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5176046984695708823	Torah ark	Torah ark - wikipedia Torah ark Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Torah Ark of the Szeged Synagogue The ark in a synagogue ( also called the Torah ark or holy ark ) is generally a receptacle , or ornamental closet , which contains each synagogue 's Torah scrolls ( Sifrei Torah in Hebrew ) . Most arks feature a parokhet ( curtain ) placed either outside the doors of the holy ark ( Ashkenazi and Mizrachi custom ) or inside the doors of the ark ( Spanish and Portuguese and Moroccan Sephardi custom ) . The ark is known in Hebrew as the aron kodesh ( `` holy ark '' ) by the Ashkenazim and as the hekhál ( `` holy place '' ) among most Sefardim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the names 2 Placement 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin of the names ( edit ) Bnei Brak , Israel Aron Kodesh comes from Hebrew אָרוֹן קׄדֶש ‬ ʼārōn qōdeš ( i.e. aron kodesh ) , Holy Ark . This name is a reference to the ' ārōn haqqōdeš , the Hebrew name for the Ark of the Covenant which was stored in the Holy of Holies in the inner sanctuary of both the ancient Tabernacle and the Temple in Jerusalem . Similarly , Hekhál , also written hechal , echal or heichal -- and sometimes also Echal Kodesh ( mainly among Balkan Sephardim ) comes from Hebrew הֵיכָל ‬ ( hēkhāl ) ' palace ' , was used in the same time period to refer to the inner sanctuary . The hekhal contained the Menorah , Altar of Incense , and Table of the Showbread . Placement ( edit ) Modena , Italy ( 1505 ) The ark is often placed on the wall of the sanctuary which is facing Jerusalem , however it is sometimes placed on the north wall or another wall for architectural reasons . In those cases where the ark does not show the direction to Jerusalem , traditional Judaism instructs the worshiper to face the true direction towards Jerusalem in prayers such as the Amidah . In some ancient synagogues , such as the fifth - century synagogue in Susia , the Torah scroll was not placed inside the synagogue at all , but in a room adjacent to it , signifying that the sacredness of the synagogue does not come from the ark but from its being a house of prayer . The Torah was brought into the synagogue for reading purposes . Gallery ( edit ) Beth Jakov synagogue in Macedonia Kotel , Jerusalem Safed , Israel Cedar , Jerusalem stone , and bronze Torah ark for Lincoln Square Synagogue , New York City ( 2013 ) , by the artist David Ascalon . Novi Sad , Serbia Kraków , Poland Włodawa Synagogue , Włodawa , Poland Pfaffenhoffen , Alsace Ark based on a Chinese Buddhist design used by the Kaifeng Jews of China Ark decorated for Shavuot , Encino , California , United States Esnoga , Amsterdam , Netherlands Abuhav synagogue , Israel Ark inside the Synagogue in Győr , Hungary . See also ( edit ) Ark of the Covenant Bimah Three hares Church tabernacle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wischnitzer , Rachel , and Bezalel Narkiss ( 2007 ) . `` Ark . '' Encyclopaedia Judaica . 2nd ed . Vol. 2 . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2007 . p. 463 - 464 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torah_arks . `` Aron Kodesh '' in Jewish Encyclopedia ( hide ) Torah reading Books that are read Torah Haftarah Book of Esther Song of Songs Book of Ruth Ecclesiastes Lamentations Readings Weekly Yom Tov Triennial cycle Process Aliyah Maftir Shnayim mikra ve - echad targum Equipment Ark Bimah Sefer Torah Tikkun Yad Ner Tamid Cantillation Katan group Mahpach Pashta Munach Zakef katan Kadma Yetiv Etnachta group Mercha Tipcha Munach Etnachta Sof Passuk group Mercha Tipcha Mercha Sof passuk Segol group Munach Zarka Munach Segol Telisha group Munach Pazer Telisha Ketana / Gedola Other Zakef gadol Rivia Gershayim Darga Tevir Kadma ( V'Azla ) Geresh Rare Shalshelet Mercha kefula Yerach ben yomo Karne parah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torah_ark&oldid=813229993 '' Categories : Synagogue architecture Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Ladino Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the torah kept in the synagogue	[ "The ark in a synagogue (also called the Torah ark or holy ark) is generally a receptacle, or ornamental closet, which contains each synagogue's Torah scrolls (Sifrei Torah in Hebrew).[1] Most arks feature a parokhet (curtain) placed either outside the doors of the holy ark (Ashkenazi and Mizrachi custom) or inside the doors of the ark (Spanish and Portuguese and Moroccan Sephardi custom). The ark is known in Hebrew as the aron kodesh (\"holy ark\") by the Ashkenazim and as the hekhál (\"holy place\") among most Sefardim." ]	[ "ark" ]
-3045337532687315583	American Dad!	American Dad ! - Wikipedia American Dad ! Jump to : navigation , search American Dad ! Genre Animated sitcom Created by Seth MacFarlane Mike Barker Matt Weitzman Voices of Seth MacFarlane Wendy Schaal Scott Grimes Rachael MacFarlane Dee Bradley Baker Theme music composer Walter Murphy Composer ( s ) Walter Murphy Joel McNeely Ron Jones Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 234 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Mike Barker ( 2005 -- 14 ) Matt Weitzman Rick Wiener ( 2007 -- 15 ) Kenny Schwartz ( 2006 -- 14 ) David A. Goodman Steve Callaghan ( 2014 ) Producer ( s ) Keith Heisler Kara Vallow Tim Saccardo Teresa Hsiao Editor ( s ) Rob DeSales Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuzzy Door Productions Underdog Productions Fox Television Animation 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox ( 2005 -- 14 ) TBS ( 2014 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( 2005 -- 09 ) 720p HDTV 1080p ( 2010 -- present ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 ( with Descriptive Video Service on SAP channel , seasons 1 -- 12 ( partial season ) , 14 ) Original release February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) -- present External links Website www.tbs.com/shows/american-dad.html American Dad ! is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane , Mike Barker , and Matt Weitzman for the Fox Broadcasting Company . American Dad ! is the first television series to have its inception on Animation Domination . The series premiere aired on February 6 , 2005 , following Super Bowl XXXIX , three months before the rest of the first season aired as part of the Animation Domination block , commencing on May 1 , 2005 . Creative direction of American Dad ! has largely been guided by Barker ( prior to his exit from the show in season 10 ) and Weitzman as opposed to MacFarlane , resulting in a series that is different from its counterparts . Unlike its sister shows , Family Guy and The Cleveland Show , American Dad ! does not lean as heavily on the use of cutaway gags , and is less concerned with conventional `` setup - punchline '' jokes , instead deriving its humor mostly from the quirky characters , the relationships between family members , and the relatively relatable plots . The show is not as heavy on pop cultural allusions as MacFarlane 's Family Guy , and is more concerned with telling stories while maintaining the integrity and realism of the family members . While the core issues and resolutions are relatable in most episodes , the show nonetheless weaves in fantastical elements , pitching the tone of the show somewhere between observational comedy and farce . The plots are often absurd , but they are grounded by family stories and real - world issues . American Dad ! has been nominated for numerous awards , most prominently three Primetime Emmy Awards and two Annie Awards . In June 2013 , it was awarded as top television series by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Since its debut , American Dad ! has broadcast 234 episodes ( September 2017 ) . The total number of seasons and organization of episodes within these seasons are in dispute because of a discrepancy in how official sources report this information . One model suggests the first season of American Dad ! comprises the first 7 episodes , while another model suggests the first season comprises 23 episodes . TBS picked up the series for the 12th season following the final 3 episodes airing on Fox as the 11th season . American Dad ! 's TBS run began on October 20 , 2014 . TBS has also renewed the series for a 22 - episode as 13th season , which premiered on January 25 , 2016 . On August 27 , 2015 , TBS announced it had picked up American Dad ! for a 14th and 15th season of 22 episodes each . The 14th season premiered on November 7 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Voice cast 2.2 Main characters 3 Production 3.1 Early seasons and comparison with Family Guy and All in the Family 3.2 Development of a specific identity 3.3 Developing plot lines and scripts 3.4 Animated scenes 3.5 Editing , completion , and deadlines 3.6 Setting 4 Plot techniques 4.1 Farces 4.2 Surreal humor 4.2. 1 Non sequitur 4.3 Plot twists and unexpected elements 4.4 Story arc use 4.5 Black comedy 4.6 Cringe comedy and shock value 5 Episodes 6 Season number discrepancies and episode misreports 6.1 Season number discrepancies 6.2 Episode misreporting by Fox 7 Adjustments in on - air presentation , production and broadcasts 7.1 The unaired precursory pilot 7.2 Characterization 7.3 Network relocation from Fox to TBS 7.4 Mike Barker 's exit 8 Reception 8.1 Series premiere 8.2 TBS ratings 8.3 Nielsen ratings 8.4 Awards and nominations 9 Other media 9.1 DVD releases 9.2 Potential film adaptation 9.3 Crossovers with other animated sitcoms 9.4 Online Gaming 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Premise ( edit ) The series focuses on the eccentric upper middle class Smith family in the fictional community of Langley Falls , Virginia and their three housemates : Father , husband , CIA Agent , Republican , and breadwinner Stan ; his wife and homemaker / housewife , Francine ; their liberal , hippie , college - aged daughter , Hayley ; and their dorky high - school - aged son , Steve . There are three additional main characters , including Hayley 's boyfriend / husband , Jeff Fischer ; the family 's unusual goldfish , Klaus , who has the mind of an East German athlete ; and Roger , the alien , who is a deceitful , self - serving master of disguise . Stan 's boss Avery Bullock , the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , is a recurring character . Cast and characters ( edit ) Voice cast ( edit ) See also : List of guest stars on American Dad ! Cast members Seth MacFarlane Wendy Schaal Scott Grimes Rachael MacFarlane Dee Bradley Baker Jeff Fischer Patrick Stewart Stan Smith , Roger Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Klaus Heissler Jeff Fischer Deputy Director Avery Bullock The voice actors are not assembled as a group when performing the lines of their characters ; rather , each of the voice actors perform their lines privately . The voice actors have stated that because of their personalities and tendency to goof off when together as a group , they would never get anything completed if they performed their lines collectively . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of American Dad ! characters The Smith family , from left to right : Roger , Francine , Stan , Klaus , Hayley , and Steve . American Dad ! centers on the absurd circumstances , adventures and domestic life of its title character Stan Smith , his immediate family , and their three housemates . Adding to all the ridiculousness and absurdity are the various personality traits of all the show 's eccentric main characters , listed as follows : Seth MacFarlane voices Stan Smith ( father / husband ) and Roger ( alien ) Wendy Schaal voices Francine Smith ( wife / mother ) Scott Grimes voices Steve Smith ( Stan and Francine 's son ) Rachael MacFarlane voices Hayley Smith ( Stan and Francine 's daughter ) Dee Bradley Baker voices Klaus Heissler ( the Smiths ' man - in - a-fish - body pet ) Jeff Fischer voices Jeff Fischer ( Hayley 's boyfriend then husband ) Patrick Stewart voices Deputy Director Avery Bullock ( Stan 's Boss ) Production ( edit ) Early seasons and comparison with Family Guy and all in the Family ( edit ) When asked what first spurred the idea for American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane answered , `` It was right after the ( 2000 ) election , and me ( sic ) and co-creator Matt Weitzman were so frustrated with the Bush administration that we would just spend days bitching and complaining , and we figured we should channel this into something creative and hopefully profitable . '' In early February 2005 , Barker stated , `` About a year and a half ago , Seth called and asked if Matt and I would be interested in working on a show about a right - wing CIA agent and his liberal daughter . It was right up our alley , and everything just fell into place . '' On September 14 , 2003 , Variety reported that Fox Broadcasting had ordered a pilot presentation of the then tentatively titled American Dad ! and `` If greenlit , American Dad ! could launch as early as fall 2004 . '' At the time , Fox was aiming to develop a new lineup of adult animated sitcoms . Mike Barker : co-creator and co-showrunner from seasons 1 through 10 American Dad ! had a mid-season debut . Its first episode , titled `` Pilot '' , was originally shown directly following Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6 , 2005 . The rest of the first season , however , would not launch until May 1 , 2005 , on Fox 's Animation Domination lineup which had its debut on that date . Initially , it was a replacement for the originally failed series Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . American Dad ! was originally intended to be Fox 's answer to the hordes of fans left behind from the original failure of MacFarlane 's previous animated venture . Just three short months after American Dad ! 's debut however , Family Guy was revived , leaving American Dad ! with a formidable expectation : whether the series could distinguish itself from its counterpart and succeed on its own merits . Instead of taking over creative direction of the series , MacFarlane left the job largely in the hands of Barker and Weitzman so as to distinguish American Dad ! In its early going , American Dad ! brought in strong ratings but fought an uphill battle in gaining widespread acceptance and approval from viewers and critics alike . The popularity of MacFarlane and his involvement with Family Guy have led to foregone conclusions and prejudices against American Dad ! as a rip - off of the predecessor and some critics had already written off American Dad ! prior to its birth as nothing more than a pale imitation of Family Guy and MacFarlane 's attempts to get his old show back on the air . One example , prior to the American Dad ! series debut , a writer of The Washington Post published a piece that reads `` But those same executives have also given MacFarlane a whole new animated half - hour to play with in the disappointing American Dad ! The new series officially premieres in May but has a sneak preview tomorrow night in the coveted post-Super Bowl time period ... The look and pace of American Dad ! is the same as Family Guy . '' Co-creator and sole showrunner Matt Weitzman In actuality , however , the program 's beginnings take cues from the TV series All in the Family , almost a farcical animated version of the live action sitcom . Both shows make use of political satire , bigotry , ludicrous expressions of Conservatism from their paternal main character ( Stan likened to Archie Bunker ) , and sensible expressions of Liberalism from their daughter character ( Hayley likened to Gloria Stivic ) . Moreover , the daughter in both series each have a Liberal hippie boyfriend turned husband ( Jeff likened to Michael Stivic ) of whom the daughter 's Conservative father is antagonistic towards . Also in both , the daughter lives in her parents ' home with her boyfriend turned husband as a housemate . American Dad ! in its original form was even said to have been inspired by All in the Family . Development of a specific identity ( edit ) In American Dad ! 's initial seasons MacFarlane was described as focusing more attention on his coexisting obligation of Family Guy . This was to the extent that American Dad ! was completely secondary to him , and he did not understand the show . Because he was not getting the show at the time , he was described as `` just going along for the ride . '' Likewise , the rest of the show 's creators Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were also trying to figure out the show and where it was going . Co-creator Seth MacFarlane After American Dad ! 's initial couple of seasons and as it progressed , the show began to increasingly develop its very own distinct approach and identity , becoming more and more distinguished from all other programs on the air . Standing out from its counterparts increasingly with each passing season , the series has been described as eventually becoming the weirdest show in network prime time . It has been characterized as serving up distinguishing blasts of surrealism . As the series progressed , MacFarlane realized that Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were on to something uniquely appealing ; moreover , he realized they were on to something that sharply contrasted from Family Guy , which audiences appreciated . After the show 's first several seasons , MacFarlane not only came to fully understand and appreciate American Dad ! 's value but also came to consider himself a huge fan of the series . Taking note of his Twitter followers increased fanaticism and excitement over American Dad ! and the `` Roger '' character , MacFarlane began putting considerable amounts of his time and efforts into the series , more so in the last several seasons than ever before ( this observation made in fall 2012 ) . In describing American Dad ! comedy styles , Barker noted that it is not as reference - laden as Family Guy or South Park . He added that American Dad ! 's humor more frequently derives from `` the human condition and emotions that everyone can relate to : ego , the feds , etc . And for that reason , I think our humor is a little more evergreen . '' Developing plot lines and Scripts ( edit ) On developing scripts for American Dad ! episodes , co-creator Mike Barker revealed that he and the rest of the show 's staff never know when and from where plot line ideas will emerge . `` Just as an example , '' Barker explained , `` All About Steve '' is an episode where Stan wants his son to be more of a jock and more like he was when he was his age . That whole episode came about from one of our writers Dave Hemingson coming into our office , telling us he just visited the dentist and he may need to get braces . And the idea of a grown man with braces appealed to us , and we just decided what if we put Stan in braces , and he understands for the first time what it 's like to feel like a geek . '' During the 2012 -- 13 season , Barker revealed that much of his inspiration for American Dad ! plots has come through listening to music . Barker 's revelation to use music as a muse for his American Dad ! writing came from attending the 2008 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival . During that event , he watched the rock band My Morning Jacket perform a four - hour set in the rain and realized from the experience that he could generate ideas for American Dad ! by tapping into music : `` From that point on , I realized that music should be playing a bigger role in my writing '' , Barker told the Louisville Courier - Journal . `` Writing is hard for me , and when you hear music that inspires good ideas , you 're really grateful . '' The Beginning of the show 's main theme `` Good Morning USA '' uses the beginning introduction to `` Stars and Stripes Forever '' . In particular , Barker has credited music from Wax Fang for his inspiration in writing certain American Dad ! plots . Said Barker , `` There 's just something so inherently cinematic about Wax Fang 's music . ( Scott ) Carney 's voice is stunningly clear and dramatic . And his lyrics are specific enough to build stories around while staying flexible enough for different interpretations . '' Barker added that through listening to the Wax Fang track Majestic , he was able to come up with major plot elements for the episode `` Lost in Space '' ( this episode features the Wax Fang songs Majestic and At Sea ) . Barker has stated that once he and the rest of the show 's staff get the idea for the plot line , they spend a couple of weeks in a room with all the screenwriters . There , they break the story and make sure that each act of the two act breaks are strong . As another procedure , Barker stated that they make a point of twisting the story in such a way so as to make audiences come back for more after the commercial break . `` The final process , '' Barker explained , `` is sending a screenwriter out to write the script . The screenwriter gets two weeks to write the script . The script then comes back . '' Barker explained that they then all edit and rewrite it , `` hopefully keeping as much of the first draft as we can and punching the jokes and making sure all the motivations are there , and then we take it to the table and read it . '' In February 2005 , Barker stated that as creative directors , all decisions made about the plot line and direction of the series go through himself and Weitzman . He explained that the show had reflected their point of view since the beginning . Barker has also credited the program 's other staff beyond himself , Weitzman , and MacFarlane , remarking `` We could n't have made it all happen without them . '' At the time , it was noted that the series had a staff of 17 writers , which was described as `` a big undertaking . '' When Barker was asked what his favorite part was of the American Dad ! pre-production process , he answered , `` I like the story breaking process , personally -- coming up with the stories . To me , that 's the most gratifying . '' Barker and Matt Weitzman have stated that they are accustomed to feeling scruples with adding certain material into the plots , but always follow this up by going ahead with incorporating the material anyway . They added that their goal is to