective `` royal '' on demand based on existence for a given number of years . However , such political techniques can also be used by leaders without the formal rank of head of state , even party - and other revolutionary leaders without formal state mandate . Heads of state often greet important foreign visitors , particularly visiting heads of state . They assume a host role during a state visit , and the programme may feature playing of the national anthems by a military band , inspection of military troops , official exchange of gifts , and attending a state dinner at the official residence of the host . At home , heads of state are expected to render luster to various occasions by their presence , such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions ( often in a theatrical honor box , on a platform , on the front row , at the honours table ) , expositions , national day celebrations , dedication events , military parades and war remembrances , prominent funerals , visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life , and at times performing symbolic acts such as cutting a ribbon , groundbreaking , ship christening , laying the first stone . Some parts of national life receive their regular attention , often on an annual basis , or even in the form of official patronage . The Olympic Charter ( rule 55.3 ) of the International Olympic Committee states that the Olympic summer and winter games shall be opened by the head of state of the host nation , by uttering a single formulaic phrase as determined by the charter . As such invitations may be very numerous , such duties are often in part delegated to such persons as a spouse , a head of government or a cabinet minister or in other cases ( possibly as a message , for instance , to distance themselves without rendering offense ) just a military officer or civil servant . For non-executive heads of state there is often a degree of censorship by the politically responsible government ( such as the head of government ) , discreetly approving agenda and speeches , especially where the constitution ( or customary law ) assumes all political responsibility by granting the crown inviolability ( in fact also imposing political emasculation ) as in the Kingdom of Belgium from its very beginning ; in a monarchy this may even be extended to some degree to other members of the dynasty , especially the heir to the throne . Below follows a list of examples from different countries of general provisions in law , which either designate an office as head of state or define its general purpose . Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Section 56 ( 1 ) of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 states : The King is the Head of State , the symbol of its unity and permanence . He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions , assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations , especially with the nations of its historical community , and exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws . Example 2 ( parliamentary absentee monarchy ) : Article 2 of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 states : ( 1 ) The Sovereign in right of New Zealand is the head of State of New Zealand , and shall be known by the royal style and titles proclaimed from time to time . ( 2 ) The Governor - General appointed by the Sovereign is the Sovereign 's representative in New Zealand . Example 3 ( parliamentary non-executive monarchy ) : Article 1 of the Constitution of Japan states : The Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People , deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power . Example 4 ( parliamentary republic ) : Title II , Article 87 of the Constitution of Italy states : The President of the Republic is the Head of the State and represents national unity . Example 5 ( parliamentary republic ) : Article 67 of the Iraqi constitution of 2005 states : The President of the Republic is the Head of the State and a symbol of the unity of the country and represents the sovereignty of the country . He shall guarantee the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq 's independence , sovereignty , unity , and the safety of its territories , in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution . Example 6 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Chapter I , Article 120 of the Constitution of Portugal states : The President of the Republic represents the Portuguese Republic , guarantees national independence , the unity of the state and the proper operation of the democratic institutions , and is ex officio Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . Example 7 ( presidential republic ) : Chapter IV , Section 1 , Article 66 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea states : ( 1 ) The President shall be the Head of State and represent the State vis - à - vis foreign states . ( 2 ) The President shall have the responsibility and duty to safeguard the independence , territorial integrity and continuity of the State and the Constitution . Example 8 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Chapter VI , Article 77 of the Constitution of Lithuania states : The President of the Republic shall be Head of State . He shall represent the State of Lithuania and shall perform everything with which he is charged by the Constitution and laws . Example 9 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Chapter 4 , Article 80 , Section 1 - 2 of the Constitution of Russia states : 1 . The President of the Russian Federation shall be the Head of State . 2 . The President of the Russian Federation shall be the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and of human and civil rights and freedoms . In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation , he ( she ) shall adopt measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation , its independence and State integrity , and shall ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of State government bodies . Example 10 ( presidential republic ) : Section 87 ( Second Division , Chapter 1 ) of the Constitution of Argentina provides that : The Executive Power of the Nation shall be vested in a citizen with the title of `` President of the Argentine Nation '' . Executive role ( edit ) In the majority of states , whether republics or monarchies , executive authority is vested , at least notionally , in the head of state . In presidential systems the head of state is the actual , de facto chief executive officer . Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state , but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers . This produces such terms as `` Her Majesty 's Government '' and `` His Excellency 's Government . '' Examples of parliamentary systems in which the head of state is notional chief executive include Australia , Austria , Canada , Denmark , Germany , India , Italy , Norway , Spain and the United Kingdom . Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : According to Section 12 of the Constitution of Denmark 1953 : Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitution Act the King shall have the supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm , and he shall exercise such supreme authority through the Ministers . Example 2 ( parliamentary absentee monarchy ) : Under Chapter II , Section 61 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 : The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor - General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth . Example 3 ( parliamentary republic ) : According to Article 26 ( 2 ) of the 1975 Constitution of Greece : The executive power shall be exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . Example 4 ( parliamentary republic ) : According to Article 53 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India : The executive power of the union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or indirectly through the officers subordinate to him in accordance to the Constitution . Example 5 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Under Chapter 4 , Article 80 , Section 3 of the Constitution of Russia : The President of the Russian Federation shall , in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws , determine the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State . Example 6 ( presidential republic ) : Title IV , Chapter II , Section I , Article 76 of the Constitution of Brazil : The Executive Power is exercised by the President of the Republic , assisted by the Ministers of State . Example 7 ( presidential republic ) : Article 2 , Section 1 of the United States Constitution states : The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America . The few exceptions where the head of state is not even the nominal chief executive - and where supreme executive authority is according to the constitution explicitly vested in a cabinet - include the Czech Republic , Ireland , Israel , Japan and Sweden . Appointment of senior officials ( edit ) The head of state usually appoints most or all the key officials in the government , including the head of government and other cabinet ministers , key judicial figures ; and all major office holders in the civil service , foreign service and commissioned officers in the military . In many parliamentary systems , the head of government is appointed with the consent ( in practice often decisive ) of the legislature , and other figures are appointed on the head of government 's advice . In practice , these decisions are often a formality . The last time the prime minister of the United Kingdom was unilaterally selected by the monarch was in 1963 , when Queen Elizabeth II appointed Alec Douglas - Home on the advice of outgoing Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . In presidential systems , such as that of the United States , appointments are nominated by the president 's sole discretion , but this nomination is often subject to confirmation by the legislature ; and specifically in the US , the Senate has to approve senior executive branch and judicial appointments by a simple majority vote . The head of state may also dismiss office - holders . There are many variants on how this can be done . For example , members of the Irish Cabinet are dismissed by the president on the advice of the taoiseach ; in other instances , the head of state may be able to dismiss an office holder unilaterally ; other heads of state , or their representatives , have the theoretical power to dismiss any office - holder , while it is exceptionally rarely used . In France , while the president can not force the prime minister to tender the resignation of the government , he can , in practice , request it if the prime minister is from his own majority . In presidential systems , the president often has the power to fire ministers at his sole discretion . In the United States , the unwritten convention calls for the heads of the executive departments to resign on their own initiative when called to do so . Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 96 of the Constitution of Belgium : The King appoints and dismisses his ministers . The Federal Government offers its resignation to the King if the House of Representatives , by an absolute majority of its members , adopts a motion of no confidence proposing a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King or proposes a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King within three days of the rejection of a motion of confidence . The King appoints the proposed successor as prime minister , who takes office when the new Federal Government is sworn in . Example 2 ( parliamentary non-executive republic ) : Article 13.1. 1 of the Constitution of Ireland : The President shall , on the nomination of Dáil Éireann , appoint the Taoiseach . Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Chapter 4 , Section 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea states : The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly . Example 4 ( presidential republic ) : Article 84 of the Constitution of Brazil : The President of the Republic shall have the exclusive power to : I - appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State : XIII - ... appoint the commanders of Navy , Army and Air Force , to promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them ; XIV - appoint , after approval by the Senate , the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts , the Governors of the territories , the Attorney - General of the Republic , the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants , when established by law ; XV - appoint , with due regard for the provisions of article 73 , the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts ; XVI - appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate - General of the Union ; XVII - appoint members of the Council of the Republic , in accordance with article 89 , VII XXV - fill and abolish federal government positions , as set forth by law . Some countries have alternative provisions for senior appointments : In Sweden , under the Instrument of Government of 1974 , the Speaker of the Riksdag has the role of formally appointing the prime minister , following a vote in the Riksdag , and the prime minister in turn appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers at his / her sole discretion . Diplomatic role ( edit ) Tekiso Hati , Ambassador of the Kingdom of Lesotho , presenting his credentials to Russian President Vladimir Putin Daniel B. Shapiro , U.S. Ambassador to Israel , presents his credentials to Israeli President Shimon Peres on 3 August 2011 A 1992 Letter of Credence , written in French , for the Czechoslovakian Ambassador to Lithuania , signed by the President of Czechoslovakia and addressed to his Lithuanian counterpart The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , which codified longstanding custom , operates under the presumption that the head of a diplomatic mission ( i.e. ambassador or nuncio ) of the sending state is accredited to the head of state of the receiving state . The head of state accredits ( i.e. formally validates ) his or her country 's ambassadors ( or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs , such as high commissioner or papal nuncio ) through sending formal a Letter of Credence ( and a Letter of Recall at the end of a tenure ) to other heads of state and , conversely , receives the letters of their foreign counterparts . Without that accreditation , the chief of the diplomatic mission can not take up their role and receive the highest diplomatic status . The role of a head of state in this regard , is codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961 , which ( as of 2017 ) 191 sovereign states has ratified . However , there are provisions in the Vienna Convention that a diplomatic agent of lesser rank , such as a Chargé d'affaires , is accredited to the minister of foreign affairs ( or equivalent ) . The head of state is often designated the high contracting party in international treaties on behalf of the state ; signs them either personally or has them signed in his / her name by ministers ( government members or diplomats ) ; subsequent ratification , when necessary , may rest with the legislature . The treaties constituting the European Union and the European Communities are noteworthy contemporary cases of multilateral treaties cast in this traditional format , as are the accession agreements of new member states . However , rather than being invariably concluded between two heads of state , it has become common that bilateral treaties are in present times cast in an intergovernmental format , e.g. , between the Government of X and the Government of Y , rather than between His Majesty the King of X and His Excellency the President of Y . Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 8 of the Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein states : 1 ) The Reigning Prince shall represent the State in all its relations with foreign countries , without prejudice to the requisite participation of the responsible Government . 2 ) Treaties by which territory of the State would be ceded , State property alienated , sovereign rights or prerogatives of the State affected , a new burden imposed on the Principality or its citizens , or an obligation assumed that would limit the rights of the citizens of Liechtenstein shall require the assent of Parliament to attain legal force . Example 2 ( parliamentary republic ) : Article 59 ( 1 ) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany states : The Federal President shall represent the Federation in its international relations . He shall conclude treaties with foreign states on behalf of the Federation . He shall accredit and receive envoys ... Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Article 14 of the French Constitution of 1958 states : The President of the Republic shall accredit ambassadors and envoys extraordinary to foreign powers ; foreign ambassadors and envoys extraordinary shall be accredited to him . Example 4 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Chapter 4 , Article 86 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Russia states : The President of the Russian Federation : a ) shall direct the foreign policy of the Russian Federation ; b ) shall hold negotiations and sign international treaties of the Russian Federation ; c ) shall sign instruments of ratification ; d ) shall receive letters of credence and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to his ( her ) office . Example 5 ( single party republic ) : Section 2 , Article 81 of the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China states : The President of the People 's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People 's Republic of China and , in pursuance of decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress , appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad , and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states . In Canada , these head of state powers belong to the monarch as part of the Royal Prerogative , but the Governor General has been permitted to exercise them since 1947 and has done so since the 1970s . Military role ( edit ) Main article : Commander in Chief Albert II , King of the Belgians inspecting troops on Belgium 's national day in 2011 Nicolas Sarkozy , President of France and General Jean - Louis Georgelin , Chief of the Defence Staff , reviewing troops during the 2008 Bastille Day military parade on the Champs - Élysées in Paris A head of state is often , by virtue of holding the highest executive powers , explicitly designated as the commander - in - chief of that nation 's armed forces , holding the highest office in all military chains of command . In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency , the head of state may de jure hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally , as per either written law or unwritten convention , exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers : meaning that the de facto ultimate decision making on military maneuvers is made elsewhere . The head of state will , regardless of actual authority , perform ceremonial duties related to the country 's armed forces , and will sometimes appear in military uniform for these purposes ; particularly in monarchies where also the monarch 's consort and other members of a royal family may also appear in military garb . This is generally the only time a head of state of a stable , democratic country will appear dressed in such a manner , as statesmen and public are eager to assert the primacy of ( civilian , elected ) politics over the armed forces . In military dictatorships , or governments which have arisen from coups d'état , the position of commander - in - chief is obvious , as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force ; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond his or her normal constitutional role , as King Albert I of Belgium did during World War I. In these and in revolutionary regimes , the head of state , and often executive ministers whose offices are legally civilian , will frequently appear in military uniform . Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article III , Section 15 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , a part of the Constitution of Canada , states : The Command - in - Chief of the Land and Naval Militia , and of all Naval and Military Forces , of and in Canada , is hereby declared to continue to be vested in the Queen . Example 2 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 25 of the Constitution of Norway states : The King is Commander - in - Chief of the land and naval forces of the Realm . These forces may not be increased or reduced without the consent of the Storting . They may not be transferred to the service of foreign powers , nor may the military forces of any foreign power , except auxiliary forces assisting against hostile attack , be brought into the Realm without the consent of the Storting . The territorial army and the other troops which can not be classed as troops of the line must never , without the consent of the Storting , be employed outside the borders of the Realm . Example 3 ( parliamentary republic ) : Chapter II , Article 87 , 4th section of the Constitution of Italy states : The President is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces , shall preside over the Supreme Council of Defense established by law , and shall make declarations of war as have been agreed by Parliament of Italy . Example 4 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Article 15 of the French Constitution of 1958 states : The President of the Republic shall be Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . He shall preside over the higher national defence councils and committees . Example 5 ( semi-presidential republic ) : According to Chapter 4 , Article 87 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Russia : The President of the Russian Federation shall be the Supreme Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . Example 6 ( presidential republic ) : Article II , Section 2 of the United States Constitution states : The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States , and of the Militia of the several States , when called into the actual Service of the United States . Example 7 ( executive monarchy ) : Article 65 of the Constitution of Qatar provides that : The Emir is the Commander - in - Chief of the armed forces . He shall supervise the same with the assistance of Defence Council under his direct authority . The said Council shall be constituted by an Emiri Resolution , which will also determine the functions thereof . Some countries with a parliamentary system designate officials other than the head of state with command - in - chief powers . In Germany , the Basic Law of the Federal Republic vests this authority in the Minister of Defence in normal peace - time ( article 65a ) , and that command authority is transferred to the Federal Chancellor when a State of Defence is invoked ( article 115b ) : something which has never happened so far . In Israel , the applicable basic law states that the ultimate authority over the Israel Defense Forces rests with the Government of Israel as a collective body . The authority of the Government is exercised by the Minister of Defense on behalf of the Government , and subordinate to the Minister is the Chief of General Staff who holds the highest level of command within the military . Legislative roles ( edit ) It is usual that the head of state , particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role , is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature , e.g. the annual State Opening of Parliament with the Speech from the Throne in Britain . Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status , e.g. the State of the Union address in the United States of America . Most countries require that all bills passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state . In some states , such as the United Kingdom , Belgium and Ireland , the head of state is , in fact , formally considered a tier of the legislature . However , in most parliamentary systems , the head of state can not refuse to sign a bill , and , in granting a bill their assent , indicate that it was passed in accordance with the correct procedures . The signing of a bill into law is formally known as promulgation . Some monarchical states call this procedure royal assent . Example 1 ( non-executive parliamentary monarchy ) : Chapter 1 , Article 4 of the Swedish Riksdag Act provides that : The formal opening of a Riksdag session takes place at a special meeting of the Chamber held no later than the third day of the session . At this meeting , the Head of State declares the session open at the invitation of the Speaker . If the Head of State is unable to attend , the Speaker declares the session open . Example 2 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 9 of the Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein provides that : Every law shall require the sanction of the Reigning Prince to attain legal force . Example 3 ( parliamentary republic ) : Section 11. a. 1 . of the Basic Laws of Israel states : The President of the State shall sign every Law , other than a Law relating to its powers . Example 4 ( semi-presidential republic ) : According to Chapter 4 , Article 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation : The President of the Russian Federation : a ) shall announce elections to the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law ; c ) shall announce referendums in accordance with the procedure established by federal constitutional law ; d ) shall submit draft laws to the State Duma ; e ) shall sign and promulgate federal laws ; f ) shall address the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country and on the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State . Example 5 ( presidential republic ) : Article 1 , Section 7 of the United States Constitution states : Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approves he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated ... Example 6 ( presidential republic ) : Article 84 of the Brazilian Constitution provides that : The President of the Republic shall have the exclusive power to : III -- start the legislative procedure , in the manner and in the cases set forth in this Constitution ; IV - sanction , promulgate and order the publication of laws , as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof ; V - veto bills , wholly or in part ; XI - upon the opening of the legislative session , send a government message and plan to the National Congress , describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary ; XXIII - submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan , the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution ; XXIV - render , each year , accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year , within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session . Example 7 ( ruling monarchy ) : Article 106 of the Constitution of Qatar states : 1 . Any draft law passed by the Council shall be referred to the Emir for ratification . 2 . If the Emir , declines to approve the draft law , he shall return it a long with the reasons for such declination to the Council within a period of three months from the date of referral . 3 . In the event that a draft law is returned to the Council within the period specified in the preceding paragraph and the Council passes the same once more with a two - thirds majority of all its Members , the Emir shall ratify and promulgate it . The Emir may in compelling circumstances order the suspension of this law for the period that he deems necessary to serve the higher interests of the country . If , however , the draft law is not passed by a two - thirds majority , it shall not be reconsidered within the same term of session . In some parliamentary systems , the head of state retains certain powers in relation to bills to be exercised at his or her discretion . They may have authority to veto a bill until the houses of the legislature have reconsidered it , and approved it a second time ; reserve a bill to be signed later , or suspend it indefinitely ( generally in states with royal prerogative ; this power is rarely used ) ; refer a bill to the courts to test its constitutionality ; refer a bill to the people in a referendum . If he or she is also chief executive , he or she can thus politically control the necessary executive measures without which a proclaimed law can remain dead letter , sometimes for years or even forever . Summoning and dissolving the legislature ( edit ) A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country 's legislature . In most parliamentary systems , this is often done on the advice of the head of government . In some parliamentary systems , and in some presidential systems , however , the head of state may do so on their own initiative . Some states have fixed term legislatures , with no option of bringing forward elections ( e.g. , Article II , Section 3 , of the U.S. Constitution ) . In other systems there are usually fixed terms , but the head of state retains authority to dissolve the legislature in certain circumstances . Where a head of government has lost support in the legislature , some heads of state may refuse a dissolution , where one is requested , thereby forcing the head of government 's resignation . Example 1 ( parliamentary non-executive republic ) : Article 13.2. 2 . of the Constitution of Ireland states : The President may in absolute discretion refuse to dissolve Dáil Éireann on the advice of a Taoiseach who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann . Example 2 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Article 12 , first sentence of the French Constitution of 1958 states : The President of the Republic may , after consulting the Prime Minister and the Presidents of the Houses of Parliament , declare the National Assembly dissolved . Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Chapter 4 , article 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation provides : The President of the Russian Federation : b ) shall dissolve the State Duma in the cases and in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation ; Other prerogatives ( edit ) Granting nobility , knighthood and various titles and other honors ( edit ) Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 113 of the Constitution of Belgium states : The King may confer titles of nobility , without ever having the power to attach privileges to them . Example 2 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 23 of the Constitution of Norway states : The King may bestow orders upon whomever he pleases as a reward for distinguished services , and such orders must be publicly announced , but no rank or title other than that attached to any office . The order exempts no one from the common duties and burdens of citizens , nor does it carry with it any preferential admission to senior official posts in the State . Senior officials honorably discharged from office retain the title and rank of their office . This does not apply , however , to Members of the Council of State or the State Secretaries . No personal , or mixed , hereditary privileges may henceforth be granted to anyone . Example 3 ( parliamentary republic ) : Title II , Article 87 , 8th section of the Constitution of Italy states : The President shall confer the honorary distinctions of the Republic . Immunity ( edit ) See also : Sovereign immunity and Immunity from prosecution ( international law ) Example 1 ( parliamentary non-executive monarchy ) : Chapter 5 , Article 8 of the Swedish Instrument of Government of 1974 states : The King or Queen who is Head of State can not be prosecuted for his or her actions . Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State . Example 2 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Article 5 of the Constitution of Norway states : The King 's person is sacred ; he can not be censured or accused . The responsibility rests with his Council . Example 3 ( parliamentary republic ) : Chapter 3 , Article 65 of the Constitution of the Czech Republic states : ( 1 ) President of the Republic may not be detained , subjected to criminal prosecution or prosecuted for offense or other administrative delict . ( 2 ) President of the Republic may be prosecuted for high treason at the Constitutional Court based on the Senate 's suit . The punishment may be the loss of his presidential office and of his eligibility to regain it . ( 3 ) Criminal prosecution for criminal offenses committed by the President of the Republic while executing his office shall be ruled out forever . Example 4 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Chapter I , Article 130 of the Constitution of Portugal states : 1 . The President of the Republic answers before the Supreme Court of Justice for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions . 2 . Proceedings may only be initiated by the Assembly of the Republic , upon a motion subscribed by one fifth and a decision passed by a two - thirds majority of all the Members of the Assembly of the Republic in full exercise of their office . 3 . Conviction implies removal from office and disqualification from re-election . 4 . For crimes that are not committed in the exercise of his functions , the President of the Republic answers before the common courts , once his term of office has ended . Example 5 ( executive monarchy ) : Article 64 of the Constitution of Qatar : The Emir is the head of State . His person shall be inviolable and he must be respected by all . Reserve powers ( edit ) See also : reserve power Example 1 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Article 16 of the French Constitution of 1958 states : Where the institutions of the Republic , the independence of the Nation , the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat , and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted , the President of the Republic shall take measures required by these circumstances , after formally consulting the Prime Minister , the Presidents of the Houses of Parliament and the Constitutional Council . He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures . The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible , with the means to carry out their duties . The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such measures . Parliament shall sit as of right . The National Assembly shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers . After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers , the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the President of the National Assembly , the President of the Senate , sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty Senators , so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply . The Council shall make its decision publicly as soon as possible . It shall , as of right , carry out such an examination and shall make its decision in the same manner after sixty days of the exercise of emergency powers or at any moment thereafter . Example 2 ( executive monarchy ) : Articles 69 & 70 of the Constitution of Qatar : Article 69 The Emir may , be a decree , declare Martial Laws in the country in the event of exceptional cases specified by the law ; and in such cases , he may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State , the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the State from performing their duties . However , the decree must specify the nature of such exceptional cases for which the martial laws have been declared and clarify the measures taken to address this situation . Al - Shoura Council shall be notified of this decree within the fifteen days following its issue ; and in the event that the Council is not in session for any reason whatsoever , the Council shall be notified of the decree at its first convening . Martial laws shall be declared for a limited period and the same shall not be extended unless approved by Al - Shoura Council . Article 70 The Emir may , in the event of exceptional cases that require measures of utmost urgency which necessitate the issue of special laws and in case that Al - Shoura Council is not in session , issue pertinent decrees that have the power of law . Such decree - laws shall be submitted to Al - Shoura Council at its first meeting ; and the Council may within a maximum period of forty days from the date of submission and with a two - thirds majority of its Members reject any of these decree - laws or request amendment thereof to be effected within a specified period of time ; such decree - laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Council or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired . Right of pardon ( edit ) See also : Pardon Example 1 ( parliamentary monarchy ) : Section 24 of the Constitution of Denmark states : The King can grant pardons and amnesties . He may only pardon Ministers convicted by the Court of Impeachment with the consent of Parliament . Example 2 ( parliamentary republic ) : According to Chapter V , Article 60 ( 2 ) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany : He ( The President ) shall exercise the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation . Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ) : Title II , Article 17 of the French Constitution of 1958 states : The President of the Republic is vested with the power to grant individual pardons . Example 4 ( presidential republic ) : Article II , Section 2 of the Constitution of the United States provides that : ... and he ( The President ) shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States , except in Cases of Impeachment . Example 5 ( presidential parliamentary republic ) : Part XI , Article 80 of the Constitution of Nauru : The President may - ( a ) grant a pardon , either free or subject to lawful conditions , to a person convicted of an offence ; ( b ) grant to a person a respite , either indefinite or for a specified period , of the execution of a punishment imposed on that person for an offence ; ( c ) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on a person for an offence ; or ( d ) remit the whole or a part of a punishment imposed on a person for an offence or of a penalty or forfeiture on account of an offence . Governors - general ( Commonwealth realms ) ( edit ) Main article : Governor - General § Modern Commonwealth The Lord Tweedsmuir ( left ) was Governor General of Canada from 1935 to 1940 ; Sir Paulias Matane ( right ) was Governor - General of Papua New Guinea from 2004 to 2010 In the Commonwealth realms , other than the United Kingdom , a governor - general ( governor general in Canada ) is appointed by the sovereign , on the advice of the relevant prime minister , as a representative and to exercise almost all the Royal Prerogative according to established constitutional authority . In Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state , since the governor - general and the state governors are defined as her `` representatives '' . However , since the governor - general performs almost all national regal functions , the governor - general has occasionally been referred to as head of state in political and media discussion . To a lesser extent , uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder -- the monarch , the governor general , or both -- can be considered the head of state . New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , and Tuvalu explicitly name the monarch as their head of state ( though Tuvalu 's constitution states that `` references in any law to the Head of State shall be read as including a reference to the Governor - General '' ) . Governors - general are frequently treated as heads of state on state and official visits ; at the United Nations , they are accorded the status of head of state in addition to the sovereign . An example of a governor - general departing from constitutional convention by acting unilaterally ( that is , without direction from ministers , parliament , or the monarch ) occurred in 1926 , when Canada 's governor general refused the head of government 's formal advice requesting a dissolution of parliament and a general election . In a letter informing the monarch after the event , the Governor General said : `` I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course , and this I do with an easy conscience that , right or wrong , I have acted in the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision . '' Another example occurred when , in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , the Governor - General unexpectedly dismissed the Prime Minister in order to break a stalemate between the House of Representatives and Senate over money bills . The Governor - General issued a public statement saying he felt it was the only solution consistent with the constitution , his oath of office , and his responsibilities , authority , and duty as governor - general . A letter from the Australian monarch 's Private Secretary at the time , Martin Charteris , confirmed that the only person competent to commission an Australian prime minister was the governor - general and it would not be proper for the monarch to personally intervene in matters that the Constitution Act so clearly places within the governor - general 's jurisdiction . Other Commonwealth realms that are now constituted with a governor - general as the viceregal representative of Elizabeth II are : Antigua and Barbuda , the Bahamas , Belize , Grenada , Jamaica , New Zealand , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Selection and various types and styles of heads of state ( edit ) Although many constitutions , particularly from the 19th century and earlier , make no explicit mention of a head of state in the generic sense of several present day international treaties , the officeholders corresponding to this position are recognized as such by other countries . In a monarchy , the monarch is generally understood to be the head of state . In a republic , the head of state nowadays usually bears the title of President , but some have or had had other titles . In medieval Europe , it was universally accepted that the Pope ranked first among all rulers and was followed by the Holy Roman Emperor . The Pope also had the sole right to determine the precedence of all others . This principle was first challenged by a Protestant ruler , Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and was later maintained by his country at the Congress of Westphalia . Great Britain would later claim a break of the old principle for the Quadruple Alliance in 1718 . However , it was not until the 1815 Congress of Vienna , when it was decided ( due to the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the weak position of France and other catholic states to assert themselves ) and remains so to this day , that all sovereign states are treated as equals , whether monarchies or republics . On occasions when multiple heads of state or their representatives meet , precedence is by the host usually determined in alphabetical order ( in whatever language the host determines , although French has for much of the 19th and 20th centuries been the lingua franca of diplomacy ) or by date of accession . Contemporary international law on precedence , built upon the universally admitted principles since 1815 , derives from the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations ( in particular , articles 13 , 16.1 and Appendix iii ) . There are also several methods of head of state succession in the event of the removal , disability or death of an incumbent head of state . European writers and revolutions , 16th -- 20th centuries ( edit ) Niccolò Machiavelli used Prince ( Italian : Principe ) as a generic term for the ruler , similar to contemporary usage of head of state , in his classical treatise The Prince , originally published in 1532 : in fact that particular literary genre it belongs to is known as Mirrors for princes . Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan ( 1651 ) used the term Sovereign . In Europe the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler -- in the sense of Divine Right of Kings as articulated by Jean Bodin , Absolutism and the `` L'etat c'est moi '' -- to that of a constitutional monarch ; parallel with the conceptual evolution of sovereignty from merely the personal rule of a single person , to Westphalian sovereignty ( Peace of Westphalia ending both the Thirty Years ' War & Eighty Years ' War ) and popular sovereignty as in consent of the governed ; as shown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England & Scotland , the French Revolution in 1789 , and the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations . Titles commonly used by monarchs are King / Queen or Emperor / Empress , but also many other ; e.g. , Grand Duke , Prince , Emir and Sultan . European writers of 16th and 17th centuries Title page of 1550 Italian edition of Machiavelli 's The Prince Bodin named on title page of Discorsi politici ( 1602 ) by Fabio Albergati who compared Bodin 's political theories unfavourably with those of Aristotle Frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( 1651 ) Shared and substitute heads of state ( edit ) Interim ( edit ) Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason , constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body . In a republic , this is - depending on provisions outlined by the constitution or improvised - a vice-president , the chief of government , the legislature or its presiding officer . In a monarchy , this is usually a regent or collegial regency ( council ) . For example , in the United States the Vice-President acts when the President is incapacitated , and in the United Kingdom the Queen 's powers may be delegated to Counselors of State when she is abroad or unavailable . Shared ( edit ) In some countries where there is no resident head of state , such as Andorra , a local representative is appointed . In the case of Andorra , two co-princes act as the principality 's heads of state ; one is also simultaneously the President of France , residing in France , and the other is the Bishop of Urgell , residing in Spain . Each co-prince is represented in Andorra by a delegate , though these persons hold no formal title . Extraordinary arrangements ( edit ) In exceptional situations , such as war , occupation , revolution or a coup d'état , constitutional institutions , including the symbolically crucial head of state , may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favor of an emergency office ( such as the original Roman Dictator ) or eliminated by a new `` provisionary '' regime , such as a collective of the junta type , or removed by an occupying force , such as a military governor ( an early example being the Spartan Harmost ) . Religious heads of state ( edit ) Francis , from March 2013 the sovereign head of Vatican City State , an ex officio role of the Pope Since antiquity , various dynasties or individual rulers have claimed the right to rule by divine authority , such as the Mandate of Heaven and the divine right of kings . Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry , such as Egyptian pharaohs and Sapa Incas , who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often sought to maintain this bloodline by practicing incestuous marriage . In Ancient Rome , during the Principate , the title divus ( ' divine ' ) was conferred ( notably posthumously ) on the emperor , a symbolic , legitimating element in establishing a de facto dynasty . Christianity ( edit ) In Roman Catholicism , the pope was once sovereign pontiff and head of state , first , of the politically important Papal States . After Italian unification , the pope remains head of state of Vatican City . Furthermore , the Bishop of Urgell is ex officio one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra . In the Church of England , the reigning monarch holds the title Defender of the Faith and acts as Supreme Governor of the Church of England , although this is purely a symbolic role . Islam ( edit ) Abdulmecid II is the 150th and last Caliph of Islam from Ottoman dynasty During the early period of Islam , caliphs were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of the Prophet Mohammed . Various political Muslim leaders since have styled themselves Caliph and served as dynastic heads of state , sometimes in addition to another title , such as the Ottoman Sultan . Historically , some theocratic Islamic states known as imamates have been led by imams as head of state , such as in what is now Oman , Yemen , and Saudi Arabia . In the modern Islamic Republic of Iran , the Supreme Leader , at present Ali Khamenei serves as head of state . The Aga Khans , a unique dynasty of temporal / religious leadership , leading an offshoot of Shia Islam in Central and South Asia , once ranking among British India 's princely states , continue to the present day . Hinduism ( edit ) In Hinduism , certain dynasties adopted a title expressing their positions as `` servant '' of a patron deity of the state , but in the sense of a viceroy under an absentee god - king , ruling `` in the name of '' the patron god ( ess ) , such as Patmanabha Dasa ( servant of Vishnu ) in the case of the Maharaja of Travancore . Buddhism ( edit ) From the time of the 5th Dalai Lama until the political retirement of the 14th Dalai Lama in 2011 , Dalai Lamas were both political and spiritual leaders ( `` god - king '' ) of Tibet . Outer Mongolia , the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan , was another lamaist theocracy from 1585 , using various styles , such as tulku . The establishment of the Communist Mongolian People 's Republic replaced this regime in 1924 . City states and crowned republics ( edit ) The polis in Greek Antiquity and the equivalent city states in the feudal era and later , ( many in Italy , the Holy Roman Empire , the Moorish taifa in Iberia , essentially tribal - type but urbanized regions throughout the world in the Maya civilization , etc . ) offer a wide spectrum of styles , either monarchic ( mostly identical to homonyms in larger states ) or republican , see Chief magistrate . Doges were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility , but `` reigned '' as sovereign dukes . The paradoxical term crowned republic refers to various state arrangements that combine `` republican '' and `` monarchic '' characteristics . The Netherlands historically had officials called stadholders and stadholders - general , titles meaning `` lieutenant '' or `` governor '' , originally for the Habsburg monarchs . Multiple or collective heads of state ( edit ) A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ) , e.g. , nominal triumvirates , the Directoire , the seven - member Swiss Federal Council where each member acts in turn as ceremonial head of state ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina with a three - member presidium from three different nations , San Marino with two `` Captains - regent '' which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics that had always had an even number of consuls . In condominiums , sovereignty is shared between two external powers , e.g. , Andorra ( president of France and bishop of Urgell , Spain , co-princes ) , and the former Anglo - French New Hebrides ( each nation 's head of state was represented by a high commissioner ) . In the Roman Republic there were two heads of state , styled Consul , both of whom alternated months of authority during their year in office , similarly there was an even number of supreme magistrates in the Italic republics of Ancient Age . In the Athenian Republic there were nine supreme magistrates , styled archons . In Carthage there were two supreme magistrates , styled kings or suffetes ( judges ) . In ancient Sparta there were two hereditary kings , belonging to two different dynasties . Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may ( or not ) have a symbolic , essentially protocollary , titled highest office , e.g. , Head of the Commonwealth ( held by the British crown , but not legally reserved for it ) or ' Head of the Arab Union ' ( 14 February - 14 July 1958 , held by the Hashemite King of Iraq , during its short - lived Federation with Jordan , its Hashemite sister - realm ) . The National Government of the Republic of China , established in 1928 , had a panel of about 40 people as collective head of state . Though beginning that year , a provisional constitution made the Kuomintang the sole government party and the National Government bound to the instructions of the Central Executive Committee of that party . Unique cases and titles ( edit ) Though president and various monarchichal titles are most commonly used for heads of state , in some nationalistic regimes , the leader adopts , formally or de facto , a unique style simply meaning `` leader '' in the national language , e.g. , Germany 's single national socialist party chief and combined head of state and government , Adolf Hitler , as the Führer between 1934 and 1945 . In 1959 , when former British crown colony Singapore gained self - government , it adopted the Malay style Yang di - Pertuan Negara ( literally means `` head of state '' in Malay ) for its governor ( the actual head of state remained the British monarch ) . The second and last incumbent of the office , Yusof bin Ishak , kept the style at the 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after the 16 September 1963 accession to Malaysia as a state ( so now as a constituent part of the federation , a non-sovereign level ) . After its expulsion from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 , Singapore became a sovereign Commonwealth republic and installed Yusof bin Ishak as its first President . In 1959 after the resignation of Vice President of Indonesia Mohammad Hatta , President Sukarno abolished the position and title of vice-president , assuming the positions of Prime Minister and Head of Cabinet . He also proclaimed himself president for life ( Indonesian : Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi ; `` panglima '' meaning `` commander or martial figurehead '' , `` tertinggi '' meaning `` highest '' ; roughly translated to English as `` Supreme Commander of the Revolution '' ) . He was praised as `` Paduka Yang Mulia '' , a Malay honorific originally given to kings ; Sukarno awarded himself titles in that fashion due to his noble ancestry . There are also a few nations in which the exact title and definition of the office of head of state have been vague . During the Chinese Cultural Revolution , following the downfall of Liu Shaoqi , who was Chairman of the People 's Republic of China , no successor was named , so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress . This situation was later changed : the Head of State of the PRC is now the President of the People 's Republic of China . In North Korea , the late Kim Il - sung was named `` Eternal President '' 4 years after his death and the presidency was abolished . As a result , some of the duties previously held by the President are constitutionally delegated to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly , who performs some of the roles of a Head of State , such as accrediting foreign ambassadors and undertaking overseas visits . However , the symbolic role of a Head of State is generally performed by Kim Jong - un , who as the leader of the party and military , is the most powerful person in North Korea . There is debate as to whether Samoa is / was an elective monarchy or an aristocratic republic , given the comparative ambiguity of the title O le Ao o le Malo and the nature of the head of state 's office . In some states the office of head of state is not expressed in a specific title reflecting that role , but constitutionally awarded to a post of another formal nature . Thus in March 1979 Colonel Muammar Gaddafi , who kept absolute power ( until his overthrow in 2011 referred to as `` Guide of the Revolution '' ) , after ten years as combined Head of State and Head of government of the Libyan Jamahiriya ( `` state of the masses '' ) , styled Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council , formally transferred both qualities to the General secretaries of the General People 's Congress ( comparable to a Speaker ) respectively to a Prime Minister , in political reality both were his creatures . Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality , before a formal title for the highest office is determined ; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon ( Cameroun , a former French colony ) , the first President , Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo , was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as chef d'état - ( French ' head of state ' ) until 5 May 1960 . In Uganda , Idi Amin the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled military head of state till 21 February 1971 , only from then on regular ( but unconstitutional , not elected ) president . In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood , e.g. , the title Sardar - i - Riyasat was used in Kashmir after its accession to India , and the Palestine Liberation Organization leader , Yasser Arafat , was styled the first `` President of the Palestinian National Authority '' in 1994 . In 2008 , the same office was restyled as `` President of the State of Palestine '' . Legitimacy ( edit ) The position of head of state can be established in different ways , and with different sources of legitimacy . By fiction or fiat ( edit ) Power can come from force , but formal legitimacy is often established , even if only by fictitious claims of continuity ( e.g. , a forged claim of descent from a previous dynasty ) . There have been cases of sovereignty granted by deliberate act , even when accompanied by orders of succession ( as may be the case in a dynastic split ) . Such grants of sovereignty are usually forced , as is common with self - determination granted after nationalist revolts . This occurred with the last Attalid king of Hellenistic Pergamon , who by testament left his realm to Rome to avoid a disastrous conquest . By divine appointment ( edit ) Under a theocracy , perceived divine status translated into earthly authority under divine law . This can take the form of supreme divine authority above the state 's , granting a tool for political influence to a priesthood . In this way , the Amun priesthood reversed the reforms of Pharaoh Akhenaten after his death . The division of theocratic power can be disputed , as happened between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor in the investiture conflict when the temporal power sought to control key clergy nominations in order to guarantee popular support , and thereby his own legitimacy , by incorporating the formal ceremony of unction during coronation . By social contract ( edit ) The notion of a social contract holds that the nation -- either the whole people or the electorate -- gives a mandate , through acclamation or election . By Constitution ( edit ) Individual heads of state may acquire their position by virtue of a constitution . An example includes SFR Yugoslavia whose Constitution from 1974 , article 333 , stated that Federal Assembly can appoint namely Josip Broz Tito as the President of Republic without time limitation . By hereditary succession ( edit ) Four generations of Danish kings in 1903 : King Christian IX ( left ) , Christian ( X ) ( back ) , Frederick ( VIII ) ( right ) , and Frederick ( IX ) ( front ) The position of a monarch is usually hereditary , but in constitutional monarchies , there are usually restrictions on the incumbent 's exercise of powers and prohibitions on the possibility of choosing a successor by other means than by birth . In a hereditary monarchy , the position of monarch is inherited according to a statutory or customary order of succession , usually within one royal family tracing its origin through a historical dynasty or bloodline . This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession . However , many cases of uncertain succession in European history have often led to wars of succession . Primogeniture , in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch , is the most common system in hereditary monarchy . The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender . Historically `` agnatic primogeniture '' or `` patrilineal primogeniture '' was favoured , that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or head of family , with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their issue , and male - line males inheriting before females of the male line . This is the same as semi-Salic primogeniture . Complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the Salic law ( see Terra salica ) . Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition , kings would often secure the succession by having their successor ( usually their eldest son ) crowned during their own lifetime , so for a time there would be two kings in coregency -- a senior king and a junior king . Examples include Henry the Young King of England and the early Direct Capetians in France . Sometimes , however , primogeniture can operate through the female line . In some systems a female may rule as monarch only when the male line dating back to a common ancestor is exhausted . In 1980 , Sweden , by rewriting its 1810 Act of Succession , became the first European monarchy to declare equal ( full cognatic ) primogeniture , meaning that the eldest child of the monarch , whether female or male , ascends to the throne . Other European monarchies ( such as the Netherlands in 1983 , Norway in 1990 and Belgium in 1991 ) have since followed suit . Similar reforms were proposed in 2011 for the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms , which came into effect in 2015 after having been approved by all of the affected nations . Sometimes religion is affected ; under the Act of Settlement 1701 all Roman Catholics and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the British monarch and are skipped in the order of succession . In some monarchies there may be liberty for the incumbent , or some body convening after his or her demise , to choose from eligible members of the ruling house , often limited to legitimate descendants of the dynasty 's founder . Rules of succession may be further limited by state religion , residency , equal marriage or even permission from the legislature . Other hereditary systems of succession included tanistry , which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and Agnatic seniority . In some monarchies , such as Saudi Arabia , succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch 's next eldest brother , and only after that to the monarch 's children ( agnatic seniority ) . By election ( edit ) Election usually is the constitutional way to choose the head of state of a republic , and some monarchies , either directly through popular election , indirectly by members of the legislature or of a special college of electors ( such as the Electoral College in the United States ) , or as an exclusive prerogative . Exclusive prerogative allows the heads of states of constituent monarchies of a federation to choose the head of state for the federation among themselves , as in the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia . The Pope , head of state of Vatican City , is chosen by previously appointed cardinals under 80 years of age from among themselves in a papal conclave . By appointment ( edit ) A head of state can be empowered to designate his successor , such as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell , who was succeeded by his son Richard . By force or Revolution ( edit ) A head of state may seize power by force or revolution . This is not the same as the use of force to maintain power , as is practiced by authoritarian or totalitarian rulers . Dictators often use democratic titles , though some proclaim themselves monarchs . Examples of the latter include Emperor Napoleon III of France and King Zog of Albania . In Spain , general Francisco Franco adopted the formal title Jefe del Estado , or Chief of State , and established himself as regent for a vacant monarchy . Uganda 's Idi Amin was one of several who named themselves President for Life . By foreign imposition ( edit ) A foreign power can establishing a branch of their own dynasty , or one friendly to their interests . This was the outcome of the Russo - Swedish War from 1741 to 1743 where the Russian Empress made the imposition of her relative Adolf Frederick as the heir to the Swedish Throne , to succeed Frederick I who lacked legitimate issue , as a peace condition . Loss ( edit ) Apart from violent overthrow , a head of state 's position can be lost in several ways , including death , another by expiration of the constitutional term of office , abdication , or resignation . In some cases , an abdication can not occur unilaterally , but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament , as in the case of British King Edward VIII . The post can also be abolished by constitutional change ; in such cases , an incumbent may be allowed to finish his or her term . Of course , a head of state position will cease to exist if the state itself does . Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability , although some states allow impeachment , or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state 's mandate on exceptional grounds . This may be a common crime , a political sin , or an act by which he or she violates such provisions as an established religion mandatory for the monarch . By similar procedure , an original mandate may be declared invalid . Serious violations of certain fundamental treaty obligations is sometimes considered a valid reason for the relevant international community to depose a head of state , as the United Nations Security Council or certain alliances may do . Former heads of state ( edit ) The National Monument to Kaiser Wilhelm I in Berlin , Germany , dedicated 1897 Effigies , memorials and monuments of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people , such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of Kaiser Wilhelm I , first Emperor of a unified Germany erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century ( monument demolished 1950 ) ; or the Victoria Memorial erected in front of Buckingham Palace London , commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign ( 1837 -- 1901 ) , and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson , King George V ; or the monument , placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall , Kolkata ( Calcutta ) ( 1921 ) , commemorating Queen Victoria 's reign as Empress of India from 1876 . Another , twentieth century , example is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial , a group sculpture constructed ( 1927 -- 1941 ) on a conspicuous skyline in the Black Hills of South Dakota ( 40th state of the Union , 1889 ) , in the midwestern United States , representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding , which is promoted as the `` Shrine of Democracy '' . Personal influence or privileges ( edit ) Former Presidents of the United States , while holding no political powers per se , sometimes continue to exert influence in national and world affairs . A monarch may retain his style and certain prerogatives after abdication , as did King Leopold III of Belgium , who left the throne to his son after winning a referendum which allowed him to retain a full royal household deprived him of a constitutional or representative role . Napoleon transformed the Italian principality of Elba , where he was imprisoned , into a miniature version of his First Empire , with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy , until his Cent Jours escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents , reconvening the Vienna Congress in 1815 , to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in exile on barren Saint Helena . By tradition , deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated continue to use their monarchical titles as a courtesy for the rest of their lives . Hence , even after Constantine II ceased to be King of the Hellenes , it is still common to refer to the deposed king and his family as if they were still on the throne , as many European royal courts and households do in guest lists at royal weddings , as in Sweden in 2010 , Britain in 2011 and Luxembourg in 2012 . The Republic of Greece oppose the right of their deposed monarch and former royal family members to be referred to by their former titles or bearing a surname indicating royal status , and has enacted legislation which hinder acquisition of Greek citizenship unless those terms are met . The former king brought this issue , along with property ownership issues , before the European Court of Human Rights for alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights , but lost with respect to the name issue . However , some other states have no problem with deposed monarchs being referred to by their former title , and even allow them to travel internationally on the state 's diplomatic passport . In the Italian constitution provides that after the period sent the President of the Republic takes the title President Emeritus of the Italian Republic is also a senator for life , and enjoys immunity , flight status and official residences certain privileges . See also ( edit ) 21 - gun salute Aide - de-camp Air transports of heads of state and government Bodyguard Cult of personality Directorial system Honors music Leadership Mirrors for princes National day of mourning Oath of allegiance Oath of office Official residence Official state car Power behind the throne Sacred king State funeral State visit Strongman ( politics ) Lists : List of current heads of state and government List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence List of longest reigning current monarchs List of state leaders by year Records of heads of state World Leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the occasion of a royal marriage in 1760 , the premier of Portugal , the Marquis of Pombal , tried to maintain that the host , the King of Portugal , should as a crowned head have the sovereign right to determine the precedence of how ambassadors ( apart from the papal nuncio and the imperial ambassador ) would rank , based on the date of their credentials . The pragmatic suggestions of Pombal was not successful , and as the pretensions among the great powers were so deep - rooted , it would take the Napoleonic Wars for the great powers to have a fresh look at the issue . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Foakes , Joanne ( 2014 ) . The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law . Oxford International Law Library . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964028 - 7 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steffen ; Shelley , Mack ; Bardes , Barbara ( 2008 ) . `` Beyond Our Borders : Do We Need a President and a King ? '' . American Government and Politics Today , 2009 -- 2010 Edition ( 14th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 470 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 50228 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , Paul ( 2015 ) . European Politics . Routledge . pp. 154 -- 56 , 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 34853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nicolaidis and Weatherill ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . `` Whose Europe ? National Models and the Constitution of the European Union '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gouvea , C.P. ( 2013 ) . `` The Managerial Constitution : The Convergence of Constitutional and Corporate Governance Models '' . SSRN 2288315 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Belavusau , U. ( 2013 ) . Freedom of speech : importing European and US constitutional models in transitional democracies . Routledge . ISBN 9781135071981 . Jump up ^ Klug , Heinz . `` Postcolonial Collages : Distributions of Power and Constitutional Models , With Special Reference to South Africa '' . Jump up ^ Watts . Jump up ^ `` Belgian King , Unable to Sign Abortion Law , Takes Day Off '' . The New York Times . 5 April 1990 . Jump up ^ Art . 93 . `` Should the King find himself unable to reign , the ministers , having observed this inability , immediately summon the Chambers . Regency and guardianship are to be provided by the united Chambers . '' The Constitution of Belgium , Coordinated text of 14 February 1994 ( last updated 8 May 2007 ) ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : HEADS OF STATE , HEADS OF GOVERNMENT , MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Japan , Office of the Prime Minister . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Japan in The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : The Instrument of Government , Riksdag of Sweden . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Duties of the Monarch , Royal Court of Sweden . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Ireland , Office of the Attorney General ( December 2013 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lifetime portrait ( 1796 ) , known as the `` Lansdowne portrait '' , includes spines of two books titled `` American Revolution '' and `` Constitution and Laws of the United States '' . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein ( LR 101 ) ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 , Department of Justice and Constitutional Development ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Botswana , Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington DC . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : THE CONSTITUTION OF NAURU , Parliament of Nauru . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown in Canada '' ( PDF ) . Department of Canadian Heritage . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Queen 's role in Canada , Royal Household . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Olympic Charter : in force as of 2 August 2016 , International Olympic Committee ( August 2016 ) . 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Jump up ^ Guests at the wedding ceremony : Wedding between Crown Princess Victoria and Mr Daniel Westling on Saturday 19 June 2010 , 3.30 p.m. , at Stockholm Cathedral , Royal Court of Sweden . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Selected Guest List for the Wedding Service at Westminster Abbey , The Royal Household ( 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Selected guest list for the wedding service at Cathédrale Notre - Dame de Luxembourg on October 20 , 2012 at 11 : 00 a.m. , Government of Luxembourg . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ THE FORMER KING CONSTANTINOS OF GREECE AND 8 MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY v. GREECE , ( 25701 / 94 DECISION COMMISSION ( Plenary ) 21 / 04 / 1998 ) European Commission of Human Rights . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ CASE OF THE FORMER KING OF GREECE AND OTHERS v. GREECE , ( 25701 / 94 Judgment ( Merits ) Court ( Grand Chamber ) 23 / 11 / 2000 ) , European Court of Human Rights . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Bibliography ( edit ) Markwell , Donald ( 2016 ) . Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State : Australian Experience . Connor Court . ISBN 9781925501155 . Roberts , Sir Ivor , ed. ( 2009 ) . Satow 's Diplomatic Practice ( Sixth ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969355 - 9 . Robertson , David ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Modern Politics : Third Edition . London : Europa Publications . ISBN 1 - 85743 - 093 - X . Watts , Sir Arthur ( 2010 ) . `` Heads of State '' . In Wolfrum , Rüdiger . Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law . Oxford International Public Law . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Look up head of state in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heads of state . Wikidata has the property : head of state ( P35 ) ( see uses ) NDL : 00562411 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_of_state&oldid=799257980 '' Categories : Government institutions Heads of state Monarchy Positions of authority Air transport of heads of state Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing Italian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in a republican state the head of the state is	[ "An independent nation state normally has a head of state, and determines the extent of its head's executive powers of government or formal representational functions.[8] In protocolary terms, the head of a sovereign, independent state is usually identified as the person who, according to that state's constitution, is the reigning monarch, in the case of a monarchy, or the president, in the case of a republic." ]	[ "the president" ]
5701407681327550944	Katie and Emily	Katie and Emily - wikipedia Katie and Emily `` Katie and Emily '' Skins episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 9 Directed by Charles Martin Written by Malcolm Campbell Bryan Elsley Original air date 19 March 2009 Guest appearance ( s ) Ronni Ancona as Jenna Fitch John Bishop as Rob Fitch Antonio Khela as Shop Security Carla Nicholls as Shop Security Redd Smith as James Fitch Allana Taylor as Maria Giles Thomas as Doug Victoria Wicks as College Director Episode chronology ← Previous `` Effy '' Next → `` Finale '' List of Skins episodes `` Katie and Emily '' is the ninth and penultimate episode of the third series of the British teen drama Skins , which first aired on 19 March 2009 on E4 in both Ireland and the United Kingdom . The episode was written by Malcolm Campbell and Bryan Elsley , and was directed by Charles Martin . The episode focuses on the characters of twins Katie and Emily Fitch ( Megan and Kathryn Prescott , respectively ) as they prepare for their college 's annual ball . Katie refuses to leave home , recovering from being hit in the head with a rock , and faces her weakening control over her sister . Emily , meanwhile , is heartbroken when her girlfriend , Naomi Campbell ( Lily Loveless ) , turns down Emily 's invitation to the ball , and comes out to her family about her sexuality . `` Katie and Emily '' featured numerous cameo appearances by the series ' crew members and the winners of various Skins - related competitions . While filming one of the episode 's fight scenes , according to Kathryn Prescott , the actors `` did it a bit too properly '' , with injuries sustained to both Megan Prescott and Giles Thomas . The episode drew just under one million viewers on its first broadcast and was E4 's highest - rated programme of the week . It was received generally well by critics . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Emily , disguised as her twin sister Katie , arrives at college to take Katie 's history exam . In reality , Katie is at home , with nine stitches to the head after being hit with a rock by their friend Effy Stonem , who has disappeared . Katie is embarrassed about how her injuries look , and miserable over the loss of her boyfriend Freddie Mclair ( Luke Pasqualino ) , who only dated her to spite Effy , his real love interest . She begins to take notice of all the hints in front of her , and realises that she can no longer hide from herself the fact that Emily is homosexual . At college , Naomi uncovers Emily 's disguise ( which had not fooled JJ or Freddie either ) and tells her that she plans to spend the summer alone in Cyprus . When Emily tells Naomi that she will miss her , they kiss in an empty corridor and later find themselves at Naomi 's house where they have sex . Afterward , Emily asks Naomi to the college ball , but Naomi , still crippled by insecurity over her sexuality , refuses , leaving Emily heartbroken . Emily leaves and at the bus stop meets Thomas Tomone ( Merveille Lukeba ) , who offers her his shoes and jacket and is unconcerned when she tells him that she is gay . He tries to comfort her but admits that he believes it impossible to stop loving somebody , referring to his ex-girlfriend Pandora Moon ( Lisa Backwell ) . Emily returns home and comes out to her family , telling them that she has been having sex with a girl named Naomi . Her father , Rob ( John Bishop ) , dismisses it as a joke and her mother , Jenna ( Ronni Ancona ) , is speechless , while Katie tries to deny it . She and Emily have a heated argument , leaving Katie crying . The following morning , Naomi visits the Fitches ' house , but Jenna answers the door . She confronts Naomi , convincing her that Emily is not gay and warning Naomi to stay away from her . Naomi too denies her own sexual orientation and leaves hastily . After waking up , Katie and Emily reconcile in their own secret language , and Emily reluctantly agrees to go to the ball with Katie . While shopping for ball gowns , they meet Pandora , who is returning a dress since Thomas has not forgiven her for her infidelity with their friend James Cook . The twins run into Freddie and JJ Jones ( Ollie Barbieri ) while trying on dresses . JJ reveals to Emily that he told Freddie that he had sex with her , and Freddie inadvertently tells Katie , who was unaware of this . She guilts Freddie into accompanying her to the ball and volunteers Emily to go with JJ . Later , she is furious with Emily for having sex with JJ without her permission , still insisting that Emily is `` not gay , ( just ) stupid '' . Katie intercepts one of Naomi 's phone calls to Emily and tricks Naomi into meeting with her , where she reveals Emily 's affair with JJ and warns Naomi not to come to the ball . As Katie , Emily , Freddie and JJ prepare to enter the ball , Naomi arrives , announcing that she knows about Emily and JJ 's fling before she walks in . An upset Emily leaves . Katie starts a fight with Naomi . Unaware of Emily 's presence , she admits her deceit and claims that Emily `` deserved it . '' Infuriated , Emily attacks Katie , wreaking havoc through the entire ball . Emily finally overpowers her sister and raises a fist to punch her , but , after a moment 's hesitation , reconsiders and instead helps Katie to stand up , declaring that she is `` not her . '' In front of everybody , Emily tells Katie that she is her own person and that she is in love with Naomi . Katie accepts Emily 's individuality and sexuality , and Naomi , no longer ashamed of their relationship , extends her hand to Emily . The couple leaves the ball hand - in - hand and Naomi tells Emily that she loves her too . Meanwhile , Pandora apologises again to Thomas and he forgives her , re-introducing himself . Production ( edit ) `` Katie and Emily '' featured a number of cameo appearances . Phil Goldie , who won the `` Skins Needs You '' competition for young directors , appears as a man in the café where Naomi meets Katie . Clara Nicholls and Antonio Aakeel , the winners of a competition to win a speaking role in Skins , played the shop assistant and security guard respectively at the boutique where Katie and Emily shop for ball gowns , while another finalist from the competition , Allana Taylor , starred as a girl dancing with the students ' Head of Form , Doug ( Giles Thomas ) , at the ball . One of the series ' runners , Laurence Wigfield , played a bystander at the ball and the crew 's `` jack of all trades '' , Tyrone Hyman , appeared on a poster in Katie and Emily 's bedroom . Lisa Backwell described the filming of the ball as her `` most favourite , most mental day of filming '' . At the end of the final take of Pandora 's dancing with Doug , the students ' head of year , the entire crew danced into shot . Director Charles Martin was initially dubious of whether Megan and Kathryn Prescott would be able to film Katie and Emily 's fight well enough , but Kathryn said that on their first rehearsal they `` did it a bit too properly '' , ripping out parts of Megan 's hair extensions . Emily 's accidental punching of Doug during the fight was choreographed so that when Kathryn Prescott punched the air in front of Giles Thomas 's face , the camera angle would make it appear that she was actually hitting him . While they were filming , however , Prescott genuinely punched Thomas by accident , causing him to stumble back and step on Megan Prescott 's bare foot , which she injured . Reception ( edit ) `` Katie and Emily '' brought in 957,000 viewers and was E4 's highest - rated programme of the week with an audience share of 4.4 percent . Another 320,000 viewers watched the episode an hour after its initial broadcast on E4 's timeshift channel , E4 + 1 . Sarah Warn , editor - in - chief of lesbian - based website AfterEllen.com , thought that the portrayal of Emily and Naomi 's relationship in the episode was `` a good example of a well - plotted , well - executed , and well - acted storyline coming to a satisfying conclusion '' , which she regarded as `` a noteworthy event given how few TV shows you can say that about '' . She felt that Emily 's changing relationship with Katie as a significant part of her character development made her `` sympathetic and relatable to those who might have otherwise have difficulty relating to a lesbian character '' . One critic for PopSugar.com wrote that in this episode the `` drama was still in full flow '' despite the absence of principal characters Effy and Cook , and was impressed with the episode 's `` uplifting ending '' . They believed that Ronni Ancona was `` fab '' as the twins ' mother , and regarded Pandora and Doug 's dance at the ball as a `` fantastic comic moment '' . Ellie Newton - Syms of InJournalism Magazine was `` thrilled '' with the conclusion of Katie and Emily 's storyline . The entertainment editor for eurOut.org , a website for European lesbians , wrote that she `` almost ( felt ) like joining in '' when Emily cried after breaking up with Naomi , and thought that the twins ' secret language was `` very cute and adorable '' . Dan French , in a review for Digital Spy , highlighted the episode 's `` dramas aplenty '' and believed Katie and Emily 's parents to be `` slightly creepy '' . The Sun 's Keeley Bolger described Katie and Emily 's falling out as `` spectacular '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skins : The Complete Third Series -- `` Making of episode 9 '' ( DVD ) . Channel 4 DVD . ^ Jump up to : `` Online extras - episode 9 '' . E4.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Backwell , Lisa ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` Lisa Backwell 's second blog '' . E4.com . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes ( week ending March 22 , 2009 ) '' ( Press release ) . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ French , Dan ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` Wendy Richard film draws 4.6 m '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Warn , Sarah ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` '' Skins '' Gives Emily and Naomi ( and Viewers ) a Happy Ending `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Series Three , Episode Nine `` Emily & Katie '' `` . PopSugar. 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Newton - Syms , Ellie ( 21 March 2009 ) . `` Skins '' . InJournalism Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Skins recap Episode 3.09 : `` Katie and Emily '' `` . eurOut.org. 21 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ French , Dan ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` Preview : No more twins in ' Skins ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bolger , Keeley ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Twins have a girl fight in Skins '' . The Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . External links ( edit ) `` Katie and Emily '' on IMDb `` Katie and Emily '' at TV.com Skins Episodes Series 1 `` Tony '' `` Cassie '' `` Jal '' `` Chris '' `` Sid '' `` Maxxie and Anwar '' `` Michelle '' `` Effy '' `` Everyone '' Series 2 `` Tony '' Series 3 `` Pandora '' `` Naomi '' `` JJ '' `` Katie and Emily '' Series 4 `` Emily '' `` Everyone '' Series 5 `` Franky '' `` Rich '' `` Mini '' `` Liv '' `` Nick '' `` Alo '' `` Grace '' `` Everyone '' Series 6 `` Everyone '' `` Rich '' `` Franky '' `` Mini '' `` Nick '' `` Alo '' `` Liv '' `` Mini and Franky '' `` Finale '' Skins Redux Skins Fire Skins Pure Skins Rise Characters First generation Tony Stonem Michelle Richardson Sid Jenkins Cassie Ainsworth Chris Miles Jal Fazer Maxxie Oliver Anwar Kharral Lucy `` Sketch '' Second generation Effy Stonem Pandora Moon Thomas Tomone James Cook Freddie McClair JJ Jones Naomi Campbell Katie Fitch Emily Fitch Third generation Franky Fitzgerald Alo Creevey Rich Hardbeck Mini McGuinness Liv Malone Grace Blood Nick Levan Matty Levan Alex Henley See also Recurring characters North American version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_and_Emily&oldid=836790214 '' Categories : 2009 British television episodes Skins ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays emily and katie's dad in skins	[ "Emily, disguised as her twin sister Katie, arrives at college to take Katie's history exam. In reality, Katie is at home, with nine stitches to the head after being hit with a rock by their friend Effy Stonem, who has disappeared. Katie is embarrassed about how her injuries look, and miserable over the loss of her boyfriend Freddie Mclair (Luke Pasqualino), who only dated her to spite Effy, his real love interest. She begins to take notice of all the hints in front of her, and realises that she can no longer hide from herself the fact that Emily is homosexual. At college, Naomi uncovers Emily's disguise (which had not fooled JJ or Freddie either) and tells her that she plans to spend the summer alone in Cyprus. When Emily tells Naomi that she will miss her, they kiss in an empty corridor and later find themselves at Naomi's house where they have sex. Afterward, Emily asks Naomi to the college ball, but Naomi, still crippled by insecurity over her sexuality, refuses, leaving Emily heartbroken. Emily leaves and at the bus stop meets Thomas Tomone (Merveille Lukeba), who offers her his shoes and jacket and is unconcerned when she tells him that she is gay. He tries to comfort her but admits that he believes it impossible to stop loving somebody, referring to his ex-girlfriend Pandora Moon (Lisa Backwell). Emily returns home and comes out to her family, telling them that she has been having sex with a girl named Naomi. Her father, Rob (John Bishop), dismisses it as a joke and her mother, Jenna (Ronni Ancona), is speechless, while Katie tries to deny it. She and Emily have a heated argument, leaving Katie crying.\n" ]	[ "John Bishop" ]
4851187063019992799	California	California - wikipedia California For other uses , see California ( disambiguation ) . State of California Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Golden State Motto ( s ) : Eureka State song ( s ) : `` I Love You , California '' Official language English Spoken languages Native languages as of 2007 English 57.4 % Spanish 28.5 % Chinese 2.8 % Filipino 2.2 % Demonym Californian Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd Total 163,696 sq mi ( 423,970 km ) Width 250 miles ( 400 km ) Length 770 miles ( 1,240 km ) % water 4.7 Latitude 32 ° 32 ′ N to 42 ° N Longitude 114 ° 8 ′ W to 124 ° 26 ′ W Population Ranked 1st Total 39,536,653 ( 2017 est . ) Density 240 / sq mi ( 92.6 / km ) Ranked 11th Median household income $66,636 ( 2016 ) ( 13th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Whitney 14,505 ft ( 4,421.0 m ) Mean 2,900 ft ( 880 m ) Lowest point Badwater Basin − 279 ft ( − 85.0 m ) Before statehood Alta California Admission to Union September 9 , 1850 ( 31st ) Governor Jerry Brown ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom ( D ) Legislature California State Legislature Upper house California State Senate Lower house California State Assembly U.S. Senators Dianne Feinstein ( D ) Kamala Harris ( D ) U.S. House delegation 39 Democrats 14 Republicans ( list ) Time zones Pacific Time Zone Standard time PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer time ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ISO 3166 US - CA Abbreviations CA , Calif. , Cal . Website www.ca.gov show California state symbols The Flag of California The Seal of California Living insignia Amphibian California red - legged frog Bird California quail Fish Fresh water : Golden trout Marine : Garibaldi Flower California poppy Grass Purple needlegrass Insect California dogface butterfly Mammal Land : California grizzly bear ( State animal ) Marine : Gray whale Reptile Desert tortoise Tree California redwood Inanimate insignia Colors Blue & gold Dance West Coast Swing Folk dance Square dance Fossil Sabre - toothed cat Gemstone Benitoite Mineral Native gold Motto Eureka Nickname The Golden State Rock Serpentine Soil San Joaquin Song `` I Love You , California '' Tartan California State Tartan State route marker State quarter Released in 2005 Lists of United States state symbols California is a U.S. state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents , California is the most populous state in the United States and the third largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 8.8 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County ; its largest county by area , San Bernardino County ; and its fifth most densely populated county , San Francisco . California 's $2.8 trillion economy is larger than that of any other state . If it were a country , California would be the 5th largest economy in the world , and the 36th most populous as of 2017 . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and third - largest urban economies ( $1.2 trillion and $821 billion respectively as of 2016 ) , after the New York City metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest GDP per capita in 2016 ( ~ $94,000 ) , and is home to four of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and four of the world 's ten richest people . California is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , innovation , and politics . It is considered the origin of the American film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as the centers of the global technology and entertainment industries , respectively . California has a very diverse economy : 58 % of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . Although it accounts for only 1.5 % of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state . California is bordered by Oregon to the north , Nevada and Arizona to the east , and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east , and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well - known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains . What is now California was first settled by various Native Californian tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large - scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 The first inhabitants 2.2 Colonial and Spanish periods 2.3 California under Mexican rule 2.4 California Republic and American invasion 2.5 Early American statehood period 2.5. 1 Indigenous peoples under early American administration 2.6 20th century 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Ecology 3.3 Flora and fauna 3.4 Rivers 3.5 Regions 4 Demography 4.1 Population 4.2 Cities and towns 4.2. 1 Migration 4.3 National origins 4.4 Languages 5 Culture 5.1 Religion 5.2 Sports 5.3 Education 5.4 Twin region 6 Economy 6.1 State finances 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Energy 7.2 Transportation 7.3 Water 8 Government and politics 8.1 State government 8.1. 1 Local government 8.1. 1.1 Counties 8.1. 1.2 City and town governments 8.1. 1.3 School districts and special districts 8.2 Federal representation 8.3 Armed forces 8.4 Ideology 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology Main articles : Etymology of California and Island of California The word California originally referred to the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico ; it was later extended to the entire region composed of the current United States states of California , Nevada , and Utah , and parts of Arizona , New Mexico , Texas and Wyoming . Spanish explorer Francisco de Ulloa 's initial surveys of the Baja California Peninsula exploring the western coast of North America led him to believe that it was an island rather than part of the larger continent . The name likely derived from the mythical island California in the fictional story of Queen Calafia , as recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo . This work was the fifth in a popular Spanish chivalric romance series that began with Amadis de Gaula . Queen Calafia 's kingdom was said to be a remote land rich in gold and pearls , inhabited by beautiful black women who wore gold armor and lived like Amazons , as well as griffins and other strange beasts . In the fictional paradise , the ruler Queen Calafia fought alongside Muslims and her name may have been chosen to echo the title of a Muslim leader , the Caliph . It 's possible the name California was meant to imply the island was a Caliphate . Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California , very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise , which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them , and they lived in the manner of Amazons . They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue . The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks . -- Chapter CLVII of The Adventures of Esplandián The conventional wisdom that California was an island , with maps drawn to reflect this belief , lasted as late as the 18th century . Shortened forms of the state 's name include CA , Cal. , Calif. , and US - CA . History Main article : History of California A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of European contact . The first inhabitants Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years , California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America . Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000 . The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans , ranging from large , settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior . California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands , tribes , villages , and on the resource - rich coasts , large chiefdoms , such as the Chumash , Pomo and Salinan . Trade , intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups . Colonial and Spanish periods The coat of arms granted to The Californias by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza . Mission San Diego de Alcalá drawn as it was in 1848 . Established in 1769 , it was the first of the California Missions . The Russian Empire established their largest settlement in California at Fort Ross in 1812 The first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition , led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , in 1542 . Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579 . Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565 . The first Asians to set foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587 , when Filipino sailors arrived in Spanish ships at Morro Bay . Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain . Despite the on - the - ground explorations of California in the 16th century , Rodríguez 's idea of California as an island persisted . That depiction appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century . After the Portolà expedition of 1769 -- 70 , Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta ( Upper ) California , beginning in San Diego . During the same period , Spanish military forces built several forts ( presidios ) and three small towns ( pueblos ) . The San Francisco Mission grew into the city of San Francisco , and two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose . Several other smaller cities and towns also sprang up surrounding the various Spanish missions and pueblos , which remain to this day . The Spanish colonization began the genocide of the indigenous Californian peoples , decimating their numbers through epidemics of various diseases for which the indigenous peoples had no natural immunity , such as measles and diphtheria . The establishment of the Spanish systems of government and social structure , which the Spanish settlers had brought with them , also technologically and culturally overwhelmed the societies of the earlier indigenous peoples . During this same period , Russian ships also explored along the California coast and in 1812 established a trading post at Fort Ross . Russia 's early 19th - century coastal settlements in California were positioned just north of the northernmost edge of the area of Spanish settlement in San Francisco Bay , and were the southernmost Russian settlements in North America . The Russian settlements associated with Fort Ross were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay . California under Mexican rule Map showing Alta California in 1838 when it was a sparsely populated Mexican province . In 1821 , the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico ( including California ) independence from Spain . For the next 25 years , Alta California remained as a remote , sparsely populated , northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico . Cattle ranches , or ranchos , emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California . Soon after Mexican independence from Spain , the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and was secularized by 1834 . The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios ( Spanish - speaking Californians ) who had received land grants , and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants . From the 1820s , trappers and settlers from the United States and the future Canada arrived in Northern California . These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail , California Trail , Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California . The early government of the newly independent Mexico was highly unstable , and in a reflection of this , from 1831 onwards , California also experienced a series of armed disputes , both between regional areas , and also revolts against the central Mexican government . During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship from 1836 - 1842 . The military action which first brought Alvarado to power had momentarily declared California to be an independent state , and had been aided by American and British residents of California , including Isaac Graham . In 1840 , one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested , leading to the Graham affair . One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh . After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts , he determined that California should become part of the United States . Marsh conducted a letter - writing campaign espousing the California climate , soil and other reasons to settle there , as well as the best route to follow , which became known as `` Marsh 's route . '' His letters were read , reread , passed around , and printed in newspapers throughout the country , and started the first wagon trains rolling to California . He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled , and assisted in their obtaining passports . After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California , Marsh helped end the rule of the last Mexican governor of California , thereby paving the way to California 's ultimate acquisition by the United States . California Republic and American invasion The original of Todd 's Bear Flag , photographed in 1890 In 1846 , a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt . Afterwards , rebels raised the Bear Flag ( featuring a bear , a star , a red stripe and the words `` California Republic '' ) at Sonoma . The Republic 's only president was William B. Ide , who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt . This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California , and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders . The California Republic was short lived ; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) . When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States , Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the United States forces . After a series of defensive battles in Southern California , the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13 , 1847 , securing American control in California . Early American statehood period Miners during the California Gold Rush California is Admitted to the Union under the Compromise of 1850 . Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor ; c. 1850 - 51 . Guidon of the California 100 Company ( Company A ) during the Civil War Depiction of the 1869 completion of the first transcontinental railway . The Last Spike ( 1881 ) by Thomas Hill . Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( February 2 , 1848 ) that ended the war , the westernmost portion of the old Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California , and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona , Nevada , Colorado and Utah . The lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico . In 1846 , the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000 , plus about 100,000 Native Americans , down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769 . In 1848 , only one week before the official American annexation of the area , gold was discovered in California , this being an event which was to forever alter both the state 's demographics and its finances . Soon afterward , a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted , as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands . The population burgeoned with United States citizens , Europeans , Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush . By the time of California 's application to the US Congress for statehood in 1850 , the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000 . By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come . Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000 . California was suddenly no longer a sparsely populated backwater , but seemingly overnight it had grown into a major US population center . The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845 . Pio Pico , last Mexican governor of Alta California , had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845 . The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey , under consul Thomas O. Larkin . In 1849 , a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey . Among the first tasks of the Convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital . The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose ( 1850 -- 1851 ) . Subsequent locations included Vallejo ( 1852 -- 1853 ) , and nearby Benicia ( 1853 -- 1854 ) ; these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well . The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento . Once the state 's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution , it applied to the US Congress for admission to statehood . On September 9 , 1850 , as part of the Compromise of 1850 , California was officially admitted into the United States as an undivided free state . Its status as a ' free state ' prevented the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast , which was a foremost concern for the pre-Civil War US Congress . Within the state of California , Sep 9 remains as an annually celebrated legal holiday known as California Admission Day . During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , California was able to send gold shipments eastwards to Washington in support of the Union cause ; however , due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state , the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort . Still , several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California , such as the `` California 100 Company '' , due to a majority of their members being from California . At the time of California 's admission into the Union , travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time consuming and dangerous feat . Nineteen years afterwards , in 1869 , shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War , a more direct connection was developed with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 . California was then easy to reach . Much of the state was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general . Vast expanses of wheat , other cereal crops , vegetable crops , cotton , and nut and fruit trees were grown ( including oranges in Southern California ) , and the foundation was laid for the state 's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere . Indigenous peoples under early American administration Group of California indigenous people . Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule , California 's original native population had precipitously declined , above all , from Eurasian diseases to which the indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity . Under its new American administration , California 's harsh governmental policies towards its own indigenous people did not improve . As in other American states , many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners , ranchers , and farmers . Although California had entered the American union as a free state , the `` loitering or orphaned Indians '' were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo - American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians . There were also massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed . Between 1850 and 1860 , the California state government paid around 1.5 million dollars ( some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government ) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations . In later decades , the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias , which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them . As a result , the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants . Several scholars and Native American activists , including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo , have described the actions of the California government as a genocide . 20th century Hollywood film studios , 1922 The `` Birthplace of Silicon Valley '' garage , where Stanford University graduates William Hewlett and David Packard developed their first product in the 1930s Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66 . In the period from 1900 to 1965 , the population grew from fewer than one million to the greatest in the Union . In 1940 , the Census Bureau reported California 's population as 6.0 % Hispanic , 2.4 % Asian , and 89.5 % non-Hispanic white . To meet the population 's needs , major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts ; the Oroville and Shasta Dams ; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state . The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education . Meanwhile , attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate , cheap land , and the state 's wide variety of geography , filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s . California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II , ranking third ( behind New York and Michigan ) among the 48 states . California however easily ranked first in production of military ships during the war ( transport , cargo , ( merchant ships ) such as Liberty ships , Victory ships , and warships ) at drydock facilities in San Diego , Los Angeles , and the San Francisco Bay Area . After World War II , California 's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries , whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War . Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state , and develop a high - tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley . As a result of these efforts , California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries , of technology , engineering , and the aerospace industry , and as the United States center of agricultural production . Just before the Dot Com Bust , California had the fifth - largest economy in the world among nations . Yet since 1991 , and starting in the late 1980s in Southern California , California has seen a net loss of domestic migrants in most years . This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus . During the 20th century , two great disasters happened in California . The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history . Geography Main article : Geography of California A topographic map of California A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park Köppen climate types in California Mount Shasta Aerial view of the California Central Valley Big Sur coast , south of Monterey at Bixby Bridge Yosemite National Park Snow on the Sierra Nevada in eastern California Death Valley , in the Mojave Desert Potato Harbor , named for its distinctive ovular and bumpy shape , on Santa Cruz Island The coastline along Laguna Beach in Southern California Cylindropuntia bigelovii in the Joshua Tree National Park Mojave National Preserve The Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta viewed from above , with the Sacramento River above and San Joaquin River below California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area , after Alaska and Texas . California is often geographically bisected into two regions , Southern California , comprising the 10 southernmost counties , and Northern California , comprising the 48 northernmost counties . It is bordered by Oregon to the north , Nevada to the east and northeast , Arizona to the southeast , the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south ( with which it makes up part of The Californias region of North America , alongside Baja California Sur ) . In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley , bounded by the Sierra Nevada in the east , the coastal mountain ranges in the west , the Cascade Range to the north and by the Tehachapi Mountains in the south . The Central Valley is California 's productive agricultural heartland . Divided in two by the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta , the northern portion , the Sacramento Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento River , while the southern portion , the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River . Both valleys derive their names from the rivers that flow through them . With dredging , the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for several inland cities to be seaports . The Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta is a critical water supply hub for the state . Water is diverted from the delta and through an extensive network of pumps and canals that traverse nearly the length of the state , to the Central Valley and the State Water Projects and other needs . Water from the Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people , almost two - thirds of the state 's population as well as water for farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley . Suisun Bay lies at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers . The water is drained by the Carquinez Strait , which flows into San Pablo Bay , a northern extension of San Francisco Bay , which then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait . The Channel Islands are located off the Southern coast , while the Farallon Islands lie west of San Francisco . The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for `` snowy range '' ) includes the highest peak in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney , at 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) . The range embraces Yosemite Valley , famous for its glacially carved domes , and Sequoia National Park , home to the giant sequoia trees , the largest living organisms on Earth , and the deep freshwater lake , Lake Tahoe , the largest lake in the state by volume . To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake , an essential migratory bird habitat . In the western part of the state is Clear Lake , the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California . Though Lake Tahoe is larger , it is divided by the California / Nevada border . The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers , including Palisade Glacier , the southernmost glacier in the United States . About 45 percent of the state 's total surface area is covered by forests , and California 's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state . California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska . Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world ; an individual bristlecone pine is over 5,000 years old . In the south is a large inland salt lake , the Salton Sea . The south - central desert is called the Mojave ; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley , which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America , the Badwater Basin at − 279 feet ( − 85 m ) . The horizontal distance from the bottom of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles ( 140 km ) . Indeed , almost all of southeastern California is arid , hot desert , with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer . The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River , from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water . A majority of California 's cities are located in either the San Francisco Bay Area or the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California ; or the Los Angeles area , the Riverside - San Bernardino - Inland Empire , or the San Diego metropolitan area in Southern California . The Los Angeles Area , the Bay Area , and the San Diego metropolitan area are among several major metropolitan areas along the California coast . As part of the Ring of Fire , California is subject to tsunamis , floods , droughts , Santa Ana winds , wildfires , landslides on steep terrain , and has several volcanoes . It has many earthquakes due to several faults running through the state , in particular , the San Andreas Fault . About 37,000 earthquakes are recorded each year , but most are too small to be felt . Climate Main article : Climate of California Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate , due to the state 's large size , the climate ranges from polar to subtropical . The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast . Farther inland , there are colder winters and hotter summers . The maritime moderation results in the shoreline summertime temperatures of Los Angeles and San Francisco being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent . Even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States . Just a few miles inland , summer temperature extremes are significantly higher , with downtown Los Angeles being several degrees warmer than at the coast . The same microclimate phenomenon is seen in the climate of the Bay Area , where areas sheltered from the sea experience significantly hotter summers than nearby areas that are close to the ocean . Northern parts of the state have more rain than the south . California 's mountain ranges also influence the climate : some of the rainiest parts of the state are west - facing mountain slopes . Northwestern California has a temperate climate , and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast . The high mountains , including the Sierra Nevada , have an alpine climate with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer . California 's mountains produce rain shadows on the eastern side , creating extensive deserts . The higher elevation deserts of eastern California have hot summers and cold winters , while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters . Death Valley , a desert with large expanses below sea level , is considered the hottest location in the world ; the highest temperature in the world , 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , was recorded there on July 10 , 1913 . The lowest temperature in California was − 45 ° F ( − 43 ° C ) in 1937 in Boca . The table below lists average temperatures for January and August in a selection of places throughout the state ; some highly populated and some not . This includes the relatively cool summers of the Humboldt Bay region around Eureka , the extreme heat of Death Valley , and the mountain climate of Mammoth in the Sierra Nevadas . Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in California Location August ( ° F ) August ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Annual Precipitation ( mm / in ) Los Angeles 83 / 64 29 / 18 66 / 48 20 / 8 377 / 15 LAX / LA Beaches 75 / 64 23 / 18 65 / 49 18 / 9 326 / 13 San Diego 76 / 67 24 / 19 65 / 49 18 / 9 262 / 10 San Jose 82 / 58 27 / 14 58 / 42 14 / 5 401 / 16 San Francisco 67 / 54 20 / 12 56 / 46 14 / 8 538 / 21 Fresno 97 / 66 34 / 19 55 / 38 12 / 3 292 / 11 Sacramento 91 / 58 33 / 14 54 / 39 12 / 3 469 / 18 Oakland 73 / 58 23 / 14 58 / 44 14 / 7 588 / 23 Bakersfield 96 / 69 36 / 21 56 / 39 13 / 3 165 / 7 Riverside 94 / 60 35 / 18 67 / 39 19 / 4 260 / 10 Eureka 62 / 53 16 / 11 54 / 41 12 / 5 960 / 38 Death Valley 113 / 84 45 / 29 64 / 37 18 / 3 53 / 2 Mammoth Lakes 77 / 45 25 / 7 40 / 15 4 / - 9 583 / 23 Ecology Main article : Ecology of California See also : Environment of California Mount Whitney ( top ) is less than 90 miles ( 140 km ) away from Badwater Basin in Death Valley ( bottom ) California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world , and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities . California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions . California 's large number of endemic species includes relict species , which have died out elsewhere , such as the Catalina ironwood ( Lyonothamnus floribundus ) . Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation , whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac ( Ceanothus ) . Many California endemics have become endangered , as urbanization , logging , overgrazing , and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat . Flora and fauna Main articles : Fauna of California and California Floristic Province See also : List of California native plants See also : List of invertebrates of California California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora : the largest trees , the tallest trees , and the oldest trees . California 's native grasses are perennial plants . After European contact , these were generally replaced by invasive species of European annual grasses ; and , in modern times , California 's hills turn a characteristic golden - brown in summer . Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain , the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran ( desert ) ; upper Sonoran ( foothill regions and some coastal lands ) , transition ( coastal areas and moist northeastern counties ) ; and the Canadian , Hudsonian , and Arctic Zones , comprising the state 's highest elevations . Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus , mesquite , and paloverde . The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert . Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters . Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley . The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt , characterized by forests of small shrubs , stunted trees , and herbaceous plants . Nemophila , mint , Phacelia , Viola , and the California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ) -- the state flower -- also flourish in this zone , along with the lupine , more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world . The transition zone includes most of California 's forests with the redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) and the `` big tree '' or giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) , among the oldest living things on earth ( some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years ) . Tanbark oak , California laurel , sugar pine , madrona , broad - leaved maple , and Douglas - fir also grow here . Forest floors are covered with swordfern , alumnroot , barrenwort , and trillium , and there are thickets of huckleberry , azalea , elder , and wild currant . Characteristic wild flowers include varieties of mariposa , tulip , and tiger and leopard lilies . The high elevations of the Canadian zone allow the Jeffrey pine , red fir , and lodgepole pine to thrive . Brushy areas are abundant with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus ; the unique Sierra puffball is also found here . Right below the timberline , in the Hudsonian zone , the whitebark , foxtail , and silver pines grow . At about 10,500 feet ( 3,200 m ) , begins the Arctic zone , a treeless region whose flora include a number of wildflowers , including Sierra primrose , yellow columbine , alpine buttercup , and alpine shooting star . Common plants that have been introduced to the state include the eucalyptus , acacia , pepper tree , geranium , and Scotch broom . The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower , Antioch Dunes evening primrose , Solano grass , San Clemente Island larkspur , salt marsh bird 's beak , McDonald 's rock - cress , and Santa Barbara Island liveforever . As of December 1997 , 85 plant species were listed as threatened or endangered . In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone , the mammals include the jackrabbit , kangaroo rat , squirrel , and opossum . Common birds include the owl , roadrunner , cactus wren , and various species of hawk . The area 's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper , desert tortoise , and horned toad . The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such as the antelope , brown - footed woodrat , and ring - tailed cat . Birds unique to this zone are the California thrasher , bushtit , and California condor . In the transition zone , there are Colombian black - tailed deer , black bears , gray foxes , cougars , bobcats , and Roosevelt elk . Reptiles such as the garter snakes and rattlesnakes inhabit the zone . In addition , amphibians such as the water puppy and redwood salamander are common too . Birds such as the kingfisher , chickadee , towhee , and hummingbird thrive here as well . The Canadian zone mammals include the mountain weasel , snowshoe hare , and several species of chipmunks . Conspicuous birds include the blue - fronted jay , Sierra chickadee . Sierra hermit thrush , water ouzel , and Townsend 's solitaire . As one ascends into the Hudsonian zone , birds become scarcer . While the Sierra rosy finch is the only bird native to the high Arctic region , other bird species such as the hummingbird and Clark 's nutcracker . Principal mammals found in this region include the Sierra coney , white - tailed jackrabbit , and the bighorn sheep . As of April 2003 , the bighorn sheep was listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service . The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer , coyote , mountain lion , northern flicker , and several species of hawk and sparrow . Aquatic life in California thrives , from the state 's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline . Numerous trout species are found , among them rainbow , golden , and cutthroat . Migratory species of salmon are common as well . Deep - sea life forms include sea bass , yellowfin tuna , barracuda , and several types of whale . Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals , sea lions , and many types of shorebirds , including migratory species . As of April 2003 , 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list ; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened . Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox , Point Arena mountain beaver , Pacific pocket mouse , salt marsh harvest mouse , Morro Bay kangaroo rat ( and five other species of kangaroo rat ) , Amargosa vole , California least tern , California condor , loggerhead shrike , San Clemente sage sparrow , San Francisco garter snake , five species of salamander , three species of chub , and two species of pupfish . Eleven butterflies are also endangered and two that are threatened are on the federal list . Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher , Paiute cutthroat trout , southern sea otter , and northern spotted owl . California has a total of 290,821 acres ( 1,176.91 km ) of National Wildlife Refuges . As of September 2010 , 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service . Also , as of the same year , 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list . Rivers Main article : List of rivers of California The vast majority of rivers in California are dammed as part of two massive water projects : the Central Valley Project , providing water to the agricultural Central Valley , and the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California . The state 's coasts , rivers , and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission . The two most prominent rivers within California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River , which drain the Central Valley and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and flow to the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay . Several major tributaries feed into the Sacramento and the San Joaquin , including the Pit River , the Tuolumne River , and the Feather River . The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast , north and south of San Francisco Bay , respectively , and the Eel River is the largest river in the state to remain in its natural un-dammed state . The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert , and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California . Some other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River in the far north coast , and the Colorado River on the southeast border with Arizona . Regions Further information : List of regions of California and List of places in California Coastal California North Coast Greater Bay Area Central Coast South Coast Greater Los Angeles Greater San Diego Channel Islands Northern California Cascade Range Klamath Mountains North Coast Greater Sacramento Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Northern Sacramento Valley Central California North Coast ( California ) Greater Bay Area Northern Sierra Central California Greater Sacramento Northern Sacramento Valley San Joaquin Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Central Coast Eastern California Central Sierra Inland Empire Southern California South Coast Greater Los Angeles Channel Islands Inland Empire Southern Border Region Greater San Diego -- Tijuana Greater El Centro Demography Main article : Demography of California Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 92,597 -- 1860 379,994 310.4 % 1870 560,247 47.4 % 1880 864,694 54.3 % 1890 1,213,398 40.3 % 1900 1,485,053 22.4 % 1910 2,377,549 60.1 % 1920 3,426,861 44.1 % 1930 5,677,251 65.7 % 1940 6,907,387 21.7 % 1950 10,586,223 53.3 % 1960 15,717,204 48.5 % 1970 19,953,134 27.0 % 1980 23,667,902 18.6 % 1990 29,760,021 25.7 % 2000 33,871,648 13.8 % 37,253,956 10.0 % Est. 2017 39,536,653 6.1 % Sources : 1790 -- 1990 , 2000 , 2010 , 2016 Chart does not include Indigenous population figures . Studies indicate that the Native American population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000 before declining to 15,000 by 1900 . Los Angeles is the second-most populous city in the U.S. , after New York City . The population density of California The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 39,250,017 on July 1 , 2016 , a 5.4 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The population is projected to reach 40 million by 2018 and 50 million by 2055 . Between 2000 and 2009 , there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 ( 5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths ) . During this time period , international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708 , resulting in a net in - migration of 306,925 people . The state of California 's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1 , 2009 . However , according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research , since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states , with most leaving to Texas , Nevada , and Arizona . California is the 2nd-most populous subnational entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas , with a population second to that of the state of São Paulo in Brazil . California 's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world . The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd - largest metropolitan area in the United States , after the New York metropolitan area , while Los Angeles , with nearly half the population of New York City , is the second - largest city in the United States . Also , Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades , and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states . Including Los Angeles , four of the top 15 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California : Los Angeles ( 2nd ) , San Diego ( 8th ) , San Jose ( 10th ) , and San Francisco ( 13th ) . The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow , Kern County . Cities and towns See also : List of cities and towns in California and List of largest California cities by population The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns , of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns . Under California law , the terms `` city '' and `` town '' are explicitly interchangeable ; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be `` City of ( Name ) '' or `` Town of ( Name ) '' . Sacramento became California 's first incorporated city on February 27 , 1850 . San Jose , San Diego and Benicia tied for California 's second incorporated city , each receiving incorporation on March 27 , 1850 . Jurupa Valley became the state 's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1 , 2011 . The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas : the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area , the San Francisco Bay Area , the Riverside - San Bernardino Area , the San Diego metropolitan area , or the Sacramento metropolitan area . Largest cities or towns in California Source : Rank Name County Pop . Los Angeles San Diego Los Angeles Los Angeles 3,976,322 San Jose San Francisco San Diego San Diego 1,406,630 San Jose Santa Clara 1,025,350 San Francisco San Francisco 870,887 5 Fresno Fresno 522,053 6 Sacramento Sacramento 495,234 7 Long Beach Los Angeles 470,130 8 Oakland Alameda 420,005 9 Bakersfield Kern 376,380 10 Anaheim Orange 351,043 Migration Starting in the year 2010 , for the first time since the California Gold Rush , California - born residents make up the majority of the state 's population . Along with the rest of the United States , California 's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s - early 2010s . Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia . In total for 2011 , there were 277,304 immigrants . 57 % came from Asian countries vs. 22 % from Latin American countries . Net immigration from Mexico , previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants , has dropped to zero / less than zero since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating . As a result it is projected that Hispanic citizens will constitute 49 % of the population by 2060 , instead of the previously projected 2050 , due primarily to domestic births . The state 's population of undocumented immigrants has been shrinking in recent years , due to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower - skilled workers . The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011 . Despite these recent trends , illegal aliens constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state 's population , the third highest percentage of any state in the country , totaling nearly 2.6 million . In particular , illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in Los Angeles , Monterey , San Benito , Imperial , and Napa Counties -- the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor . More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico . National origins According to the United States Census Bureau in 2016 the population self - identifies as ( alone or in combination ) : 72.7 % White ( including Non-Hispanic whites / Anglos and Hispanics ) 14.8 % Asian 6.5 % Black or African American 3.8 % Two or More Races 1.7 % Native American and Alaska Native 0.5 % Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander By ethnicity , in 2016 the population was 61.1 % non-Hispanic ( of any race ) and 38.9 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) . Non-Hispanic whites constituted 37.7 % of the state 's population . As of 2011 , 75.1 % of California 's population younger than age 1 were minorities , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ( white Hispanics are counted as minorities ) . In terms of total numbers , California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States , an estimated 22,200,000 residents . The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the United States , an estimated 2,250,000 residents . California 's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million , constituting a third of the nation 's total . California 's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state . According to estimates from 2011 , California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers , making up 60 % of the state population . Over the past 25 years , the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined , while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown . Between 1970 and 2011 , non-Hispanic whites declined from 80 % of the state 's population to 40 % , while Hispanics grew from 32 % in 2000 to 38 % in 2011 . It is currently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49 % of the population by 2060 , primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration . With the decline of immigration from Latin America , Asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial / ethnic group in California ; this growth is primarily driven by immigration from China , India and the Philippines , respectively . California Racial Breakdown of Population show Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 White 89.0 % 69.0 % 59.5 % 57.6 % Asian 2.8 % 9.6 % 10.9 % 13.0 % Black 7.0 % 7.4 % 6.7 % 6.2 % Native 0.5 % 0.8 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.3 % 0.4 % Some other race 0.7 % 13.2 % 16.8 % 17.0 % Two or more races -- -- 4.8 % 4.9 % Estimated ancestries of Californians show Ancestry 2013 population Margin of error ( + / - ) Total 43,071,506 33,741 Afghan 38,136 3,075 Albanian 4,792 681 Alsatian 730 163 American 1,124,070 10,956 Arab : 277,573 6,191 Egyptian 45,540 2,737 Iraqi 20,551 1,969 Jordanian 14,142 1,731 Lebanese 57,008 2,372 Moroccan 8,953 959 Palestinian 16,340 1,571 Syrian 23,298 1,749 Arab 44,851 2,645 Arab other 48,890 2,692 Armenian 258,260 5,292 Assyrian / Chaldean / Syriac 35,690 2,687 Australian 18,803 1,253 Austrian 77,113 2,205 Basque 18,413 1,252 Belgian 25,581 1,354 Brazilian 34,776 1,964 British 146,221 3,425 Bulgarian 13,093 1,304 Cajun 3,752 858 Canadian 88,244 2,687 Carpatho Rusyn 462 151 Celtic 5,910 593 Croatian 48,160 1,859 Cypriot 557 204 Czech 88,563 2,557 Czechoslovakian 23,097 1,164 Danish 182,221 3,432 Dutch 392,589 6,088 Eastern European 66,301 2,688 English 2,330,057 15,509 Estonian 4,210 636 European 542,475 8,588 Finnish 50,937 2,012 French 726,569 8,629 French Canadian 111,298 2,978 German 3,315,493 16,348 German Russian 2,094 328 Greek 131,110 3,050 Guyanese 2,947 468 Hungarian 125,280 3,639 Icelander 6,169 777 Iranian 213,661 6,417 Irish 2,612,782 13,767 Israeli 28,639 1,889 Italian 1,525,214 12,309 Latvian 10,974 916 Lithuanian 48,883 1,811 Luxemburger 3,040 387 Macedonian 3,093 471 Maltese 7,883 1,035 New Zealander 5,047 763 Northern European 46,409 2,030 Norwegian 394,056 5,827 Pennsylvania German 6,217 609 Polish 504,770 7,165 Portuguese 354,823 5,044 Romanian 66,942 2,927 Russian 433,384 6,662 Scandinavian 64,166 2,299 Scotch - Irish 240,268 4,345 Scottish 520,575 7,414 Serbian 17,739 1,434 Slavic 11,335 948 Slovak 24,732 1,564 Slovene 8,628 727 Soviet Union 195 111 Subsaharan African : 269,781 7,329 Cape Verdean 2,549 532 Ethiopian 28,007 2,467 Ghanaian 3,392 647 Kenyan 4,713 970 Liberian 1,069 400 Nigerian 25,498 2,414 Senegalese 585 296 Sierra Leonean 537 223 Somalian 7,066 1,440 South African 10,095 917 Sudanese 2,095 510 Ugandan 1,694 516 Zimbabwean 585 244 African 174,347 6,255 Other Subsaharan African 7,549 1,148 Swedish 425,092 5,332 Swiss 103,574 2,660 Turkish 23,206 1,214 Ukrainian 99,583 4,046 Welsh 168,463 3,482 West Indian 79,125 727 Bahamian 596 215 Barbadian 1,362 308 Belizean 21,331 1,459 Bermudan 370 170 British West Indian 1,858 485 Dutch West Indian 1,960 329 Haitian 7,363 1,046 Jamaican 28,675 1,877 Trinidadian and Tobagonian 5,357 716 U.S. Virgin Islander 756 288 West Indian 9,221 1,247 Other West Indian 276 124 Yugoslavian 33,363 1,830 Other groups 24,394,120 29,987 footnotes = Jump up ^ Underlined entries have sub-ancestries ^ Jump up to : Arab sub-ancestry Jump up ^ except Basque ^ Jump up to : Subsaharan African sub-ancestry Jump up ^ except Hispanic groups ^ Jump up to : West Indian sub-ancestry Ancestry 2010 Population show Percentage of Total Population White , not Hispanic or Latino 15,763,625 42.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 14,013,719 37.6 % Mexican 11,423,146 30.6 % Salvadoran 573,956 1.5 % Guatemalan 332,737 0.8 % Puerto Rican 189,945 0.5 % Colombian 164,416 0.4 % Spaniard 142,194 0.3 % Nicaraguan 100,790 0.2 % Peruvian 91,511 0.2 % Cuban 88,607 0.2 % Honduran 72,795 0.1 % Argentinean 44,410 0.1 % Ecuadorian 35,750 0.09 % Chilean 24,006 0.06 % Costa Rican 22,469 0.06 % Panamanian 17,768 0.04 % Bolivian 13,351 0.03 % Dominican 11,455 0.03 % Venezuelan 11,100 0.02 % Uruguayan 4,110 0.01 % Paraguayan 1,228 0.003 % Asian 5,556,592 14.9 % Filipino 1,474,707 3.9 % Chinese ( except Taiwanese ) 1,349,111 3.6 % Vietnamese 647,589 1.7 % Indian 590,445 1.5 % Korean 505,225 1.3 % Japanese 428,014 1.1 % Okinawan 1,377 0.003 % Taiwanese 109,928 0.2 % Cambodian 102,317 0.2 % Hmong 91,224 0.2 % Laotian 69,303 0.2 % Thai 67,707 0.1 % Pakistani 53,474 0.1 % Indonesian 39,506 0.1 % Sri Lankan 11,929 0.03 % Bangladeshi 10,494 0.02 % Nepalese 6,231 0.01 % Malaysian 5,595 0.01 % Mongolian 4,993 0.01 % Singaporean 1,513 0.004 % Black or African American 2,683,914 7.2 % Multiracial ( two or more races ) 1,815,384 4.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native 723,225 1.9 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 286,145 0.7 % Polynesian 157,104 0.4 % Native Hawaiian 74,932 0.2 % Samoan 60,876 0.1 % Tongan 22,893 0.06 % Micronesian 49,197 0.1 % Guamanian or Chamorro 44,425 0.1 % Melanesian 24,203 0.06 % Fijian 24,059 0.06 % Total 37,253,956 100 % Languages Non-English Languages Spoken in California by more than 100,000 persons show Language Population ( as of 2016 ) Spanish 10,672,610 speakers Chinese 1,231,425 Tagalog 796,451 Vietnamese 559,932 Korean 367,523 Persian 203,770 Armenian 192,980 Arabic 191,954 Hindi 189,646 Russian 155,746 Punjabi 140,128 Japanese 139,430 French 123,956 English serves as California 's de jure and de facto official language . In 2010 , the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02 % ( 19,429,309 ) of California residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home , while 42.98 % spoke another primary language at home . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 73 % of people who speak a language other than English at home are able to speak English well or very well , with 9.8 % not speaking English at all . Like most U.S. states ( 32 out of 50 ) , California law enshrines English as its official language , and has done so since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters . Various government agencies do , and are often required to , furnish documents in the various languages needed to reach their intended audiences . In total , 16 languages other than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons , more than any other state in the nation . New York State , in second place , had 9 languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons . The most common language spoken besides English was Spanish , spoken by 28.46 % ( 9,696,638 ) of the population . With Asia contributing most of California 's new immigrants , California had the highest concentration nationwide of Vietnamese and Chinese speakers , the second highest concentration of Korean , and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers . California has historically been one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world , with more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families . A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers . All of California 's indigenous languages are endangered , although there are now efforts toward language revitalization . As a result of the state 's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe , linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken American English in California since the late 20th century . This variety , known as California English , has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from varieties of American English used in other regions of the United States . Culture Main article : Culture of California The Hollywood Sign , a symbol of the American film industry The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States , but also , historically , many Hispanic influences . As a border and coastal state , Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations , especially those from Latin America and Asia . California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise . In the early 20th century , fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters , many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination , sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains . In the 1960s , popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid - back , tanned beach - goers . The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California 's economic style , which tends to generate technology , social , entertainment , and economic fads and booms and related busts . Religion Main article : Religion in California Mission San Diego de Alcalá , one of the first Spanish missions in California Religion in California ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestantism 32 % Roman Catholicism 28 % No religion 27 % Judaism 2 % Buddhism 2 % Hinduism 2 % Islam 1 % Mormonism 1 % Other 5 % The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California 's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent , Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent , and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent . Together , all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32 percent . Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percent of the population . The breakdown of other religions is 1 % Muslim , 2 % Hindu and 2 % Buddhist . This is a change from 2008 , when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent ; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent ; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent . In 2008 , those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population . The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5 % Muslim , 1 % Hindu and 2 % Buddhist . The American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006 . According to the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334 ; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 763,818 ; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953 . The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain . Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast , as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco . California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders . California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses , the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco , the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States . A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US : 62 percent of Californians say they are `` absolutely certain '' of their belief in God , while in the nation 71 percent say so . The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is `` very important '' , compared to 56 percent nationally . Sports Main articles : Sports in California and List of professional sports teams in California California has twenty major professional sports league franchises , far more than any other state . The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities : San Francisco , San Jose , and Oakland . While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises . San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team . The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rose Bowl , Stanford Stadium , and San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium . A twelfth , Super Bowl 50 , was held at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7 , 2016 . California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs . California is home to the oldest college bowl game , the annual Rose Bowl , among others . California is the only U.S. state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles . Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics . Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics , marking the fourth time California hosts the Olympic Games . Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California , with the Rose Bowl hosting eight matches including the final , while Stanford Stadium hosted six matches . Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted the Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 Below is a list of major league sports teams in California : Team Sport League Los Angeles Rams American football National Football League ( NFL ) Oakland Raiders American football National Football League Los Angeles Chargers American football National Football League San Francisco 49ers American football National Football League Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Los Angeles Angels Baseball Major League Baseball Oakland Athletics Baseball Major League Baseball San Diego Padres Baseball Major League Baseball San Francisco Giants Baseball Major League Baseball Golden State Warriors Basketball National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Los Angeles Clippers Basketball National Basketball Association Los Angeles Lakers Basketball National Basketball Association Sacramento Kings Basketball National Basketball Association Los Angeles Sparks Basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Anaheim Ducks Ice hockey National Hockey League ( NHL ) Los Angeles Kings Ice hockey National Hockey League San Jose Sharks Ice hockey National Hockey League Los Angeles Galaxy Soccer Major League Soccer ( MLS ) San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Major League Soccer Los Angeles Football Club Soccer Major League Soccer Education Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in continuous use in California and a popular location for television and motion picture production . Main article : Education in California See also : List of colleges and universities in California Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades , languages , and liberal arts with tracks for gifted , college - bound and industrial arts students . California 's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K -- 12 and community colleges that grow with the economy and student enrollment figures . California had over 6.2 million school students in the 2005 -- 06 school year . Funding and staffing levels in California schools lag behind other states . In expenditure per pupil , California ranked 29th ( of the 50 states and the District of Columbia ) in 2005 -- 06 . In teaching staff expenditure per pupil , California ranked 49th of 51 . In overall teacher - pupil ratio , California was also 49th , with 21 students per teacher . Only Arizona and Utah were lower . A 2007 study concluded that California 's public school system was `` broken '' in that it suffered from over-regulation . California 's public postsecondary education offers three separate systems : The research university system in the state is the University of California ( UC ) , a public university system . As of fall 2011 , the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students . There are ten general UC campuses , and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system , as the UC San Francisco , which is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health care , and is home to the UCSF Medical Center , the highest ranked hospital in California . The system was originally intended to accept the top one - eighth of California high school students , but several of the schools have become even more selective . The UC system was originally given exclusive authority in awarding Ph. Ds , but this has since changed and the CSU is also able to award several Doctoral degrees . The California State University ( CSU ) system has almost 430,000 students . The CSU was originally intended to accept the top one - third of California high school students , but several of the schools have become much more selective . The CSU was originally set up to award only bachelor 's and master 's degrees , but has since been granted the authority to award several Doctoral degrees . The California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training . It is the largest network of higher education in the US , composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million . California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University , the University of Southern California , the California Institute of Technology , and the Claremont Colleges . California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions . Twin region California has a twinning arrangement with the region of Catalonia in Spain . Economy Main article : Economy of California See also : California locations by per capita income A tree map depicting the distribution of occupations across the state of California California 's economy ranks among the largest in the world . As of 2017 , the gross state product ( GSP ) is about $2.75 trillion ( $70,000 per capita ) , the largest in the United States . California is responsible for 13.9 percent of the United States ' approximate $18.1 trillion gross domestic product ( GDP ) . As of 2015 , California 's nominal GDP is larger than all but 4 countries ( the United States , China , Japan and Germany ) . In terms of Purchasing Power Parity , it is larger than all but 10 countries ( the United States , China , India , Japan , Germany , Russia , Brazil , France , the United Kingdom , and Indonesia ) . The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade , transportation , and utilities ; government ; professional and business services ; education and health services ; and leisure and hospitality . In output , the five largest sectors are financial services , followed by trade , transportation , and utilities ; education and health services ; government ; and manufacturing . As of September 2016 , California has an unemployment rate of 5.5 % . California 's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one - quarter of the state 's economy . In 2008 , California exported $144 billion worth of goods , up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006 . Computers and electronic products are California 's top export , accounting for 42 percent of all the state 's exports in 2008 . Agriculture is an important sector in California 's economy . Farming - related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades , from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004 . This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period , and water supply suffering from chronic instability . Factors contributing to the growth in sales - per - acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production . In 2008 , California 's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue . In 2011 , that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue . The Agriculture sector accounts for two percent of the state 's GDP and employs around three percent of its total workforce . According to the USDA in 2011 , the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream , shelled almonds , and grapes . Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956 , ranking eleventh in the nation . Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession . The Central Valley is the most impoverished , with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage . According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service , the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the United States , on par with the region of Appalachia . California has a poverty rate of 23.5 % , the highest of any state in the country . Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per - capita areas in the United States . The high - technology sectors in Northern California , specifically Silicon Valley , in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties , have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot - com bust . In 2010 , there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state , more than any other state in the nation . In 2010 , California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754 . California GDP by sector in 2015 . Had California been an independent country in 2008 its gross domestic product would have been ranked between eighth and eleventh in the world . California per capita personal income by county in 2016 . State finances Main articles : California state finances and 2008 -- 12 California budget crisis Economic regions of California State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011 . California , with 12 % of the United States population , has one - third of the nation 's welfare recipients . California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states , as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion . In January 2011 the California 's total debt was at least $265 billion . On June 27 , 2013 , Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget ( no deficit ) for the state , its first in decades ; however the state 's debt remains at $132 billion . With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012 , California now levies a 13.3 % maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets , ranging from 1 % at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3 % for annual individual income over $1,000,000 . California has a state sales tax of 7.5 % , though local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes . Many of these taxes are temporary for a seven - year period ( as stipulated in Proposition 30 ) and afterwards will revert to a previous maximum marginal income tax bracket of 10.3 % and state sales tax rate of 7.25 % . All real property is taxable annually ; the tax is based on the property 's fair market value at the time of purchase or new construction . Property tax increases are capped at 2 % annually , per Proposition 13 . Infrastructure Energy Moss Landing Power Plant , the state 's largest power production source ( presently shut down ) Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County , California Main article : Energy use in California Because it is the most populous state in the United States , California is one of the country 's largest users of energy . However because of its high energy rates , conservation mandates , mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement , its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any United States state . Due to the high electricity demand , California imports more electricity than any other state , primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest ( via Path 15 and Path 66 ) and coal - and natural gas - fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46 . As a result of the state 's strong environmental movement , California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States , with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020 . Currently , several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert . California 's wind farms include Altamont Pass , San Gorgonio Pass , and Tehachapi Pass . Several dams across the state provide hydro - electric power . It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100 % renewable energy , including heating , cooling and mobility , by 2050 . The state 's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast , including the large Midway - Sunset Oil Field . Natural gas - fired power plants typically account for more than one - half of state electricity generation . California is also home to two major nuclear power plants : Diablo Canyon and San Onofre , the latter having been shut down in 2013 . Voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal . In addition , several cities such as Oakland , Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear - free zones . Transportation Main article : Transportation in California The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco , one of California 's most famous landmarks Caltrans builds tall `` stack '' interchanges with soaring ramps that offer impressive views California 's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled - access highways ( ' freeways ' ) , limited - access roads ( ' expressways ' ) , and highways . California is known for its car culture , giving California 's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion . Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation , nicknamed `` Caltrans '' . The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks , and California has some of the worst roads in the United States . The Reason Foundation 's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California 's highways the third - worst of any state , with Alaska second , and Rhode Island first . The state has been a pioneer in road construction . One of the state 's more visible landmarks , the Golden Gate Bridge , was the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) between 1937 ( when it opened ) and 1964 . With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay , this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists . The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( often abbreviated the `` Bay Bridge '' ) , completed in 1936 , transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two - decks . Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world 's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel , at 76 feet ( 23 m ) wide by 58 feet ( 18 m ) high . The Arroyo Seco Parkway , connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena , opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States . It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles , regarded as the first stack interchange ever built . Los Angeles International Airport ( LAX ) , the 6th busiest airport in the world , and San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ) , the 23rd busiest airport in the world , are major hubs for trans - Pacific and transcontinental traffic . There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state . California also has several important seaports . The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States . The Port of Oakland , fourth largest in the nation , also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country . The Port of Stockton is the easternmost port on the west coast of the United States . The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in employment with over 10,000 employees . They are responsible for providing any police - sanctioned service to anyone on California 's state - maintained highways and on state property . The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America . By the end of 2009 , the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver 's licenses and ID cards on file . In 2010 , there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force . Inter-city rail travel is provided by Amtrak California ; the three routes , the Capitol Corridor , Pacific Surfliner , and San Joaquin , are funded by Caltrans . These services are the busiest intercity rail lines in the United States outside the Northeast Corridor and ridership is continuing to set records . The routes are becoming increasingly popular over flying , especially on the LAX - SFO route . Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles ( Metro Rail ) and San Francisco ( MUNI Metro ) . Light rail systems are also found in San Jose ( VTA ) , San Diego ( San Diego Trolley ) , Sacramento ( RT Light Rail ) , and Northern San Diego County ( Sprinter ) . Furthermore , commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area ( ACE , BART , Caltrain , SMART ) , Greater Los Angeles ( Metrolink ) , and San Diego County ( Coaster ) . The California High - Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 800 - mile ( 1,300 km ) rail system . Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election , with the first phase of construction estimated to cost $64.2 billion . Nearly all counties operate bus lines , and many cities operate their own city bus lines as well . Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound , Megabus , and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach . Water Main article : Water in California An aerial view of the Delta -- Mendota Canal ( left ) and the California Aqueduct ( right ) , at the Interstate 205 crossing west of Tracy , conveying water from Northern to Southern California California 's interconnected water system is the world 's largest , managing over 40,000,000 acre feet ( 49 km ) of water per year , centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects . Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue , as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors , especially in the arid southern portion of the state . The state 's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists . The California Water Wars , a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights , is one of the most well - known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies . Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said : `` We 've been in crisis for quite some time because we 're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s . So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban . And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water . '' Government and politics State government Main article : Government of California The California State Capitol ; in Sacramento , which has served as California 's capital since 1854 . Democrats Jerry Brown and Eric Garcetti , serving as Governor of California and Mayor of Los Angeles The state 's capital is Sacramento . California is organized into three branches of government -- the executive branch consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers ; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate ; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts . The state also allows ballot propositions : direct participation of the electorate by initiative , referendum , recall , and ratification . Before the passage of California Proposition 14 ( 2010 ) , California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote . After June 8 , 2010 , when Proposition 14 was approved , excepting only the United States President and county central committee offices , all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation , but they are not the official nominee of that party . At the primary election , the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation . If at a special primary election , one candidate receives more than 50 % of all the votes cast , they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held . Executive branch The California executive branch consists of the Governor of California and seven other elected constitutional officers : Lieutenant Governor , Attorney General , Secretary of State , State Controller , State Treasurer , Insurance Commissioner , and State Superintendent of Public Instruction . They serve four - year terms and may be re-elected only once . Legislative branch The California State Legislature consists of a 40 - member Senate and 80 - member Assembly . Senators serve four - year terms and Assembly members two . Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms , and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms . Judicial branch California 's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law ( as is the case with all other states except Louisiana ) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law , such as community property . California 's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007 . Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest `` Death Row '' population in the country ( though Oklahoma and Texas are far more active in carrying out executions ) . California 's judiciary system is the largest in the United States ( with a total of 1,600 judges , while the federal system has only about 840 ) . At the apex is the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California , while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the primary appellate courts and the California Superior Courts serve as the primary trial courts . Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor , but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years . The administration of the state 's court system is controlled by the Judicial Council , composed of the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court , 14 judicial officers , four representatives from the State Bar of California , and one member from each house of the state legislature . Local government Main article : Local government in California Counties See also : List of counties in California California is divided into 58 counties . Per Article 11 , Section 1 , of the Constitution of California , they are the legal subdivisions of the state . The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement , jails , elections and voter registration , vital records , property assessment and records , tax collection , public health , health care , social services , libraries , flood control , fire protection , animal control , agricultural regulations , building inspections , ambulance services , and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards . In addition , the county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas . Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors . City and town governments Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charter or general - law municipalities . General - law municipalities owe their existence to state law and are consequently governed by it ; charter municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters . Municipalities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter municipalities . All ten of the state 's most populous cities are charter cities . Most small cities have a council - manager form of government , where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city . Some larger cities have a directly - elected mayor who oversees the city government . In many council - manager cities , the city council selects one of its members as a mayor , sometimes rotating through the council membership -- but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial . The Government of San Francisco is the only consolidated city - county in California , where both the city and county governments have been merged into one unified jurisdiction . The San Francisco Board of Supervisors also acts as the city council and the Mayor of San Francisco also serves as the county administrative officer . School districts and special districts See also : List of school districts in California About 1,102 school districts , independent of cities and counties , handle California 's public education . California school districts may be organized as elementary districts , high school districts , unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades , or community college districts . There are about 3,400 special districts in California . A special district , defined by California Government Code § 16271 ( d ) as `` any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries '' , provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area . The geographic area of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties , or could consist of only a portion of one . Most of California 's special districts are single - purpose districts , and provide one service . Federal representation See also : California 's congressional districts The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives , the nation 's largest congressional state delegation . Consequently California also has the largest number of electoral votes in national presidential elections , with 55 . California 's U.S. Senators are Dianne Feinstein , a native and former mayor of San Francisco , and Kamala Harris , a native , former District Attorney from San Francisco and former Attorney General of California . In 1992 , California became the first state to have a Senate delegation entirely composed of women . Armed forces In California , as of 2009 , the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines , 18,339 were Airmen , and 11,097 were Soldiers , with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees . Additionally , there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California . In 2010 , Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county , with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military . However , as of 2002 , Californians were relatively under - represented in the military as a proportion to its population . In 2000 , California , had 2,569,340 veterans of United States military service : 504,010 served in World War II , 301,034 in the Korean War , 754,682 during the Vietnam War , and 278,003 during 1990 -- 2000 ( including the Persian Gulf War ) . As of 2010 , there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California , of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict , and just over four thousand served before World War II ( the largest population of this group of any state ) . California 's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard , the naval and state military reserve ( militia ) , and the California Cadet Corps . United States Armed Forces in California . From left to right : Fort Irwin , Camp Pendleton , NAS North Island , Beale Air Force Base , and Coast Guard Island Ideology Main articles : Politics of California and Elections in California California registered voters as of January 2 , 2018 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 8,471,371 44.6 % Republican 4,827,973 25.4 % No Party Preference 4,734,847 25.0 % American Independent 503,955 2.7 % Libertarian 140,001 0.7 % Green 91,631 0.5 % Peace and Freedom 75,094 0.4 % Other 115,205 0.6 % Total 25,076,348 100 % Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 31.62 % 4,483,810 61.73 % 8,753,788 2012 37.12 % 4,839,958 60.24 % 7,854,285 2008 36.91 % 5,011,781 60.94 % 8,274,473 44.36 % 5,509,826 54.40 % 6,745,485 2000 41.65 % 4,567,429 53.45 % 5,861,203 38.21 % 3,828,380 51.10 % 5,119,835 32.61 % 3,630,574 46.01 % 5,121,325 51.13 % 5,054,917 47.56 % 4,702,233 1984 57.51 % 5,467,009 41.27 % 3,922,519 1980 52.69 % 4,524,858 35.91 % 3,083,661 1976 49.35 % 3,882,244 47.57 % 3,742,284 1972 55.01 % 4,602,096 41.54 % 3,475,847 1968 47.82 % 3,467,664 44.74 % 3,244,318 1964 40.79 % 2,879,108 59.11 % 4,171,877 1960 50.10 % 3,259,722 49.55 % 3,224,099 California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country , and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter . In socio - cultural mores and national politics , Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans , especially those who live in the inland states . Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting , California was the second state to recall their state governor , the second state to legalize abortion , and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by voters ( including Proposition 8 in 2008 ) . Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research , and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state 's primary election process . California has also experienced disputes over water rights ; and a tax revolt , culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978 , limiting state property taxes . The state 's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections . From 1899 to 1939 , California had Republican governors . Since 1990 , California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal , state and local offices , including current Governor Jerry Brown ; however , the state has elected Republican Governors , though many of its Republican Governors , such as Arnold Schwarzenegger , tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party . The Democrats also now hold a majority in both houses of the state legislature . There are 56 Democrats and 24 Republicans in the Assembly ; and 26 Democrats and 12 Republicans in the Senate . The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections ; Republicans have not won California 's electoral votes since 1988 . In the United States House , the Democrats held a 34 -- 19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007 . As the result of gerrymandering , the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party , and few districts were considered competitive . In 2008 , Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14 - member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress . After the 2012 elections , when the new system took effect , Democrats gained 4 seats and held a 38 -- 15 majority in the delegation . Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . In general , Democratic strength is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area . Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state . Orange County also remains mostly Republican . One study ranked Berkeley , Oakland , Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities ; and Bakersfield , Orange , Escondido , Garden Grove , and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities . In October 2012 , out of the 23,802,577 people eligible to vote , 18,245,970 people were registered to vote . Of the people registered , the three largest registered groups were Democrats ( 7,966,422 ) , Republicans ( 5,356,608 ) , and Decline to State ( 3,820,545 ) . Los Angeles County had the largest number of registered Democrats ( 2,430,612 ) and Republicans ( 1,037,031 ) of any county in the state . See also Index of California - related articles Outline of California -- organized list of topics about California California portal USA portal Notes Jump up ^ The coordinates of the center of population are at 35 ° 27 ′ 31 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 19 '' W / 35.458606 ° N 119.355165 ° W / 35.458606 ; - 119.355165 . Jump up ^ behind Nevada and Arizona Jump up ^ The following are a list of the indigenous languages : Root languages of California : Athabaskan Family : Hupa , Mattole , Lassik , Wailaki , Sinkyone , Cahto , Tolowa , Nongatl , Wiyot , Chilula ; Hokan Family : Pomo , Shasta , Karok , Chimiriko ; Algonquian Family : Whilkut , Yurok ; Yukian Family : Wappo ; Penutian Family : Modok , Wintu , Nomlaki , Konkow , Maidu , Patwin , Nisenan , Miwok , Coast Miwok , Lake Miwok , Ohlone , Northern Valley Yokuts , Southern Valley Yokuts , Foothill Yokuts ; Hokan Family : Esselen , Salinan , Chumash , Ipai , Tipai , Yuma , Halchichoma , Mohave ; Uto - Aztecan Family : Mono Paiute , Monache , Owens Valley Paiute , Tubatulabal , Panamint Shoshone , Kawaisu , Kitanemuk , Tataviam , Gabrielino , Juaneno , Luiseno , Cuipeno , Cahuilla , Serrano , Chemehuevi Jump up ^ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants , which has been in place since 1994 . References ^ Jump up to : `` Government Code Section 420 - 429.8 '' . State of California Legislative Council . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hyon B. Shin ; Robert A. Kominski ( April 2010 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2007 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix Table A for Figures 5A - 5H . Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English - Speaking Ability by State : 2007 '' . Language Use in the United States : 2007 ( ACS - 12 ) : Appendix Tables . United States Census Bureau . 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California : Population estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitney '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point in the Contiguous United States . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) -- National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government Code Section 424 '' . State of California Legislative Council . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . bea.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects -- Population Division -- United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PricewaterhouseCoopers . `` Global top 100 companies 2017 '' . PwC . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Billionaires Index '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 25th anniversary , World Wide Web '' . CalWatchdog.com . ^ Jump up to : `` California Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ( millions of current dollars ) '' . U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fruits and Vegetables , America Eats , from Life in the USA : The Complete Guide for Immigrants and Americans '' . Life in the USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/explainer/2013/07/california_grows_all_of_our_fruits_and_vegetables_what_would_we_eat_without.html Jump up ^ https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/ Jump up ^ https://www.ocregister.com/2017/07/27/california-farms-produce-a-lot-of-food-but-what-and-how-much-might-surprise-you/ Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Strange But True , Tooele Transcript - Bulletin , August 11 , 2016 , p . C3 ^ Jump up to : Gudde , Erwin G. ( 2010 ) . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names . University of California Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26619 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin G. and William Bright . 2004 . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names . pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Lavender , David ( 1987 ) . California : Land of New Beginnings . University of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7924 - 8 . OCLC 15315566 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . June 24 , 1957 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What bizarre error gave California its name ? - Everything After Z by Dictionary.com '' . Everything After Z by Dictionary.com. 2010 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Ruth ( 1917 ) . `` Appendix A : Etymology of the Word `` California '' : Surmises and Usage `` . In Herbert Ingram Priestley . California : the name . Berkeley : University of California . pp. 356 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Vogeley , Nancy ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` How Chivalry Formed the Myth of California '' . Modern Language Quarterly . University of Washington . 62 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 188 . doi : 10.1215 / 00267929 - 62 - 2 - 165 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Mark ( 2011 ) . The Etymologicon : A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language . New York NY : Penguin Group / Berkley Books . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 26079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 1917 , p. 306 Jump up ^ `` unknown facts '' . Jump up ^ Starr 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Page 1580 of the 1778 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica ( second edition ) '' . Hyzercreek.com . July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Carlson , Jon D. ( 2011 ) . Myths , State Expansion , and the Birth of Globalization : A Comparative Perspective . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 01045 - 2 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Brooke Hoover , Mildred ; Kyle , Douglas E. , eds. ( 1990 ) . Historic Spots in California . Stanford University Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1734 - 2 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tillman , Linda C. ; Scheurich , James Joseph ( August 21 , 2013 ) . The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity . Routledge . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 12843 - 2 . Huping Ling ( April 29 , 2009 ) . Asian America : Forming New Communities , Expanding Boundaries . Rutgers University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4867 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` California as an Island in Maps -- Online Exhibits '' . Stanford University Libraries . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Indian History -- Native American Caucus '' . www.nativeamericancaucus.org . Jump up ^ Historical Atlas of California Jump up ^ source : Encyclopædia Britannica 7th edition , 1842 , `` Mexico '' ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction '' . Early History of the California Coast . National Park Service . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Altman , Linda Jacobs ( 2005 ) . California . Marshall Cavendish . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1737 - 8 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Testimonios : Early California Through the Eyes of Women , 1815 -- 1848 . Heyday. 2006 . p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59714 - 033 - 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2007 ) . California : A History . Modern Library . pp. 17 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7753 - 0 . Hoover , Mildred Brooke ; Kyle , Douglas E. , eds. ( 2002 ) . Historic Spots in California . Historic Spots in California . p. 316 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7817 - 6 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Conway , J.D. ( 2003 ) . Monterey : Presidio , Pueblo , and Port . Arcadia Publishing . The Making of America Series . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2423 - 8 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . University of New Mexico Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hart , James David ( 1987 ) . A Companion to California . University of California Press . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05544 - 5 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Harlow , Neal ( 1989 ) . California Conquered : The Annexation of a Mexican Province , 1846 -- 1850 . University of California Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06605 - 2 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyman , George D. and John Marsh , Pioneer : The Life Story of a Trail - Blazer on Six Frontiers , pp. 237 -- 39 , The Chautauqua Press , Chautauqua , New York , 1931 . Jump up ^ Lyman and Marsh , pp. ix , 209 , 231 , 238 -- 39 , 246 -- 51 , 266 -- 67 , 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lyman and Marsh 1931 , pp. 250 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` William B. Ide Adobe SHP '' . California State Parks . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bear Flag Revolt '' . History.com. 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . `` The United States and California '' . Early California History : An Overview . Library of Congress . 1998 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Mexican War '' . The Border . KPBS. 1999 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Matthew Kachur ; Jon Sterngass ( July 1 , 2006 ) . The Mexican - American War . World Almanac Library . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 7290 - 3 . Thomas M. Leonard ( 2001 ) . James K. Polk : A Clear and Unquestionable Destiny . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 141 -- 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2647 - 5 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker ( Militärhistoriker ) ( 2013 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Mexican - American War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 853 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Quarterly . Historical Society of Southern California . 1907 . pp. 199 -- 201 . Hunt Janin ; Ursula Carlson ( April 20 , 2015 ) . The California Campaigns of the U.S. - Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . McFarland . pp. 149 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 2093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Thomas J. ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Pacific Eldorado : A History of Greater California . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 29217 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` California Gold Rush , 1848 -- 1864 '' . Learn California.org , a site designed for the California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1870 Fast Facts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Wilson , Dotson ; Ebbert , Brian S. ( 2006 ) . California 's Legislature ( PDF ) ( 2006 ed . ) . Sacramento : California State Assembly . OCLC 70700867 . Jump up ^ 10 Facts : California during the Civil War Civil War Trust . Downloaded September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Destruction of the California Indians '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` INDIANS of CALIFORNIA -- American Period '' . Cabrillo.edu . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` California Militia and Expeditions Against the Indians , 1850 -- 1859 '' . Militarymuseum.org . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ see also Benjamin Madley , American Genocide : The California Indian Catastrophe , 1846 -- 1873 , Yale University Press , 2012 . Archived May 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` California -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1850 to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 111 Jump up ^ `` Shipbuilding Essay -- World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' . www.nps.gov . Jump up ^ `` Richmond Shipyard Number Three : World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' . www.nps.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park , Kaiser Shipyards '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ KQED ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Saving the Bay -- The Greatest Shipbuilding Center in the World '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Bill Watkins ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` How California Lost its Mojo '' . Fox and Hound Daily . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Nancy Kleniewski ; Alexander R. Thomas ( March 1 , 2010 ) . Cities , Change , and Conflict : A Political Economy of Urban Life . Cengage Learning . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 81222 - 7 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosa Maria Moller ( May 2008 ) . `` Aerospace States ' Incentives to Attract The Industry '' ( PDF ) . library.ca.gov . California Research Bureau . pp. 24 -- 25 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Robert A. Kleinhenz ; Kimberly Ritter - Martinez ; Rafael De Anda ; Elizabeth Avila ( August 2012 ) . `` The Aerospace Industry in Southern California '' ( PDF ) . laedc.org . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . In 1987 , California accounted for one in four aerospace jobs nationally , and in Los Angeles County , the share was one in ten . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , the Department of Defense ( DOD ) sharply curtailed procurement spending . In 1995 , DOD spending fell below $50 billion for the first time since 1982 . Nowhere in the country were the changes in Pentagon outlays more apparent than in Southern California . Eric John Heikkila ; Rafael Pizarro ( January 1 , 2002 ) . Southern California and the World . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97112 - 0 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . James Flanigan ( 2009 ) . Smile Southern California , You 're the Center of the Universe : The Economy and People of a Global Region . Stanford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5625 - 9 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` Searching for Silicon Valley '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2003 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Clark Davis ; David Igler ( August 1 , 2002 ) . The Human Tradition in California . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 4431 - 6 . Treanor , Jill ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` Pink slip season in Silicon Valley '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . This micro-economy -- the world 's fifth largest economy in its own right -- started to feel the pain of the new technology meltdown first . Jump up ^ Taylor , Lisa ( March 30 , 1997 ) . `` Getting Out : The Great California Exodus : Remember us ? We left Southern California looking for cheaper housing , employment opportunities and a better way of life . Well ... We 're Ba - aack ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard Krech , III ; J.R. McNeill ; Carolyn Merchant ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of world environmental history : O-Z , Index . Taylor & Francis Group . pp. 540 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93734 - 4 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Monique ( 2009 ) . Best Easy Day Hikes Ventura . Falcon Guides . Pages 35 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 5121 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 29 . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figures Show California 's Motoring Supremacy '' . Touring Topics . Los Angeles , California : Automobile Club of Southern California . 8 ( 2 ) : 38 -- 9 . March 1916 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Timothy J. ( 2014 ) . Surfing about Music . University of California Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 95721 - 3 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Neil ( April 19 , 1963 ) . `` Westward Tilt : Northern California '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John E. Kent , eds. ( 1917 ) . Kent Guide Manual ( Harrison Narcotic Law ) and Professional Registry . San Francisco : The Service Press . p. 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Laaksonen - Craig , Susanna ; Goldman , George ; McKillop , William ( 2003 ) . Forestry , Forest Products , and Forest Products Consumption in California ( PDF ) . Davis , California : University of California -- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60107 - 248 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lanner , RM ( 2007 ) . The Bristlecone Book . Mountain Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 538 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Oldlist '' . Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Seismo.berkeley.edu . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ El Fadli , KI ; et al. ( September 2012 ) . `` World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 ° C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia , Libya ( 13 September 1922 ) '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 94 ( 2 ) : 199 . Bibcode : 2013BAMS ... 94 ... 199E . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - D - 12 - 00093.1 . ( The 136.4 ° F ( 58 ° C ) , claimed by ' Aziziya , Libya , on September 13 , 1922 , has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization . ) Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the Nearctic Realm '' ( PDF ) . digitalcommons.unl.edu ( University of Nebraska State : Papers in Entomology ) . 2003 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Elstein ( May 2004 ) . `` Restoring California 's Native Grasses '' . Agricultural Research magazine . 52 ( 5 ) : 17 . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The California Invasive Species List '' ( PDF ) . iscc.ca.gov ( California Invasive Species Advisory Committee ) . April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` California : flora and fauna '' . city-data.com. 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sequoia sempervirens ( D. Don ) Endl '' . fed.us ( U.S. Forest Service ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life Zones of the Central Sierra Nevada '' . sierrahistorical.org . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Condor '' . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CalPhotos : Browse Mammal Common Names '' . calphotos.berkeley.edu ( BSCIT University of California , Berkeley ) . October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quail Ridge Reserve : UC Davis Natural Reserve System '' . nrs.ucdavis.edu ( University of California at Davis : Natural Reserve System ) . April 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Black - tailed Deer of California '' . westernhunter.com. 2000 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Endangered Insects -- Formally Listed Insects '' . berkeley.edu . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ California , State of . `` Threatened and Endangered Invertebrates -- California Department of Fish and Wildlife '' . www.dfg.ca.gov . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Species Search Results '' . ecos.fws.gov . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service : Species Reports : Listings and occurrences for California '' . ecos.fws.gov . September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Grew By 356,000 Residents in 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Census of Population and Housing , Unit Counts , United States , 1990 CPH - 2 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Population and Housing Unit Counts , Population Estimates 1790 -- 1990 , pages 26 -- 27 . United States Census Bureau , U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration . August 20 , 1993 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau : '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Indian Civics Project : Indians of Northern California : A Case Study of Federal , State , and Vigilante Intervention , 1850 -- 1860 '' . Americanindiantah.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California , Department of Finance State of . `` Demographic Projections '' . www.dof.ca.gov . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 4 . Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2009 '' . US Census Bureau . December 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E-4 Population Estimates for Cities , Counties and the State , 2001 -- 2009 , with 2000 Benchmark '' . Sacramento , California : State of California , Department of Finance . May 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tom ; Scardamalia , Robert ( September 2012 ) . `` The Great California Exodus : A Closer Look '' . Manhattan-institute.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Censo 2010 : população do Brasil é de 190.732. 694 pessoas '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Database -- County Rankings '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Table A. 1 . Total Population by Sex in 2009 and Sex Ratio by Country in 2009 '' ( PDF ) . World Population Prospects : The 2008 Edition , Highlights . United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . 2009 . pp. 31 -- 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services '' . Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services . December 2005 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Beth ( September 19 , 2003 ) . `` Baby Slump In L.A. County '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Los Angeles Newspaper Group . pp. N4 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Population Centers by State : 2000 '' . United States Census 2000 . US Census Bureau Geography Division . May 20 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( TXT ) on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` CA Codes ( gov : 34500 - 34504 ) '' . California State Senate . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Instant City : Sacramento '' . California State Library . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Jose at a Glance '' . City of San Jose . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A History of San Diego Government '' . City of San Diego . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California State Parks : 1846 to 1854 '' . California State Parks . May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jurupa Valley Becomes California 's 482nd City '' . League of California Cities . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stokley , Sandra ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Jurupa Valley : Rushing to meet a July 1 incorporation '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . US Census . May 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teresa Watanabe ; Hector Becerra ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Native - born Californians regain majority status '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero -- and Perhaps Less '' ( PDF ) . Pew Hispanic Center . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Magagnini ; Phillip Reese ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Census shows Asians eclipse Latino arrivals to California '' . Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latino mojo '' . The Economist . June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unauthorized Immigrants : 11.1 Million in 2011 '' . Pew Research Center 's Hispanic Trends Project . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ California 's Illegal Immigrant Shortage , Bloomberg BusinessWeek , May 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` New Arizona law puts police in ' tenuous ' spot '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . pp. A4 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Gardner ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Cutting services to illegal immigrants is n't easy '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hans ; Hill , Laura ( July 2011 ) . `` Illegal Immigration '' ( PDF ) . Publications . Public Policy Institute of California . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 2016 U.S. Census QuickFacts , United States Census Bureau , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2006 -- 2008 '' . American Fact Finder . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whites in state ' below the replacement ' level '' . San Francisco Chronicle . June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wendell Cox . `` Asians : America 's Fastest Growing Minority '' . NewsGeography . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell Gibson ; Kay Jung ( September 2002 ) . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Population Division . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Census 2000 Profile . United States Census Bureau . August 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 '' . 2010 Census Summary File 1 . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Ancestry Reported '' . 2009 -- 2013 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population '' . 2010 Census , United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What other languages is the written or audio test available in ? / / Driver License and Identification ( ID ) Card Information '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ Wesson , Herb ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` AB 800 Assembly Bill -- Bill Analysis '' . California State Assembly . p. 3 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . In 1986 , California voters amended the state constitution to provide that the : The ( sic ) Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced . The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California . '' Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( May 20 , 2006 ) . `` English already is `` official '' in California `` . San Jose Mercury News . San Jose , California . Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Native Tribes , Groups , Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 ( Map ) ( 1966 ed . ) . Coyote Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Indians Root Languages and Tribal Groups ( Map ) ( 1994 ed . ) . California State Parks . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indigenous Farmworker Study -- Indigenous Mexicans in California Agriculture . Section V. Language and Culture '' ( PDF ) . 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bucholtz , Mary ; et all ( December 2007 ) . `` Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal ? : The Perceptual Dialectology of California '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 35 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 352 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.516. 3682 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424207307780 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Park , Bborie ( December 2003 ) . `` A World of Opportunity -- Which New Languages Davis Students Would Like to Study and Why '' ( PDF ) . UC Davis Student Affairs Research and Information . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape , Appendix D: Detailed Tables '' ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Affiliation by State in the U.S '' ( PDF ) . U.S Religious Landscape Study . Pew Research Center . p. 103 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky , `` Jewish Population of the United States , 2006 '' , American Jewish Year Book 2006 , Volume 106 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . thearda.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helfand , Duke ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` State has a relaxed view on religion -- Survey finds Californians are less certain about the existence of God than others in the U.S '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naranjo , Candice . `` The Super Bowl is Coming to Levi 's Stadium in 2016 '' . KRON 4 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ; LONGMAN , JERÉ ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 98 Primer '' . Legislative Analyst 's Office of California . February 2005 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Comparison '' . Education Data Partnership . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Carolyn ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` Report Says Public Schools in California Are ' Broken ' -- New York Times '' . The New York Times . California . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the University of California '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Hospitals 2007 '' . U.S. News & World Report . July 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Janet ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 85,000 students seek admission to Berkeley 's 2017 -- 18 freshman class '' . Berkeley News . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Rebecca . `` UCLA breaks several records with 2017 freshman applications '' . UCLA Newsroom . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Farran . `` California Students Face Competition for College Options . '' U.S. News & World Report . N.p. , February 6 , 2017 . Web . May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising number of rejections raises fears that Long Beach is becoming ' elite ' university '' . EdSource . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 71 '' . Senate Office of International Relations . Jump up ^ https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/qgdpstate_newsrelease.htm Jump up ^ Comparison between U.S. states and countries by GDP ( nominal ) Jump up ^ `` California Poised to Move Up in World Economy Rankings in 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy . July 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Calif. retains economy that would be 8th largest '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . World Bank , International Comparison Program database . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 CalFacts '' . Lao.ca.gov . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade Statistics '' . California Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cal Facts 2006 State Economy '' . Legislative Analyst 's Office of California . August 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Agricultural Production Statistics 2009 -- 2010 '' . cdfa.ca.gov ( California Department of Food and Agriculture ) . 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California Agricultural Production Statistics 2011 '' . cdfa.ca.gov ( California Department of Food and Agriculture ) . 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Venton , Danielle ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` A Better Way for California to Water Its Farms '' . Wired . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vic Tolomeo ; Kelly Krug ; Doug Flohr ; Jason Gibson ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` California Agricultural Statistics : 2011 Crop Year '' ( PDF ) . National Agricultural Statistics Service . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Personal Income 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Tadlock ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` California 's San Joaquin Valley : A Region in Transition '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berlinger , Joshua ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` A New Poverty Calculation Yields Some Surprising Results '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade '' . Parade Magazine . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bukszpan , Daniel ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` States With the Best Credit Scores '' . ^ Jump up to : `` California GDP '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : : GDP ( purchasing power parity ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nunes , Devin ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` California 's Gold Rush Has Been Reversed '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . A9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Brown proposes ' painful ' budget cuts '' . Reuters . January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Greek Tragedy '' . The Wall Street Journal . March 13 , 2012 . Del Beccaro , Thomas ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` California 's Economic Collision Course : Immigration and Water '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Gardner ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Is California the welfare capital ? : Delving into why California has such a disproportionate share of the nation 's recipients '' . U-T San Diego . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How much does California owe ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gov. Brown proudly signs balanced state budget . SFGate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California 's current debt load : $132 billion '' . Jump up ^ `` California Proposition 30 , Sales and Income Tax Increase ( 2012 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mufson , Steven ( February 17 , 2007 ) . `` In Energy Conservation , Calif . Sees Light '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California -- U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . Tonto.eia.doe.gov . October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ California OKs new transmission for renewables Reuters , December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Z . Jacobson et al. : A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind , water , and sunlight . In : Energy 73 ( 2014 ) , 875 -- 889 , doi : 10.1016 / j. energy. 2014.06. 099 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jim ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . p . A-1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brunswick , Mark ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants '' . Star Tribune . Minnesota : Chris Harte . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mieszkowski , Katharine ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` California Is Tops in Worst Roads -- Pulse of the Bay '' . The Bay Citizen . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A bridge too far gone '' . The Economist . August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ( 1984 -- 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Facts at a glance '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Pasadena Freeway getting a new look and a new name '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. 's Famous Four - Level Freeway Interchange , ' The Stack , ' Turns 58 '' . KCET . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chawkins , Steve ( July 18 , 2005 ) . `` Stockton Seeking to Capture Battleship '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of California -- Department of Motor Vehicles , Statistics for Publication , January Through December 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California new - car sales up 13.1 percent in 2010 '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Calif . Amtrak ridership rising on state trains '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Plan for high - speed rail system released '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Draft Business Plan '' ( PDF ) . www.hsr.ca.gov . California High Speed Rail . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hundley , N. ( 2001 ) . The great thirst : Californians and water . Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Reisner , Marc ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert : The American West and its Disappearing Water . Penguin . Jump up ^ `` Why California Is Running Dry '' . CBS News . December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Debra . `` Voter - Nominated Offices Information '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen , Debra . `` Voter - Nominated Offices Information '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ California Constitution . `` Article 5 '' . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Codes , Civil Code Section 22 - 22.2 '' . California Civil Codes . Legislative Counsel of the State of California . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Don ( December 8 , 2007 ) . `` Calif . Struggles with sentencing reform '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Death Row Inmates by State and Size of Death Row by Year Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Execution Rates Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldassare , Mark ( 1998 ) . When Government Fails : The Orange County Bankruptcy . Public Policy Institute of California / University of California Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21486 - 2 . LCCN 97032806 . Jump up ^ Janiskee , Brian P. ; Masugi , Ken ( 2011 ) . Democracy in California : Politics and Government in the Golden State ( 3rd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0338 - 9 . LCCN 2011007585 . Jump up ^ Baldassare 1998 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Individual State Descriptions : 2007 ( PDF ) , 2007 Census of Governments , United States Census Bureau , November 2012 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Mizany , Kimia ; Manatt , April . What 's So Special About Special Districts ? A Citizen 's Guide to Special Districts in California ( PDF ) ( 3 ed . ) . California Senate Local Government Committee . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Representatives '' . House.gov . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 508 . Military and Civilian Personnel in Installations : 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military recruitment 2010 '' . National Priorities Project . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Segal , David R. ; Segal , Mady Wechsler ( 2004 ) . `` America 's Military Population '' ( PDF ) . Population Bulletin . Population Research Bureau . 59 ( 4 ) : 10 . ISSN 0032 - 468X . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California -- Armed forces '' . city-data.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Table 7L : VETPOP2011 Living Veterans By State , Period Of Service , Gender , 2010 -- 2040 '' . Veteran Population . Department of Veterans Affairs . September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pdf Report of Registration as of January 2 , 2018 Registration by County '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Presidential General Election Results Comparison -- California '' . US Election Atlas . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Is A Political Trendsetter '' . CBS News . October 30 , 2006 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Study Ranks America 's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities '' . Bay Area Center for Voting Research . August 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voter Registration by County '' ( PDF ) . Elections . California Secretary of State . October 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Works cited Cohen , Saul Bernard ( 2003 ) . Geopolitics of the World System . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9907 - 0 . Starr , Kevin ( 2007 ) . California : A History . Modern Library Chronicles. 23 . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7753 - 0 . Further reading Chartkoff , Joseph L. ; Chartkoff , Kerry Kona ( 1984 ) . The archaeology of California . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1157 - 7 . OCLC 11351549 . Fagan , Brian ( 2003 ) . Before California : An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2794 - 8 . OCLC 226025645 . Hart , James D. ( 1978 ) . A Companion to California . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502400 - 1 . Matthews , Glenna . The Golden State in the Civil War : Thomas Starr King , the Republican Party , and the Birth of Modern California . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . Moratto , Michael J. ; Fredrickson , David A. ( 1984 ) . California archaeology . Orlando : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 506182 - X . OCLC 228668979 . Newmark , Harris ( 1916 ) . Sixty Years in Southern California 1853 - 1913 . New York : The Knickerbacker Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for California . Find more aboutCaliforniaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity State of California California State Guide , from the Library of Congress Geographic data related to California at OpenStreetMap data.ca.gov : open data portal from California state agencies California State Facts from USDA California Drought : Farm and Food Impacts from USDA , Economic Research Service California at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) 1973 documentary featuring aerial views of the California coastline from Mt . Shasta to Los Angeles Time - Lapse Tilt - Shift Portrait of California by Ryan and Sheri Killackey Sixty Years in Southern California 1853 - 1913 ... Early City Views ( los Angeles ) Preceded by Wisconsin List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on September 9 , 1850 ( 31st ) Succeeded by Minnesota hide Topics related to California The Golden State hide State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music Myth Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Capitol Districts Governor Legislature Supreme Court Healthcare History Law National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Congressional delegations Elections People Protected areas State Parks State Historic Landmarks Symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim hide Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in California Eric Garcetti ( Los Angeles ) Kevin Faulconer ( San Diego ) Sam Liccardo ( San Jose ) London Breed ( San Francisco ) Lee Brand ( Fresno ) Darrell Steinberg ( Sacramento ) Robert Garcia ( Long Beach ) Libby Schaaf ( Oakland ) Karen Goh ( Bakersfield ) Tom Tait ( Anaheim ) Miguel A. Pulido ( Santa Ana ) Rusty Bailey ( Riverside ) Michael Tubbs ( Stockton ) Mary Salas ( Chula Vista ) Don Wagner ( Irvine ) Lily Mei ( Fremont ) R. Carey Davis ( San Bernardino ) Garrad Marsh ( Modesto ) Acquanetta Warren ( Fontana ) Tim Flynn ( Oxnard ) Jesse Molina ( Moreno Valley ) Mike Posey ( Huntington Beach ) Paula Devine ( Glendale ) Laurene Weste ( Santa Clarita ) Jim Wood ( Oceanside ) Steven R. Jones ( Garden Grove ) L. Dennis Michael ( Rancho Cucamonga ) John Sawyer ( Santa Rosa ) Paul S. Leon ( Ontario ) Gary Davis ( Elk Grove ) Eugene Montanez ( Corona ) R. Rex Parris ( Lancaster ) James C. Ledford Jr . ( Palmdale ) Barbara Halliday ( Hayward ) Joe Gunter ( Salinas ) Elliot Rothman ( Pomona ) Jim Griffith ( Sunnyvale ) Sam Abed ( Escondido ) Patrick J. Furey ( Torrance ) Terry Tornek ( Pasadena ) Teresa Smith ( Orange ) Greg Sebourn ( Fullerton ) Carol Garcia ( Roseville ) Steve Nelsen ( Visalia ) Al Adam ( Thousand Oaks ) Edi E. Birsan ( Concord ) Bob Huber ( Simi Valley ) Jamie L. Matthews ( Santa Clara ) Gloria Garcia ( Victorville ) Bob Sampayan ( Vallejo ) Jesse Arreguín ( Berkeley ) Andre Quintero ( El Monte ) Sean Ashton ( Downey ) Matt Hall ( Carlsbad ) Stephen Mensinger ( Costa Mesa ) Harry T. Price ( Fairfield ) Jeff Comerchero ( Temecula ) James T. Butts Jr . ( Inglewood ) Wade Harper ( Antioch ) Harry Ramos ( Murrieta ) Cheryl Heitmann ( Ventura ) Tom Butt ( Richmond ) Fredrick Sykes ( West Covina ) Jennifer Perez ( Norwalk ) Raymond A. Buenaventura ( Daly City ) Bob Frutos ( Burbank ) Alice Patino ( Santa Maria ) Nathan Magsig ( Clovis ) Bill Wells ( El Cajon ) Maureen Freschet ( San Mateo ) Judy Ritter ( Vista ) Brad Hancock ( Jurupa Valley ) ^ * Mayor selected from city council Protected areas of California National Park System National Parks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite National Preserves Mojave National Monuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains Cesar E. Chavez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods World War II Valor in the Pacific National Seashores Point Reyes National Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter / World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime National Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar National Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown State Parks State Parks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Annadel Año Nuevo Anza - Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell -- Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe - Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D.L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W. Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur -- Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Patrick 's Point Pfeiffer Big Sur Placerita Canyon Plumas - Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch State Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B. Dewitt John Little Jug Handle Kruse Rhododendron Los Osos Oaks Mailliard Redwoods Mono Lake Tufa Montgomery Woods Point Lobos Smithe Redwoods Torrey Pines Tule Elk State Marine Reserves Albany Big Creek Carmel Pinnacles Del Mar Landing Emeryville Crescent Estero de Limantour Fitzgerald Laguna Beach Lovers Point Montara Moro Cojo Slough Natural Bridges Point Lobos Point Sur Russian River Stewarts Point State Historic Parks Anderson Marsh Antelope Valley Indian Museum Bale Grist Mill Benicia Capitol Bidwell Mansion Bodie California Citrus California State Indian Museum Chumash Painted Cave Colonel Allensworth Columbia Cowell Ranch / John Marsh El Presidio de Santa Barbara Empire Mine Folsom Powerhouse Fort Humboldt Fort Ross Fort Tejon Governor 's Mansion Hearst San Simeon Indian Grinding Rock Jack London La Purísima Mission Leland Stanford Mansion Los Angeles Los Encinos Malakoff Diggins Marconi Conference Center Marshall Gold Discovery Monterey Old Sacramento Old Town San Diego Olompali Petaluma Adobe Pigeon Point Light Station Pío Pico Point Sur Railtown 1897 San Juan Bautista San Pasqual Battlefield Santa Cruz Mission Santa Susana Pass Shasta Sonoma Sutter 's Fort Tomo - Kahni Wassama Round House Watts Towers of Simon Rodia Weaverville Joss House Will Rogers William B. Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House State Beaches Asilomar Bean Hollow Bolsa Chica Cardiff Carlsbad Carmel River Carpinteria Caspar Headlands Cayucos Corona del Mar Dockweiler Doheny El Capitán Emma Wood Gray Whale Cove Greenwood Half Moon Bay Huntington Leucadia Lighthouse Field Little River Malibu Lagoon Mandalay Manresa Marina McGrath Montara Monterey Moonlight Morro Strand Moss Landing Natural Bridges New Brighton Pacifica Pelican Pescadero Pismo Point Dume Point Sal Pomponio Refugio Robert H. Meyer Memorial Robert W. Crown Memorial Salinas River San Buenaventura San Clemente San Elijo San Gregorio San Onofre Santa Monica Schooner Gulch Seacliff Silver Strand Sonoma Coast South Carlsbad Sunset Thornton Torrey Pines Trinidad Twin Lakes Westport - Union Landing Will Rogers William Randolph Hearst Memorial Zmudowski State Recreation Areas Admiral William Standley Auburn Austin Creek Benbow Lake Benicia Bethany Reservoir Brannan Island Candlestick Point Castaic Lake Colusa - Sacramento River Folsom Lake Franks Tract George J. Hatfield Harry A. Merlo Kenneth Hahn Kings Beach Lake Del Valle Lake Oroville Lake Perris Lake Valley Martial Cottle Park McConnell Millerton Lake Picacho Providence Mountains Salton Sea San Luis Reservoir Silverwood Lake Standish - Hickey Tahoe Turlock Lake Woodson Bridge State Vehicular Recreation Areas Carnegie Clay Pit Heber Dunes Hollister Hills Hungry Valley Oceano Dunes Ocotillo Wells Prairie City Other Burleigh H. Murray Ranch California State Mining and Mineral Museum California State Capitol Museum California State Railroad Museum Castro Adobe Delta Meadows Estero Bay Hatton Canyon Indio Hills Palms Point Cabrillo Light Station Point Lobos Ranch Point Montara Light Station Reynolds Wayside Campground San Timoteo Canyon Stone Lake Verdugo Mountains Ward Creek Wildwood Canyon National Forests and Grasslands National Forests and Grasslands Angeles Butte Valley NG Cleveland Eldorado Humboldt - Toiyabe Inyo Klamath Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Los Padres Mendocino Modoc Plumas Rogue River -- Siskiyou San Bernardino Sequoia Shasta -- Trinity Sierra Six Rivers Stanislaus Tahoe National Wilderness Preservation System Agua Tibia Ansel Adams Bucks Lake Caribou Carson - Iceberg Castle Crags Cucamonga Desolation Dick Smith Dinkey Lakes Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Inyo Mountains Ishi Jennie Lakes John Muir Kaiser Marble Mountain Mokelumne Mount Shasta Wilderness North Fork Pine Creek San Gabriel Sanhedrin San Jacinto San Rafael Sespe Siskiyou Snow Mountain South Fork Eel River South Sierra South Warner Thousand Lakes Trinity Alps Ventana Yolla Bolly -- Middle Eel Yuki National Monuments and Recreation Areas Giant Sequoia National Monument San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Smith River National Recreation Area Shasta -- Trinity National Recreation Area Sand to Snow National Monument State Forests Boggs Mountain Demonstration Ellen Pickett Jackson Demonstration Las Posadas LaTour Demonstration Mount Zion Mountain Home Demonstration Soquel Demonstration National Wildlife Refuges Antioch Dunes Bitter Creek Blue Ridge Butte Sink Castle Rock Clear Lake Coachella Valley Colusa Delevan Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Ellicott Slough Farallon Guadalupe - Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake State Wildlife Areas Wildlife Areas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara / Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains Mendota Merrill 's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa - Sonoma Marshes North Grasslands O'Neill Forebay Oroville Petaluma Marsh Pickel Meadow Pine Creek Point Edith Putah Creek Rector Reservoir Red Lake Rhode Island Sacramento River San Felipe Valley San Jacinto San Luis Obispo San Luis Reservoir San Pablo Bay Santa Rosa Shasta Valley Silver Creek Slinkard / Little Antelope Smithneck Creek South Fork Spenceville Surprise Valley Sutter Bypass Tehama Truckee River Upper Butte Basin Volta Warner Valley Waukell Creek West Hilmar Westlker River White Slough Willow Creek Yolo Bypass Ecological Reserves Albany Mudflats Alkali Sink Allensworth Atascadero Creek Marsh Bair Island Baldwin Lake Batiquitos Lagoon Blue Sky Boden Canyon Boggs Lake Bolsa Chica Bonny Doon Buena Vista Lagoon Butler Slough Butte Creek Canyon Butte Creek House Buttonwillow By Day Creek Calhoun Cut Canebrake Carlsbad Highlands Carmel Bay Carrizo Canyon Carrizo Plains China Point Clover Creek Coachella Valley Coal Canyon Corte Madera Marsh Crestridge Dairy Mart Ponds Dales Lake Del Mar Landing Eden Landing Elkhorn Slough Estelle Mountain Fall River Mills Fish Slough Fremont Valley Goleta Slough Indian Joe Spring Kaweah Kerman King Clone Laguna Laurel Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Lokern Magnesia Spring Marin Islands Mattole River McGinty Mountain Morro Dunes Morro Rock Napa River North Table Mountain Oasis Spring Panoche Hills Peytonia Slough Pine Hill Piute Creek Pleasant Valley Rancho Jamul Redwood Shores River Springs Lakes Saline Valley San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon San Felipe Creek San Joaquin River Santa Rosa Plateau Springville Stone Corral Sycamore Canyon Sycuan Peak Thomes Creek Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Watsonville Slough West Mojave Desert Woodbridge Yaudanchi Marine Protected Areas Abalone Cove Albany Mudflats Anacapa Anacapa Año Nuevo Asilomar Atascadero Beach Bair Island Batiquitos Lagoon Big Creek Big Creek Big Sycamore Canyon Bodega Bolsa Chica Cambria Cardiff and San Elijo Carmel Bay Carmel Pinnacles Carrington Point Catalina Marine Science Center Corte Madera Marsh Crystal Cove Dana Point Del Mar Landing Doheny Doheny Duxbury Reef Edward F. Ricketts Elkhorn Slough Elkhorn Slough Encinitas Estero de Limantour Fagan Marsh Farallon Islands Farnsworth Bank Fort Ross Gerstle Cove Goleta Slough Greyhound Rock Gull Island Harris Point Heisler Park Hopkins Irvine Coast James V. Fitzgerald Judith Rock Julia Pfeiffer Burns La Jolla Laguna Beach Lovers Cove ( Catalina Island ) Lovers Point MacKerricher Manchester and Arena Rock Marin Islands Mia J. Tegner Moro Cojo Slough Morro Bay Morro Bay Morro Beach Natural Bridges Niguel Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Painted Cave Peytonia Slough Piedras Blancas Piedras Blancas Pismo Pismo - Oceano Beach Point Buchon Point Buchon Point Cabrillo Point Fermin Point Lobos Point Reyes Headlands Point Sur Point Sur Portuguese Ledge Punta Gorda Redwood Shores Refugio Richardson Rock Robert E. Badham Robert W. Crown Russian Gulch Russian River Salt Point San Diego - Scripps San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon Santa Barbara Island Scorpion Skunk Point Sonoma Coast Soquel Canyon South Laguna Beach South Point Swami 's Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Van Damme Vandenberg White Rock ( Cambria ) Bureau of Land Management National Landscape Conservation System National Monuments Berryessa Snow Mountain California Coastal Carrizo Plain Cascade - Siskiyou Fort Ord Mojave Trails Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Conservation Areas California Desert King Range Wilderness Areas Argus Range Big Maria Mountains Bigelow Cholla Garden Bighorn Mountain Black Mountain Bright Star Bristol Mountains Cadiz Dunes Carrizo Gorge Chemehuevi Mountains Chimney Peak Chuckwalla Mountains Chumash Cleghorn Lakes Clipper Mountain Coso Range Coyote Mountains Darwin Falls Dead Mountains Dick Smith El Paso Mountains Fish Creek Mountains Funeral Mountains Golden Valley Grass Valley Headwaters Forest Reserve Hollow Hills Ibex Indian Pass Inyo Mountains Jacumba Kelso Dunes Kiavah Kingston Range Little Chuckwalla Mountains Little Picacho Machesna Mountain Matilija Malpais Mesa Manly Peak Mecca Hills Mesquite Newberry Mountains Nopah Range North Algodones Dunes North Mesquite Mountains Old Woman Mountains Orocopia Mountains Otay Mountain Owens Peak Pahrump Valley Palen / McCoy Palo Verde Mountains Picacho Peak Piper Mountain Piute Mountains Red Buttes Resting Spring Range Rice Valley Riverside Mountains Rodman Mountains Sacatar Trail Saddle Peak Hills San Gorgonio Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Sawtooth Mountains Sespe Sheephole Valley South Nopah Range Stateline Stepladder Mountains Surprise Canyon Sylvania Mountains Trilobite Turtle Mountains Whipple Mountains National Marine Sanctuaries Channel Islands Cordell Bank Greater Farallones Monterey Bay National Estuarine Research Reserves Elkhorn Slough San Francisco Bay Tijuana River Estuary University of California Natural Reserve System Angelo Coast Range Reserve Año Nuevo Island Blue Oak Ranch Reserve Bodega Marine Box Springs Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center Burns Piñon Ridge Carpinteria Salt Marsh Chickering American River Coal Oil Point Dawson Los Monos Canyon Eagle Lake Field Station Elliott Chaparral Emerson Oaks Fort Ord Hastings James San Jacinto Mountains Jenny Pygmy Forest Jepson Prairie Kendall - Frost Mission Bay Marsh Kenneth S. Norris Rancho Marino Landels - Hill Big Creek McLaughlin Motte Rimrock Quail Ridge Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza - Borrego Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Valentine Eastern Sierra Younger Lagoon Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks Western United States Regions Rocky Mountains Great Basin West Coast Pacific Northwest Mountain States States Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming Major metropolitan areas Los Angeles Greater LA Phoenix San Francisco Bay Area San Jose -- Oakland San Bernardino - Riverside Seattle San Diego Denver Portland Las Vegas Paradise Sacramento Honolulu Oahu Albuquerque Santa Fe Major cities Anchorage Albuquerque Denver Honolulu Las Vegas Los Angeles Long Beach Oakland Phoenix Portland Reno Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Jose Salt Lake City Seattle Spokane Tucson State capitals Boise Carson City Cheyenne Denver Helena Honolulu Juneau Olympia Phoenix Sacramento Salem Salt Lake City Santa Fe New Spain ( 1521 -- 1821 ) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1625 -- 30 ) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne 's War → War of Jenkins ' Ear → Seven Years ' War → Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish -- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida , Yucatán Politics Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor ( position ) Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Treaty of Córdoba Adams -- Onís Treaty Notable cities , provinces , & territories Cities Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas Pachuca Querétaro Saltillo San Luis Potosí Los Ángeles Yerba Buena ( San Francisco ) San José San Diego Santa Fe Albuquerque El Paso Los Adaes San Antonio Tucson Pensacola St. Augustine Havana Santo Domingo San Juan Antigua Guatemala Cebu Manila Provinces & territories La Florida Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Alta California Baja California Tejas Nueva Galicia Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Cebu Bulacan Pampanga Other areas Spanish Formosa Explorers , adventurers & conquistadors Pre-New Spain explorers Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Explorers & conquistadors Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Nuño de Guzmán Bernal Díaz del Castillo Pedro de Alvarado Pánfilo de Narváez Hernando de Soto Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Miguel López de Legazpi Ángel de Villafañe Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Juan de Oñate Juan José Pérez Hernández Gaspar de Portolà Manuel Quimper Cristóbal de Oñate Andrés de Urdaneta Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( Yucatán conquistador ) Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ( founder of Nicaragua ) Gil González Dávila Francisco de Ulloa Juan José Pérez Hernández Dionisio Alcalá Galiano Bruno de Heceta Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra Alonso de León Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán José de Bustamante y Guerra José María Narváez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Antonio Gil Y'Barbo Alexander von Humboldt Thomas Gage Catholic Church in New Spain Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad Friars , fathers , priests , & bishops Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra Francisco Palóu Fermín Lasuén Esteban Tápis José Francisco de Paula Señan Mariano Payeras Sebastián Montero Marcos de Niza Francisco de Ayeta Antonio Margil Francisco Marroquín Manuel Abad y Queipo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos Other events Suppression of the Jesuits California mission clash of cultures Cargo system Indian Reductions Society and culture Indigenous peoples Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Huastec Mixtec P'urhépecha Totonac Pipil Kowoj K'iche ' Kaqchikel Zapotec Poqomam Mam Caribbean Arawak Ciboney Guanajatabey California Mission Indians Cahuilla Chumash Cupeño Juaneño Kumeyaay Luiseño Miwok Mohave Ohlone Serrano Tongva Southwestern Apache Coahuiltecan Cocopa Comanche Hopi Hualapai La Junta Navajo Pima Puebloan Quechan Solano Yaqui Zuni North - Northwest Mexico Acaxee Chichimeca Cochimi Kiliwa Ópata Tepehuán Florida & other Southeastern tribes Indigenous people during De Soto 's travels Apalachee Calusa Creek Jororo Pensacola Seminole Timucua Yustaga Filipino people Negrito Igorot Mangyan Peoples of Palawan Ati Panay Lumad Bajau Tagalog Cebuano Others Taiwanese aborigines Chamorro people Architecture Spanish Colonial style by country Colonial Baroque style Forts Missions Trade & economy Real Columbian Exchange Manila galleon Triangular trade People & classes Casta Peninsulars Criollo Indios Mestizo Castizo Coyotes Pardos Zambo Negros People Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Francis Drake Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Eusebio Kino La Malinche Fermín Lasuén Limahong Moctezuma II Junípero Serra Hasekura Tsunenaga Portal Commons Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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7056477263376893087	Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4)	Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) - Wikipedia Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 4 ) The Wizards of Waverly Place season 4 main cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 27 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) -- January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 The fourth and final season of Wizards of Waverly Place aired on Disney Channel from November 12 , 2010 to January 6 , 2012 . The Russo children , Alex ( Selena Gomez ) , Justin ( David Henrie ) , and Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) continue to compete to become the leading wizard in their magical family and begin to make difficult decisions about their futures . Maria Canals Barrera and David DeLuise co-star as their parents and Jennifer Stone co-stars as Alex 's best friend , Harper Finkle . This is the second season of the series to be broadcast in high - definition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening sequence 2 Synopsis 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Opening sequence ( edit ) Season 4 of the series features a revamped opening sequence with clips from past seasons . The opening sequence takes place in the wizard lair at the Russo home . Footage of Alex ( Selena Gomez ) and Justin Russo ( David Henrie ) is shown in the Crystal replay ball from the season premiere `` Alex Tells the World '' . Then , a spell book opens and footage of Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) and Harper Finkle ( Jennifer Stone ) appear . After that , footage of Theresa ( Maria Canals Barrera ) and Jerry Russo ( David DeLuise ) are shown in a cauldron . After the footage is played , Alex transports them to Times Square , with Alex waving her wand to reveal the title logo and the name of the creator . The theme song Everything Is Not What It Seems has also been remixed and sung by Selena Gomez for the fourth season of the show . Synopsis ( edit ) Alex and Justin are sent back to level one in the wizard competition after `` exposing '' wizardry in `` Alex Tells the World '' , leaving Max as the most expected to become the family wizard . In `` Alex Gives Up '' , Alex quits the competition , but eventually decides to stay in the competition in `` Journey to the Center of Mason '' to be with Mason . Before then , Harper tries to get Alex to enjoy life without wizardry . Meanwhile , Justin tries to tutor a class of delinquent wizards . In the episode , `` Three Maxes and a Little Lady '' , Alex and Justin accidentally turn Max into a little girl , Maxine , portrayed by Bailee Madison . She ends up making Alex jealous when their father prefers Maxine over Alex . Maxine remains until `` Back to Max '' . In the episode `` Everything 's Rosie for Justin '' , Justin falls in love with Rosie , a guardian angel , but at the end of `` Dancing with Angels '' she becomes an Angel of Darkness . In `` Zeke Finds Out '' , the Russos finally reveal to Zeke that they are wizards . In `` Wizard of the Year '' , Alex is crowned Wizard of the Year for saving the world from the angels of darkness , and is reinstated in the Wizards Competition . In `` Justin 's Back In '' , Justin is reinstated in the Wizard Competition , after his class of delinquent wizards passes . Meanwhile , Alex 's relationship with Mason is jeopardized again when a beast tamer , Chase Riprock , falls in love with Alex and Mason gets jealous . This results in Alex breaking up with Mason . Alex , Justin and Max then save the world from being destroyed by an asteroid . Later , Alex and Harper move into an apartment building with a secret 13th floor for wizards and other creatures in the wizard world . However , it turns out to be a trap made by Gorog to capture the wizards who live in the same floor to make them join the dark side and rule the wizard world . He is defeated and destroyed by Alex , Justin and Max who were using the Power of Three . During this , Alex and Mason get back together and , after a long time , Justin finally gets back together with Juliet . Finally , in the hour - long series finale , Alex , Justin , and Max compete in the family wizard competition . Alex wins and gains full wizardry ; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin . Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore . The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy . Guest stars and recurring cast include : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Greybeck , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , David Barrera as Carlos Cucuy , Samantha Boscarino as Lisa Cucuy , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen , Daniel Samonas as Dean Moriarty , Bailee Madison as Maxine Russo , Shane Harper as Fidel , Dan Benson as Zeke Beakerman , John Rubinstein as Gorog , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Leven Rambin as Rosie , China Anne McClain as Tina , Kari Wahlgren as Helen , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Jackie Evancho as Herself , McKaley Miller as Talia , Valente Rodriguez as Muy Macho , and Nick Roux as Chase Riprock . Cast ( edit ) Selena Gomez as Alex Russo David Henrie as Justin Russo Jake T. Austin as Max Russo Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo David DeLuise as Jerry Russo Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes This season consists of 27 episodes . Wizards of Waverly Place Season 4 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Alex Tells the World '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 401 4.1 The Russos and Mason finally make it back home , but their wizard powers are still gone . While the family wants to stay quiet , Alex believes that they should take action , so she reveals that they are wizards to reporters and tells them that a group of wizards are being held captive by the government . As she urges them to spread the word , Professor Crumbs appears and tells her that everything that had happened was a test that she failed miserably and orders her to Wizard Court for exposing wizardry to the world . Justin is also ordered to attend because he exposed magic to Agent Lamwood , who was a creation from Professor Crumbs ' mind . The judges rule Alex and Justin guilty , and Professor Crumbs sentences them both to be demoted to level one in the Family Wizard Competition , making them behind Max by two levels . Meanwhile , Max sets up traps in the Sub Station for the `` government '' , but ends up falling for one of them . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs 81 `` Alex Gives Up '' Victor Gonzalez Todd J. Greenwald November 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 27 ) 402 N / A Alex decides to give up the wizard competition to spend more time with Mason and thinks that it does not matter since Max is all the way in the lead , but Chancellor Tootietootie tells Alex that non-wizards and werewolves can not date , because the werewolf always eats the human . Max 's picture on the front of Future Wizards magazine attracts the daughter of a family of Cucuys ( mythical Latino monster ) and they invite him to a dinner party on their yacht . Alex comes up with a scheme to invite Chancellor Tootietootie to the Cucuy party in hopes of getting him to appeal the law against werewolves and mortals dating . Lisa Cucuy finds out that Mason is a werewolf and decides that she wants him instead of Max . Alex gets jealous when Lisa flirts with Mason , so Alex says embarrassing things about Mason to everyone on the yacht so that he will be mad enough to turn into a werewolf . Carlos and Julie Cucuy jump off the boat as Cucuys are scared of werewolves . Jerry jumps off after them . Alex tells Lisa that she can get off the boat the easy way or her way . Once Lisa jumps off the boat , Chancellor Tootietootie says that their case will not be appealed as by Mason turning into a werewolf proved his point that they are dangerous . In the end , Alex and Mason have to break up to be friends and Harper finishes writing her first novel based on the werewolf - wizard relationship . Jerry tries to get Harper to help him out of the water but accidentally grabs her just finished novel , which causes him to fall back into the water . Meanwhile , Justin tutors a class of delinquent wizards in an attempt to gain a level to re-enter the Wizard Competition . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Frank Pacheco as Felix , David Barrera as Carlos Cucuy , Roxana Brusso as Julie Cucuy , Samantha Boscarino as Lisa Cucuy , Kari Wahlgren as Helen 82 `` Lucky Charmed '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 403 3.0 Harper tries teaching Alex how to live without magic , but the strain of taking responsibility for her actions instead of using magic causes a disagreement between the two best friends when Alex gets in big trouble for crashing Mr. Laritate 's car . As punishment , Alex has to clean the school 's garbage cans . Mr. Laritate forgives Alex after seeing how the crash influenced her , and Alex realizes that she will be okay without magic . Wanting to thank Harper , Alex uses Mr. Laritate 's lucky life - saving hula girl figurine , Leilani , for luck , as Mr. Laritate does . During Harper 's driving test , Alex turns into the hula girl and guides Harper through the test , knowing that she might fail . In the end , Harper passes her test . Meanwhile , Jerry wants to pass on the wizard family robe to Max , but Justin has a hard time letting go of it . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Julio Oscar Mechoso as DMV Instructor Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 83 `` Journey to the Center of Mason '' Robbie Countryman Peter Dirksen December 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) 404 N / A After she finds out that she will lose her powers , Alex can no longer date Mason , so they decide to try being best friends instead . After watching a film at the theaters , Harper , Alex , and Mason go home , Dean , who was Alex 's Ex-Boyfriend comes and asks Alex to get back together with him . Mason gets jealous . When Dean brings a gift for Alex , Mason then asks what Alex 's relationship is with Dean , and Max tells him that Dean and Alex used to date , making Mason more jealous . Mason then turns into a werewolf and eats Dean . Alex , Justin , and Max come up with a solution to turn Justin 's toy Captain Jim Bob submarine big and go in it . They then shrink it and go into Mason 's mouth . While there , Alex , Max , and Justin see Mason 's thoughts , which are all of Alex . They get Dean out , and Alex , when Harper , Max , and Justin leave , Alex tells Dean that he was knocked out and the doctor 's solution was for them all to dress up as cows . Dean then gives her his offer once again : he wants to get back with her . Alex tells him ' no ' , and then gets back together with Mason , with deciding to get back to the Wizard Competition . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Daniel Samonas as Dean , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Shoshana Bush as Tyler 84 5 `` Three Maxes and a Little Lady '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) 405 4.0 Alex joins Justin 's wizard class to try to move up in the competition . Max joins a sophisticated wizard society . They suggest he move the wizard competition up and he moves it to a few days away . Max quits the society because he finds out that they are taking advantage of him . Alex and Justin transform into Max in an attempt to change the date of the family wizard competition back to its original date and succeed . In the end of the episode they accidentally turn Max indefinitely into a little girl . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Kari Wahlgren as Helen , Shane Harper as Fidel Note : Bailee Madison begins her recurring role as Maxine , the female Max in this episode . Jake T. Austin was absent in four other episodes and returns at the end of the tenth episode `` Back to Max '' . 85 6 `` Daddy 's Little Girl '' Robbie Countryman Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 406 3.4 With Max still a little girl , their parents pay more attention to Max ( Maxine ) , and Alex becomes jealous . Justin takes Maxine to her ( Max 's ) karate class and Maxine kicks Justin 's butt . After the class , Alex decides to make Jerry 's favorite sandwich in order to win his love back , but Maxine comes along with Justin , announcing that she beat Justin in karate , and Jerry immediately falls for her cuteness again . More jealous than ever , Alex comes back with Justin to Maxine 's karate class with their parents , having a slight idea of knowing how to change Maxine back to Max . They cast spells on Maxine , Justin using the spell he used on Max that turned him into Maxine , and Alex using the reverse spell . Unfortunately , it only makes Maxine cuter , which makes her furious . Instead of going against the person she was supposed to , she demands that she kicks either Alex or Justin 's butt . Justin goes against her , but seeing that he would lose , Alex casts a spell on Justin to make him a karate master . Too fast for Maxine , Justin beats her , and Maxine is hurt ( physically ) . Jerry and Theresa rush to her side , caring for Maxine more than they care that Justin beat Maxine in karate . Justin leaves , and Alex leaves after him , heartbroken . Back at home , Jerry tells Alex that he fell for Maxine because she reminded him of Alex when she was little and they bond again . Meanwhile , Zeke thinks the Russos hate him , but really it was just Harper 's alibi in order to keep him away from the Sub Station so as not to make him suspicious about Max 's disappearance and Maxine 's appearance . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Dan Benson as Zeke , Lanny Joon as Sensei Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 86 7 `` Everything 's Rosie for Justin '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 407 3.9 Justin and his delinquent class have a wizard wand dance assessment to do which will get them back in Wiztech . A new student named Rosie joins , whom Justin falls madly in love with to later find out that she is an Angel . Meanwhile , Jerry , Teresa , and Harper try to think of ideas of how to get more people to come to their restaurant . Harper makes cards which customers get hole punched each time they buy a sandwich ; when you get 9 hole punches , they get a free sandwich . Contrary to the original purpose , one man punches his own card , demands a free sandwich , and then brings dozens of people into the restaurant , who also have pre-punched cards . Maxine uses her charming cuteness to convince the customers to not exploit her parents . Meanwhile , Justin kicks Rosie out of his class so that it does not fail the wizard dance assessment . Sympathizing , Alex gets Rosie to rejoin the class and puts a copycat spell on her so that Rosie can mimic Alex 's move and pass the class . The assessment ends in disaster when a squirrel - frog attaches itself to Alex 's foot , and Rosie reveals herself to be an angel . The class fails , but Justin starts dating Rosie . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Leven Rambin as Rosie , Diane Delano as Penny , Chris Coppola as Customer , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 87 8 `` Dancing with Angels '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 408 4.5 Justin and Rosie start dating but when their date gets ruined , they want a second date . Alex suggests an Angel Club in Los Angeles , but Rosie says that only Angels are allowed . Maxine will not tell their parents as long as Alex brings her back an Ozzy Osbourne stone . After Justin , Harper and Alex sneak in along with Rosie , Zeedrik asks them if they are angels and they say they are . Back at the sub shop , Theresa and Jerry question Maxine to find out where Justin , Alex and Harper are , and Maxine does not say , so they force her to join a Pageant in order for her to tell them where they are . Things get bad at the angel club when Alex and Harper can not fly , until Justin secretly pulls out his wand and gives Harper flying powers . Zeedrik still questions them by giving them a test to sing while playing the harp . Though Alex , Justin , and Harper fail to do so , they are accepted as `` angels '' until the key - chain of Ozzy Osbourne 's star reverts to normal . Zeedrik believes they are really angels of darkness , causing everyone in the club to run off , even Rosie . Rosie comes back at the end of the episode to comfort Justin , but when they both look over the city , Rosie 's wings are shown to be black , the color of an angel of darkness ' wings , but Justin does not see because he is looking forward . Meanwhile , Maxine ends up winning the beauty pageant , making Jerry and Theresa celebrate . Guest stars : Bailee Madison as Maxine , Leven Rambin as Rosie , Ransford Doherty as Zeedrik Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 88 9 `` Wizards vs. Angels '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 409 -- 410 5.1 Rosie is an Angel of Darkness , and has been tricking Justin all along to make him evil . Alex finds out , with the help of Tina ( a guardian angel in training trying to earn her wings ) that Rosie is an Angel of Darkness . Justin crosses over to the dark side with Rosie , steals the `` moral compass '' , and gives it to Gorog , so Gorog can turn the compass from good to bad , so that the world will be covered in darkness and every human being will be corrupted . Rosie tries to get Justin to run away and save him , because Gorog wants to destroy him , but Justin refuses to leave , stating that he is no longer a wizard but an Angel of Darkness and breaks his wand in half . Alex tries to convince Justin that he is a wizard , a good wizard and not an Angel of Darkness . Meanwhile , Maxine is enrolled in Tribeca Prep , since she is participating in a `` cousin exchange program . '' After her first day of school , Maxine laments that she has no friends , which leads Harper to insist Maxine have a slumber party ( which is really what Harper wants because she has never had a slumber party ) , that eventually becomes a disaster . Tina reveals that Rosie was a good angel , and her teacher however , Gorog reached her before her transport arrived and corrupted her . Alex and Tina go to the Dark Realm to save Justin . Alex borrows a pair of wings from the guardian angels . Alex takes the Moral Compass and tries to turn it to good but Justin stops her and then Rosie used her good angel side and they fly up and when they land , Justin turns the compass to good . Tina and Alex take it and run . When Rosie and Justin kiss , Rosie turns into a good angel ( with white wings ) , and Justin loses the dark wings . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Bailee Madison as Maxine , Leven Rambin as Rosie , John Rubinstein as Gorog , China McClain as Tina , Amy Tolsky as Florence Note : This is a one - hour special . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 89 10 `` Back To Max '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 411 3.7 Justin invites Professor Crumbs to check on his delinquent wizards class , to see how their wizard training is progressing . During the conversation , Maxine interrupts , causing Alex and Justin to panic since they do not know how to explain `` Maxine '' , and they try to find a way to turn Maxine back to Max . Meanwhile , Harper takes a role in the school 's `` Spirit of America '' play , only to be replaced by Maxine . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Bailee Madison as Maxine , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis , LJ Benet as Little Crumbs , Jackie Evancho as Choir Girl Note : Jake T. Austin returns as Max near the end of the episode . Bailee Madison marks her final appearance as Maxine in this episode . 90 11 `` Zeke Finds Out '' David DeLuise Peter Dirksen April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 412 3.0 When Alex gets bored of Zeke 's failing magic tricks , she decides to use magic to make Zeke 's tricks come true . Everything goes downhill when Zeke tells Harper he believes he is a wizard and is now booking a magic act at the sub station for a kid 's birthday party . Since Justin and Harper are tired of Alex ruining things all the time , they decide to leave everything up to her . Harper , not wanting to let Zeke make a fool of himself , tells Alex to tell Zeke the truth about wizards , but she is reluctant to , as exposing wizardry to another mortal could get her kicked out of the wizard competition forever if anyone finds out . Zeke goes on with his belief that he is a `` wizard '' , but he finds out Harper is keeping a secret from him so he breaks up with her . Alex realizes what a mess she created and on the day of Zeke 's magic act , she makes Harper disappear before she can expose wizardry to Zeke , which freaks him out . The Russos really are in deep waters when Zeke is going to saw Max in half with a real saw for his next act , so Justin takes matters into his own hands and freezes everyone except for himself and Zeke . Justin tells Zeke that he is a wizard , not Zeke , and that he did everything . Still not believing him , he flashes Zeke into their lair and unveils the secret to him . They go back outside and tell Harper and Alex who are fighting , that Zeke now knows about the existence of wizards , but he promises he will never tell anyone . Zeke and Harper reconcile their relationship and Alex and Harper apologize and make up with each other . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Maurice G. Smith as Big Mitch Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 91 12 `` Magic Unmasked '' David DeLuise Justin Varava May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) 413 2.7 When a former legendary Luchador `` Muy Macho '' visits the Sub Station , Alex finds out that she was the reason why he quit lucha libre ( wrestling ) , so she tries to make it up to him by arranging a lucha libre match with him and Jerry to restore his honor . Meanwhile , Zeke asks too many questions about wizardry , so Justin offers to grant him one magical wish if he promised he would stop questioning him about magic . Unfortunately , Zeke 's wish is to defeat Muy Macho in the match . Max pretends to like Talia 's hobbies , but does not enjoy them . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Valente Rodriguez as Muy Macho , McKaley Miller as Talia 92 13 `` Meet the Werewolves '' Victor Gonzalez David Henrie June 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) 415 4.0 When Alex asks Mason if she can meet his parents , Mason shows his fake parents and she finds out soon after . She gets upset at Mason and demands him to take her to his real parents . Mason takes her to the Autumn Moon Feast ( werewolf holiday ) to meet his parents . Soon after that Alex finds out he told his parents that she is a werewolf and is frustrated . She uses a spell to change herself and Harper into werewolves . She tries to be the worst werewolf possible in front of Mason 's parents during the feast . In the end Mason 's parents like her as a werewolf and she says to him that they do not know the real her . She begins to leave and he says that he truly loves Alex to his parents and that she is a wizard . She changes back to a wizard and Mason turns back to human form . After the parents find out they try to eat her and Mason and Alex make a near escape . Meanwhile Max makes his parents ' food taste like kid food in order to make it taste good . Afterwards Jerry and Theresa eat it , and as a result they act like little kids . Justin thinks he will have to fix it but Max comments on how he does not need help , as he will be the future family wizard . Max uses another spell on cookies to make them older , but they turn into teenagers . Finally , Justin uses a spell on a pizza to turn them back into their regular selves . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Harry Van Gorkum as Grant Greybeck , Robin Riker as Linda Greybeck , Marianne Muellerleile as Molly , Eric Zuckerman as Bill 93 14 `` Beast Tamer '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein June 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) 416 4.0 When Alex , Justin and Max win four tickets to the `` Beast Bowl '' , the tickets are delivered by Beast Tamer Chase Riprock , who begins flirting with Alex and invites the group for a pre-bowl tour . Alex invites Mason to go with them but he says he can not . During the tour , despite Chase 's warnings , Justin attempts to tame the beast so that Max can have his photo taken with the beast , but both are caught and banned from the event . Chase tries to kiss Alex but she rejects him and returns to the mortal world where she finds Mason coming out a hardware store . Mason is evasive about his plans , which involve making an anniversary present for Alex , so Alex returns to the Beast Bowl. Harper tells Mason that Chase likes Alex and urges him to surprise her with the gift at the Beast Bowl . Meanwhile , Justin and Max return to the Beast Bowl disguised as beast taming clowns where they allow the beast to escape and snatch Alex who throws the whip to Chase . Chase tames the beast who drops Alex and Mason is able to reveal his gift , which is a sculpture of himself and Alex. Alex and Mason leave together , with the sculpture . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Nick Roux as Chase Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 94 15 `` Wizard of the Year '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman July 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 08 ) 417 3.6 Alex has been crowned Wizard of the Year after saving the world from dark angels , as well as being reinstated in the Wizard Competition , and a banquet honoring her achievement is hosted . With paparazzi in tow , Chase Riprock visits the lair to congratulate Alex . As he leaves , Keith Keith hounds them about being in a romantic relationship , to which Alex states she already has a boyfriend . Later , Mason and Alex watch his gossip segment , and to their horror , Keith Keith confirms that Chase and Alex are dating . For Alex winning Wizard of the Year , the Russo family must record a holographic video congratulating Alex . However , much to Justin 's displeasure , Justin 's video instead only contains him complaining about Alex . The night of the awards banquet , Mason stands Alex up , leaving her devastated . At the banquet , Chancellor TootieTootie tells Justin that his display of affection and pride for Alex may reinstate him into the competition , causing Justin to be frantic and do everything within his power to destroy the tape . Chase purposely invites himself to sit at the Russo 's table . However , Mason shows up late and sees Alex and Chase flirting together . A short battle ensues between Mason and Chase . Alex soon breaks up the fight , and is forced to choose either Mason or Chase . Appalled by both of their behaviors that evening , Alex chooses neither and breaks up with Mason . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Nick Roux as Chase , Justin Guarini as Keith Keith 95 16 `` Misfortune at the Beach '' Jody Margolin Hahn Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 420 3.5 The Russos head to the beach on an extremely hot day , and Harper hopes to enjoy reading her book while at the beach . The Russos come across Zelzar , a fortune - telling machine . Jerry warns the kids about Zelzar -- he is from the wizard world , and a wizard 's fortune really comes true . After Max and Justin receive good fortunes , Alex decides to get a fortune despite her father 's warning . However , her fortune says , `` Say good - bye to your life . '' Alex thinks nothing of it and proceeds to enjoy the day at the beach , but comes close to life - threatening situations multiple times . Alex , Justin , Max , and Harper make a compromise with Zelzar -- if they can extract him from the machine and let him enjoy a day at the beach , he will take back Alex 's fortune . Max replaces Zelzar , and Justin is forced to drive the beach - goers away from the machine ( as Max gives out silly fortunes about his new facial hair ) ; meanwhile , the girls help Zelzar fancy his day at the beach . In the end , Zelzar reveals that while he can not take away Alex 's fortune , he can give it to the next person . The next person happens to be a little girl , who gets Alex 's fortune . However , it is revealed that a man from Random Prize Giveaway shows up , saying : `` Say good - bye to your life because we 're randomly giving you one million dollars ! '' Guest stars : Michael Carbonaro as Zelzar , John J. York as Game Show Host 96 17 `` Wizards vs. Asteroid '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen August 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) 418 3.6 When it is announced that a huge asteroid is hurtling towards the earth , the Russos decide to hide in the wizard world , but Alex , Justin , and Max change their minds and go into space to destroy the asteroid . Meanwhile , Alex finds out that she is not graduating high school , but when a small part of the asteroid hits the school , she gets a chance to graduate . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Kristina Hayes as Reporter 97 18 `` Justin 's Back In '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald August 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) 419 3.2 Justin 's class of delinquent wizards has completed their studies , which means they are eligible to rejoin WizTech if they all pass their final evaluation . When they all fail , Alex suspects something is not right . The truth soon uncovered -- the class had actually passed , but the historian who checked the exams was revealed to be evil , and had lied about the exam scores . He tries to attack Justin 's class , so Justin must stop the historian , and save Alex. but one of the students in the class is able to stop him by pulling the most powerful wand in the wizard world out of a crystal ball and using it . This means that he is actually the descendant of a famous wizard who had previously been thought to have no living descendants . Justin 's class is revealed to have passed the final exam , so they are readmitted into WizTech and Justin is officially back in the family wizard competition . Meanwhile , Jerry and Theresa realize that they never saved any of Max 's childhood accomplishments , so they try to recreate them with the help of Harper . During the credits , it is revealed that Max had kept his favorite memories all along . Special guest star : Tim Conway as Cragmont Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Cameron Sanders as Nelvis 98 19 `` Alex the Puppetmaster '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 421 3.0 Alex and Harper decide to do a puppet show to raise money for a new apartment and Zeke and Justin help them . But Alex forgets to write the lines for the show . Harper gets mad and decides to do a show of her own and makes her puppets act like the way Alex treats her . Alex makes Justin and Zeke puppets for her show and steals Harper 's crowd which makes Harper upset . Then Alex apologizes to Harper using the puppets . Meanwhile , Talia 's parents meet Theresa and Jerry for the first time , but it does not go well . Justin puts a spell on Talia 's parents to forget they ever meet Theresa and Jerry . They meet again , but this time they end up watching a 16 - hour play together . Special guest star : Joely Fisher as Meg Robinson Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , James Urbaniak as Rob Robinson , McKaley Miller as Talia 99 20 `` My Two Harpers '' Victor Gonzalez Manny Basanese September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 422 3.0 Harper and Zeke spend so much time together that Alex decides to make a Harper - clone . Justin comes with lots of different ideas to save money in the sub-shop and Max starts a fast - food restaurant in the wizard world . Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 100 21 `` Wizards of Apartment 13B '' Guy Distad Justin Varava October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 423 3.5 Alex and Harper receive a flyer for a hotel . They meet the hotel 's owner , Dexter , who sells them Apartment 13B , which belongs to a floor for non-humans . They rent it , but Harper is forced to use a training wand that can only open things . Later at their apartment , they realize Mason lives on the floor . Mason will stop at nothing to win Alex back ; Alex tells him she does not want a boyfriend , but Mason is relentless . That night , Alex and Harper throw a party , where the whole floor comes , including Felix . Mason goes to the party and uses Harper 's wand to open Alex 's heart . However , she flirts with an ugly giant . Mason tries again , but makes Alex opens her heart to Felix . Meanwhile , Theresa and Jerry trick Justin into going to Alex 's apartment to drive him out of the house . When Justin arrives , he fixes Mason 's mistakes by resetting Harper 's wand and it is revealed that despite his actions , he misses Alex. Alex , freed from Mason 's spell , is angry at Mason , and Mason , deflated , leaves . Outside their door , Dexter turns into Gorog when no one is looking . He wants revenge . Max appears in the apartment , and when Harper and Alex kick him out , he encounters Gorog , who gives him a flyer for a free camp . Max accepts . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : John Rubinstein as Gorog , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre Note : This is part 1 of a 4 - part arc and also the 100th episode . 101 22 `` Ghost Roommate '' David DeLuise Richard Goodman October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 424 4.1 Alex and Harper have trouble paying the apartment bills , so Dexter recommends getting a roommate . Alex and Harper find a wealthy ghost named Lucy , who they let move in . Meanwhile , Justin orders a robot to help Zeke at the sub station , as Justin is busy studying for the wizard competition . The robot is lost in transit , but Dexter ( Gorog in disguise ) makes an evil robot to spy on Justin to pass information to Gorog . While Zeke and the robot are working , the robot asks him about Justin and the wizard competition , which confuses Zeke because no one had talked about it in front of the robot . Later that night , Lucy starts crying and explains that her boyfriend Donny had disappeared sixty years prior in a plane accident . Alex tries to set Lucy up with Justin , but he makes matters worse . Later , Lucy meets Mason and they go out on a long date , which makes Alex jealous . Meanwhile , the robot again asks Zeke about the wizard world and Zeke realizes that the robot might have a secret agenda . He tells Justin , who simply does not believe him and is ignorant of the situation because of his intensive studying . Because of her jealousy , Alex helps Lucy locate Donny , who had been stranded on an island in the Bermuda Triangle . They soon reconnect , but not after Alex realizes that she can not get back home , due to heavy magnetic currents interfering with her magic . Mason goes to save Alex after he finds out that she had left for the Bermuda Triangle . The robot attacks Justin and Zeke after they find him scanning the spell book . Mason and Alex manage to get off of the island using the Bermuda shorts given to them by Justin . The robot is shown giving Gorog the spell he needed that he got from the Russos . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Linsey Godfrey as Lucy , Travis Caldwell as Donny , Michael Carbonaro as Robot Note : This is part 2 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 102 23 `` Get Along , Little Zombie '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) 425 3.4 Alex and Harper are going to their apartment when they run into Mr. Laritate , who also lives in the hotel . Felix tells Justin he broke his wand and Justin informs him that it 's fake , because he saw batteries in it . He concludes that someone stole Felix 's wand . Dexter is showing a zombie to the hall for magical creatures while he introduces them to Alex and Harper . Mason , who will stubbornly not stop asking Alex on a date , meets them in the elevator . When Alex ignores him , Mason messes with the buttons so he can spend more time with her and they land on the second floor . Justin tells Jerry that Felix lost his wand and Jerry tells them to use the abracadoobler wand app and Felix realizes that his wand is around the area . Meanwhile , because Mason messed with the buttons , all the humans have discovered the mysterious thirteenth floor . Alex lies and tells the humans that they accidentally got into a secret open house floor for the people in the hotel . Mr. Laritate , after all the other humans left , discovers the thirteenth floor too and sees Alex , Harper , and Mason . Mr. Laritate sees the zombie , Alex explains this is a haunted house , but Mr. Laritate does not believe them . The zombie bites Mr. Laritate and turns him into a zombie . They take him to their apartment while Alex looks for a spell to turn Mr. Laritate human again . Mr. Laritate runs away and Alex , Harper , and Mason suspect he went to the substation . Professor Crumbs questions Felix , who reveals the 13th floor to them , and Crumbs denies the existence of a `` 13th floor '' , so they go to investigate . At Waverly Place they 're throwing a festival while Alex tells Jerry what happened . Alex and Mason , trying to sneak the zombie into the substation , are forced into dance . They then , after Harper causes a distraction , take Laritate to the substation and give him a medicine from the wizard world that turns Laritate human . He remembers nothing and goes outside to dance . Alex kisses him on the cheek , and Mason suggests they just be friends . Alex gets back together with Mason . Crumbs tells Felix the floor should not exist . Harper , Mason , and Alex return to the thirteenth floor . Justin tells them that the floor does not exist . Crumbs thinks that there is evil going on . Dexter then comes with dark angel wings and it is revealed he stole Felix 's his wand . Dexter tricks Felix into turning to the dark side in return for the wand . Felix casts a spell that traps them all on the floor . Back at Waverly Place , Mr. Laritate is dancing while Jerry is selling chili , when Mr. Laritate gets one and gets water to get `` the burn '' out of his mouth . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Regan Burns as Everett , Jane Carr as Martha St. Claire Note : This is part 3 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 103 24 `` Wizards vs. Everything '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 426 3.4 The wizards of 13th floor come out and Alex explains Dexter 's evil . Dexter reveals himself as Gorog , and that he is trying to rebuild his army of darkness . Felix uses a spell that makes all the wizards from the 13th floor go with them , so they can make them all evil , all except Alex , Justin , and Harper , who are left behind . A trashcan tells them to go through it , however Alex ends up in the room again . Justin realizes only mortals can go through it . Alex convinces Harper into going through it , Harper then arrives in the wizard lair . Gorog takes the kidnapped wizards to his evil lair , where he plans to make them evil . He tricks Hugh Normous into becoming one of the evil wizards in his army . Professor Crumbs fakes becoming evil when Gorog plans on making him evil . Harper contacts Max and tells him about Gorog . Max arrives and suggests they look for spells in the wizard books . Gorog makes the wizard army to dig a hole to the atmosphere to the wizard world , so they can take over it . Gorog also tries to trick Mason into being one of the members in his army , but Mason refuses . Gorog tricks him into joining , however . Gorog then makes Felix send a black whole to suck Alex and Justin in it . Gorog gives the kidnapped wizards their wands so they can take over the wizard world , but Crumbs refuses to let them . Felix then gets rid of Crumbs on Gorog 's order . The black hole nearly sucks Alex and Justin when Crumbs arrives at the wizard lair . Max suggests they put a black hole in the wizard lair . Max goes in and rescues Alex and Justin . Crumbs tells them to use their magic to stop Gorog . They arrive at Gorog 's lair and attempt to destroy him , but Mason tries to convince Alex to join them . Gorog also reveals Juliet ( young again ) , Justin 's ex-girlfriend , and she convinces Justin to join . Alex also surrenders , and Max is forced to as well , the three then use their combined magic to get rid of Gorog , and all the supernatural beings are freed from his influence . Juliet and Justin get back together . Alex tricks Harper into moving in the Russos ' basement by making her think all the wizards and supernatural creatures , with no home , are going to stay . Special guest stars : Gregg Sulkin as Mason , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , John Rubinstein as Gorog , Frank Pacheco as Felix , Fred Stoller as Dexter , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre Note : This is part 4 of a 4 - part arc . Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 104 25 `` Rock Around the Clock '' Guy Distad Robert Boesel November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 414 3.8 The current landlord of the Russo 's building decides to sell the sub shop , evicting the Russos of the shop , as well as their apartment and lair , which contains their portal . Without the portal , the Russos will lose all contact with the Wizard world . So , the entire family ( along with Harper ) travel back to 1957 to stop Jerry 's father ( the previous owner of the shop ) from selling the shop to the landlord , so that they do not get evicted . Jerry 's father agrees not to sell the shop , and the Russos return to present day . However , they accidentally leave Harper behind when Harper is distracted by a woman with a poodle , and Harper suggests that the woman should put a picture of a poodle on her skirt , creating a poodle skirt , which were popular in the 1950s . Back in present day , the Russos ( who have not yet realized Harper 's absence ) find the sub shop obsolete , boarded up , and empty , with the subway car and the lair missing , too . The Russos realized that they have messed with the fabric of time , and something they did while time - traveling in 1957 must have created a ripple effect , and affected present day . While Alex suggests that they go back to 1957 to find out what they did wrong , Justin denies this , saying they should not solve the problem by doing exactly what caused the problem , however Theresa states that they will have to go back , when she realizes that they left Harper in 1957 . The Russos return to 1957 , where Jerry 's father reveals that he did not sell the restaurant to the landlord , however the restaurant failed to make enough business , and that he has been forced to close it . Justin realizes that when Jerry 's father lost the restaurant , he moved out of the building and since their family no longer lived in the building , the lair disappeared in present day . The Russos decide just to find Harper and go back to present day , and discover that Harper enrolled at Tribeca Prep as soon as they forgot her in 1957 , as Harper did not want to ruin her perfect attendance record . Justin , Alex , and Max go to Tribeca Prep to retrieve Harper , while Jerry and Theresa wait at the sub shop , however Harper decides to stay in the past , as she finds new popularity in 1957 that she does not experience in present day . While at Tribeca , Max introduces the high - five to several students . Alex realizes that if they make the sub shop the 1957 high school hangout , the sub shop will get better business and will not have to close . However , no one has any fun at the sub shop that night as the jukebox is broken . Just as everyone is about to leave , Max plugs his MP3 player into the jukebox and Harper uses her popularity to get the students dancing and having fun at the shop , and the business at the sub shop peaks . The Russos return to the present day , where the lair and the sub shop are back , and Jerry owns the entire building , while the landlord is now the owner of a Janitor service , instead of the building , and the high - five is now called a `` Max '' . Alex then remembers that they forgot Harper back in 1957 and they go back and get her . ( the Russos accidentally end up in 1977 twice in the episode , thanks to Justin ) Guest stars : Brendan Bradley as Hank , Carlo Michael Mancini as Lenny Hune 105 26 `` Harperella '' Victor Gonzalez Richard Goodman & Justin Varava November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 427 3.5 The episode begins on Waverly Place where Harper is reading a storybook to a group of children when Alex pushes her away . Alex explains that it 's a Wizard Storybook , a magical storybook that has the power of turning what the person reads real . Then Harper is teleported into the loft where Theresa , her evil ( or `` wicked '' as she referred ) stepmother calls her Harperella ( a combination of Harper and Cinderella ) and forces her to do the chores . Then her evil stepbrothers , Justin and Max come down and give her laundry to her wash . Later Harper is washing the Waverly Substation when Alex appears , as she is Harper 's fairy godmother . Alex explains to Harper that the fairy tale has to run as it 's supposed to before things can go back to the way they were and then vanishes . Then Max comes in and says that the prince charming has decided to use the Substation to be the ballroom for the royal party . Harper says that she can go to the party but her stepfamily laughs at her . Back in the loft Harper summons Alex , she uses a spell to transform Harper 's bookdress into a princess gown and glass bowls into glass slippers . They go down ( through the door ) into the street and Alex turns the hot dog stand into a carriage to take Harper to the party . There she dances with prince charming , Zeke . At the stroke of midnight she goes outside leaving her glass slipper behind . Then , to both girls ' shock , Justin , Max and Zeke ( with pig noses ) rush inside the substation being chased by the big , bad wolf , Mason . Alex realizes that some pages are missing and Cinderella and three little pigs stories were blended together . The pig - turned boys and Harper rush into the loft being chased by Mason . While Alex finds the pages Harper has to keep Mason from eating Zeke ( who built the straw house ) , Alex eventually finds the book pages in a drawer along with other book pages . Alex tries a page from Max 's favourite magic trick book then David Copperfield comes into the room and does some magic tricks which impresses Harper . But another page that Alex tried was from Justin 's science book and a caveman appeared , but the caveman has a thing for Harper . So when Harper is impressed by the magic trick he is jealous and tries to attack David Copperfield . Alex finds the right pages and the story goes back to Cinderella . Zeke Charming comes in and Theresa tries to wear the slipper but fails . Then Harper tries it and fits . She and Zeke go back to the royal party where they dance and then the story ends and the world is returned to its normality . Last but not least , Harper was back in the real world and she lived happily ever after . Finally , Alex planned that Harper and Zeke dance because they were great when they danced in romance , so they practiced but they were really bad . The ball dance is turned into a clogging dance . Special guest stars : David Copperfield as himself , Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 106 27 `` Who Will Be the Family Wizard '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio ( Part 1 ) Todd J. Greenwald ( Part 2 ) January 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 06 ) 428 -- 429 9.8 During a dinner that Alex made for the family , Professor Crumbs visits to reveal that with this selfless act , the Russo children can finally have their family wizard competition . Round one of the competition is a trivia round , in which questions related to magic are asked . During this round , Harper and Zeke appear . Zeke has accidentally smelled a purple substance in the lair that caused him to turn purple . This causes a griffin to kidnap him and Harper . Alex , Justin and Max use their three time - outs to go and rescue their friends . They make it back , only to discover that they have been gone too long and have been disqualified from the competition . They all return home , where the lair disappears and they all lose their magic , thus becoming mortals . Justin and Max begin to hate Alex because of her insistence on saving Zeke and Harper resulting in them losing . Convinced that the loss of their powers has ruined the family , Jerry decides to sell the sub shop . The kids go for a day without magic , during which , slowly gaining back trust in each other as they reopen and run the shop . Suddenly , they are returned to the area of the Wizard Competition , where the host reveals that the griffin attack ( which was actually meant for Professor Crumbs ) and the weeks they went without magic were tests to test their family bond . They enter the final round of the competition , a massive labyrinth . The first out of the maze will win . Justin makes it out first and is declared the Family Wizard . However , he decides he can not accept this because Alex was about to get out first : Justin had been trapped by magical vines and Alex , near the exit , came back to help . Alex is thus declared the true family wizard . Professor Crumbs , proud of Justin 's integrity in telling the truth , declares that he is going to retire as Headmaster of Wiz - Tech and declares Justin the new headmaster , granting him full wizard powers . Considering Max is the only Russo child that does not get powers or becomes a full wizard , Jerry thus decides to one day pass down the sub shop to Max , which he happily accepts . It ends with the Russo family hugging and gathering together with Alex stating that they are all finally happy at the same time . Special guest stars : Gregg Sulkin as Mason , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet van Heusen Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie Note : This is an hour long special . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- wizards of waverly place on disney '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Sanctuary Rises + Friday Night Smackdown ! , Avalon High , NBA , Wizards of Waverly & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Leads Night , Plus ' Conspiracy Theory , ' ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Gold Rush Alaska , Suite Life on Deck , Wizards of Waverly , Merlin and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Merlin ' Dethrones ' Camelot ' ; Plus ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Say Yes To The Dress ' and More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : Thunder / Grizzlies Leads Night + ' American Restoration , ' ' Friday Night Smackdown ! ' and More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' American Restoration ' Leads Primetime Originals , ' Smackdown ' Dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BET Awards , ' ' True Blood , ' NASCAR ' and ' Burn Notice ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : More ' Torchwood : Miracle Day , ' + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' The Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Up , Tops Night ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady + ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Tops Night ; Hurricane Irene Boosts Weather Channel + ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Friday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Primetime ; ' Smackdown ' Falls ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary ' Premiere ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : NLCS Leads Night Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Make Your Mark , ' ' Jessie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Smackdown ! ' Ties ' SpongeBob ; ' Plus ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss , ' ' House Of Payne ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/31/friday-cable-ratings-discoverys-gold-rush-tops-cable-friday-night-smackdown-sancturary-boss-more/109085/ Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Discovery 's ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel and Disney Junior January 2012 Highlights '' . Disney Channel Media Net . January 4 , 2012 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Wizards of Waverly Place Finale , ' ' Gold Rush ' Lead + ' Jessie , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- wizards of waverly place on disney '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . `` Wizards of Waverly Place Season 4 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . `` Wizards of Waverly Place : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) List of Wizards of Waverly Place season 4 episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Wizards of Waverly Place Characters Alex Russo Episodes Seasons : ( 1 4 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Soundtrack Video game Spellbound Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizards_of_Waverly_Place_(season_4)&oldid=795204595 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Wizards of Waverly Place Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who got the powers in wizards of waverly place	[ "Finally, in the hour-long series finale, Alex, Justin, and Max compete in the family wizard competition. Alex wins and gains full wizardry; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin. Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore. The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy.", "Finally, in the hour-long series finale, Alex, Justin, and Max compete in the family wizard competition. Alex wins and gains full wizardry; Justin becomes a full wizard as well when Professor Crumbs reveals he is retiring as headmaster of WizTech and passes the position to Justin. Jerry also decides to pass down the Waverly Sub Station to Max one day since he is the only child who is not a wizard anymore. The series ends with hugging and Alex saying that they are all happy." ]	[ "Alex", "Justin" ]
-2917538541553639983	Hemicorporectomy	Hemicorporectomy - wikipedia Hemicorporectomy Jump to : navigation , search Hemicorporectomy Pronunciation / ˌhɛmiˌkɔːrpəˈrɛktəmi / Synonyms translumbar amputation , corporal transection , hemisomato - tmesis , halfectomy ICD - 10 - PCS S38. 3 MeSH D006428 ( edit on Wikidata ) Hemicorporectomy is a radical surgery in which the body below the waist is amputated , transecting the lumbar spine . This removes the legs , the genitalia ( internal and external ) , urinary system , pelvic bones , anus , and rectum . It is a severely mutilating procedure recommended only as a last resort for people with severe and potentially fatal illnesses such as osteomyelitis , tumors , severe traumas and intractable decubiti in , or around , the pelvis . It has only been reported a few dozen times in medical literature . The nomenclature is somewhat at odds with generally accepted anatomical terms , as hemi is generally used to refer to one of two sides ( e.g. , hemiplegia , which affects the arm and leg on one side of the body ) . In that sense , paracorporectomy might more closely reflect the nature of the procedure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Procedure 3 Considerations 4 Rehabilitation 5 Traumatic hemicorporectomy 6 Prosthesis 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Medical uses ( edit ) The operation is most often performed to treat spreading cancers of the spinal cord and pelvic bones . Other reasons may include trauma affecting the pelvic girdle ( `` open - book fracture '' ) , uncontrollable abscess or ulcers of the pelvic region ( causing sepsis ) or other locally uncontainable conditions . It is used in cases wherein even pelvic exenteration would not remove sufficient tissue . Procedure ( edit ) The surgical procedure is often done in two stages , but it is possible to conduct the surgery in one stage . The first stage is the discontinuation of the waste functions by performing a colostomy and ileal conduit . The second stage is the amputation . Considerations ( edit ) With the removal of almost half of the circulatory system , cardiac function needs to be closely monitored while a new blood pressure set - point develops . Removal of large parts of the colon can lead to loss of electrolytes . Similarly , calculated measurements of renal function ( such as the Cockcroft - Gault formula ) are unlikely to reflect actual activity of the kidney , as these calculations were developed for patients in whom the circulatory system correlates with the body weight ; this relation is lost in a post-hemicorporectomy patient . Rehabilitation ( edit ) Extensive physiotherapy and occupational therapy are necessary for a patient to return to some form of normal life , which invariably involves using a wheelchair . Designing a prosthesis for the removed body parts is difficult , as there is generally no remaining pelvic girdle musculature ( unless this has been spared expressly ) . Traumatic hemicorporectomy ( edit ) Many emergency rooms have protocols under which they will not resuscitate or support a patient who has already undergone a severe bisection injury that is essentially a de facto hemicorporectomy ( although individuals sustaining such an injury would rarely reach a hospital before succumbing . ) A study that reviewed 267 cases of patients who sustained severe blunt and penetrating trauma , who had cardiopulmonary arrest , found that only 7 survived long term , only four of whom returned to their previous neurologic level . Apart from the overwhelming statistical unlikelihood of surviving such an injury ( even in the short - term ) , even an operative hemicorporectomy is unlikely to be successful unless the patient has the `` sufficient emotional and psychological maturity to cope '' and `` sufficient determination and physical strength to undergo the intensive rehabilitation '' . Emergency rooms and ambulance services often release policies which advise against the resuscitation of such patients . The UK 's National Health Service , for example , in its `` Policy and Procedures for the Recognition of Life Extinct '' describes traumatic hemicorporectomy ( along with decapitation ) as `` unequivocally associated with death '' and that such injuries should be considered `` incompatible with life '' . The National Association of EMS Physicians ( NAEMSP ) and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma ( COT ) have also released similar position statements and policy allowing on - scene personnel to determine if patients are to be considered unresuscitatable . In one case documented by the Archives of Emergency Medicine in 1989 , a woman who sustained a complete corporal transection ( hemicorporectomy ) after being struck by a train arrived at a hospital in a `` fully conscious '' state and who `` was aware of the nature of her injury and wished for further treatment . '' Although the patient was initially stabilized and underwent three hours of emergency surgery , she died approximately two hours later due to `` hypovolaemia , cardiac arrhythmia and biochemical imbalance . '' Prosthesis ( edit ) Following a hemicorporectomy , patients are fitted with a socket - type prosthesis often referred to as a bucket . Early bucket designs often presented significant pressure problems for patients , but new devices have incorporated an inflatable rubber lining composed of air pockets that evenly distributes pressure based on the patient 's motions . Two openings at the front of the bucket create space for the colostomy bag and the ileal conduit . History ( edit ) The development of surgical medicine was vastly accelerated during , and following , the Second World War . Rarely experienced traumas were made more common by new weaponry . This required decisive surgical action as well as the development of new techniques . As B.E. Ferrara stated in his summative article on hemicorporectomy , Lessons learned from battle field injuries quickened innovative treatment of congenital and acquired conditions ... ( the general surgeon ) devised extensive cancer operations including extended radical mastectomy , radical gastrectomy and pancreatectomy , pelvic exenteration , the ' Commando Operation ' ( tongue , jaw and neck dissection ) , bilateral back dissection , hemipelvectomy , and then hemicorporectomy or translumbar amputation , referred to as the most revolutionary of all operative procedures . It was into this environment that Frederick E. Kredel first proposed the operation in February 1951 while discussing a paper on pelvic exenteration . The first hemicorporectomy was attempted by Charles S. Kennedy in 1960 , but the patient died eleven days later . American Surgeons , J. Bradley Aust ( 1926 -- 2010 ) and Karel B. Absolon ( 1926 -- 2009 ) conducted the first successful hemicorporectomy in Minnesota in 1961 . See also ( edit ) Amputation The Godwhale , a science fiction novel featuring a protagonist who has undergone this procedure Waist chop , a form of execution used in China until 1734 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ferrara , Bernard E. ( December 1990 ) . `` Hemicorporectomy : A Collective Review '' . Journal of Surgical Oncology. 45 ( 4 ) : 270 -- 278 . doi : 10.1002 / jso. 2930450412 . PMID 2250478 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Richard K. ; Dudley - Javoroski , Shauna ( March 2003 ) . `` Musculoskeletal Deterioration and Hemicorporectomy After Spinal Cord Injury '' . Physical Therapy . 83 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 275 . PMID 12620090 . Archived from the original ( -- ) on June 27 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Porter - Romatowski , Tracy L. ; Deckert , M.M. Johanna ( April 1998 ) . `` Hemicorporectomy : a case study from a physical therapy perspective '' . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . 79 ( 4 ) : 464 -- 468 . doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 9993 ( 98 ) 90152 - 6 . PMID 9552117 . Jump up ^ http://homepages.iol.ie/~rcsiorth/journal/volume2/june/hemicorp.htm Jump up ^ Weaver , Jane ; Flynn , Michael ( Feb 2000 ) . `` Hemicorporectomy '' . Journal of Surgical Oncology. 73 : 117 -- 24 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1096 - 9098 ( 200002 ) 73 : 2 < 117 : : AID - JSO12 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - C. PMID 10694650 . Jump up ^ Shimazu , S. ; Shatney , C.H. ( March 1983 ) . `` Outcomes of trauma patients with no vital signs on hospital admission '' . Journal of Trauma . 23 ( 3 ) : 213 -- 216 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005373 - 198303000 - 00006 . PMID 6834443 . Jump up ^ Terz , J.J. ; Schaffner , M.J. ; Goodkin , R. ; Beatty , J.D. ; Razor , B. ; Weliky , A. ; Shimabukuro , C. ( June 1990 ) . `` Translumbar amputation '' . Cancer . 65 ( 12 ) : 2668 -- 2675 . doi : 10.1002 / 1097 - 0142 ( 19900615 ) 65 : 12 < 2668 : : AID - CNCR2820651212 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - I . PMID 2340466 . Jump up ^ South Central Service NHS Trust ( July 2012 ) . `` 12.3. 1.5 . Conditions unequivocally associated with death '' . Resuscitation policy ( recognition of life extinct ) ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Hopson LR , Hirsh E , Delgado J , Domeier RM , McSwain NE , Krohmer J ( January 2003 ) . `` Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest : joint position statement of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma '' . Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 196 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 112 . doi : 10.1016 / S1072 - 7515 ( 02 ) 01668 - X . PMID 12517561 . Jump up ^ Walker SJ , Johnson RH . `` Traumatic hemisomato - tmesis : a case report and review of the literature '' . Arch Emerg Med. 6 : 66 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 6.1. 66 . PMC 1285562 . PMID 2653349 . External links ( edit ) Wilson , Jon D. ( October 2004 ) . `` A new concept in prosthetic interface design for hemicorporectomy amputees '' . Journal of Prosthetics & Orthotics. 16 ( 4 ) : 104 -- 112 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemicorporectomy&oldid=813299121 '' Categories : Surgical oncology Surgical removal procedures Types of amputations Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	medical term for cutting a body in half	[ "Hemicorporectomy is a radical surgery in which the body below the waist is amputated, transecting the lumbar spine. This removes the legs, the genitalia (internal and external), urinary system, pelvic bones, anus, and rectum.[1][2] It is a severely mutilating procedure recommended only as a last resort for people with severe and potentially fatal illnesses such as osteomyelitis, tumors, severe traumas and intractable decubiti in, or around, the pelvis.[3] It has only been reported a few dozen times in medical literature.[4]" ]	[ "Hemicorporectomy" ]
3253019725698091895	The Twilight Saga (film series)	The Twilight Saga ( film series ) - wikipedia The Twilight Saga ( film series ) The Twilight Saga Directed by Catherine Hardwicke ( 1 ) Chris Weitz ( 2 ) David Slade ( 3 ) Bill Condon ( 4 -- 5 ) Produced by Wyck Godfrey ( 1 -- 5 ) Mark Morgan ( 1 ) Greg Mooradian ( 1 ) Karen Rosenfelt ( 2 -- 5 ) Stephenie Meyer ( 4 -- 5 ) Screenplay by Melissa Rosenberg Based on Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Starring Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Taylor Lautner Ashley Greene Rachelle Lefevre Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Elizabeth Reaser Nikki Reed Kellan Lutz Jackson Rathbone Anna Kendrick Bryce Dallas Howard Michael Sheen Dakota Fanning Mackenzie Foy Bronson Pelletier Cameron Bright Music by Carter Burwell ( 1 , 4 -- 5 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2 ) Howard Shore ( 3 ) Cinematography Elliot Davis ( 1 ) Javier Aguirresarobe ( 2 -- 3 ) Guillermo Navarro ( 4 -- 5 ) Edited by Nancy Richardson ( 1 , 3 ) Peter Lambert ( 2 ) Art Jones ( 3 ) Virginia Katz ( 4 -- 5 ) Ian Slater ( 5 ) Production company Temple Hill Entertainment ( 1 -- 5 ) Maverick Films ( 1 , 3 ) Imprint Entertainment ( 1 -- 3 ) Sunswept Entertainment ( 2 -- 5 ) Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date 2008 -- 2012 Running time 607 minutes ( 634 Extended edition ) Country United States Language English Italian Spanish Portuguese Russian Ukrainian Budget Total ( 5 films ) $385,000,000 Box office Total ( 5 films ) $3,346,157,056 The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . The films star Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner . The series has grossed over $3.3 billion in worldwide receipts . The first installment , Twilight , was released on November 21 , 2008 . The second installment , New Moon , followed on November 20 , 2009 , breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history , grossing an estimated $72.7 million . The third installment , Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 , and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written . Three years later , Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film . After Twilight grossed $35.7 million on its opening day , Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon ; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month . A two - part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with release dates of November 18 , 2011 , and November 16 , 2012 , respectively . Contents 1 Development 2 Casting 3 Production 4 Films 4.1 Twilight ( 2008 ) 4.2 The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) 4.3 The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2010 ) 4.4 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) 4.5 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) 5 Soundtracks 5.1 Twilight 5.2 The Twilight Saga : New Moon 5.3 The Twilight Saga : Eclipse 5.4 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 5.5 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 6 Reaction 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Home media sales 7 Twilight in popular culture 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) Twilight was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures 's MTV Films , during which time a screen adaptation differing significantly from the novel was written . For example , the script transformed Bella into a star athlete . Stephenie Meyer stated that there was some debate in allowing the movie to be made because of the negative or positive outcome of the movie compared to the book , ' `` They could have put that ( earlier ) movie out , called it something else , and no one would have known it was Twilight ! '' The idea of seeing a scene converted correctly , specifically the meadow scene , convinced Meyer to sell the rights . In seeing the script , she was frightened that she had made the wrong decision . When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full - service studio in April 2007 , it successfully acquired the rights to the novel . Erik Feig , President of Production at Summit Entertainment , guaranteed a close adaptation to the book . The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer 's book and its sequels . Meyer felt that Summit was open to letting her be a part of the film . Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film , and soon afterward , Melissa Rosenberg was selected to be the film 's structural base as the writer of the film . Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month . `` She was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas ... I 'd finish off scenes and send them to her , and get back her notes . '' Because of the impending WGA strike , Rosenberg worked full - time to finish the screenplay before October 31 . In adapting the novel for the screen , she `` had to condense a great deal . '' Some characters were left out , and others were combined . `` ( O ) ur intent all along was to stay true to the book , '' Rosenberg explained , `` and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters ' arcs and emotional journeys are the same . '' Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey the protagonist 's internal dialogue , since the novel is told from Bella 's point of view ; and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production . Meyer , the author , and Hardwicke , the director , had a close relationship while developing Twilight . Hardwicke wanted to embrace the experience and make the characters in the books come to life . She would call Meyer after changing a scene slightly , which surprised the author because , `` I 've heard the stories ... I know it 's not normally like that when you adapt a book . '' Meyer , a natural pessimist , was waiting for the worst but , instead , called her experience in the book 's film adaptation `` the best I could have hoped for . '' Originally scheduled for release in December 2008 , Twilight was moved to a worldwide release of November 21 , 2008 , after Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince moved from a November 2008 release to being released in July 2009 . Casting ( edit ) See also : List of Twilight cast members Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test , which `` captivated '' the director . Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen ; but , after an audition at her home with Stewart , he was selected . Meyer allowed Pattinson to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun , which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward 's point of view . Meyer was `` excited '' and `` ecstatic '' in response to the casting of the two main characters . She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward , respectively , prior to pre-production . ( Left to right ) Director Chris Weitz , Kristen Stewart , Taylor Lautner and Robert Pattinson attending the photocall for New Moon on November 10 , 2009 , in Paris , France Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen : `` ( Hardwicke ) liked ( him ) , but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for . '' For unknown reasons , that actor was not able to play the part , and Facinelli was selected in his place . The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was criticized by some fans because Greene is 7 inches ( 18 cm ) taller than her character as described in the novel . Meyer said that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice . Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on the successful Thirteen ( 2003 ) , which they co-wrote , and Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) . Kellan Lutz was in Africa , shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill , when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted . The role had already been cast by the time the HBO production ended in December 2007 , but the selected actor `` fell through '' . Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon , where Hardwicke personally chose him . Rachelle Lefèvre wanted a role in the film because Hardwicke was director ; she saw `` the potential to explore a character , hopefully , over three films '' ; and she wanted to portray a vampire . `` ( She ) thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive . '' Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley , but she `` fell totally in love with Angela '' after reading the books and took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber . The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick , who got the part after two mix - and - match auditions with various actors . Because of major physical changes that occur in the character of Jacob Black between Twilight and New Moon , director Chris Weitz considered replacing Taylor Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray `` the new , larger Jacob Black . '' Trying to keep the role , Lautner worked out extensively and put on 30 lbs . In January 2009 , Weitz and Summit Entertainment announced that Lautner would continue as Jacob in The Twilight Saga : New Moon . When they told me Rob was probably the one , I looked him up and thought , `` Yeah , he can do a version of Edward . He 's definitely got that vampire thing going on . '' And then , when I was on set and I got to watch him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward and he actually looked like the Edward in my head , it was a really bizarre experience . ( ... ) He really had it nailed . Twilight author Stephenie Meyer In late March 2009 , Summit Entertainment released a list of the actors who would be portraying the `` wolf pack '' alongside Lautner . The casting for the rest of the Quileute tribe was headed by casting director Rene Haynes , who has worked on films with large American Indian casts , such as Dances with Wolves and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee . In mid-2009 , it was announced that Bryce Dallas Howard would be replacing Rachelle Lefevre as Victoria for the third Twilight film , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Summit Entertainment attributed the change to scheduling conflicts . Lefevre said she was `` stunned '' and `` greatly saddened '' by the decision . Jodelle Ferland was cast as the newly turned vampire , Bree . Other new cast members for the third film include Xavier Samuel as Riley , Jack Huston as Royce King II , Catalina Sandino Moreno as Maria , Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater , and BooBoo Stewart as Seth Clearwater . Production ( edit ) Principal photography for Twilight took 44 days , after more than a week of rehearsals , and completed on May 2 , 2008 . Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen , Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand - held cinematography to make the film `` feel real '' . Meyer visited the production set three times , and was consulted on different aspects of the story ; she also has a brief cameo in the film . To make their bodily movements more elegant , and to get used to their characters ' fighting styles , the cast playing vampires participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera . Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself , scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School . Other scenes were also filmed in St. Helens , Oregon , and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena , California , in August . In early November 2008 , Summit announced that they had obtained the rights to the remaining books in Stephenie Meyer 's Twilight series : New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn . On November 22 , 2008 , one day after the theatrical release of Twilight , Summit confirmed that they would begin working on New Moon . Melissa Rosenberg had been working on adapting the novel prior to Twilight 's release and handed in the draft for New Moon during Twilight 's opening weekend in November 2008 . In early December 2008 , it was announced that Twilight director Catherine Hardwicke would not be returning to direct the sequel . Hardwicke cited time restrictions as the reason behind her leaving the project . Instead , Chris Weitz , director of The Golden Compass and co-director of American Pie , was hired to direct The Twilight Saga : New Moon . Filming for New Moon began in Vancouver in late March 2009 , and in Montepulciano , Italy , in late May 2009 . In early 2009 , before the release of The Twilight Saga : New Moon , Summit confirmed that they would begin production on The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Since Weitz would be in post-production for New Moon when The Twilight Saga : Eclipse began shooting , he would not be directing the third film . Instead , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse was helmed by director David Slade , with Melissa Rosenberg returning as screenwriter . Filming began on August 17 , 2009 at Vancouver Film Studios and finished in late October , with post-production beginning early the following month . In April 2010 , it was revealed that re-shoots of the film were needed . Slade , who previously said he would not be around for them , was seen , along with Stephenie Meyer , on set . The three main stars were also present . Wyck Godfrey , producer of the previous films in the series , stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn . Following months of speculation and cast rumors , it was officially announced on April 28 , 2010 , that Academy Award winner Bill Condon , who directed Gods and Monsters and Dreamgirls , would direct Breaking Dawn ; producing the film will be Wyck Godfrey , Karen Rosenfelt , and author Stephenie Meyer . `` I 'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on - screen . As fans of the series know , this is a one - of - a-kind book -- and we 're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience , '' said Bill Condon . A November 18 , 2011 release date has been set for the first part , while the second is scheduled for release on November 16 , 2012 . Following that announcement , Summit officially confirmed that a two - part adaption of the fourth book would start production in the fall on June 11 , 2010 . With this announcement , it was made clear that all major actors , including the three lead roles , the Cullen family , and Charlie Swan , would return for both parts . Bill Condon was also confirmed to direct both parts . In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable , which would be substantially greater than the previous instalments in the series , filming in Louisiana was also negotiated , providing larger tax credits for the studio to benefit from . Films ( edit ) Twilight ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Twilight ( 2008 film ) Twilight was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Melissa Rosenberg . It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between human teenager Bella Swan ( Kristen Stewart ) and vampire Edward Cullen ( Robert Pattinson ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires . The film was released theatrically starting on November 21 , 2008 . It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day , and has come to gross US $ 408.9 million worldwide . The DVD was released on March 21 , 2009 and grossed an additional $201 million from sales . The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : New Moon was directed by Chris Weitz and written by Melissa Rosenberg . The film follows the Cullens ' departure from Forks , and Bella Swan 's fall into a deep depression until she develops a strong friendship with werewolf Jacob Black . Jacob and his tribe must protect Bella from Victoria , and a gregarious herd of vampires . The film was released theatrically starting on November 20 , 2009 , and set numerous records . It is currently the biggest advance - ticket seller on Fandango and held the biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) box office history , grossing an estimated $26.3 million . Its sequel , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , broke that record in June 2010 , grossing $72.7 million on its opening day domestically , $709 Million Worldwide and becoming the biggest single - day opening in domestic history . It is the twelfth highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137 . The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Eclipse was directed by David Slade and written by Melissa Rosenberg . The film follows Bella Swan as she develops awareness of the complications of marrying Edward Cullen . As Victoria draws nearer with a group of newborn vampires , Jacob Black and the rest of the wolves form a temporary alliance to destroy her to keep Bella safe . Bella visits Jacob after he gets hurt , but she decides to marry Edward . The film was released theatrically starting on June 30 , 2010 , and is the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . It set a new record for biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) in box office history , grossing an estimated $30 million in over 4,000 theaters . The previous record holder was the previous film in the series , The Twilight Saga : New Moon with $26.3 million in 3,514 theaters . The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in domestic history with $68,533,840 beating Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 's $62 million . The Twilight Saga : Eclipse has also become the film with the widest release ever , playing in over 4,416 theaters . The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn was directed by Bill Condon , and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey , with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script . The book 's plot was split into two films , the first of which was released on November 18 , 2011 . The filming of Breaking Dawn began in November 2010 . The first part follows Bella and Edward as they get married and Bella becomes pregnant . They deal with her struggle of being pregnant and nearly dying because of her half - human , half - vampire child . The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon , and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey , with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script . The book 's plot was split into two films , the first of which was released on November 18 , 2011 . The second was released on November 16 , 2012 . The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward 's relationship . Bella must learn , as a newly transformed vampire , to learn to use her special shield powers , as well as protect her daughter , Renesmee . Soundtracks ( edit ) Twilight ( edit ) Main article : Twilight ( soundtrack ) The Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas . The album was released on November 4 , 2008 by Patsavas ' Chop Shop label , in conjunction with Atlantic Records . The album debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , having sold about 165,000 copies in its first week of release , 29 % of which were digital downloads . Twilight is the best - selling theatrical movie soundtrack in the United States since Chicago . Twilight : The Score was composed and orchestrated by Carter Burwell over a 9 - to 10 - week period , and was recorded and mixed in about 2 weeks in late September 2008 . Burwell began the score with a `` Love Theme '' for Bella and Edward 's relationship , a variation of which became `` Bella 's Lullaby '' that Robert Pattinson plays in the film , and that is included on the Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . The original theme is featured throughout the film , and serves to `` play the romance that drives the story '' . Another theme Burwell composed was a `` Predator Theme '' , which opens the film , and is intended to play Edward 's vampire nature . Other themes include a bass - line , drum beat and distorted guitar sound for the nomadic vampires , and a melody for the Cullen family . Twilight : The Score was released digitally on November 25 , 2008 and in stores on December 9 . The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( soundtrack ) The score for The Twilight Saga : New Moon was composed by Alexandre Desplat while Alexandra Patsavas returned as music supervisor for the rest of the soundtrack . Weitz has a working relationship with Desplat , who scored one of his previous films , The Golden Compass . The Twilight Saga : New Moon : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on October 16 , 2009 by Patsavas ' Chop Shop label , in conjunction with Atlantic Records . The album debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 , later jumped to # 1 with 153,000 copies sold . The Twilight Saga : New Moon : The Score was released on November 24 , 2009 . The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( soundtrack ) The score for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse was composed by Howard Shore , who composed the scores for The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The film 's soundtrack was released on June 8 , 2010 by Atlantic Records in conjunction with music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas ' Chop Shop label . The lead single from the soundtrack is `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' , performed by the British band Muse . The soundtrack debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart with estimated sales of 144,000 copies . The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( soundtrack ) The Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 soundtrack saw the release of two singles : `` A Thousand Years '' by Christina Perri and `` It Will Rain '' by Bruno Mars . The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( soundtrack ) Reaction ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21 , 2008 . It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day . For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater . The film has made $192.7 million in the United States and Canada , and a further $200.8 million in international territories for a total of $393.6 million worldwide . The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21 , 2009 through midnight release parties , and sold over 3 million units in its first day . It has continued to sell units , totaling as of July 2012 , making $201,323,629 . The Twilight Saga : New Moon set records for advance ticket sales , causing some theaters to add additional showings . The film set records as the biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) box office history , grossing an estimated $26.3 million in 3,514 theatres , before expanding to 4,024 theaters . The record was previously held by Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which grossed $22.2 million domestically during its midnight premiere . The film grossed $72.7 million on its opening day domestically , becoming the biggest single - day opening in domestic history , beating The Dark Knight 's $67.2 million . This opening strongly contributed to another record : the first time that the top ten films at the domestic box office had a combined gross of over $100 million in a single day . The opening weekend of The Twilight Saga : New Moon is the ninth - highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137 . The film also has the sixth highest worldwide opening weekend with $274.9 million total . Film Release date Budget Box office revenue Box office ranking North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Twilight November 21 , 2008 $37.000. 000 $192.769. 854 $200.846. 934 $393.616. 788 # 181 # 233 New Moon November 20 , 2009 $50.000. 000 $296.623. 634 $413.087. 374 $709.711. 008 # 64 # 169 # 82 Twilight / New Moon ( combo / one - night - only ) June 29 , 2010 $2.385. 237 $2.385. 237 # 6159 Eclipse June 30 , 2010 $68.000. 000 $300.531. 751 $397.959. 596 $698.491. 347 # 63 # 174 # 85 Breaking Dawn - Part 1 November 18 , 2011 $110.000. 000 $281.287. 133 $430.918. 723 $712.205. 856 # 79 # 191 # 80 Breaking Dawn - Part 2 November 16 , 2012 $120.000. 000 $292.325. 737 $537.422. 083 $829.746. 820 # 69 # 53 Total $385.000. 000 $ 7009136592234600000 ♠ 1365922346 $ 7009198023471000000 ♠ 1980234710 $ 7009334615705600000 ♠ 3346157056 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Critical response ( edit ) While The Twilight Saga has been successful at the box office , critical reception of the films was mixed , and declined as the series continued . New York Press critic Armond White called Twilight `` a genuine pop classic '' , and praised Hardwicke for turning `` Meyer 's book series into a Brontë-esque vision '' . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote : `` Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight , but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film . '' Robert Ignizio of the Cleveland Scene described The Twilight Saga : New Moon as an `` entertaining fantasy '' , and noted that it `` has a stronger visual look ( than Twilight ) and does a better job with its action scenes while still keeping the focus on the central love triangle . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two and half stars out of four , praised Kristen Stewart 's performance in the film and wrote : `` Despite melodrama that , at times , is enough to induce diabetes , there 's enough wolf whistle in this sexy , scary romp to please anyone . '' The Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave the film a `` B '' grading and said , `` the movie looks tremendous , the dialogue works , there are numerous well placed jokes , the acting is on point . '' Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle responded with a more mixed review , stating , `` ( E ) xpect this film to satisfy its fans . Everybody else , get ready for a bizarre soap opera / pageant , consisting of a succession of static scenes with characters loping into the frame to announce exactly what they 're thinking . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4 and said that it `` takes the tepid achievement of Twilight , guts it , and leaves it for undead . '' The release of the movie has also inspired feminist criticism , with Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly making light of the claim that Edward Cullen is little better than a stalker . In any case , the influx of female viewers into the theaters indicates the increasing importance of the female demographic in dictating Hollywood 's tastes . The Hollywood Reporter posted a positive review of The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , saying the film `` nails it '' . Variety reports that the film `` finally feels more like the blockbuster this top - earning franchise deserves '' . One review stated the film was the best in The Twilight Saga so far , acknowledging that , `` The person who should be worried is Bill Condon , the director tapped for the two - part finale , Breaking Dawn . He 's got a real challenge to make movies as good as Eclipse . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised David Slade 's ability to make an entertaining film , calling it funny and better than its predecessors , but pointed out the acting has n't improved much . A more negative review said that while `` Eclipse restores some of the energy New Moon zapped out of the franchise and has enough quality performances to keep it involving '' , the film `` is n't quite the adrenaline - charged game - changer for love story haters that its marketing might lead you to believe . The majority of the ' action ' remains protracted and not especially scintillating should - we - or - should n't - we conversations between the central triangle . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a more positive review than for the first two films in the saga , but still felt the movie was a constant , unclever conversation between the three main characters . He criticized the `` gazes '' both Edward and Jacob give Bella throughout the movie , and noted that the mountain range that appears in the film looks `` like landscapes painted by that guy on TV who shows you how to paint stuff like that . '' He also predicted that a lack of understanding for the film series in general would not bode well with the audience , stating , `` I doubt anyone not intimately familiar with the earlier installments could make head or tails of the opening scenes . '' He gave the film 2 stars out of 4 . Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 received mostly negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24 % of critics ( of the 195 counted reviews ) gave the film a positive review , and the site 's consensus reads `` Slow , joyless and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments , Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful , but it 's strictly for fans of the franchise '' . Part 2 had a mixed critical reception but was much more favorable than Part 1 . Bruce Diones of New Yorkers gave the film a positive review , citing `` A feast of ripe dialogue and bloodsucking action '' . Richard Roeper said that `` The fifth and final entry in the historically successful Twilight franchise is the most self - aware and in some ways the most entertaining '' , giving it a grade C+ Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Twilight 49 % ( 210 reviews ) 56 ( 37 reviews ) N / A The Twilight Saga : New Moon 28 % ( 223 reviews ) 44 ( 32 reviews ) A - The Twilight Saga : Eclipse 49 % ( 239 reviews ) 58 ( 38 reviews ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 25 % ( 198 reviews ) 45 ( 36 reviews ) B+ The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 48 % ( 185 reviews ) 52 ( 31 reviews ) Home Media Sales ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) indicates the yearly rank based on the number of DVDs sold during the year released ( calculated by The Numbers ) . Film DVD release date Revenue Rank Units sold Reference Twilight March 21 , 2009 $203.682. 678 # 1 11,500,688 The Twilight Saga : New Moon March 20 , 2010 $186.996. 950 # 3 9,124,830 The Twilight Saga : Eclipse December 4 , 2010 $167.551. 921 # 5 9,715,029 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 February 11 , 2012 $99.421. 341 # 3 5,493,262 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 March 2 , 2013 $67.057. 551 # 1 4,468,455 Total $657.652. 890 35,833,809 Twilight in popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 2010 Portuguese teen series Lua Vermelha ( Red Moon ) had a similar premise of vampire romance but differed in the story . A parody film released that same year titled , Vampires Suck spoofed the film series . A television show within the canon of Canadian teen vampire film My Babysitter 's a Vampire and the television series sequel called Dusk is a parody of Twilight . The 2012 film Breaking Wind ( parodying the title of Breaking Dawn , but parodying the whole film series ) , directed by Craig Moss ( best known for The 41 - Year - Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It ) , is also a spoof of the films and a parody version of Breaking Dawn Part -- 1 . The animated movie Hotel Transylvania was released the same year , and has a scene inspired by Twilight . The 2013 Filipino comedy sitcom entitled My Daddy is a Vampire resembled some Twilight scenes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` ' Twilight ' moves into ' Potter 's ' place '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( 2009 - 11 - 21 ) . `` ' New Moon ' takes opening day record '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight '' , USA Today . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Robert Ignizio ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Twilight sequel is better than its predecessor '' . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : New Moon '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Laremy Legel ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Review : ' New Moon ' a definite improvement '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Seattle Media . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Review : ' Twilight Saga : New Moon ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 2009 - 11 - 28 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : New Moon '' . Rogerebert.com . The Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Edward Cullen , stalker ? Yes , but so is the hero of ' The Graduate ' '' . EW.com . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` ' New Moon : Why Its Girl - driven Success is Good for the Future of Movies ' '' . EW.com . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Movie Review -- Read Variety 's Analysis Of The Film The Twilight Saga : Eclipse '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Eclipse ' best film in ' Twilight Saga ' '' . freep.com . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Movie Review - The Twilight Saga : Eclipse - Global Warming Among the Undead - NYTimes.com '' . Movies.nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff . `` ' The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ' review Metromix New York '' . Newyork.metromix.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Blog , Chaz 's ( 2004 - 10 - 13 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn , Part 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Part 2 ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/twilightsagabreakingdawnpart2.aspx Jump up ^ `` Twilight '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : New Moon '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://ew.com/article/2011/11/19/breaking-dawn-cinemascore-doesnt-sparkle/ Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Eclipse '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2012/11/breaking-dawn-part-2-sells-out-showtimes-as-final-twilight-saga-releases-at-midnight-372186/ Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . TheNumbers . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Twilight -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2010 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . 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7759278995028555830	Lumbar puncture	Lumbar puncture - wikipedia Lumbar puncture Jump to : navigation , search Lumbar puncture Lumbar puncture in a sitting position . The reddish - brown swirls on the patient 's back are tincture of iodine ( an antiseptic ) . ICD - 9 - CM 03.31 MeSH D013129 eMedicine 80773 ( edit on Wikidata ) Lumbar puncture ( LP ) , also known as a spinal tap , is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal , most commonly to collect cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) for diagnostic testing . The main reason for a lumbar puncture is to help diagnose diseases of the central nervous system , including the brain and spine . Examples of these conditions include meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage . It may also be used therapeutically in some conditions . Increased intracranial pressure ( pressure in the skull ) is a contraindication , due to risk of brain matter being compressed and pushed toward the spine . Sometimes , lumbar puncture can not be performed safely ( for example due to a severe bleeding tendency ) . It is regarded as a safe procedure , but post-dural - puncture headache is a common side effect . The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia using a sterile technique . A hypodermic needle is used to access the subarachnoid space and fluid collected . Fluid may be sent for biochemical , microbiological , and cytological analysis . Lumbar puncture was first introduced in 1891 by the German physician Heinrich Quincke . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Diagnosis 1.2 Treatment 2 Contraindications 3 Adverse effects 3.1 Headache 3.2 Other 4 Technique 4.1 Mechanism 4.2 Procedure 4.3 Children 5 Interpretation 5.1 Pressure determination 5.2 Cell count 5.3 Microbiology 5.4 Chemistry 6 History 7 References 8 Further reading Medical uses ( edit ) The reason for a lumbar puncture may be to make a diagnosis or to treat a disease . Diagnosis ( edit ) The chief diagnostic indications of lumbar puncture are for collection of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) . Analysis of CSF may exclude infectious , inflammatory , and neoplastic diseases affecting the central nervous system . The most common purpose is in suspected meningitis , since there is no other reliable tool with which meningitis , a life - threatening but highly treatable condition , can be excluded . A lumbar puncture can also be used to detect whether someone has ' Stage 1 ' or ' Stage 2 ' Trypanosoma brucei . Young infants commonly require lumbar puncture as a part of the routine workup for fever without a source . This is due to higher rates of meningitis than in older persons . Infants also do not reliably show classic symptoms of meningeal irritation ( meningismus ) like neck stiffness and headache the way adults do . In any age group , subarachnoid hemorrhage , hydrocephalus , benign intracranial hypertension , and many other diagnoses may be supported or excluded with this test . It may also be used to detect the presence of malignant cells in the CSF , as in carcinomatous meningitis or medulloblastoma . CSF containing less than 10 red blood cells ( RBCs ) / mm3 constitutes a `` negative '' tap in the context of a workup for subarachnoid hemorrhage , for example . Taps that are `` positive '' have an RBC count of 100 / mm3 or more . Treatment ( edit ) Lumbar punctures may also be done to inject medications into the cerebrospinal fluid ( `` intrathecally '' ) , particularly for spinal anesthesia or chemotherapy . Serial lumbar punctures may be useful in temporary treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension ( IIH ) . This disease is characterized by increased pressure of CSF which may cause headache and permanent loss of vision . While mainstays of treatment are medication , in some cases lumbar puncture performed multiple times may improve symptoms . It is not recommended as a staple of treatment due to discomfort and risk of the procedure , and the short duration of its efficacy . Additionally , some people with normal pressure hydrocephalus ( characterized by urinary incontinence , a changed ability to walk properly , and dementia ) receive some relief of symptoms after removal of CSF . Contraindications ( edit ) Lumbar puncture should not be performed in the following situations : Idiopathic ( unidentified cause ) increased intracranial pressure ( ICP ) Rationale : lumbar puncture in the presence of increased ICP may cause uncal herniation Exception : therapeutic use of lumbar puncture to reduce ICP , but only if obstruction ( for example in the third ventricle of the brain ) has been ruled out Precaution CT brain , especially in the following situations Age > 65 Reduced GCS Recent history of seizure Focal neurological signs Abnormal respiratory pattern Hypertension with bradycardia and deteriorating consciousness Ophthalmoscopy for papilledema Bleeding diathesis ( relative ) Coagulopathy Decreased platelet count ( < 50 x 10 / L ) Infections Skin infection at puncture site Vertebral deformities ( scoliosis or kyphosis ) , in hands of an inexperienced physician . Adverse effects ( edit ) Headache ( edit ) Post spinal headache with nausea is the most common complication ; it often responds to pain medications and infusion of fluids . It was long taught that this complication can be prevented by strict maintenance of a supine posture for two hours after the successful puncture ; this has not been borne out in modern studies involving large numbers of people . Doing the procedure with the person on their side might decrease the risk . Intravenous caffeine injection is often quite effective in aborting these spinal headaches . A headache that is persistent despite a long period of bedrest and occurs only when sitting up may be indicative of a CSF leak from the lumbar puncture site . It can be treated by more bedrest , or by an epidural blood patch , where the person 's own blood is injected back into the site of leakage to cause a clot to form and seal off the leak . Other ( edit ) Contact between the side of the lumbar puncture needle and a spinal nerve root can result in anomalous sensations ( paresthesia ) in a leg during the procedure ; this is harmless and people can be warned about it in advance to minimize their anxiety if it should occur . Serious complications of a properly performed lumbar puncture are extremely rare . They include spinal or epidural bleeding , adhesive arachnoiditis and trauma to the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots resulting in weakness or loss of sensation , or even paraplegia . The latter is exceedingly rare , since the level at which the spinal cord ends ( normally the inferior border of L1 , although it is slightly lower in infants ) is several vertebral spaces above the proper location for a lumbar puncture ( L3 / L4 ) . There are case reports of lumbar puncture resulting in perforation of abnormal dural arterio - venous malformations , resulting in catastrophic epidural hemorrhage ; this is exceedingly rare . The procedure is not recommended when epidural infection is present or suspected , when topical infections or dermatological conditions pose a risk of infection at the puncture site or in patients with severe psychosis or neurosis with back pain . Some authorities believe that withdrawal of fluid when initial pressures are abnormal could result in spinal cord compression or cerebral herniation ; others believe that such events are merely coincidental in time , occurring independently as a result of the same pathology that the lumbar puncture was performed to diagnose . In any case , computed tomography of the brain is often performed prior to lumbar puncture if an intracranial mass is suspected . Technique ( edit ) Mechanism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) The brain and spinal cord are enveloped by a layer of fluid , 125 - 150 ml in total ( in adults ) which acts as a shock absorber and provides a medium for the transfer of nutrients and waste products . The majority is produced by the choroid plexus in the brain and circulates from there to other areas , before being reabsorbed into the circulation ( predominantly by the arachnoid granulations ) . The cerebrospinal fluid can be accessed most safely in the lumbar cistern . Below the first or second lumbar vertebrae ( L1 or L2 ) the spinal cord terminates ( conus medularis ) . Nerves continue down the spine below this , but in a loose bundle of nerve fibers called the cauda equina . There is lower risk with inserting a needle into the spine at the level of the cauda equina because these loose fibers move out of the way of the needle without being damaged . The lumbar cistern extends into the sacrum . Procedure ( edit ) Illustration depicting lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ) Spinal needles used in lumbar puncture . Illustration depicting common positions for lumbar puncture procedure . The person is usually placed on their side ( left more commonly than right ) . The patient bends the neck so the chin is close to the chest , hunches the back , and brings knees toward the chest . This approximates a fetal position as much as possible . Patients may also sit on a stool and bend their head and shoulders forward . The area around the lower back is prepared using aseptic technique . Once the appropriate location is palpated , local anaesthetic is infiltrated under the skin and then injected along the intended path of the spinal needle . A spinal needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae L3 / L4 , L4 / L5 or L5 / S1 and pushed in until there is a `` give '' as it enters the lumbar cistern wherein the ligamentum flavum is housed . The needle is again pushed until there is a second ' give ' that indicates the needle is now past the dura mater . The arachnoid membrane and the dura mater exist in flush contact with one another in the living person 's spine due to fluid pressure from CSF in the subarachnoid space pushing the arachnoid membrane out towards the dura . Therefore , once the needle has pierced the dura mater it has also traversed the thinner arachnoid membrane . The needle is then in the subarachnoid space . The stylet from the spinal needle is then withdrawn and drops of cerebrospinal fluid are collected . The opening pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid may be taken during this collection by using a simple column manometer . The procedure is ended by withdrawing the needle while placing pressure on the puncture site . The spinal level is so selected to avoid spinal injuries . In the past , the patient would lie on their back for at least six hours and be monitored for signs of neurological problems . There is no scientific evidence that this provides any benefit . The technique described is almost identical to that used in spinal anesthesia , except that spinal anesthesia is more often done with the patient in a seated position . The upright seated position is advantageous in that there is less distortion of spinal anatomy which allows for easier withdrawal of fluid . Some practitioners prefer it for lumbar puncture in obese patients , where lying on their side would cause a scoliosis and unreliable anatomical landmarks . However , opening pressures are notoriously unreliable when measured in the seated position . Therefore , patients will ideally lie on their side if practitioners need to measure opening pressure . Reinsertion of the stylet may decrease the rate of post lumbar puncture headaches . Although not available in all clinical settings , use of ultrasound is helpful for visualizing the interspinous space and assessing the depth of the spine from the skin . Use of ultrasound reduces the number of needle insertions and redirections , and results in higher rates of successful lumbar puncture . Children ( edit ) In children , a sitting flexed position was as successful as lying on the side with respect to obtaining non-traumatic CSF , CSF for culture , and cell count . There was a higher success rate in obtaining CSF in the first attempt in infants younger than 12 months in the sitting flexed position . The spine of an infant at the time of birth differs from the adult spine . The conus medullaris ( bottom of the spinal cord ) terminates at the level of L1 in adults , but may range in term neonates ( newly born babies ) from L1 - L3 levels . It is important to insert the spinal needle below the conus medullaris at the L3 / L4 or L4 / L5 interspinous levels . With growth of the spine , the conus typically reaches the adult level ( L1 ) by 2 years of age . The ligamentum flavum and dura mater are not as thick in infants and children as they are in adults . Therefore , it is difficult to assess when the needle passes through them into the subarachnoid space because the characteristic `` pop '' or `` give '' may be subtle or nonexistent in the pediatric lumbar puncture . To decrease the chances of inserting the spinal needle too far , some clinicians use the `` Cincinnati '' method . This method involves removing the stylet of the spinal needle once the needle has advanced through the dermis . After removal of the stylet , the needle is inserted until CSF starts to come out of the needle . Once all of the CSF is collected , the stylet is then reinserted before removal of the needle . Interpretation ( edit ) Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid generally includes a cell count and determination of the glucose and protein concentrations . The other analytical studies of cerebrospinal fluid are conducted according to the diagnostic suspicion . Pressure determination ( edit ) Lumbar puncture in a child suspected of having meningitis . Increased CSF pressure can indicate congestive heart failure , cerebral edema , subarachnoid hemorrhage , hypo - osmolality resulting from hemodialysis , meningeal inflammation , purulent meningitis or tuberculous meningitis , hydrocephalus , or pseudotumor cerebri . In the setting of raised pressure ( or normal pressure hydrocephalus , where the pressure is normal but there is excessive CSF ) , lumbar puncture may be therapeutic . Decreased CSF pressure can indicate complete subarachnoid blockage , leakage of spinal fluid , severe dehydration , hyperosmolality , or circulatory collapse . Significant changes in pressure during the procedure can indicate tumors or spinal blockage resulting in a large pool of CSF , or hydrocephalus associated with large volumes of CSF . Cell count ( edit ) The presence of white blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid is called pleocytosis . A small number of monocytes can be normal ; the presence of granulocytes is always an abnormal finding . A large number of granulocytes often heralds bacterial meningitis . White cells can also indicate reaction to repeated lumbar punctures , reactions to prior injections of medicines or dyes , central nervous system hemorrhage , leukemia , recent epileptic seizure , or a metastatic tumor . When peripheral blood contaminates the withdrawn CSF , a common procedural complication , white blood cells will be present along with erythrocytes , and their ratio will be the same as that in the peripheral blood . The finding of erythrophagocytosis , where phagocytosed erythrocytes are observed , signifies haemorrhage into the CSF that preceded the lumbar puncture . Therefore , when erythrocytes are detected in the CSF sample , erythrophagocytosis suggests causes other than a traumatic tap , such as intracranial haemorrhage and haemorrhagic herpetic encephalitis . In which case , further investigations are warranted , including imaging and viral culture . Microbiology. ( edit ) CSF can be sent to the microbiology lab for various types of smears and cultures to diagnose infections . Gram staining may demonstrate bacteria in bacterial meningitis . Microbiological culture is the gold standard for detecting bacterial meningitis . Bacteria , fungi , and viruses can all be cultured by using different techniques . Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) has been a great advance in the diagnosis of some types of meningitis , such as meningitis from herpesvirus and enterovirus . It has high sensitivity and specificity for many infections of the CNS , is fast , and can be done with small volumes of CSF . Even though testing is expensive , cost analyses of PCR testing in neonatal patients demonstrated savings via reduced cost of hospitalization . Numerous antibody - mediated tests for CSF are available in some countries : these include rapid tests for antigens of common bacterial pathogens , treponemal titers for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and Lyme disease , Coccidioides antibody , and others . The India ink test is still used for detection of meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans , but the cryptococcal antigen ( CrAg ) test has a higher sensitivity . Chemistry ( edit ) Several substances found in cerebrospinal fluid are available for diagnostic measurement . Glucose is present in the CSF ; the level is usually about 60 % that in the peripheral circulation . A fingerstick or venipuncture at the time of lumbar puncture may therefore be performed to assess peripheral glucose levels and determine a predicted CSF glucose value . Decreased glucose levels can indicate fungal , tuberculous or pyogenic infections ; lymphomas ; leukemia spreading to the meninges ; meningoencephalitic mumps ; or hypoglycemia . A glucose level of less than one third of blood glucose levels in association with low CSF lactate levels is typical in hereditary CSF glucose transporter deficiency also known as De Vivo disease . Increased glucose levels in the fluid can indicate diabetes , although the 60 % rule still applies . Increased levels of glutamine are often involved with hepatic encephalopathies , Reye 's syndrome , hepatic coma , cirrhosis , hypercapnia and depression . Increased levels of lactate can occur the presence of cancer of the CNS , multiple sclerosis , heritable mitochondrial disease , low blood pressure , low serum phosphorus , respiratory alkalosis , idiopathic seizures , traumatic brain injury , cerebral ischemia , brain abscess , hydrocephalus , hypocapnia or bacterial meningitis . The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase can be measured to help distinguish meningitides of bacterial origin , which are often associated with high levels of the enzyme , from those of viral origin in which the enzyme is low or absent . Changes in total protein content of cerebrospinal fluid can result from pathologically increased permeability of the blood - cerebrospinal fluid barrier , obstructions of CSF circulation , meningitis , neurosyphilis , brain abscesses , subarachnoid hemorrhage , polio , collagen disease or Guillain -- Barré syndrome , leakage of CSF , increases in intracranial pressure , or hyperthyroidism . Very high levels of protein may indicate tuberculous meningitis or spinal block . IgG synthetic rate is calculated from measured IgG and total protein levels ; it is elevated in immune disorders such as multiple sclerosis , transverse myelitis , and neuromyelitis optica of Devic . Oligoclonal bands may be detected in CSF but not in serum , suggesting intrathecal antibody production . Cause Appearance Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Lymphocytes Protein Glucose Pyogenic bacterial meningitis Yellowish , turbid Markedly increased Slightly increased or Normal Markedly increased Very Decreased Viral meningitis Clear fluid Slightly increased or Normal Markedly increased Slightly increased or Normal Normal or Mildly Decreased Tuberculous meningitis Yellowish and viscous Slightly increased or Normal Increased Markedly Increased Decreased Fungal meningitis Yellowish and viscous Slightly increased or Normal Markedly increased Slightly increased or Normal ( increase may be delayed ) Normal or Mildly Decreased History ( edit ) Lumbar puncture , early 20th century . The first technique for accessing the dural space was described by the London physician Walter Essex Wynter . In 1889 he developed a crude cut down with cannulation in four patients with tuberculous meningitis . The main purpose was the treatment of raised intracranial pressure rather than for diagnosis . The technique for needle lumbar puncture was then introduced by the German physician Heinrich Quincke , who credits Wynter with the earlier discovery ; he first reported his experiences at an internal medicine conference in Wiesbaden , Germany , in 1891 . He subsequently published a book on the subject . The lumbar puncture procedure was taken to the United States by Arthur H. Wentworth an assistant professor at the Harvard Medical School , based at Children 's Hospital . In 1893 he published a long paper on diagnosing cerebrospinal meningitis by examining spinal fluid . However , he was criticized by antivivisectionists for having obtained spinal fluid from children . He was acquitted , but , nevertheless , he was uninvited from the then forming Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , where he would have been the first professor of pediatrics . Historically lumbar punctures were also employed in the process of performing a pneumoencephalography , a nowadays obsolete X-ray imaging study of the brain that was performed extensively from the 1920s until the advent of modern non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and CT in the 1970s . During this quite painful procedure , CSF was replaced with air or some other gas via the lumbar puncture in order to enhance the appearance of certain areas of the brain on plain radiographs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sempere , AP ; Berenguer - Ruiz , L ; Lezcano - Rodas , M ; Mira - Berenguer , F ; Waez , M ( 1 -- 15 October 2007 ) . `` Lumbar puncture : its indications , contraindications , complications and technique '' . Revista de neurologia. 