create laughs combined with groans and going over the line . Animated scenes ( edit ) MacFarlane played a lead role in the animated character designs for American Dad ! . In describing the characters ' appearances , Weitzman remarked `` It 's all very bright , very easy on the eyes . '' In explaining the animated side of the job , Barker stated , `` Fifty or so animators from the Fox animation group are involved . A lot is done in - house : poses , models , props , all storyboards and timing . '' Also as reported in February 2005 , animation for American Dad ! is colored and detailed overseas . Sunwoo Entertainment of Korea was said to handle that end of the pre-production process . Editing , completion , and deadlines ( edit ) Barker has explained that because American Dad ! creators are working in animation as opposed to live action , they have the ability to redraw and rewrite up until the show is aired . However , Barker has also stated , `` It 's really hard to accept anything less than perfect when you start to get wrapped up in this process of being able to constantly make changes . Eventually you have to kind of bring down the hammer at the color stage and live with what you 've got . '' Barker has explained that , ultimately , the creation process of an American Dad ! episode is completed upon the producers ' say - so , not anyone else 's . When American Dad ! co-creator Matt Weitzman was asked what his favorite part was of the show 's pre-production process , he answered , `` I probably enjoy the editing process a lot . I think I like the fine tuning of things and making things happen just so . Making the episode just kind of pop in its own subtle ways . '' American Dad ! creators have revealed to working significantly in advance of newly broadcast episodes . As many as 20 to 42 unaired episodes are typically ready for finishing touches . Barker explained that a key to this system is making sure that the writing is timeless , as opposed to topical and contemporary . He added that if any material within the script deals with contemporary issues , the creators have to hope that they 're also contemporary issues two years down the line . When asked whether or not this method has ever brought on difficulties , Barker answered in the affirmative and explained : Harriet Miers was , like , the White House Press Secretary , I think , and we had a joke about her . ( Miers was a former White House Counsel , who was briefly nominated for the Supreme Court by President George W. Bush . ) And I remember watching on air and having to Google who our own joke was , because it had been so long since the joke was pitched . But in terms of stories , we 're less likely to be burned by a current - event issue no longer being current . In discussing the creation of American Dad ! and animated sitcoms in general , MacFarlane has stated : It 's an enormous amount of work . What goes into putting together an animated show , it 's just staggering ... I always knew there was a lot of work that went into making an animated show . Doing a traditional sitcom , process-wise it feels like a breeze compared to doing an animated show . You can get it all done in a couple of months as opposed to a year . Doing an animated show , it 's like putting together a little movie every week . Everything is storyboarded with the intricacy of a feature film action sequence . You have to edit with a musical score in mind . And of course , we use an orchestra for each episode . So it 's really like putting together a little feature each week and I was just shocked at how much -- not to underplay all the work that goes into live - action sitcoms -- but my God , it 's definitely a much more difficult medium to me . Conversely , Barker has stated : Working on animated shows like American Dad ! is such a breath of fresh air . You do n't have to worry about sets and such that you have to worry about for live - action . Animation can give you more freedom . Setting ( edit ) The Smith family and their two housemates reside on Cherry Street in the fictional suburb of Langley Falls , Virginia . It is worth noting that there is an actual Langley , Virginia ( home to the headquarters of the CIA , which is where Stan works in the series ) and a Great Falls , Virginia , both communities located in Fairfax County , Virginia . The Smiths and their two housemates live in a large , two - story residence with a basement and an attic . In addition , the Smith house is apparently enhanced with numerous secret rooms , facilities , and large habitats , these unorthodox attachments usually only seen once for each ( i.e. , the episodes `` Of Ice and Men '' , `` Bush Comes to Dinner '' , `` The Missing Kink '' , `` The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith '' , etc . ) . The house is also shown to be filled with many pitfall traps , one of which is filled with alligators and another named by Stan as the `` Pit of No Return . '' Greg and Terry are a gay couple that live across the street from the Smiths . Within the neighborhood , they are portrayed as running a neater and tidier home than the Smiths . Greg and Terry are also the local news anchor for W - ANG - TV . Also in the area is the high school attended by Steve , Pearl Bailey High School . Plot techniques ( edit ) Farces ( edit ) American Dad ! has commonly made use of farces as most of the predicaments that befall the main characters have escalated into the extremes , to the point of getting outrageously out - of - hand . For example , in the episode `` Home Wrecker '' , Stan and Francine 's marital harmony breaks down from a difference of opinion on remodeling the house . It gets to the point where they divide the house in two , each decorating their half of the house in their desired fashion . Not satisfied with this however , they both attempt to drive the other out of the home and eventually erect a colossal block wall , dividing the two halves of the house . The rest of the family members are forced to spend one holiday after the next alternating between Fran 's and Stan 's place ( the sides of the house treated as distinct homes ) . As another example , in the episode `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' , Stan asks for Roger 's help in starting a restaurant . As things progress , Roger makes heavy changes in the layout , eventually kicking Stan out of the project . Stan retaliates by opening another restaurant next door , which becomes a smashing success . Roger responds by blowing up Stan 's restaurant but destroying his own in the process . Stan threatens to kill Roger , but backs down after Roger pulls a gun on him and tells him to relax . Surreal humor ( edit ) American Dad ! plots are generally teeming with surrealism and nonsensical elements . Many of the occurrences , circumstances , and behaviors are unrestrainedly preposterous , senseless , and illogical . As further examples of surrealism on American Dad ! -- in the episode `` Hurricane ! '' , a ferocious bear pauses in his attack , lowers his eyelids halfway , and repeatedly shakes his head horizontally , shaming Stan for missing him in a harpoon shot and instead spearing Francine into a wall ; in the episode `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' , the hallways of the Smith house transform into dark and dangerous ghetto alleyways for every time Roger ambushed , stole money from , and even tried to forcibly rape Jeff Fischer ; in the episode `` The Missing Kink '' , Steve and family fish Klaus are shown competing in a one - on - one basketball game between each other , the score nearly tied at 11 to 10 ; also in the `` Missing Kink '' episode , the Smith house is shown to consist of a never - before - seen underworld to which various friends and acquaintances of the Smiths party and frolic ; in the episode `` The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith '' , Stan has a never - before - seen secret control room hidden underground just beside the house . The control room door 's exterior side is camouflaged with the grass surrounding it . The room is filled with highly advanced , state - of - the - art equipment . Access to the control room is achieved through a handprint reading device that extends from the ground when Stan extends his arm / hand at it ; etc . Non sequitur ( edit ) Among one of the many forms of surreal humor and nonsense elements that have been used by American Dad ! is the non sequitur . This arises when the show 's focus becomes sidetracked by entirely unknown and unrelated characters in circumstances that are irrelevant to the episode 's main plot . Typically when this happens , it is after the show has maintained focus on its main characters for much of the episode ; following this , the scenes randomly lose focus and become deeply wrapped up into the lives of never - before - seen characters who are non-central to the plot . A prime example of this is in the episode `` Homeland Insecurity '' . As opposed to scenes focusing on main characters , attention is redirected deep into the lives of unknown characters who gain possession of Roger 's transforming feces turned gold . As another example , in the episode `` The Missing Kink '' , the show 's focus is sporadically sidetracked with brief scenes revolving around the life of a drug abusing bird and Francine 's inexplicable ability to both understand and communicate with the bird 's chirping . Plot twists and unexpected elements ( edit ) The series has abounded with random , unexpected occurrences and surprise plot twists as result of the characters and the very makeup of the program . For example , in the episode `` The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith '' , Steve refers to Roger for help in dealing with a school bully . Because Steve is able to correctly predict Roger 's original game plan of handling the situation himself under an alter ego , Roger throws him a curveball : he not only hires someone else , Stelio Kontos ( from the episode `` Bully for Steve '' ) , to handle the matter but hires him to bully Steve in combination with Steve 's original bully . As another example , in the episode `` The Vacation Goo '' , Francine becomes frustrated that she can not get the family together for Sunday night dinner . For family time , Stan suggests a vacation , and the Smiths have a great time in Maui as a family . This is up until Roger shuts down the mechanism Francine and the kids are all attached to so as to believe they are all on vacation . Francine and the kids then learn that Stan has been programming a pseudo-vacation every year in a contraption dubbed `` the goo chambers '' . After learning of this , Francine demands they go on a real vacation . Twice they appear to do so , first skiing , then to Italy , until it is ultimately revealed that they are in the `` goo chambers '' all along , with Steve and then Hayley having programmed the vacations , respectively . In the episode `` Spelling Bee My Baby '' , Steve deliberately misspells his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko ( who is also competing ) , instead spelling random Tyler Perry / Madea films . Story arc use ( edit ) Another technique used by American Dad ! is the story arc . On several occasions , a circumstance expands and progresses across a collection of episodes . As an example , one of Hayley 's temporary breakups with Jeff expanded across a string of episodes , in which she instead temporarily dated a black man in a koala body , Reginald Koala -- known for his very urban mannerisms and behaviors . As another example , since the 9th season episode `` Naked to the Limit , One More Time '' , Jeff Fischer has been absent from the Smith house and planet Earth altogether . In that episode , Jeff is blindsided when Roger hurls him into a spaceship . This spacecraft belongs to Roger 's race of aliens and was intended to return him back to his birth planet ; however , Roger remains behind after casting Jeff into the spaceship . The spaceship immediately takes off and Jeff is not seen until several episodes later , the episode `` Lost in Space '' . During episodes that aired between the two aforementioned episodes , allusions to the ongoing plot line are made . For example , in the episode `` Spelling Bee My Baby '' , Hayley is shown holding out hope for Jeff 's return . In the episode , Roger and Stan attempt to rush Hayley through her grieving process so she will be willing to be their tennis official . In the episode `` The Longest Distance Relationship '' Jeff gets in touch with Hayley via a radio and ultimately tells her not to wait for him and to move on with her life . This story arc is finally resolved in the episode `` Holy Shit , Jeff 's Back ! '' , Jeff supposedly returns to Earth but it turns out to be an alien called Zebleer masquerading as Jeff and the real Jeff has been dissected , however Jeff 's brain is transplanted into Zebleer 's body allowing the real Jeff to live , after which Stan and Hayley 's memories are wiped , leaving them unaware that Jeff is no longer entirely human . This plot point is continued at the end of `` Bahama Mama '' , where Roger mentions Jeff can not get Hayley pregnant because he has an alien body , so he agrees to rebirth Jeff in `` Roger 's Baby '' . By the end of the episode , Jeff is human again and with Hayley on Earth . In discussing the cartoon 's distinguishing story arc element , co-creator Mike Barker explained : We just try to obey basic rules of continuity . We try to avoid stories where a character is taking a big step like marriage and then not going back to it . I think by doing that , then in the future when we have big changes , the audience knows that they 're going to be living with those changes for a while . So it 's not just a thrown - away bit . It kind of endows that story beat with more power because it 's going to last . It 's not just going to be a reset button . Black comedy ( edit ) Much of the wit used in American Dad ! has come in the form of black comedy as many of the predicaments and circumstances have made fun of the characters in life - threatening , disastrous , terrifying , and traumatic situations . As an example , the episode `` A Ward Show '' is chock full of suicide and murder : Roger became Steve 's legal guardian and responded to him getting picked on at school by rigging the teachers ' cars with explosives and killing them all . Later on in the episode while Principal Lewis was driving his vehicle with Steve as the passenger , he informed Steve that he was about to drive off the Grand Canyon in a murder - suicide . This culminated in Roger saving the day , his love supernaturally allowing the car to fly once Principal Lewis drove off the Canyon ; however , another vehicle with a random white man and a black boy in it ( opposite of Principal Lewis , a black man and Steve , a white boy ) had also , coincidentally enough , driven off the opposite side of the Grand Canyon in a murder - suicide attempt . This resulted in a midair collision between the car with Principal Lewis and Steve in it and the car with the white man and black boy in it . Another example , in the episode `` Da Flippity Flop '' , Roger leaves a long series of harassing answering machine messages for Steve , trying to get him to sign up for his gym . In these messages , Roger is also heard snapping on various people , killing three individuals from reckless driving , landing himself in court , and subsequently becoming irate and shooting up numerous people at the city courthouse for being scolded to turn off his mobile phone . Cringe comedy and shock value ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Much of the comedy on the show is in the form of cringe comedy and shock value , intended to elicit sharp disgust , discomfort or shock . The show 's creators have stated that if material elicits laughter combined with groans and offense , it is a shoo - in for American Dad ! As an example , in the episode `` Can I Be Frank with You '' , during a massage treatment in which Roger has a nurse reaching her arms / hands up his anal / colon region to squirt water inside him , it is revealed that Roger knowingly has a live house cat residing in his anus and colon . Roger chides the cat for coming out during the massage . As another example , in the episode `` The Scarlett Getter '' , Steve magically starts having good luck whenever he wears his sister Hayley 's panties . Also , in the episode `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' , when Stan and Francine are free - running with new couple friends , Tom and Cami , Francine gets Stan 's head out of bannisters that it is stuck in and subsequently Stan falls down multiple flights of stairs and fractures his shin bone . Some episodes have hinted at incest . On more than one occasion , Stan has flexed and shown off his derrière at his own children , Steve and Hayley , once even making attempts to get them to grab onto it . In the episode `` Great Space Roaster '' , Stan remarks , `` Steve , do n't steal glances . If you want to check out my meatballs in this thing , go right ahead . I 'm your dad . '' In the episode `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' as Steve turns around and walks away from an upset Stan who has just finished scolding him , Stan quietly admires his son 's derrière , remarking to himself , `` Kid 's got his mother 's ass , lucky bastard . '' Further , in the episode `` Pulling Double Booty '' , Hayley is seen making out with a man identical to her father . Mistaking him for Stan , Francine disgustedly passes out . Stan later reveals the look - alike to be a body double of his named Bill , who works for the CIA . Hayley is convinced that Bill is the one and if he dumps her , she would go `` maximum insane '' : She would kill Bill , burn down the neighborhood , and rape Roger , according to her . While the four spend time together at the beach , Stan gives Bill a detailed account of Francine 's sex drive , leading Bill to seduce and attempt to have sexual intercourse with Francine . Stan later kicks Bill out of his house . He then passes himself off as Bill to Hayley , hoping to prevent her from going `` maximum insane '' , with Hayley under the impression that Stan is Bill , the two travel to a romantic resort , with Hayley making sexual advances on her own father . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of American Dad ! episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) June 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 19 ) Fox 16 September 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 11 ) May 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 14 ) 19 September 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) May 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) 16 September 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 30 ) May 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 18 ) 5 20 September 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) 6 18 September 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 16 ) 7 19 October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 8 18 September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 9 19 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 10 20 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 11 September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 12 15 October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) June 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) TBS 13 22 January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 14 22 November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) Season number discrepancies and episode misreports ( edit ) Season number discrepancies ( edit ) There are multiple conflicting reports and models as to the number of seasons American Dad ! has had . ( A ) : One of the reports upholds a one - season - fewer numbering model : Under this arrangement , season 1 is a combination of both the first 7 episodes and the following 16 episodes , despite the separation of these two episode collections by a summer hiatus . Under this system , season 1 is uncharacteristically longer in contrast to the rest of the show 's seasons , consisting of 23 episodes . ( B ) : The other report upholds a one - season - more numbering model : Under this arrangement , season 1 ended after the program 's first 7 episodes leading into the summer hiatus . Season 2 then picked up when the following 16 episodes began that fall . Under this system , season 1 is uncharacteristically shorter in contrast to the rest of the show 's seasons , consisting of only 7 episodes . Commentary from American Dad ! co-creators Matt Weitzman and Mike Barker has largely been consistent with ( A ) : on September 28 , 2012 , the two were interviewed and reported that they had 20 episodes completed for the then imminent `` 2012 -- 13 eighth season , '' and were in the process of doing early work on the show 's `` 2013 -- 14 ninth season . '' During the show 's life on Fox however , the network contradicted that arrangement as it presented information on the show 's now former website in the form of ( B ) : in listing all episodes from the 2012 -- 13 season , Fox reported each as existing as part of the show 's `` ninth season . '' In addition , Fox contradicted its own American Dad ! website , also supporting the one - season - fewer numbering scheme : Fox Flash , which is the publicity center for Fox , labeled the 2012 -- 13 broadcasts as the `` eighth season . '' Websites releasing the show 's season - based ratings have also used the one - season - fewer numbering method . Episode misreporting by Fox ( edit ) It is evident that Fox either miscounts American Dad ! episodes or at least intentionally discounts one episode of the series . This was established in Fox advertisements for the episode `` Lost in Space . '' The episode was promoted by Fox as American Dad ! 's 150th episode . Subsequently , numerous mainstream media reports also labeled the episode as the 150th . In actuality , however , it was the show 's 151st episode while the episode `` The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith '' was the 150th episode of the series . In addition , Fox has misreported the `` Lost in Space '' episode as the revealing of Roger 's birth planet . In actuality , the setting of this episode is a spaceship owned by members of Roger 's alien race . To date , Roger 's birth planet has yet to be revealed . Adjustments in on - air presentation , production and broadcasts ( edit ) The unaired precursory pilot ( edit ) While the series premiere of American Dad ! is entitled `` Pilot '' , `` Pilot '' is not the show 's actual pilot presentation . The actual pilot is a 6 - minute version of the first 6 minutes in the series premiere . This precursory pilot was used by MacFarlane , Barker and Weitzman to sell American Dad ! to Fox and was never aired along with the rest of the series . While much of the dialogue and general scenery were simply redone between the precursory pilot and the following series premiere , there are sharp distinctions between the two . Differences also exist between the precursory pilot and the official series as a whole . Most of these are in pictorial technique . For example , scenes from the pilot are drawn in a rougher , more cursory fashion with weaker coloration than scenes from the official series . Most prominently , Steve 's physical design and outfit in the predecessor greatly contrast from his official design and outfit . In addition , Steve is voiced by Ricky Blitt in the precursory pilot but by Scott Grimes in the official series . There are also variations in Steve 's personality . Characterization ( edit ) Early episodes of the series featured political banter between the conservative Stan and liberal Hayley . However , the creators learned quickly that this had only `` a limited shelf life '' and did not provide them as much as they originally thought it would . Said co-creator Matt Weitzman , `` There are times when we still have that kind of dynamic between them , but not nearly what it was in the first season . And I think the show , honestly , has grown and benefited from it , because that would have gotten boring after a while . '' Roger was enhanced by being provided with a running gag of alternate disguises and freedom to exist outside of the Smith house . The show 's original concept basically portrayed him as being similar to Alf , having him sit in the house all day while commenting on life . The creators , however , have stated that the character was far too much fun to keep restricted to the house , and having him interact with different people provided for lots of material . The creators have further appreciated the direction of Roger for the fact that he almost serves as a different guest star for each episode what with his many alter egos . The show 's staff believe this element of the show highlights MacFarlane 's versatility as he voices Roger and his countless alter egos . There have been three versions of the `` Steve '' character , the creators having twice made considerable adjustments to his design . Steve 's initial design ended up being a one - off execution limited to the unaired precursory pilot ( not to be confused with the series premiere , entitled `` Pilot '' ) . By the season premiere , Scott Grimes had begun voicing Steve , and his design was made taller , more filled out , and less geeky . After early seasons of the series , Steve was remodeled again . This time he was made softer , more emotional , cuter and more endearing , creating a sharper contrast to his father Stan 's ruggedness and machismo . Between the eighth and ninth seasons there were significant changes in the show 's writing staff . Mike Barker mentions ( with one - season-less numbering ) `` We lost some animators , and we lost a lot of writers . Season eight , our writing staff is about 65 -- 70 percent new . '' Network relocation from Fox to TBS ( edit ) On July 16 , 2013 , it was announced that American Dad ! had been cancelled by Fox . Shortly thereafter , however , the cable station TBS picked up the show for a 15 - episode 11th season , slated to premiere on October 20 , 2014 . Currently , TBS airs reruns of American Dad ! in syndication . The tenth season was initially to be the final one on Fox ; however , on July 20 , 2014 , it was announced that Fox had three unaired episodes left for broadcast . Two of the three aired back - to - back on September 14 , 2014 , and the final one aired on September 21 , 2014 . Reports from Fox seemed to imply that these three episodes constituted a season of their own , season 10 . Among multiple discrepant reports from TBS however , one indicated that the three episodes were the beginning of the 11th season to resume on their network . TBS actually debuted their first episode through social media websites YouTube and Facebook on October 13 , 2014 . However , the October 20 , 2014 date still applies to the television debut . On the show 's network relocation , Mike Barker has stated , `` It 's going to be the same American Dad ! , just in a different place . '' Barker also joked that the network relocation was to execute a Tyler Perry crossover they ( Barker and American Dad ! production staff ) had long aspired to . In reality , the purpose of the network relocation was Fox 's move away from the `` Animation Domination '' format to make room for sitcoms like Brooklyn Nine - Nine . It may also have been due to the arrival of a new animated series from Family Guy writer Mark Hentemann and executive produced by American Dad ! creator Seth MacFarlane called Bordertown . Mike Barker 's exit ( edit ) On November 4 , 2013 , it was announced that Mike Barker had departed American Dad ! Barker had served for ten seasons as the show 's co-creator / executive and producer / co-showrunner . Matt Weitzman is now serving as the show 's sole showrunner . The news came as early production for season 11 commenced . As of November 2013 , the show 's production crew was developing its first four episodes for season 11 , slated to begin airing on October 20 , 2014 when American Dad ! moved to TBS . Barker remained under an overall contract with 20th Century Fox Television . Following Mike Barker 's exit , Brian Boyle replaced him as the showrunner for the television series and his sole character on the show , Terry Bates , was written out of the series . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that American Dad ! `` is not popular in Utah or much of the South '' . Series premiere ( edit ) Until season 12 when American Dad ! moved to TBS , all but one episode originally aired on Animation Domination . The program 's series premiere is the only episode that pre-dates the Animation Domination lineup . In addition , American Dad ! 's series premiere predated the rest of the first season by roughly three months . The series premiere episode , `` Pilot '' , aired directly following Fox 's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6 , 2005 . The episode aired alongside The Simpsons and pulled in 15 million viewers , with 23 million viewers overall . Both Animation Domination and the rest of the show 's first season commenced on May 1 , 2005 . The show returned with the episode `` Threat Levels '' , obtaining 9.47 million viewers , after the season premiere / revival of Family Guy . TBS Ratings ( edit ) On November 18 , 2014 , it was reported that the show 's outstanding performance in cable quickly moved TBS to order another season of the series , bringing the show to 13 seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season No. of episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Network First aired Last aired Overall ratings Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 2004 -- 05 7 Sunday at 11 : 15 pm ( Episode 1 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 - 7 ) FOX February 6 , 2005 15.10 June 19 , 2005 6.55 67 8.49 2005 -- 06 16 Sunday at 9 : 30 pm September 11 , 2005 7.83 May 14 , 2006 6.86 97 7.16 2006 -- 07 19 Sunday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 10 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 11 - 19 ) September 10 , 2006 8.93 May 20 , 2007 7.62 79 7.6 2007 -- 08 16 Sunday 9 : 30 PM September 30 , 2007 6.07 May 18 , 2008 5.64 105 6.6 5 2008 -- 09 20 September 28 , 2008 6.89 May 17 , 2009 5.64 96 5.5 6 2009 -- 10 18 September 27 , 2009 7.12 May 16 , 2010 5.82 84 5.9 7 2010 -- 11 19 Sunday 9 : 30 PM ( 2010 ) Sunday 7 : 30 PM ( 2011 ) October 3 , 2010 6.16 May 22 , 2011 3.57 111 4.07 8 2011 -- 12 18 Sunday 9 : 30 PM September 25 , 2011 5.83 May 13 , 2012 4.13 110 5.47 9 2012 -- 13 19 September 30 , 2012 5.25 May 12 , 2013 4.01 84 5.24 10 2013 -- 14 20 Sunday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episodes 1 - 11 ) Sunday at 7 : 30 pm ( Episodes 12 - 20 ) September 29 , 2013 4.32 May 18 , 2014 2.36 89 5.14 11 2014 -- 15 Sunday 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 1 ) Sunday 9 : 30 PM ( Episodes 2 - 3 ) September 14 , 2014 2.62 September 21 , 2014 3.03 TBA 2.77 12 2014 -- 15 15 Monday at 9 : 00 pm TBS October 20 , 2014 1.09 June 1 , 2015 1.113 TBA 1.118 13 2015 -- 16 22 Monday at 8 : 30 pm January 25 , 2016 1.04 June 27 , 2016 0.98 TBA TBA 14 2016 -- 17 TBA November 7 , 2016 1.00 TBA TBA TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Outcome 2005 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Series American Dad ! Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice V - Cast American Dad ! Nominated 2006 Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing in Television Animated American Dad ! for episode `` Homeland Insecurity '' ( 1.6 ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Animated Show American Dad ! Nominated 2007 Annie Awards Best Writing in an Animated Television Production Dan Vebber for episode `` The American Dad After School Special '' ( 2.2 ) Nominated GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Individual Episode For episode `` Lincoln Lover '' ( 2.4 ) Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing in Television Animated American Dad ! for episode `` Dungeon and Wagons '' ( 2.5 ) Nominated 2008 Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Animated Show American Dad ! Nominated 2009 Prism Award Comedy Episode For episode `` Spring Break - Up '' ( 3.16 ) Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program American Dad ! for episode `` 1600 Candles '' ( 4.1 ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Animated Show American Dad ! Nominated Annie Awards Directing in a Television Production Pam Cooke and Jansen Lee for episode `` Brains , Brains & Automobiles '' ( 5.4 ) Nominated Artios Outstanding Achievement in Casting Linda Lamontagne Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Animated Show American Dad ! Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Animated Show American Dad ! Nominated 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program American Dad ! for episode `` Hot Water '' ( 7.1 ) Nominated 2012 POPrepublic.tv IT LIST AWARDSM Favourite International TV Show American Dad ! Nominated 2013 American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers Top Television Series American Dad ! Won 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Animated TV Show American Dad ! Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Nominated 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Dee Bradley Baker for `` Fight and Flight '' Nominated Other media ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Name Release dates Ep # BBFC / IFCO / ACB rating Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Volume One April 25 , 2006 April 24 , 2006 May 24 , 2006 13 12 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes all 7 episodes of Season 1 and the first 6 episodes of Season 2 ( `` Pilot '' through `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' ) . Special features include commentaries , featurettes , and animatics . It was renamed ' Season 1 ' for regions 2 and 4 . When a compilation comprising Volumes 1 -- 3 was released in the UK , ' Season 1 ' was renamed to ' Volume 1 ' much like its US counterpart . Volume Two May 15 , 2007 May 28 , 2007 May 21 , 2007 19 12 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes the remaining 10 episodes from Season 2 and the first 9 episodes from Season 3 ( `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' through `` The Best Christmas Story Never '' ) . Special features include commentaries on all episodes , featurettes , multi-angle scene studies , and deleted scenes . An uncensored audio track is also available on the episode `` Tears of a Clooney '' . Volume Three April 15 , 2008 May 12 , 2008 May 14 , 2008 18 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes the remaining 10 episodes from Season 3 and 8 of the first 9 episodes from Season 4 ( `` Bush Comes to Dinner '' through `` Frannie 911 '' ) , though `` The Most Adequate Christmas Ever '' does not appear on the DVD . Special features include commentaries on all episodes , unrated audio , a table read , and deleted scenes . Volume Four April 28 , 2009 April 20 , 2009 November 18 , 2009 14 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes the remaining 8 episodes of Season 4 ( including `` The Most Adequate Christmas Ever '' ) and the first 6 episodes of Season 5 . Special features include commentaries on every episode , storyboards / animatics , multi-angle scene studios , deleted scenes , and optional censored audio . On the Region 2 DVD release , a typo was made on the back cover. * Volume Five June 15 , 2010 June 14 , 2010 November 3 , 2010 14 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc boxset includes the remaining 14 episodes from Season 5 . Special features include commentaries on all episodes , deleted scenes , and a Power Hour Drinking Game . Volume Six April 19 , 2011 June 27 , 2011 July 13 , 2011 18 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes all 18 episodes from Season 6 . Special features include commentaries on selected episodes , deleted scenes , and the making of the episode `` Rapture 's Delight '' . Volume Seven April 17 , 2012 May 14 , 2012 May 16 , 2012 19 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes all 19 episodes from Season 7 , along with commentaries on select episodes , deleted scenes , American Dad ! at Comic - Con 2010 , and `` I ❤ Sir Patrick Stewart '' . Volume Eight September 24 , 2013 August 5 , 2013 August 21 , 2013 18 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes all 18 episodes of Season 8 , along with commentaries on select episodes , deleted scenes , and `` Stan 's Booty Dance '' . Volume Nine July 1 , 2014 October 6 , 2014 September 3 , 2014 19 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set includes all 19 episodes of Season 9 . The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD - R by CreateSpace . Volume Ten May 21 , 2015 October 17 , 2016 January 6 , 2016 20 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set contains all 20 episodes from Season 10 . The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD - R by CreateSpace . Volume Eleven December 13 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 30 , 2016 18 15 / 15 / M This 3 - disc box set contains all three episodes from Season 11 and all 15 episodes from Season 12 . The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD - R by CreateSpace . The Volume One release was retitled Season One for the Region 2 and 4 releases , however the subsequent releases retained the Volume titles . On the packaging for the Season 1 release on Region 2 DVD , there was no mention of audio commentaries or some of the bonus features , leading many to mistakenly believe they had been omitted from the release . The Region 2 and 4 DVDs do not have censored audio tracks on any episodes ; however , Volume 3 has so - called `` uncensored tracks '' on the set ( probably an error from the transfer because the tracks are already automatically uncensored on the set ) . The Volume 4 DVD release blurb contained information on the episode `` Phantom of the Telethon '' , which was instead featured on Volume 5 . On Volume 6 , despite claims of being uncensored , the bleeps from `` Home Adrone '' , `` My Morning Straitjacket '' , and `` G - String Circus '' are not removed . Volume 9 features all episodes from Season 9 , but features the poster from Season 10 's `` Poltergasm '' . Potential Film adaptation ( edit ) At Comic - Con 2013 on July 20 , Mike Barker revealed that an American Dad ! movie -- centering on Roger and set on his birth planet -- may take place in the future . Barker did not announce any specifics as it relates to the nature and type of film he and the rest of the show 's creators had in mind for the series ; however , he strongly suggested that a movie is where the show 's staff and creators would like to take things . Barker further hinted that an American Dad ! movie may already even be in the works and partially written . No further information about the movie was released following Barker 's exit from the series in November 2013 . Crossovers with other animated sitcoms ( edit ) American Dad ! characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa . To date , all of American Dad ! 's crossovers have involved two other animated programs . The other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane : Family Guy ( the crossover episode `` Bigfat '' also consisted of King of the Hill characters ) , and the cancelled series The Cleveland Show . On December 8 , 2013 , Bart Simpson made a cameo appearance in the American Dad ! season 10 episode , `` Faking Bad '' . Though unofficial , this marked the first ever Simpsons / American Dad ! crossover . Online gaming ( edit ) Playtech signed on for the development of a 40 - line branded slot game based on Fox Broadcasting Company 's animated sitcom , American Dad . Released online in May 2017 , Stan Smith , Francine , Hayley , Klaus and Roger are featured along with special game bonuses including re-spins , free spins and ' Wheels and the Legman ' . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Television in the United States portal Animated TV series The Cleveland Show Family Guy The Simpsons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Dad '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : The Creators of American Dad '' . IGN. April 24 , 2006 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Todd VanDerWerff ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Showrunners Week : American Dad 's co-creators on the show 's weird evolution TV Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New `` King of the Hill , '' `` The Simpsons , '' `` Family Guy '' and `` American Dad '' Episodes `` . Animatedtv.about.com . January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : AWN ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` American Dad Touchdown AWN Animation World Network '' . AWN . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad : Series Overview '' . MSN . Microsoft . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sean Doorly . `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . Doorly.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Showrunners Week : American Dad 's co-creators on the show 's weird evolution TV Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Todd VanDerWerff ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Showrunners Week : American Dad 's co-creators on the show 's weird evolution TV Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane 's TV History '' . IGN . September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` American Dad ! Renewed by TBS '' . TvLine . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Venable , Nick ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` American Dad Gets More Episodes On TBS '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kimberly Roots . `` ' American Dad ! ' Renewed for Seasons -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` American Dad TBS official site '' . TBS.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Video Movie Clips & Character Interview '' . Ovguide.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEwen , Lauren ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Dad ' : One of the most sophisticated mainstream shows on African American culture -- The Root DC Live '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad ! -- Seth on Paul Lynde and Sir Patrick Stewart '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McFarland , Kevin ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' Spelling Bee My Baby '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dore , Shalini ( September 14 , 2003 ) . `` Fox hankering for a homer with ' Dad ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` American Dad is a wannabe '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maynard , John ( February 5 , 2005 ) . `` ' American Dad ' : Dysfunctional Comedy '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : AWN ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` American Dad Touchdown AWN Animation World Network '' . AWN . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mushy ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman Talk American Dad '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Showrunners 2012 : ' American Dad 's ' Seth MacFarlane & Matt Weitzman , ' Family Guy 's ' Mark Hentemann & Steve Callaghan , ' Cleveland Show 's ' Rich Appel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mushy ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman Talk American Dad '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mushy ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman Talk American Dad '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 150th Episode of ' American Dad ' Inspired by Indie Rockers Wax Fang The New Now ( NEW ) -- Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Rockers Wax Fang inspire ' American Dad ' '' . USA Today . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Dad ' Producers Talk Season Premiere '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad Gets Another 22 Episodes -- Yahoo ! Voices '' . voices.yahoo.com . June 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad Scripts '' . American Dad Scripts . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Western Animation -- Television Tropes & Idioms '' . Webcache.googleusercontent.com . March 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ TV.com . `` American Dad ! -- Season 3 , Episode 10 : Bush Comes to Dinner '' . TV.