45 ( 7 ) : 433 -- 6 . PMID 17918111 . Jump up ^ Gröschel , K ; Schnaudigel , S ; Pilgram , SM ; Wasser , K ; Kastrup , A ( January 2008 ) . `` The diagnostic lumbar puncture '' . Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 133 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 39 -- 41 . PMID 18095209 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2008 - 1017470 . Jump up ^ Matata , C ; Michael , B ; Garner , V ; Solomon , T ( 24 -- 30 October 2012 ) . `` Lumbar puncture : diagnosing acute central nervous system infections '' . Nursing standard ( Royal College of Nursing ( Great Britain ) : 1987 ) . 27 ( 8 ) : 49 -- 56 ; quiz 58 . PMID 23189602 . doi : 10.7748 / ns2012. 10.27. 8.49. c9364 . ^ Jump up to : Visintin , C. ; Mugglestone , M.A. ; Fields , E.J. ; Jacklin , P. ; Murphy , M.S. ; Pollard , A.J. ; Guideline Development Group ; National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` Management of bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in children and young people : summary of NICE guidance '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 340 : c3209 . PMID 20584794 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. c3209 . Jump up ^ Mann , David ( 2002 ) . `` The role of lumbar puncture in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage when computed tomography is unavailable . '' . Journal of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians. 4 ( 2 ) : 102 -- 105 . ^ Jump up to : López , T ; Sánchez , FJ ; Garzón , JC ; Muriel , C ( January 2012 ) . `` Spinal anesthesia in pediatric patients '' . Minerva anestesiologica. 78 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 87 . PMID 22211775 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9592.2011. 03769. x Epub 2011 Dec 28 Jump up ^ Biousse , V. `` Idiopathic intracranial hypertension : Diagnosis , monitoring and treatment '' . Revue Neurologique. 168 ( 10 ) : 673 -- 683 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neurol. 2012.07. 018 . Jump up ^ Kesler , Anat ; Kupferminc , Michael . `` Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Pregnancy '' . Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 56 ( 2 ) : 389 -- 396 . doi : 10.1097 / grf. 0b013e31828f2701 . Jump up ^ Gallia , Gary L. ; Rigamonti , Daniele ; Williams , Michael A. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus '' . Nature Clinical Practice Neurology . 2 ( 7 ) : 375 -- 381 . doi : 10.1038 / ncpneuro0237 . Jump up ^ Roos KL ( March 2003 ) . `` Lumbar puncture '' . Semin Neurol. 23 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 14 . PMID 12870112 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2003 - 40758 . ^ Jump up to : Straus SE , Thorpe KE , Holroyd - Leduc J ( October 2006 ) . `` How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis ? '' . JAMA. 296 ( 16 ) : 2012 -- 22 . PMID 17062865 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 296.16. 2012 . Jump up ^ Zorrilla - Vaca , A ; Makkar , JK ( May 2017 ) . `` Effectiveness of Lateral Decubitus Position for Preventing Post-Dural Puncture Headache : A Meta - Analysis . '' . Pain physician . 20 ( 4 ) : E521 -- E529 . PMID 28535561 . Jump up ^ Joffe , Ari R. ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Lumbar Puncture and Brain Herniation in Acute Bacterial Meningitis : A Review '' . Journal of Intensive Care Medicine . 22 ( 4 ) : 194 -- 207 . ISSN 0885 - 0666 . PMID 17712055 . doi : 10.1177 / 0885066607299516 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , B.L. ; Lai , J.T. ; Sinclair , A.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture : a practical review '' . Journal of Neurology . 259 ( 8 ) : 1530 -- 1545 . PMID 22278331 . doi : 10.1007 / s00415 - 012 - 6413 - x . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Furqan ; Brzezinski , Jack ; Alexander , Sarah ; Arzola , Cristian ; Carvalho , Jose C.A. ; Beyene , Joseph ; Sung , Lillian ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Ultrasound imaging for lumbar punctures and epidural catheterisations : systematic review and meta - analysis '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 346 : f1720 . ISSN 1756 - 1833 . PMID 23532866 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. f1720 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Amy L. ; Ros , Simon ; Soprano , Joyce . `` Analysis of Infant Lumbar Puncture Success Rates '' . Pediatric Emergency Care . 30 ( 5 ) : 311 -- 314 . doi : 10.1097 / PEC. 0000000000000119 . ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Gregory D. ; Yu , Shi - Wei ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Darby , Gregory D. CramerSusan A. , ed . Chapter 13 - Unique Anatomic Features of the Pediatric Spine . Saint Louis : Mosby . pp. 566 -- 585 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 07954 - 9 . doi : 10.1016 / b978 - 0 - 323 - 07954 - 9.00013 - x . ^ Jump up to : Bonadio , William . `` Pediatric Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis '' . The Journal of Emergency Medicine . 46 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 150 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jemermed. 2013.08. 056 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Ben L.C. ; Lai , James T.F. ; Sinclair , Alexandra J. ( 2012 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture : a practical review '' . Journal of Neurology . 259 ( 8 ) : 1530 -- 1545 . ISSN 0340 - 5354 . PMID 22278331 . doi : 10.1007 / s00415 - 012 - 6413 - x . Jump up ^ Harald Kluge ( 2007 ) . Atlas of CSF cytology . Thieme . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 143161 - 5 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pearson , Justin ; Fuller , Geraint . `` Lumbar punctures and cerebrospinal fluid analysis '' . Medicine . 40 ( 8 ) : 459 -- 462 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mpmed. 2012.05. 005 . Jump up ^ Nigrovic , L.E. ; Chiang , V.W. ( 2000 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Cost analysis of enteroviral polymerase chain reaction in infants with fever and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis '' . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine . 154 ( 8 ) : 817 -- 821 . ISSN 1072 - 4710 . PMID 10922279 . doi : 10.1001 / archpedi. 154.8. 817 . Jump up ^ Rand , Kenneth ; Houck , Herbert ; Lawrence , Robert ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Real - Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Cost Savings from Earlier Hospital Discharge '' . The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD. 7 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 516 . ISSN 1525 - 1578 . PMC 1888494 . PMID 16237221 . doi : 10.1016 / s1525 - 1578 ( 10 ) 60582 - x . Jump up ^ Zerpa , R ; Huicho , L ; Guillén , A ( September 1996 ) . `` Modified India ink preparation for Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens . '' ( PDF ) . Journal of clinical microbiology. 34 ( 9 ) : 2290 -- 1 . PMC 229234 . PMID 8862601 . Jump up ^ Shashikala ; Kanungo , R ; Srinivasan , S ; Mathew , R ; Kannan , M ( Jul -- Sep 2004 ) . `` Unusual morphological forms of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid . '' . Indian journal of medical microbiology. 22 ( 3 ) : 188 -- 90 . PMID 17642731 . Jump up ^ Antinori , Spinello ; Radice , Anna ; Galimberti , Laura ; Magni , Carlo ; Fasan , Marco ; Parravicini , Carlo ( November 2005 ) . `` The role of cryptococcal antigen assay in diagnosis and monitoring of cryptococcal meningitis . '' . Journal of clinical microbiology. 43 ( 11 ) : 5828 -- 9 . PMC 1287839 . PMID 16272534 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 43.11. 5828 - 5829.2005 . Jump up ^ Nigrovic , Lise E. ; Kimia , Amir A. ; Shah , Samir S. ; Neuman , Mark I. ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Relationship between Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose and Serum Glucose '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 6 ) : 576 -- 578 . PMID 22316468 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc1111080 . Jump up ^ Hendry , E ( June 1939 ) . `` The blood and spinal fluid sugar and chloride content in meningitis '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 14 ( 78 ) : 159 -- 72 . PMC 1975626 . PMID 21032142 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 14.78. 159 . Jump up ^ Gierson , HW ; Marx , JI ( April 1955 ) . `` Tuberculous meningitis : the diagnostic and prognostic significance of spinal fluid sugar and chloride '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 42 ( 4 ) : 902 -- 8 . PMID 14362261 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 42 - 4 - 902 . Jump up ^ De Vivo , Darryl C. ; Trifiletti , Rosario R. ; Jacobson , Ronald I. ; Ronen , Gabriel M. ; Behmand , Ramin A. ; Harik , Sami I. ( 5 September 1991 ) . `` Defective Glucose Transport across the Blood - Brain Barrier as a Cause of Persistent Hypoglycorrhachia , Seizures , and Developmental Delay '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 325 ( 10 ) : 703 -- 709 . PMID 1714544 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199109053251006 . ^ Jump up to : Leen , Wilhelmina G. ; Willemsen , Michèl A. ; Wevers , Ron A. ; Verbeek , Marcel M. ; Mendelson , John E. ( 5 August 2012 ) . Mendelson , John E , ed . `` Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose and Lactate : Age - Specific Reference Values and Implications for Clinical Practice '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e42745 . PMC 3412827 . PMID 22880096 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0042745 . Jump up ^ Servo , C ; Pitkänen , E ( December 1975 ) . `` Variation in polyol levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in diabetic patients '' . Diabetologia. 11 ( 6 ) : 575 -- 80 . PMID 1205026 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01222109 . Jump up ^ `` Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamine '' . clinicallabtesting.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hourani , Benjamin T. ; Hamlin , EM ; Reynolds , TB ( 1 June 1971 ) . `` Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamine as a Measure of Hepatic Encephalopathy '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 127 ( 6 ) : 1033 -- 6 . PMID 5578559 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 1971.00310180049005 . ^ Jump up to : Cascino , A. ; Cangiano , C. ; Fiaccadori , F. ; Ghinelli , F. ; Merli , M. ; Pelosi , G. ; Riggio , O. ; Rossi Fanelli , F. ; Sacchini , D. ; Stortoni , M. ; Capocaccia , L. ( September 1982 ) . `` Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy '' . Digestive diseases and sciences . 27 ( 9 ) : 828 -- 32 . PMID 7105954 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01391377 . Jump up ^ Glasgow , Allen M. ; Dhiensiri , Kamnual ( June 1974 ) . `` Improved Assay for Spinal Fluid Glutamine , and Values for Children with Reye 's Syndrome '' ( PDF ) . Clinical Chemistry . 20 ( 6 ) : 642 -- 644 . PMID 4830166 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , A ; Takei , N ; Higashi , T ; Shiota , T ; Nakatsukasa , H ; Fujiwara , M ; Sakata , T ; Nagashima , H ( October 1984 ) . `` Glutamic acid and glutamine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in hepatic encephalopathy '' . Biochemical medicine . 32 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 31 . PMID 6150706 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 2944 ( 84 ) 90076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Levine , J ; Panchalingam , K ; Rapoport , A ; Gershon , S ; McClure , RJ ; Pettegrew , JW ( 1 April 2000 ) . `` Increased cerebrospinal fluid glutamine levels in depressed patients '' . Biological Psychiatry . 47 ( 7 ) : 586 -- 93 . PMID 10745050 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3223 ( 99 ) 00284 - X . Jump up ^ Jay H. Stein ( 1998 ) . Internal Medicine . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 1408 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8151 - 8698 - 4 . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Reiber , Hansotto ( 2003 ) . `` Proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and blood : Barriers , CSF flow rate and source - related dynamics '' ( PDF ) . Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 21 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 79 -- 96 . PMID 14530572 . Jump up ^ Conly , John M. ; Ronald , Allan R. `` Cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic body fluid '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 75 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9343 ( 83 ) 90080 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wynter W.E. ( 1891 ) . `` Four Cases of Tubercular Meningitis in Which Paracentesis of the Theca Vertebralis Was Performed for the Relief of Fluid Pressure '' . Lancet . 1 ( 3531 ) : 981 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 16784 - 5 . Jump up ^ Quincke HI ( 1891 ) . Verhandlungen des Congresses für Innere Medizin , Zehnter Congress , Wiesbaden. 10 . pp. 321 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Quincke HI ( 1902 ) . Die Technik der Lumbalpunktion . Berlin & Vienna . Jump up ^ Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ Susan E. Lederer ( 1997 ) . Subjected to Science : Human Experimentation in America Before the Second World War . JHU Press . p. 216 . ISBN 9780801857096 ... Page 62 has a reference to an 1896 publication in Boston Med . Surg. J Further reading ( edit ) Ellenby , MS ; Tegtmeyer , K ; Lai , S ; Braner , DA ( 28 September 2006 ) . `` Lumbar puncture '' . Videos in clinical medicine . The New England Journal of Medicine . 355 ( 13 ) : e12 . PMID 17005943 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMvcm054952 . ( hide ) Neurosurgical and other procedures ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 01 -- 05 + 89.1 , ICD - 10 - PCS 00 -- 01 ) Skull Craniotomy Decompressive craniectomy Cranioplasty CNS Brain thalamus and globus pallidus : Thalamotomy Thalamic stimulator Pallidotomy ventricular system : Ventriculostomy Suboccipital puncture Intracranial pressure monitoring cerebrum : Psychosurgery Lobotomy Bilateral cingulotomy Hemispherectomy Anterior temporal lobectomy pituitary gland : Hypophysectomy hippocampus : Amygdalohippocampectomy Brain biopsy Cerebral meninges Meningeal biopsy Spinal cord and spinal canal Spinal cord and roots Cordotomy Rhizotomy Vertebrae and intervertebral discs : see Template : Bone , cartilage , and joint procedures Medical imaging Computed tomography of the head Cerebral angiography Pneumoencephalography Echoencephalography / Transcranial Doppler Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain Brain PET Myelography Diagnostic Electroencephalography Lumbar puncture Polysomnography CPRs Glasgow Coma Scale Mini -- mental state examination National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale CHADS2 score PNS Cranial and peripheral nerves Nerve block Vagotomy Sympathetic nerves or ganglia Ganglionectomy Sympathectomy Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy Nerves ( general ) Axotomy Neurectomy Nerve biopsy Diagnostic Nerve conduction study Electromyography Medical imaging Magnetic resonance neurography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumbar_puncture&oldid=806881620 '' Categories : CSF tests Neurology procedures Pediatrics Veterinary diagnosis Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles to be expanded from March 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a spinal tap may be safely performed at which vertebral level	[ "The person is usually placed on their side (left more commonly than right). The patient bends the neck so the chin is close to the chest, hunches the back, and brings knees toward the chest. This approximates a fetal position as much as possible. Patients may also sit on a stool and bend their head and shoulders forward. The area around the lower back is prepared using aseptic technique. Once the appropriate location is palpated, local anaesthetic is infiltrated under the skin and then injected along the intended path of the spinal needle. A spinal needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae L3/L4, L4/L5[6] or L5/S1[6] and pushed in until there is a \"give\" as it enters the lumbar cistern wherein the ligamentum flavum is housed. The needle is again pushed until there is a second 'give' that indicates the needle is now past the dura mater. The arachnoid membrane and the dura mater exist in flush contact with one another in the living person's spine due to fluid pressure from CSF in the subarachnoid space pushing the arachnoid membrane out towards the dura. Therefore, once the needle has pierced the dura mater it has also traversed the thinner arachnoid membrane. The needle is then in the subarachnoid space. The stylet from the spinal needle is then withdrawn and drops of cerebrospinal fluid are collected. The opening pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid may be taken during this collection by using a simple column manometer. The procedure is ended by withdrawing the needle while placing pressure on the puncture site. The spinal level is so selected to avoid spinal injuries.[6] In the past, the patient would lie on their back for at least six hours and be monitored for signs of neurological problems. There is no scientific evidence that this provides any benefit. The technique described is almost identical to that used in spinal anesthesia, except that spinal anesthesia is more often done with the patient in a seated position." ]	[ "between the lumbar vertebrae L3/L4, L4/L5[6] or L5/S1" ]
2717014184312358904	Conscription in the United States	Conscription in the United States - wikipedia Conscription in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` The Draft '' redirects here . For other uses , see Draft ( disambiguation ) . Young men registering for conscription during World War I in New York City , New York , on June 5 , 1917 . Conscription Military service National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objector Alternative civilian service Conscription by country Conscription in the United States , commonly known as the draft , has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts : the American Civil War , World War I , World War II , and the Cold War ( including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars ) . The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act . It was the country 's first peacetime draft . From 1940 until 1973 , during both peacetime and periods of conflict , men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means . The draft was ended when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all - volunteer military force . However , the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan ; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial to 1862 1.2 Civil War 1.3 World War I 1.3. 1 Opposition 1.3. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.4 Interwar 1.5 World War II 1.5. 1 Opposition 1.5. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.6 Cold War 1.7 Vietnam War 1.8 End of conscription 1.9 Post-1980 draft registration 2 Health care personnel 3 Legality 4 Conscientious objection 5 Poverty Draft 6 Selective Service reforms 7 Conscription controversies since 2003 8 Non-citizens 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References and further reading 11.1 American Revolution 11.2 Civil War 11.3 World War I 11.4 World War II 11.5 Cold War and Vietnam 11.6 Recent 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Conscientious objection in the United States § History Colonial to 1862 ( edit ) In colonial times , the Thirteen Colonies used a militia system for defense . Colonial militia laws -- and after independence those of the United States and the various states -- required able - bodied males to enroll in the militia , to undergo a minimum of military training , and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency . This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns . Following this system in its essentials , the Continental Congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year 's service in the Continental army ; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks . For long - term operations , conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower . During the American Revolutionary War , the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state Continental Army units , but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of naval impressment . President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812 . This proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire . `` The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this , sir , consistent with the character of a free government ? Is this civil liberty ? Is this the real character of our Constitution ? No , sir , indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution , in what article or section is it contained , that you may take children from their parents , and parents from their children , and compel them to fight the battles of any war , in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it ? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden , which now for the first time comes forth , with a tremendous and baleful aspect , to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty ? Daniel Webster ( December 9 , 1814 House of Representatives Address ) Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : Union ( American Civil War ) and Confederate States of America The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War . The vast majority of troops were volunteers ; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers , about 2 % were draftees , and another 6 % were substitutes paid by draftees . The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union , and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28 , 1862 ; it was passed into law the next month . Resistance was both widespread and violent , with comparisons made between conscription and slavery . Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place . In the Union , many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment . They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army . Although both sides resorted to conscription , the system did not work effectively in either . The Confederate Congress on April 16 , 1862 , passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty - five not legally exempt ; it later extended the obligation . The U.S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . This state - administered system failed in practice and in 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act , the first genuine national conscription law , setting up under the Union Army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty - five years of age . Quotas were assigned in each state , the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription . Still , men drafted could provide substitutes , and until mid-1864 could even avoid service by paying commutation money . Many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which member should go into the army and which would stay home . The other popular means of procuring a substitute was to pay a soldier whose period of enlistment was about to expire - the advantage of this method was that the Army could retain a trained veteran in place of a raw recruit . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , and the New York City draft riots were in direct response to the draft and were the first large - scale resistance against the draft in the United States . The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges . The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories , most notably the planter class , and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism , sometimes accepting bribes . Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy . World War I ( edit ) A World War I era draft card . In 1917 the administration of President Woodrow Wilson decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for World War I when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . One claimed motivation was to head off the former President , Theodore Roosevelt , who proposed to raise a volunteer division , which would upstage Wilson . However , there is no evidence that even Roosevelt had the popularity to overcome the unpopular war , also , since Wilson had just started his second term in office the former President 's prospects for substantial political gain would seem dubious . The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and -- by allowing exemptions for dependency , essential occupations , and religious scruples -- to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort . The act established a `` liability for military service of all male citizens '' ; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age ( later from 18 to 45 ) ; and prohibited all forms of bounties , substitutions , or purchase of exemptions . Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community . These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services , with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War , thanks to a huge campaign by the government to build support for the war , and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war . Secretary of War Newton Baker draws the first draft number on July 20 , 1917 . The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Along with a general opposition to American involvement in a foreign conflict , Southern farmers objected to unfair conscription practices that exempted members of the upper class and industrial workers . Draft boards were localized and based their decisions on social class : the poorest were the most often conscripted because they were considered the most expendable at home . African - Americans in particular were often disproportionately drafted , though they generally were conscripted as laborers and not sent into combat to avoid the tensions that would arise from mixing races in military units . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Nearly half a million immigrants were drafted , which forced the military to develop training procedures that took ethnic differences into account . Military leaders invited Progressive reformers and ethnic group leaders to assist in formulating new military policies . The military attempted to socialize and Americanize young immigrant recruits , not by forcing `` angloconformity '' , but by showing remarkable sensitivity and respect for ethnic values and traditions and a concern for the morale of immigrant troops . Sports activities , keeping immigrant groups together , newspapers in various languages , the assistance of bilingual officers , and ethnic entertainment programs were all employed . Opposition ( edit ) Blessed are the Peacemakers by George Bellows , The Masses , 1917 The Conscription Act of 1917 was passed in June . Conscripts were court - martialed by the Army if they refused to wear uniforms , bear arms , perform basic duties , or submit to military authority . Convicted objectors were often given long sentences of 20 years in Fort Leavenworth . In 1918 Secretary Baker created the Board of Inquiry to question the conscientious objectors ' sincerity . Military tribunals tried men found by the Board to be insincere for a variety of offenses , sentencing 17 to death , 142 to life imprisonment , and 345 to penal labor camps . In 1917 , a number of radicals and anarchists , including Emma Goldman , challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies . The Court , relying partly on Vattel 's The Law of Nations , emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens : It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need , and the right to compel it . To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force . Conscription was unpopular from left - wing sectors at the start , with many Socialists jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his Atlanta prison cell . He had his sentence commuted to time served and was released on December 25 , 1921 , by President Warren G. Harding . The Industrial Workers of the World mobilized to obstruct the war effort through strikes in war - related industries and not registering . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Conscientious objector ( CO ) exemptions were allowed for the Amish , Mennonites , Quakers , and Church of the Brethren only . All other religious and political objectors were forced to participate . Some 64,700 men claimed conscientious objector status ; local draft boards certified 57,000 , of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army . About 80 % of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms , but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve . Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations , especially Quakers , Mennonites , and Moravian Brethren , as well as a few Seventh - day Adventists and Jehovah 's Witnesses . About 15 % were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches . Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures . He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he do noncombatant farm work . Sentenced to 25 years in prison , he again refused a proposed desk job . He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a `` dishonorable discharge '' . Interwar ( edit ) The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism . Working where Congress would not , it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army - Navy Selective Service Committee , most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience . This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Major General Lewis B. Hershey was assigned to the organization . The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some , including Dorothy Day and George Barry O'Toole , who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors . However , much of Hershey 's work was codified into law with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 ( STSA ) . World War II ( edit ) By the summer of 1940 , as Germany conquered France , Americans supported the return of conscription . One national survey found that 67 % of respondents believed that a German - Italian victory would endanger the United States , and that 71 % supported `` the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men '' . Similarly , a November 1942 survey of American high - school students found that 69 % favored compulsory postwar military training . The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II . The 1940 STSA instituted national conscription in peacetime , requiring registration of all men between 21 and 35 , with selection for one year 's service by a national lottery . The term of service was extended by one year in August 1941 . After Pearl Harbor the STSA was further amended ( December 19 , 1941 ) , extending the term of service to the duration of the war and six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age . In the massive draft of World War II , 49 million men were registered , 36 million classified , and 10 million inducted . President Roosevelt 's signing of the STSA on September 16 , 1940 , began the first peacetime draft in the United States . It also established the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying and inducting young men into military service . Roosevelt named Hershey to head the Selective Service on July 31 , 1941 , where he remained until 1969 . This preparatory act came when other preparations , such as increased training and equipment production , had not yet been approved . Nevertheless , it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present . The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at any given time and limited military service to 12 months . An amendment increased this 18 more months in August 1941 . Later legislation on December 20 , 1942 amended the act to require all men from 18 to 64 to register , with those aged 20 to 44 being able for induction. 18 and 19 year olds were made liable for induction and the upper age limit for the draft was reduced to 37 beginning on November 13 , 1942 . Service commitments for inductees were set at the length of the war plus six months . As manpower need increased during World War II , draftees were inducted into the Army , Navy , and Marine Corps . By 1942 , the Selective Service System moved away from administrative selection by its more than 6,000 local boards to a system of lottery selection . Rather than filling quotas by local selection , the boards now ensured proper processing of men selected by the national lottery . On December 5 , 1942 , presidential Executive Order 9279 made it so that men from the ages of 18 to 37 could not voluntarily enlist even if they had not been drafted , providing protection for the nation 's home front manpower pool . Paul V. McNutt , head of the War Manpower Commission , estimated that the changes would increase the ratio of men drafted from one out of nine to one out of five . The commission 's goal was to have nine million men in the armed forces by the end of 1943 . This facilitated the massive requirement of up to 200,000 men per month and would remain the standard for the length of the war . The World War II draft operated from 1940 until 1947 when its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress . During this time , more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service . With the expiration , no inductions occurred in 1947 . However , the SSS remained intact . Opposition ( edit ) Scattered opposition was encountered especially in the northern cities where African - Americans protested the system . The young Nation of Islam was at the forefront , with many Black Muslims jailed for refusing the draft , and their leader Elijah Muhammed was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance . Organized draft resistance also developed in the Japanese American internment camps , where groups like the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee refused to serve unless they and their families were released . 300 Nisei men from eight of the ten War Relocation Authority camps were arrested and stood trial for felony draft evasion ; most were sentenced to federal prison . American Communists also opposed the war until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 , whereupon they became supporters . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Of the more than 72,000 men registering as conscientious objectors ( CO ) , nearly 52,000 received CO status . Of these , over 25,000 entered the military in noncombatant roles , another 12,000 went to civilian work camps , and nearly 6,000 went to prison . Draft evasion only accounted for about 4 % of the total inducted . About 373,000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16,000 being imprisoned . Cold War ( edit ) The second peacetime draft began with passage of the Selective Service Act of 1948 after the STSA expired . The new law required all men , ages 18 to 26 , to register . It also created the system for the `` Doctor Draft '' aimed at inducting health professionals into military service . Unless otherwise exempted or deferred , these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service . Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post -- World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until Truman 's declaration of national emergency in December 1950 . Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949 . Between the Korean War 's outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953 , Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men . Another 1.3 million volunteered , usually choosing the Navy or Air Force . Congress passed the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951 to meet the demands of the war . It lowered the induction age to 181⁄2 and extended active - duty service commitments to 24 months . Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea , the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war . A February 1953 Gallup Poll showed 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt the SSS handled the draft fairly . Notably , the demographic including all draft age men ( males 21 to 29 ) reported 64 percent believed the draft to be fair . To increase equity in the system , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11 , 1953 , that ended the paternity deferment for married men . In large part , the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War . From a program that had just barely passed Congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II , a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat . Nevertheless , some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy . The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used . During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester . The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27 , 1953 ; however , technology brought new promises and threats . U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' . This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers , so the draft slipped to the back burner . However , the head of the SSS , Maj. Gen. Hershey , urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam . In May 1953 , he told his state directors to do everything possible to keep SSS alive in order to meet upcoming needs . Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice , Congress passed the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 with the aim of improving National Guard and federal Reserve Component readiness while also constraining its use by the president . Towards this end , it mandated a six - year service commitment , in a combination of reserve and active duty time , for every line military member regardless of their means of entry . Meanwhile , the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements . The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but rather lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituency groups such as scientists and farmers . Government leaders felt the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers . On numerous occasions Gen. Hershey told Congress for every man drafted , three or four more were scared into volunteering . Assuming his assessment was accurate , this would mean over 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975 . The policy of using the draft as a club to force `` voluntary '' enlistment was unique in U.S. history . Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings . However , the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this . Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one - third of all eligible men during the period of 1965 -- 69 . This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service . During the active combat phase , the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist . The military relied upon this draft - induced volunteerism to make its quotas , especially the Army , which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam . For example , defense recruiting reports show 34 % of the recruits in 1964 up to 50 % in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft . These rates dwindled to 24 % in 1972 and 15 % in 1973 after the change to a lottery system . Accounting for other factors , it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did so directly or indirectly because of the draft . In addition , deferments provided an incentive for men to follow pursuits considered useful to the state . This process , known as channeling , helped push men into educational , occupational , and family choices they might not otherwise have pursued . Undergraduate degrees were valued . Graduate work had varying value over time , though technical and religious training received near constant support . War industry support in the form of teaching , research , or skilled labor also received deferred or exempt status . Finally , marriage and family were exempted because of its positive social consequences . This included using presidential orders to extend exemptions again to fathers and others . Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country 's `` best and brightest '' who had historically joined and died early in war . In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period , the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s . While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods , draftees by law served in the Army for two years . Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous people drafted during this period . Public protests in the United States were few during the Korean War . However , the percentage of CO exemptions for inductees grew to 1.5 % compared to a rate of just 0.5 % in the past two wars . The Justice Department also investigated more than 80,000 draft evasion cases . Vietnam War ( edit ) President Kennedy 's decision to send military troops to Vietnam as `` advisors '' was a signal that Selective Service Director Lewis B. Hershey needed to visit the Oval Office . From that visit emerged two wishes of JFK with regard to conscription . The first was that the names of married men with children should occupy the very bottom of the callup list . Just above them should be the names of men who are married . This Presidential policy , however , was not to be formally encoded into Selective Service Status . Men who fit into these categories became known as Kennedy Husbands . When President Lyndon Johnson decided to rescind this Kennedy policy , there was a last - minute rush to the altar by thousands of American couples . Many early rank - and - file anti-conscription protesters had been allied with the National Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy . The completion in 1963 of a Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty left a mass of undirected youth in search of a cause . Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E , ( Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything ) . The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Consequently , there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began . The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments , especially for college students . Besides being able to avoid the draft , college graduates who volunteered for military service ( primarily as commissioned officers ) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less - educated inductees . President Gerald Ford announces amnesty for draft evaders at the White House , Washington , D.C. , in 1974 . As U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam increased , more young men were drafted for service there , and many of those still at home sought means of avoiding the draft . Since only 15,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers were sent to South Vietnam , enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a popular means of avoiding serving in a war zone . For those who could meet the more stringent enlistment standards , service in the Air Force , Navy , or Coast Guard was a means of reducing the chances of being killed . Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared , because divinity students were exempt from the draft . Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees . The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26 , 1965 . Around 3 : 10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day , then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time . Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War . One of these , Stephen Spiro , was convicted of avoiding the draft , but given a suspended sentence of five years . He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford . There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975 , of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia . From a pool of approximately 27 million , the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service ( in the United States , South Vietnam , West Germany , and elsewhere ) during the Vietnam War era . The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers , even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army , Air Force , Navy , and Coast Guard ( for three or four year terms of enlistment ) rather than risk being drafted , serve for two years , and have no choice over their military occupational specialty ( MOS ) . Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service , 57 % were exempted ( typically because of jobs including other military service ) , deferred ( usually for educational reasons ) , or disqualified ( usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations ) . The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s . For several years , students were required to take an annual qualification test . In 1968 , educational deferments were dropped for first year graduate students . Those further along in their graduate study could continue to receive a deferment . On December 1 , 1969 , a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950 . Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft . Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records , but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations . Finally , as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country . End of conscription ( edit ) Jeffrey Mellinger in 2005 ; Mellinger was the last drafted U.S. NCO to remain in the army before retiring in 2011 . Jeffrey Mellinger in 1972 ; Mellinger was the last drafted U.S. NCO to remain in the army before retiring in 2011 . During the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft . He had first become interested in the idea of an all - volunteer army during his time out of office , based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University . Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement , since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone . There was opposition to the all - volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress , so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency . Instead , the Gates Commission was formed , headed by Thomas S. Gates , Jr. , a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration . Gates initially opposed the all - volunteer army idea , but changed his mind during the course of the 15 - member commission 's work . The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970 , describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription . The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971 , but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time . In February 1971 , the administration requested of Congress a two - year extension of the draft , to June 1973 . Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one - year extension , or eliminate the draft altogether , or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam ; Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach , trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation , shut down conscription , and directly force an end to the war . Senators supporting Nixon 's war efforts supported the bill , even though some had qualms about ending the draft . After a prolonged battle in the Senate , in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved . Meanwhile , military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers , and television advertising for the U.S. Army began . With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam , December 1972 saw the last men conscripted , who were born in 1952 and who reported for duty in June 1973 . On February 2 , 1972 , a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953 , but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued . In March 1973 , 1974 , and 1975 , the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 , in case the draft was extended , but it never was . Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger , believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked soldier still on active duty , retired in 2011 . Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby , the last Vietnam War - era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank , retired from the army in November 10 , 2014 after a 42 - year career . Post-1980 draft registration ( edit ) On July 2 , 1980 , President Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System . At that time it was required that all males , born on or after January 1 , 1960 , register with the Selective Service System . Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 , who are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday . The Selective Service System describes its mission as `` to serve the emergency manpower needs of the Military by conscripting untrained manpower , or personnel with professional health care skills , if directed by Congress and the President in a national crisis '' . Registration forms are available either online or at any U.S. Post Office . The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a felony punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine . In practice , no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986 , in part because prosecutions of draft resisters proved counter-productive for the government , and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was `` knowing and wilful '' . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants . Many men do not register at all , register late , or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System . Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some states , as well as for receiving some state benefits such as driver 's licenses . Refusing to register can also cause a loss of eligibility for federal financial aid for college . Health care personnel ( edit ) On December 1 , 1989 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation '' , if such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20 -- 54 in 57 different job categories . As of May 2003 , the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft , probably of health care workers . Legality ( edit ) In 1918 , the Supreme Court ruled that the World War I draft did not violate the United States Constitution in the Selective Draft Law Cases . The Court summarized the history of conscription in England and in colonial America , a history that it read as establishing that the Framers envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power . It held that the Constitution 's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to create standing armies included the power to mandate conscription . It rejected arguments based on states ' rights , the 13th Amendment , and other provisions of the Constitution . Later , during the Vietnam War , a lower appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional . United States v. Holmes , 387 F. 2d 781 ( 7th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) . Justice William O. Douglas , in voting to hear the appeal in Holmes , agreed that the government had the authority to employ conscription in wartime , but argued that the constitutionality of a draft in the absence of a declaration of war was an open question , which the Supreme Court should address . During the World War I era , the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft . Examples include Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) and Gilbert v. Minnesota , 254 U.S. 325 ( 1920 ) . In subsequent decades , however , the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the First Amendment . Thus , in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words `` F * ck the Draft '' visible on it . Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) . Nevertheless , protesting the draft by the specific means of burning a draft registration card can be constitutionally prohibited , because of the government 's interest in prohibiting the `` nonspeech '' element involved in destroying the card . United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) . Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal `` Solomon Amendment '' laws , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' nonregistrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants . In 1981 , several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg , alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System . The Supreme Court upheld the act , stating that Congress 's `` decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women '' , that `` since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy , men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft , and Congress ' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause '' , and that `` the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity , but Congress was entitled , in the exercise of its constitutional powers , to focus on the question of military need , rather than ' equity . ' '' The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion 's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations . Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women . At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System : National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System ( filed April 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ; dismissed by the District Court July 29 , 2013 as not `` ripe '' for decision ; appeal argued December 8 , 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ; reversed and remanded February 19 , 2016 ) , and Kyle v. Selective Service System ( filed July 3 , 2015 , U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ) , brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle - LaBell , who tried to register but was turned away because she is female . Conscientious objection ( edit ) Main article : Conscientious objection in the United States According to the Selective Service System , A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and / or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles . ( ... ) Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature , but do n't have to be . Beliefs may be moral or ethical ; however , a man 's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics , expediency , or self - interest . In general , the man 's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims . The Supreme Court has ruled in cases United States v. Seeger ( 1965 ) and Welsh v. United States ( 1970 ) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs ; but it has also ruled in Gillette v. United States ( 1971 ) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection . There is currently no mechanism to indicate that one is a conscientious objector in the Selective Service system . According to the SSS , after a person is drafted , he can claim Conscientious Objector status and then justify it before the Local Board . This is criticized because during the times of a draft , when the country is in emergency conditions , there could be increased pressure for Local Boards to be more harsh on conscientious objector claims . There are two types of status for conscientious objectors . If a person objects only to combat but not to service in the military , then the person could be given noncombatant service in the military without training of weapons . If the person objects to all military service , then the person could be ordered to `` alternative service '' with a job `` deemed to make a meaningful contribution to the maintenance of the national health , safety , and interest '' . Poverty draft ( edit ) The poverty draft is a controversial belief in some circles that low - income demographics are either intentionally targeted by the military for recruitment , or that their low socioeconomic status makes enlistment especially attractive , such that they are overrepresented in the armed forces . The `` poverty draft '' is a term describing U.S. military recruiters ' purposeful tendency to focus their recruiting efforts on inner - city and poor rural schools . The low - income youth and young people of color who attend these schools generally have fewer good educational and job opportunities than middle - class and wealthy youth and are therefore more likely to enlist . Proponents of the poverty draft view often claim that because of this the U.S. armed forces are disproportionally men and women of color and from poor and working class backgrounds . Selective Service reforms ( edit ) The Selective Service System has maintained that they have implemented several reforms that would make the draft more fair and equitable . Some of the measures they have implemented include : Before and during the Vietnam War , a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full - time student making satisfactory progress towards a degree ; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester . If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year . The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin . A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up . Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first . In the new system , the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year . Each year after , the man will be placed on a lower priority status until his liability ends . Conscription controversies since 2003 ( edit ) The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986 . Since then , no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public . Since early 2003 , when the Iraq War appeared imminent , there had been attempts through legislation and campaign rhetoric to begin a new public conversation on the topic . Public opinion since 1973 has been largely negative . In 2003 , several Democratic congressmen ( Charles Rangel of New York , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Conyers of Michigan , John Lewis of Georgia , Pete Stark of California , Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii ) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service , should there be a draft in the future . The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill , nine months after its introduction , without a report from the Armed Services Committee ( to which it had been referred ) , and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections . The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two - thirds vote for passage of the bill . The bill was defeated on October 5 , 2004 , with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against . In 2004 , the platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties opposed military conscription , but neither party moved to end draft registration . John Kerry in one debate criticized Bush 's policies , `` You 've got stop - loss policies so people ca n't get out when they were supposed to . You 've got a backdoor draft right now . '' This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of `` stop - loss '' orders , which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel . All enlistees , upon entering the service , volunteer for a minimum eight - year Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) . This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period , followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years . Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years . The Pentagon stated that as of August 24 , 2004 , 20,000 soldiers , sailors , airmen , and Marines had been affected . As of January 31 , 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected . Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft , Representative Neil Abercrombie 's ( D - HI ) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest . Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft , it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self - reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military , homeland - defense , and humanitarian needs . This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered , perhaps like that of the `` Doctor Draft '' that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66 % of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea . Once created , this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972 . The meeting memo gave DOD 's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency . Draftees with less than two years ' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them . Mentions of the draft during the presidential campaign led to a resurgence of anti-draft and draft resistance organizing . One poll of young voters in October 2004 found that 29 % would resist if drafted . In November 2006 , Representative Charles B. Rangel ( D - NY ) again called for the draft to be reinstated ; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal . On December 19 , 2006 , President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq . The next day , the Selective Service System 's director for operations and chief information officer , Scott Campbell , announced plans for a `` readiness exercise '' to test the system 's operations in 2006 , for the first time since 1998 . On December 21 , 2006 , Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson , when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal , said , `` I think that our society would benefit from that , yes sir . '' Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels , noting that the draft `` does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving '' . Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft . On August 10 , 2007 , with National Public Radio on `` All Things Considered '' , Lieutenant General Douglas Lute , National Security Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the United States Military efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan , expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army 's all - volunteer force . He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier 's family and himself which , in turn , can affect retention . A similar bill to Rangel 's 2003 one was introduced in 2007 , called the Universal National Service Act of 2007 ( H.R. 393 ) , but it has not received a hearing or been scheduled for consideration . At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania 14,250 letters of conscription were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register for the US military draft . This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service . The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30 . On June 14 , 2016 , the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft , though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill . Non-citizens ( edit ) The Selective Service ( and the draft ) in the United States is not limited to citizens . Howard Stringer , for example , was drafted six weeks after arriving from his native Britain in 1965 . Today , non-citizen males of appropriate age in the United States , who are permanent residents ( holders of green cards ) , seasonal agricultural workers not holding an H - 2A Visa , refugees , parolees , asylees , and illegal immigrants , are required to register with the Selective Service System . Refusal to do so is grounds for denial of a future citizenship application . In addition , immigrants who seek to naturalize as citizens must , as part of the Oath of Citizenship , swear to the following : ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law ; The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) website also states however : However , since 1975 , USCIS has allowed the oath to be taken without the clauses : `` ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law ... '' Non-citizens who serve in the United States military enjoy several naturalization benefits which are unavailable to non-citizens who do not , such as a waiver of application fees . Permanent resident aliens who die while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces may be naturalized posthumously , which may be beneficial to surviving family members . See also ( edit ) Conscription crisis Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II Draft lottery ( 1969 ) National service Peace Churches Service Nation Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 Archived October 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , July 4 , 2001 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who Must Register '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , ed. in chief , The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( December 9 , 1814 ) On Conscription , reprinted in Left and Right : A Journal of Libertarian Thought ( Autumn 1965 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History , 181 . Jump up ^ James W. Geary , We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Escott , Paul . Military Necessity : Civil - Military Relations in the Confederacy . Westport , CT : Praeger Security International , 2006 . Jump up ^ Arnold Shankman , `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Jump up ^ Moore 1924 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Zinn ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Nancy Ford , Americans all ! : foreign - born soldiers in World War I ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) p 218 ^ Jump up to : Shenk 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 219 -- 20 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship ( 2007 ) . `` The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon '' . Sign of Peace . 6.1 ( Spring 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Brett. ( 2006 ) . The Effects of the Draft on US Presidential Approval Ratings during the Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1975 , Doctoral dissertation , University of Alabama ( Tuscaloosa ) . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 1985 ) . Lewis B. Hershey , Mr. Selective Service . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ `` What the U.S.A. Thinks '' . Life . July 29 , 1940 . p. 20 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survey Shows What Youth is Thinking '' . Life . November 30 , 1942 . p. 110 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George Q. Flynn , The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Clifford , J. , & Spencer , S. ( 1986 ) . First Peacetime Draft . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ `` Manpower : Sweeping Changes Halt Enlistments , Cut Top Draft Age to 38 , Give McNutt Selective Service Control '' . Life . December 21 , 1942 . p. 27 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Selective Service System . ( May 27 , 2003 ) . Induction Statistics . In Inductions ( by year ) from World War I Through the End of the Draft ( 1973 ) Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muller , Eric L. `` Draft resistance '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buhle , Paul . `` Communist Party , USA '' . Encyclopedia of the American Left . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , J. ( 1987 ) . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Hershey , L. ( 1960 ) . Outline of Historical Background of Selective Service and Chronology . ( Available from Selective Service System , 1724 F Street NW , Washington , D.C. 20435 ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . ( 1953 ) . Selective Service under the 1948 Act extended ( 212278 - 53 - 7 ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Gallup , G. ( 1972 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public opinion , 1935 -- 1971 ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , Selective Service System . ( February 19 , 2004 ) . Fast facts . In Effects of Marriage and Fatherhood on Draft Eligibility Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , R. ( 1982 ) . The Peacetime Draft : Voluntarism to Coercion . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 97 -- 116 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . ( Original work published 1968 ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , J. & A. Meckler . ( Eds . ) . ( 1974 ) . The Draft and Its Enemies : A Documentary History . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Myra MacPherson ( 2001 ) . Long Time Passing , New Edition : Vietnam and the Haunted Generation . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hershey , 1953 Jump up ^ House Committee on Appropriations Hearings , 1958 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( ed ) , 1987 ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 2000 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence , KS : University of Kansas Press . ^ Jump up to : Useem , M. ( 1973 ) . Conscription , Protest and Social Conflict : The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Oi , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The Economic Cost of the Draft '' . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 317 -- 346 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . Jump up ^ Angrist , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 86 ( 415 ) , 584 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Binkin , M. , & Johnston , J. ( 1973 ) , All - volunteer Armed Forces : Progress , Problems , and Prospects , report by the Brookings Institution prepared for the Senate Armed Services Committee , 93rd Congress , First Session . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Siu , Henry E. ( 2008 ) . The fiscal role of conscription in the U.S. World War II effort . Journal of Monetary Economics , 55 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Marmion , H. ( 1968 ) . Selective Service : Conflict and Compromise . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , 2004 Jump up ^ Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare , The nation 's manpower revolution , 88th Cong. , 2817 ( 1963 ) ( testimony of Lewis B. Hershey ) . Jump up ^ Chambers , 1987 Jump up ^ Kohn , S. ( 1986 ) . Jailed for Peace : The History of American Draft Law Violations , 1658 -- 1985 . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press Jump up ^ Orvedahl , Reid . `` PrimeTime : Marrying to Avoid Draft '' . ABC News . ABC News . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` Stephen Spiro , 1940 -- 2007 '' . The Catholic Worker . LXXV ( May -- June ) : 6 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ( Nov 2011 ) . `` America 's Wars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunnigan , James F ( 1999 ) . Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War ( First ed . ) . St martin 's Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19857 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Jump up ^ Reeves , T. & Hess , K. ( 1970 ) . The End of the Draft . New York : Random House . ^ Jump up to : Thomas W. Evans ( Summer 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 720 - 9 . pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen ( 1989 ) . Nixon , Volume Two : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 264 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , Robert K. ; Robert K. Griffith , Jr. , John Wyndham Mountcastle ( 1997 ) . U.S. Army 's Transition to the All - volunteer Force , 1868 -- 1974 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 7864 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( February 3 , 1971 ) . `` Stennis Favors 4 - Year Draft Extension , but Laird Asks 2 Years '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Conrad ( 2007 ) . `` Waging Peace '' . Richard M. Nixon : A Life in Full . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 519 - 9 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( June 5 , 1971 ) . `` Senators Reject Limits on Draft ; 2 - Year Plan Gains '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John W. Finney ( May 9 , 1971 ) . `` Congress vs. President '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Senate Approves Draft Bill , 55 - 30 ; President to Sign '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . UPI . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set to retire , the last Army draftee ' loves being a soldier ' '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1877943,00.html Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael M. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` A Reluctant Soldier Completes His Duty '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Proclamation 4771 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , July 2 , 1980 , 45 FR 45247 , 94 Stat. 3775 . Amended by Proclamation 7275 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , February 22 , 2000 , 65 FR 9199 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Selective Service System : Fast Facts Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What If I Choose Not To Register ? '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Hasbrouck . `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Am I eligible to receive financial aid ? '' . United States Department of Education . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` FAQ about Health Care Workers and the Draft '' . Medicaldraft.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Proposed Health care personnel delivery System ( HCPDS ) , 54 Federal Register , 33644 - 33654 , August 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Roger A. Lalich , Health care personnel delivery System : Another Doctor Draft ? ( Wisconsin Medical Journal , 2004 ) . Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Holmes v. United States ' ' , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Schenck v. United States ' ' , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gilbert v. Minnesota ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Cohen v. California ' ' , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. O'Brien ' ' , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rostker v. Goldberg , Cornell Law School , retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyondWar.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Fast Facts '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. Seeger ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . March 8 , 1965 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Welsh v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gillette v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Youth and Militarism Program : `` The Poverty Draft '' ( PDF ) ( Accessed 3 / 14 / 06 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Friends Service Committee . Jump up ^ Mariscal , Jorge . `` Fighting the Poverty Draft '' . Counterpunch . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between The Selective Service Today And During Vietnam '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 1304.25 Fulfilling the Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) '' . U.S. Department of Defense . August 25 , 1997 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ AlterNet / By Richard Muhammad ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` War on Iraq : Firing Back '' . AlterNet . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stop - loss used to retain 50,000 troops csmonitor.com Archived September 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Congressional Record . 108th Cong. , 2d sess. , 2004 . Vol. 150 , No. 130 : E1938 . Jump up ^ Salyer , J. ( April 26 , 1954 ) . `` Training of medical officers '' . In Medical Science Publication 4 , Recent Advances in Medicine and Surgery ( 19 - 30 April 1954 ) : Based on Professional Medical Experiences in Japan and Korea 1950 -- 1953 ( chap. 2 ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Archived August 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and the Medical Draft in the USA '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek Poll : Youth Vote Shows Bush , Kerry Neck - and - Neck ( 47 % for Kerry , 45 % for Bush ) ; But Kerry 's Lead Grows Among Likely Voters ( 52 % to 42 % ) '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi says no to draft legislation '' . CNN . November 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` abc7.com : U.S. Testing National Draft Readiness 12 / 22 / 06 '' . Abclocal.go.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` VA Head : Draft Beneficial to Society , Veterans Affairs Secretary Says Military Draft Beneficial , but He Does n't Support It -- CBS News '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bush War Adviser Supports Considering a Military Draft FOXNews.com Jump up ^ Y2K bug triggers army conscription notices sent to 14,000 dead men Technology The Guardian Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Votes to Require Women to Register for the Draft '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grifiths , Katherine . `` Sir Howard Stringer , U.S. Head Of Sony : Sony 's knight buys Tinseltown dream . '' The Independent , September 18 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Interview : Howard Stringer . '' The Independent , March 21 , 2005 . Archived August 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Selective Service System -- Who Must Register Archived November 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USCIS Home Page Jump up ^ Naturalization Information for Military Personnel USCIS Archived November 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The ABC 's of Immigration : Military Service -- March 29 , 2005 Archived September 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . References and further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conscription . Martin Anderson ; Valerie Bloom ( 1976 ) . Conscription : a select and annotated bibliography . Hoover Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 2571 - 0 ... ( Full text ) . Leach , Jack F. Conscription in the United States : Historical Background . ( Rutland , Vt. , 1952 ) American revolution ( edit ) Dougherty , Keith L. Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation . Cambridge U. Press , 2001 . 211 pp . Civil War ( edit ) Bernstein , Iver . The New York City Draft Riots : Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War ( 1990 ) . online edition Cruz , Barbara C. and Jennifer Marques Patterson . `` ' In the Midst of Strange and Terrible Times ' : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 . Social Education . v. 69 # 1 2005 . pp 10 + , with teacher 's guide and URL 's . online version Geary , James W . We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) pp. 264 Geary , James W. `` Civil War Conscription in the North : A Historiographical Review , '' Civil War History 32 ( 1986 ) : 208 -- 28 , online Hilderman , Walter C. , III . They Went into the Fight Cheering ! Confederate Conscription in North Carolina . Boone , N.C. : Parkway , 2005 . pp. 272 Hyman , Harold M. A More Perfect Union : The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution . ( 1973 ) , ch 13 . online edition Kenny , Kevin . `` Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish . '' American Journal of Irish Studies ( 2013 ) : 39 - 64 . Levine , Peter . `` Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War , 1863 -- 1865 , '' Journal of American History 67 ( 1981 ) : 816 -- 34 online edition Moore , Albert Burton . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 1924 online edition Murdoch , Eugene C. One Million Men : The Civil War Draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Shankman , Arnold . `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Wheeler , Kenneth H. `` Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance : Holmes County , Ohio . '' Civil War History . v. 45 # 2 1999 . pp 147 + online edition World War I ( edit ) Chambers II , John Whiteclay . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) , comprehensive look at the national level . Ford , Nancy Gentile ( 2001 ) . Americans All ! : Foreign - born Soldiers in World War I. Texas A&M University Military History Series : 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 132 - 2 . Ford , Nancy Gentile . `` ' Mindful of the Traditions of His Race ' : Dual Identity and Foreign - born Soldiers in the First World War American Army . '' Journal of American Ethnic History 1997 16 ( 2 ) : 35 -- 57 . ISSN 0278 - 5927 Fulltext : in Ebsco Hickle , K. Walter . `` ' Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination ' : Citizenship , Dependency , and Conscription in the South , 1917 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History . v. 66 # 4 2000 . pp 749 + online version Keith , Jeanette . `` The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance , 1917 -- 1918 : Class , Race , and Conscription in the Rural South . '' Journal of American History 2000 87 ( 4 ) : 1335 -- 1361 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Keith , Jeanette . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . 2004 . 260pp . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First Worm War and American Society ( 1980 ) , ch 3 online edition Shenk , Gerald E. `` Race , Manhood , and Manpower : Mobilizing Rural Georgia for World War I , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly , 81 ( Fall 1997 ) , 622 -- 62 Woodward , C. Vann . Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) , pp 451 -- 63 . Sieger , Susan . `` She Did n't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker : Motherhood , Conscription , and the Culture of the First World War . '' Feminist Studies . v. 22 # 1 1996 . pp 7 + online edition Shenk , Gerald E. ( 2005 ) . `` Work or fight ! '' : Race , Gender , and the Draft in World War One . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6175 - 4 . World War II ( edit ) Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Garry , Clifford J. and Samuel R. Spencer Jr . The First Peacetime Draft. 1986 . Goossen , Rachel Waltner ; Women against the Good War : Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front , 1941 -- 1947 1997 online edition Westbrook , Robert . `` ' I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl That Married Harry James ' : American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in WWII , '' American Quarterly 42 ( December 1990 ) : 587 -- 614 ; online in JSTOR Cold War and Vietnam ( edit ) Lawrence M. Baskir ; William A. Strauss ( 1978 ) . Chance and Circumstance : The Draft , the War , and the Vietnam Generation . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72749 - 5 . Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Marc Leepson , `` What It Was Like to Be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Recent ( edit ) Halstead , Fred . GIs Speak out against the War : The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8 . 128 pages . New York : Pathfinder Press . 1970 . Warner , John T. and Beth J. Asch . `` The Record and Prospects of the All - volunteer Military in the United States . '' Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001 15 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 192 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Wooten ; Evan M. `` Banging on the Backdoor Draft : The Constitutional Validity of Stop - Loss in the Military '' , William and Mary Law Review , Vol. 47 , 2005 Chambers II , John Whiteclay , ed . Draftees or Volunteers : A Documentary History of the Debate over Military Conscription in the United States , 1787 -- 1973 , ( 1975 ) ( 1976 ) ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Look up conscription in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` What It Was Like to be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Selective Service System official website Resisters.info Rolling Stone Magazine : The Return of the Draft 2005 How To Beat The Draft Board Reinstating the military draft by Walter E. Williams Are You Going to be Drafted ? by Rod Powers . Discusses the improbability of the draft returning . World War I : Conscription Laws from the Library of Congress Blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=801585700 '' Categories : Conscription in the United States Conscription by country United States military policies American nationalism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 15 : 56 . 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About Wikipedia	when did america get rid of the draft	[ "Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam;[63] Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war.[64] Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft.[62] After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved.[65] Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began.[57] With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952[66] and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued.[67][68] In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was.[69]" ]	[ "early 1973" ]
-4045545359353503852	Long Lost Family (U.S. TV series)	Long Lost Family ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Long Lost Family ( U.S. TV series ) Long Lost Family Genre Documentary Based on Spoorloos by KRO - NCRV Presented by Chris Jacobs Lisa Joyner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Pam Healey John Hesling Dan Peirson Kathryn Takis Running time 42 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) Shed Media Release Original network TLC Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Long Lost Family ( UK ) Long Lost Family ( AUS ) External links Official website Long Lost Family is an American documentary television series based on the Dutch series Spoorloos created by broadcaster KRO - NCRV that premiered on March 6 , 2016 on TLC . Presented by Chris Jacobs and Lisa Joyner , the show helps provide aid to individuals looking to be reunited with long - lost biological family members . The show is produced by Shed Media for TLC , and is co-sponsored by Ancestry.com , which provides family history research and DNA testing to help make discoveries possible . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Marketing 3.3 Broadcast 4 International versions 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) The show follows the original British series very closely , offering a chance for people who are desperate to find long lost relatives . The series helps a handful of people , some of whom have been searching in vain for many years , find the family members they are desperately seeking . It explores the background and context of each family 's estrangement and tracks the detective work and often complex and emotional process of finding each lost relative before they are reunited . With the help and support of Chris and Lisa , each relative is guided and supported through the process of tracing the member of their family they have been desperately seeking . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 19 February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 9 April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` I 've Waited for This Call for 45 Years '' March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) `` Your Mom 's Been Here the Whole Time '' March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) `` Nobody Knew I Existed '' March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) `` I Should Have Fought Harder to Keep Her '' March 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 27 ) 5 5 `` Am I Who I Think I Am ? '' April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 6 6 `` Why Did You Leave Me ? '' April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 7 7 `` Everything Your Parents Told You Was a Lie '' April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 8 8 `` Alone in a Crowded Room '' April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 9 `` There 's No Easy Way to Say This '' February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 10 `` The Court Said No , We Were Too Young '' February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 11 `` I Want to Heal My Mother 's Heart '' February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 12 `` Born Together , Stay Together '' March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 13 5 `` One More Reason to Fight for My Life '' March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 14 6 `` Did You Have Dreams , Did You Follow Them ? '' March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 15 7 `` All the Leaves Fell Off My Family Tree '' March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 16 8 `` The Last Time I Saw My Mother , I Was 5 Years Old '' April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 17 9 `` Do I Call Him My Son ? '' April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 18 10 `` If You Bring Your Baby Home , You Ca n't Come Home '' April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 19 11 `` Am I a Secret She Had to Keep ? '' April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 20 12 `` It 's the Fulfillment Of a Promise '' April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 21 13 `` We Do n't Need Anything From Them Besides Love '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 22 14 `` She Just Drove Off and Never Returned '' November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 23 15 `` My First Chapter Is Unwritten '' November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 24 16 `` If I 'd Only Known About Her '' November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 25 17 `` The Letters Just Stopped Coming '' November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 26 18 `` There 's More to Saying Sorry '' December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 27 19 `` My Birth Certificate Reads Jane Doe '' December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 28 `` The First and Last Time I Saw My Sister '' April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 1.42 29 `` She Never Came Back '' April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 1.13 30 `` You Think They Are Blood '' April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 1.50 31 `` You Have Been Loved Your Whole Life '' April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 1.46 32 5 `` 28 Foster Homes '' May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 1.42 33 6 `` A Slamming Door '' May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 1.18 34 7 `` Nothing Short of a Miracle '' May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 0.85 35 8 `` This Is Your Truth '' May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 0.94 36 9 `` That Was My One Shot '' May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1.26 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On February 2 , 2016 , it was announced that TLC had given the production a series order . It was reported that the series would be hosted by Chris Jacobs and Lisa Joyner and produced by Shed Media . Marketing ( edit ) Alongside the initial series announcement , TLC released the first teaser trailer for the series . On March 20 , 2018 , TLC released the official trailer for season three . Broadcast ( edit ) Season one of Long Lost Family premiered on March 6 , 2016 . On June 9 , 2016 , it was announced that TLC had renewed the series for a second season . The final six episodes of the second season began airing on November 6 , 2017 . On March 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season set to premiere on April 8 , 2018 . International versions ( edit ) The original British program began airing in 2011 and has so far distributed 7 seasons . It is hosted by Davina McCall and Nicky Campbell . An Australian version of Long Lost Family , hosted by Chrissie Swan and Anh Do , began airing around the same time as the U.S. version in 2016 , but was canceled by 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Regret , Loss and Redemption on TLC 's Docu - series Long Lost Family '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` TLC Orders ' Long Lost Family ' to Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Reid ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` TLC 's ' Long Lost Family ' : Buckets of Tears Are Shed in Season 3 Trailer '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` TLC Renews ' Who Do You Think You Are ' and ' Long Lost Family ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are , Long Lost Family : TLC Series Renewed '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pasquini , Maria ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` TLC 's Long Lost Family Is Returning with 6 New , Emotional Stories '' . People Magazine . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TLC 's LONG LOST FAMILY Returns for a Third Season This April '' . Broadway World . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Long Lost Family on IMDb TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiancé All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Counting On Curvy Brides Dr. Pimple Popper Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters A Haunting Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Island Medium Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 - lb Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Trading Spaces Untold Stories of the E.R. Who Do You Think You Are ? See also Template : Former TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Lost_Family_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=852862835 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts American documentary television series English - language television programs TLC ( TV network ) programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does season 3 of long lost family start	[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired18March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)219February 12, 2017 (2017-02-12)December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)39April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)" ]	[ "April 8, 2018" ]
4788862251647323451	Vienna (Billy Joel song)	Vienna ( Billy Joel song ) - Wikipedia Vienna ( Billy Joel song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Vienna '' Single by Billy Joel from the album The Stranger A-side `` She 's Always a Woman '' Released 1977 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded A & R Recording , New York City Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 34 Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone Billy Joel singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' / `` Vienna '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' / `` Vienna '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` Vienna '' is a song from Billy Joel 's 1977 album The Stranger , released as the B - side to his `` She 's Always a Woman '' single . In a July 2008 New York Times article , Joel cited this as one of his two favorite songs , along with `` Summer , Highland Falls '' . It was played in a 1981 episode of Taxi called `` Vienna Waits '' . Marilu Henner 's character Elaine Nardo refers to the song while on vacation in Europe with Alex Reiger , played by Judd Hirsch . Due to licensing restrictions , the song has been omitted from the episode on DVD . `` Vienna '' can also be found on the soundtrack of 13 Going on 30 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links Cover versions ( edit ) American singer and Victorious actress Ariana Grande covered the song in 2011 , initially sending the MP3 to her fans if they donated to her 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami appeal , and then later making it available to the public via her YouTube channel . American Idol contestant Elise Testone performed the song on the 11th season of the show the week the contestants sang Billy Joel 's songs , managing to break her previous trend of landing in the bottom 3 the previous weeks , being declared safe for the first time . Christian Borle performed it in `` The Phenomenon '' , the 14th episode of the second season of Smash . Mac Miller also made a cover in 2012 under his alias Larry Fisherman . In 2015 , the Austrian band Granada released their version , `` Wien wort auf di '' , sung in an Austrian dialect of German . In 2016 , contestant Andrew DeMuro performed the song at the Blind Auditions on The Voice of the show and was made a part of Adam Levine 's team . In popular culture ( edit ) `` Vienna '' is featured in the soundtrack of the 2004 romantic comedy 13 Going on 30 , starring Jennifer Garner and Mark Ruffalo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barry , Dan ( 13 July 2008 ) . `` Just the Way He Is '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Granada - Wien wort auf di - YouTube Jump up ^ The Voice ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) , The Voice 2016 Blind Audition - Andrew DeMuro : `` Vienna '' , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( Live ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' `` Leningrad '' `` I Go to Extremes '' `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' `` That 's Not Her Style '' `` And So It Goes '' `` Shameless '' `` All Shook Up '' `` The River of Dreams '' `` All About Soul '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All My Life '' `` Christmas in Fallujah '' Other songs `` Everybody Loves You Now '' `` Captain Jack '' `` Los Angelenos '' `` Root Beer Rag '' `` New York State of Mind '' `` Prelude / Angry Young Man '' `` Miami 2017 ( Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway ) '' `` Scenes from an Italian Restaurant '' `` Zanzibar '' `` Laura '' `` Scandinavian Skies '' `` Big Man on Mulberry Street '' Tours An Innocent Man Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Face to Face 1998 Face to Face 2001 Face to Face 2003 Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Film Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin ' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee `` Movin ' Out '' ( Glee episode ) Book This 1970s song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vienna_(Billy_Joel_song)&oldid=789891538 '' Categories : 1977 songs Billy Joel songs Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone Songs about Vienna Songs written by Billy Joel 1970s song stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 08 : 42 . About Wikipedia	what movies is vienna by billy joel in	[ "It was played in a 1981 episode of Taxi called \"Vienna Waits\". Marilu Henner's character Elaine Nardo refers to the song while on vacation in Europe with Alex Reiger, played by Judd Hirsch. Due to licensing restrictions, the song has been omitted from the episode on DVD. \"Vienna\" can also be found on the soundtrack of 13 Going on 30." ]	[ "13 Going on 30" ]
1469074027102986490	Virginia Beach Oceanfront	Virginia Beach Oceanfront - wikipedia Virginia Beach Oceanfront Virginia Beach Oceanfront Virginia Beach Oceanfront refers to the three mile ( 4.8 km ) long ( 27 feet wide ) boardwalk area in South East Virginia Beach on the Atlantic Coast . It is located North of the Rudee Inlet Bridge and includes the boardwalk itself , Atlantic Avenue , and Pacific Avenue . Virginia Beach is a resort city , and the Oceanfront is a main tourist attraction . The current version of the boardwalk was first constructed in 1988 . It is made of concrete ; the boardwalk links over forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 3 Entertainment 4 Awards 5 References History ( edit ) With the construction of the rail system in 1883 tourism in Virginia Beach began to grow . Soon after the Virginia Beach Hotel was opened , offering tourists the first overnight accommodations . As more tourists began to spend their summers in Virginia Beach along the coast , construction began on the boardwalk in 1888 . It was first built from wooden planks and expanded a mere five blocks . During the gilded age the boardwalk was home to the famous Peacock Ballroom , where performances were held by such artists as Duke Ellington , Cab Calloway , and Tommy Dorsey . By the early 1900s , Virginia Beach became a well - known vacation destination . In 1927 , The Cavalier opened its doors . This was Virginia Beach 's first grand hotel . The Cavalier was host to 7 US Presidents : Calvin Coolidge , Herbert Hoover , Harry Truman , Dwight Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon . The hotel was also an attraction to national celebrities such as , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Bette Davis , Jean Harlow , Judy Garland , Will Rogers and Fatty Arbuckle . During the 1930s through the 1950s the Cavalier hosted the most popular big bands in the world . Some of these performances included : Frank Sinatra , Bing Crosby , Benny Goodman , Tommy Dorsey , Glenn Miller , Xavier Cugat , Cab Calloway and Lawrence Welk . The Cavalier even contributed to World War II . In 1942 , the United States Navy asked for the hotel 's help . They converted the stables into sailor 's living quarters , drained the pool for training purposes and even had the hotel chefs feeding the Navy trainees . In 1973 in response to the growing number tourists visiting the area The Cavalier built an 11 - story oceanfront hotel . In the following years the hotel was visited by President Gerald Ford , George Bush , and then Ambassador to China , to address the Virginia Bar Association and President Jimmy Carter to speak before the Southern Baptist Convention . Features ( edit ) The oceanfront features many monuments to Virginians who have impacted the history of the state . Some of the monuments are located at the Naval Aviation Monument Park which was formally dedicated on May 6 , 2006 , by the Hampton Roads Squadron of the Naval Aviation Foundation Association . Planned since 1997 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach , the park features heroic - scale statuary and reliefs to tell the history of Naval Aviation . The Virginia Legends Walk features famous historical Virginians such as Pocahontas , Edgar Allan Poe and George Washington . Many other monuments are scattered between hotels . A main monument is the statue of King Neptune - a colossal 34 - foot - high bronze statue that rises from the sand at 31st Street & Atlantic Avenue , overlooking Neptune Park . Other attractions include various forms of artwork between hotels and other buildings . Many are sculptures including different starfish , dolphins , and sea turtles painted in many colors for people 's viewing pleasure . Entertainment ( edit ) The Virginia Beach Oceanfront is home to Beach Street USA which lines up entertainment events during the summer months for tourists . Most events are free and include local and visiting performers from magic shows and musical talents , to psychics and palm readers . Some events do cost money , though . One of the most well known events at the ocean front hosted by Beach Street USA is McDonald 's Holiday Lights at the Beach where guests can sit in their car and drive along the boardwalk to view many different holiday light setups . There are bikes for individuals and families for rent all summer which are accommodated on a bike path that stretches the entirety of the boardwalk . There are over forty hotels which are interspersed between small restaurants , photo studios , and other random shops . Night clubs are also in abundance on both Atlantic and Pacific Avenue . Another big tourist attraction at the Oceanfront is the 14th Street Fishing Pier . It is one of many fishing piers located in the state of Virginia , and the only pier accessible from the boardwalk . Awards ( edit ) The Virginia Beach Boardwalk has received national acclaim in recent times as one of America 's favorite boardwalks by the Discovery Channel , and in magazines such as Coastal Living , Southern Living , and National Geographic Traveler . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` xyz Domain Names Join Generation XYZ '' . Encyclopedia.com.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Virginia Beach Boardwalk '' . Vbfun.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.visitvirginiabeach.com/pressroom/mediakits/VB2011/pdfs/2011HistoricalBackgrounder.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.virginiabeach.com/articles/virginia-beach-boardwalk-history-cavalier-hotel ^ Jump up to : `` Boardwalk History : The Cavalier Hotel '' . Virginia Beach . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visit Virginia Beach - The official Virginia Beach tourism website '' . Vbfun.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Oceanfront on Foot Virginia Beach Visitors Guide Network - Your vacation planning headquarters '' . Vgnet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` It 's all happening on Beach Street USA ! Great entertainment at the Virginia Beach Oceanfront '' . Beach Street USA . 2014 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Oceanfront Fishing Pier '' . Virginia Beach . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Coordinates : 36 ° 50 ′ 33 '' N 75 ° 58 ′ 21 '' W / 36.8425 ° N 75.9725 ° W / 36.8425 ; - 75.9725 hide City of Virginia Beach Topics History Timeline Culture People Sports Media Education Economy Fire Transportation Parks First Landing State Park False Cape State Park Mount Trashmore Munden Point Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge Military Naval Air Station Oceana Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Fort Story Attractions Adam Keeling House Adam Thoroughgood House Atlantic Fun Park Atlantic Wildfowl Heritage Museum Cape Henry Light Cape Henry Memorial Ferry Plantation House Francis Land House Lynnhaven House Military Aviation Museum Motor World Norwegian Lady Statues Ocean Breeze Water Park Old Coast Guard Station Museum Tidewater Arboretum Upper Wolfsnare Virginia Aquarium Virginia Beach Oceanfront Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art Neighborhoods Alanton Bayside Chesapeake Beach Croatan Beach Great Neck Point Green Run Kempsville Kings Grant Lago Mar London Bridge Lynnhaven Oceana Pembroke Manor Princess Anne Pungo Salem Sandbridge Seatack Sigma Thalia Town Center Hampton Roads Metropolitan Area Virginia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Beach_Oceanfront&oldid=838909122 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Virginia Beach , Virginia Tourist attractions in Virginia Beach , Virginia Beaches of Virginia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 01 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does virginia beach boardwalk start and end	[ "Virginia Beach Oceanfront refers to the three mile (4.8 km) long (27 feet wide) boardwalk area in South East Virginia Beach on the Atlantic Coast. It is located North of the Rudee Inlet Bridge and includes the boardwalk itself, Atlantic Avenue, and Pacific Avenue.[1] Virginia Beach is a resort city, and the Oceanfront is a main tourist attraction. The current version of the boardwalk was first constructed in 1988. It is made of concrete; the boardwalk links over forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path.[2]" ]	[ "located North of the Rudee Inlet Bridge and includes the boardwalk itself, Atlantic Avenue, and Pacific Avenue" ]
-4073959875214719748	The Dark Knight Rises	The Dark Knight Rises - Wikipedia The Dark Knight Rises The Dark Knight Rises Theatrical release poster Directed by Christopher Nolan Produced by Emma Thomas Christopher Nolan Charles Roven Screenplay by Jonathan Nolan Christopher Nolan Story by Christopher Nolan David S. Goyer Based on Characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics Starring Christian Bale Michael Caine Gary Oldman Anne Hathaway Tom Hardy Marion Cotillard Joseph Gordon - Levitt Morgan Freeman Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Wally Pfister Edited by Lee Smith Production companies Legendary Pictures Syncopy Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date July 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) ( New York City ) July 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 20 ) ( United States and United Kingdom ) Running time 165 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $250 -- 300 million ( gross ) $230 million ( net ) Box office $1.085 billion The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan , who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan , and the story with David S. Goyer . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the final installment in Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy , and the sequel to The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) . Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne / Batman , with a returning cast of allies : Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth , Gary Oldman as James Gordon , and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox . The film introduces Selina Kyle ( Anne Hathaway ) and Bane ( Tom Hardy ) . Eight years after the events of The Dark Knight , merciless revolutionary Bane forces an older Bruce Wayne to resume his role as Batman and save Gotham City from nuclear destruction . Christopher Nolan was hesitant about returning to the series for a second time , but agreed after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note . Nolan drew inspiration from Bane 's comic book debut in the 1993 `` Knightfall '' storyline , the 1986 series The Dark Knight Returns , and the 1999 storyline `` No Man 's Land '' . Filming took place from May to November 2011 in locations including Jodhpur , London , Nottingham , Glasgow , Los Angeles , New York City , Newark , and Pittsburgh . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras for much of the filming , including the first six minutes of the film , to optimize the quality of the picture . A vehicle variation of the Batplane and Batcopter termed the `` Bat '' , an underground prison set , and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film . As with The Dark Knight , viral marketing campaigns began early during production . When filming concluded , Warner Bros. refocused its campaign : developing promotional websites , releasing the first six minutes of the film , screening theatrical trailers , and sending out information regarding the film 's plot . The Dark Knight Rises premiered in New York City on July 16 , 2012 . The film was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on July 20 , 2012 . It received positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the action sequences , cast , musical score and the manner in which it concludes the trilogy , and named it one of the best films of 2012 . Like its predecessor , the film grossed over $1 billion worldwide at the box office , making it the second film in the Batman film series to earn $1 billion . In addition to being Nolan 's highest - grossing film , it is the 24th highest - grossing film of all time ( 7th at the time of release ) , the third highest - grossing film of 2012 , and the seventh highest - grossing superhero film . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design 3.3. 1 Costume design 3.3. 2 Production design 3.4 Music 4 Marketing 5 Shooting in Aurora , Colorado 6 Release 6.1 Reception 6.1. 1 Commentary 6.1. 2 Accolades 6.1. 3 Box office 6.2 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot Eight years after the death of District Attorney Harvey Dent , Batman has disappeared and organized crime has been eradicated in Gotham City thanks to the Dent Act . Police Commissioner James Gordon has kept secret Dent 's murderous rampage and allowed blame for his crimes to fall on Batman . He writes a resignation speech revealing the truth , but decides that the city is not ready to hear it . Bruce Wayne has become a recluse , and Wayne Enterprises is losing profits after Wayne discontinued his fusion reactor project when he learned that it could be weaponized . Cat burglar Selina Kyle obtains Wayne 's fingerprints from his home and tries to sell the fingerprints to Wayne 's corporate rival John Daggett . She is double - crossed at the exchange , but alerts the police . Gordon and the police arrive and pursue Daggett 's henchmen into the sewers while Selina flees . The men capture Gordon and take him to Bane , a mysterious masked figure and former member of the League of Shadows , who has set up his base in the sewers . Gordon escapes and is found by rookie officer John Blake . Blake , a fellow orphan , confronts Bruce and convinces him to return as Batman . Bane attacks the Gotham Stock Exchange by using Wayne 's fingerprints in a transaction that leaves Wayne bankrupt . Wayne 's butler , Alfred Pennyworth , reveals that Rachel Dawes had intended to marry Dent before she died , and then resigns in an attempt to convince Bruce to move on with his life . Wayne finds comfort in Wayne Enterprises CEO Miranda Tate , who becomes his lover . Kyle agrees to take Batman to Bane but instead leads him into Bane 's trap . Bane reveals that he intends to fulfill Ra 's al Ghul 's mission to destroy Gotham , and then steals Batman 's technology from Wayne Enterprises . Bane fights Batman and delivers a crippling blow to his back , before taking him abroad to an underground prison . There , the inmates tell Wayne the story of Ra 's al Ghul 's child , who was born and raised in the prison before finally escaping -- the only prisoner to have done so . Bane lures Gotham 's police underground and uses explosives to trap them and destroy the bridges surrounding the city . He kills Mayor Anthony Garcia and forces a nuclear physicist to convert the reactor core into an atomic bomb before killing him as well . Bane reads Gordon 's speech to the public , and releases the prisoners of Blackgate Penitentiary , initiating anarchy while holding the city hostage and isolated with the bomb . Months later , a recovered Wayne escapes from the prison and returns to Gotham . Batman frees the trapped police and they clash with Bane 's army in the streets ; during the battle , Batman overpowers Bane . Tate intervenes and stabs Batman , revealing herself to be Talia al Ghul , Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She activates the detonator , but Gordon blocks her signal . Talia leaves to find the bomb while Bane prepares to kill Batman , but Kyle arrives and kills Bane . Batman and Kyle pursue Talia , hoping to bring the bomb back to the reactor chamber where it can be stabilized . Talia 's truck crashes , but she remotely floods and destroys the reactor chamber before dying . With no way to stop the detonation , Batman uses the Bat to haul the bomb far over the bay , where it safely explodes . Before takeoff , Batman subtly reveals his identity to Gordon . In the aftermath , Batman is presumed dead and is honored as a hero . With Wayne presumed dead as well , Wayne Manor becomes an orphanage , and his remaining estate is left to Alfred . While visiting Florence , Alfred discovers that Wayne is alive , and in a relationship with Kyle . Blake resigns from the police force and , in accordance with Wayne 's will , inherits the Batcave . Cast Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire socialite who dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld . Nolan has stated that , due to the eight - year gap between The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , `` he 's an older Bruce Wayne ; he 's not in a great state . '' Bale employed a martial arts discipline called the Keysi Fighting Method , now modified for Bruce 's current state and Bane 's style . Bale has stated that The Dark Knight Rises will be his final Batman film . Bale acknowledged that Batman is `` not a healthy individual , this is somebody that is doing good , but he 's right on the verge of doing bad '' . Bale clarifies that `` He does n't want to forget ( his parents ' deaths ) . He wants to maintain that anger he felt at that injustice '' . Bale felt bittersweet about leaving the franchise , saying that it was like `` saying goodbye to an old friend . '' Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth : Bruce 's trusted butler and confidant , who acts as a father figure to Bruce but is unable to accept Bruce 's desire to revive his Batman persona , even resigning from his position to impress the seriousness of his position upon him . Christopher Nolan emphasized the emotional bond between Alfred and Bruce , stressing its importance in the previous films and predicting that the relationship will be strained as it never has before . Gary Oldman as James Gordon : The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department , and one of the city 's few honest police officers . Oldman described the character 's work in cleaning up Gotham City as having left him world - weary and slightly bored , likening Gordon to a soldier who leaps at the chance to be on the front lines . His life has taken a turn for the worse since The Dark Knight ; his wife has left him and taken their children , and the mayor is planning to dismiss him from his job . Gordon feels guilty over his role in covering up Harvey Dent 's crimes and is prepared to resign from his position as Commissioner over it , but then senses that Gotham is about to come under threat . Anne Hathaway as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A professional cat burglar , grifter , and femme fatale who establishes a playful , teasing relationship with Bruce that `` takes some of the somberness away from his character '' , and pursues a `` clean slate '' ( a computer program rumored to be able to erase a person 's criminal history ) when she crosses paths with both Bruce and Batman . Hathaway auditioned not knowing what role she was being considered for . Hathaway described the role as being the most physically demanding she had ever played , and confessed that while she thought of herself as being fit she had to redouble her efforts in the gym to keep up with the demands of the role . Hathaway trained extensively in martial arts for the role , and looked to Hedy Lamarr -- who was the inspiration for Catwoman 's character -- in developing her performance . Tom Hardy as Bane : A mysterious and physically imposing revolutionary who was excommunicated from the League of Shadows and portrays himself as a `` liberator of pain '' . He is desperate to continue Ra 's al Ghul 's legacy by destroying Gotham . The character was chosen by Christopher Nolan because of his desire to see Batman tested on both a physical and mental level . According to costume designer Lindy Hemming , the character wears a mask that supplies him with an analgesic gas to relieve pain he suffers from an injury sustained `` early in his story '' . Hardy intended to portray the character as `` more menacing '' than Robert Swenson 's version of the character in Joel Schumacher 's Batman & Robin and that in order to do so , his portrayal entailed creating a contradiction between his voice and body . Hardy gained 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) for the role , increasing his weight to 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) . Hardy based Bane 's voice on several influences , which include Bartley Gorman , and the character 's comic book heritage . Bane claims that his revolution 's enemies are the rich and the corrupt , who he contends are oppressing `` the people '' . Political theorist and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek sees Bane as fighting `` structural injustice '' , while likening him to a modern day Che Guevara who is counter-intuitively driven to violence out of a sense of love . Marion Cotillard as Miranda Tate / Talia al Ghul : A recently promoted member of the Wayne Enterprises executive board who encourages a still - grieving Bruce to rejoin with society and continue his father 's philanthropic works , but is later revealed to be the daughter of Ra 's al Ghul and Bane 's accomplice . Joey King portrays the younger version of Talia . Joseph Gordon - Levitt as John Blake : A young police officer whose instincts lead him to believe that there is trouble on the horizon and is promoted to detective by Gordon when the elder cop saw something of himself within the younger . Blake represents the idealism that Gordon and Bruce Wayne once held , but soon lost in their battle against crime in the city . The film reveals his legal name to be Robin John Blake , a homage to Batman 's sidekick in the comics , Robin . Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox : The CEO and later Executive President of Wayne Enterprises , who runs the company on Bruce 's behalf and serves as his armorer for the Batsuit , providing him with high - tech equipment and discreetly developing cutting - edge technology and weaponry , even as Wayne Enterprises starts losing money . Matthew Modine appears as Peter Foley , Gordon 's second - in - command that disdains Batman . Ben Mendelsohn portrays John Daggett , a rival billionaire socialite who employs Bane in his plan to take control of Wayne Enterprises , and Burn Gorman appears as Daggett 's assistant and Executive Vice President Philip Stryver . Alon Abutbul portrays Leonid Pavel , a Russian nuclear physicist who is kidnapped from Uzbekistan by Bane and forced to convert the new Wayne Enterprises reactor core into a bomb . Juno Temple plays Jen , Kyle 's friend and accomplice , and Daniel Sunjata portrays Mark Jones , a U.S. Special Ops officer who leads a task force into Gotham to assist Gordon and the GCPD in freeing the city from Bane 's rule . Chris Ellis appears as Father Reilly , a priest at the orphanage that Blake grew up in . Brett Cullen portrays Byron Gilley , a U.S. congressman who is kidnapped on Harvey Dent Day by Kyle . Cillian Murphy reprises his role as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow from previous films , as does Liam Neeson as Ra 's al Ghul , who appears to Bruce in a hallucination . Josh Pence portrays Ra 's al Ghul in scenes set thirty years before the events of Batman Begins . Nestor Carbonell also returns as Anthony Garcia , Gotham 's mayor . Other cast members include Aidan Gillen as CIA agent Bill Wilson ( referred to solely as `` CIA '' in the film 's dialogue ; the character 's name is revealed in the film 's novelization ) ; Rob Brown and Desmond Harrington as police officers ; Josh Stewart as Bane 's right - hand man Barsad , Christopher Judge as one of Bane 's henchmen , Noel Gugliemi as Bane 's exile compeller , and Tom Conti as a prisoner . William Devane portrays the President of the United States . Aaron Eckhart expressed enthusiasm in returning for a sequel if asked , although he later stated Nolan verified that his character , Harvey Dent / Two - Face , is dead , and only archive footage of Eckhart from The Dark Knight appears in the film . Several members of the Pittsburgh Steelers have cameo appearances as members of the fictional Gotham Rogues football team in the film , including Ben Roethlisberger , Hines Ward , Troy Polamalu , Willie Colon , Maurkice Pouncey , Mike Wallace , Heath Miller , Aaron Smith , Ryan Clark , James Farrior , LaMarr Woodley , and Casey Hampton , and former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher as the head coach of the Rogues . Pittsburgh mayor Luke Ravenstahl , a kicker in college , appears as the kicker for the Rogues ' opponents , the Rapid City Monuments . In 2008 , the Rooney family sold a minority stake in the team to Thomas Tull , the CEO and president of Legendary Pictures , which produced The Dark Knight Rises . United States Senator Patrick Leahy , who had made a cameo appearance in The Dark Knight , returned in The Dark Knight Rises , as a Wayne Enterprises board member . Thomas Lennon , who had appeared as a doctor in Memento , once again plays a doctor . India Wadsworth plays the wife of Ra 's al Ghul and the mother of Talia . Production Development `` The key thing that makes the third film a great possibility for us is that we want to finish our story ( ... ) rather than infinitely blowing up the balloon and expanding the story ( ... ) Unlike the comics , these things do n't go on forever in film and viewing it as a story with an end is useful . Viewing it as an ending , that sets you very much on the right track about the appropriate conclusion . '' -- Christopher Nolan , confirming his involvement in The Dark Knight Rises . Warner Bros. president of production Jeff Robinov had hoped a third film would be released in 2011 or 2012 . Nolan wanted the story for the third installment to keep him emotionally invested . `` On a more superficial level , I have to ask the question , '' he reasoned , `` how many good third movies in a franchise can people name ? '' Nolan said that he never even thought a third film was possible in the foreword for his book The Art and Making of the Dark Knight Trilogy . Nolan only agreed to a third film on the basis of finding a worthwhile story , fearing that he would become bored halfway through production if he discovered the film to be unnecessary . By December 2008 , Nolan completed a rough story outline , before he committed himself to Inception . Later in December , Alan F. Horn confirmed that while discussions with Nolan about a third film were ongoing , no casting had been done , and Horn denied all such rumors . Before Nolan confirmed his involvement , Gary Oldman had said he was confident Nolan would return . Following the success of the Joker in The Dark Knight , studio executives wished for the Riddler to be included as the primary villain as he was considered a similar character and encouraged the casting of Leonardo DiCaprio . However , Nolan wanted the antagonist to be vastly different from the previous incarnations and committed to using Bane instead , citing the need for a character with a physical presence within the film . He was initially unfamiliar with the character 's back - story , but pointed out the appeal of an archetype , labelling it as `` the extreme of some type of villainy '' . When comparing the choice of Bane with the Joker , Nolan highlighted the Joker as an example of `` diabolical , chaotic anarchy and has a devilish sense of humor '' , juxtaposing him against Bane , whom he likened to `` a classic movie monster ( ... ) with a terrific brain . '' Nolan has said that his draft of the script was inspired by Charles Dickens ' 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities , which centers around the French Revolution . This homage to Dickens was briefly illustrated by having Bane inconspicuously finger knit paracord in the film , symbolizing his literary character Madame Defarge , and more overtly by Commissioner Gordon 's eulogy for Bruce Wayne at the end of the film , which is taken directly from the classic book . It was not until February 9 , 2010 , that it was announced that Nolan had `` cracked '' the story of a sequel to The Dark Knight and was committed to return to the project . Shortly afterward , it was announced David S. Goyer and Jonathan Nolan were working on a screenplay . Goyer would leave the project during pre-production to begin work on Man of Steel ; Jonathan continued writing the script based on the story by his brother Chris and Goyer . Chris Nolan said that his brother 's original draft was about 400 pages . The film 's storyline has been compared with the Batman comic book series ' story arc `` Knightfall '' ( 1993 ) , which showcased Bane ; the mini-series The Dark Knight Returns ( 1986 ) , in which Batman returns to Gotham City after a ten - year absence ; and the story arc `` No Man 's Land '' ( 1999 ) , which depicts a Gotham cut off from the rest of the world and overrun by gangs . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . Nolan confirmed the Joker would not return in the third film , and dismissed rumors that he considered using unused footage of Heath Ledger from The Dark Knight . The Dark Knight Rises reunited Nolan with many of his past collaborators , including cinematographer Wally Pfister , production designer Nathan Crowley , editor Lee Smith , costume designer Lindy Hemming , special effects supervisors Paul Franklin and Chris Corbould , and composer Hans Zimmer . Filming A Tumbler on the set of The Dark Knight Rises in Pittsburgh During location scouting in December 2010 , Nolan began searching for locations such as India , Romania , and Michigan . According to the Romania Insider , Nolan was interested in Bucharest 's historical centers , Edgar Quinet Street , the Palace of the Parliament , and the Turda salt mine . The film had an estimated budget of $250 -- 300 million , coming down to about $230 million after tax credits . Nolan elected not to film in 3 - D , but instead stated that he intended to focus on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format . The Dark Knight Rises featured over an hour of footage shot in IMAX ( by comparison , The Dark Knight contained 28 minutes ) . Nolan had several meetings with IMAX Vice-President David Keighley to work on the logistics of projecting films in digital IMAX venues . Wally Pfister had expressed interest in shooting the film entirely in IMAX , but because of the considerable noise made by IMAX cameras , 35mm and 70mm cameras had to be used for shooting the film 's dialogue scenes , as dialogue had to be dubbed when shot with IMAX cameras . Chairman and president of the IMAX Corporation Greg Foster stated that IMAX planned to run the film in its theatres for two months , despite only being contractually committed to run the film for two weeks . Nolan also bypassed the use of a digital intermediate for the film , resulting in less manipulation of the filmed image and higher film resolution . Filming was scheduled to start in May and conclude in November 2011 . Principal photography commenced on May 6 , 2011 , in Jodhpur , India at the Mehrangarh Fort before moving to Pittsburgh , where it operated under the working title Magnus Rex to reduce the visibility of the production . Shooting locations within the city included Heinz Field , the site of an American football game , with members of the Pittsburgh Steelers playing the Gotham Rogues football team . More than 11,000 extras were used to depict the shot sequence . Filming in Pittsburgh also took place at the Mellon Institute and Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University . A letter sent out to residents and business owners detailing road closures revealed that the streets of the city would be featured `` as the start of ( the ) film '' . 9 - 1 - 1 operators were told to expect an increase in calls related to gunshots and explosions in the film 's production . The Pittsburgh leg of production wrapped after three weeks on August 21 , 2011 . The next portion of the filming began in Los Angeles in late August and finished up on October 23 after nine weeks of filming . New York and New Jersey were the next places of filming . The Trump Tower replaced the Richard J. Daley Center as the location for the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises . In November 2011 , shooting shifted to Newark , New Jersey . Newark City Hall and Military Park were among the locations used for filming . Other shooting locations include London and Glasgow , the latter of which was used for `` additional exterior filming '' . Principal photography concluded on November 14 , 2011 . The external waterfall scene at the end of the film was shot at Sgwd Henrhyd falls , on the edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . Production photos from filming in Pittsburgh showed a second Tumbler chassis after the first was destroyed , indicating that a new Batmobile would be in the film , following the destruction of the first in The Dark Knight . Further set photos revealed a `` new vehicle '' being transported to Wabash Tunnel , prompting speculation as to its nature . In June 2011 , Autoblog confirmed the presence of the new Lamborghini Aventador on the film set . Wollaton Hall in Nottingham was used as Wayne Manor , Bruce Wayne 's residence . Several accidents occurred during the production of the film . While filming at Wollaton Hall , Nottingham , a tractor - trailer crashed into the main entrance , though no one was injured . A stuntman parachutist later crashed through the roof of a home in Cairngorm Gliding Club , Feshiebridge in Scotland , and became wedged there after a failed landing during a skydiving stunt ; he was not seriously injured . While filming scenes in Pittsburgh , Hathaway 's stunt double crashed into an IMAX camera while filming a sequence that required her to ride a Batpod down a flight of stairs during a riot . There were no injuries , but the camera was destroyed . A second accident took place in Pittsburgh when the truck carrying the then - unidentified vehicle later termed `` the Bat '' went off - course and crashed into a lighting array , damaging the model of the aircraft . Production was delayed while the model was repaired . Shortly before Christmas of 2011 , Christopher Nolan invited several prominent directors , including Edgar Wright , Michael Bay , Bryan Singer , Jon Favreau , Eli Roth , Duncan Jones and Stephen Daldry , to Universal CityWalk 's IMAX theatre for a private screening of the first six minutes of The Dark Knight Rises , which had been shot on IMAX film and edited from the original camera negative . Nolan , feeling that the use of film stock in cinema is currently being phased out due to the introduction of digital cinematography and projection , used this screening to make a case for the continued use of film , which he asserts still offers superior image quality to any digital format , and warned the filmmakers that unless they continued to assert their choice to use film in their productions , they may eventually lose it as an option . Nolan explained ; `` I wanted to give them a chance to see the potential , because I think IMAX is the best film format that was ever invented . It 's the gold standard and what any other technology has to match up to , but none have , in my opinion . The message I wanted to put out there was that no one is taking anyone 's digital cameras away . But if we want film to continue as an option , and someone is working on a big studio movie with the resources and the power to insist ( on ) film , they should say so . I felt as if I did n't say anything , and then we started to lose that option , it would be a shame . When I look at a digitally acquired and projected image , it looks inferior against an original negative anamorphic print or an IMAX one . '' Design Costume design A digitally mapped model of Tom Hardy 's face and skull was used to design and construct Bane 's mask . Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas , which , in director Christopher Nolan 's words , `` keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function . '' In designing Bane 's costume , Hemming needed it to look `` like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together , as he passed through some very remote places . We made parts of his vest , for example , from fragments of an old military tent . His clothes are militaristic , but are not in any way a uniform . '' Hemming also designed Bane 's mask to look `` animalistic '' . Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three - dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy 's face and skull to design the mask , allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy 's face . Hemming personally designed Bane 's coat , which she admitted took two years to complete . Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution , it was designed to make Bane look equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary . The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling . The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces , each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production . The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high - tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture - wicking properties . Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh , to form the overall body armor plating . Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs , chest and abdomen . The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale 's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale . The suit remained unchanged for the film since The Dark Knight . In creating Selina Kyle 's catsuit , two layers of material were used , with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex , embossed with a hexagonal pattern . The catsuit also consisted of elbow - length gloves , a utility belt , and thigh - high boots with spike heels . Production design Concept artist Tully Summers commented on Nolan 's style of cinematography when asked about the difference between his designs for this film and fantasy - based designs for Men in Black 3 : `` The difference for me was Christopher Nolan 's visual style . One of the things that makes his Batman movies so compelling is their tone of plausibility . He will often prefer a raw , grittier design over one that is very sleek and product design pretty . It 's sort of a practical military aesthetic . This stuff is made to work , not impress shoppers . The Dark Knight Rises is a war film . '' Producer Emma Thomas stated this Batman film has a different visual aesthetic from the first two Nolan - directed features , explaining that `` it 's meant to be winter in Gotham , so that right there is going to lend a whole different look to the film . '' The film introduces a vehicle that has been compared with the Batplane and the Batcopter , dubbed `` the Bat '' . In designing the Bat , Nathan Crowley approached it as if it were an actual military project , emphasising the need for it to `` fit into the same family '' as the Tumbler and the Batpod . The final version of the Bat takes its design cues from the Harrier Jump Jet , Bell Boeing V - 22 Osprey and the Boeing AH - 64 Apache . Chris Corbould described the Bat 's size and shape as presenting a major challenge for filming given Christopher Nolan 's emphasis on practical effects over computer - generated imagery . In order to make the Bat `` fly '' , it was variously supported by wires , suspended from cranes and helicopters , and mounted on a purpose - built vehicle with hydraulic controls to simulate movement . When designing the Batcave set , Crowley and fellow production designer Kevin Kavanaugh hit upon the idea of flooding the Batcave and having Batman 's equipment , the Batsuit and a supercomputer rise from the water . Another set was designed at Cardington as an `` underground prison '' , a rough - hewn labyrinth of stone cells in a vast abyss with a 120 foot ( 37 m ) vertical shaft leading to the surface . Exteriors above the prison were filmed in Jodhpur , India , chosen because the `` forbidding landscape added to the desolation '' . Music Main article : The Dark Knight Rises ( soundtrack ) In an interview in October 2010 , composer Hans Zimmer confirmed that he would be returning to score The Dark Knight Rises . James Newton Howard was offered to return and write the score with Zimmer as he did for Batman Begins and The Dark Knight , but he chose not to because he noted that the chemistry established between Zimmer and Nolan during the making of Inception would make him seem like a `` third wheel '' . Zimmer included several cues from the earlier scores , but explains that he wanted to go in a `` completely different direction '' for Bane 's theme . While the theme accompanying Selina Kyle is deliberately ambiguous , the musical thread spanning throughout the trilogy was composed exclusively for Bruce Wayne . The film features a prevalent Moroccan chant of the phrase deshi basara ( proper transliteration : Tījī basara'ah ) ( Arabic : تيجي بسرعة ) , which translates to `` rise up '' ( literally : `` come quickly '' ) . In November 2011 , Zimmer crowdsourced online audio recordings of the chant to be used in the film 's score . When asked about the chant for clarification , Zimmer said , `` The chant became a very complicated thing because I wanted hundreds of thousands of voices , and it 's not so easy to get hundreds of thousands of voices . So , we tweeted and we posted on the internet , for people who wanted to be part of it . It seemed like an interesting thing . We 've created this world , over these last two movies , and somehow I think the audience and the fans have been part of this world . We do keep them in mind . '' Marketing The official website launched in May 2011 , introducing a viral marketing campaign similar to the one used to promote The Dark Knight . The website streamed an encrypted audio file described by users as chanting . Users decrypted the audio to the Twitter hashtag , `` # TheFireRises '' . Warner Bros. removed a pixel from the webpage for every tweet using the hashtag . The website revealed the first official image of Bane . TheDarkKnightRises.com was replaced with a dossier of an `` anonymous vigilante '' , presenting information on the suspect -- as well as several accusations , and depicting a warning claiming that the `` suspect should be considered armed and dangerous '' . In July 2011 , a teaser trailer leaked online before its official release with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The studio released the teaser three days after the leak . The trailer received mixed responses ; Stephen Spencer Davis of Slate wrote it successfully built hype , while Kofi Outlaw of ScreenRant showed disappointment , claiming it was more of an `` announcement trailer '' than an actual teaser trailer . Outlaw criticized the quality , writing that a scene depicting Commissioner Gordon in a hospital bed was overly dramatic , had `` hammy '' dialogue , and was difficult to understand due to Gordon 's labored breathing . Outlaw wrote that the sweeping shot of Gotham City had poor CGI and was too reminiscent of the Inception trailer . The theatrical trailer leaked online , like the teaser trailer , before being released the following week attached to theatrical prints of Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . Critics noted political undertones with dialogue foreshadowing the theme of income inequality and an `` Occupy Gotham '' campaign within the world of the story . Receiving more than 12.5 million views in the first 24 hours after its release , the trailer set the record for most combined downloads from iTunes , beating the previous record held by The Avengers . However , the second trailer for The Avengers again set the record with 13.7 million downloads . Warner Bros. attached a second theatrical trailer for The Dark Knight Rises to theatrical prints of The Avengers . An `` unnamed '' Warner Brothers executive clarified that `` We see this placement as a good strategic decision . We always want our trailers to be seen with films that people want to see -- and a lot of people will be going to The Avengers ! '' The executive also commented that the trailer will `` provide the best potential exposure for TDKR . '' Warner Bros. released the trailer online on April 30 , 2012 , approximately four days before they attached it to theatrical prints of The Avengers . Continuing a method used with The Dark Knight whereby the opening sequence of the film was attached to IMAX prints of I Am Legend seven months before release , a six - minute prologue of The Dark Knight Rises was attached to 70mm IMAX prints of Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , again approximately seven months before release . Critical reaction to the prologue was positive , with one critic commenting that `` no one gets to make a film on this kind of scale anymore . Except for Christopher Nolan , '' though a round - up of reviews highlighted the way many critics found Tom Hardy 's dialogue very difficult to hear . Addressing the issue in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Nolan said `` I think when people see the film , things will come into focus . Bane is very complex and very interesting and when people see the finished film people will be very entertained by him . '' The bat - signal projected against the Fifth Avenue Place during filming in Pittsburgh . Viral marketing campaigns for the film continued as magazine companies Empire and Wired received `` CIA documents '' concerning a `` Dr. Leonid Pavel '' , with its mugshot connected to actor Alon Abutbul . According to the first document , Pavel is a missing Russian nuclear physicist , while the second document appears to be an edited transcript of a conversation discussing the handover of Dr. Pavel to the CIA by Georgian separatists , but with most of the conversation redacted . These were later shown to be plot elements of the six - minute prologue . The official Twitter account later linked to another censored document , this time , referencing `` Operation Early Bird '' . A website of the same name was discovered , revealing a countdown timer . When the countdown finished , the site presented a map showing all available theaters that would be screening the film 's prologue earlier than its release . Various websites received a package that included a cylinder map of `` strike zones '' , and a `` fire rises '' T - shirt . In April 2012 , the film 's official website was updated with a `` dossier '' on a suspect named `` John Doe '' also known as `` the Batman '' for an arrest , with a list of several accusations . The premise of the campaign starts when the mayor of Gotham City `` redoubles '' the effort to capture Batman and anyone supporting his return in preparation for the upcoming `` Harvey Dent Day '' . The site also includes an extensive list of real - world locations where `` graffiti related to movement in support of the vigilante 's return '' is located . For each tweet of a specific location marked on the list , a frame of the second theatrical trailer for the film was released on a separate website . In January 2012 , six months prior to the film 's release , tickets for midnight IMAX showings in New York , San Francisco , and Los Angeles went on sale and sold out immediately . Purchased tickets surfaced for sale online for over $100 , compared with their original price of $17.50 . Formula One team Lotus F1 carried a special livery to promote The Dark Knight Rises at the 2012 British Grand Prix . At the American International Toy Fair , Mattel unveiled figures for Batman , Bane , and Catwoman , and Batman 's flying vehicle , the Bat . The Mattel figures were also released in the `` Movie Masters '' line , featuring more highly detailed and articulated presentation , and Quiktek versions that feature interchangeable accessories . Lego released building sets and mini-figures based on the film and incorporating other DC Comic characters . Additionally , Funko released a series of plush toys , Mezco Toyz released vinyl figures , and Hornby released the Batman Tumbler car . Other partners include Jakks Pacific , who created novelty and large - scale figures and plush toys , and PPW Toys , who created a Batman themed Mr. Potato Head . Various clothing items including shoes , T - shirts , hats and wallets were also produced . A video game of the same name was released on the same day as the release of the film for the iOS and Android devices for promoting the movie . The game features an open world with primary focus on stealth and combat . The combat system of the game is inspired from Arkham Asylum and Arkham City . It takes place in Gotham City , with a somewhat similar but still significantly different plot from that of the movie . IGN gave it a mediocre score of 5.5 / 10 . The film novelization , written by author Greg Cox and published by Titan Books , was released alongside the film on July 24 , 2012 . Warner Bros. partnered with Mountain Dew to do a cross-promotion that included a special paint scheme on the number 88 Chevrolet Impala owned by Hendrick Motorsports and driven by Dale Earnhardt , Jr. in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series . On June 17 , 2012 , the car won the 2012 Quicken Loans 400 at Michigan International Speedway . On July 4 , 2012 , the studio signed a deal with Formula One team Lotus F1 to have the film 's logos appear on the Lotus E20s driven by Kimi Räikkönen and Romain Grosjean at the 2012 British Grand Prix . Räikkönen and Grosjean went on to finish the race in fifth and sixth place respectively . Warner Bros. had previously followed a similar promotion at the 2008 British Grand Prix , when the now - defunct Toyota F1 carried a livery to promote The Dark Knight . Two digital comic books entitled Batman Origins and The Dark Knight : Prologue were released exclusively for Nokia Lumia devices . A special movie application has also been released , featuring trailers , wallpapers , movie schedules and Batman trivias . Limited editions of the Lumia 710 , Lumia 800 and Lumia 900 were also released featuring a laser - etched Batman logo . Shooting in Aurora , Colorado Main article : 2012 Aurora shooting `` I would not presume to know anything about the victims of the shooting but that they were there last night to watch a movie . I believe movies are one of the great American art forms and the shared experience of watching a story unfold on screen is an important and joyful pastime . The movie theatre is my home , and the idea that someone would violate that innocent and hopeful place in such an unbearably savage way is devastating to me . Nothing any of us can say could ever adequately express our feelings for the innocent victims of this appalling crime , but our thoughts are with them and their families . '' -- Director Christopher Nolan 's reaction to the theater shooting in Aurora , Colorado . On July 20 , 2012 , during a midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises at the Century 16 cinema in Aurora , Colorado , a gunman wearing a gas mask opened fire inside the theater , killing 12 people and injuring 58 others . Police responding to the shooting apprehended a suspect later identified as 24 - year - old James Eagan Holmes shortly after arriving on the scene . Initial reports stated that Holmes identified himself as `` the Joker '' at the time of his arrest . Warner Bros. cancelled the Paris , Mexico , and Japan premieres of The Dark Knight Rises , and suspended the film 's marketing campaign in Finland . Several broadcast networks also suspended television ads for the film in the United States . The trailer for Gangster Squad , another Warner Bros. movie included in the screening of The Dark Knight Rises , was removed as it contains a scene which shows gangsters shooting submachine guns at moviegoers through the screen , similar to the shooting in Aurora . Director Christopher Nolan released a public statement calling the shooting `` unbearably savage '' . Other stars of the film released statements expressing their condolences , with star Christian Bale paying a personal visit to the survivors and the memorial in Aurora . Release On July 6 , 2012 , Warner Bros. held a special IMAX screening of The Dark Knight Rises for more than one hundred reporters and critics . However , technical issues with the computer device synchronizing the sound and picture forced the studio to postpone the screening by a day . The film later premiered on July 16 at the AMC Lincoln Square Theater in New York City , New York , followed by a European premiere on July 18 at Leicester Square in London , England . The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19 , and was later released in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20 . Reception The Dark Knight Rises received positive reviews from critics . Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave The Dark Knight Rises an approval rating of 87 % based on 345 reviews , and a rating average of 8 / 10 . The web site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Dark Knight Rises is an ambitious , thoughtful , and potent action film that concludes Christopher Nolan 's franchise in spectacular fashion . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The Telegraph granted the film a maximum score of five stars , stating that it is `` a superhero film without a superhero , '' comparing it with The Godfather Part II and praising Hardy 's performance as well as the film 's intricate plot and narrative . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film was `` potent , persuasive and hypnotic '' and that it was `` more than an exceptional superhero movie , it is masterful filmmaking by any standard . '' The Playlists Todd Gilchrist wrote `` A cinematic , cultural and personal triumph , The Dark Knight Rises is emotionally inspiring , aesthetically significant and critically important for America itself -- as a mirror of both sober reflection and resilient hope . '' IGN gave it a 9 out of 10 , noting similarities in tone and theme to Batman Begins over the trilogy 's second installment The Dark Knight , but also describing Bane as `` that bit less interesting to watch '' than Ledger 's Joker , despite praising his `` menacing voice '' and `` body language - driven performance '' . The Guardian scored the film four out of five stars , calling it a film of `` granite , monolithic intensity '' , yet also calling it a `` hammy , portentous affair '' . Andrew O'Hehir of Salon writes `` if The Dark Knight Rises is a fascist film , it 's a great fascist film , and arguably the biggest , darkest , most thrilling and disturbing and utterly balls - out spectacle ever created for the screen '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three out of four stars , stating `` the film begins slowly with a murky plot and too many new characters , but builds to a sensational climax . '' Film critic Richard Roeper gave the film an `` A '' , calling it `` a majestic , gorgeous , brutal and richly satisfying epic '' , and citing the final scenes of the picture as `` the best five minutes of any film this year . '' The London Film Review gave the film a B and said `` Nolan 's film is a reminder that superheroes are n't merely a frivolous distraction , but an embodiment of our best selves . '' The film was crowned by Forbes as the best modern comic book superhero adaptation on screen , outranking both its main summer blockbuster competitor , Marvel 's The Avengers , and the trilogy 's previous installment The Dark Knight . In 2014 , Empire ranked The Dark Knight Rises the 72nd greatest film ever made on their list of `` The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' as voted by the magazine 's readers . The Daily Mail 's Chris Tookey said that the film was bloated and overly long , and criticized the sombre tone and lack of humor , despite praising the film 's visually impressive set pieces . CNN 's Tom Charity said the film was a `` disappointingly clunky and bombastic conclusion to a superior series '' and called it Nolan 's worst film . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker says that the `` story is dense , overlong , and studded with references that will make sense only to those intimate with Nolan 's previous excursions into Batmanhood '' . In reaction to fan backlash to some of the negative reviews , Rotten Tomatoes chose to disable user commentary for the film leading up to its release . Some fans had threatened violence against critics while others threatened to take down the websites of movie critics who had given the film a negative review . In 2014 , Aidan Gillen 's character in the film , CIA agent Bill Wilson , became the subject of an Internet meme popular among 4chan users known as `` Baneposting '' , which references the dialogue between Wilson and Bane in the film 's opening plane scene . Commentary Writing in Salon , David Sirota , a progressive political commentator compared The Dark Knight Rises and the game Call of Duty to 1980s popular culture reflecting the political period of the time , accusing them of perpetuating a conservative agenda : `` Just as so many 1980s pop culture products reflected the spirit of the Reagan Revolution 's conservative backlash , we are now seeing two blockbuster , genre - shaping products not - so - subtly reflect the Tea Party 's rhetorical backlash to the powerful Occupy Wall Street zeitgeist . '' An article in Variety reported Chuck Dixon , the co-creator of the Bane character , as saying that Bane is `` far more akin to an Occupy Wall Street type if you 're looking to cast him politically . '' Catherine Shoard of the center - left British publication The Guardian claimed the film `` is a quite audaciously capitalist vision , radically conservative , radically vigilante , that advances a serious , stirring proposal that the wish - fulfilment of the wealthy is to be championed if they say they want to do good . '' In contrast , liberal commentator Jonathan Chait opined in New York that `` What passes for a right - wing movie these days is The Dark Knight Rises , which submits the rather modest premise that , irritating though the rich may be , actually killing them and taking all their stuff might be excessive . '' Writing in USA Today , Bryan Alexander called Bane `` the ultimate occupier '' and reported that Christian Bale was amazed that the script had `` foreseen '' the Occupy movement . Nolan has denied the film criticizes the Occupy movement and insists that none of his Batman films are intended to be political : `` I 've had as many conversations with people who have seen the film the other way round . We throw a lot of things against the wall to see if it sticks . We put a lot of interesting questions in the air , but that 's simply a backdrop for the story . What we 're really trying to do is show the cracks of society , show the conflicts that somebody would try to wedge open . We 're going to get wildly different interpretations of what the film is supporting and not supporting , but it 's not doing any of those things . It 's just telling a story . If you 're saying , ' Have you made a film that 's supposed to be criticizing the Occupy Wall Street movement ? ' -- well , obviously , that 's not true . '' Alternatively , politically - conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh alleged that the film was biased against 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney due to Bane 's name being a homophone for Bain Capital , the financial service company Romney used to head , despite the fact that the character has existed as a major Batman foe since 1993 . In response , Nolan said that the comments were `` bizarre '' , while Dixon and Freeman said that the comments were `` ridiculous '' . Democratic adviser Christopher Lehane has noted the similarities between the narratives of the film and the presidential campaign . On January 20 , 2017 , multiple media outlets noted that a small but key part of U.S. president Donald Trump 's inaugural address `` had an uncanny echo '' of Bane 's speech after he takes control of Gotham in The Dark Knight Rises . Trump had given the film a positive review in 2012 . Accolades Award Recipients and nominees Result AFI Awards 2012 Movies of the Year Emma Thomas , Christopher Nolan and Charles Roven Won British Academy of Film and Television Arts Special Visual Effects Paul Franklin , Chris Corbould , Peter Bebb , Andrew Lockley Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Visual Effects Nominated Best Action Film Nominated Best Actor in an Action Movie Christian Bale Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Anne Hathaway Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best in Show `` Chant '' Won Summer 2012 Blockbuster Trailer `` Chant '' Won Best International Poster `` UK Quad '' Won Best Summer 2012 Blockbuster Poster `` Teaser One Sheet -- City '' Won Best Teaser Poster `` Teaser One Sheet City '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Nominated Kids Choice Awards Favorite Female Buttkicker Anne Hathaway Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for Les Misérables ) Runner - up MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated Best Hero Christian Bale Nominated Best Hero Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Villain Marion Cotillard Nominated Best Villain Tom Hardy Nominated Best Fight Christian Bale & Tom Hardy Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Christian Bale Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Face of Heroism Anne Hathaway Nominated Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Franchise Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Film Editing Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Chris Corbould , Paul Franklin Nominated Best Art Direction & Production Design Nathan Crowley , Kevin Kavanaugh , James Hambidge , Naaman Marshall Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action of Adventure Film Nominated Best Director Christopher Nolan Nominated Best Actor Christian Bale Nominated Best Supporting Actor Joseph Gordon - Levitt Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Music Hans Zimmer Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Music Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Nominated Choice Movie : Actor Action Christian Bale Nominated Choice Movie : Actress Action Anne Hathaway Won Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Joseph Gordon - Levitt Nominated Choice Movie : Best Villain Tom Hardy Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture Scott Beverly , Alan Faucher , Ian Hunter , Steve Newburn for `` Airplane Heist '' Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Joey King Nominated Box Office Hours before the midnight release , several box office analysts suggested as much as a $198 million domestic opening weekend . However , in the wake of the mass shooting during a midnight screening of the film , Warner Bros. decided to not report further box office figures for the movie until Monday , July 23 , 2012 . As a result , other distributors also delayed the release of their official estimates as well . The shooting is also speculated to have hurt the ticket sales as E ! Online reported that a North Carolina audience member had stated that `` this theater was kinda empty '' . Some reports released on July 21 , 2012 said that rival studios estimated that the film grossed $75 million to $77 million on its opening day . Warner Brothers shortly after released a statement to ABC News stating that they delayed the release of their estimates for the opening day total of the film `` out of respect for the victims and their families , '' and added `` Warner Bros. Pictures will not be reporting box office numbers for The Dark Knight Rises throughout the weekend . Box office numbers will be released on Monday . '' Worldwide The Dark Knight Rises earned $448 million in North America , and $636 million in other countries , summing up to a worldwide total of $1 billion ( $1084 million ) . Worldwide , it is the sixteenth - highest - grossing film of all time and the third - highest - grossing film of 2012 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $248.9 million . The film set a worldwide IMAX opening - weekend record with $23.8 million ( overtaken by Avengers : Age of Ultron ) and also broke the record for the fastest movie to make over $50 million in IMAX theatres . IMAX CEO Richard L. Gelfond explained this by claiming , `` Audiences are clearly seeking out and embracing the film the way it was meant to be seen -- in IMAX . '' On the 2012 Labor Day weekend , it became the third film distributed by Warner Bros. and the thirteenth film in cinematic history to cross the $1 billion mark . The film also became the second movie ( after Avatar ) to reach $100 million in worldwide IMAX grosses . North America The Dark Knight Rises opened on Friday , July 20 , 2012 . It earned an estimated $30.6 million in midnight showings , which was the second - highest midnight gross behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $43.5 million ) . It did , however , set an IMAX midnight - gross record with $2.3 million ( overtaken by Avengers : Age of Ultron ) . The film made $75.8 million during its opening day , achieving , at the time , the third - highest single and opening day tally of all time . On July 23 , 2012 , it was announced that the film grossed $160.9 million for its debut weekend , which was the third - highest opening weekend ever , at the time , behind Marvel 's The Avengers ( $207.4 million ) and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $169.2 million ) . However , it did set an opening - weekend record for a 2D film ( previously held by The Dark Knight ) and an IMAX opening - weekend record with $19.0 million ( previously held by Marvel 's The Avengers ) . The film also held the top spot at the box office for its second and third weekends . In North America , it is the thirteenth - highest - grossing film , the second - highest - grossing 2012 film , as well as the sixth highest - grossing superhero film and film based on comics . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 55 million tickets in the US . Markets outside North America Outside North America , the film opened with $88.0 million from 7,173 theaters in just 17 markets . It was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends . Its three largest markets are the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $90.3 million ) , where it is the highest - grossing superhero film , China ( $52.8 million ) and Australia ( $44.2 million ) . Home Media The Dark Knight Rises was released on November 28 , 2012 in Hong Kong and New Zealand . On December 3 , it was released in the United Kingdom , and on December 4 , it was released in the United States . It is available on Blu - ray , DVD , and as a digital download . Coinciding with the release of this film , a box set of The Dark Knight trilogy was released . The Dark Knight Rises was released on 4K UHD Blu - Ray on December 19 , 2017 . References Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film : The Dark Knight Rises '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ; Kaufman , Amy ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' tracking is huge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises '' . Turner Classic Movies . United States : Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best of 2012 '' . Metacritic . 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Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' Filming Locations In Pittsburgh August 10th -- 20th '' . On Location Vacations . June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schutte , Lauren ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' : Do n't Mind Our Gunfire '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fans glimpse final round of ' Dark Knight ' filming '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' Meets ... Donald Trump ? '' . MTV . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gridlock in Gotham : ' Dark Knight ' filming in Newark likely to cause massive traffic delays this week '' . The Star - Ledger . November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' to film in Newark '' . New York Post . November 3 , 2011 . 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Fast Company . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The drought is over ! Junior back in Victory Lane '' . NASCAR . June 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lotus to join forces with The Dark Knight Rises for the upcoming British Grand Prix '' . Autosport.com . July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beer , Matt ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Mark Webber charges to superb British Grand Prix victory '' . Autosport.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota brings Batman to Silversone '' . ITV - F1 . July 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia Releases Batman Origins Comic App For Lumia Windows Phone Devices '' . WMPoweruser . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ polofaby ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Nokia releases The Dark Knight Rises : Prologue app for Lumia phones Windows Phone News , Forums , and Reviews '' . wpcentral . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . 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He had his hair painted red , he said he was the Joker , obviously the enemy of Batman . ' Jump up ^ `` 12 killed at cinema in Colorado '' . News.com.au . July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . In New York City , Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said : ' It clearly looks like a deranged individual . He has his hair painted red . He said he was the Joker , obviously the enemy of Batman . ' Jump up ^ Leffler , Rebecca ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' Paris premiere scrapped following U.S. shootings '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. cancels ' Dark Knight Rises ' premieres in Mexico and Japan '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blencowe , Annette ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Batman - elokuvan nettikampanja keskeytettiin Suomessa '' ( Batman movie online campaign was suspended in Finland ) . Yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played bane in the dark knight rises	[ "The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan, and the story with David S. Goyer.[5] Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy, and the sequel to The Dark Knight (2008). Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox. The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway) and Bane (Tom Hardy). Eight years after the events of The Dark Knight, merciless revolutionary Bane forces an older Bruce Wayne to resume his role as Batman and save Gotham City from nuclear destruction.\n" ]	[ "Tom Hardy" ]
6567653358561470602	Iron Man 2	Iron Man 2 - Wikipedia Iron Man 2 Jump to : navigation , search Iron Man 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Justin Theroux Based on Iron Man by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Don Heck Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Gwyneth Paltrow Don Cheadle Scarlett Johansson Sam Rockwell Mickey Rourke Samuel L. Jackson Music by John Debney Cinematography Matthew Libatique Edited by Dan Lebental Richard Pearson Production company Marvel Studios Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $623.9 million Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the sequel to 2008 's Iron Man , and is the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux , the film stars Robert Downey Jr. , Gwyneth Paltrow , Don Cheadle , Scarlett Johansson , Sam Rockwell , Mickey Rourke , and Samuel L. Jackson . Six months after the events of Iron Man , Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the Iron Man technology while also combating his declining health from the arc reactor in his chest . Meanwhile , rogue Russian scientist Ivan Vanko has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own in order to pursue a vendetta against the Stark family , in the process joining forces with Stark 's business rival , Justin Hammer . Following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel . In July of that same year Theroux was hired to write the script , and Favreau was signed to return and direct . Downey , Paltrow and Jackson were set to reprise their roles from Iron Man , while Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes . In the early months of 2009 , Rourke , Rockwell and Johansson filled out the supporting cast , and filming took place from April to July of that year . Like its predecessor the film was shot mostly in California , except for a key sequence in Monaco . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the U.S. on May 7 , 2010 . The film received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful , grossing over $623.9 million at the worldwide box office , and receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best in Visual Effects . The third installment of the Iron Man series , Iron Man 3 , was released on May 3 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In Russia , the media covers Tony Stark 's disclosure of his identity as Iron Man . Ivan Vanko , whose father Anton Vanko has just died , sees this and begins building a miniature arc reactor similar to Stark 's . Six months later , Stark is a superstar and uses his Iron Man suit for peaceful means , resisting government pressure to sell his designs . He reinstitutes the Stark Expo to continue his father Howard 's legacy . The palladium core in the arc reactor that keeps Stark alive and powers the armor is slowly poisoning him , and he can not find a substitute . Growing increasingly reckless and despondent about his impending death , and choosing not to tell anyone about his condition , Stark appoints his personal assistant Pepper Potts CEO of Stark Industries , and hires Stark employee Natalie Rushman to replace her as his personal assistant . Stark competes in the Monaco Historic Grand Prix , where he is attacked in the middle of the race by Vanko , who wields electrified whips . Stark dons his Mark V armor and defeats Vanko , but the suit is severely damaged . Vanko explains his intention was to prove to the world that Iron Man is not invincible . Impressed by Vanko 's performance , Stark 's rival , Justin Hammer , fakes Vanko 's death while breaking him out of prison and asks him to build a line of armored suits to upstage Stark . During what he believes is his final birthday party , Stark gets drunk while wearing the Mark IV suit . Disgusted , U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes dons Stark 's Mark II prototype armor and tries to restrain him . The fight ends in a stalemate , so Rhodes confiscates the Mark II for the U.S. Air Force . Nick Fury , director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , approaches Stark , revealing `` Rushman '' to be Agent Natasha Romanoff and that Howard Stark was a S.H.I.E.L.D. founder whom Fury knew personally . Fury explains that Vanko 's father jointly invented the arc reactor with Stark , but when Anton tried to sell it for profit , Stark had him deported . The Soviets sent Anton to the gulag . Fury gives Stark some of his father 's old material ; a hidden message in the diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo proves to be a diagram of the structure of a new element . With the aid of his computer J.A.R.V.I.S. , Stark synthesizes it . When he learns Vanko is still alive , he places the new element in his arc reactor and ends his palladium dependency . At the Expo , Hammer unveils Vanko 's armored drones , led by Rhodes in a heavily weaponized version of the Mark II armor . Stark arrives in the Mark VI armor to warn Rhodes , but Vanko remotely takes control of both the drones and Rhodes ' armor and attacks Iron Man . Hammer is arrested while Romanoff and Stark 's bodyguard Happy Hogan go after Vanko at Hammer 's factory . Vanko escapes , but Romanoff returns control of the Mark II armor to Rhodes . Stark and Rhodes together defeat Vanko and his drones . Vanko seemingly commits suicide by blowing up his suit , along with the defeated drones . At a debriefing , Fury informs Stark that because of Stark 's difficult personality , S.H.I.E.L.D. intends to use him only as a consultant . Stark and Rhodes receive medals for their heroism . In a post-credits scene , S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson reports the discovery of a large hammer at the bottom of a crater in a desert in New Mexico . Cast ( edit ) Downey , Johansson and Rockwell promoting the film at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con International . Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : A billionaire who escaped captivity in Afghanistan with a suit of armor he created , he now struggles to keep his technology out of the government 's hands . Downey and Favreau , who had been handed a script and worked from it on the first movie , conceived part of the film 's story themselves . On Stark being a hero , Downey said `` It 's kind of heroic , but really kind of on his own behalf . So I think there 's probably a bit of an imposter complex and no sooner has he said , ' I am Iron Man -- ' that he 's now really wondering what that means . If you have all this cushion like he does and the public is on your side and you have immense wealth and power , I think he 's way too insulated to be okay . '' Downey put on 20 pounds of muscle to reprise the role . Six - year - old Davin Ransom portrays Tony Stark as a child . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's closest friend , budding love interest , and business partner ; Pepper is promoted to CEO of Stark Industries . On her character 's promotion , Paltrow opined `` When we start Iron Man 2 Pepper and Tony are very much in the same vibe ... as the movie progresses , Pepper is given more responsibility and she 's promoted and it 's nice to see her sort of grow up in that way . I think it really suits her , the job fits her really well . '' Paltrow expressed excitement about working with Johansson . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes : An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark 's close personal friend who later operates the War Machine armor . Cheadle replaces Terrence Howard from the first film . Cheadle only had a few hours to accept the role and did not even know what storyline Rhodes would undergo . He commented that he is a comic book fan , but had not previously participated in comics - themed films due to the scarcity of black superheroes . Cheadle said he thought Iron Man was a robot before the first film came out . On how he approached his character , Cheadle stated `` I go , what 's the common denominator here ? And the common denominator was really his friendship with Tony , and that 's what we really tried to track in this one . How is their friendship impacted once Tony comes out and owns ' I am Iron Man ' ? '' . Cheadle said his suit was 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of metal , and that he could not touch his face while wearing it . Scarlett Johansson as Natalie Rushman / Natasha Romanoff : An undercover spy for S.H.I.E.L.D. posing as Stark 's new assistant . Johansson dyed her hair red before she landed the part , hoping that it would help convince Favreau that she was right for the role . On why she chose the role , Johansson said , `` the Black Widow character resonated with me ... ( She ) is a superhero , but she 's also human . She 's small , but she 's strong ... She is dark and has faced death so many times that she has a deep perspective on the value of life ... It 's hard not to admire her . '' She stated that she had `` a bit of a freak - out moment '' when she first saw the cat - suit . When asked about fighting in the costume , Johansson responded `` a big part of me is like ' can I move in this ? Can I run in it ? Can I like throw myself over things with this ? ' And I think just the prep , you just have to put in the hours . That 's what I realized is that just putting in the hours and doing the training and repetition and basically just befriending the stunt team and spending all day , every day , just over and over and over and over until you sell it . '' Sam Rockwell as Justin Hammer : A rival weapons manufacturer . Sam Rockwell was considered for the role of Tony Stark in the first film , and he accepted the role of Hammer without reading the script . He had never heard of the character before he was contacted about the part , and was unaware Hammer is an old Englishman in the comics . Rockwell said , `` I worked with Jon Favreau on this film called Made . And Justin Theroux , who wrote the script , is an old friend of mine , they sort of cooked up this idea and pitched it to Kevin Feige . What they did , they were maybe going to do one villain like they did with Jeff Bridges , but then they decided to split the villains . And really Mickey ( Rourke ) is the main ( villain ) , but I come to his aid . '' Rockwell described his character as `` plucky comic relief , but he 's got a little bit of an edge '' . Mickey Rourke as Ivan Vanko : A Russian physicist and ex-convict who builds a pair of arc reactor - based electric whips to exact vengeance on the Stark family . The character is an amalgam of Whiplash and Crimson Dynamo . Rourke visited Butyrka prison to research the role , and he suggested half of the character 's dialogue be in Russian . He also suggested the addition of tattoos , gold teeth and a fondness for a pet cockatoo , paying for the teeth and bird with his own money . Rourke explained that he did not want to play a `` one - dimensional bad guy '' , and wanted to challenge the audience to see something redeemable in him . Not knowing anything about computers , Rourke described pretending to be tech - savvy as the hardest part of the role . Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. ; Jackson signed a nine - film contract to play the character . On the subject of his character not seeing any action in the film , Jackson said `` We still have n't moved Nick Fury into the bad - ass zone . He 's still just kind of a talker . '' The director , Jon Favreau , reprises his role as Happy Hogan , Tony Stark 's bodyguard and chauffeur , while Clark Gregg and Leslie Bibb reprise their roles as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson and reporter Christine Everhart , respectively . John Slattery appears as Tony 's father Howard Stark and Garry Shandling appears as United States Senator Stern , who wants Stark to give Iron Man 's armor to the government . Favreau stated that Shandling 's character was named after radio personality Howard Stern . Paul Bettany again voices Stark 's computer , J.A.R.V.I.S. Olivia Munn has a small role as Chess Roberts , a reporter covering the Stark expo , Kate Mara portrays a U.S. Marshal who summons Tony to the government hearing , and Stan Lee appears as himself ( but is mistaken for Larry King ) . Additionally , news anchor Christiane Amanpour and political commentator Bill O'Reilly play themselves in newscasts . Adam Goldstein appears as himself and the film is dedicated to his memory . Further cameos include Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk and Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison . Favreau 's son Max appears as a child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone . This was retroactively made the introduction of a young Peter Parker to the MCU , as confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Jon Favreau meeting with members of the U.S. Air Force while filming at Edwards Air Force Base . Jon Favreau said it was originally his intent to create a film trilogy for Iron Man , with Obadiah Stane ( Jeff Bridges ) becoming Iron Monger during the sequels . After a meeting between Favreau and various comic book writers , including Mark Millar , Stane became the main villain in Iron Man . Millar argued the Mandarin , whom Favreau originally intended to fill that role , was too fantastical . Favreau concurred , deciding , `` I look at Mandarin more like how in Star Wars you had the Emperor , but Darth Vader is the guy you want to see fight . Then you work your way to the time when lightning bolts are shooting out of the fingers and all that stuff could happen . But you ca n't have what happened in Return of the Jedi happen in A New Hope . You just ca n't do it . '' Favreau also discussed in interviews how the films ' version of Mandarin `` allows us to incorporate the whole pantheon of villains '' . He mentioned that S.H.I.E.L.D. would continue to have a major role . During development , Favreau said the film would explore Stark 's alcoholism , but it would not be `` the ' Demon in a Bottle ' version '' . While promoting the first film , Downey stated that Stark would probably develop a drinking problem as he is unable to cope with his age , the effects of revealing he is Iron Man , and Pepper getting a boyfriend . Downey later clarified that the film was not a strict adaptation of the `` Demon in a Bottle '' storyline from the comic book series , but was instead about the `` interim space '' between the origin and the `` Demon '' story arc . Shane Black gave some advice on the script , and suggested to Favreau and Downey that they model Stark on J. Robert Oppenheimer , who became depressed with being `` the destroyer of worlds '' after working on the Manhattan Project . Pre-production ( edit ) Immediately following Iron Man 's release , Marvel Studios announced that they were developing a sequel , with an intended release date of April 30 , 2010 . In July 2008 , after several months of negotiating , Favreau officially signed on to direct . That same month , Justin Theroux signed to write the script , which would be based on a story written by Favreau and Downey . Theroux co-wrote Tropic Thunder , which Downey had starred in , and Downey recommended him to Marvel . Genndy Tartakovsky storyboarded the film , and Adi Granov returned to supervise the designs for Iron Man 's armor . In October 2008 , Marvel Studios came to an agreement to film Iron Man 2 , as well as their next three films , at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . A few days later , Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard . On being replaced , Howard stated , `` There was no explanation , apparently the contracts that we write and sign are n't worth the paper that they 're printed on sometimes . Promises are n't kept , and good faith negotiations are n't always held up . '' Entertainment Weekly stated Favreau did not enjoy working with Howard , often re-shooting and cutting his scenes ; Howard 's publicist said he had a good experience playing the part , while Marvel chose not to comment . As Favreau and Theroux chose to reduce the role , Marvel came to Howard to discuss lowering his salary -- Howard was the first actor hired in Iron Man and was paid the largest salary . The publication stated they were unsure whether Howard 's representatives left the project first or if Marvel chose to stop negotiating . Theroux denied the part of the report which claimed the size of the role had fluctuated . In November 2013 , Howard stated that , going into the film , the studio offered him far less than was in his three - picture contract , claiming they told him the second will be successful , `` with or without you , '' and , without mentioning him by name , said Downey `` took the money that was supposed to go to me and pushed me out . '' In January 2009 , Rourke and Rockwell entered negotiations to play a pair of villains . A few days later , Rockwell confirmed he would take the role , and that his character would be Justin Hammer . Paul Bettany confirmed that he would be returning to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Marvel entered into early talks with Emily Blunt to play the Black Widow , though she was unable to take the role due to a previous commitment to star in Gulliver 's Travels . Samuel L. Jackson confirmed that he had been in discussions to reprise the role of Nick Fury from the first film 's post-credits scene , but that contract disputes were making a deal difficult . Jackson claimed that `` There was a huge kind of negotiation that broke down . I do n't know . Maybe I wo n't be Nick Fury . '' In February , Jackson and Marvel came to terms , and he was signed to play the character in up to nine films . Downey and Rourke discussed his part during a roundtable discussion with David Ansen at the 2009 Golden Globes , and Rourke met with Favreau and Theroux to discuss the role . Rourke almost dropped out due to Marvel 's initial salary offer of $250,000 , but the studio raised the offer , and in March Rourke signed on . Later that same day Scarlett Johansson signed on to play the Black Widow . Her deal included options for multiple films , including potentially The Avengers . In April , Garry Shandling , Clark Gregg , and Kate Mara joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) `` This is one of the richest men in the world , so we ca n't buy our practicals from Home Depot . Everything had to be intelligent technology , and it had to look classic enough to have some shelf life -- we did n't want it to look embarrassingly dated 10 years from now . '' Matthew Libatique , the film 's cinematographer Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple , with the working title Rasputin . The bulk of the production took place at Raleigh Studios , though other locations were also used . Scenes were filmed at Edwards Air Force Base from May 11 through May 13 . The location had also been used for Iron Man , and Favreau stated that he felt the `` real military assets make the movie more authentic and the topography and the beauty of the desert and flightline open the movie up '' . The Historic Grand Prix of Monaco action sequence was shot in the parking lot of Downey Studios , with sets constructed in May and filming lasting through June . Permission to film in Monaco prior to the 2009 Monaco Grand Prix had initially been awarded , but was later retracted by Bernie Ecclestone . The filmmakers shipped one Rolls - Royce Phantom there , and filmed a track sequence in which race cars were later digitally added . Tanner Foust took on the role of driving Stark 's racing car . Also in June , it was reported that John Slattery had joined the film 's cast as Howard Stark . Olivia Munn was also cast , in an unspecified role . A massive green screen was constructed at the Sepulveda Dam to film a portion of the Stark Expo exterior , with the rest either shot at an area high school or added digitally . To construct the green screen , hundreds of shipping containers were stacked , covered in plywood and plaster , and then painted green . For the conclusion of that climactic scene , which the crew dubbed the `` Japanese Garden '' scene , a set was built inside Sony Studios in Los Angeles . Filming lasted 71 days , and the film 's production officially wrapped on July 18 , 2009 . A post-credits scene depicting the discovery of a large hammer was filmed on the set of Thor , and some of it was reused in the film . Jon Favreau revealed that the scene was filmed with anamorphic lenses to match Thor , and was directed by Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor . Post-production ( edit ) In January 2010 , IMAX Corporation , Marvel , and Paramount announced that the film would receive a limited release on digital IMAX screens . It was not shot with IMAX cameras , so it was converted into the format using the IMAX DMR technology . The film underwent reshoots in February . Olivia Munn 's original role was cut , but she was given a new role during the reshoots . Robert Downey , Jr. and Don Cheadle in their suits , before and after ILM 's CGI enhancements . Janek Sirrs was the film 's visual effects supervisor , and Industrial Light & Magic again did the majority of the effects , as it did on the first film . ILM 's visual effects supervisor on the film , Ben Snow , said their work on the film was `` harder '' than their work on the first , stating that Favreau asked more of them this time around . Snow described the process of digitally creating the suits : On the first Iron Man , we tried to use the Legacy ( Studios , Stan Winston 's effects company ) and Stan Winston suits as much as we could . For the second one , Jon ( Favreau ) was confident we could create the CG suits , and the action dictated using them . So , Legacy created what we called the `` football suits '' from the torso up with a chest plate and helmet . We 'd usually put in some arm pieces , but not the whole arm . In the house fight sequence , where Robert Downey Jr. staggers around tipsy , we used some of the practical suit and extended it digitally . Same thing in the Randy 's Donuts scene . But in the rest of the film , we used the CG suit entirely . And Double Negative did an all - digital suit for the Monaco chase . ILM created 527 shots for the film , using programs such as Maya . Perception worked on over 125 shots for the film . They crafted gadgets , such as Tony Stark 's transparent LG smartphone , and created the backdrops for the Stark Expo as well as the computer screen interfaces on the touch - screen coffee table and the holographic lab environment . In total , 11 visual effect studios worked on the film . Music ( edit ) Further information : Iron Man 2 ( soundtrack ) and Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe A soundtrack album featuring AC / DC was released by Columbia Records on April 19 , 2010 , in at least three different versions : basic , special and deluxe . The basic edition includes the CD ; the special edition contains a 15 - track CD , a 32 - page booklet and a DVD featuring interviews , behind - the - scenes footage , and music videos ; and the deluxe includes a reproduction of one of Iron Man 's first comic book appearances . Only 2 songs on the soundtrack actually appear in the movie . Although not included on the soundtrack album the film includes songs by The Average White Band , The Clash , Queen , Daft Punk , 2Pac and Beastie Boys . The film score was released commercially as Iron Man 2 : Original Motion Picture Score on July 20 , 2010 , featuring 25 tracks . John Debney composed the score with Tom Morello . Release ( edit ) Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released in 6,764 theaters ( 48 IMAX ) across 54 countries between April 28 and May 7 , before going into general release in the United States on May 7 , 2010 . In the United States , it opened at 4,380 theaters , 181 of which were IMAX . The international release date of the film was moved forward to increase interest ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup association football tournament . Marketing ( edit ) Iron Man 2 cast members at Comic Con 2009 . Robert Downey Jr. , Don Cheadle , Scarlett Johansson and Sam Rockwell . At the 2009 San Diego Comic Con , a five - minute trailer for the movie was shown . Actors portraying Stark Industries recruiters handed out business cards with an invitation to apply . A website for Stark Industries went online , with an attached graphic of a `` napkin memo '' from Stark to Potts announcing that Stark Industries no longer made weapons . Another section featured an online application . It was confirmed that the first theatrical trailer would premiere in front of Sherlock Holmes ( another Robert Downey , Jr. film ) . This trailer was released online on December 16 , 2009 . A new trailer was shown by Robert Downey , Jr. on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on March 7 after the Academy Awards . Promotional partners included Symantec , Dr Pepper , Burger King , 7 Eleven , Audi , LG Electronics and Hershey . Author Alexander C. Irvine adapted the script into a novel , also titled Iron Man 2 , that was released in April 2010 . Prior to the film release , Marvel Comics released a four issue miniseries comic book titled Iron Man vs Whiplash , which introduced the film 's version of Whiplash into the Marvel Universe . A three issue prequel miniseries titled Iron Man 2 : Public Identity was released in April . An Iron Man 2 video game was released by Sega on May 4 , 2010 in North America , written by The Invincible Iron Man scribe Matt Fraction . The Wii version was developed by High Voltage Software and all console versions were published by Sega , while Gameloft published the mobile game . The game 's Comic - Con trailer showed that the Crimson Dynamo was set to appear as a villain . Cheadle and Jackson voice their respective characters in the games . The trailer revealed that A.I.M , Roxxon Energy Corporation , and Ultimo ( depicted as a man named Kearson DeWitt in a large armor ) are enemies in the game as well as reveal that the wearer of the Crimson Dynamo armor is General Valentin Shatalov . The game received generally unfavorable reviews , with a Metacritic score of 41 % for both the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions . Home media ( edit ) On September 28 , 2010 , the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc . The film was also collected in a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on April 2 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Iron Man 2 earned $312.4 million in the United States and Canada , as well as $311.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $623.9 million . Since the film was included in a predetermined legacy distribution deal that was signed before the Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel , Paramount Pictures distributed the film and collected 8 % of the box office , while the remaining portion went to Disney . Iron Man 2 earned $51 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $7.5 million from Thursday previews ) , for a total weekend gross of $128 million , which was the fifth - highest opening weekend ever , at the time , behind The Dark Knight , Spider - Man 3 , The Twilight Saga : New Moon and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . It also had the highest opening for a 2010 movie . The film yielded an average of $29,252 per theater . IMAX contributed $9.8 million , which was the highest opening weekend for a 2D IMAX film , surpassing Star Trek 's previous record of $8.5 million . Iron Man 2 was the third - highest - grossing film of 2010 in the United States and Canada , behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland . Iron Man 2 launched in six European markets with number - one openings on Wednesday , April 28 , 2010 , for a total $2.2 million . It earned $100.2 million its first five days from 53 foreign markets for a strong average of $14,814 per site . IMAX Corporation reported grosses of $2.25 million . This surpassed the previous record - holder for an IMAX 2D release , 2009 's Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( $2.1 million ) . It was the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2010 internationally , behind Toy Story 3 , Alice in Wonderland , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , Inception , Shrek Forever After , and The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 73 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 based on 279 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It is n't quite the breath of fresh air that Iron Man was , but this sequel comes close with solid performances and an action - packed plot . '' Metacritic gave the film 57 / 100 based on a normalized rating of 40 reviews . Brian Lowry of Variety stated , `` Iron Man 2 is n't as much fun as its predecessor , but by the time the smoke clears , it 'll do '' . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker said , `` To find a comic - book hero who does n't agonize over his supergifts , and would defend his constitutional right to get a kick out of them , is frankly a relief '' . David Edelstein of New York Magazine wrote , `` It does n't come close to the emotional heft of those two rare 2s that outclassed their ones : Superman II and Spider - Man 2 . But Iron Man 2 hums along quite nicely '' . Roger Ebert gave it 3 stars out of 4 , stating that `` Iron Man 2 is a polished , high - octane sequel , not as good as the original but building once again on a quirky performance by Robert Downey Jr '' . Frank Lovece of Film Journal International , a one - time Marvel Comics writer , said that , `` In a refreshing and unexpected turn , the sequel to Iron Man does n't find a changed man . Inside the metal , imperfect humanity grows even more so , as thought - provoking questions of identity meet techno - fantasy made flesh . '' Conversely , Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter stated , `` Everything fun and terrific about Iron Man , a mere two years ago , has vanished with its sequel . In its place , Iron Man 2 has substituted noise , confusion , multiple villains , irrelevant stunts and misguided story lines . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Winner / Nominee Result Ref . Hollywood Film Award Visual Effects of the Year Iron Man 2 Won Satellite Awards Best Sound ( Mixing & Editing ) Iron Man 2 Nominated Best Visual Effects Iron Man 2 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi Iron Man 2 Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi Gwyneth Paltrow Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Mickey Rourke Nominated Choice Movie : Dance Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie : Fight Don Cheadle and Robert Downey Jr . ( Iron Man & War Machine vs The Hammer Drones ) Nominated 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Iron Man 2 Won Favorite Movie Iron Man 2 Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Action Star Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite On - Screen Team Robert Downey , Jr. and Don Cheadle Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Iron Man 2 Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Iron Man 2 Nominated Best Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Best Supporting Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Best Special Effects Iron Man 2 Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films After the release of Iron Man 2 , The Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay Paramount at least $115 million for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3 and The Avengers . Disney , Marvel and Paramount announced a May 3 , 2013 release date for Iron Man 3 . Shane Black directed Iron Man 3 , from a screenplay by Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , Cheadle , and Favreau reprised their roles , while Ben Kingsley played Trevor Slattery , Guy Pearce played Aldrich Killian , and Rebecca Hall played Maya Hansen . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring powered exoskeletons Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In July 2013 , the film 's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios . Jump up ^ The events of the film also take place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie . `` Disney Acquires Distribution Rights to Four Marvel Films From Paramount '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Completes Purchase of Marvel Home Entertainment Distribution Rights '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Buys Rights to Four Marvel Movies From Viacom 's Paramount '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IRON MAN 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . When submitted to the BBFC the work had a running time of 125m 29s . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Iron Man 2 ' has ' The Dark Knight ' in its sights '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . The movie cost about $170 million to produce , and worldwide print and advertising costs are roughly $150 million , per insiders . ^ Jump up to : `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 '' . The-Numbers.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Mickey spent three months perfecting his Russian accent . He also toured a Russian prison to build up his character so it was n't a one dimensional baddie . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Mickey Rourke wrestled with Russian role for ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . I did n't want to do a one - dimensional bad guy like you 'd see in a comic book ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Samuel Jackson joins ' Iron ' cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sam Jackson Says Nick Fury Wo n't See Action In ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Garry Shandling is in the film . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Garry Shandling finds heroic acting inspiration in ' Iron Man 2 ′ '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilchrist , Todd ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Paul Bettany returns for Iron Man 2 . Oh , you do n't remember him ? '' . SCI FI Wire . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2009 . The actor said that he barely remembered recording his dialogue for the first film . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Olivia Munn Talks ' Iron Man 2 ' Improv '' . MTV Splash Page . Viacom . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Favreau Explains Olivia Munn 's Changing Role In ' Iron Man 2 ' '' . MTV Splash Page . Viacom . 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Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel and Gameloft Partner to Produce Mobile Content '' . Marvel.com . November 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Don Cheadle and Sam L. Jackson sign on ... '' Marvel.com . March 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the New Iron Man 2 : The Video Game Trailer '' . Marvel Video Games . Marvel Characters , Inc . March 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Iron Man 2 ' PlayStation 3 '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Iron Man 2 ' Xbox 360 '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 Blu - ray '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- VIDEO '' . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bylund , Anders ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` '' Iron Man '' Rakes in the Gold `` . The Motley Fool . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 8 , 2010 ) . `` No # 1 Records : But ' Iron Man 2 ' Opens With 5th Best Opening Weekend ; $133.6 M Domestic & $194 M Overseas For $327 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Movie projector : ' Nightmare ' to rule at home with $30 million while ' Iron Man 2 ' explodes to $100 million - plus overseas '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Fighting Form '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Edelstein ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Battle of the Rehabbed Stars '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 2 Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . `` Iron Man 2 '' is a polished , high - octane sequel , not as good as the original but building once again on a quirky performance by Robert Downey Jr . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Film Review : Iron Man 2 '' . Film Journal International . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 2 -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Zimmer , Wally Pfister , `` Toy Story 3 , '' and `` Iron Man 2 '' take Hollywood Awards honors `` . Hollywood Film Festival . September 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` '' Social Network , '' `` Scott Pilgrim '' Lead Wacky Satellite Awards `` . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Check out the nominees '' . OnTheRedCarpet . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Iron Man 2 ' Nabs Only Oscar Nomination of 2010 Comic Book Movies -- Should There Have Been More ? '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` INCEPTION , LET ME IN , TRON , and THE WALKING DEAD Top the 2011 Saturn Award Nominations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking : Disney to Distribute ' Iron Man 3 ' and ' The Avengers ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 3 to come to theaters in 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ; Fleming , Mike ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Shane Black To Direct Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel Taps Its ' Runaways ' Scribe Drew Pearce To Write ' Iron Man 3 ' Script '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ben Kingsley in Talks to Join ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel at Comic - Con : Robert Downey Jr. , Kevin Feige , Shane Black , Jon Favreau , Don Cheadle , Edgar Wright '' . Deadline.com . July 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ; Kroll , Justin ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Guy Pearce bonds with ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ; Sneider , Jeff ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rebecca Hall nabs female lead in ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` What Scares Rebecca Hall ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Iron Man 2 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron Man 2 . Official website Iron Man 2 on IMDb Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Bethany Cabe Captain America Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan H.O.M.E.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays agent romanoff in iron man 2	[ "Scarlett Johansson as Natalie Rushman / Natasha Romanoff:\nAn undercover spy for S.H.I.E.L.D. posing as Stark's new assistant. Johansson dyed her hair red before she landed the part, hoping that it would help convince Favreau that she was right for the role.[21] On why she chose the role, Johansson said, \"the Black Widow character resonated with me... [She] is a superhero, but she’s also human. She’s small, but she’s strong... She is dark and has faced death so many times that she has a deep perspective on the value of life... It’s hard not to admire her.\"[22] She stated that she had \"a bit of a freak-out moment\" when she first saw the cat-suit.[23] When asked about fighting in the costume, Johansson responded \"a big part of me is like 'can I move in this? Can I run in it? Can I like throw myself over things with this?' And I think just the prep, you just have to put in the hours. That's what I realized is that just putting in the hours and doing the training and repetition and basically just befriending the stunt team and spending all day, every day, just over and over and over and over until you sell it.\"[23]\n" ]	[ "Scarlett Johansson" ]
-1172901843067507891	The Clan of the Cave Bear (film)	The Clan of the Cave Bear ( film ) - Wikipedia The Clan of the Cave Bear ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Clan of the Cave Bear Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Chapman Produced by Gerald Isenberg Peter Guber ( executive ) Jon Peters ( executive ) Stan Rogow ( co-producer ) Written by John Sayles Jean M. Auel ( novel ) Starring Daryl Hannah Pamela Reed James Remar Thomas G. Waites John Doolittle Narrated by Salome Jens Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Jan de Bont Edited by Wendy Greene Bricmont Production company Producers Sales Organization The Guber - Peters Company Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date January 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 17 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $1,954,000 ( United States ) The Clan of the Cave Bear is a 1986 film based on the book of the same name by Jean M. Auel and was directed by Michael Chapman . The film stars Daryl Hannah , Pamela Reed , James Remar , and Thomas G. Waites . Dialogue is conducted mostly through a form of sign language which is translated for the audience with subtitles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Box office and reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( December 2014 ) A young Cro - Magnon woman named Ayla ( Daryl Hannah ) is separated from her family and orphaned during an earthquake . She is found by a group of Neanderthals and raised as one of their own . Cast ( edit ) Daryl Hannah as Ayla Pamela Reed as Iza James Remar as Creb Thomas G. Waites as Broud John Doolittle as Brun Curtis Armstrong as Goov Martin Doyle as Grod Tony Montanaro as Zoug Mike Muscat as Dorv Karen Austin as Aba Janne Mortil as Ovra Lycia Naff as Uba Penny Smith as Ika Rory Crowley as Durc Joey Cramer as young Broud Nicole Eggert as young Ayla Paul Carafotes as Brug Bart the Bear as the cave bear Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It was filmed in the Regional District of Okanagan - Similkameen , a precursor to the many Hollywood productions that would film in Canada soon after ( see Hollywood North and Cinema of Canada ) . The score was composed by Alan Silvestri . The movie is one of Bart the Bear 's earliest roles . The muskox hunt was filmed just outside Hughenden , Alberta . Box office and reception ( edit ) Because the film cost US $ 15 million to produce and brought in only US $1.9 million domestically , it is considered a box office flop . The film was nominated for an Oscar in 1987 for Best Makeup ( Michael Westmore and Michèle Burke ) . The film currently holds a 10 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews . See also ( edit ) The Clan of the Cave Bear Quest for Fire ( film ) List of historical drama films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( 1986 - 01 - 17 ) . `` ' Clan Of The Cave Bear ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( 1989 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Is January The Cruelest Month ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Nominees & Winners for the 59th Academy Awards ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/clan_of_the_cave_bear/ External links ( edit ) The Clan of the Cave Bear on IMDb The Clan of the Cave Bear at AllMovie The Clan of the Cave Bear at Rotten Tomatoes The Clan of the Cave Bear at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Michael Chapman All the Right Moves ( 1983 ) The Clan of the Cave Bear ( 1986 ) Annihilator ( 1986 ) The Viking Sagas ( 1995 ) Jean M. Auel 's Earth 's Children Volumes The Clan of the Cave Bear The Valley of Horses The Mammoth Hunters The Plains of Passage The Shelters of Stone The Land of Painted Caves Adaptations The Clan of the Cave Bear Characters Ayla Jondalar This article about a fantasy film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clan_of_the_Cave_Bear_(film)&oldid=812333703 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films 1980s fantasy films American films American fantasy films Fictional - language films Films based on American novels Films directed by Michael Chapman Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in prehistory Warner Bros. films Earth 's Children Neanderthals in fiction Films about bears Screenplays by John Sayles Fantasy film stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was clan of the cave bear filmed	[ "It was filmed in the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, a precursor to the many Hollywood productions that would film in Canada soon after (see Hollywood North and Cinema of Canada). The score was composed by Alan Silvestri. The movie is one of Bart the Bear's earliest roles. The muskox hunt was filmed just outside Hughenden, Alberta." ]	[ "the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen" ]
7767054936832110848	Apoorva (given name)	Apoorva ( given name ) - wikipedia Apoorva ( given name ) Jump to : navigation , search Apoorva or Apurva is the common English spelling of two related Indian given names : the feminine अपूर्वा apūrvā and the masculine अपूर्व apūrva . The masculine name is often spelled Apurv or Apoorv , as in many modern Indo - Aryan languages it is pronounced without the vowel at the end , for example in Hindi : ( ɐpuːrv ) . In Sanskrit apūrva and apūrvā are respectively the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective meaning ' unprecedented ' , ' new ' , ' extraordinary ' . List of people with the name ( edit ) Masculine given name ( edit ) Apurva Asrani ( born 1978 ) , Indian film director Apurva Agnihotri ( born 1972 ) , Indian TV actor Apoorva Lakhia , Indian film director Apoorva D. Patel , Indian physicist Apoorva Sengupta ( 1938 -- 2013 ) , Indian army officer and cricketer Feminine given name ( edit ) Apoorva Arora ( born 1996 ) , Indian actress and model Apoorva Muralinath ( born 1989 ) , Indian basketball player Other ( edit ) Pratiksha Apurv ( born 1964 ) , Indian painter References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Monier ( 1899 ) . A Sanskrit - English dictionary : etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo - European languages . Oxford : Clarendon Press . This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apoorva_(given_name)&oldid=741982924 '' Categories : Given names Indian feminine given names Indian masculine given names Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2016 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of the name apoorva	[ "Apoorva or Apurva is the common English spelling of two related Indian given names: the feminine अपूर्वा apūrvā and the masculine अपूर्व apūrva. The masculine name is often spelled Apurv or Apoorv, as in many modern Indo-Aryan languages it is pronounced without the vowel at the end, for example in Hindi: [ɐpuːrv]. In Sanskrit apūrva and apūrvā are respectively the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective meaning 'unprecedented', 'new', 'extraordinary'.[1]", "Apoorva or Apurva is the common English spelling of two related Indian given names: the feminine अपूर्वा apūrvā and the masculine अपूर्व apūrva. The masculine name is often spelled Apurv or Apoorv, as in many modern Indo-Aryan languages it is pronounced without the vowel at the end, for example in Hindi: [ɐpuːrv]. In Sanskrit apūrva and apūrvā are respectively the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective meaning 'unprecedented', 'new', 'extraordinary'.[1]", "Apoorva or Apurva is the common English spelling of two related Indian given names: the feminine अपूर्वा apūrvā and the masculine अपूर्व apūrva. The masculine name is often spelled Apurv or Apoorv, as in many modern Indo-Aryan languages it is pronounced without the vowel at the end, for example in Hindi: [ɐpuːrv]. In Sanskrit apūrva and apūrvā are respectively the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective meaning 'unprecedented', 'new', 'extraordinary'.[1]" ]	[ "unprecedented", "new", "extraordinary" ]
-8804478315184534142	Great Recession	Great recession - wikipedia Great recession Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the global economic downturn during the early 21st century . For background on financial market events dating from 2007 , see Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Not to be confused with Great Depression . Great Recession Africa Americas South America United States Asia Europe Oceania World map showing real GDP growth rates for 2009 ( countries in brown were in recession . ) The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s . The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country . In terms of overall impact , the International Monetary Fund concluded that it was the worst global recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s . The causes of the recession largely originated in the United States , particularly the real - estate market , though policies of other nations contributed as well . According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research ( the official arbiter of U.S. recessions ) the recession , as experienced in that country , began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009 , thus extending over 19 months . The Great Recession was related to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and U.S. subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 -- 09 . The Great Recession resulted in the scarcity of valuable assets in the market economy and the collapse of the financial sector ( banks ) in the world economy . The banks were then bailed out by the U.S. government . The recession was not felt evenly around the world . Whereas most of the world 's developed economies , particularly in North America and Europe , fell into a definitive recession , many of the newer developed economies suffered far less impact , particularly China and India whose economies grew substantially during this period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Overview 3 Causes 3.1 Panel reports 3.2 Narratives 3.3 Trade imbalances and debt bubbles 3.4 Monetary policy 3.5 High private debt levels 3.6 Pre-recession warnings 3.7 Housing bubbles 3.8 Increases in uncertainty 3.9 Ineffective or inappropriate regulation 3.9. 1 Regulations encouraging lax lending standards 3.9. 2 Derivatives 3.9. 3 Shadow banking system 3.10 Systemic crisis 4 Effects 4.1 Effects on the United States 4.2 Effects on Europe 4.3 Countries that avoided recession 5 Timeline of effects 5.1 Country specific details about recession timelines 6 Political instability related to the economic crisis 7 Policy responses 7.1 United States policy responses 7.2 Asia - Pacific policy responses 7.3 European policy responses 7.4 Global responses 8 Policy recommendations 8.1 IMF recommendation 8.2 Raising interest rates 9 Comparisons with the Great Depression 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Terminology ( edit ) Two senses of the word `` ( recession ) '' exist : a less precise sense , referring broadly to `` a period of reduced economic activity '' ; and the academic sense used most often in economics , which is defined operationally , referring specifically to the contraction phase of a business cycle , with two or more consecutive quarters of GDP contraction . Under the academic definition , the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009 . In the broader , lay sense of the word however , many people use the term to refer to ongoing hardship ( in the same way that the term `` Great Depression '' is also popularly used ) . Overview ( edit ) The Great Recession met the IMF criteria for being a global recession only in the single calendar year 2009 . That IMF definition requires a decline in annual real world GDP per ‐ capita . Despite the fact that quarterly data are being used as recession definition criteria by all G20 members , representing 85 % of the world GDP , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has decided -- in the absence of a complete data set -- not to declare / measure global recessions according to quarterly GDP data . The seasonally adjusted PPP ‐ weighted real GDP for the G20 ‐ zone , however , is a good indicator for the world GDP , and it was measured to have suffered a direct quarter on quarter decline during the three quarters from Q3 ‐ 2008 until Q1 ‐ 2009 , which more accurately mark when the recession took place at the global level . According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research ( the official arbiter of U.S. recessions ) the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009 , and thus extended over eighteen months . The years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand . Further , the U.S. shadow banking system ( i.e. , non-depository financial institutions such as investment banks ) had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the same regulatory oversight , making it vulnerable to a bank run . US mortgage - backed securities , which had risks that were hard to assess , were marketed around the world , as they offered higher yields than U.S. government bonds . Many of these securities were backed by subprime mortgages , which collapsed in value when the U.S. housing bubble burst during 2006 and homeowners began to default on their mortgage payments in large numbers starting in 2007 . The emergence of sub-prime loan losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices . With loan losses mounting and the fall of Lehman Brothers on September 15 , 2008 , a major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan market . There was the equivalent of a bank run on the shadow banking system , resulting in many large and well established investment and commercial banks in the United States and Europe suffering huge losses and even facing bankruptcy , resulting in massive public financial assistance ( government bailouts ) . The global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in international trade , rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices . Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s . Economist Paul Krugman once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of `` a second Great Depression . '' Governments and central banks responded with fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate national economies and reduce financial system risks . The recession has renewed interest in Keynesian economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions . Economists advise that the stimulus should be withdrawn as soon as the economies recover enough to `` chart a path to sustainable growth '' . The distribution of household incomes in the United States has become more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery . Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas . Median household wealth fell 35 % in the US , from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011 . Causes ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the Great Recession The great asset bubble : 1 . Central banks ' gold reserves : $0.845 trillion . 2 . M0 ( paper money ) : $3.9 trillion . 3 . Traditional ( fractional reserve ) banking assets : $39 trillion . 4 . Shadow banking assets : $62 trillion . 5 . Other assets : $290 trillion . 6 . Bail - out money ( early 2009 ) : $1.9 trillion . Further information : Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Panel reports ( edit ) The majority report provided by U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees , reported its findings in January 2011 . It concluded that `` the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : Widespread failures in financial regulation , including the Federal Reserve 's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels . '' There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports . One of them , signed by three Republican appointees , concluded that there were multiple causes . In his separate dissent to the majority and minority opinions of the FCIC , Commissioner Peter J. Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute ( AEI ) primarily blamed U.S. housing policy , including the actions of Fannie & Freddie , for the crisis . He wrote : `` When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007 , the low quality and high risk loans engendered by government policies failed in unprecedented numbers . In its `` Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy , '' dated November 15 , 2008 , leaders of the Group of 20 cited the following causes : During a period of strong global growth , growing capital flows , and prolonged stability earlier this decade , market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence . At the same time , weak underwriting standards , unsound risk management practices , increasingly complex and opaque financial products , and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system . Policy - makers , regulators and supervisors , in some advanced countries , did not adequately appreciate and address the risks building up in financial markets , keep pace with financial innovation , or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions . Narratives ( edit ) U.S. residential and non-residential investment fell relative to GDP during the crisis There are several `` narratives '' attempting to place the causes of the recession into context , with overlapping elements . Five such narratives include : There was the equivalent of a bank run on the shadow banking system , which includes investment banks and other non-depository financial entities . This system had grown to rival the depository system in scale yet was not subject to the same regulatory safeguards . Its failure disrupted the flow of credit to consumers and corporations . The U.S. economy was being driven by a housing bubble . When it burst , private residential investment ( i.e. , housing construction ) fell by nearly four percent . GDP and consumption enabled by bubble - generated housing wealth also slowed . This created a gap in annual demand ( GDP ) of nearly $1 trillion . The U.S. government was unwilling to make up for this private sector shortfall . Record levels of household debt accumulated in the decades preceding the crisis resulted in a balance sheet recession ( similar to debt deflation ) once housing prices began falling in 2006 . Consumers began paying off debt , which reduces their consumption , slowing down the economy for an extended period while debt levels are reduced . U.S. government policies encouraged home ownership even for those who could not afford it , contributing to lax lending standards , unsustainable housing price increases , and indebtedness . Wealthy and middle - class house flippers with mid-to - good credit scores created a speculative bubble in house prices , and then wrecked local housing markets and financial institutions after they defaulted on their debt en masse . Underlying narratives # 1 - 3 is a hypothesis that growing income inequality and wage stagnation encouraged families to increase their household debt to maintain their desired living standard , fueling the bubble . Further , this greater share of income flowing to the top increased the political power of business interests , who used that power to deregulate or limit regulation of the shadow banking system . Narrative # 5 challenges the popular claim that subprime borrowers with shoddy credit caused the crisis by buying homes they could n't afford . This narrative is supported by new research showing that the biggest growth of mortgage debt during the U.S. housing boom came from those with good credit scores in the middle and top of the credit score distribution -- and that these borrowers accounted for a disproportionate share of defaults . Trade imbalances and debt bubbles ( edit ) U.S. households and financial businesses significantly increased borrowing ( leverage ) in the years leading up to the crisis The Economist wrote in July 2012 that the inflow of investment dollars required to fund the U.S. trade deficit was a major cause of the housing bubble and financial crisis : `` The trade deficit , less than 1 % of GDP in the early 1990s , hit 6 % in 2006 . That deficit was financed by inflows of foreign savings , in particular from East Asia and the Middle East . Much of that money went into dodgy mortgages to buy overvalued houses , and the financial crisis was the result . '' In May 2008 , NPR explained in their Peabody Award winning program `` The Giant Pool of Money '' that a vast inflow of savings from developing nations flowed into the mortgage market , driving the U.S. housing bubble . This pool of fixed income savings increased from around $35 trillion in 2000 to about $70 trillion by 2008 . NPR explained this money came from various sources , `` ( b ) ut the main headline is that all sorts of poor countries became kind of rich , making things like TVs and selling us oil . China , India , Abu Dhabi , Saudi Arabia made a lot of money and banked it . '' Describing the crisis in Europe , Paul Krugman wrote in February 2012 that : `` What we 're basically looking at , then , is a balance of payments problem , in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro , leading to overvaluation in southern Europe . '' Monetary policy ( edit ) Another narrative about the origin has been focused on the respective parts played by the public monetary policy ( in the US notably ) and by the practices of private financial institutions . In the U.S. , mortgage funding was unusually decentralised , opaque , and competitive , and it is believed that competition between lenders for revenue and market share contributed to declining underwriting standards and risky lending . While Alan Greenspan 's role as Chairman of the Federal Reserve has been widely discussed ( the main point of controversy remains the lowering of the Federal funds rate to 1 % for more than a year , which , according to Austrian theorists , injected huge amounts of `` easy '' credit - based money into the financial system and created an unsustainable economic boom ) , there is also the argument that Greenspan 's actions in the years 2002 -- 2004 were actually motivated by the need to take the U.S. economy out of the early 2000s recession caused by the bursting of the dot - com bubble -- although by doing so he did not help avert the crisis , but only postpone it . High private debt levels ( edit ) US household debt relative to disposable income and GDP . U.S. Changes in Household Debt as a percentage of GDP for 1989 - 2016 . Homeowners paying down debt for 2009 - 2012 was a headwind to the recovery . Economist Carmen Reinhart explained that this behavior tends to slow recoveries from financial crises relative to typical recessions . Another narrative focuses on high levels of private debt in the US economy . USA household debt as a percentage of annual disposable personal income was 127 % at the end of 2007 , versus 77 % in 1990 . Faced with increasing mortgage payments as their adjustable rate mortgage payments increased , households began to default in record numbers , rendering mortgage - backed securities worthless . High private debt levels also impact growth by making recessions deeper and the following recovery weaker . Robert Reich claims the amount of debt in the US economy can be traced to economic inequality , assuming that middle - class wages remained stagnant while wealth concentrated at the top , and households `` pull equity from their homes and overload on debt to maintain living standards . '' The IMF reported in April 2012 : `` Household debt soared in the years leading up to the downturn . In advanced economies , during the five years preceding 2007 , the ratio of household debt to income rose by an average of 39 percentage points , to 138 percent . In Denmark , Iceland , Ireland , the Netherlands , and Norway , debt peaked at more than 200 percent of household income . A surge in household debt to historic highs also occurred in emerging economies such as Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , and Lithuania . The concurrent boom in both house prices and the stock market meant that household debt relative to assets held broadly stable , which masked households ' growing exposure to a sharp fall in asset prices . When house prices declined , ushering in the global financial crisis , many households saw their wealth shrink relative to their debt , and , with less income and more unemployment , found it harder to meet mortgage payments . By the end of 2011 , real house prices had fallen from their peak by about 41 % in Ireland , 29 % in Iceland , 23 % in Spain and the United States , and 21 % in Denmark . Household defaults , underwater mortgages ( where the loan balance exceeds the house value ) , foreclosures , and fire sales are now endemic to a number of economies . Household deleveraging by paying off debts or defaulting on them has begun in some countries . It has been most pronounced in the United States , where about two - thirds of the debt reduction reflects defaults . '' Pre-recession warnings ( edit ) The onset of the economic crisis took most people by surprise . A 2009 paper identifies twelve economists and commentators who , between 2000 and 2006 , predicted a recession based on the collapse of the then - booming housing market in the United States : Dean Baker , Wynne Godley , Fred Harrison , Michael Hudson , Eric Janszen , Med Jones Steve Keen , Jakob Brøchner Madsen , Jens Kjaer Sørensen , Kurt Richebächer , Nouriel Roubini , Peter Schiff , and Robert Shiller . Housing bubbles ( edit ) Housing price appreciation in selected countries , 2002 -- 2008 Further information : Real estate bubble By 2007 , real estate bubbles were still under way in many parts of the world , especially in the United States , France , United Kingdom , Spain , The Netherlands , Australia , United Arab Emirates , New Zealand , Ireland , Poland , South Africa , Greece , Bulgaria , Croatia , Norway , Singapore , South Korea , Sweden , Finland , Argentina , Baltic states , India , Romania , Ukraine , and China . U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in mid-2005 that `` at a minimum , there 's a little ' froth ' ( in the U.S. housing market ) ... it 's hard not to see that there are a lot of local bubbles '' . The Economist newspaper , writing at the same time , went further , saying `` the worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history '' . Real estate bubbles are ( by definition of the word `` bubble '' ) followed by a price decrease ( also known as a housing price crash ) that can result in many owners holding negative equity ( a mortgage debt higher than the current value of the property ) . Increases in uncertainty ( edit ) Increases in uncertainty can depress investment , or consumption . The 2007 -- 2009 recession represents the most striking episode of heightened uncertainty since 1960 . Ineffective or inappropriate regulation ( edit ) Regulations encouraging lax lending standards ( edit ) Several analysts , such as Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto of the American Enterprise Institute , have asserted that private lenders were encouraged to relax lending standards by government affordable housing policies . They cite The Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 , which initially required that 30 percent or more of Fannie 's and Freddie 's loan purchases be related to affordable housing . The legislation gave HUD the power to set future requirements , and eventually ( under the Bush Administration ) a 56 percent minimum was established . To fulfil the requirements , Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac established programs to purchase $5 trillion in affordable housing loans , and encouraged lenders to relax underwriting standards to produce those loans . These critics also cite , as inappropriate regulation , `` The National Homeownership Strategy : Partners in the American Dream ( '' Strategy `` ) , which was compiled in 1995 by Henry Cisneros , President Clinton 's HUD Secretary . In 2001 , the independent research company , Graham Fisher & Company , stated : `` While the underlying initiatives of the ( Strategy ) were broad in content , the main theme ... was the relaxation of credit standards . '' The Community Reinvestment Act ( CRA ) is also identified as one of the causes of the recession , by some critics . They contend that lenders relaxed lending standards in an effort to meet CRA commitments , and they note that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive , totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . However , the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( FCIC ) concluded that Fannie & Freddie `` were not a primary cause '' of the crisis and that CRA was not a factor in the crisis . Further , since housing bubbles appeared in multiple countries in Europe as well , the FCIC Republican minority dissenting report also concluded that U.S. housing policies were not a robust explanation for a wider global housing bubble . The view that U.S. government housing policy was a primary cause of the crisis has been widely disputed , with Paul Krugman referring to it as `` imaginary history . '' Derivatives ( edit ) Author Michael Lewis wrote that a type of derivative called a credit default swap ( CDS ) enabled speculators to stack bets on the same mortgage securities . This is analogous to allowing many persons to buy insurance on the same house . Speculators that bought CDS protection were betting that significant mortgage security defaults would occur , while the sellers ( such as AIG ) bet they would not . An unlimited amount could be wagered on the same housing - related securities , provided buyers and sellers of the CDS could be found . When massive defaults occurred on underlying mortgage securities , companies like AIG that were selling CDS were unable to perform their side of the obligation and defaulted ; U.S. taxpayers paid over $100 billion to global financial institutions to honor AIG obligations , generating considerable outrage . Derivatives such as CDS were unregulated or barely regulated . Several sources have noted the failure of the US government to supervise or even require transparency of the financial instruments known as derivatives . A 2008 investigative article in the Washington Post found that leading government officials at the time ( Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan , Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin , and SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt ) vehemently opposed any regulation of derivatives . In 1998 Brooksley E. Born , head of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , put forth a policy paper asking for feedback from regulators , lobbyists , legislators on the question of whether derivatives should be reported , sold through a central facility , or whether capital requirements should be required of their buyers . Greenspan , Rubin , and Levitt pressured her to withdraw the paper and Greenspan persuaded Congress to pass a resolution preventing CFTC from regulating derivatives for another six months -- when Born 's term of office would expire . Ultimately , it was the collapse of a specific kind of derivative , the mortgage - backed security , that triggered the economic crisis of 2008 . Shadow banking system ( edit ) Securitization markets were impaired during the crisis . Paul Krugman wrote in 2009 that the run on the shadow banking system was the `` core of what happened '' to cause the crisis . `` As the shadow banking system expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance , politicians and government officials should have realised that they were re-creating the kind of financial vulnerability that made the Great Depression possible -- and they should have responded by extending regulations and the financial safety net to cover these new institutions . Influential figures should have proclaimed a simple rule : anything that does what a bank does , anything that has to be rescued in crises the way banks are , should be regulated like a bank . '' He referred to this lack of controls as `` malign neglect . '' During 2008 , three of the largest U.S. investment banks either went bankrupt ( Lehman Brothers ) or were sold at fire sale prices to other banks ( Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch ) . The investment banks were not subject to the more stringent regulations applied to depository banks . These failures exacerbated the instability in the global financial system . The remaining two investment banks , Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs , potentially facing failure , opted to become commercial banks , thereby subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation but receiving access to credit via the Federal Reserve . Further , American International Group ( AIG ) had insured mortgage - backed and other securities but was not required to maintain sufficient reserves to pay its obligations when debtors defaulted on these securities . AIG was contractually required to post additional collateral with many creditors and counter-parties , touching off controversy when over $100 billion of U.S. taxpayer money was paid out to major global financial institutions on behalf of AIG . While this money was legally owed to the banks by AIG ( under agreements made via credit default swaps purchased from AIG by the institutions ) , a number of Congressmen and media members expressed outrage that taxpayer money was used to bail out banks . Economist Gary Gorton wrote in May 2009 : `` Unlike the historical banking panics of the 19th and early 20th centuries , the current banking panic is a wholesale panic , not a retail panic . In the earlier episodes , depositors ran to their banks and demanded cash in exchange for their checking accounts . Unable to meet those demands , the banking system became insolvent . The current panic involved financial firms `` running '' on other financial firms by not renewing sale and repurchase agreements ( repo ) or increasing the repo margin ( `` haircut '' ) , forcing massive deleveraging , and resulting in the banking system being insolvent . '' The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported in January 2011 : `` In the early part of the 20th century , we erected a series of protections -- the Federal Reserve as a lender of last resort , federal deposit insurance , ample regulations -- to provide a bulwark against the panics that had regularly plagued America 's banking system in the 20th century . Yet , over the past 30 - plus years , we permitted the growth of a shadow banking system -- opaque and laden with short term debt -- that rivaled the size of the traditional banking system . Key components of the market -- for example , the multitrillion - dollar repo lending market , off - balance - sheet entities , and the use of over-the - counter derivatives -- were hidden from view , without the protections we had constructed to prevent financial meltdowns . We had a 21st - century financial system with 19th - century safeguards . '' Systemic crisis ( edit ) The financial crisis and the recession have been described as a symptom of another , deeper crisis by a number of economists . For example , Ravi Batra argues that growing inequality of financial capitalism produces speculative bubbles that burst and result in depression and major political changes . Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . Effects ( edit ) Main article : Effects of the Great Recession Effects on the United States ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment in the United States and National debt of the United States Sectoral financial balances in U.S. economy 1990 -- 2012 . By definition , the three balances must net to zero . Since 2009 , the U.S. capital surplus and private sector surplus have driven a government budget deficit . U.S. Changes in Employment for Selected Time Periods U.S. Real GDP -- Contributions to Percent Change by Component 2007 - 2009 In the U.S. , persistent high unemployment remained as of December 2012 , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an increasing federal debt , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . A 2011 poll found that more than half of all Americans thought that the U.S. was still in recession or even depression , although economic data showed a historically modest recovery . This could have been because both private and public levels of debt were at historic highs in the U.S. and in many other countries . Real gross domestic product ( GDP ) began contracting in the third quarter of 2008 and did not return to growth until Q1 2010 . CBO estimated in February 2013 that real U.S. GDP remained only a little over 4.5 percent above its previous peak , or about $850 billion . CBO projected that GDP would not return to its potential level until 2017 . In 2009 the U.S GDP was at $14.4 trillion . By the final quarter of 2014 , the US GDP had grown by 18.6 % , equal to $17.7 trillion . Canada , the United States ' largest trading partner by then , had a GDP of $1.37 trillion in 2009 , but by 2014 reached $2 trillion , growing by over 31 % . Both countries now have the fastest growing economies within the G8 and G20 , and both countries have increased daily trade with each other from $1.5 Billion in 2011 , to $4 Billion in 2014 , equating to over $1.3 trillion in annual trade . The unemployment rate rose from 5 % in 2008 pre-crisis to 10 % by late 2009 , then steadily declined to 7.3 % by March 2013 . The number of unemployed rose from approximately 7 million in 2008 pre-crisis to 15 million by 2009 , then declined to 12 million by early 2013 . Residential private investment ( mainly housing ) fell from its 2006 pre-crisis peak of $800 billion , to $400 billion by mid-2009 and has remained depressed at that level . Non-residential investment ( mainly business purchases of capital equipment ) peaked at $1,700 billion in 2008 pre-crisis and fell to $1,300 billion in 2010 , but by early 2013 had nearly recovered to this peak . Housing prices fell approximately 30 % on average from their mid-2006 peak to mid-2009 and remained at approximately that level as of March 2013 . Stock market prices , as measured by the S&P 500 index , fell 57 % from their October 2007 peak of 1,565 to a trough of 676 in March 2009 . Stock prices began a steady climb thereafter and returned to record levels by April 2013 . The net worth of U.S. households and non-profit organisations fell from a peak of approximately $67 trillion in 2007 to a trough of $52 trillion in 2009 , a decline of $15 trillion or 22 % . It began to recover thereafter and was $66 trillion by Q3 2012 . U.S. total national debt rose from 66 % GDP in 2008 pre-crisis to over 103 % by the end of 2012 . For the majority , income levels have dropped substantially with the median male worker making $32,137 in 2010 , and an inflation - adjusted income of $32,844 in 1968 . The recession of 2007 -- 2009 is considered to be the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression and the subsequent economic recovery one of the weakest . The weak economic performance since 2000 has seen the percentage of working age adults actually employed drop from 64 % to 58 % ( a number last seen in 1984 ) , with most of that drop occurring since 2007 . Approximately 5.4 million people have been added to federal disability rolls as discouraged workers give up looking for work and take advantage of the federal program . The United States has seen an increasing concentration of wealth to the detriment of the middle class and the poor with the younger generations being especially affected . The middle class dropped from 61 % of the population in 1971 to 51 % in 2011 as the upper class increased its take of the national income from 29 % in 1970 to 46 % in 2010 . The share for the middle class dropped to 45 % , down from 62 % while total income for the poor dropped to 9 % from 10 % . Since the number of poor increased during this period the smaller piece of the pie ( down to 9 % from 10 % ) is spread over a greater portion of the population . The portion of national wealth owned by the middle class and poor has also dropped as their portion of the national income has dropped , making it more difficult to accumulate wealth . The younger generation , which would be just starting their wealth accumulation , has been the most hard hit . Those under 35 are 68 % less wealthy than they were in 1984 , while those over 55 are 10 % wealthier . Much of this concentration has happened since the start of the Great Recession . In 2009 , the wealthiest 20 % of households controlled 87.2 % of all wealth , up from 85.0 % in 2007 . The top 1 % controlled 35.6 % of all wealth , up from 34.6 % in 2007 . The share of the bottom 80 % fell from 15 % to 12.8 % , dropping 15 % . Inflation - adjusted median household income in the United States peaked in 1999 at $53,252 ( at the peak of the Internet stock bubble ) , dropped to $51,174 in 2004 , went up to 52,823 in 2007 ( at the peak of the housing bubble ) , and has since trended downward to $49,445 in 2010 . The last time median household income was at this level was in 1996 at $49,112 , indicating that the recession of the early 2000s and the 2008 -- 2012 global recession wiped out all middle class income gains for the last 15 years . This income drop has caused a dramatic rise in people living under the poverty level and has hit suburbia particularly hard . Between 2000 and 2010 , the number of suburban households below the poverty line increased by 53 percent , compared to a 23 percent increase in poor households in urban areas . A 2011 poll found that more than half of all Americans think the U.S. is still in recession or even depression , despite official data that shows a historically modest recovery . In 2013 the Census Bureau defined poverty rate decreased to roughly 14.5 % of the population . As late as 2014 , and early 2015 , a majority of Americans still believed that the nation remained in a recession . Such perceptions have been cited as a partial factor in the rise of Donald Trump as presidential candidate in 2016 , and later the 45th President of the United States . Effects on Europe ( edit ) Further information : European debt crisis and Austerity Public Debt to GDP Ratio for Selected European Countries - 2008 to 2011 . Source Data : Eurostat Relationship between fiscal tightening ( austerity ) in Eurozone countries with their GDP growth rate , 2008 -- 2012 The crisis in Europe generally progressed from banking system crises to sovereign debt crises , as many countries elected to bail out their banking systems using taxpayer money . Greece was different in that it faced large public debts rather than problems within its banking system . Several countries received bailout packages from the troika ( European Commission , European Central Bank , International Monetary Fund ) , which also implemented a series of emergency measures . Many European countries embarked on austerity programs , reducing their budget deficits relative to GDP from 2010 to 2011 . For example , according to the CIA World Factbook Greece improved its budget deficit from 10.4 % GDP in 2010 to 9.6 % in 2011 . Iceland , Italy , Ireland , Portugal , France , and Spain also improved their budget deficits from 2010 to 2011 relative to GDP . However , with the exception of Germany , each of these countries had public - debt - to - GDP ratios that increased ( i.e. , worsened ) from 2010 to 2011 , as indicated in the chart at right . Greece 's public - debt - to - GDP ratio increased from 143 % in 2010 to 165 % in 2011 to 185 % in 2014 . This indicates that despite improving budget deficits , GDP growth was not sufficient to support a decline ( improvement ) in the debt - to - GDP ratio for these countries during this period . Eurostat reported that the debt to GDP ratio for the 17 Euro area countries together was 70.1 % in 2008 , 79.9 % in 2009 , 85.3 % in 2010 , and 87.2 % in 2011 . According to the CIA World Factbook , from 2010 to 2011 , the unemployment rates in Spain , Greece , Italy , Ireland , Portugal , and the UK increased . France had no significant changes , while in Germany and Iceland the unemployment rate declined . Eurostat reported that Eurozone unemployment reached record levels in September 2012 at 11.6 % , up from 10.3 % the prior year . Unemployment varied significantly by country . Economist Martin Wolf analysed the relationship between cumulative GDP growth from 2008 - 2012 and total reduction in budget deficits due to austerity policies ( see chart at right ) in several European countries during April 2012 . He concluded that : `` In all , there is no evidence here that large fiscal contractions ( budget deficit reductions ) bring benefits to confidence and growth that offset the direct effects of the contractions . They bring exactly what one would expect : small contractions bring recessions and big contractions bring depressions . '' Changes in budget balances ( deficits or surpluses ) explained approximately 53 % of the change in GDP , according to the equation derived from the IMF data used in his analysis . Economist Paul Krugman analysed the relationship between GDP and reduction in budget deficits for several European countries in April 2012 and concluded that austerity was slowing growth , similar to Martin Wolf . He also wrote : `` ... this also implies that 1 euro of austerity yields only about 0.4 euros of reduced deficit , even in the short run . No wonder , then , that the whole austerity enterprise is spiraling into disaster . '' Britain 's decision to leave the European Union in 2016 has been partly attributed to the after - effects of the Great Recession on the country . Countries that avoided recession ( edit ) Poland and Slovakia are the only two members of the European Union to have avoided a GDP recession during the years affected by the Great Recession . As of December 2009 , the Polish economy had not entered recession nor even contracted , while its IMF 2010 GDP growth forecast of 1.9 percent was expected to be upgraded . Analysts have identified several causes for the positive economic development in Poland : Extremely low levels of bank lending and a relatively very small mortgage market ; the relatively recent dismantling of EU trade barriers and the resulting surge in demand for Polish goods since 2004 ; Poland being the recipient of direct EU funding since 2004 ; lack of over-dependence on a single export sector ; a tradition of government fiscal responsibility ; a relatively large internal market ; the free - floating Polish zloty ; low labour costs attracting continued foreign direct investment ; economic difficulties at the start of the decade , which prompted austerity measures in advance of the world crisis . While India , Uzbekistan , China , and Iran experienced slowing growth , they did not enter recessions . South Korea narrowly avoided technical recession in the first quarter of 2009 . The International Energy Agency stated in mid September that South Korea could be the only large OECD country to avoid recession for the whole of 2009 . It was the only developed economy to expand in the first half of 2009 . Australia avoided a technical recession after experiencing only one quarter of negative growth in the fourth quarter of 2008 , with GDP returning to positive in the first quarter of 2009 . The financial crisis did not affect developing countries to a great extent . Experts see several reasons : Africa was not affected because it is not fully integrated in the world market . Latin America and Asia seemed better prepared , since they have experienced crises before . In Latin America , for example , banking laws and regulations are very stringent . Bruno Wenn of the German DEG suggests that Western countries could learn from these countries when it comes to regulations of financial markets . Timeline of effects ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Great Recession The table below displays all national recessions appearing in 2006 - 2013 ( for the 71 countries with available data ) , according to the common recession definition , saying that a recession occurred whenever seasonally adjusted real GDP contracts quarter on quarter , through minimum two consecutive quarters . Only 11 out of the 71 listed countries with quarterly GDP data ( Poland , Slovakia , Moldova , India , China , South Korea , Indonesia , Australia , Uruguay , Colombia and Bolivia ) escaped a recession in this time period . The few recessions appearing early in 2006 - 07 are commonly never associated to be part of the Great Recession , which is illustrated by the fact that only two countries ( Iceland and Jamaica ) were in recession in Q4 - 2007 . One year before the maximum , in Q1 - 2008 , only six countries were in recession ( Iceland , Sweden , Finland , Ireland , Portugal and New Zealand ) . The number of countries in recession was 25 in Q2 ‐ 2008 , 39 in Q3 ‐ 2008 and 53 in Q4 ‐ 2008 . At the steepest part of the Great Recession in Q1 ‐ 2009 , a total of 59 out of 71 countries were simultaneously in recession . The number of countries in recession was 37 in Q2 ‐ 2009 , 13 in Q3 ‐ 2009 and 11 in Q4 ‐ 2009 . One year after the maximum , in Q1 ‐ 2010 , only seven countries were in recession ( Greece , Croatia , Romania , Iceland , JamaicaVenezuela and Belize ) . The recession data for the overall G20 - zone ( representing 85 % of all GWP ) , depict that the Great Recession existed as a global recession throughout Q3 ‐ 2008 until Q1 ‐ 2009 . Subsequent follow - up recessions in 2010 ‐ 2013 were confined to Belize , El Salvador , Paraguay , Jamaica , Japan , Taiwan , New Zealand and 24 out of 50 European countries ( including Greece ) . As of October 2014 , only five out of the 71 countries with available quarterly data ( Cyprus , Italy , Croatia , Belize and El Salvador ) , were still in ongoing recessions . The many follow - up recessions hitting the European countries , are commonly referred to as being direct repercussions of the European sovereign ‐ debt crisis . Country Recession period ( s ) during 2006 ‐ 2013 ( measured by quarter - on - quarter changes of seasonally adjusted real GDP , as per the latest revised Q3 - 2013 data from 10 January 2014 ) Albania 2007 - Q1 Q1 - 2007 until Q2 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q3 - 2009 until Q4 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Q4 - 2011 until Q1 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Argentina 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q1 - 2012 until Q2 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Q3 - 2013 until Q3 - 2014 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2015 until Q3 - 2016 ( 15 months ) Australia None Austria 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q4 - 2011 ( 6 months ) Belgium 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q2 - 2012 until Q1 - 2013 ( 12 months ) Belize 2006 - Q1 Q1 - 2006 until Q2 - 2006 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2007 until Q3 - 2007 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Q4 - 2009 until Q1 - 2010 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2011 until Q2 - 2011 ( 6 months ) Q2 - 2013 until Ongoing ( 48 months ) Bolivia None Brazil 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2014 until Q4 - 2016 ( 36 months ) Bulgaria 2009 - Q1 Q1 - 2009 until Q2 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Canada 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Chile 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) China None Colombia None Costa Rica 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Croatia 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2010 ( 24 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q4 - 2012 ( 18 months ) Q2 - 2013 until Q2 2014 ( 15 months ) Cyprus 2009 - Q1 Q1 - 2009 until Q4 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q4 - 2014 ( 42 months ) Czech Republic 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2011 until Q1 - 2013 ( 18 months ) Denmark 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q4 - 2011 ( 6 months ) Q4 - 2012 until Q1 - 2013 ( 6 months ) Ecuador 2006 - Q4 Q4 - 2006 until Q1 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2009 until Q3 - 2009 ( 9 months ) El Salvador 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Estonia 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q3 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q1 - 2013 until Q2 - 2013 ( 6 months ) EU ( 28 member states ) 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q4 - 2011 until Q2 - 2012 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2012 until Q1 - 2013 ( 6 months ) Eurozone ( 17 member states ) 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q4 - 2011 until Q1 - 2013 ( 18 months ) Finland 2008 - Q1 Q1 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 18 months ) Q2 - 2012 until Q1 - 2015 ( 36 months ) France 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q4 - 2012 until Q1 - 2013 ( 6 months ) G20 ( 43 member states , PPP - weighted GDP ) 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Germany 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Greece 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2014 ( 63 months ) Q1 - 2015 until Q1 - 2017 ( 27 months ) Hong Kong 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Hungary 2007 - Q1 Q1 - 2007 until Q2 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q2 - 2008 until Q3 - 2009 ( 18 months ) Q2 - 2011 until Q3 - 2011 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2012 until Q4 - 2012 ( 12 months ) Iceland 2007 - Q4 Q4 - 2007 until Q2 - 2008 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Q3 - 2009 until Q2 - 2010 ( 12 months ) India None Indonesia None Ireland 2007 - Q2 Q2 - 2007 until Q3 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2008 until Q4 - 2009 ( 24 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q2 - 2013 ( 24 months ) Israel 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Italy 2007 - Q3 Q3 - 2007 until Q4 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q3 - 2013 ( 27 months ) Q1 - 2014 until Q4 - 2014 ( 12 months ) Jamaica 2007 - Q3 Q3 - 2007 until Q4 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q3 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2009 until Q2 - 2010 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2011 until Q1 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Q4 - 2012 until Q1 - 2013 ( 6 months ) Japan 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q4 - 2010 until Q2 - 2011 ( 9 months ) Q2 - 2012 until Q3 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Kazakhstan 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Latvia 2008 - Q2 Q1 - 2008 until Q3 - 2009 ( 18 months ) Q1 - 2010 until Q2 - 2010 ( 12 months ) Lithuania 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Luxembourg 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Macedonia 2009 - Q1 Q1 - 2009 until Q3 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q1 - 2012 until Q2 - 2012 ( 6 months ) ( not qoq - data , but quarters compared with same quarter of last year ) Q1 - 2012 until Q2 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Malaysia 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Malta 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Mexico 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Moldova None Netherlands 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q2 - 2011 until Q1 - 2012 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2012 until Q2 - 2013 ( 12 months ) New Zealand 2008 - Q1 Q1 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 18 months ) Q3 - 2010 until Q4 - 2010 ( 6 months ) Norway 2009 - Q1 Q1 - 2009 until Q2 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Q2 - 2010 until Q3 - 2010 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2011 until Q2 - 2011 ( 6 months ) OECD ( 34 member states , PPP - weighted GDP ) 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Paraguay 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q2 - 2011 until Q3 - 2011 ( 6 months ) Peru 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Philippines 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Poland None Portugal 2007 - Q2 Q2 - 2007 until Q3 - 2007 ( 6 months ) Q1 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q4 - 2010 until Q1 - 2013 ( 30 months ) Romania 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Q4 - 2009 until Q1 - 2010 ( 6 months ) Q4 - 2011 until Q1 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Russia 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q4 - 2014 until Q4 - 2016 ( 27 months ) Serbia 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Q2 - 2011 until Q1 - 2012 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2012 until Q4 - 2012 ( 6 months ) Singapore 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Slovakia None Slovenia 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q4 - 2013 ( 24 months ) South Africa 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) South Korea None Spain 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q4 - 2009 ( 21 months ) Q2 - 2011 until Q2 - 2013 ( 27 months ) Sweden 2008 - Q1 Q1 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 15 months ) Switzerland 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 9 months ) Taiwan 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2011 until Q4 - 2011 ( 6 months ) Thailand 2008 - Q4 Q4 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 6 months ) Turkey 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Ukraine 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Q3 - 2012 until Q4 - 2012 ( 6 months ) United Kingdom 2008 - Q2 Q2 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 15 months ) United States 2008 - Q3 Q3 - 2008 until Q2 - 2009 ( 12 months ) Uruguay None Venezuela 2009 - Q1 Q1 - 2009 until Q1 - 2010 ( 15 months ) Jump up ^ 105 out of the 206 sovereign countries in the World , did not publish any quarterly GDP data for the 2006 ‐ 2013 period . The following 21 countries were also excluded from the table , due to only publishing unadjusted quarterly real GDP figures with no seasonal adjustment : Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Brunei , Dominican Republic , Egypt , Georgia , Guatemala , Iran , Jordan , Macao , Montenegro , Morocco , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Palestine , Qatar , Rwanda , Sri Lanka , Trinidad and Tobago , Vietnam . ^ Jump up to : Only seasonally adjusted qoq - data can be used to accurately determine recession periods . When quarterly change is calculated by comparing quarters with the same quarter of last year , this results only in an aggregated - often delayed - indication , because of being a product of all quarterly changes taking place since the same quarter last year . Currently there is no seasonal adjusted qoq - data available for Greece and Macedonia , which is why the table display the recession intervals for these two countries only based upon the alternative indicative data format . Jump up ^ Bolivia had as of January 2014 only published seasonally adjusted real GDP data until Q1 - 2010 , with the statistics office still to publish data for 2010 - 13 . Jump up ^ According to the methodology note for the quarterly GDP of El Salvador , this data series include seasonally adjustments . Jump up ^ The G20 - zone represents 85 % of all GWP , and comprise 19 member states ( incl . UK , France , Germany and Italy ) along with the EU Commission as the 20th member , who represents the remaining 24 EU member states in the forum . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan had as of January 2014 only published seasonally adjusted real GDP data until Q4 - 2009 , with the statistics office still to publish data for 2010 - 13 . Jump up ^ Moldova had as of January 2014 only published seasonally adjusted real GDP data until Q4 - 2010 , with the statistics office still to publish data for 2011 - 13 . Country specific details about recession timelines ( edit ) Iceland fell into an economic depression in 2008 following the collapse of its banking system ( see 2008 -- 2011 Icelandic financial crisis ) . By mid-2012 Iceland is regarded as one of Europe 's recovery success stories largely as a result of a currency devaluation that has effectively reduced wages by 50 % -- making exports more competitive . The following countries had a recession already starting in the first quarter of 2008 : Latvia , Ireland , New Zealand , and Sweden . The following countries / territories had a recession starting in the second quarter of 2008 : Japan , Hong Kong , Singapore , Italy , Turkey , Germany , United Kingdom , the Eurozone , the European Union , and OECD . The following countries / territories had a recession starting in the third quarter of 2008 : United States , Spain , and Taiwan . The following countries / territories had a recession starting in the fourth quarter of 2008 : Switzerland . South Korea `` miraculously '' avoided recession with GDP returning positive at a 0.1 % expansion in the first quarter of 2009 . Of the seven largest economies in the world by GDP , only China avoided a recession in 2008 . In the year to the third quarter of 2008 China grew by 9 % . Until recently Chinese officials considered 8 % GDP growth to be required simply to create enough jobs for rural people moving to urban centres . This figure may more accurately be considered to be 5 -- 7 % now that the main growth in working population is receding . Ukraine went into technical depression in January 2009 with a GDP growth of − 20 % , when comparing on a monthly basis with the GDP level in January 2008 . Overall the Ukrainian real GDP fell 14.8 % when comparing the entire part of 2009 with 2008 . When measured quarter - on - quarter by changes of seasonally adjusted real GDP , Ukraine was more precisely in recession / depression throughout the four quarters from Q2 - 2008 until Q1 - 2009 ( with respective qoq - changes of : - 0.1 % , - 0.5 % , - 9.3 % , - 10.3 % ) , and the two quarters from Q3 - 2012 until Q4 - 2012 ( with respective qoq - changes of : - 1.5 % and - 0.8 % ) . Japan was in recovery in the middle of the decade 2000s but slipped back into recession and deflation in 2008 . The recession in Japan intensified in the fourth quarter of 2008 with a GDP growth of − 12.7 % , and deepened further in the first quarter of 2009 with a GDP growth of − 15.2 % . Political instability related to the economic crisis ( edit ) On February 26 , 2009 , an Economic Intelligence Briefing was added to the daily intelligence briefings prepared for the President of the United States . This addition reflects the assessment of U.S. intelligence agencies that the global financial crisis presents a serious threat to international stability . The anti-austerity movement in Spain , May 2011 Business Week stated in March 2009 that global political instability is rising fast because of the global financial crisis and is creating new challenges that need managing . The Associated Press reported in March 2009 that : United States `` Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair has said the economic weakness could lead to political instability in many developing nations . '' Even some developed countries are seeing political instability . NPR reports that David Gordon , a former intelligence officer who now leads research at the Eurasia Group , said : `` Many , if not most , of the big countries out there have room to accommodate economic downturns without having large - scale political instability if we 're in a recession of normal length . If you 're in a much longer - run downturn , then all bets are off . '' Political scientists have argued that the economic stasis triggered social churning that got expressed through protests on a variety of issues across the developing world . In Brazil , disaffected youth rallied against a minor bus - fare hike ; in Turkey , they agitated against the conversion of a park to a mall and in Israel , they protested against high rents in Tel Aviv . In all these cases , the ostensible immediate cause of the protest was amplified by the underlying social suffering induced by the great recession . In January 2009 , the government leaders of Iceland were forced to call elections two years early after the people of Iceland staged mass protests and clashed with the police because of the government 's handling of the economy . Hundreds of thousands protested in France against President Sarkozy 's economic policies . Prompted by the financial crisis in Latvia , the opposition and trade unions there organised a rally against the cabinet of premier Ivars Godmanis . The rally gathered some 10 -- 20 thousand people . In the evening the rally turned into a Riot . The crowd moved to the building of the parliament and attempted to force their way into it , but were repelled by the state 's police . In late February many Greeks took part in a massive general strike because of the economic situation and they shut down schools , airports , and many other services in Greece . Police and protesters clashed in Lithuania where people protesting the economic conditions were shot with rubber bullets . Communists and others rallied in Moscow to protest the Russian government 's economic plans . In addition to various levels of unrest in Europe , Asian countries have also seen various degrees of protest . Protests have also occurred in China as demands from the west for exports have been dramatically reduced and unemployment has increased . Beyond these initial protests , the protest movement has grown and continued in 2011 . In late 2011 , the Occupy Wall Street protest took place in the United States , spawning several offshoots that came to be known as the Occupy movement . In 2012 the economic difficulties in Spain increased support for secession movements . In Catalonia , support for the secession movement exceeded . On September 11 , a pro-independence march drew a crowd that police estimated at 1.5 million . Policy responses ( edit ) Main article : National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession See also : 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence The financial phase of the crisis led to emergency interventions in many national financial systems . As the crisis developed into genuine recession in many major economies , economic stimulus meant to revive economic growth became the most common policy tool . After having implemented rescue plans for the banking system , major developed and emerging countries announced plans to relieve their economies . In particular , economic stimulus plans were announced in China , the United States , and the European Union . In the final quarter of 2008 , the financial crisis saw the G - 20 group of major economies assume a new significance as a focus of economic and financial crisis management . United States policy responses ( edit ) Main article : United States policy responses to the Great Recession Federal Reserve Holdings of Treasury and Mortgage - Backed Securities The Federal Reserve , Treasury , and Securities and Exchange Commission took several steps on September 19 , 2008 to intervene in the crisis . To stop the potential run on money market mutual funds , the Treasury also announced on September 19 , 2008 a new $50 billion program to insure the investments , similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) program . Part of the announcements included temporary exceptions to section 23A and 23B ( Regulation W ) , allowing financial groups to more easily share funds within their group . The exceptions would expire on January 30 , 2009 , unless extended by the Federal Reserve Board . The Securities and Exchange Commission announced termination of short - selling of 799 financial stocks , as well as action against naked short selling , as part of its reaction to the mortgage crisis . In May 2013 as the stock market was hitting record highs and the housing and employment markets were improving slightly the prospect of the Federal Reserve beginning to decrease its economic stimulus activities began to enter the projections of investment analysts and affected global markets . Asia - pacific policy responses ( edit ) On September 15 , 2008 , China cut its interest rate for the first time since 2002 . Indonesia reduced its overnight rate , at which commercial banks can borrow overnight funds from the central bank , by two percentage points to 10.25 percent . The Reserve Bank of Australia injected nearly $1.5 billion into the banking system , nearly three times as much as the market 's estimated requirement . The Reserve Bank of India added almost $1.32 billion , through a refinance operation , its biggest in at least a month . On November 9 , 2008 , the Chinese economic stimulus program , a RMB ¥ 4 trillion ( $586 billion ) stimulus package , was announced by the central government of the People 's Republic of China in its biggest move to stop the global financial crisis from hitting the world 's second largest economy . A statement on the government 's website said the State Council had approved a plan to invest 4 trillion yuan ( $586 billion ) in infrastructure and social welfare by the end of 2010 . The stimulus package was invested in key areas such as housing , rural infrastructure , transportation , health and education , environment , industry , disaster rebuilding , income - building , tax cuts , and finance . China 's export driven economy is starting to feel the impact of the economic slowdown in the United States and Europe , and the government has already cut key interest rates three times in less than two months in a bid to spur economic expansion . On November 28 , 2008 , the Ministry of Finance of the People 's Republic of China and the State Administration of Taxation jointly announced a rise in export tax rebate rates on some labour - intensive goods . These additional tax rebates will take place on December 1 , 2008 . The stimulus package was welcomed by world leaders and analysts as larger than expected and a sign that by boosting its own economy , China is helping to stabilise the global economy . News of the announcement of the stimulus package sent markets up across the world . However , Marc Faber claimed that he thought China was still in recession on January 16 . In Taiwan , the central bank on September 16 , 2008 , said it would cut its required reserve ratios for the first time in eight years . The central bank added $3.59 billion into the foreign - currency interbank market the same day . Bank of Japan pumped $29.3 billion into the financial system on September 17 , 2008 , and the Reserve Bank of Australia added $3.45 billion the same day . In developing and emerging economies , responses to the global crisis mainly consisted in low - rates monetary policy ( Asia and the Middle East mainly ) coupled with the depreciation of the currency against the dollar . There were also stimulus plans in some Asian countries , in the Middle East and in Argentina . In Asia , plans generally amounted to 1 to 3 % of GDP , with the notable exception of China , which announced a plan accounting for 16 % of GDP ( 6 % of GDP per year ) . European policy responses ( edit ) Until September 2008 , European policy measures were limited to a small number of countries ( Spain and Italy ) . In both countries , the measures were dedicated to households ( tax rebates ) reform of the taxation system to support specific sectors such as housing . The European Commission proposed a € 200 billion stimulus plan to be implemented at the European level by the countries . At the beginning of 2009 , the UK and Spain completed their initial plans , while Germany announced a new plan . On September 29 , 2008 , the Belgian , Luxembourg and Dutch authorities partially nationalised Fortis . The German government bailed out Hypo Real Estate . On October 8 , 2008 , the British Government announced a bank rescue package of around £ 500 billion ( $850 billion at the time ) . The plan comprises three parts . The first £ 200 billion would be made in regard to the banks in liquidity stack . The second part will consist of the state government increasing the capital market within the banks . Along with this , £ 50 billion will be made available if the banks needed it , finally the government will write off any eligible lending between the British banks with a limit to £ 250 billion . In early December 2008 , German Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück indicated a lack of belief in a `` Great Rescue Plan '' and reluctance to spend more money addressing the crisis . In March 2009 , The European Union Presidency confirmed that the EU was at the time strongly resisting the US pressure to increase European budget deficits . From 2010 , the United Kingdom began a fiscal consolidation program to reduce debt and deficit levels while at the same time stimulating economic recovery . Other European countries also began fiscal consolidation with similar aims . Global responses ( edit ) Bank bailouts in the United Kingdom and in the United States in proportion to their GDPs . Most political responses to the economic and financial crisis has been taken , as seen above , by individual nations . Some coordination took place at the European level , but the need to cooperate at the global level has led leaders to activate the G - 20 major economies entity . A first summit dedicated to the crisis took place , at the Heads of state level in November 2008 ( 2008 G - 20 Washington summit ) . The G - 20 countries met in a summit held on November 2008 in Washington to address the economic crisis . Apart from proposals on international financial regulation , they pledged to take measures to support their economy and to coordinate them , and refused any resort to protectionism . Another G - 20 summit was held in London on April 2009 . Finance ministers and central banks leaders of the G - 20 met in Horsham , England , on March to prepare the summit , and pledged to restore global growth as soon as possible . They decided to coordinate their actions and to stimulate demand and employment . They also pledged to fight against all forms of protectionism and to maintain trade and foreign investments . These actions will cost $1.1 tn . They also committed to maintain the supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising the banking system , and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans . As for central bankers , they pledged to maintain low - rates policies as long as necessary . Finally , the leaders decided to help emerging and developing countries , through a strengthening of the IMF . Policy recommendations ( edit ) IMF recommendation ( edit ) The IMF stated in September 2010 that the financial crisis would not end without a major decrease in unemployment as hundreds of millions of people were unemployed worldwide . The IMF urged governments to expand social safety nets and to generate job creation even as they are under pressure to cut spending . The IMF also encouraged governments to invest in skills training for the unemployed and even governments of countries , similar to that of Greece , with major debt risk to first focus on long - term economic recovery by creating jobs . Raising interest rates ( edit ) The Bank of Israel was the first to raise interest rates after the global recession began . It increased rates in August 2009 . On October 6 , 2009 , Australia became the first G20 country to raise its main interest rate , with the Reserve Bank of Australia moving rates up from 3.00 % to 3.25 % . The Norges Bank of Norway and the Reserve Bank of India raised interest rates in March 2010 . On November 2 , 2017 the Bank of England raised interest rates for the first time since March 2009 from 0.25 % to 0.5 % in an attempt to curb inflation . Comparisons with the Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression On April 17 , 2009 , the then head of the IMF Dominique Strauss - Kahn said that there was a chance that certain countries may not implement the proper policies to avoid feedback mechanisms that could eventually turn the recession into a depression . `` The free - fall in the global economy may be starting to abate , with a recovery emerging in 2010 , but this depends crucially on the right policies being adopted today . '' The IMF pointed out that unlike the Great Depression , this recession was synchronised by global integration of markets . Such synchronized recessions were explained to last longer than typical economic downturns and have slower recoveries . Olivier Blanchard , IMF Chief Economist , stated that the percentage of workers laid off for long stints has been rising with each downturn for decades but the figures have surged this time . `` Long - term unemployment is alarmingly high : in the United States , half the unemployed have been out of work for over six months , something we have not seen since the Great Depression . '' The IMF also stated that a link between rising inequality within Western economies and deflating demand may exist . The last time that the wealth gap reached such skewed extremes was in 1928 -- 1929 . See also ( edit ) Economics portal 2000s commodities boom Collateralized debt obligation Economic bubble Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Great Regression Savings and loan crisis Stock market crash Great Recession in the United States The Lost Decade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013 '' . Development Policy and Analysis Division of the UN secretariat . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations ( January 15 , 2013 ) . World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013 ( trade paperback ) ( 1st ed . ) . United Nations . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 9211091663 . The global economy continues to struggle with post-crisis adjustments ^ Jump up to : Davis , Bob ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` What 's a Global Recession ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook -- April 2009 : Crisis and Recovery '' ( PDF ) . Box 1.1 ( page 11 - 14 ) . IMF . April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions Archived September 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , NBER , accessed August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://economics.mit.edu/files/1801 Jump up ^ `` The Macroeconomics of Asset Shortages - ppt video online download '' . slideplayer.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , `` headword `` recession '' `` , Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary online . Jump up ^ Daniel Gross , The Recession Is ... Over ? , Newsweek , July 14 , 2009 . Mark Hulbert ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` It 's Dippy to Fret About a Double - Dip Recession '' . Jump up ^ V.I. Keilis - Borok et al. , Pattern of Macroeconomic Indicators Preceding the End of an American Economic Recession . Journal of Pattern Recognition Research , JPRR Vol. 3 ( 1 ) 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer confidence falls to 7 - month low The Bulletin '' . Bendbulletin.com . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ; Thee - Brenan , Megan ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Nation 's Mood at Lowest Level in Two Years , Poll Shows '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Mortimer B. ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` The National Debt Crisis Is an Existential Threat '' . Usnews.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoshie Furuhashi ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Dean Baker , `` Further House Price Declines in the United States '' `` . Mrzine.monthlyreview.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wingfield , Brian ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` The End Of The Great Recession ? Hardly '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Evans - Schaefer , Steve ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Street Rallies Around Official Recession End '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` G20 Members '' . G20.org . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quarterly National Accounts : Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP , change over previous quarter '' . Stats.oecd.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBER Makes It Official : Recession Started in December 2007 '' . The Wall Street Journal . December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wearden , Graeme ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Oil prices : George Soros warns that speculators could trigger stock market crash '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nouriel Roubini ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` A Global Breakdown Of The Recession In 2009 '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : `` NYT - Paul Krugman - Geithner : Does He Pass The Test ? '' . Nybooks.com . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 1 , 2008 ) . `` It 's official : Recession since Dec ' 07 '' . CNN Money . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office compares downturn to Great Depression Archived March 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... By David Lightman . McClatchy Washington Bureau . January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finch , Julia ( January 26 , 2009 ) . `` Twenty - five People at the Heart of the Meltdown '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Fighting Off Depression '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` IMF World Economic Outlook , April 2009 : `` Exit strategies will be needed to transition fiscal and monetary policies from extraordinary short - term support to sustainable medium - term frameworks . '' ( p. 38 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier Blanchard , the chief economist of the International Monetary Fund , `` is advising officials around the world to keep economic stimulus programs in place no longer than necessary to chart a path to sustainable growth . '' `` . Bloomberg.com . May 30 , 2005 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Kristin ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` U.S deficit poses potential systemic risk : Taylor '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Binyamin , Appelbaum ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent , Leaving Behind Everyone Else '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurtzleben , Danielle ( August 23 , 2014 ) . `` Middle class households ' wealth fell 35 percent from 2005 to 2011 '' . Vox.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Allen , Paddy ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Global recession -- where did all the money go ? '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Financial Crisis Inquiry Report - Conclusions - January 2011 '' . Fcic.law.stanford.edu . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FCIC - Final Report Dissent of Wallison - January 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of G20 '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Gorton - NBER and Yale - Slapped in the Face by the Invisible Hand : Banking and the Panic of 2007 - Updated May 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CEPR - Dean Baker - The Economics of the Great Recession - June 29 , 2014 '' . Cepr.net . June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Learned Macroeconomic Helplessness '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mian , Atif and , Sufi , Amir ( 2014 ) . House of Debt . University of Chicago . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 08194 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas ( 2009 ) . The Housing Boom and Bust . Basic Books . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01880 - 2 . Jump up ^ Guilford , Gwynn . `` House flippers triggered the US housing market crash , not poor subprime borrowers '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Wisman - Wage Stagnation , Rising Inequality and the Crisis of 2008 - Retrieved June 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IMF - Inequality , Leverage and Crises - Kumhoff and Ranciere - November 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stockhammer - Rising Inequality as a Cause of the Present Crisis - Amherst PERI-April 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking how the housing crisis happened '' . mitsloan.mit.edu . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist - Points of Light - July 14 , 2012 '' . Economist.com . July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPR - This American Life - The Giant Pool of Money - May 2008 '' . Thisamericanlife.org . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYT - Paul Krugman - European Crisis Realities - February 2012 '' . Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com . February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Simkovic , Competition and Crisis in Mortgage Securitization Jump up ^ Polleit , Thorsten ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Manipulating the Interest Rate : a Recipe for Disaster '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pettifor , Ann ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` America 's financial meltdown : lessons and prospects '' . openDemocracy . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Karlsson , Stefan ( November 8 , 2004 ) . `` America 's Unsustainable Boom '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Carmen M. ; Reinhart , Vincent R. ( September 2010 ) . `` After the Fall '' . NBER Working Paper No. 16334 . doi : 10.3386 / w16334 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The End of the Affair '' . Economist . October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Opinion - Block Those Economic Metaphors '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Martti Randveer ; Lenno Uusküla ; Liina Kulu . `` THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE DEBT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH '' . Eestipank.ee . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Both theoretical and empirical evidence show that recessions are steeper in countries with high levels of private debt and / or credit booms . '' and `` We find that a higher level of debt before a recession is correlated with smaller economic growth after the economic slowdown has finished . Jump up ^ Bianco , James ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Chart titled `` Anyone See Deleveraging ? '' `` . Ritholtz.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Ryan ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` How American Income Inequality Hit Levels Not Seen Since The Depression '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IMF - Report Extract Chapter 3 -- April 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McKinsey - Debt and deleveraging : The global credit bubble and its economic consequences - Updated - July 2011 '' . Mckinsey.com . March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dirk J Bezemer : `` No One Saw This Coming '' Understanding Financial Crisis Through Accounting Models , available via : MPRA Archived September 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , esp . p. 9 and appendix . Jump up ^ Columbia University Press , Rational Investing Book , Page 61 - 62 What Can Be Forecasted . Jump up ^ `` From the subprime to the terrigenous : Recession begins at home '' . Land Values Research Group . June 2 , 2009 . ( A survey of recessions or expected recessions in 40 countries , 33 of which arguably had property bubbles . ) Jump up ^ `` The end of Poland 's house price boom '' . Global Property Guide . August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real estate prices in Adriatic Coast up , Zagreb down '' . Global Property Guide . August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The good times are here again '' . Global Property Guide . February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Looming housing slump in China '' . Global Property Guide . September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Monica Davey ( December 25 , 2005 ) . `` 2005 : In a Word '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The global housing boom '' . The Economist . June 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Jurado , Kyle ; Ludvigson , Sydney C. ; Ng , Serena ( 2015 ) . `` Measuring Uncertainty '' . American Economic Review . 105 ( 3 ) : 1177 -- 1216 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20131193 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Emi ; Sergeyev , Dmitriy ; Steinsson , Jón ( 2015 ) . `` Growth - Rate and Uncertainty Shocks in Consumption : Cross-Country Evidence '' ( PDF ) . SSRN 2079921 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Wallison , `` Cause and Effect : Government Policies and the Financial Crisis '' , Washington , DC : American Enterprise Institute , November 2008 . Jump up ^ Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , Statement of Edward Pinto , December 9 , 2008 , 4 . ^ Jump up to : Peter J. Wallison ( January 2011 ) . `` Dissent from the Majority Report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph Fried , Who Really Drove the Economy Into the Ditch ? ( New York , NY : Algora Publishing , 2012 ) , 121 . Jump up ^ Graham Fisher ( June 29 , 2001 ) . `` Housing in the New Millennium : A Home without Equity Is Just a Rental with Debt '' . Ssrn.com . SSRN 1162456 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joseph Fried , Who Really Drove the Economy Into the Ditch ? ( New York , NY : Algora Publishing , 2012 ) , 148 . Jump up ^ Barry Ritholtz ( November 26 , 2011 ) . `` Examining the Big Lie '' . The Big Picture . Jump up ^ Paul Krugman ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Triumph of the Wrong '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Michael LewisPhotograph by Jonas Fredwall Karlsson . `` Vanity Fair - Michael Lewis - Betting the Blind Side - April 2010 '' . Vanityfair.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lanman , Scott ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg -- Senators Dodd & Shelby Demand Information '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Warning Frontline ^ Jump up to : Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera , All the Devils Are Here : The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis Portfolio , Penguin , 2010 , p. 104 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Anthony Faiola , Ellen Nakashima and Jill Drew ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` What Went Wrong '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2009 ) . The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 . W.W. Norton Company Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07101 - 6 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Opinion - Financial Reform 101 '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Labaton , Stephen ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Agency 's ' 04 Rule Let Banks Pile Up New Debt , and Risk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reported and Narrated by Stephen Labaton Produced by Amy O'Leary ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Day the S.E.C. Changed the Game -- The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Gorton - NBER and Yale - Slapped in the Face by the Invisible Hand : Banking and the Panic of 2007 - Updated May 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Batra , Ravi ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Weapons of Mass Exploitation ? '' . Truthout.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Batra , Ravi ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Ravi Batra interview '' . Thom Hartman 's radio show ( at 1 : 15 ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bjørnholt , Margunn ; McKay , Ailsa ( 2014 ) . `` Advances in Feminist Economics in Times of Economic Crisis '' . In Bjørnholt , Margunn ; McKay , Ailsa . Counting on Marilyn Waring : New Advances in Feminist Economics ( PDF ) . Demeter Press . pp. 7 -- 20 . ISBN 9781927335277 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Americans say U.S. in recession despite data : poll '' . Reuters. April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Wright ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` What If the Fiscal Cliff Is the Wrong Cliff ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Carmen M. ; Rogoff , Kenneth S. ( 2011 ) . `` From Financial Crash to Debt Crisis '' . American Economic Review . 101 ( 5 ) : 1676 -- 1706 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 101.5. 1676 . Jump up ^ Arellano , Cristina ; Kocherlakota , Narayana ( 2014 ) . `` Internal debt crises and sovereign defaults '' . Journal of Monetary Economics . 68 ( S ) : S68 -- S80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmoneco. 2014.03. 003 . Jump up ^ Anonymous . `` Debt - Reset Is Inevitable '' . Libertyloveandjusticeforall.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - Real GDP '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Budget and Economic Outlook for 2013 - 2023 '' . Cbo.gov . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - Unemployment Rate '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - Unemployed '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BEA - Gross Domestic Product Table 1.1. 5 - Interactive Data '' . Bea.gov . December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - S&P Case Shiller 20 - City Home Price Index '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - S&P 500 Index '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Database - U.S. Net Worth of Households and Non-Profit Organizations '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Graph : Federal Debt : Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product ( GFDEGDQ188S ) - FRED -- St. Louis Fed '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linkins , Jason ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` according to Table P - 5 of the Census report of ( Lack of ) Income , the median male is now worse on a gross , inflation adjusted basis , than he was in ... 1968 ! While back then , the median income of male workers was $32,844 , it has since declined to $32,137 as of 2010 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The United States went through its longest , and by most measures worst economic recession since the Great Depression between December 2007 and June 2009 '' . Cbpp.org. April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : U.S. Employment to Population ratio '' . Rwer.wordpress.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Merline , John ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` A record 5.4 million workers and their dependents have signed up to collect federal disability checks since President Obama took office , according to the latest official government data , as discouraged workers increasingly give up looking for jobs and take advantage of the federal program '' . News.investors.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Working America '' . Economic Policy Institute . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Decade of the Middle Class Pew Social & Demographic Trends '' . Pewresearch.org . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contributors ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Another Pew report shows that those ages 55 to 64 are 10 percent wealthier today , even after the Great Recession , than Americans of that age bracket were in 1984 . Those younger than 35 are 68 percent less wealthy than the same bracket was in 1984 '' . Businessinsider.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In 2009 , the wealthiest 20 % of households controlled 87.2 % of all wealth , up from 85.0 % in 2007 . The top 1 % controlled 35.6 % of all wealth , up from 34.6 % in 2007 '' . Epi.org . March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Median Household Income History in the United States '' . Davemanuel.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Your Money Contributors ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Between 2000 and 2010 , the number of suburban households below the poverty line increased by 53 percent , compared to a 23 percent increase in poor households in urban areas , according to a Brookings Institution analysis of census data '' . Businessinsider.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2013 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Kohut , Andrew ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Resurgent public optimism on the economy ? Do n't hold your breath '' . Fact Tank . Pew Research Center . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Blake , Aaron ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Americans think we 're in a recession . They 're wrong . But still ... '' Washington Post . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Blanton , Dana ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Fox News Poll : 64 percent say U.S. still in recession , yet 58 percent optimistic about economy '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gareth Evans ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` The rebels rise : How the Great Recession explains Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders 's success '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Carol Graham and Sergio Pinto ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Trump `` unhappiness '' effect nears the Great Recession for many `` . Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ Eric Schnurer ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Politics Are Not Recession - Proof '' . US News . Jump up ^ Ben Chu ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why did Trump win -- ' Whitelash ' or economic frustration ? '' . Independent . Jump up ^ Martin Sandbu ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Free Lunch : It 's still the economy , stupid '' . Financial Times . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Martin ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Impact of Fiscal Austerity in the Eurozone '' . Blogs.ft.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA World Factbook - Greece Example '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eurostat - Selected Principal European Economic Indicators Archived January 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Eurostat News Release - Euro indicators - 23 April 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Eurozone unemployment hits record high '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austerity And Growth , Again ( Wonkish ) '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruchir Sharma ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Globalisation as we know it is over -- and Brexit is the biggest sign yet '' . Independent . Jump up ^ Edward Alden ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` What Brexit Reveals About Rising Populism '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Jump up ^ Vesna Poljak ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Brexit ' just another chapter in the global financial crisis ' : UBS bond manager '' . Australian Financial Review . Jump up ^ Robert E. Scott ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Brexit : The end of globalization as we know it ? '' . Economic Policy Institute . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's election offers little respite for its woes : Brexit is both a cause and a symptom of the country 's troubles '' . The Economist . June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central Europe Risks Downgrades on Worsening Finances ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg.com . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zloty to Gain , Says LBBW , Most Accurate Forecaster ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg.com . October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Poland 's Economic Outlook May Be Raised by IMF , PAP Reports '' . Bloomberg.com . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` S Korea avoids entering recession '' . BBC . April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IEA :S Korea May Be Only Large OECD Country To Avoid Recession - WSJ.com '' . December 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zappone , Chris ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Australia dodges recession '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's economy shrank in last quarter of 2008 '' . Wotnews . March 2009 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruno Wenn ( January 2013 ) . `` Exceedingly high interest rates '' . dandc.eu . ^ Jump up to : `` GDP and main components - volumes : Percentage change on previous quarter ( seasonally adjusted , and adjusted by working days ) '' . Eurostat. 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albanian Real growth rate from one quarter to the previous quarter , seasonally adjusted ( Qt , i / Qt , i - 1 ) , ( 2005 = 100 ) '' ( XLS ) . INSTAT. 8 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Third Quarter GDP Times Series 2013 : Gross Domestic Product by Activity , Constant 2000 prices -- BZ $ million '' ( XLS ) . Statistical Institute of Belize. 18 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO TRIMESTRAL 2010 Primer Trimestre ( each chapter is packed into an overall rar file ) '' ( RAR + PDF ) . PIBtrimestral1r20104. pdf : Capítulo IV ( Ajuste Estacional y Extracción de Señales Por Actividad Económica ) - Cuadro N ° 04.01. 02 , BOLIVIA : VARIACIÓN CON RELACIÓN AL PERIODO ANTERIOR DE LA DESESTACIONALIZACIÓN DEL PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO POR ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA SEGÚN , TRIMESTRE , 1991 - 2010 ( En porcentaje ) ( in Spanish ) . Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia. 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) at 2005 Constant Prices by Area of Economic Activity - Seasonally Adjusted . Quarterly Since 2000 : Quarterly Percentage Change '' ( XLS ) . Banco de la República , Colombia . 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by branch of activity : By branches of economic activity at constant prices for 2005 deseasonalized series / 2000 - I a 2013 - III '' ( XLS ) . Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística ( DANE ) . 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product ( 1991 - 2013 , at 1991 constant prices ) : Original Series , Trend Cycle and Seasonally Adjusted Series '' . Banco Central de Costa Rica . 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cuentas Nacionales Trimestrales del Ecuador No. 65 ( Enero 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cuadro No 1 : Oferta - Utilizacion de bienes y servicios , variacion trimestral , tasas de t / t - 1 , dolares constantes de 2000 , P.I.B. ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Ecuador. 27 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Estadisticas Macroecomicas - Presentacion Coyuntural ( Diciembre 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO , PIB , ( Precios constantes de 2007 , datos desestacionalizados , Tasas de variación , Variación t / t - 1 ) ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Ecuador. 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Estadisticas Macroecomicas - Presentacion Coyuntural ( Diciembre 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO - PIB , Precios constantes de 2007 , Tasas de variación , Variación t / t - 1 ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Ecuador. 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1 - Base de Datos Económica - Financiera > IV. 7 Producto Interno Bruto Trimestral ( PIBt ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boletín Económico : Metodología Producto Interno Bruto Trimestral , Base 1990 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . 27 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` G20 Members '' . G20.org . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Table Customization : Seasonally adjusted GDP and selected expenditure components - percentage changes in real terms over the preceding quarter '' . Census and Statistics Department ( Hong Kong ) . 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamaican Economic Statistics : National Accounts : Quarterly Rate of Growth of Value Added GDP by Industry at Constant 2007 Prices ( Seasonally Adjusted ) '' . Statistical Institute of Jamaica . 31 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDP by the production method : Basic indexes - GDP allowing for seasonal fluctuations '' ( DOC ) . The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table : Gross Domestic Product by production approach , by NKD Rev. 1 , by quarters ( volume indices , compared to the corresponding period of the previous year , % ) '' . MAK Stat Database . State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product 2013 second quarter , seasonal adjustment '' ( PDF ) . Table 1B : Seasonally Adjusted GDP at constant 2005 prices - Percentage Change from Preceding Quarter . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Gross Domestic Product 2013 third quarter '' ( PDF ) . Chart 3 and Table 6B : Seasonally Adjusted GDP at constant 2005 prices - Percentage Change from Preceding Quarter . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . 15 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Databank table : Seasonally adjustments of Gross Domestic Product and of main elements of use , average prices of 2000 , 1995 - 2010 '' . National Bureau Of Statistics of the Rublic Of Moldova. 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CUENTAS NACIONALES DE PARAGUAY - TERCER TRIMESTRE 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Anexo : Tasas de variacion - PIB desestacionalizado ( t / t - 1 ) ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Paraguay. 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Informe Técnico - PBI Trimestral No 04 Noviembre 2013 : Comportamiento de la Economía Peruana en el Tercer Trimestre de 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Anexo No 4 : SERIE DESESTACIONALIZADA POR TIPO DE GASTO , 2002_I - 2013_III ( Variación porcentual trimestral del Índice de Volumen Físico respecto al trimestre anterior , Valores a precios constantes de 1994 ) ( in Spanish ) . Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática ( INEI ) . 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Quarter 2013 National Accounts of the Philippines ( multiple files packed as a rar file ) '' ( RAR ) . 3Q2013_SANA_PUB. XLS ( page 3 ) : Summary Table 1 - SEASONALLY ADJUSTED NATIONAL ACCOUNTS SERIES at Constant 2000 Prices : Quarter to quarter in million Pesos ( First Quarter 1998 to Third Quarter 2013 ) . National Statistical Coordination Board . 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The seasonally adjusted national accounts of the Philippines ( Third Quarter 2013 ) : SEASONALLY ADJUSTED NATIONAL ACCOUNTS SERIES at Constant 2000 Prices : Quarter to quarter growth rates ( First Quarter 1998 to Third Quarter 2013 ) '' . National Statistical Coordination Board . 28 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quarterly gross domestic product by production approach , at constant prices , seasonally adjusted data , of the Republic of Serbia '' . Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ SingStat Time Series ( access to database require payment subscription ) Jump up ^ `` Statistical Tables from Economic Survey of Singapore ( Fourth Quarter 2008 ) : GDP by Industry at 2000 prices , Seasonally Adjusted '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Singapore . 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Tables from Economic Survey of Singapore ( Fourth Quarter 2010 ) : GDP by Industry at 2005 prices , Seasonally Adjusted '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Singapore . 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Tables from Economic Survey of Singapore ( Third Quarter 2013 ) : GDP by Industry at 2005 prices , Seasonally Adjusted '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Singapore . 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SingStat Table Builder : National Accounts : M013362 - Gross Domestic Product At 2005 Market Prices , By Industry , Quarterly , ( SA ) ( Period on Period ) '' . Statistics Singapore . 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.24ur.com/novice/gospodarstvo/recesije-je-konec-bruselj-nam-napoveduje-rast.html Jump up ^ http://www.sloveniatimes.com/light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-slovenia-technically-out-of-recession ^ Jump up to : `` Macro database : GDP by Expenditures - Seasonally Adjusted ( Quarterly , at 2006 prices , 1981 - 2013 ) '' . National Statistics - Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product 1993 until Q3 / 2013 : Table 6.1 - Gross National Product and GDP at 1988 Prices ( Seasonally Adjusted ) q-o-q Growth Rate '' ( XLS ) . Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board ( Thailand ) . 18 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quarterly gross domestic product estimates of Ukraine for 2001 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Seasonally Adjustment of gross domestic product at constant prices of 2007 ( Table 5.1 - Gross Domestic Product , page 99 ) . State Statistics Service Of Ukraine . 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ЕКСПРЕС - ВИПУСК : ВАЛОВИЙ ВНУТРІШНІЙ ПРОДУКТ УКРАЇНИ ЗА 1 КВАРТАЛ - 4 КВАРТАЛ 2012 РОКУ - ВАЛОВИЙ ВНУТРІШНІЙ ПРОДУКТ ВИРОБНИЧИМ МЕТОДОМ ( RAPID RELEASE : GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF UKRAINE Q1 - Q4 2012 - Gross domestic product production methods ) '' ( Zip PDF ) ( in Ukrainian ) . State Statistics Service Of Ukraine . 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ЕКСПРЕС - ВИПУСК : ВАЛОВИЙ ВНУТРІШНІЙ ПРОДУКТ УКРАЇНИ ЗА 1 КВАРТАЛ - 4 КВАРТАЛ 2013 РОКУ - ВАЛОВИЙ ВНУТРІШНІЙ ПРОДУКТ ВИРОБНИЧИМ МЕТОДОМ ( RAPID RELEASE : GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF UKRAINE Q1 - Q4 2013 - Gross domestic product production methods ) '' ( Zip PDF ) ( in Ukrainian ) . State Statistics Service Of Ukraine . 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product Quarter on Quarter growth '' . Office for National Statistics . 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Informe Trimestral de Cuentas Nacionales : Julio -- Setiembre 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Uruguay. 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGREGADOS_MACROECONÓMICOS : PIB Desestacionalizado . Base 1997 ( Trimestral ) '' ( XLS ) ( in Spanish ) . 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Forelle ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` In European Crisis , Iceland Emerges as an Island of Recovery '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Latvia '' . Oxford Economic Country Briefings . Findarticles.com . September 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans - Pritchard , Ambrose ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Ireland leads eurozone into recession '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand falls into recession '' . BBC News . September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HIGHLIGHTS : Crisis sends Japan into first recession in 7 years '' . TOKYO : Reuters . November 17 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HK shares may fall ; exporters may drop '' . HONG KONG : Reuters . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunkley , Jamie ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Singapore slides into recession '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OECD area GDP down 0.1 % in the third quarter of 2008 '' ( PDF ) . OECD . November 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fitzgibbons , Patrick ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` TOPWRAP 10 - Germany , China , US feel pain of global downturn '' . NEW YORK : Reuters . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Strupczewski , Jan ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Euro zone in recession , December rate cut expected '' . BRUSSELS : Reuters.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's economy enters recession '' . BBC News . January 28 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan in recession as economy contracts record 8.36 pct '' . TAIPEI ( AFP ) . February 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SECO -- Gross Domestic Product in Q2 2009 '' . Seco.admin.ch . November 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In - Soo Nam ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` South Korea Economy Avoids Recession , Grows 0.1 % - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reflating the dragon '' . Beijing : The Economist . November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Bank estimate : Ukraine GDP down 20 percent in January '' . Kyiv Post . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Global Finance Magazine '' . Gfmag.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian recession data '' `` Quarterly gross domestic product estimates of Ukraine for 2001 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Seasonal Adjustment of gross domestic product at constant prices of 2007 ( Table 5.1 - Gross Domestic Product , page 99 ) . State Statistics Service Of Ukraine . August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alford , Peter ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Japan headed for longest , deepest post-war recession '' . The Australian . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese GDP falls at biggest rate since 1955 - World business - msnbc.com '' . MSNBC . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CIA Adds Economy To Threat Updates White House Given First Daily Briefing '' article by Joby Warrick , Washington Post Staff Writer , Thursday , February 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Jack Ewing ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Economic Woes Raising Global Political Risk '' . Business Week . Jump up ^ `` Experts : Financial crisis threatens US security '' . Politico . Associated Press . March 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Iceland protest ends in clashes '' . BBC News . November 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NPR article `` Economic Crisis Poses Threat To Global Stability '' by Tom Gjelten Jump up ^ Romero , Simon . `` Bus - fare protests hit Brazil 's two biggest cities '' , The New York Times , June 2013 . Jump up ^ Letsch , Constanze . `` Turkey protests spread after violence in Istanbul over park demolition '' , The Guardian , May 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , David . `` The New York Times -- Breaking News , World News & Multimedia '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltezou , Renee ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Greeks shut airports , services to protest economy '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Megan K. Stack ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Protests spread in Europe amid economic crisis '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , David . `` The New York Times -- Breaking News , World News & Multimedia '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian Traynor , Europe editor ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Governments across Europe tremble as effects of global recession prompt angry people to take to the streets '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Abend , Lisa ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Barcelona Warns Madrid : Pay Up , or Catalonia Leaves Spain '' . TIME . `` A pro-independence march pulled in a crowd estimated by city police at 1.5 million . '' . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EU Proposes € 200 Billion Stimulus Plan '' . Businessweek . November 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gullapalli , Diya and Anand , Shefali . `` Bailout of Money Funds Seems to Stanch Outflow '' , The Wall Street Journal , September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bull , Alister . `` Fed says to make loans to aid money market funds '' , Reuters , September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) FRB : Board Approves Two Interim Final Rules , Federal Reserve Bank , September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boak , Joshua ( Chicago Tribune ) . `` SEC temporarily suspends short selling '' , San Jose Mercury News , September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Housing and Jobs Data Suggest Steady Growth '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Popper ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Fed Fears Shake Global Markets but Fade on Wall St '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian central banks spend billions to prevent crash '' . International Herald Tribune . September 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese pharmaceutical exporters to benefit from latest tax rebates increases '' . Asia Manufacturing Pharma . December 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Rescues Hypo Real Estate '' . Deutsche Welle . October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Brown should say ' sorry ' '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` It Does n't Exist ! '' . Newsweek.com . December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Waterfield , Bruno ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` EU resists deficits '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cutting the deficit : three years down , five to go ? '' . The Institute for Fiscal Studies . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU fiscal consolidation after the financial crisis : Lessons from past experiences '' . VOX CEPR 's Policy Portal . October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` G20 leaders seal tn global deal '' . BBC News . April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alderman , Liz ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` I.M.F. Calls for Countries to Focus on Jobs '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel rate cut suggests more emerging market cuts -- Emerging Markets Report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia raises interest rates '' . BBC News . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Central Bank Raises Interest Rates '' . The New York Times . March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ambrose ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` IMF warns over parallels to Great Depression '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IMF fears ' social explosion ' from world jobs crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Coffee , John C. ( 2009 ) . `` What Went Wrong ? An Initial Inquiry Into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis '' . Journal of Corporate Law Studies . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1080 / 14735970.2009. 11421533 . Duménil , Gérard ; Lévy , Dominique ( 2013 ) . The Crisis of Neoliberalism ( Reprint ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07224 - 4 . Fried , Joseph ( 2012 ) . Who Really Drove the Economy into the Ditch ? . New York : Algora Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 942 - 1 . Lo , Andrew W. ( 2012 ) . `` Reading About the Financial Crisis : A Twenty - One - Book Review '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 50 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 178 . JSTOR 23269975 . Paulson , Hank ( 2010 ) . On the Brink : Inside the Race to Stop the Collapse of the Global Financial System . London : Headline . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 6054 - 3 . Read , Colin ( 2009 ) . Global Financial Meltdown : How We Can Avoid the Next Economic Crisis . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22218 - 2 . Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 ( 2nd ed . ) . Scarecrow Press . Stein , Howard ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Neoliberal Policy Paradigm and the Great Recession '' ( PDF ) . Panoeconomicus. 59 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 440 . doi : 10.2298 / PAN1204421S . Woods , Thomas E. ( 2009 ) . Meltdown : A Free - Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed , the Economy Tanked , and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse . Washington , DC : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 587 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic crisis from 2007 . Wikinews has related news : Canadian dollar reaches parity with US dollar Fears grow about U.S. dollar stability Worldwide markets fall precipitously Wikiversity has learning resources about Great Recession at 2008 global economic crisis Wikiquote has quotations related to : Great Recession Assessing the Costs and Consequences of the 2007 -- 09 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath , September 2013 , Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Tracking the Global Recession accurate and useful information from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , `` What Caused the Crisis '' , collection of papers Global Outlook , Uri Dadush , `` International Economics Bulletin '' , June 2009 . Global Recession ongoing coverage from BBC News Global Recession ongoing coverage from The Guardian ILO Job Crisis Observatory Financial Transmission of the Crisis : What 's the Lesson ? Shimelse Ali , Uri Dadush , Lauren Falcao , `` International Economics Bulletin , June 2009 . A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics : Kondratieff Waves , Kuznets Swings , Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development , and the 2008 -- 2009 Economic Crisis . The Second Wave of the Global Crisis ? On mathematical analyses of some dynamic series Recession ' link ' with over 10,000 suicides in the West . University of Oxford , June 2014 . ( hide ) Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association Irish Bank Resolution Corporation National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responses Banking and finance stability and reform Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget , 2009 Irish budget , 2010 Irish budget , 2011 Irish budget , 2012 Irish budget , 2013 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest - rate policy Government interventions , rescues , and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage - backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests ( United States ; c. 2009 ) May Day protests ( Europe , Middle East and North Africa , Asia ; 2009 ) Occupy movement ( worldwide ) Related topics 2000s energy crisis Central Asia : 2008 Effects on museums Decline of newspapers World food price crisis European debt crisis Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 List of countries by public debt U.S. subprime mortgage crisis Background / timeline Background information Impact timeline Causes United States housing bubble / housing market correction Role of credit rating agencies Government policies Impacts Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Great Recession Writedowns Indirect economic effects Responses Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Acquired or bankrupt banks in the late 2000s financial crisis Capital Assistance Program Capital Purchase Program Federal Reserve responses Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Government intervention Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan Hope Now Alliance Loan modification Public -- Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets Regulatory responses Primary Dealer Credit Facility 2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program Tea Party protests Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program Wall Street reform Related topics Error accounts Financial position of the United States Foreclosure rescue scheme Property derivatives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Recession&oldid=842730415 '' Categories : Great Recession 2000s economic history 2010s economic history World economy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Лакку Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 09 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the last recession began and end	[ "The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country.[1][2] In terms of overall impact, the International Monetary Fund concluded that it was the worst global recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s.[3][4] The causes of the recession largely originated in the United States, particularly the real-estate market, though policies of other nations contributed as well. According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (the official arbiter of U.S. recessions) the recession, as experienced in that country, began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, thus extending over 19 months.[5] The Great Recession was related to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and U.S. subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–09. The Great Recession resulted in the scarcity of valuable assets in the market economy and the collapse of the financial sector (banks) in the world economy. The banks were then bailed out by the U.S. government.[6][7]" ]	[ "began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009" ]
-25662830336641047	Leaving on a Jet Plane	Leaving on a Jet Plane - wikipedia Leaving on a Jet Plane `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Single by Peter , Paul and Mary from the album Album 1700 B - side `` The House Song '' Released October 1969 Format 7 '' Genre Folk Length 3 : 27 Label Warner Bros. - Seven Arts 7340 Songwriter ( s ) John Denver Producer ( s ) Milt Okun Peter , Paul and Mary singles chronology `` Day Is Done '' ( 1969 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' ( 1969 ) `` The Marvelous Toy '' ( 1969 ) `` Day Is Done '' ( 1969 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' ( 1969 ) `` The Marvelous Toy '' ( 1969 ) `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' is a song written by John Denver in 1966 and most famously recorded by Peter , Paul and Mary . The original title of the song was `` Babe , I Hate to Go '' , as featured on his 1966 studio album John Denver Sings , but Denver 's then producer Milt Okun convinced him to change the title . Peter , Paul and Mary recorded the song for their 1967 Album 1700 but only released it as a single in 1969 . It turned out to be Peter , Paul and Mary 's biggest ( and final ) hit , becoming their only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . The song also spent three weeks atop the easy listening chart and was used in commercials for United Airlines in the late 1960s and early 1970s . The song also topped the charts in Canada , and reached No. 2 in both the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart in February 1970 . In 1969 , John Denver recorded a version of the song for his debut solo album , Rhymes & Reasons , and re-recorded it in 1973 for John Denver 's Greatest Hits . His version was featured in the end credits of The Guard . Contents 1 Lawsuit 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Lawsuit ( edit ) In the 1980s the song prompted litigation involving the British group New Order . The band 's single `` Run 2 '' ( 1989 ) was the subject of a lawsuit brought by Denver , who argued that its wordless guitar break was based on his `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' . An out - of - court settlement ensured that the song would never be re-released in its original form . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 -- 70 ) Peak position Australia KMR 30 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 6 UK US Billboard Hot 100 US Easy Listening ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 50 Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Denver Dies in Plane Crash '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Amy Willis ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Peter , Paul and Mary : Career timeline '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` New Order : Singles : Run 2 '' . Niagara.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 05 at Archive.is Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , December 13 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Leaving on a Jet Plane '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- March 1989 '' . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19691220.html Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 ( Based on Billboard Charts ) `` , Billboard , December 27 , 1969 . pp. 16 - 17 . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . External links ( edit ) Review of `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics John Denver Studio albums John Denver Sings Rhymes & Reasons Take Me to Tomorrow Whose Garden Was This Poems , Prayers & Promises Aerie Rocky Mountain High Farewell Andromeda Back Home Again Windsong Spirit I Want to Live John Denver Autograph Some Days Are Diamonds Seasons of the Heart It 's About Time Dreamland Express One World Higher Ground Earth Songs The Flower That Shattered the Stone Different Directions Love Again All Aboard ! Live albums An Evening with John Denver Live in London Live at the Sydney Opera House The Wildlife Concert The Best of John Denver Live Sing Australia Christmas in Concert The Harbor Lights Concert Live in the U.S.S.R. Live at Cedar Rapids Specialty albums Rocky Mountain Christmas A Christmas Together Rocky Mountain Holiday Christmas , Like a Lullaby Forever , John Compilation albums John Denver 's Greatest Hits John Denver 's Greatest Hits Volume 2 John Denver 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Very Best of John Denver John Denver : A Portrait The John Denver Collection Something to Sing About 16 Biggest Hits Tribute albums The Music Is You : A Tribute to John Denver Singles `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' `` Rocky Mountain High '' `` Sunshine on My Shoulders '' `` Annie 's Song '' `` Back Home Again '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` Calypso '' `` Fly Away '' `` Looking for Space '' `` Like a Sad Song '' `` Some Days Are Diamonds ( Some Days Are Stone ) '' `` The Cowboy and the Lady '' `` Perhaps Love '' `` Shanghai Breezes '' `` Dreamland Express '' `` And So It Goes '' Related articles Discography Filmography Perhaps Love `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Peter , Paul and Mary Peter Yarrow Paul Stookey Mary Travers Studio albums Peter , Paul and Mary Moving In the Wind A Song Will Rise See What Tomorrow Brings The Peter , Paul and Mary Album Album 1700 Late Again Peter , Paul and Mommy No Easy Walk to Freedom In These Times Compilation albums The Best of Peter , Paul and Mary : Ten Years Together Songs of Conscience and Concern Live albums In Concert Peter , Paul & Mommy , Too Singles `` Lemon Tree '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` Puff , the Magic Dragon '' `` 500 Miles '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Stewball '' `` Tell It on the Mountain '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' `` When the Ship Comes In '' `` San Francisco Bay Blues '' `` Early Morning Rain '' `` I Dig Rock and Roll Music '' `` Too Much of Nothing '' `` Day Is Done '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Other songs `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` And When I Die '' `` El Salvador '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' `` Light One Candle '' Oliver Studio albums Good Morning Starshine Again The Best of Oliver Prisms Singles `` Good Morning Starshine '' `` Jean '' `` Sunday Mornin ' '' Cover Songs `` Both Sides Now '' `` If You Go Away '' `` In My Life '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` The Twelfth of Never '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Where Is Love ? '' Chantal Kreviazuk Production discography Studio albums Under These Rocks and Stones ( 1997 ) Colour Moving and Still ( 1999 ) What If It All Means Something ( 2002 ) Ghost Stories ( 2006 ) Plain Jane ( 2009 ) Hard Sail ( 2016 ) Compilation albums Since We Met : The Best of 1996 -- 2006 ( 2008 ) Singles `` Surrounded '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' `` Feels Like Home '' `` Before You '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Invincible '' `` Into Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaving_on_a_Jet_Plane&oldid=858840553 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1969 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by John Denver John Denver songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs about aviation Song recordings produced by Milt Okun Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Sicilianu Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 23 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song i'm leaving on a jet plane	[ "\"Leaving on a Jet Plane\" is a song written by John Denver[1] in 1966 and most famously recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary. The original title of the song was \"Babe, I Hate to Go\", as featured on his 1966 studio album John Denver Sings, but Denver's then producer Milt Okun convinced him to change the title. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded the song for their 1967 Album 1700 but only released it as a single in 1969.[2]\n" ]	[ "Peter, Paul and Mary" ]