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 Through 2010 -- Vincent Terrace -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 2011 . ISBN 9780786486410 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` '' Finger Lenting Good '' American Dad TV Club TV The A.V. Club `` . Webcache.googleusercontent.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Connected Ventures LLC . Copyright 1999 -- 2010 . ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` American Dad Volume Three -- CollegeHumor Video '' . Collegehumor.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McFarland , Kevin ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Missing Kink '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch AMERICAN DAD ! Full Episodes Streaming Online For Free _ PUTLOCKERTVSHOWS '' . Putlockertvshows.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` '' Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch American Dad ! -- The Wrestler Season 7 Episode 12 -- Online Business Blog Online Business Blog '' . Lynnpatt.com . March 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McFarland , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Full Cognitive Redaction Of Avery Bullock By The Coward Stan Smith '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` '' Finger Lenting Good '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McFarland , Kevin ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` '' Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` '' Da Flippity Flop '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` '' Can I Be Frank With You ? '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEwen , Lauren ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' American Dad ' : One of the most sophisticated mainstream shows on African American culture -- The Root DC Live '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` '' Da Flippity Flop '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad ! -- Season 9 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Showrunners Week : American Dad 's co-creators on the show 's weird evolution TV Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Broadcasting Company -- American Dad TV Show -- American Dad TV Series -- American Dad Episode Guide '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Foxflash -- FOX Publicity Online -- American Dad TV Show '' . Foxflash.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Music ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 150th Episode of ' American Dad ' Inspired by Indie Rockers Wax Fang The New Now ( NEW ) -- Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` American Dad is our latest reminder of the relentless march of time as it hits 150 episodes TV What 's On Tonight ? '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad Reaches 150th Episode -- And It 's All About Jeff ! '' . Eclipsemagazine.com . May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Broadcasting Company -- American Dad on FOX -- Official Site '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television -- Thomas Riggs -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . August 2007 . ISBN 9780787690502 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` American Dad ! -- Season 1 , Episode 0 : Unaired Pilot Presentation '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Animation ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` American Dad ! '' . TV Facts . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TNT & TBS Announce New Series Including ' Transporter : The Series ' , ' The Librarians ' , ' Angie Tribeca ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox to air Seth MacFarlane 's `` Bordertown '' animated series next year `` . UPI.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' American Dad ' picked up by TBS '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Guest Voices for ' The Simpsons ' , ' Family Guy ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Steven ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` TBS quietly debuts ' American Dad ! ' on YouTube a week early '' . Techtimes . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ' + data. results. personName + ' ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' American Dad ' Season 10 guest stars include Zooey Deschanel , Alison Brie and Mariah Carey -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Dad ' Co-Showrunner Mike Barker Exits Ahead of TBS Move '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Dad ' Executive Producer / Co-Showrunner Mike Barker Exits '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Dad ' Shakeup : Co-Creator Leaving Before TBS Move '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` American Dad Is Coming Back For More '' . Bleedingcool.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- FOX Salutes ' American Dad ' by Moving Up Its Timeslot Beginning Sunday , May 1 , on Fox '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best & Worst : Post-Super Bowl TV '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Kate ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` Arts , Briefly ; A Sweeping Weekend '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` FOX Salutes ' American Dad ' by Moving Up Its Timeslot Beginning Sunday , May 1 , on Fox '' . The Futon Critic . February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC . June 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 20 / 04 through 05 / 19 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . June 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC . September 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 15 / 05 through 05 / 31 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Ratings '' . ABC . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Ratings '' . ABC . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Ratings '' . ABC . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Ratings '' . ABC . May 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top Fox Primetime Shows , September 22 -- 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Top Fox Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Cleveland Show Large ; Housewives Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Survivor Finale Tops ABC 's Finale Sunday , Celebrity Apprentice Ties Series Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings for the 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Finals : The Simpsons , Family Guy , American Dad , Amazing Race , Desperate Housewives Rise ; Undercover Boss A Bit Less Bossy vs. Football '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Billboard Music Awards , ' ' Celebrity Apprentice , ' ' Funniest Videos , ' ' Family Guy , ' ' American Dad , ' ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' CSI : Miami , ' ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , Family guy ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor : Reunion ' , ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Announces Finale Dates for ' Bones ' , ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' & More + Summer Premiere Dates Including ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 13 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads the night '' . Tvbythenumbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Exclusive : American Dad ! returns with more slow jams this October '' . Avclub.com . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Monday Night Football continues to rise '' . Tvbythenumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad ! Awards -- List of awards won by American Dad ! , including award nominations '' . Whosdatedwho.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad ! Awards -- List of awards won by American Dad ! , including award nominations '' . Whosdatedwho.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Emmy winners '' . theenvelope.latimes.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Show Photos pictures '' . TeenHollywood.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ emma fraser+ on June 29 , 2011 at 10 : 32 am ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Nominations 2011 Announced '' . Tvovermind.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IT LIST Awards nominees for 2012 Announced and public voting now open '' . POPrepublic.tv . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards -- 2016 Nominations '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : Full List of Nominations '' . Variety . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` American Dad -- New Details for Dad DVDs Include Specs , Episode List & Some Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 18 , 2008 ) . `` American Dad -- Press Release for Volume 3 DVD Set * * * Updated : Package Art ! * * * '' . TV Shows on DVD . Jump up ^ `` Buy American Dad ! -- Volume 6 ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad DVD news : Announcement for American Dad -- Volume 6 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad ! -- Volume 7 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Seth MacFarlane , Wendy Schaal , Dee Bradley , Scott Grimes , Rachael MacFarlane : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad ! -- Volume 8 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Seth MacFarlane , Wendy Schaal , Dee Bradley , Scott Grimes , Rachael MacFarlane : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad -- Season 9 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad Volume 10 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad -- Season 10 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad -- Season 11 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Simpson Gets A Fake ID On An ' American Dad ' That Channels ' Breaking Bad ' '' . Huffingtonpost.com . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Playtech Slot : American Dad ! '' . latestcasinobonuses.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Dad ! American Dad ! on TBS.com American Dad ! on IMDb American Dad ! at the Big Cartoon DataBase American Dad ! at TV.com Preceded by Survivor : All - Stars Super Bowl lead - out program The Simpsons alongside American Dad ! 2005 Succeeded by Grey 's Anatomy 2006 American Dad ! Characters Stan Smith Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Roger Klaus Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` All About Steve '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' `` Finances with Wolves '' Season 3 `` Camp Refoogee '' `` The American Dad After School Special '' `` Lincoln Lover '' Season 4 `` The Vacation Goo '' `` Surro-Gate '' `` Tearjerker '' Season 5 `` The One That Got Away '' `` Pulling Double Booty '' Season 6 `` In Country ... Club '' `` Moon Over Isla Island '' `` My Morning Straitjacket '' `` G - String Circus '' `` Rapture 's Delight '' `` Do n't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth '' `` Cops and Roger '' `` Bully for Steve '' Season 7 `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' `` White Rice '' `` For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls '' `` Fart - Break Hotel '' `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' `` A Piñata Named Desire '' `` You Debt Your Life '' `` I Am the Walrus '' `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' `` Home Wrecker '' `` Flirting with Disaster '' Season 8 `` Hot Water '' `` Hurricane ! '' `` A Ward Show '' `` Virtual In - Stanity '' `` The Scarlett Getter '' `` Ricky Spanish '' `` Toy Whorey '' Season 9 `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' `` The Missing Kink '' `` Lost in Space '' `` Da Flippity Flop '' Season 10 `` Minstrel Krampus '' Season 11 `` Blagsnarst , a Love Story '' Season 12 Season 13 ' `` The Two Hundred ' '' Season 14 Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy The Cleveland Show Animation Domination Articles and topics related to American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Night of the Hurricane Fox animation Current The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) 1990s The Critic ( 1995 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) Futurama ( 1999 -- 2003 ) The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2000s American Dad ! ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Animation Domination High - Def ADHD Shorts Axe Cop Golan the Insatiable High School USA ! Lucas Bros. Moving Co . Major Lazer Stone Quackers Related The Simpsons shorts ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Night of the Hurricane ( 2011 ) Fox cartoons Animation Domination High - Def 20th Century Fox Animation TBS original programming Former 1970s debuts Battle of the Planets Best of World Championship Wrestling Braves TBS Baseball Georgia Championship Wrestling WCW Saturday Night 1980s debuts The Baseball Bunch The Catlins College Football on TBS Clash of the Champions Down to Earth G - Force : Guardians of Space Kid 's Beat NASCAR on TBS National Geographic Explorer The New Leave It to Beaver Night Tracks Rocky Road Safe at Home Starcade Tush NBA on TBS WCW Main Event WCW Power Hour WCW Pro 1990s debuts 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) Between the Lines Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 - 2011 ) Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts 10 Items or Less ( 2006 - 09 ) The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) House Rules ( 2003 ) Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) Minding the Store ( 2005 ) My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) Outback Jack ( 2004 ) The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 2000 -- 03 ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( 2007 -- 12 ) Worst Case Scenarios ( 2002 ) 2010s debuts America 's Greatest Makers ( 2016 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2010 -- 13 ) Bam 's Bad Ass Game Show ( 2014 ) CeeLo Green 's The Good Life ( 2014 ) Clipped ( 2015 ) Cougar Town ( 2013 -- 15 ) Deal with It ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deon Cole 's Black Box ( 2013 ) Funniest Wins ( 2014 ) Funny or Die Presents : America 's Next Weatherman ( 2015 ) Glory Daze ( 2010 -- 11 ) Ground Floor ( 2013 -- 15 ) King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 15 ) Meet the Smiths ( 2015 ) Men at Work ( 2012 -- 14 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) The Pete Holmes Show ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sullivan & Son ( 2012 -- 14 ) Separation Anxiety ( 2016 ) Trust Me , I 'm a Game Show Host ( 2013 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wedding Band ( 2012 -- 13 ) Who Gets the Last Laugh ? ( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Current American Dad ! ( since 2014 ) Angie Tribeca ( since 2016 ) Conan ( since 2010 ) The Detour ( since 2016 ) Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( since 2016 ) The Guest Book ( since 2017 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) People of Earth ( since 2016 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Upcoming The Last O.G. ( 2018 ) Final Space ( 2018 ) Close Enough ( 2018 ) Other Monkey - ed Movies Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS Prime time animated television series in the United States ABC The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1960 -- 62 ) Calvin and the Colonel ( 1961 -- 62 ) Capitol Critters ( 1992 ) Clerks : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) The Critic ( 1994 ) The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 66 ) The Goode Family ( 2009 ) The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 63 ) Jonny Quest ( 1964 -- 65 ) Matty 's Funday Funnies ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Matty 's Funnies with Beany and Cecil ( 1962 ) Peanuts television specials ( since 2001 ) Top Cat ( 1961 -- 62 ) CBS The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 62 ) CBS Cartoon Theater ( 1956 ) Creature Comforts ( 2007 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Fish Police ( 1992 ) Garfield television specials ( 1982 -- 1991 ) The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show ( 1970 -- 74 ) This Is America , Charlie Brown ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Where 's Huddles ? ( 1970 ) Peanuts television specials ( 1965 -- 2000 ) Fox Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) American Dad ! ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Axe Cop ( 2013 ) Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 93 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) The Critic ( 1995 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Futurama ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Golan the Insatiable ( 2013 -- 15 ) High School USA ! ( 2013 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) Lucas Bros. Moving Co. ( 2013 -- 14 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peanuts television specials ( 2011 ) NBC The Bullwinkle Show ( 1961 -- 63 ) The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 ) God , the Devil and Bob ( 2000 ) Jokebook ( 1982 ) The Ruff and Reddy Show ( 1957 -- 1960 ) Sammy ( 2000 ) Stressed Eric ( 1998 ) Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 ) Peanuts television specials ( 1971 -- 1994 ) PBS Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 - 2000 ) Click and Clack 's As the Wrench Turns ( 2008 ) Syndication The Huckleberry Hound Show ( 1958 -- 1962 ) The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show ( 1970 -- 74 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( Prime Toons ) ( 1990 -- 91 ) Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 -- 74 ) The WB Animaniacs ( 1993 -- 98 ) Baby Blues ( 2000 ) Freakazoid ! ( 1996 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Mission Hill ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Oblongs ( 2001 ) Pinky and the Brain ( 1995 -- 98 ) The PJs ( 2000 -- 01 ) UPN Dilbert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Game Over ( 2004 ) Gary & Mike ( 2001 ) Home Movies ( 1999 ) GND : 7650181 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Dad!&oldid=806636521 '' Categories : 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comedy television series 2005 American television series debuts 2010s American animated television series 2010s American comedy television series American black comedy television programs American adult animated television series Crossover animation English - language television programs Fox network shows TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Satirical television programmes Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Virginia American Dad ! Fox animation Television series created by Seth MacFarlane Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series revived after cancellation Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles that may contain original research from April 2016 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first episode of american dad air	[ "American Dad! is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Barker, and Matt Weitzman for the Fox Broadcasting Company.[2][3] American Dad! is the first television series to have its inception on Animation Domination.[4] The series premiere aired on February 6, 2005, following Super Bowl XXXIX, three months before the rest of the first season aired as part of the Animation Domination block, commencing on May 1, 2005. [5][6]" ]	[ "February 6, 2005" ]