-3225097289058013383	Kenny Rogers and The First Edition	Kenny Rogers and the First Edition - wikipedia Kenny Rogers and the First Edition Jump to : navigation , search Kenny Rogers and The First Edition Promotional photo of Kenny Rogers and The First Edition in early 1968 Background information Origin California Genres Rock , psychedelic rock , country rock Years active 1967 -- 1976 ( reunions : 2010 ) Labels Reprise , Jolly Rogers Associated acts The New Christy Minstrels Past members Kenny Rogers Mickey Jones Terry Williams Mike Settle Thelma Camacho Mary Arnold Kin Vassy Jimmy Hassell John Hobbs Gene Lorenzo Kenny Rogers and The First Edition , sometimes billed as The First Edition , was a eclectic pop band , who styles ranged from rock and roll to R&B , folk , and country . Its core members were Kenny Rogers ( lead vocals and bass guitar ) , Mickey Jones ( drums and percussion ) and Terry Williams ( guitar and vocals ) . The band formed in 1967 , with folk musician Mike Settle ( guitar and backing vocals ) and the operatically - trained Thelma Camacho ( lead vocals ) completing the lineup . As the 1960s counterculture was heating up , The First Edition signed with Reprise Records in the summer of 1967 and had its first big hit in early 1968 with the pop - psychedelic single `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' ( US No. 5 ) . After only one more chart hit , `` But You Know I Love You '' ( US No. 19 ) , the group , newly billed as `` Kenny Rogers and the First Edition '' , once again hit the top ten , this time in the summer of 1969 with the topical `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( US No. 6 , UK No. 2 ) . For the next six years , First Edition bounced between country rock , pop and psychedelic rock , enjoying worldwide success . By the mid 1970s , frontman Kenny Rogers would embark on a solo music career , becoming one of the top - selling country artists of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 The early days 2 Their prime 3 TV and later releases 4 The split 5 After the split 6 Discography 6.1 Albums 6.2 Singles 6.3 Available on DVD 7 Further reading 8 Documentaries 9 References 10 External links The early days ( edit ) Kenny Rogers and The First Edition were ( apart from Mickey Jones ) made up of former New Christy Minstrels who felt creatively stifled . In 1967 , with the help of Terry Williams ' mother , who worked for producer / executive Jimmy Bowen , they signed with Reprise and recorded their first single together , `` I Found a Reason '' , which picked up minor sales . Like much of the work by the original lineup , this was a distinctly contemporary composition with an intensely performed Mike Settle vocal . Settle had first come up with the idea of forming the band as his work took on the characteristics of rock . Over the previous seven years , Mike had been writing decidedly more folk - oriented songs , most notably the oft - covered `` Sing Hallelujah '' . It was their follow - up ( sung by Rogers ) , the proto - metal - psychedelic single `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' , that earned them their first brush with fame . The single , with an arrangement by their producer Mike Post that had Glen Campbell playing the backward guitar intro and Mike Deasy providing various psychedelic sounds , became a hit early in 1968 , climbing to No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Terry Williams played the solo that later led Jimi Hendrix to tell Kenny that it was his favorite record . The group 's next three single releases failed commercially , as did their second album . The fall 1968 release `` But You Know I Love You '' ( composed by Settle ) possessed a unique brass - tinged country - folk sound , broadening their fan base . In the group 's rendition on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour that aired on 8 December 1968 , the audience was unwittingly fooled into clapping too soon , right after the false ending but way before the real ending . The record peaked at No. 19 on the Hot 100 just under a year after `` Just Dropped In '' was at its Billboard summit . According to Mickey Jones ' book `` That Would Be Me '' , Thelma was fired from the group in late 1968 ( soon after the release of `` But You Know I Love You '' and the aforementioned Smothers Brothers television appearance but before the record would chart on the Hot 100 ) , after missing too many gigs and rehearsals . For her part Thelma did n't see it the same way . She has stated that while she always loved being with them in the studio , the road was too hard on her from a health and personal standpoint . Slowly growing apart from the others , Camacho began to feel restricted by the band in a number of ways . All agreed that the situation could n't continue , and she was replaced by her roommate , Mary Arnold , an Iowa - born singer who beat out newcomer Karen Carpenter for the job . Thelma appears on the first three LPs plus half of the fourth album . Mary made her debut on `` Reuben James '' . By the end of the decade Rogers had long brown hair , an earring , and pink sunglasses . Known affectionately in retrospect as `` Hippie Kenny '' , Rogers had a notably smoother vocal style at the time . During the summer of 1969 the band scored another Top Ten hit with Mel Tillis ' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town . '' `` Ruby '' was the global smash that firmly established the First Edition 's longevity in the business . Mickey 's drumming was part of the hook . At Rogers ' current shows , the song is often clapped along to , or joked around with , but it was meant very seriously at the time . Telling the graphic story of a crippled veteran was admirably daring at the height of America 's involvement with the war in Vietnam . It should be noted that the song lyrics were originally meant to address the Korean War , albeit in such a vague way that it could have referred to Korea , Vietnam , or even the Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor . The song was picked up by some of the more attuned disc jockeys , and there was suddenly great demand to release the final track recorded for , and included on , the First Edition ' 69 album . In order to release `` Ruby '' at the same time as the `` But You Know I Love You '' soundalike `` Once Again She 's All Alone '' , the group renamed themselves `` Kenny Rogers and The First Edition '' . When `` Ruby '' became the hit , the name stuck . Terry later claimed this made him feel like one of Gladys Knight 's Pips . Their prime ( edit ) `` Ruby '' made them stars , and during the next two years , Kenny Rogers and The First Edition had nearly half a dozen hits . A man Rogers at first took to be a rude fan first pitched `` Reuben James '' to Rogers at a golf match . The man , who turned out to be a song pitcher for American songwriter Alex Harvey followed him around the greens singing the song until Kenny listened . Rogers loved the song 's look at a black man raising a white boy and agreed to record it . `` Reuben James '' turned out to be another daring record ; though not as big a hit as `` Ruby '' , it made a big impact on the First Edition 's now sizable fan base . `` Reuben James '' came out at the end of 1969 , by which time Mike Settle had been gone for several months , in an effort to save his ultimately doomed marriage . During his absence he was replaced by Kin Vassy . Vassy 's style was a little more edgy than Settle 's , allowing the band to explore different areas . It was now that Kenny and Terry , by default , became the leaders of the band . Kenny was in charge of the records , and Terry would take control of their stage presentation . The group continued to record country , rock , and folk by fairly equal measures , blurring the lines among the genres . Along with the likes of Jerry Lee Lewis , Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley , their records in the late 1960s brought country music to the city and rock ` n ' roll to the country . Even if Jones had not also discovered Don Henley , the First Edition should get credit for being pioneers of a more modern blend of rockabilly called country rock . The First Edition reached what was arguably the peak of their fame with `` Something 's Burning '' , a No. 11 hit in early 1970 . A blatantly sexual song , it was slightly hindered chart-wise by the controversy surrounding it . Regardless , Kenny 's soft voice on verses and rock shouting on the chorus earned the group much acclaim . `` Burning '' opened with a sample of an actual heartbeat played backward to replicate the song 's rhythmic beat . Meanwhile , Terry Williams had begun to record some solo 45 's . A number of folk rock songs met with little success . He later switched to a more teen - oriented bubblegum sound that their manager Ken Kragen felt would appeal to his fans . Williams ' `` I 'm Gonna Sing You A Sad Song Susie '' was part of the First Edition 's next LP `` Tell It All Brother '' . The title track ( also written by Harvey ) , which dealt with love and brotherhood , was a national top 20 hit and topped WRKO 's August 13 , 1970 top 30 survey for one week . It was the first of many songs Kenny would sing ( e.g. , his solo Coward Of The County ) that had elements of sadism under a gentle surface . The line about mimicking a crippled man would not have flown had it not been sung with so much reverence . Released a month or so after the Kent State shootings , the song drew a standing ovation the night it debuted live . They also played an encore , where the audience yelled play `` I 'm Gonna Sing You A Sad Song Susie '' again ! In addition to the band 's continuing frequent appearances on television , songs by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition were featured in two 1970 films . First up was the never released on record `` If Nobody Loved '' for the camp political comedy `` Flap '' . A few months later they recorded `` Someone Who Cares '' and `` A Poem I Wrote For Your Hair '' to appear in the soundtrack for the romantic film `` Fools '' starring Jason Robards , Jr. , and Katharine Ross . The `` Fools '' ( soundtrack ) was released in 1971 . At the end of 1970 , the First Edition had their seventh Top 40 hit with the Vassy - penned `` Heed The Call '' . Another song about the need for brotherhood , it was seen as an uptempo counterpart to the balladry of `` Tell It All Brother . '' The next single , `` Someone Who Cares '' , was taken from the `` Fools '' movie soundtrack . A lushly arranged ballad , it may have charted higher if it had been included in the group 's concurrent Greatest Hits LP which went on to sell two million copies . Though scoring high on the easy listening charts , `` Someone Who Cares '' failed to reach the pop top fifty . This ushered in a period during which the First Edition attempted to retool its image . Keyboard player John Hobbs was briefly in the lineup , but , though he played on future recordings , was not in the group long enough to appear on any album covers or publicity photos . His brief tenure was captured in the PBS television special `` Tell It All . '' The special provided an unusually in - depth look at the group , all of whom were at ease speaking in front of the camera . In mid-1971 the First Edition released a gospel single called `` Take My Hand '' , which barely scraped into the bottom of the charts . While `` Spirit in the Sky '' , `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' and `` Jesus Is Just Alright '' laid the foundation for `` Jesus rock '' , the First Edition now seemed to be jumping on trends instead of creating them . TV and later releases ( edit ) After the success of a pilot shot in late 1970 , the fall of 1971 saw Kenny Rogers and the First Edition become hosts of their own television series Rollin ' On the River . Later to be shortened to Rollin , this was a variety show that was taped in Canada ( taking advantage of recently imposed Canadian content requirements ) which geared itself toward rock , blues , and folk performers and groups . Unlike the more Las Vegas - styled The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour , Rollin was focused on harder - edged guests like Ike and Tina Turner , veterans like Bo Diddley , veteran Canadian based artists such as Ronnie Hawkins , and up and coming performers such as Jim Croce . The show also gave the First Edition a chance to do the comedy Kenny and Terry had long made a part of their act . Though it got good ratings , Rollin did have one ill side effect : the First Edition were now seen as television personalities instead of recording stars . Terry Williams ' signature song , `` What Am I Gonna Do '' , was to become the group 's next single in late fall of 1971 . It was the first First Edition 45 not to chart since 1968 , and the poor reception to their bigger artistic risks was the cause of some concern . Recorded over six months in 1971 , and released in March 1972 , The Ballad of Calico was written by future star Michael Murphey and the First Edition 's musical director and arranger Larry Cansler . Cansler replaced Hobbs on stage during this period , but despite his large creative role here , and on Rollin ' On the River , he was not promoted on either as a member of the group . The album was a country rock opera about a late 19th - century mining town , but unlike most like - minded projects of the era , all of the songs were based on fact . The sleeve and booklet of this two - LP set had genuine and period - styled photos depicting the era , with all of the lyrics presented in hand - written script . The music was critically well received , with all of the group ( outside of Mickey ) taking at least one lead . The song chosen for a single was `` School Teacher , '' an acoustic rhythm and blues song with a lead by Kin . In retrospect it 's easy to understand the probable reasons the artistically valid `` School Teacher '' did n't get past No. 91 . Putting out a First Edition single where Rogers was n't prominent had already shown itself to be a gamble , plus lyrics written to reflect the sexist views of the 19th century sounded odd outside of the LP 's concept . `` The Ballad Of Calico '' has since picked up a large cult following , but back in 1972 it was all but ignored . Frustrated by the falling sales ( the album hardly sold at all ) , Vassy began to let a drinking habit get out of control . According to Mickey Jones ' book `` That Would Be Me , '' Vassy was fired several months after the `` Calico 's '' release following a drunken backstage confrontation with Terry Williams . By early 1972 , Gene Lorenzo replaced Larry Cansler on stage and was made a full First Edition member . Jimmy Hassell joined the group about six months later to replace Kin . Lorenzo was a keyboard and piano virtuoso who had what would be referred to today as a large Mario Brothers mustache . Hassell was a hard rock singer similar to Vassy , and physically resembled a friend of Terry 's , actor Gary Busey . Both fit in well , without making the public impression of the original members . Around the time the new members hopped on board , Rogers formed his own label , Jolly Rogers ( distributed by MGM , Rogers retained the name when he started his own publishing company as a solo artist ) and the group left Reprise . Lorenzo has noted that a live LP that he considered terrific was scrapped during the changeover . It captured the group playing at the prestigious Las Vegas Hilton lounge , something they did many times , usually when Elvis Presley was appearing in the showroom . The `` Live Vegas ' 72 '' 2015 LP is NOT this album according to Lorenzo . Their first Jolly Rogers release was a late 1972 country LP called `` Backroads . '' The third single from the album , a version of Merle Haggard 's `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' reached the lower regions of the country charts in mid-1973 . Then came a soundtrack from `` Rollin . '' Now in its second year , an album of live versions of the `` Calico '' songs and hits like `` Ruby , '' `` Reuben James '' and `` Just Dropped In '' could have sold quite well , bringing proven hits to the Jolly Rogers label at the same time . Instead , they delivered a set of cover songs , of which Kenny 's remake of `` The Long and Winding Road '' and Gene and Terry 's reworking of Bach 's `` Joy '' were most notable . The album did n't check the group 's declining sales , and the TV show was soon canceled . The group increasingly played on the county fair circuit . This made the First Edition a lot of money , but they knew they were no longer current . Although he made up for it by wilder dress and hair , Kenny was showing signs of middle age with weight gain and patches of gray in his beard . It was decided that a new image far away from their TV persona was required . `` Monumental '' tried to give them just this . Combining a wide variety of styles , it ranged from a Rogers - written rocker about prostitute `` Morgana Jones '' ( later rerecorded by Rogers for his album `` The Gambler '' in 1978 ) to the nostalgic `` 42nd Street . '' The later compared the New York of 1973 to the Broadway of the 1930s . As he would continue to do in his solo career , Rogers cloaked some mature subject matter with a gentle delivery . The Dr. John - inspired medley of Alex Harvey compositions `` The Hoodooin ' of Miss Fannie Deberry '' ( also rerecorded by Rogers for `` The Gambler '' ) and `` The Ritual '' , was the LP 's centerpiece . Though in tune with other music of the day , `` Monumental '' was one of their biggest sales failures in the United States Of America , but in New Zealand it went gold . Following on the local success of `` Rollin '' and the understated ballad `` Lady , Play Your Symphony , '' Kenny 's rocking nursery rhyme `` Lena Lookie '' went to number six , and the group embarked on three New Zealand tours over the next two years . A documentary of their first trip , in late 1973 , was aired as a 1975 TV special , `` Rollin Through New Zealand `` . As their domestic popularity continued to decline , Terry wanted to focus on the hard rockers that had done so well for them overseas . Kenny disagreed , wanting a more conservative agenda . Kenny admitted in his book `` Making It With Music , '' that he perhaps should n't have complained about MGM 's poor distribution on a radio show , but despite their mounting problems , New Zealand continued to consider the First Edition as superstars . The problem was that they had to go halfway around the world to benefit from their success , and travel expenses ate a big chunk out of their profits . As a thank you they put together an album called `` I 'm Not Making My Music For Money '' especially for their New Zealand fans . An LP of this title was to have come out in the USA but MGM rejected it . The US LP was basically going to be the same but with two new cuts replacing the two songs reused from `` Monumental . '' Despite the retreads , the album did show continued development . A mix of new songs and remakes ( possibly done because some songs were not available in New Zealand ) , `` Love Woman '' was now a hard rock jam featuring Jimmy on lead . This arrangement was borrowed from the band 's stage performances of Bill Haley 's `` Rockin ' Through The Rye '' . The ballads `` Dirty Work '' and `` Daddy Was A Traveling Man '' were a return to the more adult style of Terry 's early work . `` Making Music For Money '' ( another song remade for `` The Gambler '' ) is a song about art vs. commerce that Jimmy Buffett later covered . This semi-comical goodbye to the music rat race also served as the band 's ironic last single . It too charted well , but again only in New Zealand . The split ( edit ) A last - ditch effort to jumpstart their domestic careers was done in late 1974 when they filmed a television movie called `` The Dream Makers . '' A better than average drama about the music biz , they played the group Catweazel . It was a small role with only Kenny and Mickey speaking any major lines . Despite the film giving them a chance to perform recent songs , the exposure did n't halt their decline . Kenny had become short on money by 1974 , and was in debt when he decided to hawk guitar lesson records on a commercial . The `` Quick Pickin ' Fun Strummin ' '' method may have worked , but it did Kenny and the others no good , image-wise . Wanting to give a solo career a shot , Terry left in the late spring of 1975 . Kenny was upset but agreed to it , succeeding in getting Kin to come back so they could fill their pending engagements . Though he was hired to stay permanently , the reunion with Vassy did not go well and he ended up playing only one night . This more or less marked the point where The First Edition agreed to split . Mickey , realizing that it was time to move on , was the first to decide to leave in order to pursue his other dream , which was acting . Though the group would finish their pending obligations , Kenny began recording as a solo act that fall . The First Edition played their last scheduled shows in the fall of 1975 at Harrah 's in Reno . Without Mickey Jones there were a few First Edition gigs in early 1976 , done as a favor to Kenny who had n't yet formed his solo band . Kenny later said that writing the song `` Sweet Music Man '' made him cut his hair and let it go gray , plus get rid of the earring . The song may have played a part in his future middle of the road image , but the change did not happen until almost a year after it was written . Mary Arnold often sang `` Sweet Music Man '' on the First Edition 's post Terry Williams gigs and Kenny also tried the lead out a few times . This was to become one of Rogers ' most covered compositions , and he himself had a No. 9 country hit with it in the fall of 1977 . Though unrecorded , `` Sweet Music Man '' marked the end of the First Edition as a creative entity . After the split ( edit ) Considering the band 's then low profile , Kenny Rogers had an uncertain future when he signed a solo deal to United Artists in 1975 . Searching for a new image , he soon developed a more middle - of - the - road , gravel - voiced style . For the rest of the decade and beyond he had hit after hit . `` Lucille '' was the first of no less than a combined 25 number 1 country and pop singles after he left the group . During his time with UA ( later taken over by Liberty ) he topped the country and pop album charts for a grand total of 90 weeks and sold more records than anyone in country music . In 1983 his status as one of the world 's top stars ( of any musical genre ) was confirmed when RCA signed him for an advance sum of US $20 million , for six albums . Kenny Rogers continued to tour , including classic material by the First Edition in his performances , before retiring in 2017 . In April 2013 , he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . Thelma Camacho did a few solo records in the sixties and seventies and one LP in 1980 . She moved to Europe in the 1980s and lost contact with the rest of the group until 2010 . Thelma also recorded in Europe under the name Tess Ivie ( the latter being her husband 's last name ) . Today , she lives in California and runs a jewelry store . Mary Arnold married singer Roger Miller , after the two were introduced by Rogers , and now looks after his estate . She had performed with him for many years , and was recently inducted into the Iowa Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame . Kin Vassy died of lung cancer on June 23 , 1994 . He scored two top 40 hit singles as a country singer , but his solo career never really took off . He often worked with Kenny in the eighties and his trademark scream enlivens hits like `` Blaze Of Glory '' . In 1980 he released the single Makes Me Wonder ( If I Ever Said Goodbye ) ; Kenny Rogers sang the backing vocals . The song was not a hit , but the following year Kenny recorded his own version of the song for his popular `` Share Your Love '' album , produced by Lionel Richie ; Vassy sang the back up on Kenny 's version . He also worked with Frank Zappa and Elvis Presley . Two years after he died , Martina McBride had a No. 28 hit on the U.S. country survey with the Vassy penned Phones Are Ringing ( All Over Town ) . Gene Lorenzo performed for some years with country star Lee Greenwood , then some more years with Kathy Mattea . When Greenwood fired his band in 1987 , Kenny asked Gene if he would like to join his stage band `` Bloodline '' until he found a new group . Lorenzo stayed for roughly six months . He is still listed as a working musician . Terry Williams had one easy listening hit in 1980 called `` Blame It On The Night , '' but it was on a small label and today is harder to find than his less successful singles . He worked extensively with Kenny in the eighties and managed Kenny 's successful Lion Share recording studios . Today Terry is mostly retired , on a huge farm in the Southeast . He now composes and sings Christian music , and keeps his foot in the door of the music business . Kin and Terry fronted a new First Edition in 1993 - 94 . They continued on a few months after Vassy 's death , but the circumstances were now too downbeat and they disbanded several months later . It was to be an attempt at relaunching the group as a contemporary country band who also played their hits . Terry 's younger brother Ress played the drums . Having continued to write and perform , Mike Settle opened for The First Edition on their 1973 trek to New Zealand . He would go on to write several songs for the group 's solo records over the years . By the eighties Mike had a lower profile in the music industry , and later became a journalist . Now basically retired , his songs ( `` But You Know I Love You '' in particular ) continue to be covered by new artists . Jimmy Hassell worked for Anne Murray for a while and after Mary married Roger Miller he worked with them as well . He released one self - titled solo LP in 1976 which was reissued with one new song in 1978 , and also wrote commercial jingles . His biggest success as a solo artist came in 1977 when he produced the award - winning production show `` Sassy Class '' at the Stardust hotel . He died on January 6 , 2004 . Mickey Jones became the most visible member next to Kenny . Focused more on acting , he was in many films and television shows over the years , including films such as `` Sling Blade '' and `` The Fighting Temptations '' . He also had a role in Tim Allen 's `` Home Improvement '' for two seasons . He died on February 7 , 2018 . John Hobbs stayed in touch with the group and worked with Kenny , Terry , and Kin on Rogers ' early eighties solo work as well as other projects at Lion Share . He has remained a very active session musician and arranger . The groups ' long time arranger Larry Cansler had a successful career in the studios in LA scoring many movies ( including The Gambler series ) , variety shows , ( the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour ) and many national commercials . He now lives in Arizona and continues to compose for symphony orchestras . In 1980 , a compilation of some of the First Edition 's greatest hits and album cuts , titled `` Shine On '' , was issued in the United Kingdom ; it sold fairly well but was overshadowed by The Kenny Rogers Singles Album , a Kenny Rogers solo greatest hits collection that , in addition to his solo hits , featured reworkings of the group 's best known songs . Currently there are many compilations of their work in print on various labels , some miscredited to Kenny alone with picture not of the period . Their debut LP `` The First Edition '' had an excellent vinyl and CD reissue in 2014 and `` 2nd '' made it to the CD . `` Live Vegas ' 72 '' is the first new First Edition music to be released since 1974 . High quality collectors vinyl only , the recording was a Kin Vassy era performance of an unknown date . Jimmy is oddly credited and there are other basic mistakes on the cover of an otherwise quality archive release . At least musically this is quality all the way . The band scored a total of 11 hit singles and 8 hit albums on the Billboard charts . On April 10 , 2010 , Kenny , Mike , Mickey , Terry , Mary , and Gene reunited as part of the `` Kenny Rogers : The First 50 Years '' TV special . This was filmed at the Foxwoods Casino in Connecticut . They were joined by Wynonna Judd on a rendition of `` Just Dropped In '' . Airing in 2011 , a reunion with or without Kenny now seems likely . The First Edition semi-reunited with Rogers several times in 2014 - 2015 when he was elected to the Country Music Hall Of Fame . These were brief press conferences and performances only . No full reunion actually happened according to witnesses . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Album Chart positions RIAA US CAN 1967 The First Edition 118 -- -- 1968 The First Edition 's 2nd -- -- -- 1969 The First Edition ' 69 164 -- -- Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town 48 52 -- 1970 Something 's Burning 26 47 -- Tell It All Brother 61 42 -- 1971 Fools ( soundtrack ) -- -- -- Greatest Hits 57 33 Platinum Transition 155 -- -- 1972 The Ballad of Calico 118 -- -- Back Roads -- -- -- 1973 Rollin ' -- -- -- Monumental -- -- -- I 'm Not Making Music for Money ( New Zealand Only ) -- -- -- 2015 Live Vegas ' 72 ( 500 vinyl only ) -- -- -- Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Positions Album US Country US US AC CAN Country CAN CAN AC NZ UK AU 1967 `` I Found a Reason '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- The First Edition `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1968 `` Only Me '' -- 133 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- The First Edition 's 2nd `` Charlie The Fer De Lance '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Are My Thoughts With You ? '' -- 119 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` But You Know I Love You '' -- 19 -- -- 11 9 -- -- -- The First Edition ' 69 1969 `` Once Again , She 's All Alone '' -- 126 -- -- 86 -- -- -- -- Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' 39 6 6 6 9 `` Reuben James '' 46 26 -- 12 9 39 9 -- 10 1970 `` Something 's Burning '' -- 11 -- -- 6 -- 14 8 13 Something 's Burning `` Tell It All Brother '' -- 17 8 -- 10 -- -- -- 58 Tell It All Brother `` Heed the Call '' -- 33 -- -- 6 -- -- -- 68 1971 `` Someone Who Cares '' -- 51 -- 54 -- -- -- -- Fools ( soundtrack ) `` Take My Hand '' -- 91 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Transition `` What Am I Gonna Do '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1972 `` School Teacher '' -- 91 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Ballad of Calico `` Lady Play Your Symphony '' -- 105 -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- Backroads 1973 `` ( Do You Remember The ) First Time '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' 69 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Lena Lookie '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 -- -- Monumental `` Something About Your Song '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Makin ' Music for Money '' -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 -- -- I 'm Not Making My Music For Money Available on DVD ( edit ) 2005 : Kenny Rogers : Going Home - Live at the House Of Blues UK DVD compatible with US format contains a 1994 Disney Channel documentary . Includes a five - minute First Edition segment with rare footage . 2005 : Remember The 70 's 60 min compilation of Rollin ' hosted by Mickey Jones . Two First Edition performances are included as well as their intros for other artists . 2006 : Kenny Rogers -- The Journey with The First Edition Dottie West , Willie Nelson , and Dolly Parton 2007 : Flashbacks : Pop Parade ( includes selections from the View Video Rollin ' releases ) 2007 : Flashbacks : Easy Lovin ' ( includes selections from the View Video Rollin ' releases ) 2007 : Kenny Rogers : Rollin ' Volume 1 with The First Edition , Ike Turner , Tina Turner , Gladys Knight & the Pips 2007 : Kenny Rogers : Rollin ' Volume 2 with The First Edition , Jim Croce , Bo Diddley , and Ronnie Hawkins Note : all View Video releases were originally issued on VHS in the early nineties . Numerous releases with miscellaneous Rollin ' footage have come out in Europe and Australia . They are of dubious legality and were all were quickly pulled from the market . Further reading ( edit ) Rogers , Kenny ( 1978 ) . Making It With Music . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013598 - 0 . Information on how to start an entertainment career . Insight on the First Edition in photos , their image , their music , how they got along etc . Jones , Mickey ( 2007 ) That Would Be Me . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4343 - 0835 - 1 Mickey 's autobiography contains previously unknown info on the First Edition . Photo section on the group is included . Hume , Martha ( 1980 ) . Kenny Rogers : Gambler , Lover , Dreamer . New York : New American Library . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25254 - 7 Short biography of Rogers that goes into personal detail not covered in his own book . Documentaries ( edit ) `` Tell It All '' - Airdate : syndicated in fall of 1972 . A PBS special filmed in early 1971 during a date in South Carolina . Goes backstage , shows rehearsals , and has in depth interviews with all of the group . Some of this was reused in `` Kenny Rogers - The Journey '' . The rest is yet to be released on home video . `` Rollin ' Through New Zealand '' - Airdate : syndicated in early 1975 . The First Edition star in this look at their visits and success in New Zealand . No official home video released , but producer Tony Williams put it up officially at http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/rolling-through-new-zealand-with-kenny-rogers-and-the-first-edition-1974 `` Kenny Rogers : A Gambler 's Tale '' - A&E Biography 1999 . Kenny and Mike Settle are interviewed for this 60 min doc . Was available on VHS `` The Life and Times of Kenny Rogers '' - CMT 2002 . Indepth look at Rogers includes interviews with Kenny , Mickey Jones , and Terry Williams `` Kenny Rogers - The Journey '' - DVD 2006 . A performance based documentary , that devotes about a quarter of its two - hour playing time to the First Edition . Includes vintage and new interviews with Rogers , as well as a new one by Mickey Jones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thelmas Jewelry Shoppe '' . thelmasjewelryshoppe.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition '' . Riaa.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : allmusic ( ( ( Kenny Rogers > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ) ) ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2010 . Record Research , Inc. p. 761 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 188 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Live Music from the 1970s '' . Rememberthe70s.com. 2004 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` VIEW DVD Listing '' . View.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Artist : Croce , Jim & Bo Diddley with Kenny Rogers . `` VIEW DVD Listing '' . View.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Mickey 's site has photos and memories of his long career . The First Edition at AllMusic Kenny Rogers and The First Edition Kenny Rogers Mary Arnold Thelma Camacho Jimmy Hassell John Hobbs Mickey Jones Gene Lorenzo Mike Settle Kin Vassy Terry Williams Studio albums The First Edition ( 1967 ) Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( 1969 ) Something 's Burning ( 1970 ) Tell It All Brother ( 1970 ) Transition ( 1971 ) The Ballad of Calico ( 1972 ) I 'm Not Making Music for Money ( 1974 ) Singles `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers VIAF : 135007473 ISNI : 0000 0001 0816 5430 BNF : cb13904384s ( data ) MusicBrainz : 007554f9 - 945c - 48cb - a825 - 17dcb3c5fbd2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_Rogers_and_The_First_Edition&oldid=824716073 '' Categories : American country rock groups Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 01 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	kenny rogers and the first edition first hit	[ "As the 1960s counterculture was heating up, The First Edition signed with Reprise Records in the summer of 1967 and had its first big hit in early 1968 with the pop-psychedelic single \"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" (US No. 5). After only one more chart hit, \"But You Know I Love You\" (US No. 19), the group, newly billed as \"Kenny Rogers and the First Edition\", once again hit the top ten, this time in the summer of 1969 with the topical \"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\" (US No. 6, UK No.2)." ]	[ "\"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\"" ]
847899602555039175	Earth	Earth - Wikipedia Earth This article is about the planet itself . For its human aspects , see World . For other uses , see Earth ( disambiguation ) and Planet Earth ( disambiguation ) . Third planet from the Sun in the Solar System Earth The Blue Marble photograph of Earth , taken during the Apollo 17 lunar mission in 1972 Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 152 100 000 km ( 94 500 000 mi ; 1.017 AU ) Perihelion 147 095 000 km ( 91 401 000 mi ; 0.983 27 AU ) Semi-major axis 149 598 023 km ( 92 955 902 mi ; 1.000 001 02 AU ) Eccentricity 6998167086000000000 ♠ 0.016 7086 Orbital period 365.256 363 004 d ( 1.000 017 420 96 yr ) Average orbital speed 29.78 km / s ( 107 200 km / h ; 66 600 mph ) Mean anomaly 7000625904740362451 ♠ 358.617 ° Inclination 6999124878307980194 ♠ 7.155 ° to the Sun 's equator ; 6998275533383683093 ♠ 1.578 69 ° to invariable plane ; 6993872664625997166 ♠ 0.000 05 ° to J2000 ecliptic Longitude of ascending node 3000803464756118225 ♠ − 11.260 64 ° to J2000 ecliptic Argument of perihelion 7000199330266505796 ♠ 114.207 83 ° Satellites 1 natural satellite : the Moon 5 quasi-satellites > 1 800 operational artificial satellites > 16 000 space debris Physical characteristics Mean radius 6371.0 km ( 3958.8 mi ) Equatorial radius 6378.1 km ( 3963.2 mi ) Polar radius 6356.8 km ( 3949.9 mi ) Flattening 6997335280000000000 ♠ 0.003 3528 1 / 7002298257222101000 ♠ 298.257 222 101 ( ETRS89 ) Circumference 40 075.017 km equatorial ( 24 901.461 mi ) 40 007.86 km meridional ( 24 859.73 mi ) Surface area 510 072 000 km ( 196 940 000 sq mi ) 148 940 000 km land ( 57 510 000 sq mi ; 29.2 % ) 361 132 000 km water ( 139 434 000 sq mi ; 70.8 % ) Volume 7021108320999999999 ♠ 1.083 21 × 10 km ( 7011259876000000000 ♠ 2.598 76 × 10 cu mi ) Mass 7024597237000000000 ♠ 5.972 37 × 10 kg ( 7024597236001731600 ♠ 1.316 68 × 10 lb ) ( 7024596565000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 M ) Mean density 5.514 g / cm ( 0.1992 lb / cu in ) Surface gravity 9.807 m / s ( 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 g ; 32.18 ft / s ) Moment of inertia factor 0.3307 Escape velocity 11.186 km / s ( 40 270 km / h ; 25 020 mph ) Sidereal rotation period 7004861641003520000 ♠ 0.997 269 68 d ( 23h 56m 4.100 s ) Equatorial rotation velocity 0.4651 km / s ( 1674.4 km / h ; 1040.4 mph ) Axial tilt 6999409092629495479 ♠ 23.439 2811 ° Albedo 0.367 geometric 0.306 Bond Surface temp . min mean max Kelvin 184 K 288 K 330 K Celsius − 89.2 ° C 14.9 ° C 56.9 ° C Fahrenheit − 128.5 ° F 58.7 ° F 134.3 ° F Atmosphere Surface pressure 7005101325000000000 ♠ 101.325 kPa ( at MSL ) Composition by volume 78.08 % nitrogen ( N 2 ; dry air ) 20.95 % oxygen ( O 2 ) 0.934 % argon 0.0408 % carbon dioxide ~ 1 % water vapor ( climate variable ) Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life . According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed over 4.5 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days , a period known as an Earth year . During this time , Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane , producing seasons on Earth . The gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation . Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets . Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics . Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.6 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states . Contents 1 Name and etymology 2 Chronology 2.1 Formation 2.2 Geological history 2.3 Origin of life and evolution 2.4 Future 3 Physical characteristics 3.1 Shape 3.2 Chemical composition 3.3 Internal structure 3.4 Heat 3.5 Tectonic plates 3.6 Surface 3.7 Hydrosphere 3.8 Atmosphere 3.8. 1 Weather and climate 3.8. 2 Upper atmosphere 3.9 Gravitational field 3.10 Magnetic field 3.10. 1 Magnetosphere 4 Orbit and rotation 4.1 Rotation 4.2 Orbit 4.3 Axial tilt and seasons 5 Habitability 5.1 Biosphere 5.2 Natural resources and land use 5.3 Natural and environmental hazards 6 Human geography 7 Moon 8 Asteroids and artificial satellites 9 Cultural and historical viewpoint 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name and etymology An early mention of `` eorðan '' ( earth ) in Beowulf The modern English word Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms , which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe . It has cognates in every Germanic language , and their proto - Germanic root has been reconstructed as * erþō . In its earliest appearances , eorðe was already being used to translate the many senses of Latin terra and Greek γῆ ( gē ) : the ground , its soil , dry land , the human world , the surface of the world ( including the sea ) , and the globe itself . As with Terra and Gaia , Earth was a personified goddess in Germanic paganism : the Angles were listed by Tacitus as among the devotees of Nerthus , and later Norse mythology included Jörð , a giantess often given as the mother of Thor . Originally , earth was written in lowercase , and from early Middle English , its definite sense as `` the globe '' was expressed as the earth . By Early Modern English , many nouns were capitalized , and the earth became ( and often remained ) the Earth , particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies . More recently , the name is sometimes simply given as Earth , by analogy with the names of the other planets . House styles now vary : Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common , with the capitalized form an acceptable variant . Another convention capitalizes `` Earth '' when appearing as a name ( e.g. `` Earth 's atmosphere '' ) but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the ( e.g. `` the atmosphere of the earth '' ) . It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as `` what on earth are you doing ? '' Chronology Main article : History of Earth Formation Artist 's impression of the early Solar System 's planetary disk The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 7000456720000000000 ♠ 4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion years ago ( Bya ) . By 7000454000000000000 ♠ 4.54 ± 0.04 Bya the primordial Earth had formed . The bodies in the Solar System formed and evolved with the Sun . In theory , a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse , which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk , and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun . A nebula contains gas , ice grains , and dust ( including primordial nuclides ) . According to nebular theory , planetesimals formed by accretion , with the primordial Earth taking 10 -- 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 million years ( Mys ) to form . A subject of research is the formation of the Moon , some 4.53 Bya . A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars - sized object , named Theia , hit Earth . In this view , the mass of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth , it hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth . Between approximately 4.1 and 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 Bya , numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and , by inference , to that of Earth . Geological history Main article : Geological history of Earth Hoodoos at the Bryce Canyon National Park , Utah Earth 's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing . Water vapor from these sources condensed into the oceans , augmented by water and ice from asteroids , protoplanets , and comets . In this model , atmospheric `` greenhouse gases '' kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70 % of its current luminosity . By 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Bya , Earth 's magnetic field was established , which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind . A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled to form a solid . The two models that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present - day forms or , more likely , a rapid growth early in Earth history followed by a long - term steady continental area . Continents formed by plate tectonics , a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth 's interior . Over the period of hundreds of millions of years , the supercontinents have assembled and broken apart . Roughly 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 million years ago ( Mya ) , one of the earliest known supercontinents , Rodinia , began to break apart . The continents later recombined to form Pannotia 7002600000000000000 ♠ 600 -- 540 Mya , then finally Pangaea , which also broke apart 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 Mya . The present pattern of ice ages began about 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Mya and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mya . High - latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw , repeating about every 7012126230400000000 ♠ 40,000 -- 100,000 years . The last continental glaciation ended 7011315576000000000 ♠ 10,000 years ago . Origin of life and Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Ice_Ages ( view discuss ) Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main articles : Abiogenesis and Evolutionary history of life Phylogenetic tree of life on Earth based on rRNA analysis Chemical reactions led to the first self - replicating molecules about four billion years ago . A half billion years later , the last common ancestor of all current life arose . The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun 's energy to be harvested directly by life forms . The resultant molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation , formed a protective ozone layer ( O 3 ) in the upper atmosphere . The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes . True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized . Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer , life colonized Earth 's surface . Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone in Western Australia , biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland , and remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion - year - old Australian rocks showing fossils of microorganisms . During the Neoproterozoic , 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 to 580 Mya , much of Earth might have been covered in ice . This hypothesis has been termed `` Snowball Earth '' , and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion , when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity . Following the Cambrian explosion , 7002535000000000000 ♠ 535 Mya , there have been five mass extinctions . The most recent such event was 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Mya , when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles , but spared some small animals such as mammals , which at the time resembled shrews . Mammalian life has diversified over the past 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Mys , and several million years ago an African ape - like animal such as Orrorin tugenensis gained the ability to stand upright . This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain , which led to the evolution of humans . The development of agriculture , and then civilization , led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day . Future Main article : Future of Earth See also : Global catastrophic risk Earth 's expected long - term future is tied to that of the Sun . Over the next 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 Bys , solar luminosity will increase by 10 % , and over the next 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Bys by 40 % . The Earth 's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle , reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants ( 6995099999999999999 ♠ 10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis ) in approximately 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 -- 900 Mys . The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere , making animal life impossible . After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 ° C ( 158 ° F ) . From that point , the Earth is expected to be habitable for another 7016157788000000000 ♠ 500 Ma , possibly up to 7016725824800000000 ♠ 2.3 Ga if nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere . Even if the Sun were eternal and stable , 27 % of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the mantle in one billion years , due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges . The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bys . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU ( 150 million km ; 93 million mi ) , about 250 times its present radius . Earth 's fate is less clear . As a red giant , the Sun will lose roughly 30 % of its mass , so , without tidal effects , Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU ( 250 million km ; 160 million mi ) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius . Most , if not all , remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun 's increased luminosity ( peaking at about 5,000 times its present level ) . A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth 's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag , causing it to enter the Sun 's atmosphere and be vaporized . Physical characteristics Shape Shape of planet Earth . Shown are distances between surface relief and the geocentre . The South American Andes summits are visible as elevated areas . Data from the Earth2014 global relief model . Main articles : Figure of the Earth and Earth radius The shape of Earth is approximately oblate spheroidal . Due to rotation , the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulging around the equator . The diameter of the Earth at the equator is 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) larger than the pole - to - pole diameter . Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth 's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador . The average diameter of the reference spheroid is 12,742 kilometres ( 7,918 mi ) . Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid , although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth 's radius : The maximum deviation of only 0.17 % is at the Mariana Trench ( 10,911 metres ( 35,797 ft ) below local sea level ) , whereas Mount Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) above local sea level ) represents a deviation of 0.14 % . In geodesy , the exact shape that Earth 's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid . More precisely , the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level . Chemical composition See also : Abundance of elements on Earth Chemical composition of the crust Compound Formula Composition Continental Oceanic silica SiO 60.6 % 48.6 % alumina Al 2O 15.9 % 16.5 % lime CaO 6.41 % 12.3 % magnesia MgO 4.66 % 6.8 % iron oxide FeO 6.71 % 6.2 % sodium oxide Na 2O 3.07 % 2.6 % potassium oxide 2O 1.81 % 0.4 % titanium dioxide TiO 0.72 % 1.4 % phosphorus pentoxide 2O 5 0.13 % 0.3 % manganese oxide MnO 0.10 % 1.4 % Total 100.1 % 99.9 % Earth 's mass is approximately 7024597000000000000 ♠ 5.97 × 10 kg ( 5,970 Yg ) . It is composed mostly of iron ( 32.1 % ) , oxygen ( 30.1 % ) , silicon ( 15.1 % ) , magnesium ( 13.9 % ) , sulfur ( 2.9 % ) , nickel ( 1.8 % ) , calcium ( 1.5 % ) , and aluminium ( 1.4 % ) , with the remaining 1.2 % consisting of trace amounts of other elements . Due to mass segregation , the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron ( 88.8 % ) , with smaller amounts of nickel ( 5.8 % ) , sulfur ( 4.5 % ) , and less than 1 % trace elements . The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides : chlorine , sulfur , and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1 % . Over 99 % of the crust is composed of 11 oxides , principally silica , alumina , iron oxides , lime , magnesia , potash , and soda . Internal structure Main article : Structure of the Earth Earth 's interior , like that of the other terrestrial planets , is divided into layers by their chemical or physical ( rheological ) properties . The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust , which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle . The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity . The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) under the oceans to 30 -- 50 km ( 19 -- 31 mi ) for the continents . The crust and the cold , rigid , top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere , and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed . Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere , a relatively low - viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides . Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km ( 250 and 410 mi ) below the surface , spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle . Beneath the mantle , an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core . The Earth 's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet , advancing by 0.1 -- 0.5 ° per year . The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth . Geologic layers of Earth Earth cutaway from core to exosphere . Not to scale . Depth km Component layer Density g / cm 0 -- 60 Lithosphere -- 0 -- 35 Crust 2.2 -- 2.9 35 -- 60 Upper mantle 3.4 -- 4.4 35 -- 2890 Mantle 3.4 -- 5.6 100 -- 700 Asthenosphere -- 2890 -- 5100 Outer core 9.9 -- 12.2 5100 -- 6378 Inner core 12.8 -- 13.1 Heat Main article : Earth 's internal heat budget Earth 's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion ( about 20 % ) and heat produced through radioactive decay ( 80 % ) . The major heat - producing isotopes within Earth are potassium - 40 , uranium - 238 , and thorium - 232 . At the center , the temperature may be up to 6,000 ° C ( 10,830 ° F ) , and the pressure could reach 360 GPa ( 52 million psi ) . Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay , scientists postulate that early in Earth 's history , before isotopes with short half - lives were depleted , Earth 's heat production was much higher . At approximately 7016946728000000000 ♠ 3 Gyr , twice the present - day heat would have been produced , increasing the rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics , and allowing the production of uncommon igneous rocks such as komatiites that are rarely formed today . Present - day major heat - producing isotopes Isotope Heat release W / kg isotope Half - life years Mean mantle concentration kg isotope / kg mantle Heat release W / kg mantle U 6995946000000000000 ♠ 94.6 × 10 7009447000000000000 ♠ 4.47 × 10 6992308000000000000 ♠ 30.8 × 10 6988291000000000000 ♠ 2.91 × 10 U 6996569000000000000 ♠ 569 × 10 7008704000000000000 ♠ 0.704 × 10 6990220000000000000 ♠ 0.22 × 10 6987125000000000000 ♠ 0.125 × 10 Th 6995263999999999999 ♠ 26.4 × 10 7010140000000000000 ♠ 14.0 × 10 6993124000000000000 ♠ 124 × 10 6988327000000000000 ♠ 3.27 × 10 6995292000000000000 ♠ 29.2 × 10 7009125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 × 10 6992369000000000000 ♠ 36.9 × 10 6988108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 × 10 The mean heat loss from Earth is 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 mW m , for a global heat loss of 7013442000000000000 ♠ 4.42 × 10 W. A portion of the core 's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes , a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher - temperature rock . These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts . More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics , by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges . The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere , the majority of which occurs under the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents . Tectonic plates Earth 's major plates Plate name Area 10 km Pacific Plate 103.3 African Plate 78.0 North American Plate 75.9 Eurasian Plate 67.8 Antarctic Plate 60.9 Indo - Australian Plate 47.2 South American Plate 43.6 Main article : Plate tectonics Earth 's mechanically rigid outer layer , the lithosphere , is divided into tectonic plates . These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types : At convergent boundaries , two plates come together ; at divergent boundaries , two plates are pulled apart ; and at transform boundaries , two plates slide past one another laterally . Along these plate boundaries , earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain - building , and oceanic trench formation can occur . The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere , the solid but less - viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates . Mountains build up when tectonic plates move toward each other , forcing rock up . The highest mountain on Earth above sea level is Mount Everest . As the tectonic plates migrate , oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries . At the same time , the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges . The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle . Due to this recycling , most of the ocean floor is less than 7015315576000000000 ♠ 100 Ma old . The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and is estimated to be 7015631152000000000 ♠ 200 Ma old . By comparison , the oldest dated continental crust is 7017127177128000000 ♠ 4,030 Ma . The seven major plates are the Pacific , North American , Eurasian , African , Antarctic , Indo - Australian , and South American . Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate , the Caribbean Plate , the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean . The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 and 55 Mya . The fastest - moving plates are the oceanic plates , with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm / a ( 3.0 in / year ) and the Pacific Plate moving 52 -- 69 mm / a ( 2.0 -- 2.7 in / year ) . At the other extreme , the slowest - moving plate is the Eurasian Plate , progressing at a typical rate of 21 mm / a ( 0.83 in / year ) . Surface Main articles : Lithosphere , Landform , and Extreme points of Earth Present - day Earth altimetry and bathymetry . Data from the National Geophysical Data Center . Current Earth without water , elevation exaggerated 20 times ( click / enlarge to `` spin '' 3D - globe ) . The total surface area of Earth is about 510 million km ( 197 million sq mi ) . Of this , 70.8 % , or 361.13 million km ( 139.43 million sq mi ) , is below sea level and covered by ocean water . Below the ocean 's surface are much of the continental shelf , mountains , volcanoes , oceanic trenches , submarine canyons , oceanic plateaus , abyssal plains , and a globe - spanning mid-ocean ridge system . The remaining 29.2 % , or 148.94 million km ( 57.51 million sq mi ) , not covered by water has terrain that varies greatly from place to place and consists of mountains , deserts , plains , plateaus , and other landforms . Tectonics and erosion , volcanic eruptions , flooding , weathering , glaciation , the growth of coral reefs , and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape the Earth 's surface over geological time . The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite . Less common is basalt , a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors . Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together . Nearly 75 % of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks , although they form about 5 % of the crust . The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock , which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures , high temperatures , or both . The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth 's surface include quartz , feldspars , amphibole , mica , pyroxene and olivine . Common carbonate minerals include calcite ( found in limestone ) and dolomite . The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of − 418 m ( − 1,371 ft ) at the Dead Sea , to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) at the top of Mount Everest . The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m ( 2,615 ft ) . The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's continental surface and is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes . The total arable land is 10.9 % of the land surface , with 1.3 % being permanent cropland . Close to 40 % of Earth 's land surface is used for agriculture , or an estimated 16.7 million km ( 6.4 million sq mi ) of cropland and 33.5 million km ( 12.9 million sq mi ) of pastureland . Hydrosphere Main article : Hydrosphere Elevation histogram of Earth 's surface The abundance of water on Earth 's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the `` Blue Planet '' from other planets in the Solar System . Earth 's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans , but technically includes all water surfaces in the world , including inland seas , lakes , rivers , and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m ( 35,799 ft ) . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 × 10 metric tons or about 1 / 4400 of Earth 's total mass . The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km ( 139.7 million sq mi ) with a mean depth of 3,682 m ( 12,080 ft ) , resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332 billion km ( 320 million cu mi ) . If all of Earth 's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere , the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km ( 1.68 to 1.74 mi ) . About 97.5 % of the water is saline ; the remaining 2.5 % is fresh water . Most fresh water , about 68.7 % , is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % salt ) . Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks . The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases , which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms . Sea water has an important influence on the world 's climate , with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir . Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts , such as the El Niño -- Southern Oscillation . Atmosphere Main article : Atmosphere of Earth Satellite image of Earth cloud cover using NASA 's Moderate - Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer The atmospheric pressure at Earth 's sea level averages 101.325 kPa ( 14.696 psi ) , with a scale height of about 8.5 km ( 5.3 mi ) . A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084 % nitrogen , 20.946 % oxygen , 0.934 % argon , and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules . Water vapor content varies between 0.01 % and 4 % but averages about 1 % . The height of the troposphere varies with latitude , ranging between 8 km ( 5 mi ) at the poles to 17 km ( 11 mi ) at the equator , with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors . Earth 's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere . Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 Gya , forming the primarily nitrogen -- oxygen atmosphere of today . This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and , indirectly , the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O 2 into O 3 . The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation , permitting life on land . Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor , providing useful gases , causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface , and moderating temperature . This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect : trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground , thereby raising the average temperature . Water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Without this heat - retention effect , the average surface temperature would be − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , in contrast to the current + 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Weather and climate Main articles : Weather and Climate Hurricane Felix seen from low Earth orbit , September 2007 Lenticular cloud over an ice pressure ridge near Mount Discovery , Antarctica , November 2013 Massive clouds above the Mojave Desert , February 2016 Earth 's atmosphere has no definite boundary , slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space . Three - quarters of the atmosphere 's mass is contained within the first 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) of the surface . This lowest layer is called the troposphere . Energy from the Sun heats this layer , and the surface below , causing expansion of the air . This lower - density air then rises and is replaced by cooler , higher - density air . The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy . The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30 ° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30 ° and 60 ° . Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate , particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions . Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere . When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm , humid air , this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation . Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes . This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods . Precipitation patterns vary widely , ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter . Atmospheric circulation , topographic features , and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region . The amount of solar energy reaching Earth 's surface decreases with increasing latitude . At higher latitudes , the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles , and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere . As a result , the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 ° C ( 0.7 ° F ) per degree of latitude from the equator . Earth 's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate . Ranging from the equator to the polar regions , these are the tropical ( or equatorial ) , subtropical , temperate and polar climates . This latitudinal rule has several anomalies : Proximity to oceans moderates the climate . For example , the Scandinavian Peninsula has more moderate climate than similarly northern latitudes of northern Canada . The wind enables this moderating effect . The windward side of a land mass experiences more moderation than the leeward side . In the Northern Hemisphere , the prevailing wind is west - to - east , and western coasts tend to be milder than eastern coasts . This is seen in Eastern North America and Western Europe , where rough continental climates appear on the east coast on parallels with mild climates on the other side of the ocean . In the Southern Hemisphere , the prevailing wind is east - to - west , and the eastern coasts are milder . The distance from the Earth to the Sun varies . The Earth is closest to the Sun ( at perihelion ) in January , which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere . It is furthest away ( at aphelion ) in July , which is summer in the Northern Hemisphere , and only 93.55 % of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given square area of land than at perihelion . Despite this , there are larger land masses in the Northern Hemisphere , which are easier to heat than the seas . Consequently , summers are 2.3 ° C ( 4 ° F ) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions . The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density . The commonly used Köppen climate classification system has five broad groups ( humid tropics , arid , humid middle latitudes , continental and cold polar ) , which are further divided into more specific subtypes . The Köppen system rates regions of terrain based on observed temperature and precipitation . The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 ° C ( 134.1 ° F ) in Furnace Creek , California , in Death Valley , in 1913 . The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station in 1983 , but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as − 94.7 ° C ( − 138.5 ° F ) in East Antarctica . These temperature records are only measurements made with modern instruments from the 20th century onwards and likely do not reflect the full range of temperature on Earth . Upper atmosphere This view from orbit shows the full moon partially obscured by Earth 's atmosphere . Above the troposphere , the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . Each layer has a different lapse rate , defining the rate of change in temperature with height . Beyond these , the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere , where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind . Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer , a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth . The Kármán line , defined as 100 km above Earth 's surface , is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth 's gravity . This causes a slow but steady loss of the atmosphere into space . Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular mass , it can achieve escape velocity more readily , and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases . The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth 's atmosphere and surface from an initially reducing state to its current oxidizing one . Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen , but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere . Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth . In the current , oxygen - rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape . Instead , most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere . Gravitational field Main article : Gravity of Earth Earth 's gravity measured by NASA 's GRACE mission , showing deviations from the theoretical gravity . Red shows where gravity is stronger than the smooth , standard value , and blue shows where it is weaker . The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within the Earth . Near the Earth 's surface , gravitational acceleration is approximately 9.8 m / s ( 32 ft / s ) . Local differences in topography , geology , and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad , regional differences in the Earth 's gravitational field , known as gravity anomalies . Magnetic field Main article : Earth 's magnetic field The main part of Earth 's magnetic field is generated in the core , the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy . The field extends outwards from the core , through the mantle , and up to Earth 's surface , where it is , approximately , a dipole . The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth 's geographic poles . At the equator of the magnetic field , the magnetic - field strength at the surface is 3.05 × 10 T , with global magnetic dipole moment of 7.91 × 10 T m . The convection movements in the core are chaotic ; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment . This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years . The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago . Magnetosphere Main article : Magnetosphere Schematic of Earth 's magnetosphere . The solar wind flows from left to right The extent of Earth 's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere . Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere ; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere , to about 10 Earth radii , and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail . Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind , a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind . Charged particles are contained within the magnetosphere ; the plasmasphere is defined by low - energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates ; the ring current is defined by medium - energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field , but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field , and the Van Allen radiation belt are formed by high - energy particles whose motion is essentially random , but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere . During magnetic storms and substorms , charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail , directed along field lines into Earth 's ionosphere , where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized , causing the aurora . Orbit and rotation Rotation Main article : Earth 's rotation Earth 's rotation imaged by DSCOVR EPIC on 29 May 2016 , a few weeks before the solstice . Earth 's rotation period relative to the Sun -- its mean solar day -- is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time ( 86,400.0025 SI seconds ) . Because Earth 's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration , each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer . Earth 's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) , is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) , or 23 56 4.0989 . Earth 's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox , misnamed its sidereal day , is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.0905 ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623 -- 2005 and 1962 -- 2005 . Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low - orbiting satellites , the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth 's sky is to the west at a rate of 15 ° / h = 15 ' / min . For bodies near the celestial equator , this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes ; from Earth 's surface , the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same . Orbit Main article : Earth 's orbit The Pale Blue Dot photo taken in 1990 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft showing Earth ( center right ) from nearly 6.4 billion km ( 4 billion mi ) away Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km ( 93 million mi ) every 365.2564 mean solar days , or one sidereal year . This gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1 ° / day , which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours . Due to this motion , on average it takes 24 hours -- a solar day -- for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian . The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km / s ( 107,200 km / h ; 66,600 mph ) , which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth 's diameter , about 12,742 km ( 7,918 mi ) , in seven minutes , and the distance to the Moon , 384,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) , in about 3.5 hours . The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars . When combined with the Earth -- Moon system 's common orbit around the Sun , the period of the synodic month , from new moon to new moon , is 29.53 days . Viewed from the celestial north pole , the motion of Earth , the Moon , and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise . Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth , Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun . The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned : Earth 's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth -- Sun plane ( the ecliptic ) , and the Earth -- Moon plane is tilted up to ± 5.1 degrees against the Earth -- Sun plane . Without this tilt , there would be an eclipse every two weeks , alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses . The Hill sphere , or the sphere of gravitational influence , of the Earth is about 1.5 million km ( 930,000 mi ) in radius . This is the maximum distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius , or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Earth , along with the Solar System , is situated in the Milky Way and orbits about 28,000 light - years from its center . It is about 20 light - years above the galactic plane in the Orion Arm . Axial tilt and seasons Main article : Axial tilt § Earth Earth 's axial tilt ( or obliquity ) and its relation to the rotation axis and plane of orbit The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281 ° with the axis of its orbit plane , always pointing towards the Celestial Poles . Due to Earth 's axial tilt , the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year . This causes the seasonal change in climate , with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun , and winter taking place when the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun . During the summer , the day lasts longer , and the Sun climbs higher in the sky . In winter , the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter . In northern temperate latitudes , the Sun rises north of true east during the summer solstice , and sets north of true west , reversing in the winter . The Sun rises south of true east in the summer for the southern temperate zone and sets south of true west . Above the Arctic Circle , an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year , up to six months at the North Pole itself , a polar night . In the Southern Hemisphere , the situation is exactly reversed , with the South Pole oriented opposite the direction of the North Pole . Six months later , this pole will experience a midnight sun , a day of 24 hours , again reversing with the South Pole . By astronomical convention , the four seasons can be determined by the solstices -- the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes , when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular . In the Northern Hemisphere , winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December ; summer solstice is near 21 June , spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23 September . In the Southern Hemisphere , the situation is reversed , with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped . The angle of Earth 's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time . Its axial tilt does undergo nutation ; a slight , irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years . The orientation ( rather than the angle ) of Earth 's axis also changes over time , precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle ; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year . Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth 's equatorial bulge . The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth 's surface . This polar motion has multiple , cyclical components , which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion . In addition to an annual component to this motion , there is a 14 - month cycle called the Chandler wobble . Earth 's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length - of - day variation . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around 3 January , and its aphelion around 4 July . These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors , which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles . The changing Earth -- Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9 % in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere . A study from 2016 suggested that Planet Nine tilted all Solar System planets , including Earth 's , by about six degrees . Habitability The Rocky Mountains in Canada overlook Moraine Lake . A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable , even if life did not originate there . Earth provides liquid water -- an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact , and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism . The distance of Earth from the Sun , as well as its orbital eccentricity , rate of rotation , axial tilt , geological history , sustaining atmosphere , and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface . Biosphere Main article : Biosphere A planet 's life forms inhabit ecosystems , whose total is sometimes said to form a `` biosphere '' . Earth 's biosphere is thought to have begun evolving about 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Gya . The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes , inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals . On land , biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude , height above sea level and humidity . Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles , at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life ; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) of all organisms living on Earth . Natural resources and land use Main articles : Natural resource and Land use Estimated human land use , 2000 Land use Mha Cropland 1,510 -- 1,611 Pastures 2,500 -- 3,410 Natural forests 3,143 -- 3,871 Planted forests 126 -- 215 Urban areas 66 -- 351 Unused , productive land 356 -- 445 Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans . Those termed non-renewable resources , such as fossil fuels , only renew over geological timescales . Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth 's crust , consisting of coal , petroleum , and natural gas . These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production . Mineral ore bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of ore genesis , resulting from actions of magmatism , erosion , and plate tectonics . These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements . Earth 's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans , including food , wood , pharmaceuticals , oxygen , and the recycling of many organic wastes . The land - based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water , and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land . In 1980 , 50.53 million km ( 19.51 million sq mi ) of Earth 's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands , 67.88 million km ( 26.21 million sq mi ) was grasslands and pasture , and 15.01 million km ( 5.80 million sq mi ) was cultivated as croplands . The estimated amount of irrigated land in 1993 was 2,481,250 km ( 958,020 sq mi ) . Humans also live on the land by using building materials to construct shelters . Natural and Environmental hazards A volcano injecting hot ash into the atmosphere Large areas of Earth 's surface are subject to extreme weather such as tropical cyclones , hurricanes , or typhoons that dominate life in those areas . From 1980 to 2000 , these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year . Many places are subject to earthquakes , landslides , tsunamis , volcanic eruptions , tornadoes , sinkholes , blizzards , floods , droughts , wildfires , and other calamities and disasters . Many localized areas are subject to human - made pollution of the air and water , acid rain and toxic substances , loss of vegetation ( overgrazing , deforestation , desertification ) , loss of wildlife , species extinction , soil degradation , soil depletion and erosion . There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions . This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets , more extreme temperature ranges , significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels . Human geography Main articles : Human geography and World The seven continents of Earth : North America South America Antarctica Europe Africa Asia Australia Cartography , the study and practice of map - making , and geography , the study of the lands , features , inhabitants and phenomena on Earth , have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting Earth . Surveying , the determination of locations and distances , and to a lesser extent navigation , the determination of position and direction , have developed alongside cartography and geography , providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information . Earth 's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011 . Projections indicate that the world 's human population will reach 9.2 billion in 2050 . Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations . Human population density varies widely around the world , but a majority live in Asia . By 2020 , 60 % of the world 's population is expected to be living in urban , rather than rural , areas . It is estimated that one - eighth of Earth 's surface is suitable for humans to live on -- three - quarters of Earth 's surface is covered by oceans , leaving one - quarter as land . Half of that land area is desert ( 14 % ) , high mountains ( 27 % ) , or other unsuitable terrains . The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert , on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut , Canada . ( 82 ° 28 ′ N ) The southernmost is the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , in Antarctica , almost exactly at the South Pole . ( 90 ° S ) Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City Independent sovereign nations claim the planet 's entire land surface , except for some parts of Antarctica , a few land parcels along the Danube river 's western bank , and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan . As of 2015 , there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations , plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition . Earth has never had a sovereign government with authority over the entire globe , although some nation - states have striven for world domination and failed . The United Nations is a worldwide intergovernmental organization that was created with the goal of intervening in the disputes between nations , thereby avoiding armed conflict . The U.N. serves primarily as a forum for international diplomacy and international law . When the consensus of the membership permits , it provides a mechanism for armed intervention . The first human to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961 . In total , about 487 people have visited outer space and reached orbit as of 30 July 2010 , and , of these , twelve have walked on the Moon . Normally , the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station . The station 's crew , made up of six people , is usually replaced every six months . The farthest that humans have traveled from Earth is 400,171 km ( 248,655 mi ) , achieved during the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 . Moon Characteristics Diameter 7006347480000000000 ♠ 3,474.8 km Mass 7022734900000000000 ♠ 7.349 × 10 kg Semi-major axis 7008384400000000000 ♠ 384,400 km Orbital period 27 7 43.7 Main article : Moon The Moon is a relatively large , terrestrial , planet - like natural satellite , with a diameter about one - quarter of Earth 's . It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet , although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto . The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as `` moons '' , after Earth 's . The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth . The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking : its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth . As a result , it always presents the same face to the planet . As the Moon orbits Earth , different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun , leading to the lunar phases ; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator . Details of the Earth -- Moon system , showing the radius of each object and the Earth -- Moon barycenter . The Moon 's axis is located by Cassini 's third law . Due to their tidal interaction , the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm / a ( 1.5 in / year ) . Over millions of years , these tiny modifications -- and the lengthening of Earth 's day by about 23 μs / yr -- add up to significant changes . During the Devonian period , for example , ( approximately 7002410000000000000 ♠ 410 Mya ) there were 400 days in a year , with each day lasting 21.8 hours . The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet 's climate . Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth 's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon . Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to Earth 's equatorial bulge , the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable , exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years , as appears to be the case for Mars . Viewed from Earth , the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent - sized disk as the Sun . The angular size ( or solid angle ) of these two bodies match because , although the Sun 's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon 's , it is also 400 times more distant . This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth . The most widely accepted theory of the Moon 's origin , the giant - impact hypothesis , states that it formed from the collision of a Mars - size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth . This hypothesis explains ( among other things ) the Moon 's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth 's crust . Asteroids and artificial satellites Tracy Caldwell Dyson viewing Earth from the ISS Cupola , 2010 Earth has at least five co-orbital asteroids , including 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA 29 . A trojan asteroid companion , 2010 TK 7 , is librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point , L4 , in the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . The tiny near - Earth asteroid 2006 RH 120 makes close approaches to the Earth -- Moon system roughly every twenty years . During these approaches , it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time . As of April 2018 , there are 1,886 operational , human - made satellites orbiting Earth . There are also inoperative satellites , including Vanguard 1 , the oldest satellite currently in orbit , and over 16,000 pieces of tracked space debris . Earth 's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station . Cultural and historical viewpoint Main article : Earth in culture Earthrise , taken by William Anders , an astronaut on board Apollo 8 The standard astronomical symbol of Earth consists of a cross circumscribed by a circle , , representing the four corners of the world . Human cultures have developed many views of the planet . Earth is sometimes personified as a deity . In many cultures it is a mother goddess that is also the primary fertility deity , and by the mid-20th century , the Gaia Principle compared Earth 's environments and life as a single self - regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability . Creation myths in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities . Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people 's view of the planet . Initial belief in a flat Earth was gradually displaced in the Greek colonies of southern Italy during the late 6th century BC by the idea of spherical Earth , which was attributed to both the philosophers Pythagoras and Parmenides . By the end of the 5th century BC , the sphericity of Earth was universally accepted among Greek intellectuals . Earth was generally believed to be the center of the universe until the 16th century , when scientists first conclusively demonstrated that it was a moving object , comparable to the other planets in the Solar System . Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as James Ussher , who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture , Westerners before the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most . It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth 's age was at least many millions of years . Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864 , sparking a vigorous debate on the subject ; it was only when radioactivity and radioactive dating were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth 's age was established , proving the planet to be billions of years old . The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit , and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program . Clickable Life on Earth ( view discuss ) 0.2 Mya Humans 140 Mya Flowers 200 Mya Mammals 240 Mya Dinosaurs 3500 Mya Oxygen 4000 Mya Microorganisms 4410 Mya Water 4540 Mya Earth Clickable Location of the Earth in the Universe ( view discuss ) Earth Solar System Gould Belt Orion Arm Milky Way Local Group Virgo SCl Laniakea SCl Our Universe See also Celestial sphere Earth physical characteristics tables Earth science Earth system science List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System Outline of Earth Timeline of natural history Timeline of the far future Notes Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . The difference between Earth 's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers . ^ Jump up to : As of 4 January 2018 , the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 18,835 artificial objects , mostly debris . See : Anz - Meador , Phillip ; Shoots , Debi , eds . ( February 2018 ) . `` Satellite Box Score '' ( PDF ) . Orbital Debris Quarterly News . 22 ( 1 ) : 12 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Due to natural fluctuations , ambiguities surrounding ice shelves , and mapping conventions for vertical datums , exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful . Based on data from the Vector Map and Global Landcover datasets , extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6 % and 1.0 % of Earth 's surface . The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land , even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level . Jump up ^ The number of solar days in a year is one less than the number of sidereal days ( the time it takes the Earth to revolve exactly 360 degrees around its axis ) because a solar day is about 236 seconds longer than a sidereal day . Over a year , this discrepancy adds up to a full sidereal day . Jump up ^ Including eorþe , erþe , erde , and erthe . Jump up ^ As in Beowulf ( 1531 -- 33 ) : Wearp ða wundelmæl wrættum gebunden yrre oretta , þæt hit on eorðan læg , stið ond stylecg . `` He threw the artfully - wound sword so that it lay upon the earth , firm and sharp - edged . '' Jump up ^ As in the Old English glosses of the Lindisfarne Gospels ( Luke 13 : 7 ) : Succidite ergo illam ut quid etiam terram occupat : hrendas uel scearfað forðon ðailca uel hia to huon uutedlice eorðo gionetað uel gemerras . `` Remove it . Why should it use up the soil ? '' Jump up ^ As in Ælfric 's Heptateuch ( Gen. 1 : 10 ) : Ond God gecygde ða drignysse eorðan ond ðære wætera gegaderunge he het sæ . `` And God called the dry land Earth ; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas . '' Jump up ^ As in the Wessex Gospels ( Matt . 28 : 18 ) : Me is geseald ælc anweald on heofonan & on eorðan . `` All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me . '' Jump up ^ As in the Codex Junius 's Genesis ( 112 -- 16 ) : her ærest gesceop ece drihten , helm eallwihta , heofon and eorðan , rodor arærde and þis rume land gestaþelode strangum mihtum , frea ælmihtig . `` Here first with mighty power the Everlasting Lord , the Helm of all created things , Almighty King , made earth and heaven , raised up the sky and founded the spacious land . '' Jump up ^ As in Ælfric 's On the Seasons of the Year ( Ch. 6 , § 9 ) : Seo eorðe stent on gelicnysse anre pinnhnyte , & seo sunne glit onbutan be Godes gesetnysse . `` The earth can be compared to a pine cone , and the Sun glides around it by God 's decree . Jump up ^ If Earth were shrunk to the size of a billiard ball , some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections , whereas much of the planet , including the Great Plains and the abyssal plains , would feel smoother . Jump up ^ Locally varies between 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5 and 200 km . Jump up ^ Locally varies between 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5 and 70 km . Jump up ^ Including the Somali Plate , which is being formed out of the African Plate . See : Chorowicz , Jean ( October 2005 ) . `` The East African rift system '' . Journal of African Earth Sciences . 43 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 379 -- 410 . Bibcode : 2005JAfES ... 43 ... 379C . doi : 10.1016 / j. jafrearsci. 2005.07. 019 . Jump up ^ This is the measurement taken by the vessel Kaikō in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date . See the Challenger Deep article for more details . Jump up ^ The ultimate source of these figures , uses the term `` seconds of UT1 '' instead of `` seconds of mean solar time ''. -- Aoki , S. ; Kinoshita , H. ; Guinot , B. ; Kaplan , G.H. ; McCarthy , D.D. ; Seidelmann , P.K. ( 1982 ) . `` The new definition of universal time '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1982A&A ... 105 ... 359A . Jump up ^ For Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 3 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) , where m is the mass of Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 , 946 ) 1 3 = 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332,946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = 0.01 ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the real name of the earth	[ "Originally, earth was written in lowercase, and from early Middle English, its definite sense as \"the globe\" was expressed as the earth. By Early Modern English, many nouns were capitalized, and the earth became (and often remained) the Earth, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as Earth, by analogy with the names of the other planets.[40] House styles now vary: Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. 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7174583495601645881	Hydrogen peroxide	Hydrogen peroxide - Wikipedia Hydrogen peroxide Jump to : navigation , search Hydrogen peroxide Names IUPAC name Hydrogen peroxide Other names Dioxidane Oxidanyl Perhydroxic acid Identifiers CAS Number 7722 - 84 - 1 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 16240 ChemSpider 763 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 878 EC Number 231 - 765 - 0 IUPHAR / BPS 2448 KEGG D00008 PubChem CID 784 RTECS number MX0900000 ( > 90 % soln . ) MX0887000 ( > 30 % soln . ) UNII BBX060AN9V UN number 2015 ( > 60 % soln . ) 2014 ( 20 -- 60 % soln . ) 2984 ( 8 -- 20 % soln . ) InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / H2O2 / c1 - 2 / h1 - 2H Key : MHAJPDPJQMAIIY - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / H2O2 / c1 - 2 / h1 - 2H Key : MHAJPDPJQMAIIY - UHFFFAOYAL SMILES ( show ) OO Properties Chemical formula H O Molar mass 34.0147 g / mol Appearance Very light blue color ; colorless in solution Odor slightly sharp Density 1.11 g / cm ( 20 ° C , 30 % ( w / w ) solution ) 1.450 g / cm ( 20 ° C , pure ) Melting point − 0.43 ° C ( 31.23 ° F ; 272.72 K ) Boiling point 150.2 ° C ( 302.4 ° F ; 423.3 K ) ( decomposes ) Solubility in water Miscible Solubility soluble in ether , alcohol insoluble in petroleum ether Vapor pressure 5 mmHg ( 30 ° C ) Acidity ( pK ) 11.75 Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 17.7 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.4061 Viscosity 1.245 c P ( 20 ° C ) Dipole moment 2.26 D Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 1.267 J / ( g K ) ( gas ) 2.619 J / ( g K ) ( liquid ) Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 187.80 kJ / mol Pharmacology ATC code A01AB02 ( WHO ) D08AX01 ( WHO ) , S02AA06 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet ICSC 0164 ( > 60 % soln . ) GHS pictograms GHS signal word danger GHS hazard statements H271 , H302 , H314 , H332 , H335 , H412 GHS precautionary statements P280 , P305 + 351 + 338 , P310 NFPA 704 0 OX Flash point Non-flammable Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 1518 mg / kg 2000 mg / kg ( oral , mouse ) LC ( median concentration ) 1418 ppm ( rat , 4 hr ) LC ( lowest published ) 227 ppm ( mouse ) US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) TWA 1 ppm ( 1.4 mg / m ) REL ( Recommended ) TWA 1 ppm ( 1.4 mg / m ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) 75 ppm Related compounds Related compounds Water Ozone Hydrazine Hydrogen disulfide Dioxygen difluoride Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2O 2 . In its pure form , it is a colourless liquid , slightly more viscous than water . Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide ( a compound with an oxygen -- oxygen single bond ) . It is used as an oxidizer , bleaching agent and disinfectant . Concentrated hydrogen peroxide , or `` high - test peroxide '' , is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry . Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond . Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of base or a catalyst . Because of its instability , hydrogen peroxide is typically stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution . Hydrogen peroxide is found in biological systems including the human body . Enzymes that use or decompose hydrogen peroxide are classified as peroxidases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Aqueous solutions 1.2 Structure 1.3 Comparison with analogues 2 Discovery 3 Manufacture 3.1 Availability 4 Reactions 4.1 Decomposition 4.2 Redox reactions 4.3 Organic reactions 4.4 Precursor to other peroxide compounds 5 Biological function 6 Uses 6.1 Industrial 6.2 Medical 6.2. 1 Disinfectant 6.2. 2 Cosmetic applications 6.2. 3 Use in alternative medicine 6.3 Propellant 6.3. 1 Explosives 6.4 Other uses 7 Safety 7.1 Historical incidents 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Properties ( edit ) The boiling point of H 2O 2 has been extrapolated as being 150.2 ° C , approximately 50 ° C higher than water . In practice hydrogen peroxide will undergo potentially explosive thermal decomposition if heated to this temperature . It may be safely distilled at lower temperatures under reduced pressure . Aqueous solutions ( edit ) In aqueous solutions hydrogen peroxide differs from the pure material due to the effects of hydrogen bonding between water and hydrogen peroxide molecules . Hydrogen peroxide and water form a eutectic mixture , exhibiting freezing - point depression ; pure water has a melting point of 0 ° C and pure hydrogen peroxide of − 0.43 ° C. The boiling point of the same mixtures is also depressed in relation with the mean of both boiling points ( 125.1 ° C ) . It occurs at 114 ° C . This boiling point is 14 ° C greater than that of pure water and 36.2 ° C less than that of pure hydrogen peroxide . Phase diagram of H 2O 2 and water : Area above blue line is liquid . Dotted lines separate solid + liquid phases from solid + solid phases . Density of aqueous solution of H O H O ( w / w ) Density ( g / cm ) Temperature ( ° C ) 3 % 1.0095 15 27 % 1.10 20 35 % 1.13 20 50 % 1.20 20 70 % 1.29 20 75 % 1.33 20 96 % 1.42 20 98 % 1.43 20 100 % 1.450 20 Structure ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2O 2 ) is a nonplanar molecule with ( twisted ) C symmetry . Although the O − O bond is a single bond , the molecule has a relatively high rotational barrier of 2460 cm ( 29.45 kJ / mol ) ; for comparison , the rotational barrier for ethane is 12.5 kJ / mol . The increased barrier is ascribed to repulsion between the lone pairs of the adjacent oxygen atoms and results in hydrogen peroxide displaying atropisomerism . The molecular structures of gaseous and crystalline H 2O 2 are significantly different . This difference is attributed to the effects of hydrogen bonding , which is absent in the gaseous state . Crystals of H 2O 2 are tetragonal with the space group D4 4P4 2 . Structure and dimensions of H O in the gas phase Structure and dimensions of H O in the solid ( crystalline ) phase Properties of H O and its analogues Name Formula Molar mass ( g / mol ) T ( ° C ) T ( ° C ) Hydrogen peroxide HOOH 34.01 − 0.43 150.2 * Water HOH 18.02 0.00 99.98 Hydrogen disulfide HSSH 66.15 − 89.6 70.7 Hydrazine H NNH 32.05 114 Hydroxylamine NH OH 33.03 33 58 * Diphosphane H PPH 65.98 − 99 63.5 * Comparison with analogues ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide has several structural analogues with H − X − X − H bonding arrangements ( water also shown for comparison ) . It has the highest ( theoretical ) boiling point of this series ( X = O , N , S ) . Its melting point is also fairly high , being comparable to that of hydrazine and water , with only hydroxylamine crystallising significantly more readily , indicative of particularly strong hydrogen bonding . Diphosphane and hydrogen disulfide exhibit only weak hydrogen bonding and have little chemical similarity to hydrogen peroxide . All of these analogues are thermodynamically unstable . Structurally , the analogues all adopt similar skewed structures , due to repulsion between adjacent lone pairs . Discovery ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Thénard , who produced it by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid . An improved version of this process used hydrochloric acid , followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct . Thénard 's process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century . Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable , as early attempts to separate it from the water , which is present during synthesis , all failed . This instability was due to traces of impurities ( transition - metal salts ) , which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide . Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 -- almost 80 years after its discovery -- by Richard Wolffenstein , who produced it by vacuum distillation . Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult . In 1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara ( 1864 -- 1925 ) determined its molecular mass by freezing - point depression , which confirmed that its molecular formula is H O. At least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the available evidence . In 1934 , the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide that was very similar to the presently accepted one . Manufacture ( edit ) Previously , hydrogen peroxide was prepared industrially by hydrolysis of the ammonium peroxydisulfate , which was itself obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of ammonium bisulfate ( NH 4HSO 4 ) in sulfuric acid : ( NH 4 ) 2O 8 + 2 H 2O → H 2O 2 + 2 ( NH 4 ) HSO Today , hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process , which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 . It begins with the reduction of an anthraquinone ( such as 2 - ethylanthraquinone or the 2 - amyl derivative ) to the corresponding anthrahydroquinone , typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst ; the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone , with hydrogen peroxide as a by - product . Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene , whereby the oxygen present in the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms ( of the hydroxy groups ) , giving hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the anthraquinone . Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted , and the anthraquinone derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy ( anthracene ) compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst . The cycle then repeats itself . The simplified overall equation for the process is simple : H 2 + O 2 → H 2O The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone ( which is expensive ) and extraction solvents , and of the hydrogenation catalyst . A process to produce hydrogen peroxide directly from the elements has been of interest for many years . Direct synthesis is difficult to achieve , as the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen thermodynamically favours production of water . Systems for direct synthesis have been developed , most of which are based around finely dispersed metal catalysts . None of these has yet reached a point where they can be used for industrial - scale synthesis . ISO tank container for hydrogen peroxide transportation Availability ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is most commonly available as a solution in water . For consumers , it is usually available from pharmacies at 3 and 6 wt % concentrations . The concentrations are sometimes described in terms of the volume of oxygen gas generated ; one milliliter of a 20 - volume solution generates twenty milliliters of oxygen gas when completely decomposed . For laboratory use , 30 wt % solutions are most common . Commercial grades from 70 % to 98 % are also available , but due to the potential of solutions of more than 68 % hydrogen peroxide to be converted entirely to steam and oxygen ( with the temperature of the steam increasing as the concentration increases above 68 % ) these grades are potentially far more hazardous and require special care in dedicated storage areas . Buyers must typically allow inspection by commercial manufacturers . In 1994 , world production of H 2O 2 was around 1.9 million tonnes and grew to 2.2 million in 2006 , most of which was at a concentration of 70 % or less . In that year bulk 30 % H 2O 2 sold for around 0.54 USD / kg , equivalent to 1.50 USD / kg ( 0.68 USD / lb ) on a `` 100 % basis '' . Reactions ( edit ) Decomposition ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to form water and oxygen with a ΔH of − 98.2 kJ / mol and a Δ S of 70.5 J / ( mol K ) : 2 H 2O 2 → 2 H 2O + O The rate of decomposition increases with rising temperature , concentration and pH , with cool , dilute , acidic solutions showing the best stability . Decomposition is catalysed by various compounds , including most transition metals and their compounds ( e.g. manganese dioxide , silver , and platinum ) . Certain metal ions , such as Fe 2 + or Ti 3 + , can cause the decomposition to take a different path , with free radicals such as ( HO ) and ( HOO ) being formed . Non-metallic catalysts include potassium iodide , which reacts particularly rapidly and forms the basis of the elephant toothpaste experiment . Hydrogen peroxide can also be decomposed biologically by the enzyme catalase . The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen and heat ; this can be dangerous , as spilling high - concentration hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire . Redox reactions ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide exhibits oxidizing and reducing properties , depending on pH . In acidic solutions , H 2O 2 is one of the most powerful oxidizers known -- stronger than chlorine , chlorine dioxide , and potassium permanganate . Also , through catalysis , H 2O 2 can be converted into hydroxyl radicals ( OH ) , which are highly reactive . Oxidant / reduced product Oxidation potential , V fluorine / hydrogen fluoride 3.0 ozone / oxygen hydrogen peroxide / water 1.8 potassium permanganate / manganese dioxide 1.7 chlorine dioxide / HClO 1.5 chlorine / chloride 1.4 In acidic solutions Fe 2 + is oxidized to Fe 3 + ( hydrogen peroxide acting as an oxidizing agent ) : 2 Fe 2 + ( aq ) + H 2O 2 + 2 H + ( aq ) → 2 Fe 3 + ( aq ) + 2 H 2O ( l ) and sulfite ( SO 2 − 3 ) is oxidized to sulfate ( SO 2 − 4 ) . However , potassium permanganate is reduced to Mn 2 + by acidic H 2O 2 . Under alkaline conditions , however , some of these reactions reverse ; for example , Mn 2 + is oxidized to Mn 4 + ( as MnO 2 ) . In basic solution , hydrogen peroxide can reduce a variety of inorganic ions . When it acts as a reducing agent , oxygen gas is also produced . For example , hydrogen peroxide will reduce sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate , which is a convenient method for preparing oxygen in the laboratory : NaOCl + H 2O 2 → O 2 + NaCl + H 2O 2 KMnO 4 + 3 H 2O 2 → 2 MnO 2 + 2 KOH + 2 H 2O + 3 O Organic reactions ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an oxidizing agent . Illustrative is oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides : Ph − S − CH 3 + H 2O 2 → Ph − S ( O ) − CH 3 + H 2O Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron - deficient alkenes such as acrylic acid derivatives , and for the oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols , the second step of hydroboration - oxidation . It is also the principal reagent in the Dakin oxidation process . Precursor to other peroxide compounds ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid , forming hydroperoxide or peroxide salts with many metals . It also converts metal oxides into the corresponding peroxides . For example , upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide , chromic acid ( CrO 3 ) forms an unstable blue peroxide CrO ( O 2 ) 2 . This kind of reaction is used industrially to produce peroxoanions . For example , reaction with borax leads to sodium perborate , a bleach used in laundry detergents : Na 4O 7 + 4 H 2O 2 + 2 NaOH → 2 Na 2O 4 ( OH ) 4 + H 2O 2O 2 converts carboxylic acids ( RCO H ) into peroxy acids ( RC ( O ) O H ) , which are themselves used as oxidizing agents . Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acetone to form acetone peroxide and with ozone to form trioxidane . Hydrogen peroxide forms stable adducts with urea ( hydrogen peroxide - urea ) , sodium carbonate ( sodium percarbonate ) and other compounds . An acid - base adduct with triphenylphosphine oxide is a useful `` carrier '' for H 2O 2 in some reactions . Biological function ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide is also one of the two chief chemicals in the defence system of the bombardier beetle , reacting with hydroquinone to discourage predators . A study published in Nature found that hydrogen peroxide plays a role in the immune system . Scientists found that hydrogen peroxide presence inside cells increased after tissues are damaged in zebrafish , which is thought to act as a signal to white blood cells to converge on the site and initiate the healing process . When the genes required to produce hydrogen peroxide were disabled , white blood cells did not accumulate at the site of damage . The experiments were conducted on fish ; however , because fish are genetically similar to humans , the same process is speculated to occur in humans . The study in Nature suggested asthma sufferers have higher levels of hydrogen peroxide in their lungs than healthy people , which could explain why asthma sufferers have inappropriate levels of white blood cells in their lungs . Hydrogen peroxide has important roles as a signalling molecule in the regulation of a wide variety of biological processes . The compound is a major factor implicated in the free - radical theory of aging , based on how readily hydrogen peroxide can decompose into a hydroxyl radical and how superoxide radical byproducts of cellular metabolism can react with ambient water to form hydrogen peroxide . These hydroxyl radicals in turn readily react with and damage vital cellular components , especially those of the mitochondria . At least one study has also tried to link hydrogen peroxide production to cancer . These studies have frequently been quoted in fraudulent treatment claims . The amount of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems can be assayed using a fluorimetric assay . Uses ( edit ) Industrial ( edit ) About 60 % of the world 's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for pulp - and paper - bleaching . The second major industrial application is the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate which are used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents . It is used in the production of various organic peroxides with dibenzoyl peroxide being a high volume example . This is used in polymerisations , as a flour bleaching agent and as a treatment for acne . Peroxy acids , such as peracetic acid and meta - chloroperoxybenzoic acid are also typically produced using hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste - water treatment processes to remove organic impurities . This is achieved by advanced oxidation processes , such as the Fenton reaction , which use it to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals ( OH ) . These are able to destroy organic contaminates which are ordinarily difficult to remove , such as aromatic or halogenated compounds . It can also oxidize sulfur based compounds present in the waste ; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour . Medical ( edit ) Disinfectant ( edit ) Skin shortly after exposure to 35 % H 2O Hydrogen peroxide can be used for the sterilization of various surfaces , including surgical tools and may be deployed as a vapour ( VHP ) for room sterilization . H O demonstrates broad - spectrum efficacy against viruses , bacteria , yeasts , and bacterial spores . In general , greater activity is seen against Gram - positive than Gram - negative bacteria ; however , the presence of catalase or other peroxidases in these organisms can increase tolerance in the presence of lower concentrations . Higher concentrations of H O ( 10 to 30 % ) and longer contact times are required for sporicidal activity . Hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally safe alternative to chlorine - based bleaches , as it degrades to form oxygen and water and it is generally recognized as safe as an antimicrobial agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Historically hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds , partly because of its low cost and prompt availability compared to other antiseptics . It is now thought to slow healing and lead to scarring because it destroys newly formed skin cells . Only a very low concentration of H O can induce healing , and only if not repeatedly applied . Surgical use can lead to gas embolism formation . Despite this it is still used for wound treatment in many developing countries . Dermal exposure to dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide cause whitening or bleaching of the skin due to microembolism caused by oxygen bubbles in the capillaries . Cosmetic applications ( edit ) Diluted H 2O 2 ( between 1.9 % and 12 % ) mixed with ammonium hydroxide is used to bleach human hair . The chemical 's bleaching property lends its name to the phrase `` peroxide blonde '' . Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening . It can be found in most whitening toothpastes . Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters . It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the enamel where the shade of the tooth can indeed become lighter . Hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a home - made toothpaste . Hydrogen peroxide may be used to treat acne , although benzoyl peroxide is a more common treatment . Use in alternative medicine ( edit ) Practitioners of alternative medicine have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of various conditions , including emphysema , influenza , AIDS and in particular cancer , although the effectiveness is scientifically questionable and in some cases it may even be fatal . The practice calls for the daily consumption of hydrogen peroxide , either orally or by injection and is , in general , based around two precepts . First , that hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body to combat infection ; and second , that human pathogens ( including cancer : See Warburg hypothesis ) are anaerobic and can not survive in oxygen - rich environments . The ingestion or injection of hydrogen peroxide is therefore believed to kill disease by mimicking the immune response in addition to increasing levels of oxygen within the body . This makes it similar to other oxygen - based therapies , such as ozone therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy . Both the effectiveness and safety of hydrogen peroxide therapy is scientifically questionable . Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the immune system but in a carefully controlled manner . Cells called by phagocytes engulf pathogens and then use hydrogen peroxide to destroy them . The peroxide is toxic to both the cell and the pathogen and so is kept within a special compartment , called a phagosome . Free hydrogen peroxide will damage any tissue it encounters via oxidative stress ; a process which also has been proposed as a cause of cancer . Claims that hydrogen peroxide therapy increase cellular levels of oxygen have not been supported . The quantities administered would be expected to provide very little additional oxygen compared to that available from normal respiration . It should also be noted that it is difficult to raise the level of oxygen around cancer cells within a tumour , as the blood supply tends to be poor , a situation known as tumor hypoxia . Large oral doses of hydrogen peroxide at a 3 % concentration may cause irritation and blistering to the mouth , throat , and abdomen as well as abdominal pain , vomiting , and diarrhea . Intravenous injection of hydrogen peroxide has been linked to several deaths . The American Cancer Society states that `` there is no scientific evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe , effective or useful cancer treatment . '' Furthermore , the therapy is not approved by the U.S. FDA . Propellant ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see High - test peroxide . Rocket - belt hydrogen - peroxide propulsion system used in a jet pack High - concentration H 2O 2 is referred to as `` high - test peroxide '' ( HTP ) . It can be used either as a monopropellant ( not mixed with fuel ) or as the oxidizer component of a bipropellant rocket . Use as a monopropellant takes advantage of the decomposition of 70 -- 98 % concentration hydrogen peroxide into steam and oxygen . The propellant is pumped into a reaction chamber , where a catalyst , usually a silver or platinum screen , triggers decomposition , producing steam at over 600 ° C ( 1,112 ° F ) , which is expelled through a nozzle , generating thrust . H 2O 2 monopropellant produces a maximal specific impulse ( I ) of 161 s ( 1.6 kN s / kg ) . Peroxide was the first major monopropellant adopted for use in rocket applications . Hydrazine eventually replaced hydrogen - peroxide monopropellant thruster applications primarily because of a 25 % increase in the vacuum specific impulse . Hydrazine ( toxic ) and hydrogen peroxide ( less - toxic ( ACGIH TLV 0.01 and 1 ppm respectively ) ) are the only two monopropellants ( other than cold gases ) to have been widely adopted and utilized for propulsion and power applications . The Bell Rocket Belt , reaction - control systems for X-1 , X-15 , Centaur , Mercury , Little Joe , as well as the turbo - pump gas generators for X-1 , X-15 , Jupiter , Redstone and Viking used hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant . As a bipropellant , H 2O 2 is decomposed to burn a fuel as an oxidizer . Specific impulses as high as 350 s ( 3.5 kN s / kg ) can be achieved , depending on the fuel . Peroxide used as an oxidizer gives a somewhat lower I than liquid oxygen , but is dense , storable , noncryogenic and can be more easily used to drive gas turbines to give high pressures using an efficient closed cycle . It can also be used for regenerative cooling of rocket engines . Peroxide was used very successfully as an oxidizer in World War II German rocket motors ( e.g. T - Stoff , containing oxyquinoline stabilizer , for both the Walter HWK 109 - 500 Starthilfe RATO externally podded monopropellant booster system , and for the Walter HWK 109 - 509 rocket motor series used for the Me 163 B ) , most often used with C - Stoff in a self - igniting hypergolic combination , and for the low - cost British Black Knight and Black Arrow launchers . In the 1940s and 1950s , the Hellmuth Walter KG - conceived turbine used hydrogen peroxide for use in submarines while submerged ; it was found to be too noisy and require too much maintenance compared to diesel - electric power systems . Some torpedoes used hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer or propellant . Operator error in the use of hydrogen - peroxide torpedoes was named as possible causes for the sinkings of HMS Sidon and the Russian submarine Kursk . SAAB Underwater Systems is manufacturing the Torpedo 2000 . This torpedo , used by the Swedish Navy , is powered by a piston engine propelled by HTP as an oxidizer and kerosene as a fuel in a bipropellant system . Explosives ( edit ) Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating organic peroxide - based explosives , such as acetone peroxide , for improvised explosive devices . Hydrogen peroxide itself also acts as an explosive in high concentrations when placed in an absorbent , and has been used in attacks including the 7 July 2005 London bombings . These explosives tend to degrade quickly and hence are not used as commercial or military explosives . Other uses ( edit ) Chemiluminescence of cyalume , as found in a glow stick Hydrogen peroxide has various domestic uses , primarily as a cleaning and disinfecting agent . Glow sticks Hydrogen peroxide reacts with certain di - esters , such as phenyl oxalate ester ( cyalume ) , to produce chemiluminescence ; this application is most commonly encountered in the form of glow sticks . Horticulture Some horticulturalists and users of hydroponics advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions . Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant 's root development and helps to treat root rot ( cellular root death due to lack of oxygen ) and a variety of other pests . Fish aeration Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish . The hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to catalysts such as manganese dioxide . Safety ( edit ) Regulations vary , but low concentrations , such as 6 % , are widely available and legal to buy for medical use . Most over-the - counter peroxide solutions are not suitable for ingestion . Higher concentrations may be considered hazardous and are typically accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet ( MSDS ) . In high concentrations , hydrogen peroxide is an aggressive oxidizer and will corrode many materials , including human skin . In the presence of a reducing agent , high concentrations of H 2O 2 will react violently . High - concentration hydrogen peroxide streams , typically above 40 % , should be considered hazardous due to concentrated hydrogen peroxide 's meeting the definition of a DOT oxidizer according to U.S. regulations , if released into the environment . The EPA Reportable Quantity ( RQ ) for D001 hazardous wastes is 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) , or approximately 10 US gallons ( 38 L ) , of concentrated hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a cool , dry , well - ventilated area and away from any flammable or combustible substances . It should be stored in a container composed of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or glass ( other materials including some plastics and aluminium alloys may also be suitable ) . Because it breaks down quickly when exposed to light , it should be stored in an opaque container , and pharmaceutical formulations typically come in brown bottles that block light . Hydrogen peroxide , either in pure or diluted form , can pose several risks , the main one being that it forms explosive mixtures upon contact with organic compounds . Highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide itself is unstable and can cause a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion ( BLEVE ) of the remaining liquid . Distillation of hydrogen peroxide at normal pressures is thus highly dangerous . It is also corrosive , especially when concentrated , but even domestic - strength solutions can cause irritation to the eyes , mucous membranes and skin . Swallowing hydrogen peroxide solutions is particularly dangerous , as decomposition in the stomach releases large quantities of gas ( 10 times the volume of a 3 % solution ) , leading to internal bloating . Inhaling over 10 % can cause severe pulmonary irritation . With a significant vapour pressure ( 1.2 kPa at 50 ° C ) , hydrogen - peroxide vapour is potentially hazardous . According to U.S. NIOSH , the immediately dangerous to life and health ( IDLH ) limit is only 75 ppm . The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has established a permissible exposure limit of 1.0 ppm calculated as an 8 - hour time - weighted average ( 29 CFR 1910.1000 , Table Z - 1 ) . Hydrogen peroxide has also been classified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH ) as a `` known animal carcinogen , with unknown relevance on humans '' . For workplaces where there is a risk of exposure to the hazardous concentrations of the vapours , continuous monitors for hydrogen peroxide should be used . Information on the hazards of hydrogen peroxide is available from OSHA and from the ATSDR . Historical incidents ( edit ) On 16 July 1934 , in Kummersdorf , Germany , a propellant tank containing an experimental monopropellant mixture consisting of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol exploded during a test , killing three people . During the Second World War , doctors in German concentration camps experimented with the use of hydrogen peroxide injections in the killing of human subjects . Several people received minor injuries after a hydrogen - peroxide spill on board of a flight between the U.S. cities Orlando and Memphis on 28 October 1998 . The Russian submarine K - 141 Kursk sailed to perform an exercise of firing dummy torpedoes at the Pyotr Velikiy , a Kirov - class battlecruiser . On 12 August 2000 , at 11 : 28 local time ( 07 : 28 UTC ) , there was an explosion while preparing to fire the torpedoes . The only credible report to date is that this was due to the failure and explosion of one of the Kursk 's hydrogen peroxide - fueled torpedoes . It is believed that HTP , a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo , seeped through its container , damaged either by rust or in the loading procedure back on land where an incident involving one of the torpedoes accidentally touching ground went unreported . The vessel was lost with all hands . A similar incident was responsible for the loss of HMS Sidon in 1955 . On 15 August 2010 a spill of about 30 US gallons ( 110 L ) of cleaning fluid occurred on the 54th floor of 1515 Broadway , in Times Square , New York City . The spill , which a spokesperson for the New York City fire department said was of hydrogen peroxide , shut down Broadway between West 42nd and West 48th streets as fire engines responded to the hazmat situation . There were no reported injuries . See also ( edit ) FOX reagent , used to measure levels of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems . Hydrogen chalcogenide References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Easton , M.F. ; Mitchell , A.G. ; Wynne - Jones , W.F.K. ( 1952 ) . `` The behaviour of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water . Part 1. ? Determination of the densities of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 48 : 796 . doi : 10.1039 / TF9524800796 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0335 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydrogen peroxide '' . Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Hill , C.N. ( 2001 ) . A Vertical Empire : The History of the UK Rocket launch and Space Programme , 1950 -- 1971 . Imperial College Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86094 - 268 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brauer , Georg , ed. ( 1963 ) . Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry . 1 . Translation editing by Reed F. ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Academic Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 126601 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Peroxide Technical Library '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Robert H. ; Leacock , Robert A. ; Peters , C. Wilbur ; Hecht , Karl T. ( 1965 ) . `` Internal - Rotation in Hydrogen Peroxide : The Far - Infrared Spectrum and the Determination of the Hindering Potential '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 42 ( 6 ) : 1931 . Bibcode : 1965JChPh ... 42.1931 H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1696228 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Dennis A. ; Anslyn , Eric V. ( 2005 ) . Modern Physical Organic Chemistry . University Science . p. 122 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 31 - 9 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , S.C. ; Collin , R.L. ; Lipscomb , W.N. ( 1 January 1951 ) . `` The crystal structure of hydrogen peroxide '' . Acta Crystallographica. 4 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 20 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X51000039 . Jump up ^ Thénard , L.J. 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Orndorff and John White ( 1893 ) `` The molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide and of benzoyl peroxide , '' American Chemical Journal , 15 : 347 -- 356 . Jump up ^ See , for example : In 1882 , Kingzett proposed as a structure H O =O . See : Thomas Kingzett , Charles ( 29 September 1882 ) . `` On the activity of oxygen and the mode of formation of hydrogen dioxide '' . The Chemical News . 46 ( 1192 ) : 141 -- 142 . In his 1922 textbook , Joseph Mellor considered three hypothetical molecular structures for hydrogen peroxide , admitting ( p. 952 ) : `` ... the constitution of this compound has not been yet established by unequivocal experiments '' . See : Joseph William Mellor , A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , vol. 1 ( London , England : Longmans , Green and Co. , 1922 ) , p. 952 -- 956 . W.C. Schumb , C.N. Satterfield , and R.L. Wentworth ( 1 December 1953 ) `` Report no . 43 : Hydrogen peroxide , Part two '' , Office of Naval Research , Contract No . N5ori - 07819 On p. 178 , the authors present six hypothetical models for hydrogen peroxide 's molecular structure . On p. 184 , the present structure is considered almost certainly correct -- although a small doubt remained . ( Note : The report by Schumb et al. was reprinted as : W.C. Schumb , C.N. Satterfield , and R.L. Wentworth , Hydrogen Peroxide ( New York , New York : Reinhold Publishing Corp . ( American Chemical Society Monograph ) , 1955 ) . ) Jump up ^ See : Penney , W.G. ; Sutherland , G.B.B.M. ( 1934 ) . `` The theory of the structure of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 2 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 498 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1749518 . Penney , W.G. ; Sutherland , G.B.B.M. ( 1934 ) . `` A note on the structure of H O and H N with particular reference to electric moments and free rotation '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 30 : 898 -- 902 . ^ Jump up to : Campos - Martin , Jose M. ; Blanco - Brieva , Gema ; Fierro , Jose L.G. 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Jump up ^ Shepherd , Steven . `` Brushing Up on Gum Disease '' . FDA Consumer . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Capizzi , R. ; Landi , F. ; Milani , M. ; Amerio , P. ( 2004 ) . `` Skin tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with hydrogen peroxide stabilized cream and adapalene gel in comparison with benzoyl peroxide cream and adapalene gel in common acne . A randomized , investigator - masked , controlled trial '' . British Journal of Dermatology. 151 ( 2 ) : 481 -- 484 . PMID 15327558 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2004. 06067. x . Jump up ^ Douglass , William Campbell ( 1995 ) . Hydrogen peroxide : medical miracle . ( Atlanta , GA ) : Second Opinion Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885236 - 07 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hydrogen Peroxide , 3 % . 3 . Hazards Identification Southeast Fisheries Science Center , daughter agency of NOAA . ^ Jump up to : `` Questionable methods of cancer management : hydrogen peroxide and other ' hyperoxygenation ' therapies '' . CA : A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 43 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 56 . 1993 . PMID 8422605 . doi : 10.3322 / canjclin. 43.1. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Anderson ( 12 January 2005 ) . `` A Prescription for Death ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naturopath Sentenced For Injecting Teen With Hydrogen Peroxide -- 7NEWS Denver '' . Thedenverchannel.com. 2006 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Barry ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Oxidative stress and cancer : have we moved forward ? '' . Biochemical Journal . 401 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . PMID 17150040 . doi : 10.1042 / BJ20061131 . Jump up ^ http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/history-US-General-Kinetics/AIAA-2006-5236_hydrogen_peroxide_versus_hydrazine.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/uses-monoprop-steam-generation/AIAA-1999-2880_The_Use_of_Hydrogen_Peroxide_for_Propulsion_and_Power-pitch.pdf Jump up ^ `` Peroxide Accident -- Walter Web Site '' . Histarmar.com.ar . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Scott , Richard ( November 1997 ) . `` Homing Instincts '' . Jane 's Navy Steam generated by catalytic decomposition of 80 -- 90 % hydrogen peroxide was used for driving the turbopump turbines of the V - 2 rockets , the X-15 rocketplanes , the early Centaur RL - 10 engines and is still used on Soyuz for that purpose today . International . Jump up ^ Soyuz using hydrogen peroxide propellant ( NASA website ) Jump up ^ Tiny cheap deadly hydrogen peroxide bombs , 2009 article about home made bombs and their use in terror attacks . ( NBC News ) Jump up ^ `` Ways to use Hydrogen Peroxide in the Garden '' . Using Hydrogen Peroxide . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattarai SP , Su N , Midmore DJ ; Su ; Midmore ( 2005 ) . `` Oxygation Unlocks Yield Potentials of Crops in Oxygen - Limited Soil Environments '' . Advances in Agronomy . Advances in Agronomy. 88 : 313 -- 377 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 000786 - 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2113 ( 05 ) 88008 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Peroxide Mouthwash is it Safe ? '' . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Jump up ^ For example , see an MSDS for a 3 % peroxide solution . Jump up ^ H2O2 toxicity and dangers Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry website Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 76th Ed , 1995 -- 1996 Jump up ^ `` CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) : Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values - NIOSH Publications and Products '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices , ACGIH '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR - Redirect - MMG : Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nazi Doctors : Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide '' . Robert Jay Lifton . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Accident No : DCA - 99 - MZ - 001 '' ( PDF ) . U.S National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wheaton , Sarah ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` Bleach Spill Shuts Part of Times Square '' . The New York Times . Bibliography J. Drabowicz ; et al. ( 1994 ) . G. Capozzi ; et al. , eds . The Syntheses of Sulphones , Sulphoxides and Cyclic Sulphides . Chichester UK : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 112 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 93970 - 6 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) N.N. Greenwood ; A. Earnshaw ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford UK : Butterworth - Heinemann . A great description of properties & chemistry of H 2O 2 . J. March ( 1992 ) . Advanced Organic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . p. 723 . W.T. Hess ( 1995 ) . `` Hydrogen Peroxide '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . 13 ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . pp. 961 -- 995 . External links ( edit ) Hydrogen Peroxide at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Material Safety Data Sheet ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry FAQ International Chemical Safety Card 0164 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Process flow sheet of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by anthrahydroquinone autoxidation Hydrogen Peroxide Handbook by Rocketdyne Hydrogen compounds H AsO H AsO HAt HSO F HBF HBr HBrO HBrO HBrO HBrO HCl HClO HClO HClO HClO HCN HCNO H CrO / H Cr O H CO H CS HF HFΟ HI HIO HIO HIO HIO HMnO H MoO HNC NaHCO HNCO HNO HNO HNO H N O HNO S H NSO H O H O H O H PO H PO H PO H P O H P O H PtCl H Se H SeO H SeO H SiO H SiF HSCN HNSC H SO H SO H SO H S O H S O H S O H S O CF SO H H Te H TeO H TeO H TiO H Po HCo ( CO ) Antiseptics and disinfectants ( D08 ) Acridine derivatives Ethacridine lactate 9 - Aminoacridine Euflavine Biguanides and amidines Dibrompropamidine Chlorhexidine Propamidine Hexamidine Polihexanide Phenol and derivatives Hexachlorophene Policresulen Phenol Triclosan Triclocarban Chloroxylenol Biphenylol Fenticlor Nitrofuran derivatives Nitrofurazone Iodine products Iodine / octylphenoxypolyglycolether Povidone - 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Silicon dicarbide Silicon naphthalocyanine Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - 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Hydroxynonenal 4 - Oxo - 2 - nonenal 4 , 5 - EET 12S - HpETE 15 - Deoxy - Δ - prostaglandin J2 α - Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Acrolein Allicin ( garlic ) Allyl isothiocyanate ( mustard , radish , horseradish , wasabi ) AM404 Bradykinin Cannabichromene ( cannabis ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cinnamaldehyde ( cinnamon ) CR gas ( dibenzoxazepine ; DBO ) CS gas ( 2 - chlorobenzal malononitrile ) Curcumin ( turmeric ) Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine ( Lindera spp . ) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols ( ginger ) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate Ligustilide ( celery , Angelica acutiloba ) Linalool ( Sichuan pepper , thyme ) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate ( wintergreen ) N - Methylmaleimide Nicotine ( tobacco ) Oleocanthal ( olive oil ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) PF - 4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol ( cannabis ) Thiopropanal S - oxide ( onion ) Umbellulone ( Umbellularia californica ) WIN 55,212 - 2 Blockers Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Nicotine ( tobacco ) Ruthenium red TRPC Activators Adhyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin ( St John 's wort ) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPM Activators ADP - ribose BCTC Calcium ( intracellular ) Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 CPS - 369 Eucalyptol ( eucalyptus ) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol ( mint ) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Steviol glycosides ( e.g. , stevioside ) ( Stevia rebaudiana ) Sweet tastants ( e.g. , glucose , fructose , sucrose ; indirectly ) Thio - BCTC WS - 3 WS - 12 WS - 23 Blockers Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid Nicotine ( tobacco ) Niflumic acid Ruthenium red Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPML Activators MK6 - 83 PI ( 3 , 5 ) P SF - 22 TRPP Activators Triptolide ( Tripterygium wilfordii ) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPV Activators 2 - APB 5 ' , 6 ' - EET 9 - HODE 9 - oxoODE 12S - HETE 12S - HpETE 13 - HODE 13 - oxoODE 20 - HETE α - Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Allicin ( garlic ) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide ( Andrographis paniculata ) Camphor ( camphor laurel , rosemary , camphorweed , African blue basil , camphor basil ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabidivarin ( cannabis ) Capsaicin ( chili pepper ) Carvacrol ( oregano , thyme , pepperwort , wild bergamot , others ) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Estradiol Eugenol ( basil , clove ) Evodiamine ( Euodia ruticarpa ) Gingerols ( ginger ) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Homodihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Incensole ( incense ) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH ( acidic conditions ) Menthol ( mint ) N - Arachidonoyl dopamine N - Oleoyldopamine N - Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide ( PAVA ) ( PAVA spray ) Nordihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Phorbol esters ( e.g. , 4α - PDD ) Piperine ( black pepper , long pepper ) Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Probenecid Protons Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Resiniferatoxin ( RTX ) ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tetrahydrocannabivarin ( cannabis ) Thymol ( thyme , oregano ) Tinyatoxin ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Tramadol Vanillin ( vanilla ) Zucapsaicin Blockers α - Spinasterol ( Vernonia tweediana ) AMG - 517 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerolic acid ( cannabis ) Cannabigerovarin ( cannabis ) Cannabinol ( cannabis ) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA - S Flufenamic acid GRC - 6211 HC - 067047 Lanthanum Meclofenamic acid N - ( p - amylcinnamoyl ) anthranilic acid NGD - 8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN - 1734 RN - 9893 Ruthenium red SB - 705498 Tolfenamic acid See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Ion channel modulators NDL : 00565090 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&oldid=801638856 '' Categories : Antiseptics Bleaches Disinfectants 1894 introductions Household chemicals Hydrogen compounds Hydrogen peroxide Light - 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About Wikipedia	why hydrogen peroxide is used as bleaching agent	[ "Hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally safe alternative to chlorine-based bleaches, as it degrades to form oxygen and water and it is generally recognized as safe as an antimicrobial agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[45]" ]	[ "environmentally safe alternative" ]