-3613936165142741932	List of 7th Heaven characters	List of 7th Heaven characters - wikipedia List of 7th Heaven characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from The WB / The CW ( 1996 -- 2007 ) family drama , 7th Heaven . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Camden family 2.1 Eric Camden 2.2 Annie Camden 2.3 Matt Camden 2.4 Simon Camden 2.5 Mary Camden 2.6 Lucy Camden - Kinkirk 2.7 Ruthie Camden 2.8 Sam and David Camden 2.9 Happy 3 Extended family 3.1 The Glass Family 3.2 The Riveras 3.3 The Kinkirks 3.4 The Jacksons 3.5 The Hastings 3.6 The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's Parents ) 4 Other recurring characters 4.1 The Hamiltons 4.2 Chandler Hampton 4.3 Shana Sullivan 4.4 Robbie Palmer 4.5 Peter Petrowski 4.6 Roxanne Richardson 4.7 Cecilia Smith 4.8 Martin Brewer 4.9 Chief of Police Michaels 4.10 Meredith Davies 4.11 Sandy Jameson 4.12 Rose Taylor 5 Minor recurring characters 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric Camden Stephen Collins Main Annie Camden Catherine Hicks Main Matt Camden Barry Watson Main Recurring Main Special Guest Simon Camden David Gallagher Main Recurring Main Mary Camden Jessica Biel Main Recurring Special Guest Special Guest Lucy Camden Beverley Mitchell Main Ruthie Camden Mackenzie Rosman Main Happy the Dog Happy Main Sam and David Camden Lorenzo and Nikolas Brino Main John Hamilton Chaz Lamar Shepherd Recurring Main Shana Sullivan Maureen Flannigan Recurring Main Guest Robbie Palmer Adam LaVorgna Recurring Main Ben Kinkirk Geoff Stults Recurring Main Recurring Recurring Kevin Kinkirk George Stults Recurring Main Roxanne Richardson Rachel Blanchard Main Cecilia Smith Ashlee Simpson Main Chandler Hampton Jeremy London Main Martin Brewer Tyler Hoechlin Main Peter Petrowski Scotty Leavenworth Recurring Main Guest Rose Taylor Sarah Thompson Recurring Main Meredith Davies Megan Henning Recurring Main Sandy Jameson Haylie Duff Main Camden family ( edit ) The Camdens are made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children : Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . Eric Camden ( edit ) Rev. Eric Camden ( played by Stephen Collins ) was raised in Binghamton , New York by his parents , Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch . Based on the episode `` Halloween '' ( season 1 ) , it appears that Eric was born in 1954 ( which would make him 42 years old at the time ) . According to the episode `` One Hundred '' ( season 5 ) , his birthday is in January . Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary . Shortly thereafter , he married and began a family with Annie Jackson . He has one sister , Julie Camden - Hastings , who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie 's oldest ( Matt ) , as well as the youngest ( Sam and David ) children . After his heart - bypass operation , he decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church . He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy ( near the end of season 7 ) . Annie Camden ( edit ) Annie Jackson - Camden ( played by Catherine Hicks ) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . She has a half - sister named Lily , through her father , Charles Jackson . Her mother is Jenny Jackson . During her college education , Annie studied everything from art to business and economics , and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education . Though she has chosen to be a stay - at - home mother , Annie is a jack of all trades . She balances a family of nine on a minister 's pay , is a plumber , builder , seamstress , cook , and much more . She also serves , from time to time , as the treasurer for the church . Annie is the backbone of her family . The mother of seven , she is often the one who the children come to talk to , often over milk and cookies . She tries , with her husband , to instill strong morals in her children . She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young . She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first . Annie is the only daughter of her parents . Her mother , Jenny , dies early in the first season from cancer , a death that strikes Annie hard . Harder yet is her father 's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger . During one episode , Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service . Mary chases her and is struck by a car . Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed . Her father suffers from Alzheimer 's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies . Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together . In an early season , Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend . She eventually meets this half - sister , Lily , and the two form a relationship over time . In 2009 , she was included in Yahoo ! 's Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996 -- 2007 . Matt Camden ( edit ) Matthew Paul `` Matt '' Camden ( played by Barry Watson ) ( born 1980 ) is Annie and Eric 's firstborn . In the beginning of the series , Matt is a junior in high school . Matt sacrifices his school time to help others ; if they wished to remain anonymous , he would respect that and not even tell his father . During high school , he bounces from job to job , including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver . He is not always a star student , but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington , D.C. with First Lady Hillary Clinton . He returns to Glenoak for college , rooming with friend and fellow `` P.K. '' John Hamilton . Matt 's new uncle , Dr. Hank Hastings ( who had actually delivered him ) , helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria ; during his time there , he decides to become a doctor . He ends up working at a women 's clinic with Hank , beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously . He meets Sarah Glass ( played by Sarah Danielle Madison ) , a fellow medical student , just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life . Their first date ends with them getting married . Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi ( played by Richard Lewis ) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man , they initially keep their marriage a secret . They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers , who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt , who plans to convert to Judaism . Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school , and while there have been problems , they have remained happy together . Near the series ' end , they graduate from medical school and announce that they are expecting twin boys , who are born the following summer . It is also shown throughout the series that he knows American Sign Language , a result of his relationship with Heather , making him bilingual . Simon Camden ( edit ) Simon Jacob Camden ( played by David Gallagher ) ( born 1986 ) is the fourth child and second son . In the early part of the series , he is known to his siblings as `` The Bank of Simon '' because he always seems to have money , and he loves to make money . His other interests have included golf , magic , and cars . During the pilot episode , Simon 's most fervent wish is for a dog . When asked to say grace before the family had dinner , he even includes a dog request in his prayer . Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet , Annie goes to the pound `` just to look '' and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized . This dog became the Camdens ' beloved `` Happy . '' He meets a girl named Deena in sixth grade , and finds out that Eric consoled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia . They date for the majority of middle school , but break up on the last day of eighth grade , though they remain friends . High school is a rough transition for Simon , despite help from his bubbly , popular big sister Lucy . He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith ( Ashlee Simpson ) , and they even consider furthering their relationship sexually , but decide against it . The summer before his senior year , Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy named Paul Smith , who was Ruthie 's age . Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs , the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges . However , Simon ca n't stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul 's older brother . He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college . While in college , partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self - esteem , he breaks the family 's edict of not having premarital sex . Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show : Deena , Cecilia and Rose . Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college named Sandy , who has a son named Aaron , fathered by Martin Brewer . Simon provides emotional and , at one point , maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son . After a scare involving his girlfriend Georgia being pregnant ( it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her ) , he meets Rose . Rose and Simon fall deeply in love , get engaged , and plan a wedding . They finally get to the wedding day , but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage , and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend . Near the end of the series , Sandy and her son Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding , and Sandy says she needs to talk to him . However , it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon , but it is assumed that it is about Aaron 's paternity ; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron 's father . Season 11 , confirmed he is not the father . Simon eventually goes on to marry someone else or get engaged ( as hinted by Ruthie in season 11 ) , but it is unknown who , although we do find out that he graduates from college . Mary Camden ( edit ) Mary Elizabeth Camden ( played by Jessica Biel ) ( born 1982 ) is the eldest daughter of Eric and Annie . By the time she is 14 , Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball . As the months progress , she seems to rise in both ability and confidence ( so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday ) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year , critically injuring her knee . She has a series of different boyfriends . She dates Wilson West , a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie , who becomes her first love . He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen - year - old girl , and got her pregnant . The girl died in childbirth , leaving Wilson with a son , Billy ( actually named Wilson Jr . ) . By her senior year , she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip , which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them . After a secret meeting , the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym . They are caught at the scene of the crime , and are arrested . Through a special program for first offenders , Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service , which is where she meets Robbie Palmer . When she gets her driver 's license , she ca n't parallel park but , on Lucy 's advice , cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade . Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers , and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true , but it 's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics . Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship , but work instead . She can not hold down a job , being fired everywhere , from The Pool Hall to Pete 's Pizza . While working at Pete 's , she meets Frankie and Johnny , a young , drug - addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy . Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin , Erica , pulled over by a cop , and given a warning , and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies , insurance companies , and to her family . Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom , Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they ca n't give her the attention she needs . She lives with her grandparents , works at a homeless shelter in the fall , and starts college in the winter . Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy , but Eric quickly refutes the rumor . She leaves home angry at her entire family , whom she sees as betraying her , and refuses to speak to her father . In time , she calms down and plans to return home for the summer , as she and Robbie start dating again . While in New York , she discovers that Wilson is also living there . Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned , she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson . After getting advice from the Colonel , she decides to get a job in public service . When she ca n't become a police officer because she is not old enough , she applies for a position as a firefighter , and , after the Colonel pulls some strings , she gets into the firefighter program . When she starts training , she meets Ben Kinkirk , who is also in training . He comes over to her place and they kiss , which Wilson walks in on . The two break up and she returns home to California for a time , but on a trip to New York with Lucy , she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant . She begins dating a pilot , Jack , who is the same age as her father , though this does not last . She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family . While in Florida , Mary runs into Carlos Rivera , a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier , and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season . Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy , and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time . Her parents visit at the birth of her son , Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' , named in honor of her and Carlos ' late grandfathers . They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up . It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon 's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls . Though Mary is not at Simon 's wedding , she is able to still see her family the next day , as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah . During the following summer , Mary gives birth to twin daughters . Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( edit ) Lucille Abigail Camden - Kinkirk ( played by Beverley Mitchell ) ( born 1983 ) is the third Camden child , and second daughter . Lucy is known ( in the earlier seasons ) for the many boyfriends she has , as well as being overly dramatic . Until season 4 , she is often seen as `` less than '' her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble . By the time she reaches her junior year in high school , however , Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary , becoming the good kid . Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon . She has one `` normal '' relationship with him , but they break up . In the beginning of season two , she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley . At one point , she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs . Later , Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs , and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror ( though nobody told her what it was about ; because she knew the defendant personally , she was dismissed ) . In school , she has lots of friends and is popular -- including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year . She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike , who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized . Although Mike likes Lucy , it never quite works out . Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike 's friend , Jeremy , but they eventually break it off . In season seven , she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah ( Leigh ) ( season 9 ) . They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens ' house up until Savannah is a few months old . She also becomes pregnant with twin boys , which she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state -- though she eventually recovers . At the end of the summer , she tells Kevin that she does n't want to have any more children . She is a working mother ( working as an associate pastor ) , while her husband Kevin is a stay - at - home dad . However , Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in `` Crossroads '' . Later on , Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy , and they soon become friends . In the end , Lucy continues as a minister , friend , mother and wife . She is offered another position in a different town as a minister , and announces that she is pregnant once again with twin daughters . Ruthie Camden ( edit ) Ruth Sarah `` Ruthie '' Camden ( played by Mackenzie Rosman ) ( born 1991 ) is the youngest daughter . She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother . During her youth , she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses . She ages rapidly over the show 's run , beginning pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ending the series graduating high school a year early at age 17 . One of her teachers tries to call her `` Ruth '' as she assumes it is her given name , but Ruthie says her given name is `` Ruthie '' . In later seasons , she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname . She and Simon have lots of fun together as children , and become very close as they move toward maturity . Ruthie is the only one to briefly attend a private school , but she leaves it in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim . During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him -- but quickly covers by adding `` as a brother . '' In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin . In season ten 's `` Love and Obsession '' , she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon , not Martin , is Aaron 's father ; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy . When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time , she realizes that she had moved on from him . After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy , Martin is present for Aaron 's birth , as are both of Aaron 's grandfathers - to - be . Upon Aaron 's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college ; he now lives near his son . This leaves Ruthie heartbroken , but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her , she is in love with new Camden houseguest T - Bone . After her graduation , she joins the whole family , plus T - Bone and the other current Camden house guests , for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon 's college graduation . Sam and David Camden ( edit ) Samuel Joshua `` Sam '' and David John Camden ( born 1999 ) are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children . They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets ; Lorenzo , Myrinda , Nikolas , and Zachary , but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them , Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David . Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three ( `` In Praise of Women '' ) . This episode was The WB 's most watched hour . They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave . Happy ( edit ) Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want '' , in which Simon begs his parents for a dog , and also prays to God about it . One day , he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark . He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard . Later ( in the two - part season two finale ) , the daughter of Happy 's previous owners sees their dog ( they called her Whitey ) on TV and wants her back . The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if `` Happy '' / `` Whitey '' is not returned . Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy 's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog . At the end ( of part two ) , Happy runs away to return to the Camdens , and Whitey 's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens , this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be `` happy '' anywhere else . Extended family ( edit ) The Glass family ( edit ) Dr. Sarah Michelle Glass ( portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison ) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden . She first appears in the season six episode `` I Really Do '' as one of Matt 's co-workers in the free women 's clinic where both Matt and Hank work . Matt has a blind date , but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute , and ends up talking to Sarah all night . Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close . She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father . Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy , along with many other `` intimate '' details . The next night , they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents . They marry that night , but when they try to tell her parents , they end up only admitting they `` got engaged '' . Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage ( and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode `` Secrets '' ) . The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house , in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer . After both fathers do all they can to stop it , Matt and Sarah marry for the second time . Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City , returning to Glenoak when they can , sometimes together , sometimes separately . Their marriage hits some shaky patches , especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather . At first , Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married , and Sarah decides that even married , she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass . In the season ten finale , the Glass - Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer . Rabbi Richard Glass ( Richard Lewis ) is Sarah 's father . He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish . When the Camdens have dinner at his home , he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them . At the same time , he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it . Despite his and Eric 's religious differences , they have become good friends following their children 's marriage . Rosina Glass ( Laraine Newman ) is Sarah 's mother . Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt . She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband . The riveras ( edit ) Carlos Rivera ( Carlos Ponce ) becomes Mary 's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' . ( While Jessica Biel was absent from the show , her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos . ) Mary and Carlos even have a son , Charles `` Charlie '' Miguel . Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son ( in the two - part season nine finale ) , by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls , and Mary is graduating college . In the beginning of season 11 , it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York , where she and Carlos live with their three children . Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' Rivera is Mary and Carlos 's baby boy named after Carlos ' & Mary 's grandfathers who have died . The kinkirks ( edit ) Kevin Kinkirk ( George Stults ) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport , and soon revealed to be Ben 's older brother . Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met , and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long distance relationship . Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force , and moves in with the Camdens . Around season seven , he took over Matt 's role as the big brother of the Camden family . He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before , when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare . Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other , living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine `` Kevin Loves Lucy . '' Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah . Kevin is almost shot at and decides to be a stay at home dad . He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson , but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah . It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys ; however , Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer . In the series finale , Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again . Savannah Kinkirk ( Alyssa & Hannah Yadrick ) ( born in season nine episode `` Paper or Plastic ? '' ) is Kevin and Lucy 's first child . She is named after Savannah , Georgia , where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon . Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt and Kevin helping with the delivery . Ben Kinkirk ( Geoff Stults ) is Kevin 's younger brother . They are two years apart . He is introduced as Mary 's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo ( in the season six episode `` Relationships '' ) . Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson 's marriage proposal . Ben attends Kevin and Lucy 's wedding in the episode `` We Do . '' The last time he appears is in season 11 's `` Pain in the Neck '' , where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo , the teacher who made a move on Eric . Patty - Mary Kinkirk ( Natalie Ramsey ) is Ben and Kevin 's younger sister . She first appears in season six 's `` Letting Go '' . She is introduced as a student in San Francisco . The jacksons ( edit ) Jenny Jackson ( Alice Hirson ) is Annie 's mother . She is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want , '' when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had Leukemia . In the episode , In the Blink of an Eye , after spending her final days living life to its fullest , ( i.e. shopping for the family , drinking wine , flying first class , not watching her cholesterol ) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens . She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room . Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding . While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins , Jenny appears to her in a dream , encouraging and reassuring her ( in season three , episode 14 `` In Praise of Women '' ) . Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode `` Christmas '' , where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven . She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born , and Annie ends up finding it in Eric 's hand when he comes home . Charles Jackson ( Graham Jarvis ) is Annie 's father , who is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want . '' In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real , and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them . He has another daughter named Lily , whom he fathered from a previous relationship . He quickly takes off after Jenny 's funeral , in `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' because he does not want to fall apart . He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens ' house to apologize to Annie . He later appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where he introduces his new girlfriend , Ginger , to the Camdens . This angers Annie , but the problem is solved ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' ) . He later marries Ginger , and is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease shortly afterwards . When Lily is getting married , Charles plans on walking her down the aisle , much to the dismay of Annie , but ends up having a heart attack and dying . Ginger Jackson ( Beverly Garland ) is Charles Jackson 's second wife , whom he meets three months after Jenny 's death . She first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend . However , Annie quickly develops a hatred of her , and refuses to accept the relationship . She makes peace with Annie in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 . '' She marries Charles in the season three episode `` And the Home of the Brave '' , where they both acknowledge the so - called `` baggage '' of their past . She is the first person to tell Annie about her father 's Alzheimer 's , as well as the one to inform Eric of his death . The Hastings ( edit ) Julie Camden - Hastings ( Deborah Raffin ) is the younger sister of Eric . She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving . While she is there , she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic . When Simon is playing `` Batman '' , he takes the key to the liquor cabinet , pretending it is the key to Gotham City . Julie tries to get the key back , but when he would not give it to her , she attacks him . Annie runs in and throws her out of the house . Instead of sending her to a hospital , Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification . She eventually checks herself into a rehab center . After living in the center for a few months , she goes back to New York to live with her parents , the Colonel and Ruth . She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start . Back in New York , everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking . While in Glenoak , she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings , the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery . The two elope in Eric 's church . Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients , which is not true . Julie goes into labor at the Camdens ' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie 's bedroom . She gives birth to a girl , whom she and Hank name Erica , after Eric and Annie . When Julie and Hank need a babysitter , they take the risk of allowing Mary , who had been quite irresponsible , to babysit . Later , when they can not get a hold of Mary , they rush back and discover that their place is a mess , the phone is off the hook , a liquor bottle is on the table , and Mary 's friends ' baby , Mercy , was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica . Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women 's Clinic without discussing it with her first . Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems . They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again . She gives birth to a baby boy . Both she and Hank attend Lucy 's wedding . Dr. Hank Hastings ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) is Julie 's husband . He was Annie 's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt , which resulted in his premature delivery . Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions , but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor . He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David , and the family is shown to have forgiven him . He starts dating Eric 's younger sister Julie , and they get married after discovering that she 's pregnant . Erica Hastings is Julie 's daughter . She is born at the Camdens ' home , in Eric and Annie 's bed , which was given to her parents because of that . Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them : `` Eric '' , and the `` A '' after Annie . The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's parents ) ( edit ) John `` The Colonel '' Camden ( Peter Graves ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's father , who used to be in the Marines . Whenever he visits his son 's home to visit the grandchildren , he expects military discipline , order and organization , even from his son . He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953 . He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married . He first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' , when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens , where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike . During their visit , they go to a hardware store with Annie , Mary , and Lucy . The cashier , Emma , has rings that are a replica of Annie 's stolen ones . She suspects this , but then excuses this thought . The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule . He suspects someone is in the room , and sure enough , a homeless orphan named George was hiding there . The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them . He later appears in `` It 's About George '' , where George 's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back . He does not want this to happen , so he is willing to sue . Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him , but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away . Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts . He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where he and Ruth scare him , but later apologize . He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children . Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him . He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode , though he is not shown . Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits . In `` Lead , Follow or Get Out of The Way '' , he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball , Simon , who is training to be a magician ( despite the Colonel 's dislike for it ) , and Lucy who is slacking in school , and starts to connect with her . Ruth Camden ( Barbara Rush ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's mother . She first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie . She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it . She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' she hears that George 's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back . She gets upset and blames Julie for this , but then apologizes . She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where she and The Colonel scare him , but later apologize . George Grayson Camden ( Sam Saletta ) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric 's office . George informs them that his parents are dead . At first , Eric and Annie want to adopt him , but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents , thereby becoming Eric and Julie 's brother . In `` It 's About George '' he meets his real father Will Grayson . It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him . Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son . Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George . He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will . George refuses to leave his adopted family behind . He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage . His dad later moves in with him , at The Colonel and Ruth 's in Buffalo , New York . In `` Tit for Tat '' , it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel 's footsteps and joined the army , serving in Iraq . It was also revealed that he married Jane , who ironically had stayed at the Camden 's . Other recurring characters ( edit ) The Hamiltons ( edit ) Reverend Morgan Hamilton ( Dorian Harewood ) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric 's . He first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where he attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . In `` The Color of God '' , his church building is burnt to the ground by racists , and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens ' . He speaks at Eric 's church , where his entire congregation attends the week after the church was burnt . He is sad and angry , but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild . He later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stole items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse . This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges . He later appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes camping with his wife , Eric and Annie . He and Eric secretly call Sgt . Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay . John Hamilton ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( Chaz Lamar Shepherd ) is the oldest of the Hamilton children . He first appears in `` The Color of God . '' When his father 's church is burned down , he stays in Matt 's room . At first , the two are not very fond of each other , but this later changes . He later appears in the episode `` America 's Most Wanted '' where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he brings a date to the Camdens ' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town , joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha 's friends are throwing . He later becomes Matt 's roommate . He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five , his last appearance on the show . Patricia Hamilton ( Olivia Brown ) first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where she attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . Patricia is Morgan 's wife , and she is in her second marriage . When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops . They later have some marital problems , but it is quickly solved . She talks with Annie in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' about the carjacking . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' where she goes camping with her husband , Eric , and Annie . During the camping trip , her ex-husband calls like usual , which drives Morgan crazy . Keesha Hamilton ( Gabrielle Union ) is the second oldest Hamilton child . She first appears in `` The Color of God '' where she stays in Lucy and Mary 's room after her family 's church is burnt down . She later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where she is an eye - witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for . She is a friend of Mary and Lucy 's in a few episodes . Nigel Hamilton ( David Netter ) is the third Hamilton child . He is a friend of Simon 's , and first appears in `` The Color of God . '' Someone makes a racist comment to him , in which Simon responds with violence , resulting in a suspension . He appears in `` What Will People Say ? '' , where he witnesses Simon 's embarrassing moment , where his `` love letter '' was intercepted by a bully . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes to a movie with Simon , Ruthie , Lynn , Lucy , and Jimmy . He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn . Lynn Hamilton ( Camille Winbush ) is the youngest of the Hamiltons , and is Ruthie 's friend who first appears in `` The Color of God . '' In `` Happy 's Valentine , '' she attends a movie with Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , Lucy , and Jimmy . She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on . Chandler Hampton ( edit ) Chandler Hampton ( Jeremy London ) is the minister who fills in for Eric Camden while he is away having his heart bypass and recovering . He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric in his busy schedule . Eric meets Chandler 's twin brother in one episode and mistakes him for Chandler . He becomes friends with Roxanne Richardson ( Rachel Blanchard ) . Shana Sullivan ( edit ) Shana Sullivan ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( Maureen Flannigan ) is one of Matt 's major girlfriends , who eventually decides to go to New York University . The resulting long - distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails . Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather . Robbie Palmer ( edit ) Robbie Palmer ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( Adam LaVorgna ) is Mary 's , and then later Lucy 's , boyfriend . He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested . Being a first time offender , he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service . While doing community service , he meets Mary . The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie 's supervision , because they feel they can not trust Robbie . After a while , Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop , where his parents met , for Valentine 's Day . The coffee shop turns out to be a motel . Mary punches him and leaves . He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary . The two get back together , get engaged , and plan to move in together . However , Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , Cheryl , sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two - timing her . She tells Mary and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life . Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl , asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant , which is not true , and the two are living together in Cheryl 's apartment . Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets , and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant , and when he found out she was n't , he left , but had nowhere to go . Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house , which does not go over very well with the rest of the family . But in time , everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family . He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him . However , her old boyfriend , Wilson West , comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him . She chooses to be with Wilson , and leaves Robbie heartbroken . While on the rebound from Mary , Robbie starts to date Lucy , who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé , Jeremy . They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward . Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes . Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back . Joy breaks up with Robbie , and again , he is left heartbroken . He dates Roxanne Richardson , whom he had known since grade seven , for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother . Robbie has an older brother , Ronald , and a younger brother , Rick . Peter Petrowski ( edit ) Peter Petrowski ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( Scotty Leavenworth ) is a neighbor to the Camdens ; the son of Vic and Paris . Peter is Ruthie 's boyfriend in middle school . His father , Vic , was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young . In the episode `` Smoking '' it is revealed that Peter smokes . He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does n't like that he smokes . His father returns sober in the episode `` The Prodigal Father '' and both Peter and his mother forgive him . When Peter is caught drinking , Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does n't want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made . Eventually Peter 's mother and father get back together , despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler , who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband . It is revealed ( in the season nine premiere ) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school . Ruthie is n't greatly upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day . He is not seen again until the episode `` Leaps of Faith '' when Peter 's parents , who are having another baby , ask Reverend Camden to marry them . He appears one last time in the episode `` Highway to Cell '' , when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie 's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie . They communicate for a short while through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together , but Peter failed a class so his parents did n't allow him to . They once again drift apart . Roxanne Richardson ( edit ) Roxanne Richardson ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Rachel Blanchard ) is Kevin 's partner , the object of much of Lucy 's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what 's going on in her life with her husband . She was an old crush of Robbie , and Chandler 's girlfriend . Later on , Roxanne reveals that she will be going to Iraq . Cecilia Smith ( edit ) Cecilia Smith ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Ashlee Simpson ) is Simon 's girlfriend , who then dates Martin . She later dumps Martin , who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same . Another reason ( which is not very clearly shown ) might be that she thought Simon was returning -- whereas he only came for vacations -- and they might get back together ( because it would no longer be a long - distance relationship ) . When Simon comes home ( at the end of season eight ) , it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out , because over the summer Cecilia went away to college , and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia ( in season nine ) that it is revealed that they had broken up . Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon , and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family , babysitting the twins , helping out around the house and often being there for meals , this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father , she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family , with the twins loving her and saying she is `` more fun than Mommy '' . Annie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help , and she continues to be part of the ' extended Camden family ' until she leaves for college . Martin Brewer ( edit ) Martin Brewer ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Tyler Hoechlin ) is the only son of the Marine , Bill Brewer . His mother died when he was young and , until he was 16 , he lived with his Aunt Betsy , when his dad was deployed . During his sophomore year in high school , the Brewers moved to Glenoak . Martin walks into the Camdens ' life by chance and joins the already - growing over-glut of teen boys there . He follows Ruthie and her then - boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon 's , except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad . While Martin 's aunt , an aspiring fashion designer , wants the two of them to move to New York , Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again . Martin 's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams . One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school ( which he eventually turns down to complete his education ) . Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father 's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home . He also has fixed , rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative , which pleases most of the Camdens , except Simon . When Martin snoops into Simon 's private affairs , Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active . Prior to his senior year in high school , while visiting Simon , Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex , and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson . The event results in Sandy getting pregnant . Martin graduates a semester early and , with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach , starts college . He now lives near Sandy and their son . While Martin is not in the season ten finale , Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose . It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him ( Much speculation surrounded this , that it was in fact Simon 's baby ) . Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime . Finally , near the end of the series , Martin declares his love for Ruthie , but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T - Bone . At the end , despite all they have been through , she decides to go with T - Bone , leaving Martin heartbroken . Chief of police Michaels ( edit ) Chief of Police Michaels ( Christopher Michael ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon , Ruthie , and Happy ; he takes them home , but when they find the house empty , he escorts them to Mary 's basketball game , where most of the family converge despite Mary 's initial wish . He returns in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' to investigate the Camdens ' carjacking . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house . He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party . He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car , and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital . He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident . He is Kevin 's boss when he is a police officer . He is later promoted to detective , then to captain . In `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens ' after Ruthie calls `` 911 '' , because Simon was hiding in his room . Near the series ' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak . He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together ; he refers people to Eric for counseling , Eric accompanies him on death notifications , etc . Meredith Davies ( edit ) Meredith Davies ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( Megan Henning ) is Martin 's ex-girlfriend , who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby . Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia 's parents , but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother . After she and Martin breakup , Meredith 's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant . After discovering this , Meredith quickly denies the rumor , explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant . Sandy Jameson ( edit ) Sandy Jameson ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( Haylie Duff ) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon 's fiancée Rose 's best friend , to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer . In the season opener , Sandy reveals she might be pregnant . This is later confirmed , and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron ( after Martin 's grandfather ) . In the season 10 finale , she had to speak with Simon , possibly about the baby 's paternity . In season 11 , she meets Jonathan , a doctor , and he proposes . Together , they decide to get married , but having gone on the RV vacation , it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together . Rose Taylor ( edit ) Rosanna `` Rose '' Taylor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( Sarah Thompson ) was introduced ( in the season nine finale `` Mi Familia Part 1 '' ) as Simon 's current girlfriend . The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry , pressuring Simon into proposing . When at first he refuses , she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away , provoking him to commit to marrying her . By season ten they are engaged , and she makes wedding plans . The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year , but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward . During Rose 's time on the show , she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson , who was her one friend there . Rose is known for being selfish , rude , inconsiderate , and thoughtless , rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone . By 2006 , Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May , something they both wanted to be ready for , but still held insecurities and doubts . Annie , however , decides that they could not marry , and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose 's surfaces in March , she sees an opportunity . Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose , no one knew her at all , and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person . In the episode Invitation to Disaster , she has a sit - down confession with Annie , explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason . This provokes Annie to see her in a different light , and while she and Annie take on a mother / daughter relationship , no one else is crazy about them marrying . It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her . So although they had gotten to the wedding day , they end up parting ways amicably . It is unknown whether they still keep in touch . Minor recurring characters ( edit ) Gladys Bink ( Eileen Brennan ) first appears in the pilot episode , where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung , breathing on an oxygen tank , and trying to still smoke cigarettes . This trick makes Matt quit smoking . Later , she appears in `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , where Matt helps her with a few things around the house . But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf , she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie 's father to solve the problem by using her `` ways '' ( i.e. lying ) . She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years , and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser . At the end of season seven , she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out . Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred , though without the blessing of Fred 's mother . She is the show 's most - recurring character . Beau Brewer ( Costas Mandylor ) is Martin Brewer 's father , who served 2 tours in Iraq . When he comes home for three days , he does not speak to Martin until the last day , uneasy because it might be their last conversation . The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business . Betsy Brewer ( Keri Lynn Pratt ) is Martin 's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq . Heather Cain ( Andrea Ferrell ) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) . He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother , Donna ( Meg Wittner ) . On their first date the next night , Heather runs out of the party after being teased . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Eric `` lures '' Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat . Matt meets Heather there . They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other . In season two , she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt . In season three , she returns and says she 's getting married , but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her . In season four , she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan . In the season finale she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana . Matt and Heather decide to elope , but ( in the season five premiere ) it 's revealed that she left him at the altar . She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend , but they eventually break up and she moves to New York . In season eight , Matt meets her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she 's divorced and going back to Glenoak to start over , and they have dinner together as friends . Cheryl ( Barret Swatek ) is Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , whom he almost marries . Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while . Corey Conway ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as Mary 's basketball teammate . Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14 . Corey ended up dating Mary 's longtime flame Wilson West , also a teenage single parent . In the season nine episode `` Fathers , '' we learn that they have married and become a blended family . Lou Dalton ( Alan Fudge ) works for Glenoak Community Church . He first appears in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' objecting to Eric 's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires . At series ' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak . Daniel ( Aaron Staton ) is Sandy 's school friend , introduced in `` Turn , Turn , Turn , '' who later tells Sandy he 's in love with her . Upset , Sandy calls Eric for advice . In `` You Take the High Road , '' Sandy desperately tries to break up with him . Frankie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Mary 's friend and co-worker at Pete 's Pizza . At Mary 's age , she 's already married to Johnny -- who verbally and physically abuses her -- and raising their daughter Mercy , but still drinking , smoking , and doing other drugs . After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana , Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work , but she is unable to comply . Frankie eventually leaves town without her family . Odile Hinkle ( Peg Phillips ) is Mrs. Bink 's neighbor and best friend . In `` We The People '' , Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest - stop for erstwhile newspaper - couriers Simon and Ruthie , then literally rides to their rescue . In `` Says Who ? '' , Mrs. Hinkle disappears , moving to a seniors ' residence without informing anyone , leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance . At one time , she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church , but eventually retires from that position , leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement . Georgia Huffington ( Rheagan Wallace ) is Simon 's ex-girlfriend / lover . She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with . They get married when she tells Simon that she 's pregnant , but it is quickly revealed to be a lie . Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards . Jane ( Sarah Mason ) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens ' . After her father left her mother , her mother 's new live - in boyfriend , whom she meets via the Internet , threatens to harm Jane , causing her to flee . Despite not actually being pregnant , she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers , but Lucy turns her down , but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens ' garage apartment . In `` Broken Hearts and Promises , '' she gets a job at the Dairy Shack . `` You Take the High Road '' reveals that she used to be married to a soldier , but left him after he started hitting her . In `` Tit for Tat , '' she marries Eric 's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage was ironed out ( in `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' ) , with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing . While arguing with T - Bone about his mother coming to see him , she blurts out Eric 's heart problems on the Promenade . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she and T - Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie . In the series finale , she announces that her mom is in rehab ( her parents used to smoke pot ) and her mom 's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation . Jeff ( Ryan Bittle ) first appears in the pilot episode . He is Matt 's best friend since age six , and Mary 's crush since age ten . While jogging with Lucy , Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot ; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets . In `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' Jeff asks Mary to go to a party , then an R - rated movie , neither of which she is allowed to attend . In `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' Jeff attends Mary 's grandmother 's memorial service at the Camdens ' . Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy . Later , Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up , even though Mary had not dumped him . When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him . They then end up as friends . Johnny ( Nathan West ) is Pete 's nephew and Frankie 's husband , who leaves his infant daughter , Mercy , at the Camden 's doorstop after Frankie leaves him . He ends up deciding to be a single parent . Jordan ( Wade Carpenter ) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy . He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy . When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan , Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind . When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams , she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan , but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen . In the season three finale , Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy ( who overhears ) . Jordan and Mary 's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift ; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave ; Jordan disappears after this . `` We do n't speak of him '' , Mary tells Simon in season four , but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up , he 's referred to as `` Big Lips '' , such as in `` Simon 's Home Video '' . Mac ( Kyle Searles ) is Martin 's best friend . Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on . Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine , but does little about it as he is two years older . In season 11 , he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter . He and Margaret later begin dating . Margaret ( Andrea Morris ) is Jane 's very shy friend . She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric . She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in `` Broken Hearts and Promises . '' She reveals to T - Bone ( in `` You Take the High Road '' ) that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him . She later reveals her past in `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' : Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home . Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing , she became shy . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she helps Sam and David prepare the song `` This Land is Our Land '' for Eric , Annie , and Ruthie 's homecoming , and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K . In the series finale , she is offered a college scholarship , but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens ' road trip . Ms. Margo ( Rachel Boston ) is Sam and David 's teacher who first appears in `` A Pain in the Neck . '' When she feels attracted to Eric , Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather . This is soon resolved , and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner ; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons . When Ben hits on her the same day , she turns up at the Camdens ' , to Eric 's annoyance . Mercy is Frankie and Johnny 's daughter . Jimmy Moon ( Matthew Linville ) ( introduced in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) is Lucy 's first boyfriend . In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye '' , he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens ' living room . However , Eric messes this up by playing country songs . In `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' , he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election . He later withdraws , followed by Lucy , because they want to stay together . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , he takes Lucy , Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , and Lynn to the movies . He and Lucy see a separate movie ( a French film ) for their first Valentine 's together . His grades in science start to drop , and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line '' . Lucy regrets this , because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend . The issue is resolved at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' , he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden , who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met . He breaks up with Lucy ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) after she changes her hair color . The next year , Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon . She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one , but does not get either of them . He later gets caught up in marijuana , and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on . He is arrested for possession of marijuana ( in season three 's episode `` Paranoia '' ) , and Lucy is also arrested while observing him . Andrew Nayloss ( Will Estes ) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first , but then he moves away and has a child and Lucy is heartbroken . Renee Nicholson ( Ashlee Levitch ) is introduced ( in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior , and befriends her . She is expecting a daughter with Lou . When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her , he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5 : 15 a.m. , resulting in his being grounded for three weeks . She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir , and sings a solo on Sunday . She goes into labor in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' . Pete ( James Keane ) is Johnny 's uncle and the owner of Pete 's Pizza . Paris Petrowski ( Shannon Kenny ) is Peter Petrowski 's mother . Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk , Lucy 's brother - in - law . Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together , until her ex-husband appears . She decides to give him another chance and they move away . Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again . Mike Pierce ( Jeremy Lelliott ) is Lucy 's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result , his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy 's help . Dr. Jonathan Sanders ( Nick Zano ) is a doctor whom Sandy dates ( in season 11 ) . He then proposes to her , to which she says `` yes . '' This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin . George Smith ( Brad Maule ) is Cecilia 's father . He never marries his wife , and never tells Cecilia this fact . After twenty years , Eric marries them in his office . He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children . He owns a cleaning business , which Simon and Cecelia both work at . Deena Stewart ( Nicole Cherié Saletta ) is Simon 's first girlfriend . She eventually moves back east with her family . In the season five episode `` Chances '' , she comes back , and she and Simon start dating again for a while . Stanley Sunday ( Keith David ) is a homeless man seen in the promenade . He is first seen at the hospital , where he goes in for testing . Lucy is supposed to visit him , but she can not make it , and Eric goes in her place . Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat , although Eric is hesitant . He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital . Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt , shoes and pants . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live . In `` Christmas ! '' it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric 's guardian angels . He is there when Eric was brought to heaven . In the series finale , he joins Eric and the family on their RV . Theodore `` T - Bone '' Jr . ( Colton James ) is a 16 - year - old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade . He is introduced in And Tonight 's Specials Are ... when he had pizza with Lucy , which upset Kevin . Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens , T - Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom , since his father is dead , and his mother ran away . Upon staying at the Camdens , T - Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health . In `` You Take the High Road '' he stays at Kevin and Lucy 's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland . In `` Thanks and Giving '' , he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie . They both like it , not knowing it was donated . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' , he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her . Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend , of whom they approve of . In `` Can I Just Get Something to Eat '' he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur . In `` Deacon Blues , '' he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex . Kevin tells him not to do it , and when Annie finds out , they are stopped . In `` Tit for Tat '' Ruthie convinces him to get tattoos . He does , but only a small one on his ankle . He warns Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects . T - bone 's earlier - mentioned father , who is supposedly dead , shows up ( in Season 11 ) and convinces T - bone to go on a road trip with him . T - bone graduates from high school , and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad . Umberto ( Fidel Gomez ) is Rose 's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose . He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon . George `` Vic '' Vickery ( Bryan Callen ) is Peter 's father , who is a recovering alcoholic . He works as a college art teacher . Vincent ( Thomas Dekker ) is Ruthie 's boyfriend after Peter . He broke up with her twice . Rick Palmer ( Lance Bass ) is Robbie 's younger brother . He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them . Brett ( Matt Farnsworth ) is Shana 's roommate and eventual boyfriend . He first appears in `` Loves Me , Loves Me Not '' . He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight . He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer . Wilson West ( Andrew Keegan ) first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 . '' He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie , and asks her out . At first , Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date , but he later finds out that he knows his father . Wilson takes Mary to Eddie 's Pool Hall , where they play pinball and pool . Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him , which ends his date with Mary . He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary . He has a son called Billy , whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Mary 's parents find out about Wilson being a father . Mary dates Wilson a number of times , including when she is sent to Buffalo , to live with her grandparents , they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom , but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben . Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway , one of Mary 's old basketball teammates who has a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy `` The Game '' and `` 7th Heaven '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2006 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` 7th Heaven '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Adair , Aly ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ( hide ) 7th Heaven Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Related Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_7th_Heaven_characters&oldid=808134464 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Македонски Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 02 : 27 . About Wikipedia	who plays annie's mom on 7th heaven	[ "Jenny Jackson (Alice Hirson) is Annie's mother. She is introduced in the pilot episode, \"Anything You Want,\" when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had Leukemia. In the episode, In the Blink of an Eye, after spending her final days living life to its fullest, (i.e. shopping for the family, drinking wine, flying first class, not watching her cholesterol) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens. She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room. Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding. While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins, Jenny appears to her in a dream, encouraging and reassuring her (in season three, episode 14 \"In Praise of Women\"). Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode \"Christmas\", where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven. She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born, and Annie ends up finding it in Eric's hand when he comes home." ]	[ "Alice Hirson" ]