-7841933345201008542	Belmont Stakes	Belmont Stakes - wikipedia Belmont Stakes For the 2018 race , see 2018 Belmont Stakes . Belmont Stakes Grade I race The final and longest leg of the United States Triple Crown `` The Third Jewel of the Triple Crown '' The Test of the Champion `` The Run for the Carnations '' Location Belmont Park Elmont , New York , United States Inaugurated 1867 ( 151 years ago ) ( 1867 ) Race type Thoroughbred Website belmontstakes.com Race information Distance 11⁄2 miles ( 12 furlongs ) Record 2 : 24 , Secretariat ( 1973 ) Surface Dirt Track Left - handed Qualification 3 - year - olds Weight Colt / Gelding : 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; Filly : 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) Purse US $1.5 million 1st : $800,000 The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held on the first or second Saturday in June at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . It is a 1.5 - mile - long ( 2.4 km ) horse race , open to three - year - old Thoroughbreds . Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; fillies carry 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The race , nicknamed The Test of the Champion , and The Run for the Carnations , is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes . The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record ( which is also a track and world record on dirt ) of 2 : 24 . The attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top - attended events . The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew a television audience of 21.9 million viewers , and had the highest household viewing rate since 1977 when Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown . The 150th Belmont Stakes took place on Saturday , June 9 , 2018 . Justify won the race and became the second horse in four years to win the Triple Crown . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1868 -- 1929 : Early years 1.2 1930 -- 2000 : Evolution of the Triple Crown series 1.3 2001 -- present : Recent years 2 Distance and race details 3 Traditions 4 Broadcasting history 5 Records 6 Trivia 7 Fillies in the Belmont 8 Foreign - born winners 9 Belmont Stakes winners 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) 1868 -- 1929 : early years ( edit ) See also : Belmont Park August Belmont Trophy , presented annually to the winning owner since 1926 . The first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx , built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome ( 1817 -- 1891 ) and financed by August Belmont Sr. ( 1816 -- 1890 ) , for whom the race was named . The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win , while the following year was won by General Duke . The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890 , when it was moved to the nearby facility , Morris Park Racecourse . The 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York : it was eventually rescheduled for November 2 . The race remained at Morris Park Racecourse until the May 1905 opening of the new Belmont Park , 430 - acre ( 1.7 km ) racetrack in Elmont , New York on Long Island , just outside the New York City borough of Queens . When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State , Belmont Racetrack was closed , and the race was cancelled in 1911 and 1912 . The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton , in 1919 , before the series was recognized as such . In 1920 , the Belmont was won by the great Man o ' War , who won by 20 lengths , setting a new stakes and American record . Starting in 1926 , the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy . The owner may keep the trophy for one year , and also receives a silver miniature for permanent use . 1930 -- 2000 : evolution of the Triple Crown series ( edit ) Main article : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930 , but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat . Sir Barton was then honored retroactively . Since 1931 , the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first , followed by the Preakness Stakes , and then the Belmont Stakes . Prior to 1931 , the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times . On May 12 , 1917 and again on May 13 , 1922 , the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day . On eleven occasions , the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes . The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby , which is always held on the first Saturday in May . The Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later ; and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness ( five weeks after the Derby ) . The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1 , and the latest is May 7 ; the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5 , and the latest is June 11 . Assault , winner of the 1946 Triple Crown In 1937 , War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new track record time of 2 : 28 3 / 5 . In the 1940s , four Triple Crown winners followed : Whirlaway in 1941 , Count Fleet in 1943 , Assault in 1946 and Citation in 1948 . Count Fleet won the race by a then - record margin of twenty - five lengths . He also set a stakes record of 2 : 28 1 / 5 , a record tied by Citation . In 1957 , the stakes record was smashed when Gallant Man ran the Belmont in 2 : 26 3 / 5 in a year when the Triple Crown series was split three ways . The Belmont Stakes race was held at Aqueduct Racetrack from 1963 to 1967 , while the track at Belmont was restored and renovated . The largest crowd of the 20th century was in 1971 with over 80,000 people , supplemented by the city 's Latino community , there to cheer on their new hero , Cañonero II , the Venezuelan colt who had won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was poised to win the U.S. Triple Crown . However , due to a foot infection that had bothered the horse for several days , Cañonero II failed to win the Triple Crown when he struggled across the finish line in 4th place behind Pass Catcher , ridden by Walter Blum . Despite this loss , Cañonero II was named the winner of the first Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three - Year - Old Male Horse . On June 9 , 1973 , Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by thirty - one lengths in a record time of 2 : 24 , becoming a Triple Crown champion , ending a 25 - year gap between Citation , the Belmont and Triple Crown winner in 1948 . Secretariat 's record still stands as the fastest running of the Belmont Stakes and an American record for 11⁄2 miles on the dirt . In 1977 , Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated . Affirmed was the last winner of the Triple Crown in the 20th century , taking the Belmont Stakes in 2 : 26 4 / 5 on June 10 , 1978 . Ridden by eighteen - year - old Steve Cauthen , Affirmed defeated rival Alydar with Jorge Velasquez in the saddle . At the time the race was the third - slowest start and the third - fastest finish with the quarter in 25 , the half in 50 , 3 / 4 in 1 : 14 , the mile in 1 : 37 2 / 5 . In 1988 , Secretariat 's son Risen Star won the Belmont in 2 : 26 2 / 5 , then the second - fastest time in the history of the race . The next year , Easy Goer lowered the mark for second - fastest time to 2 : 26 . Easy Goer also holds a Beyer Speed Figure of 122 for the race , the best of any Triple Crown race since these ratings were first published in 1987 . 2001 -- present : recent years ( edit ) The crowd packs the facility when a Triple Crown is on the line For three years in a row , horses came to the Belmont Stakes with a Triple Crown on the line only to fail . In 2002 , Belmont Park hosted what was then the largest crowd in its history when 103,222 saw War Emblem lose to longshot Sarava after stumbling at the start . In 2003 , 101,864 watched Funny Cide finish third behind Empire Maker . In 2004 , the attendance record was shattered when 120,139 people saw Smarty Jones upset by Birdstone . In 2007 , Rags to Riches became the first filly to win the race since Tanya in 1905 . Three more failed Triple Crown bids followed : in 2008 , Big Brown lost to Da ' Tara ; in 2012 , I 'll Have Another was withdrawn due to injury ; and in 2014 , California Chrome was beaten by Tonalist . This fueled debate about whether the series needed to be changed , for example by lengthening the period between races . American Pharoah won the 2015 race , becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years . The crowd that year was limited for the first time , to 90,000 . His time of 2 : 26.65 was the sixth - fastest in Belmont Stakes history , and the second - fastest time for a Triple Crown winner . Distance and race details ( edit ) The Belmont Stakes has been run at a mile and a half since 1926 , having been run at that distance in 1874 -- 1889 . The race has also been run at the following distances : a mile and five furlongs in 1867 -- 1873 ; a mile and a quarter in 1890 -- 1892 , 1895 , and 1904 -- 1905 ; a mile and a furlong in 1893 -- 1894 ; and a mile and three furlongs from 1896 -- 1903 and 1906 -- 1925 . The purse for the first running in 1867 was $1,500 added , meaning the purse was supplemented by nomination and entry fees . This made the total purse $2,500 , with the winner receiving $1,850 . The purse increased sharply in the Roaring Twenties , from Man O'War's earnings of $7,950 in 1920 to Gallant Fox 's take of $66,040 in 1930 . Purses declined as a result of the Great Depression , with War Admiral earning only $28,020 in 1937 , then began to recover . Throughout the sixties and early seventies , the value to the winner was roughly $100,000 , depending on the added money generated by entry fees ( larger fields thus leading to higher prize money ) . The purse was repeatedly raised in the eighties and nineties , reaching $500,000 added , with the winner receiving roughly $400,000 . In 1998 , the purse was changed to $1,000,000 guaranteed , with the winner receiving $600,000 . In 2014 , the purse was raised to $1,500,000 . With one exception , the race has been run at a level weight of 126 pounds ( with a 5 - pound allowance for fillies ) since 1900 . The 126 pounds comes from the English Classics , where the standard weight is 9 stone , with one stone equaling 14 pounds . In 1913 , the Belmont was run as a handicap with the winner carrying only 109 pounds compared to the runner - up carrying 126 pounds . Races run prior to 1900 had varied weight conditions . The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont , in 1880 . Before 1921 , the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing . Since then , the race has been run in the American , or counter-clockwise , direction . Because of its length ( one lap around the enormous Belmont main track ) , and because it is the final race of the Triple Crown , it is called the `` Test of the Champion '' . Most three - year - olds are unaccustomed to the distance , and lack the experience , if not the stamina , to maintain a winning speed for so long . In a long race such as the Belmont , positioning of the horse and the timing of the move to chase for the lead can be critical . Traditions ( edit ) The winner 's blanket , made of white carnations The Belmont Stakes is traditionally called `` The Test of the Champion '' because of its 1.5 mile length -- by far the longest of the three Triple Crown races , and one of the longest for a first - class race in the United States on the dirt . It is also known as `` The Run for the Carnations '' because the winning horse is draped with a blanket of white carnations after the race , in similar fashion to the blanket of roses and black - eyed Susans for the Derby and Preakness , respectively . The winning owner is ceremonially presented with the silver winner 's trophy , designed by Paulding Farnham for Tiffany and Co . It was first presented to August Belmont Jr. in 1896 and donated by the Belmont family for annual presentation in 1926 . Despite the fact that the Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown races , its traditions have been more subject to change . Until 1996 , the post parade song was `` The Sidewalks of New York '' . From 1997 to 2009 , the song was changed to broadcast a recording by Frank Sinatra of the `` Theme from New York , New York '' in an attempt to appeal to younger fans . In 2010 , the song was changed to Jay - Z 's `` Empire State of Mind '' before reverting to `` Theme from New York , New York '' from 2011 through the present . This tradition is similar to the singing of the state song at the post parades of the first two Triple Crown races : `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at the Kentucky Derby and `` Maryland , My Maryland '' at the Preakness Stakes . The change of song gave rise to `` the myth of Mamie O'Rourke , '' a reference to a character in the lyrics of `` The Sidewalks of New York . '' Before American Pharoah won the Triple Crown in 2015 , some claimed that changing the official Belmont song `` cursed '' the Triple Crown and was why no horse had won since Affirmed in 1978 . Others note that there was no Triple Crown winner between 1979 and 1996 , even though `` Sidewalks '' was still played . Along with the change of song in 1997 , the official drink was also changed , from the `` White Carnation '' to the `` Belmont Breeze . '' The New York Times reviewed both cocktails unfavorably , calling the Belmont Breeze `` a significant improvement over the nigh undrinkable White Carnation '' despite the fact that it `` tastes like a refined trashcan punch . '' In 2011 , the Belmont Breeze was again changed to the current official drink known as the `` Belmont Jewel . '' While the origin of the white carnation as the official flower of the Belmont Stakes is unknown , traditionally , pure white carnations stand for love and luck . It takes approximately 700 `` select '' carnations imported from Colombia to create the 40 - pound blanket draped over the winner of the Belmont Stakes . The NYRA has long used The Pennock Company , a wholesale florist based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to import the carnations used for the mantle . Broadcasting history ( edit ) From 1986 until 2005 , the Triple Crown television rights comprised a single package . In late 2004 , the New York Racing Association withdrew from that agreement to negotiate independently . As a result of this NBC , who was the rights holder for all three events , was only able to keep its broadcast rights to the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes . ABC regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes as part of a five - year contract that expired following the 2010 race ; NBC has since regained the rights to the race through 2020 . CBS Sports 1960 -- 1985 ABC Sports 1986 -- 2000 NBC Sports 2001 -- 2005 , 2011 -- 2020 ESPN on ABC 2006 -- 2010 Records ( edit ) Kenny McPeek -- 2002 Belmont Stakes ( G1 ) win with Sarava , who at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Speed record : 2 : 24 flat -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) . Secretariat also holds the fastest 1⁄2 - , 3⁄4 - , 1 - and 11⁄4 - mile fractions in Belmont history . Margin of Victory : 31 lengths -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) Most wins by a jockey : 6 -- Jim McLaughlin ( 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 ) 6 -- Eddie Arcaro ( 1941 , 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1952 , 1955 ) Most wins by a trainer : 8 -- James G. Rowe Sr . Most wins by an owner : 6 -- Belair Stud ( 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1955 ) 6 -- James R. Keene ( 1879 , 1901 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 ) Trivia ( edit ) Only James G. Rowe Sr. and George M. Odom have won the Belmont Stakes as both jockey and trainer . On June 5 , 1993 Thoroughbred racing 's all - time leading female jockey , Julie Krone , became the first woman to win a Triple Crown race when she rode to victory in the Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair . In 1984 , Sarah Lundy became the first female trainer to saddle a horse in the Belmont Stakes , sending out Minstrel Star , who finished eleventh . The 2004 race had the biggest attendance in the park 's history with 120,139 . Sarava , at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Braulio Baeza has the distinction of winning three Belmont Stakes over three different surfaces . He won in his Belmont Stakes debut on 65 to 1 long - shot Sherluck in 1961 at the old Belmont Park , won in 1963 on Chateaugay when the race was run at Aqueduct , and won in 1969 on Arts and Letters at the new Belmont Park . Prior to the 2016 running , bay horses had the most victories with 56 . Chestnuts were close behind with 54 wins , followed by 33 dark bay / browns . Only three gray / roan horses had won ( Belmar in 1895 , Native Dancer in 1953 , and High Echelon in 1970 ) . In 2016 , gray horses swept the top three positions . Fourteen Belmont Stakes winners have sired at least one Belmont winner . Leading this list is Man o ' War , who sired three subsequent winners -- American Flag , Crusader and Triple Crown winner War Admiral . Twenty - three horses missed their chance at a Triple Crown by not winning the Belmont . Eight of these finished second : Pensive ( 1944 ) , Tim Tam ( 1958 ) , Forward Pass ( 1968 ) , Majestic Prince ( 1969 ) , Sunday Silence ( 1989 ) , Silver Charm ( 1997 ) , Real Quiet ( 1998 ) , and Smarty Jones ( 2004 ) . Five finished third : Northern Dancer ( 1964 ) , Spectacular Bid ( 1979 ) , Pleasant Colony ( 1981 ) , Charismatic ( 1999 ) , and Funny Cide ( 2003 ) . Four finished fourth : Kauai King ( 1966 ) , Canonero II ( 1971 ) , Alysheba ( 1987 ) , and California Chrome ( 2014 ) . Carry Back ( 1961 ) finished seventh , War Emblem ( 2002 ) finished eighth and Big Brown ( 2008 ) did not finish . Finally , three Derby / Preakness winners did not race in the Belmont : Burgoo King ( 1932 ) , Bold Venture ( 1933 ) and I 'll Have Another ( 2012 ) , though I 'll Have Another was injured and was scratched the day before his Belmont Stakes in 2012 . Fillies in the Belmont ( edit ) Only 23 fillies have run in the Belmont ; three of which have won : 1867 -- Ruthless 1905 -- Tanya 2007 -- Rags to Riches This gives them a respectable 13 % win rate when entered . For context , three fillies have won the Kentucky Derby while five have won the Preakness Stakes . On average , fillies have won between 2 % and 3 % of the Triple Crown races , with similar numbers for geldings ; while about 95 % of these races have been won by colts . The last filly as of November 2017 to run in the Belmont was in 2013 when Unlimited Budget ran six behind the winner Palace Malice . Foreign - born winners ( edit ) 1874 -- Saxon 1898 -- Bowling Brook 1917 -- Hourless 1918 -- Johren 1957 -- Gallant Man 1958 -- Cavan 1960 -- Celtic Ash 1990 -- Go And Go 1998 -- Victory Gallop Belmont Stakes winners ( edit ) Belmont Stakes winners since 1867 Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Track Length Time * 2018 Justify † Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm Belmont 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 28.18 2017 Tapwrit Jose Ortiz Todd Pletcher Bridlewood Farm , Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners , Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 30.02 2016 Creator Irad Ortiz Jr . Steve Asmussen WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 28.51 2015 American Pharoah † Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 2 : 26.65 2014 Tonalist Joel Rosario Christophe Clement Robert S. Evans 2 : 28.52 2013 Palace Malice Mike Smith Todd Pletcher Dogwood Stable 2 : 30.70 2012 Union Rags John Velazquez Michael Matz Phyllis M. Wyeth 2 : 30.42 2011 Ruler on Ice Jose Valdivia Jr . Kelly Breen George and Lori Hall 2 : 30.88 Drosselmeyer Mike Smith William Mott WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 31.57 2009 Summer Bird Kent Desormeaux Tim Ice Kalarikkal & Vilasini Jayaraman 2 : 27.54 2008 Da'Tara Alan Garcia Nick Zito Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 29.65 2007 Rags to Riches ‡ John Velazquez Todd Pletcher M. Tabor & D. Smith 2 : 28.74 2006 Jazil Fernando Jara Kiaran McLaughlin Shadwell Farm 2 : 27.86 2005 Afleet Alex Jeremy Rose Timothy Ritchey Cash is King LLC 2 : 28.75 Birdstone Edgar Prado Nick Zito Marylou Whitney Stables 2 : 27.50 2003 Empire Maker Jerry Bailey Robert Frankel Juddmonte Farms 2 : 28.26 2002 Sarava Edgar Prado Kenneth McPeek New Phoenix Stable 2 : 29.71 2001 Point Given Gary Stevens Bob Baffert The Thoroughbred Corp . 2 : 26.56 2000 Commendable Pat Day D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 2 : 31.19 1999 Lemon Drop Kid Jose Santos Scotty Schulhofer Jeanne G. Vance 2 : 27.88 1998 Victory Gallop Gary Stevens W. Elliott Walden Prestonwood Farm 2 : 29.16 1997 Touch Gold Chris McCarron David Hofmans Frank Stronach 2 : 28.82 Editor 's Note Rene R. Douglas D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 2 : 28.96 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens Michael Tabor 2 : 32.02 1994 Tabasco Cat Pat Day Reynolds / Overbrook 2 : 26.82 1993 Colonial Affair Julie Krone Scotty Schulhofer Centennial Farms 2 : 29.97 1992 A.P. Indy Ed Delahoussaye Neil Drysdale Tomonori Tsurumaki 2 : 26.13 1991 Hansel Jerry Bailey Frank L. Brothers Lazy Lane Farm 2 : 28.10 1990 Go And Go Michael Kinane Dermot K. Weld Moyglare Stud Farm 2 : 27.20 1989 Easy Goer Pat Day C.R. McGaughey III Ogden Phipps 2 : 26.00 1988 Risen Star Ed Delahoussaye Louie J. Roussel III Louie J. Roussel III 2 : 26.40 Bet Twice Craig Perret Jimmy Croll Blanche P. Levy 2 : 28.20 1986 Danzig Connection Chris McCarron Woody Stephens Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 29.80 1985 Creme Fraiche Eddie Maple Brushwood Stables 2 : 27.00 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay Jr . Claiborne Farm 2 : 27.20 Caveat August Belmont IV 2 : 27.80 1982 Conquistador Cielo Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 28.20 1981 Summing George Martens Luis Barrera Charles T. Wilson Jr . 2 : 29.00 1980 Temperence Hill Eddie Maple Joseph B. Cantey Loblolly Stable 2 : 29.80 1979 Coastal Ruben Hernandez David A. Whiteley William Haggin Perry 2 : 28.60 1978 Affirmed † Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 2 : 26.80 1977 Seattle Slew † Jean Cruguet William H. Turner Jr . Karen L. Taylor 2 : 29.60 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 2 : 29.00 Avatar Bill Shoemaker Tommy Doyle Arthur A. Seeligson Jr . 2 : 28.20 Little Current Miguel A. Rivera Lou Rondinello Darby Dan Farm 2 : 29.20 1973 Secretariat † Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 2 : 24.00 1972 Riva Ridge Meadow Stud 2 : 28.00 1971 Pass Catcher Walter Blum Eddie Yowell October House Farm 2 : 30.40 1970 High Echelon John L. Rotz John W. Jacobs Ethel D. Jacobs 2 : 34.00 1969 Arts and Letters Braulio Baeza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.80 1968 Stage Door Johnny Heliodoro Gustines John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 27.20 1967 Damascus Bill Shoemaker Frank Y . Whiteley Jr . Edith W. Bancroft Aqueduct 2 : 28.80 1966 Amberoid William Boland Lucien Laurin Reginald N. Webster 2 : 29.60 1965 Hail To All Johnny Sellers Eddie Yowell Zelda Cohen 2 : 28.40 1964 Quadrangle Manuel Ycaza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.40 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 2 : 30.20 1962 Jaipur Bill Shoemaker Bert Mulholland George D. Widener Jr . Belmont 2 : 28.80 1961 Sherluck Braulio Baeza Harold Young Jacob Sher 2 : 29.20 1960 Celtic Ash Bill Hartack Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 29.20 1959 Sword Dancer Bill Shoemaker J. Elliott Burch Brookmeade Stable 2 : 28.40 1958 Cavan Pete Anderson Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 30.20 1957 Gallant Man Bill Shoemaker John A. Nerud Ralph Lowe 2 : 26.60 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 2 : 29.80 1955 Nashua Eddie Arcaro Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.00 1954 High Gun Eric Guerin Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1953 Native Dancer Bill Winfrey Alfred G. Vanderbilt II 2 : 28.60 1952 One Count Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Sarah F. Jeffords 2 : 30.20 1951 Counterpoint David Gorman Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.00 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 28.60 1949 Capot Ted Atkinson John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 30.20 1948 Citation † Eddie Arcaro Horace A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 28.20 1947 Phalanx Ruperto Donoso Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.40 1946 Assault † Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1945 Pavot Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Walter M. Jeffords Sr . 2 : 30.20 1944 Bounding Home Gayle Smith Matt Brady William Ziegler Jr . 2 : 32.20 1943 Count Fleet † Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 2 : 28.20 1942 Shut Out Eddie Arcaro John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.20 1941 Whirlaway † Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 31.00 1940 Bimelech Fred A. Smith William A. Hurley Edward R. Bradley 2 : 29.60 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.60 1938 Pasteurized George M. Odom Carol Harriman Plunkett 2 : 29.40 1937 War Admiral † Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 28.60 1936 Granville James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 30.00 1935 Omaha † Willie Saunders 2 : 30.60 1934 Peace Chance Wayne D. Wright Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 29.20 1933 Hurryoff Mack Garner Henry McDaniel 2 : 32.60 1932 Faireno Tommy Malley Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 32.80 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe Jr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.60 1930 Gallant Fox † Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 31.60 1929 Blue Larkspur Mack Garner Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 2 : 32.80 1928 Vito Clarence Kummer Max Hirsch Alfred H. Cosden 2 : 33.20 1927 Chance Shot Earl Sande Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 32.40 1926 Crusader Albert Johnson George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 32.20 1925 American Flag Albert Johnson Gwyn R. Tompkins 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 16.80 1924 Mad Play Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 18.80 1923 Zev 2 : 19.00 1922 Pillory C.H. Miller Thomas J. Healey Richard T. Wilson Jr . 2 : 18.80 1921 Grey Lag Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 16.80 1920 Man o ' War Clarence Kummer Louis Feustel Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 14.20 1919 Sir Barton † Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 2 : 17.40 1918 Johren Frank Robinson Albert Simons Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.40 1917 Hourless James H. Butwell Sam Hildreth August Belmont Jr . 2 : 17.80 1916 Friar Rock Everett Haynes 2 : 22.00 1915 The Finn George Byrne Edward W. Heffner Henry C. Hallenbeck 2 : 18.40 1914 Luke McLuke Merritt C. Buxton John F. Schorr John W. Schorr 2 : 20.00 1913 Prince Eugene Roscoe Troxler James G. Rowe Sr . Harry P. Whitney 2 : 18.00 1912 No races held due to the Hart -- Agnew Law . 1911 1910 Sweep James H. Butwell James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene Belmont 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 22.00 1909 Joe Madden Eddie Dugan Sam Hildreth Sam Hildreth 2 : 21.60 1908 Colin Joe Notter James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene N / A 1907 Peter Pan George Mountain N / A 1906 Burgomaster Lucien Lyne John W. Rogers Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.00 1905 Tanya ‡ Gene Hildebrand 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 08.00 1904 Delhi George M. Odom James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene Morris Park 2 : 06.60 1903 Africander John Bullman Richard O. Miller Hampton Stable 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 21.75 1902 Masterman John J. Hyland August Belmont Jr . 2 : 22.60 1901 Commando Henry Spencer James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene 2 : 21.00 1900 Ildrim Nash Turner H. Eugene Leigh H. Eugene Leigh 2 : 21.25 1899 Jean Bereaud Richard Clawson Sam Hildreth Sydney Paget 2 : 23.00 1898 Bowling Brook Fred Littlefield R. Wyndham Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 2 : 32.00 1897 Scottish Chieftain Joe Scherrer Matt Byrnes Marcus Daly 2 : 23.25 1896 Hastings Henry Griffin John J. Hyland Blemton Stable 2 : 24.50 1895 Belmar Fred Taral Edward Feakes Preakness Stables 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 11.50 1894 Henry of Navarre Willie Simms Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 ⁄ - miles 1 : 56.50 1893 Comanche Gus Hannon Empire Stable 1 : 53.25 1892 Patron William Hayward Lewis Stuart Lewis Stuart 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 17.00 1891 Foxford Edward R. Garrison M. Donavan C.E. Rand 2 : 08.75 1890 Burlington Pike Barnes Albert Cooper Hough Bros . 2 : 07.75 1889 Eric William Hayward John Huggins A.J. Cassatt Jerome Park 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 47.25 1888 Sir Dixon Jim McLaughlin Frank McCabe Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 40.25 1887 Hanover 2 : 43.50 1886 Inspector B 2 : 41.00 1885 Tyrant Paul Duffy C. Claypool James B.A. Haggin 2 : 43.00 1884 Panique Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 42.00 1883 George Kinney 2 : 42.50 1882 Forester Lewis Stuart Appleby & Johnson 2 : 43.00 1881 Saunterer Tom Costello R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 47.00 1880 Grenada W. Hughes 2 : 47.00 1879 Spendthrift George Evans Thomas Puryear James R. Keene 2 : 42.75 1878 Duke of Magenta W. Hughes R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 43.50 1877 Cloverbrook C. Holloway Jeter Walden E.A. Clabaugh 2 : 46.00 1876 Algerine Billy Donohue Thomas W. Doswell Doswell & Co . 2 : 40.50 1875 Calvin Bobby Swim Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 2 : 42.25 1874 Saxon George Barbee W. Prior Pierre Lorillard IV 2 : 39.50 1873 Springbok James G. Rowe Sr . David McDaniel David McDaniel 1 ⁄ - miles 3 : 01.75 1872 Joe Daniels 2 : 58.25 1871 Harry Bassett Walter Miller 2 : 56.00 1870 Kingfisher Edward D. Brown Rollie Colston Daniel Swigert 2 : 59.50 1869 Fenian C. Miller Jacob Pincus August Belmont 3 : 04.25 1868 General Duke Bobby Swim A. Thompson McConnell & Co . 3 : 02.00 1867 Ruthless ‡ Gilbert Patrick A. Jack Minor Francis Morris 3 : 05.00 Note : Timed to the ⁄ second 1867 to 1901 and 1903 , and to the ⁄ second in 1902 and from 1904 to 1991 . Decimal timing , to the nearest ⁄ , is now used , though race calls and many charts still use fifths . A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . A ‡ designates a filly . See also ( edit ) Triple Crown Productions American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events List of Belmont Stakes broadcasters Belmont Stakes Top three finishers Further reading ( edit ) Official Site ESPN.Com Attending the Belmont Stakes ( gives future race dates ) Details of all past Belmont Stakes courtesy of the New York Racing Association Belmont Stakes History & Facts Ten Things You Should Know about the Belmont Stakes at Hello Race Fans ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before 1991 , times were measured in fractions . Since then , decimal times to the hundredth have been used . When comparing the fractional times to decimal values , it is racing convention to round the decimal time down to the nearest fifth . Thus A.P. Indy 's time of 2 : 26.13 is considered equivalent to Easy Goer 's time of 2 : 26 flat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Viewership of 2008 Belmont Stakes '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Records & Traditions '' . New York Racing Association . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sowers , Richard ( 2014 ) . The Kentucky Derby , Preakness and Belmont Stakes : a comprehensive history . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0786476982 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Racing 's Triple Crown : 10 Fast Facts -- History in the Headlines '' . history.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Challenge : The first Triple Crown winner , Sir Barton '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1920 Belmont Stakes '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things to know about the Triple Crown '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preakness Stakes '' . Turfnsport.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Races '' . Triple Crown Racing . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1937 Belmont '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Here are the 12 winners of the Triple Crown '' . Fortune . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Barbara . `` Bygone Belmont winners '' . Daily Racing Form . Jump up ^ Hammonds , Evan . `` First Time By : Inaugural Eclipse Awards '' . BloodHorse.com . Jump up ^ `` Statistics -- North American Records '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Belmonts '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` On the Fast Track To History '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Attendance '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary . `` California Chrome fails to win Belmont , Triple Crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Pharoah wins the Triple Crown '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrella , Steve ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah posts sixth - best winning time in Belmont Stakes history '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Largest and Smallest Purses wins at Belmont Stakes Belmont Stakes Betting '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wing , Eric . `` Belmont Stakes purse raised to $1.5 million -- General News -- News New York Racing Association -- Belmont '' . www.nyra.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Belmont Stakes singing a new tune '' . newsobserver.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sinatra 's voice returns to Belmont Stakes '' . boston.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scheinman , John ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Five Myths About the Triple Crown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Powell , Julie ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Summer Cook ; The Appetites Are Nearing the Gate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ York Racing Association website , Belmont Park home page ; article by Ashley Herriman . ^ Jump up to : Scheinman , John ( October 5 , 2004 ) . `` ABC Will Broadcast Belmont Stakes Starting in 2006 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Needham , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Triple Crown on television : Still ' moving like a tremendous machine ' ? Thoroughbred Racing Commentary '' . www.thoroughbredracing.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novy , Eben ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Gets Belmont TV Rights to Complete Horse Racing 's Triple Crown Package '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Belmont Stakes Extension -- Sports Media Watch '' . www.sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Attendance , Wagering Set Records '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creator wins Belmont Stakes by a nose Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Runners '' ( PDF ) . belmontstakes.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belmont Stakes . Official website Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff American stakes race for Thoroughbreds , part of the Triple Crown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont_Stakes&oldid=849954560 '' Categories : Belmont Stakes 1867 establishments in New York ( state ) Annual sporting events in the United States Belmont family Belmont Park Flat horse races for three - year - olds Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Graded stakes races in the United States Horse races in New York ( state ) June sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1867 Sports in Long Island Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 日本語 Polski Português Scots 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the belmont stakes to be run	[ "The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held on the first or second Saturday in June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. It is a 1.5-mile-long (2.4 km) horse race, open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds. Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds (57 kg); fillies carry 121 pounds (55 kg). The race, nicknamed The Test of the Champion, and The Run for the Carnations, is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes. The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record (which is also a track and world record on dirt) of 2:24.\n" ]	[ "the first or second Saturday in June" ]
-9178800823358481452	Flag of Sweden	Flag of Sweden - wikipedia Flag of Sweden Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sweden Use Civil and state flag , civil and state ensign Proportion 5 : 8 Adopted 22 June 1906 Design A blue field with a yellow Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag ; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side . Dimensions : 5 : 2 : 9 horizontally and 4 : 2 : 4 vertically . Variant flag of Sweden Use War flag and naval ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted Dates back to the mid-1600s . Described in law on 6 November 1663 . Current design : 22 June 1906 Design Blue with a yellow Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag . Overall ratio , including the tails , is 1 : 2 The flag of Sweden consists of a yellow or gold Nordic Cross ( i.e. an asymmetrical horizontal cross , with the crossbar closer to the hoist than the fly , with the cross extending to the edge of the flag ) on a field of blue . The Nordic Cross design traditionally represents Christianity . The design and colors of the Swedish flag are believed to have been inspired by the present coat of arms of Sweden of 1442 , which is blue divided quarterly by a cross pattée of gold , and modeled on the Danish flag . Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colours at least since King Magnus III 's royal coat of arms of 1275 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifics 1.1 State flag and civil ensign 1.2 Military ensign 1.3 Sovereign 's flag 2 History 2.1 Mythology 2.2 Early history 2.2. 1 Triple - tailed flag 2.2. 2 Blue ensign 2.3 Union between Sweden and Norway 2.3. 1 Union flags of 1815 and 1818 2.3. 2 Union flags of 1844 2.4 Flag of 1906 2.4. 1 Present recommendations 2.4. 2 Royal flag 2.5 Private use of the State flag 3 National flag days 4 Use outside Sweden 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Specifics ( edit ) State flag and civil ensign ( edit ) The dimensions of the Swedish flag are 5 : 2 : 9 horizontally and 4 : 2 : 4 vertically . The dimensions of the Swedish flag with a triple - tail are 5 : 2 : 5 : 8 horizontally and 4 : 2 : 4 vertically . The colors of the flag are officially established through the Natural Color System to be NCS 0580 - Y10R for the shade of yellow , and NCS 4055 - R95B for the shade of blue . The square - cut Swedish state flag is identical to the civil ensign . The Swedish law does not regulate the design of the Swedish pennant , but it is recommended that its color scheme should correspond with that of the flag . Military ensign ( edit ) The triple - tailed flag ( tretungad flagga ) is used as a military ensign ( örlogsflaggan ) . Its overall ratio , including the tails , is 1 : 2 . The flag is also used as the Swedish naval jack ( örlogsgösen ) . The jacks are smaller than the ensigns , but they have the same proportions . The Swedish swallowtail flag was originally the King 's personal emblem , or the emblem representing a command conferred by the King . It was at first two - pointed , but by the mid-17th century , the distinctive swallowtail with tongue appeared . The flag is also flown by the defence ministry , while civil ministries fly square flags . Sovereign 's flag ( edit ) The Swedish royal flag ( Kungliga flaggan ) is still identical to the triple - tailed military flag , but usually includes in its center a white field with the greater or the lesser coat of arms with the Order of the Seraphim , which has the King of Sweden as its Grand Master . The King personally decides about the specific use of the royal flag . History ( edit ) Mythology ( edit ) One of the oldest preserved Swedish flags . This banner was made in 1620 and was used by soldiers on board ships of the Swedish navy . According to early modern legend , the 12th - century King Eric IX saw a golden cross in the sky as he landed in Finland during the First Swedish Crusade in 1157 . Seeing this as a sign from God he adopted the golden cross against a blue background as his banner . It has been suggested that the Swedish origin legend is chosen to counter a parallel origin story for the Danish flag , also recorded in the 16th century . According to this theory , the Swedish flag was created during the reign of King Charles VIII , who also introduced the coat of arms of Sweden in 1442 . The national coat of arms is a combination of King Albert 's coat of arms of 1364 and King Magnus III 's coat of arms of 1275 , and is blue divided quarterly by a golden cross pattée . Other historians claim that the Swedish flag was blue with a white cross before 1420 , and became blue with a golden cross only during the early reign King Gustav I , who deposed King Christian II in 1521 . Early history ( edit ) Early variant of state flag and war ensign . This design was also used by the Swedish East India Company . The exact age of the Swedish flag is not known , but the oldest recorded pictures of a blue cloth with a yellow cross date from the early 16th century , during the reign of King Gustav I . The first legal description of the flag was made in a royal warrant of 19 April 1562 as `` yellow in a cross fashioned on blue '' . As stipulated in a royal warrant of 1569 , the yellow cross was always to be borne on Swedish battle standards and banners . Prior to this , a similar flag appeared in the coat of arms of King John III 's duchy , which is today Southwest Finland . The same coat of arms is still used by the province . Triple - tailed flag ( edit ) Swedish historical flags at the Maritime Museum in Stockholm . The striped designs are some of the earliest variants on the general theme of the state colors of blue and yellow . A royal warrant of 6 November 1663 , regulated the use of the triple - tailed flag , to be used only as a state flag and military ensign . According to the same royal warrant , merchant ships were only allowed to fly square - cut city flags in their respective provincial colours . In practice , however , the merchant fleet began using a square - cut civil ensign of the state flag . In a government instruction of ship building of 1730 , this civil ensign should have the same proportions and colors as the state flag , with the notable difference of being square - cut . In 1756 , the use of pennants by private ships was prohibited . Blue ensign ( edit ) A royal warrant of 18 August 1761 , stipulated that an all blue triple - tailed flag to be used by the archipelago fleet , a branch of the army tasked with defending the archipelago along the Swedish coastlines . The commander of the fleet also had the right to order the use of the ordinary war ensign instead of the blue ensign when that was `` appropriate '' . The blue flag was used until 1813 . Union between Sweden and Norway ( edit ) Union flags of 1815 and 1818 ( edit ) Swedish and Norwegian civil ensign 1818 -- 1844 , with the saltire on red in the canton symbolizing Norway . On 6 June 1815 , a common military ensign was introduced for the two united kingdoms of Sweden and Norway . This flag was identical to the former triple - tailed military ensign of Sweden , with a white saltire on red to be included in the canton . Proposed by the Norwegian Prime Minister and unionist Peder Anker , the white saltire on a red background was supposed to symbolise Norway , as the country had previously been united with Denmark and initially continued to use the same flag as an independent country , but with the national arms in the canton . Norwegian ships continued to use the Danish civil ensign distinguished with the national arms in the canton north of Cape Finisterre , but had to fly the Swedish civil ensign in the Mediterranean to be protected from pirate attacks . A common civil ensign for both countries was introduced in 1818 , on the pattern of the naval ensign , but square - cut . This flag was optional for Swedish vessels , but compulsory for Norwegian ones in distant waters . In 1821 , Norway adopted a new national civil ensign , identical to the present flag of Norway . Following the adoption of a separate Norwegian flag , a royal regulation of 17 July 1821 , stipulated that ships of both kingdoms use the common square - cut civil ensign ( with the saltire included ) in `` distant waters '' ( i.e. beyond Cape Finisterre ) . In `` distant waters '' , they had the right to use any of the square - cut civil ensigns of their respective countries , or the uniform Union civil ensign . This system was in force until 1838 . Union flags of 1844 ( edit ) Flags of Sweden and Norway in 1899 , after the removal of the union mark from the Norwegian merchant flag . Plate published by the foreign ministry of the united kingdoms to announce the recent change . Note the dark blue color and the correct proportions of the union mark in Swedish flags . Union mark used in Swedish flags 1844 -- 1905 , with proportions 5 : 4 . This version of the union mark was also used as a common naval jack by the navies of both countries , and as their common diplomatic flag . Norwegian flags had a square union mark . Naval ensign of Sweden with union mark 1844 -- 1905 . Swedish civil ensign 1844 -- 1905 , with the union mark in the canton . Color change of the Swedish flag . ( 1906 ) A royal resolution of 20 June 1844 , introduced new flags and heraldry to denote the equal status of the two kingdoms within the union . Both countries were granted civil and military ensigns on the same pattern , their respective national flags with the addition of a union mark in the canton , combining the flag colours of both countries . The naval ensign was based on the traditional triple - tailed Swedish model . In addition , the new union mark was to be used as the naval jack and as the flag for the common diplomatic representations abroad . The warrant also stipulated that the merchant fleet use their respective countries ' square - cut civil ensigns , including the new union mark . Also , royal ensigns were introduced for both countries , their respective naval ensigns with the union mark , with the addition of the union arms at the center of the cross . The new union flags were well received by the Norwegians , who had demanded their own military ensign since the union was formed . In Sweden , however , the new union mark in particular became quite unpopular and was contemptuously nicknamed the Sillsallaten ( Swedish ) or Sildesalaten ( Norwegian ) after a colorful dish of pickled herring , decorated with red beets and apples in a radial pattern . It is believed that the name was first used in a speech by Lord Brakel in the Swedish House of Lords in Stockholm . During the 19th century , a number of regulations were issued regarding the use of Swedish flags . The military ensign was also to be used by civil government ships and buildings , such as the Customs , Harbor pilots and the Royal Mail . For this use , the military ensign would have a white field included with a golden marker : For the Harbor pilots ( as of 1881 , based on a proposal of 1825 ) an anchor with a star ; for the Customs ( as of 1844 ) the letter `` T '' topped a royal crown ; for the Royal Mail ( as of 1844 ) a postal horn with a royal crown . On 7 May 1897 , an alternate State flag was introduced . This double - tailed flag was used by government owned ships and buildings , which did not fly the triple - tailed military ensign . During the late 19th century , increasing Norwegian dissatisfaction with the union led to the demand for a return to the `` pure '' flag of 1821 without the union mark . Opponents of the union began to use this flag several years before it was officially recognised . During the 1890s , two consecutive sessions of the Norwegian parliament voted to abolish the mark , but the decision was overruled by royal veto . However , in 1898 , when the flag law was passed for the third time , the king had to sanction it . On 12 October 1899 , the union mark was removed from the Norwegian civil ensign . As the Norwegian military ensign according to the constitution of 1814 was to be a union ensign , the union mark remained on military flags until the dissolution of the union with Sweden . `` Pure '' military ensigns were hoisted on fortresses and naval vessels on 9 June 1905 . The union mark , however , remained a part of the Swedish flag until 1905 , when a Law of 28 October 1905 , stipulated the exclusion of the union mark as of 1 November 1905 . Flag of 1906 ( edit ) On 1 November 1905 , the triple - tailed flag also became the Swedish naval jack . The Flag law of 22 June 1906 further regulated the use and design of the flag , notably was a lighter blue colour than was used before . The Swedish state flag became identical to the square - cut civil ensign , and all private use of the triple - tailed flag was prohibited . Present recommendations ( edit ) When used from a standalone flagpole , the size of the flag is recommended to have a width equaling a fourth of the height of the pole . When used from a flagpole extending from a building , the flag is recommended to have a width equaling a third of the height ( length ) of the pole . It is further recommended to fly the flag only during daytime , and to lower it no later than 9 pm . Only when the country is at war is it recommended to fly the flag also at night . Royal flag ( edit ) Royal Standard of Sweden Standard used by the Royal Family The king and queen use a royal flag with the greater national coat of arms . Other members of the royal house use a royal flag with the lesser national coat of arms . On naval ships the flag of the king is raised together with a split pennat with the greater national coat of arms . Likewise the flag of the heir apparent is raised together with a split pennat with the lesser national coat of arms on naval ships . The Swedish Marshal of the Realm ( Riksmarskalken ) has published a series of decisions regarding the royal flag of Sweden . In a decision of 6 April 1987 , rules are defined on how to fly the royal flag at the Royal Palace of Stockholm . The royal flag with the greater national coat of arms is hoisted at the Royal Palace when H.M. the King is within the realm , and is upholding his duties as the Head of state . The royal flag with the lesser national coat of arms is hoisted at the Royal Palace , if by reason of illness , foreign travel or for any other cause , the King is unavoidably prevented from performing his duties ; a member of the Royal House under the valid order of succession who is not prevented there from , assumes and performs the duties of the Head of State in the capacity of Regent ad interim . The `` plain '' triple - tailed flag ( without the coat of arms ) is flown at the Royal Palace when the Riksdag has appointed a person to serve , at a Government order , as Regent ad interim when no member of the Royal House under the valid order of succession is in a position to serve . The three - tailed war flag is also flown at the Royal Palace when the Speaker , or , in his unavoidable absence , one of the Deputy Speakers , serves , at a Government order , as Regent ad interim when no member of the Royal House under the valid order of succession is in a position to serve . Under King Carl XVI Gustaf , king since 1973 , the plain triple - tailed flag has flown at the Royal Palace only once . This occurred on 2 - 3 July 1988 , when the King went on a private visit to Wuppertal , Germany ; at the same time , the Duke of Halland , his uncle and the only person in the line of succession , was on a private visit to Sainte - Maxime , France . The Government therefore ordered the Speaker of the Riksdag , Ingemund Bengtsson , to serve as Regent ad interim for two days . Private use of the state flag ( edit ) There have been a few notable exemptions regarding the prohibition of private parties to use the State flag . All these privileges were terminated in accordance with the new specific flag regulation of 22 June 1906 . According to a royal warrant of 31 October 1786 , the Swedish East India Company had the right to use the triple - tailed war ensign in `` Indian waters '' , when not being under immediate protection by the Swedish navy . In the merchant fleet , there was a common practice to illegally use the war ensign to indicate that the ship was armed . In 1838 , it was decided that private ships contracted by the Royal Mail were to fly a double - tailed flag . On 27 February 1832 , the Royal Swedish Yacht Club received the right to use the triple - tailed war ensign , including a centere white field with a golden `` O '' topped with a duke 's crown ( as of 1878 a royal crown ) . On 7 June 1893 , the Royal Gothenburg Yacht Club received the right to use the triple - tailed military ensign , including a centered white field with the golden `` GKS S '' topped with a star . National flag days ( edit ) Swedish coastal defence ship HSwMS Wasa with the union jack ( 1903 ) Coastal defence ship HSwMS Gustav V with the current navy ensign , and the greater coat of arms in the stern . Main article : Flag days in Sweden Date English Name Local Name Notes 1 January New Year 's Day Nyårsdagen 28 January The King 's name day Konungens namnsdag H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf 12 March Name day of the Crown Princess Kronprinsessans namnsdag HRH Crown Princess Victoria Moveable Sunday Easter Day Påskdagen First Sunday after the first full moon on or after 21 March 30 April The King 's birthday Konungens födelsedag HM King Carl XVI Gustaf 1 May May Day Första maj Moveable Sunday Pentecost Pingstdagen 50 days after Easter 6 June National Day of Sweden Sveriges Nationaldag Flag day . Official holiday from 2005 . Third Saturday of June Midsummer Day Midsommardagen 14 July Birthday of the Crown Princess Kronprinsessans födelsedag HRH Crown Princess Victoria 8 August The Queen 's name day Drottningens namnsdag HM Queen Silvia Third Sunday of September Election Day to the Riksdag Dag för val till riksdagen Elections held every four years 24 October United Nations Day FN - dagen 6 November Gustavus Adolphus Day Gustav Adolfsdagen Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) 10 December Nobel Day Nobeldagen The Nobel Awards Ceremony 23 December The Queen 's birthday Drottningens födelsedag HM Queen Silvia 25 December Christmas Day Juldagen Use outside Sweden ( edit ) Flag of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Flag of Verona , Italy . The flag of Sweden appears in coat of arms of Finland _́ s province Southwest Finland . The flag of Wilmington , Delaware in the United States is modelled after the Swedish flag in remembrance of the short - lived colony of New Sweden , with the cross affixed with the seal of the city . The flag of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which also lies within historic New Sweden , is a vertical triband rather than a Nordic Cross , but the blue and yellow colours of the flag were chosen to commemorate the Swedish settlement of the region . The flag of Verona ( Italy ) resembles the flag of Sweden in colours and features . The former flag has a symmetric yellow cross , although the similarities between the two flags may be historically unrelated . According to a legend , the Argentine football team , Boca Juniors ' flag and colours were inspired by the flag of Sweden . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Sweden . Coat of arms of Sweden Flag days in Sweden Flag of Denmark Flag of Norway List of flags of Sweden Nordic Cross flag Union badge of Norway and Sweden References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Plakat , av den 6 . Nov. 1663 , angående den åtskillnad som härefter bör observeras emellan de flaggor som Kongl . Maj : ts enskilda skepp och farkoster föra , så ock de skepps och farkosters flaggor , som private personer tillhöra och af dem brukas skola . Jump up ^ Jeroen Temperman . State Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Many predominantly Christian states show a cross , symbolising Christianity , on their national flag . Scandinavian crosses or Nordic crosses on the flags of the Nordic countries -- Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway and Sweden -- also represent Christianity . Jump up ^ Carol A. Foley . The Australian Flag : Colonial Relic or Contemporary Icon . William Gaunt & Sons . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . The Christian cross , for instance , is one of the oldest and most widely used symbols in the world , and many European countries , such as the United Kingdom , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Denmark , Iceland , Greece and Switzerland , adopted and currently retain the Christian cross on their national flags . Jump up ^ Andrew Evans . Iceland . Bradt . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Legend states that a red cloth with the white cross simply fell from the sky in the middle of the 13th - century Battle of Valdemar , after which the Danes were victorious . As a badge of divine right , Denmark flew its cross in the other Scandinavian countries it ruled and as each nation gained independence , they incorporated the Christian symbol . Jump up ^ Förordning 1983 nr. 826 med riktlinjer för färgnyanserna i Sveriges flagga . Jump up ^ Vimpel National Archives of Sweden , official website Jump up ^ `` Svensk författningssamling ( SFS ) - Riksdagen '' . Riksdagen.se . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Original quote : `` gult udi korssvijs fördeelt påå blott '' ; Kongl . bref , den 19 . April 1562 Jump up ^ Tomas Rajalin , Nödig underrättelse om skiepz - byggeriet och der utaf härflytande högnödige och siöväsendet samt taklingen tilhörige proportioner , Carlscrona : 1730 Jump up ^ Kongl . Maj : ts förbud , den 19 . November 1756 , emot vimplars bruk på kofferdi - och privata fartyg . Jump up ^ Kongl . bref , den 18 . Augusti 1761 Jump up ^ See further : Krigskollegii samt Förvaltningens af sjöärendena kungörelse , den 3 Maj 1815 , om den för konungarikena Sverige och Norge fastställda örlogsflaggans allmänna anläggnade . Jump up ^ Kungl . Maj : ts kungörelse , den 17 . Juli 1821 , om de förenade konungarikena Sveriges och Norges handelsflagga . Jump up ^ The Brakel family was introduced to the Swedish House of Lords in 1756 and is best known for their participation in the Great Northern War in Finland . C.O. Brakel was a secretary of the Swedish House of Lords ( Riddarhussekreterare ) , and his remark was made in a speech in 1868 . Jump up ^ Kongl . Maj : ts skrivelse 1825 till Förvaltningen af sjöärendena om förslag till en särskild lotsflagg Jump up ^ General - tullstyrelsens cirkulär , 26 . September 1844 , till herrar tulldistriktschefer och tullkamrarne med tillkännagifvande , att en särskild flagga för tullverkets fartyg blifvit av Kongl . Maj : t fastställd . Jump up ^ Lag , den 28 . Oktober 1905 , om upphäfvande för Sveriges del af den till bestämmande af de genom föreningen emellan Sverige och Norge uppkomna konstitutionella förhållanden antagna riksakt . Jump up ^ Riksmarskalkens beslut den 6 . April 1987 , för flaggning . Jump up ^ This is also one of the royal flags , and rumours that the three - tailed war flag is mainly chosen since the Royal Palace is the home of the Palace Guard - is not correct . Jump up ^ One of the oldest flags preserved is a double - tailed flag from 1760 at the Maritime Museum in Stockholm Jump up ^ Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( U.S. ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ Boca Juniors Archived 2 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Lag ( 1982 : 269 ) om Sveriges flagga Flag of Sweden -- Riksarkivet Sweden -- Flags of the World National symbols of Sweden National flag Coat of arms National anthem Three Crowns Mother Svea Sweden articles History Prehistory 800 -- 1521 Kalmar Union 1523 -- 1611 Rise to become Great Power Swedish Empire Great Northern War Age of Liberty Gustavian era Sweden -- Norway union Modernization Industrialization World War I World War II timeline 1945 -- 1967 1967 -- 1991 Since 1991 Geography Cities Counties Extreme points Forests Islands Lakes Lands National parks NUTS statistical regions Provinces Rivers Politics Administrative division Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government agencies Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislature Armed Forces Army Navy Air Force Home Guard Radio Establishment Monarchy Political parties Economy Agriculture Automotive industry Energy Krona ( currency ) Labour unions Rehn -- Meidner model Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Transport Tourism Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages LGBT history People Welfare Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Fashion Flag Literature Media television Music National Day Public holidays Religion Sport Outline Portal Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Sweden&oldid=836204555 '' Categories : Flags of Sweden National flags National symbols of Sweden Nordic Cross flags 1663 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles needing the year an event occurred from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Yorùbá 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 09 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the flag of sweden look like	[ "The flag of Sweden consists of a yellow or gold Nordic Cross (i.e. an asymmetrical horizontal cross, with the crossbar closer to the hoist than the fly, with the cross extending to the edge of the flag) on a field of blue. The Nordic Cross design traditionally represents Christianity.[2][3] The design and colors of the Swedish flag are believed to have been inspired by the present coat of arms of Sweden of 1442, which is blue divided quarterly by a cross pattée of gold, and modeled on the Danish flag.[4] Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colours at least since King Magnus III's royal coat of arms of 1275." ]	[ "a yellow or gold Nordic Cross (i.e. an asymmetrical horizontal cross, with the crossbar closer to the hoist than the fly, with the cross extending to the edge of the flag) on a field of blue" ]
-1407292695067117286	The Bet (short story)	The bet ( short story ) - wikipedia The bet ( short story ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Bet '' Author Anton Chekhov Original title `` Пари '' Country Russia Language Russian Published in Novoye Vremya Publisher Adolf Marks ( 1901 ) Publication date 14 January 1889 `` The Bet '' ( Russian : `` Пари '' , translit . Pari ) is an 1889 short story by Anton Chekhov about a banker and a young lawyer who make a bet with each other about whether the death penalty is better or worse than life in prison . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 Plot 3 Characters 3.1 The lawyer 3.2 The banker 4 References 5 External links Publication ( edit ) On 17 December 1888 Nikolai Khudekov asked Chekhov to write a story for Peterburgskaya Gazeta which he was an editor of . Chekhov came up with `` The Cobbler and the Devil '' ( published on 25 December ) and informed Alexey Suvorin of that . Suvorin , the Novoye Vremya 's editor , took it almost as an insult , so Chekhov promised to produce a similar kind of fable for this newspaper before the New Year Eve . He started writing it on 22 December , and on the 30th sent the story by post . Divided into three parts , it appeared in the 1 January 1889 , No. 4613 issue of Novoye Vremya , titled `` Fairytale '' ( Сказка ) . With a new title , `` The Bet '' , revised and cut ( part 3 of the original text now has gone ) it was included into Volume 4 of Chekhov 's Collected Works , published in 1899 -- 1901 by Adolf Marks . `` As I was reading the proofs , I came to dislike the end , it occurred to me that it was too cold and cruel , '' he explained the reason for the omission in 1903 . Plot ( edit ) As the story opens , the banker recalls the occasion of the bet fifteen years before . Guests at the party that he was hosting that day fell into a discussion of capital punishment ; the banker argued that capital punishment is more humane than life imprisonment , while the young lawyer disagreed , insisting that he would choose life in prison rather than death . They agree to a bet of two million rubles that the lawyer can not spend fifteen years in solitary confinement . The bet was on , and the lawyer cast himself into isolation for fifteen years . The man spends his time in confinement reading books , writing , playing piano , studying , drinking wine , and educating himself . We find him continuously growing throughout the story . We see various phases in his term of imprisonment over the years . At first , the lawyer suffered from severe loneliness and depression . But soon he began studying vigorously . He begins with languages and other related subjects . Then , a mix of science , literature , philosophy and other seemingly random subjects . He ends up reading some six hundred volumes in the course of four years . Then , the Gospel followed by theology and histories of religion . In the final two years , the imprisoned lawyer read immensely on chemistry , medicine and philosophy , and sometimes works of Byron or Shakespeare . In the meantime , the banker 's fortune declines and he realizes that if he loses , paying off the bet will leave him bankrupt . The day before the fifteen - year period concludes , the banker resolves to kill the lawyer so as to not owe him the money . On his way to do so , however , the banker finds a note written by the lawyer . The note declares that in his time in confinement he has learned to despise material goods as fleeting things and he believes that knowledge is worth more than money . To this end he elects to renounce the reward of the bet . The banker was moved and shocked to his bones after reading the note , kisses the strange man on the head and leaves the lodge weeping , relieved not to have to kill anyone . The prison warden later reports that the lawyer has left the guest house , thus losing the bet but proving his point that solitary confinement is more humane than death punishment as it gives a chance to a person ( the lawyer in this story ) to develop himself . The lawyer also unwittingly saves his own life by writing the note . Characters ( edit ) There are two major characters featured in `` The Bet '' : the lawyer and the banker , neither of which have official names in Chekhov 's short story . The lawyer ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lawyer is seen to be persistent , intelligent and self - motivating . He does not break down in the 15 years of imprisonment as the banker foretold . He is intelligent by the virtue of reading so many books , which reflects in his eagerness to associate with other men , rather than claiming the final prize . He starts as a young , impatient person , ready to spend 15 best years of his life for 2 million . His character of being a person with no interest in materialistic luxury is reflected when he renounces the 2 million and settles with just having proved his point . The banker ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The banker likes to be in a position of authority and likes to wield power over others , especially those who happen to disagree with him . The character changes drastically from the beginning of the story when he seems to be very free handed as he easily bets to pay two million and later , his lack of wealth drives him to dishonesty and plan for murder . This also signifies the weak character of the banker . He is very attached to the materialistic luxuries of life and values human life less than his luxuries as he plans on killing the lawyer . He plans on killing the lawyer for money and nothing but money changes his mind . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sokolova M.A. Commetaries to Сапожник и нечистая сила . / / Чехов А . П . Полное собрание сочинений и писем в тридцати томах . Сочинения . Т. 7 . -- М. : Наука , 1977 . С. 665 . Jump up ^ Muratova , K.D. Commentaries to Пари . The Works by A.P. Chekhov in 12 volumes . Khudozhestvennaya Literatura . Moscow , 1960 . Vol. 6 , pp. 512 Jump up ^ `` The History of One Story '' . A.P. Chekhov 's Unpublished Letter / / Прохоров Г . История одного рассказа . Неопубликованное письмо А . П . Чехова . -- `` Литературная газета '' , No 88 от 14 июля 1934 . - Когда я читал корректуру , мне этот конец очень не понравился ( ... ) , показался не в меру холодным и суровым . External links ( edit ) Пари , the Russian text The Bet , 1915 and 1918 English translations The Project Gutenberg EBook of Best Russian Short Stories , including `` The Bet '' ( hide ) Works by Anton Chekhov Plays Platonov ( 1881 ) On the Harmful Effects of Tobacco ( 1886 , 1902 ) Swansong ( 1887 ) Ivanov ( 1887 ) The Bear ( 1888 ) A Tragedian in Spite of Himself ( 1889 ) The Wedding ( 1889 ) The Wood Demon ( 1889 ) A Marriage Proposal ( 1890 ) The Festivities ( 1891 ) The Seagull ( 1896 ) Uncle Vanya ( 1897 ) Three Sisters ( 1901 ) The Cherry Orchard ( 1904 ) Novel The Shooting Party ( 1884 ) Novellas The Steppe ( 1888 ) A Dreary Story ( 1889 ) The Duel ( 1891 ) The Story of an Unknown Man ( 1893 ) Three Years ( 1895 ) My Life ( 1896 ) Peasants ( 1897 ) Short stories `` The Death of a Government Clerk '' ( 1883 ) `` The Chameleon ( 1884 ) `` Oysters '' ( 1884 ) `` A Living Chronology '' ( 1885 ) `` Small Fry '' ( 1885 ) `` The Huntsman '' ( 1885 ) `` A Malefactor '' ( 1885 ) `` Sergeant Prishibeyev '' ( 1885 ) `` A Gentleman Friend '' ( 1886 ) `` Agafya '' ( 1886 ) `` Anyuta '' ( 1886 ) `` Easter Eve '' ( 1886 ) `` Grisha '' ( 1886 ) `` Misery '' ( 1886 ) `` The Chorus Girl '' ( 1886 ) `` Ivan Matveyich '' ( 1886 ) `` The Requiem '' ( 1886 ) `` Mire '' ( 1886 ) `` Vanka '' ( 1886 ) `` At Home ( 1887 ) `` The Siren '' ( 1887 ) `` Kashtanka '' ( 1887 ) `` Sleepy '' ( 1888 ) `` The Bet '' ( 1889 ) `` Gusev '' ( 1890 ) `` Peasant Wives '' ( 1891 ) `` The Grasshopper '' ( 1892 ) `` In Exile '' ( 1892 ) `` Ward No. 6 '' ( 1892 ) `` The Black Monk '' ( 1894 ) `` Rothschild 's Violin '' ( 1894 ) `` The Student '' ( 1894 ) `` The Teacher of Literature '' ( 1894 ) `` Anna on the Neck '' ( 1895 ) `` Whitebrow '' ( 1895 ) `` Ariadne '' ( 1895 ) `` The House with the Mezzanine '' ( 1895 ) `` The Petcheneg '' ( 1897 ) `` In the Cart '' ( 1897 ) `` The Man in the Case '' ( 1898 ) `` Gooseberries '' ( 1898 ) `` Ionych '' ( 1898 ) `` A Doctor 's Visit '' ( 1898 ) `` On Official Duty '' ( 1899 ) `` The Darling '' ( 1899 ) `` The Lady with the Dog '' ( 1899 ) `` The Bishop '' ( 1902 ) `` Betrothed '' ( 1903 ) Related articles Chekhov 's gun Osip Dymov Fragments Wild Honey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bet_(short_story)&oldid=807843276 '' Categories : 1889 short stories Russian short stories Works originally published in Russian newspapers Short stories by Anton Chekhov Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles that may contain original research from April 2014 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Башҡортса Français Հայերեն עברית ქართული ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 12 : 34 . About Wikipedia	who wins the bet in the short story the bet	[ "The day before the fifteen-year period concludes, the banker resolves to kill the lawyer so as to not owe him the money. On his way to do so, however, the banker finds a note written by the lawyer. The note declares that in his time in confinement he has learned to despise material goods as fleeting things and he believes that knowledge is worth more than money. To this end he elects to renounce the reward of the bet. The banker was moved and shocked to his bones after reading the note, kisses the strange man on the head and leaves the lodge weeping, relieved not to have to kill anyone. The prison warden later reports that the lawyer has left the guest house, thus losing the bet but proving his point that solitary confinement is more humane than death punishment as it gives a chance to a person (the lawyer in this story) to develop himself. The lawyer also unwittingly saves his own life by writing the note." ]	[ "banker" ]
-2168903139022995094	Balance of trade	Balance of trade - wikipedia Balance of trade Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on International Monetary Fund data . Cumulative current account balance per capita 1980 -- 2008 based on International Monetary Fund data . The balance of trade , commercial balance , or net exports ( sometimes symbolized as NX ) , is the difference between the monetary value of a nation 's exports and imports over a certain period . Sometimes a distinction is made between a balance of trade for goods versus one for services . `` Balance of trade '' can be a misleading term because trade measures a flow of exports and imports over a given period of time , rather than a balance of exports and imports at a given point in time . Also , balance of trade does not mean that exports and imports are `` in balance '' with each other or anything else . If a country exports a greater value than it imports , it has a trade surplus or positive balance , and conversely , if a country imports a greater value than it exports , it has a trade deficit or negative balance . The notion that bilateral trade deficits are bad in and of themselves is overwhelmingly rejected by trade experts and economists . Contents 1 Explanation 2 Historical examples 2.1 In 2016 3 Views on economic impact 3.1 Classical theory 3.1. 1 Adam Smith on the balance of trade 3.2 Keynesian theory 3.3 Monetarist theory 3.4 Trade balance 's effects upon a nation 's GDP 4 Balance of trade vs. balance of payments 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Explanation ( edit ) Balance of trade in goods and services ( Eurozone countries ) US Trade Balance 1980 2010 U.S. Trade Balance and Trade Policy ( 1895 -- 2015 ) U.K. balance of trade in goods ( since 1870 ) The balance of trade forms part of the current account , which includes other transactions such as income from the net international investment position as well as international aid . If the current account is in surplus , the country 's net international asset position increases correspondingly . Equally , a deficit decreases the net international asset position . The trade balance is identical to the difference between a country 's output and its domestic demand ( the difference between what goods a country produces and how many goods it buys from abroad ; this does not include money re-spent on foreign stock , nor does it factor in the concept of importing goods to produce for the domestic market ) . Measuring the balance of trade can be problematic because of problems with recording and collecting data . As an illustration of this problem , when official data for all the world 's countries are added up , exports exceed imports by almost 1 % ; it appears the world is running a positive balance of trade with itself . This can not be true , because all transactions involve an equal credit or debit in the account of each nation . The discrepancy is widely believed to be explained by transactions intended to launder money or evade taxes , smuggling and other visibility problems . Especially for developing countries , the transaction statistics are likely to be inaccurate . Factors that can affect the balance of trade include : The cost of production ( land , labor , capital , taxes , incentives , etc . ) in the exporting economy vis - à - vis those in the importing economy ; The cost and availability of raw materials , intermediate goods and other inputs ; Currency exchange rate movements ; Multilateral , bilateral and unilateral taxes or restrictions on trade ; Non-tariff barriers such as environmental , health or safety standards ; The availability of adequate foreign exchange with which to pay for imports ; and Prices of goods manufactured at home ( influenced by the responsiveness of supply ) In addition , the trade balance is likely to differ across the business cycle . In export - led growth ( such as oil and early industrial goods ) , the balance of trade will shift towards exports during an economic expansion . However , with domestic demand led growth ( as in the United States and Australia ) the trade balance will shift towards imports at the same stage in the business cycle . The monetary balance of trade is different from the physical balance of trade ( which is expressed in amount of raw materials , known also as Total Material Consumption ) . Developed countries usually import a lot of raw materials from developing countries . Typically , these imported materials are transformed into finished products , and might be exported after adding value . Financial trade balance statistics conceal material flow . Most developed countries have a large physical trade deficit , because they consume more raw materials than they produce . Many civil society organisations claim this imbalance is predatory and campaign for ecological debt repayment . Historical examples ( edit ) See also : Foreign trade of the United States Many countries in early modern Europe adopted a policy of mercantilism , which theorized that a trade surplus was beneficial to a country , among other elements such as colonialism and trade barriers with other countries and their colonies . ( Bullionism was an early philosophy supporting mercantilism . ) Merchandise exports ( 1870 -- 1992 ) Trade policy , exports and growth in selected European countries The practices and abuses of mercantilism led the natural resources and cash crops of British North America to be exported in exchange for finished goods from Great Britain , a factor leading to the American Revolution . An early statement appeared in Discourse of the Common Wealth of this Realm of England , 1549 : `` We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them , for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them . '' Similarly a systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun 's 1630 `` England 's treasure by foreign trade , or , The balance of our foreign trade is the rule of our treasure '' Since the mid-1980s , the United States has had a growing deficit in tradeable goods , especially with Asian nations ( China and Japan ) which now hold large sums of U.S debt that has in part funded the consumption . The U.S. has a trade surplus with nations such as Australia . The issue of trade deficits can be complex . Trade deficits generated in tradeable goods such as manufactured goods or software may impact domestic employment to different degrees than do trade deficits in raw materials . Economies which have savings surpluses , such as Japan and Germany , typically run trade surpluses . China , a high - growth economy , has tended to run trade surpluses . A higher savings rate generally corresponds to a trade surplus . Correspondingly , the U.S. with its lower savings rate has tended to run high trade deficits , especially with Asian nations . In 2016 ( edit ) Balance of trade in some geographic zones Sources : Eurostat 2016 Views on economic impact ( edit ) The notion that bilateral trade deficits are bad in and of themselves is overwhelmingly rejected by trade experts and economists . According to the IMF trade deficits can cause a balance of payments problem , which can affect foreign exchange shortages and hurt countries . On the other hand , Joseph Stiglitz points out that countries running surpluses exert a `` negative externality '' on trading partners , and pose a threat to global prosperity , far more than those in deficit . Ben Bernanke argues that `` persistent imbalances within the euro zone are ... unhealthy , as they lead to financial imbalances as well as to unbalanced growth . The fact that Germany is selling so much more than it is buying redirects demand from its neighbors ( as well as from other countries around the world ) , reducing output and employment outside Germany . '' Several countries consider the trade balance as an important factor : Some have said that China pursues a mercantilist economic policy . Russia pursues a policy based on protectionism , according to which international trade is not a `` win - win '' game but a zero - sum game : surplus countries get richer at the expense of deficit countries . Classical theory ( edit ) Adam Smith on the balance of trade ( edit ) See also : Friedrich List `` In the foregoing part of this chapter I have endeavoured to show , even upon the principles of the commercial system , how unnecessary it is to lay extraordinary restraints upon the importation of goods from those countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous . Nothing , however , can be more absurd than this whole doctrine of the balance of trade , upon which , not only these restraints , but almost all the other regulations of commerce are founded . When two places trade with one another , this ( absurd ) doctrine supposes that , if the balance be even , neither of them either loses or gains ; but if it leans in any degree to one side , that one of them loses and the other gains in proportion to its declension from the exact equilibrium . '' ( Smith , 1776 , book IV , ch . iii , part ii ) Keynesian theory ( edit ) In the last few years of his life , John Maynard Keynes was much preoccupied with the question of balance in international trade . He was the leader of the British delegation to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944 that established the Bretton Woods system of international currency management . He was the principal author of a proposal -- the so - called Keynes Plan -- for an International Clearing Union . The two governing principles of the plan were that the problem of settling outstanding balances should be solved by ' creating ' additional ' international money ' , and that debtor and creditor should be treated almost alike as disturbers of equilibrium . In the event , though , the plans were rejected , in part because `` American opinion was naturally reluctant to accept the principle of equality of treatment so novel in debtor - creditor relationships '' . The new system is not founded on free - trade ( liberalisation of foreign trade ) but rather on the regulation of international trade , in order to eliminate trade imbalances : the nations with a surplus would have a powerful incentive to get rid of it , and in doing so they would automatically clear other nations deficits . He proposed a global bank that would issue its own currency -- the bancor -- which was exchangeable with national currencies at fixed rates of exchange and would become the unit of account between nations , which means it would be used to measure a country 's trade deficit or trade surplus . Every country would have an overdraft facility in its bancor account at the International Clearing Union . He pointed out that surpluses lead to weak global aggregate demand -- countries running surpluses exert a `` negative externality '' on trading partners , and posed far more than those in deficit , a threat to global prosperity . In `` National Self - Sufficiency '' The Yale Review , Vol. 22 , no . 4 ( June 1933 ) , he already highlighted the problems created by free trade . His view , supported by many economists and commentators at the time , was that creditor nations may be just as responsible as debtor nations for disequilibrium in exchanges and that both should be under an obligation to bring trade back into a state of balance . Failure for them to do so could have serious consequences . In the words of Geoffrey Crowther , then editor of The Economist , `` If the economic relationships between nations are not , by one means or another , brought fairly close to balance , then there is no set of financial arrangements that can rescue the world from the impoverishing results of chaos . '' These ideas were informed by events prior to the Great Depression when -- in the opinion of Keynes and others -- international lending , primarily by the U.S. , exceeded the capacity of sound investment and so got diverted into non-productive and speculative uses , which in turn invited default and a sudden stop to the process of lending . Influenced by Keynes , economics texts in the immediate post-war period put a significant emphasis on balance in trade . For example , the second edition of the popular introductory textbook , An Outline of Money , devoted the last three of its ten chapters to questions of foreign exchange management and in particular the ' problem of balance ' . However , in more recent years , since the end of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , with the increasing influence of monetarist schools of thought in the 1980s , and particularly in the face of large sustained trade imbalances , these concerns -- and particularly concerns about the destabilising effects of large trade surpluses -- have largely disappeared from mainstream economics discourse and Keynes ' insights have slipped from view . They are receiving some attention again in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . Monetarist theory ( edit ) Prior to 20th century monetarist theory , the 19th century economist and philosopher Frédéric Bastiat expressed the idea that trade deficits actually were a manifestation of profit , rather than a loss . He proposed as an example to suppose that he , a Frenchman , exported French wine and imported British coal , turning a profit . He supposed he was in France , and sent a cask of wine which was worth 50 francs to England . The customhouse would record an export of 50 francs . If , in England , the wine sold for 70 francs ( or the pound equivalent ) , which he then used to buy coal , which he imported into France , and was found to be worth 90 francs in France , he would have made a profit of 40 francs . But the customhouse would say that the value of imports exceeded that of exports and was trade deficit against the ledger of France . By reductio ad absurdum , Bastiat argued that the national trade deficit was an indicator of a successful economy , rather than a failing one . Bastiat predicted that a successful , growing economy would result in greater trade deficits , and an unsuccessful , shrinking economy would result in lower trade deficits . This was later , in the 20th century , echoed by economist Milton Friedman . In the 1980s , Milton Friedman , a Nobel Memorial Prize - winning economist and a proponent of monetarism , contended that some of the concerns of trade deficits are unfair criticisms in an attempt to push macroeconomic policies favorable to exporting industries . Friedman argued that trade deficits are not necessarily important , as high exports raise the value of the currency , reducing aforementioned exports , and vice versa for imports , thus naturally removing trade deficits not due to investment . Since 1971 , when the Nixon administration decided to abolish fixed exchange rates , America 's Current Account accumulated trade deficits have totaled $7.75 trillion as of 2010 . This deficit exists as it is matched by investment coming into the United States -- purely by the definition of the balance of payments , any current account deficit that exists is matched by an inflow of foreign investment . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the U.S. had experienced high inflation and Friedman 's policy positions tended to defend the stronger dollar at that time . He stated his belief that these trade deficits were not necessarily harmful to the economy at the time since the currency comes back to the country ( country A sells to country B , country B sells to country C who buys from country A , but the trade deficit only includes A and B) . However , it may be in one form or another including the possible tradeoff of foreign control of assets . In his view , the `` worst - case scenario '' of the currency never returning to the country of origin was actually the best possible outcome : the country actually purchased its goods by exchanging them for pieces of cheaply made paper . As Friedman put it , this would be the same result as if the exporting country burned the dollars it earned , never returning it to market circulation . This position is a more refined version of the theorem first discovered by David Hume . Hume argued that England could not permanently gain from exports , because hoarding gold ( i.e. , currency ) would make gold more plentiful in England ; therefore , the prices of English goods would rise , making them less attractive exports and making foreign goods more attractive imports . In this way , countries ' trade balances would balance out . Friedman presented his analysis of the balance of trade in Free to Choose , widely considered his most significant popular work . Trade balance 's effects upon a nation 's GDP ( edit ) Exports directly increase and imports directly reduce a nation 's balance of trade ( i.e. net exports ) . A trade surplus is a positive net balance of trade , and a trade deficit is a negative net balance of trade . Due to the balance of trade being explicitly added to the calculation of the nation 's gross domestic product using the expenditure method of calculating gross domestic product ( i.e. GDP ) , trade surpluses are contributions and trade deficits are `` drags '' upon their nation 's GDP . Balance of trade vs. balance of payments ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( April 2016 ) Balance of trade Balance of payments The balance of trade includes only visible imports and exports , i.e. imports and exports of merchandise . The difference between exports and imports is called the balance of trade . If imports are greater than exports , it is sometimes called an unfavourable balance of trade . If exports exceed imports , it is sometimes called a favourable balance of trade . The balance of payments includes all those visible and invisible items exported from and imported into the country in addition to exports and imports of merchandise . The balance of trade includes revenues received or paid on account of imports and exports of merchandise . It shows only revenue items . The balance of payments includes all revenue and capital items whether visible or non-visible . The balance of trade thus forms a part of the balance of payments . The balance of trade can be favourable or unfavourable . If imports are greater than exports , it is an unfavourable balance of trade . If exports exceed imports , it is a favourable balance of trade . The balance of payments is always zero . See also ( edit ) Comparison of imports vs exports of the United States Dutch disease Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 462 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gramer , Robbie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Economists Take Aim at Trump Trade Theory -- Again '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Navarro 's comments drew skepticism from trade experts and economists across the political spectrum , who said that line of thinking on economics was flawed . Economists say trade deficits are n't an indication of good or bad economic times , but rather a function of savings and investments . ( The United States enjoyed a stellar trade surplus during the Great Depression in the 1930s , for example . ) `` He wo n't find economists -- either on the left or the right -- that believe trade deficits are this huge a problem , '' Chip Roh , a former assistant U.S. trade representative and trade lawyer , told Foreign Policy . `` It does n't make economic sense . '' `` When economists hear , ' Our goal is reduce the trade deficit , ' it baffles us , '' Gordon Hanson , a trade economist at the University of California , San Diego , told FP . `` He 's either using it as a cheap political ploy or there 's a misconception -- he does n't understand how it operates . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Analysis : Trump rails against trade deficit , but economists say there 's no easy way for him to make it go away '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . At a conference Monday morning in Washington , Peter Navarro , the director of Trump 's National Trade Council , reiterated the administration 's focus on the trade deficit . The Trump administration policy is one of `` free and fair and truly reciprocal trade that begins and ends with the belief that bilateral trade deficits do indeed matter , '' he said . `` Trade deficits not only matter when it comes to jobs and growth and national security , they matter a great deal , '' Navarro said . Many economists disagree with this claim , saying that the factors behind the trade balance can be complex -- and that the trade deficit is far from the best economic metric for policymakers to target ... In an interview Monday , Angus Deaton , who won the Nobel Prize for economics in 2015 , called the administration 's attitude on trade deficits `` an old - fashioned mercantilist position . '' `` If you stand on a platform , it makes you six inches taller , '' he said . `` It 's a ridiculous argument . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Trump warns of trade deficits . Economists say , who cares ? '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` www.igmchicago.org/surveys/trade-balances '' . www.igmchicago.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is the Trade Deficit ? '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 06 - 09 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . The vast majority of economists view it differently . In this mainstream view , trade deficits are not inherently good or bad . They can be either , depending on circumstances . Jump up ^ `` Physical Trade Balance , OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Now attributed to Sir Thomas Smith ; quoted in José Rizal , The Wheels of Commerce , vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism 15th -- 18th Century , 1979 : 204 . Jump up ^ Thomas Mun , Oxford National Dictionary of Biography Jump up ^ Bivens , L. Josh ( 14 December 2004 ) . Debt and the dollar Archived 17 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved on 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Major foreign holders of Treasury securities . United States Treasury . Jump up ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-054606_QID_73860F21_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=GEO,L,X,0;INDIC_ET,L,Y,0;TIME,C,Z,0;SITC06,L,Z,1;INDICATORS,C,Z,2;&zSelection=DS-054606SITC06,TOTAL;DS-054606INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-054606TIME,2016;&rankName1=SITC06_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_0&rankName5=INDIC-ET_1_2_0_1&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=NONE&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23 Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/International_trade_in_goods/fr Jump up ^ `` The IMF in Action : How can the IMF help in a crisis ? Getting a member country 's economy back on track '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/05/reform-euro-or-bin-it-greece-germany Jump up ^ Lowenstein , Roger ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz Says the Euro Needs Big Reform '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ http://lahcenbounadereconomics.blogspot.fr/2016/12/a-critical-issue-adressed-to-joseph.html Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. `` Germany 's trade surplus is a problem '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Macroeconomic effects of Chinese mercantilism '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Economic Mercantilism '' . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. tech group urges global action against Chinese '' . 16 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 25 November 2003 ) . `` Protectionism '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia was most protectionist nation in 2013 : study '' . 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Study : Russia Insulated From Further Sanctions by Import Substitution Success '' . 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Samofalova , Olga ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Food import substitution turns out to be extremely profitable '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Made in Russia . Made for Arctic '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam . ( 1776 ) . An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1981 , 2 vols. , ( 1776 ) ( reprint of the Clarendon Press edition , Oxford 1976 , with Edward Cannan 's original index from 1922 ) Jump up ^ Crowther , Geoffrey ( 1948 ) . An Outline of Money . Second Edition . Thomas Nelson and Sons . pp. 326 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 25 November 2003 ) . `` Deregulation '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 3 April 2010 ) . `` Trade Liberalization '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=peri_workingpapers Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` Reform the euro or bin it - Joseph Stiglitz '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/economicas/jsanchez/documentos/1601%20KEYNES%20National%20Self-sufficiency%201933.pdf Jump up ^ `` 601 David Singh Grewal , What Keynes warned about globalization '' . www.india-seminar.com . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Geoffrey ( 1948 ) . An Outline of Money . Second Edition . Thomas Nelson and Sons . p. 336 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Geoffrey ( 1948 ) . An Outline of Money . Second Edition . Thomas Nelson and Sons . pp. 368 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Geoffrey ( 1948 ) . An Outline of Money . Second Edition . Thomas Nelson and Sons . Jump up ^ See for example , Krugman , P and Wells , R ( 2006 ) . `` Economics '' , Worth Publishers Jump up ^ although see Duncan , R ( 2005 ) . `` The Dollar Crisis : Causes , Consequences , Cures '' , Wiley Jump up ^ See for example , `` Clearing Up This Mess '' . 18 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TheIdeaChannel.tv '' . www.ideachannel.tv . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hume , David . Essays , Moral , Political , and Literary . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` Expenditure Method '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` gross domestic product - Definition & Formula '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Balance of Trade . Are Trade Deficits a Drag on U.S. Economic Growth ? Where Do U.S. Dollars Go When the United States Runs a Trade Deficit ? from Dollars & Sense magazine OECD Trade balance statistics U.S. Government Export Assistance U.S Trade Deficit Depicted in an Infographic The Trade Deficit : The Biggest Obstacle to Full Employment , paper by Dean Baker of the Center for Economic and Policy Research , April 2014 John Komlos , Why trade deals hurt Americans , '' PBS making Sen $ e International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balance_of_trade&oldid=851202514 '' Categories : National accounts International trade theory International trade International macroeconomics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Pages with graphs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip سنڌي Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do countries end up with a trade deficit	[ "If a country exports a greater value than it imports, it has a trade surplus or positive balance, and conversely, if a country imports a greater value than it exports, it has a trade deficit or negative balance. The notion that bilateral trade deficits are bad in and of themselves is overwhelmingly rejected by trade experts and economists.[2][3][4][5][6]\n" ]	[ "if a country imports a greater value than it exports" ]
-3154638649988500678	Tina Majorino	Tina Majorino - wikipedia Tina Majorino Jump to : navigation , search Tina Majorino Majorino at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con Tina Marie Majorino ( 1985 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Westlake , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1992 -- 1999 , 2004 -- present Tina Marie Majorino ( / meɪdʒoʊˈriːnoʊ / ; born February 7 , 1985 ) is an American film and television actress . She started her career as a child actor , starring in films such as Andre ; When a Man Loves a Woman ; Corrina , Corrina ; and Waterworld . Despite her early success , she took a sabbatical from 1999 to 2004 . She returned for one of her best known roles to date , the character Deb in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite . Since her return to acting , she has been in television series such as Veronica Mars , Big Love , True Blood and Grey 's Anatomy . She returned to the role of Mac in the Veronica Mars movie , and has played the part of Maggie Harris on TNT 's Legends TV series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Majorino was born in Westlake , California the daughter of Sarah ( née Black ) and real estate agent Robert `` Bob '' Majorino . Her father is of Italian , Cuban , and French descent , and her mother has Scottish , German , and Filipino ancestry . She has an older brother , Kevin , with whom she has formed a rock band , The AM Project . Career ( edit ) Majorino began her acting career in a 1992 sitcom called Camp Wilder . Her first film role was in 1994 's When a Man Loves a Woman . She subsequently starred in leading roles in the family films Corrina , Corrina and Andre , both of which were released in August 1994 . Her next film was the 1995 action film Waterworld , playing a child named Enola . She played the title role in the 1999 television film Alice in Wonderland . After Alice , she took time off from the business . She has since cited burnout as the reason for her hiatus from acting . She did not appear in another film until the 2004 cult film Napoleon Dynamite . From 2004 onward , she played a recurring role on UPN 's series , Veronica Mars , as the computer - savvy Cindy `` Mac '' Mackenzie . It began in the show 's eighth episode , `` Like a Virgin '' , and continued until the show 's series finale , `` The Bitch is Back '' . Show creator Rob Thomas created the role with her in mind . She had met Thomas while interviewing him for a report on one of his books . Majorino became a series regular in the show 's third and final season . During her time on Veronica Mars , she also started appearing in a recurring role on the cable television series Big Love with Waterworld costar Jeanne Tripplehorn and fellow Veronica Mars cast members Amanda Seyfried and Kyle Gallner . In 2005 , she appeared in the music video for the song `` Blind '' by rock group Lifehouse . She started filming for The Deep End , a television show for ABC in 2009 . She played the role of Addy Fisher , a meek and insecure first - year associate at a high - profile law firm . The show was canceled after only six episodes were aired . She returned to television in 2011 playing the recurring role of Special Agent Genny Shaw on Bones . She also starred in the music video for `` Fuckin ' Perfect '' by Pink . In 2012 , she reprised her role as Deb in the animated TV version of Napoleon Dynamite . She was also seen playing the role of the vampire Molly in Season 5 of the HBO television series True Blood , an uncredited role as a pregnant woman in the Fox show , Raising Hope , in an episode titled `` Tarot Cards , '' and the role of intern Dr. Heather Brooks in Season 9 of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy , with her character being killed off in the two - part premiere of Season 10 . In 2014 she appeared in the Veronica Mars film as her character Mac , a project financed by fans through Kickstarter . Filmography ( edit ) Majorino at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 When a Man Loves a Woman Jess Green 1994 Corrina , Corrina Molly Singer 1994 Andre Toni Whitney 1995 Waterworld Enola 1997 Santa Fe Crystal Thomas Napoleon Dynamite Deb 2006 Think Tank Sal 2006 Sharp , AA Sharp The Daughter Short film 2007 What We Do Is Secret Michelle 2012 Should 've Been Romeo Alice 2014 Veronica Mars Cindy `` Mac '' Mackenzie Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 -- 1993 Camp Wilder Sophie Wilder Main role ( 19 episodes ) New York Crossing TV film 1997 True Women Young Euphemia Ashby TV film 1997 Before Women Had Wings Avocet Abigail ' Bird ' Jackson TV film 1997 Merry Christmas , George Bailey Janie Bailey TV film 1999 Alice in Wonderland Alice TV film Without a Trace Serena Barnes / Andrews Episode : `` Lost and Found '' 2004 -- 2007 Veronica Mars Cindy `` Mac '' Mackenzie Recurring / Main role ( 34 episodes ) 2006 -- 2011 Big Love Heather Tuttle Recurring role ( 26 episodes ) In Security TV film The Deep End ( TV series ) Addy Fisher Main role ( 7 episodes ) 2011 Castle Reese Harmon Episode : `` One Life to Lose '' 2011 -- 2012 Bones Special Agent Genevieve Shaw Episodes : `` The Hole in the Heart '' , `` The Male in the Mail '' , `` The Bump in the Road '' 2012 Napoleon Dynamite Deb ( voice ) Main role ( 6 episodes ) 2012 True Blood Molly Recurring role ( 6 episodes ) 2012 -- 2013 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. Heather Brooks Recurring role ( 22 episodes ) 2014 Legends Maggie Harris Main role ( Season 1 , 10 episodes ) 2017 Scorpion Florence Recurring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the State of California . California Birth Index , 1905 -- 1995 . Center for Health Statistics , California Department of Health Services , Sacramento , California . Searchable at http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461 Jump up ^ `` Television News , Reviews and TV Show Recaps - HuffPost TV '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Tina Majorino Biography ( 1985 - ) '' . filmreference.com . Jump up ^ Steele , Tyler . `` Albertina Majorino Interview ! ( Aґrchived version ) '' . Turtle Soup . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Tina Majorino reflects on time away from show - biz '' . Oregon Daily Emerald . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ 1992 Fall Preview , TV Guide -- it was a sitcom ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Stephanie . `` TV RISING STAR : ' VERONICA MARS ' TINA MAJORINO SHUNS HOLLYWOOD RAT RACE '' . Netscape . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1995 - 07 - 28 ) . `` WATERWORLD ; Aquatic Armageddon With Plenty of Toys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhn , Sarah . `` Majorino Feeling the Love -- `` Big Love '' actress brings genuineness to outsider roles `` . Back Stage West . Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 2006 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Tina Majorino ( Mac ) Teases Veronica Mars ' Next Big Mystery '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` LoL sits down for an interview with Tina Majorino ! '' . Lifehouse on Lefora. 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` LoL sits down for an interview with Nigel Dick ! '' . Lifehouse on Lefora. 2009 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Joe ( 2009 - 07 - 21 ) . `` ABC series ' The Deep End ' expected to begin filming in North Texas '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Troy ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Nice Teeth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` ABC 's ' The Deep End ' firmly unoriginal '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) . `` For fall , ABC adding 6 shows , making most changes on Tuesdays , Fridays '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 2013 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Veronica Mars ' Movie : Tina Majorino to Return as ' Mac '' . The Hollywood Reporter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tina Majorino . Tina Majorino on IMDb Interview in Stumped ? Magazine @ TinaMajorino on Twitter VIAF : 2681694 LCCN : no2001040632 ISNI : 0000 0001 1487 142X GND : 135155592 BNF : cb14202246d ( data ) IATH : w6794rb6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tina_Majorino&oldid=799841672 '' Categories : 1985 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from California American child actresses American film actresses American people of Cuban descent American people of English descent American people of Italian descent American people of Filipino descent American people of French descent American people of German descent Hispanic and Latino American actresses American television actresses Living people People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Actresses of Italian descent Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 04 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the little girl in water world	[ "Tina Marie Majorino[1] (/meɪdʒoʊˈriːnoʊ/;[2] born February 7, 1985) is an American film and television actress. She started her career as a child actor, starring in films such as Andre; When a Man Loves a Woman; Corrina, Corrina; and Waterworld." ]	[ "Tina Marie Majorino" ]

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