6546630492887303747	Cnidaria	Cnidaria - wikipedia Cnidaria Cnidaria Temporal range : 580 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Ediacaran -- Recent Four examples of cnidaria : A jellyfish Chrysaora melanaster A gorgonian Annella mollis A rocky coral Acropora cervicornis A sea anemone Nemanthus annamensis Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : ParaHoxozoa Phylum : Cnidaria Hatschek , 1888 Subphyla and classes Class Anthozoa - inc . corals Subphylum Medusozoa -- jellyfish and hydrozoans : Class Cubozoa -- box jellyfish , sea wasps Class Hydrozoa -- hydroids , hydra - like animals Class Polypodiozoa -- parasites Class Scyphozoa -- true jellyfish Class Staurozoa -- stalked jellyfish Class Myxozoa -- parasites Pacific sea nettles , Chrysaora fuscescens Cnidaria ( / naɪˈdɛəriə / ) is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic ( freshwater and marine ) environments : they are a predominantly marine species . Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes , specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey . Their bodies consist of mesoglea , a non-living jelly - like substance , sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick . They have two basic body forms : swimming medusae and sessile polyps , both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes . Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration . Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa - like or polyp - like zooids , or both ( hence they are trimorphic ) . Cnidarians ' activities are coordinated by a decentralized nerve net and simple receptors . Several free - swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance - sensing statocysts , and some have simple eyes . Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually , with many species having complex life cycles of asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae . Some , however , omit either the polyp or the medusa stage . Cnidarians were formerly grouped with ctenophores in the phylum Coelenterata , but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla . Cnidarians are classified into four main groups : the almost wholly sessile Anthozoa ( sea anemones , corals , sea pens ) ; swimming Scyphozoa ( jellyfish ) ; Cubozoa ( box jellies ) ; and Hydrozoa , a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms , and has both sessile members , such as Hydra , and colonial swimmers , such as the Portuguese Man o ' War . Staurozoa have recently been recognised as a class in their own right rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa , and the parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa were only firmly recognized as cnidarians in 2007 . Most cnidarians prey on organisms ranging in size from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves , but many obtain much of their nutrition from dinoflagellates , and a few are parasites . Many are preyed on by other animals including starfish , sea slugs , fish , turtles , and even other cnidarians . Many scleractinian corals -- which form the structural foundation for coral reefs -- possess polyps that are filled with symbiotic photo - synthetic zooxanthellae . While reef - forming corals are almost entirely restricted to warm and shallow marine waters , other cnidarians can be found at great depths , in polar regions , and in freshwater . Recent phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of cnidarians , as well as the position of cnidarians as the sister group of bilaterians . Fossil cnidarians have been found in rocks formed about 580 million years ago , and other fossils show that corals may have been present shortly before 490 million years ago and diversified a few million years later . However , molecular clock analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests a much older age for the crown group of cnidarians , estimated around 741 million years ago , almost 200 million years before the Cambrian period as well as any fossils . Contents 1 Distinguishing features 2 Description 2.1 Basic body forms 2.2 Skeletons 2.3 Main cell layers 2.4 Polymorphism 2.5 Cnidocytes 2.6 Locomotion 2.7 Nervous system and senses 2.8 Feeding and excretion 2.9 Respiration 2.10 Regeneration 3 Reproduction 3.1 Sexual 3.2 Asexual 4 Classification 5 Ecology 6 Evolutionary history 6.1 Fossil record 6.2 Family tree 7 Interaction with humans 8 Notes 9 Further reading 9.1 Books 9.2 Journal articles 10 External links Distinguishing features ( edit ) Further information : Sponge , Ctenophore , and Bilateria Cnidarians form an animal phylum that are more complex than sponges , about as complex as ctenophores ( comb jellies ) , and less complex than bilaterians , which include almost all other animals . However , both cnidarians and ctenophores are more complex than sponges as they have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet - like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . Cnidarians are distinguished from all other animals by having cnidocytes that fire harpoon like structures and are used mainly to capture prey . In some species , cnidocytes can also be used as anchors . Like sponges and ctenophores , cnidarians have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly - like material , which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians ; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly - like layer . Hence , cnidarians and ctenophores have traditionally been labelled diploblastic , along with sponges . However , both cnidarians and ctenophores have a type of muscle that , in more complex animals , arises from the middle cell layer . As a result , some recent text books classify ctenophores as triploblastic , and it has been suggested that cnidarians evolved from triploblastic ancestors . Sponges Cnidarians Ctenophores Bilateria Cnidocytes No Yes No Colloblasts No Yes No Digestive and circulatory organs No Yes Number of main cell layers Two , with jelly - like layer between them Two or Three Three Cells in each layer bound together cell - adhesion molecules , but no basement membranes except Homoscleromorpha . inter-cell connections ; basement membranes Sensory organs No Yes Number of cells in middle `` jelly '' layer Many Few ( Not applicable ) Cells in outer layers can move inwards and change functions Yes No ( Not applicable ) Nervous system No Yes , simple Simple to complex Muscles None Mostly epitheliomuscular Mostly myoepithelial Mostly myocytes Description ( edit ) Basic body forms ( edit ) Aboral end Oral end Mouth Oral end Aboral end Exoderm Gastroderm ( Endoderm ) Mesoglea Digestive cavity Medusa ( left ) and polyp ( right ) Oral end of actinodiscus polyp , with close - up of the mouth Most adult cnidarians appear as either swimming medusae or sessile polyps , and many hydrozoan species are known to alternate between the two forms . Both are radially symmetrical , like a wheel and a tube respectively . Since these animals have no heads , their ends are described as `` oral '' ( nearest the mouth ) and `` aboral '' ( furthest from the mouth ) . Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges , and medusae generally have an inner ring of tentacles around the mouth . Some hydroids may consist of colonies of zooids that serve different purposes , such as defense , reproduction and catching prey . The mesoglea of polyps is usually thin and often soft , but that of medusae is usually thick and springy , so that it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted to squeeze water out , enabling medusae to swim by a sort of jet propulsion . Skeletons ( edit ) In medusae the only supporting structure is the mesoglea . Hydra and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding , and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a hydrostatic skeleton , rather like a water - filled balloon . Other polyps such as Tubularia use columns of water - filled cells for support . Sea pens stiffen the mesoglea with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins , rather like sponges . In some colonial polyps , a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps . Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons . A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments , which they attach to their outsides . Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles . Main cell layers ( edit ) Cnidaria are diploblastic animals ; in other words , they have two main cell layers , while more complex animals are triploblasts having three main layers . The two main cell layers of cnidarians form epithelia that are mostly one cell thick , and are attached to a fibrous basement membrane , which they secrete . They also secrete the jelly - like mesoglea that separates the layers . The layer that faces outwards , known as the ectoderm ( `` outside skin '' ) , generally contains the following types of cells : Epitheliomuscular cells whose bodies form part of the epithelium but whose bases extend to form muscle fibers in parallel rows . The fibers of the outward - facing cell layer generally run at right angles to the fibers of the inward - facing one . In Anthozoa ( anemones , corals , etc . ) and Scyphozoa ( jellyfish ) , the mesoglea also contains some muscle cells . Cnidocytes , the harpoon - like `` nettle cells '' that give the phylum Cnidaria its name . These appear between or sometimes on top of the muscle cells . Nerve cells . Sensory cells appear between or sometimes on top of the muscle cells , and communicate via synapses ( gaps across which chemical signals flow ) with motor nerve cells , which lie mostly between the bases of the muscle cells . Interstitial cells , which are unspecialized and can replace lost or damaged cells by transforming into the appropriate types . These are found between the bases of muscle cells . In addition to epitheliomuscular , nerve and interstitial cells , the inward - facing gastroderm ( `` stomach skin '' ) contains gland cells that secrete digestive enzymes . In some species it also contains low concentrations of cnidocytes , which are used to subdue prey that is still struggling . The mesoglea contains small numbers of amoeba - like cells , and muscle cells in some species . However , the number of middle - layer cells and types are much lower than in sponges . Polymorphism ( edit ) Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals within the same organism . It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians , particularly the polyp and medusa forms , or of zooids within colonial organisms like those in Hydrozoa . In Hydrozoans , colonial individuals arising from individuals zooids will take on separate tasks . For example , in Obelia there are feeding individuals , the gastrozooids ; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only , the gonozooids , blastostyles and free - living or sexually reproducing individuals , the medusae . Cnidocytes ( edit ) These `` nettle cells '' function as harpoons , since their payloads remain connected to the bodies of the cells by threads . Three types of cnidocytes are known : Firing sequence of the cnida in a hydra 's nematocyst Operculum ( lid ) `` Finger '' that turns inside out / / / Barbs Venom Victim 's skin Victim 's tissues Nematocysts inject venom into prey , and usually have barbs to keep them embedded in the victims . Most species have nematocysts . Spirocysts do not penetrate the victim or inject venom , but entangle it by means of small sticky hairs on the thread . Ptychocysts are not used for prey capture -- instead the threads of discharged ptychocysts are used for building protective tubes in which their owners live . Ptychocysts are found only in the order Ceriantharia , tube anemones . The main components of a cnidocyte are : A hydra 's nematocyst , before firing . `` trigger '' cilium A cilium ( fine hair ) which projects above the surface and acts as a trigger . Spirocysts do not have cilia . A tough capsule , the cnida , which houses the thread , its payload and a mixture of chemicals that may include venom or adhesives or both . ( `` cnida '' is derived from the Greek word κνίδη , which means `` nettle '' ) A tube - like extension of the wall of the cnida that points into the cnida , like the finger of a rubber glove pushed inwards . When a cnidocyte fires , the finger pops out . If the cell is a venomous nematocyte , the `` finger '' 's tip reveals a set of barbs that anchor it in the prey . The thread , which is an extension of the `` finger '' and coils round it until the cnidocyte fires . The thread is usually hollow and delivers chemicals from the cnida to the target . An operculum ( lid ) over the end of the cnida . The lid may be a single hinged flap or three flaps arranged like slices of pie . The cell body , which produces all the other parts . It is difficult to study the firing mechanisms of cnidocytes as these structures are small but very complex . At least four hypotheses have been proposed : Rapid contraction of fibers round the cnida may increase its internal pressure . The thread may be like a coiled spring that extends rapidly when released . In the case of Chironex ( the `` sea wasp '' ) , chemical changes in the cnida 's contents may cause them to expand rapidly by polymerization . Chemical changes in the liquid in the cnida make it a much more concentrated solution , so that osmotic pressure forces water in very rapidly to dilute it . This mechanism has been observed in nematocysts of the class Hydrozoa , sometimes producing pressures as high as 140 atmospheres , similar to that of scuba air tanks , and fully extending the thread in as little as 2 milliseconds ( 0.002 second ) . Cnidocytes can only fire once , and about 25 % of a hydra 's nematocysts are lost from its tentacles when capturing a brine shrimp . Used cnidocytes have to be replaced , which takes about 48 hours . To minimise wasteful firing , two types of stimulus are generally required to trigger cnidocytes : nearby sensory cells detect chemicals in the water , and their cilia respond to contact . This combination prevents them from firing at distant or non-living objects . Groups of cnidocytes are usually connected by nerves and , if one fires , the rest of the group requires a weaker minimum stimulus than the cells that fire first . Locomotion ( edit ) Play media A swimming sea nettle known as the purple - striped jelly ( Chrysaora colorata ) Medusae swim by a form of jet propulsion : muscles , especially inside the rim of the bell , squeeze water out of the cavity inside the bell , and the springiness of the mesoglea powers the recovery stroke . Since the tissue layers are very thin , they provide too little power to swim against currents and just enough to control movement within currents . Hydras and some sea anemones can move slowly over rocks and sea or stream beds by various means : creeping like snails , crawling like inchworms , or by somersaulting . A few can swim clumsily by waggling their bases . Nervous system and senses ( edit ) Cnidarians are generally thought to have no brains or even central nervous systems . However , they do have integrative areas of neural tissue that could be considered some form of centralization . Most of their bodies are innervated by decentralized nerve nets that control their swimming musculature and connect with sensory structures , though each clade has slightly different structures . These sensory structures , usually called rhopalia , can generate signals in response to various types of stimuli such as light , pressure , and much more . Medusa usually have several of them around the margin of the bell that work together to control the motor nerve net , that directly innervates the swimming muscles . Most Cnidarians also have a parallel system . In scyphozoans , this takes the form of a diffuse nerve net , which has modulatory effects on the nervous system . As well as forming the `` signal cables '' between sensory neurons and motoneurons , intermediate neurons in the nerve net can also form ganglia that act as local coordination centers . Communication between nerve cells can occur by chemical synapses or gap junctions in hydrozoans , though gap junctions are not present in all groups . Cnidarians have many of the same neurotransmitters as many animals , including chemicals such as glutamate , GABA , and acetylcholine . This structure ensures that the musculature is excited rapidly and simultaneously , and can be directly stimulated from any point on the body , and it also is better able to recover after injury . Medusae and complex swimming colonies such as siphonophores and chondrophores sense tilt and acceleration by means of statocysts , chambers lined with hairs which detect the movements of internal mineral grains called statoliths . If the body tilts in the wrong direction , the animal rights itself by increasing the strength of the swimming movements on the side that is too low . Most species have ocelli ( `` simple eyes '' ) , which can detect sources of light . However , the agile box jellyfish are unique among Medusae because they possess four kinds of true eyes that have retinas , corneas and lenses . Although the eyes probably do not form images , Cubozoa can clearly distinguish the direction from which light is coming as well as negotiate around solid - colored objects . Feeding and excretion ( edit ) Cnidarians feed in several ways : predation , absorbing dissolved organic chemicals , filtering food particles out of the water , obtaining nutrients from symbiotic algae within their cells , and parasitism . Most obtain the majority of their food from predation but some , including the corals Hetroxenia and Leptogorgia , depend almost completely on their endosymbionts and on absorbing dissolved nutrients . Cnidaria give their symbiotic algae carbon dioxide , some nutrients , a place in the sun and protection against predators . Predatory species use their cnidocytes to poison or entangle prey , and those with venomous nematocysts may start digestion by injecting digestive enzymes . The `` smell '' of fluids from wounded prey makes the tentacles fold inwards and wipe the prey off into the mouth . In medusae the tentacles round the edge of the bell are often short and most of the prey capture is done by `` oral arms '' , which are extensions of the edge of the mouth and are often frilled and sometimes branched to increase their surface area . Medusae often trap prey or suspended food particles by swimming upwards , spreading their tentacles and oral arms and then sinking . In species for which suspended food particles are important , the tentacles and oral arms often have rows of cilia whose beating creates currents that flow towards the mouth , and some produce nets of mucus to trap particles . Their digestion is both intra and extracellular . Once the food is in the digestive cavity , gland cells in the gastroderm release enzymes that reduce the prey to slurry , usually within a few hours . This circulates through the digestive cavity and , in colonial cnidarians , through the connecting tunnels , so that gastroderm cells can absorb the nutrients . Absorption may take a few hours , and digestion within the cells may take a few days . The circulation of nutrients is driven by water currents produced by cilia in the gastroderm or by muscular movements or both , so that nutrients reach all parts of the digestive cavity . Nutrients reach the outer cell layer by diffusion or , for animals or zooids such as medusae which have thick mesogleas , are transported by mobile cells in the mesoglea . Indigestible remains of prey are expelled through the mouth . The main waste product of cells ' internal processes is ammonia , which is removed by the external and internal water currents . Respiration ( edit ) There are no respiratory organs , and both cell layers absorb oxygen from and expel carbon dioxide into the surrounding water . When the water in the digestive cavity becomes stale it must be replaced , and nutrients that have not been absorbed will be expelled with it . Some Anthozoa have ciliated grooves on their tentacles , allowing them to pump water out of and into the digestive cavity without opening the mouth . This improves respiration after feeding and allows these animals , which use the cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton , to control the water pressure in the cavity without expelling undigested food . Cnidaria that carry photosynthetic symbionts may have the opposite problem , an excess of oxygen , which may prove toxic . The animals produce large quantities of antioxidants to neutralize the excess oxygen . Regeneration ( edit ) All cnidarians can regenerate , allowing them to recover from injury and to reproduce asexually . Medusae have limited ability to regenerate , but polyps can do so from small pieces or even collections of separated cells . This enables corals to recover even after apparently being destroyed by predators . Reproduction ( edit ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Life cycle of a jellyfish : 1 -- 3 Larva searches for site 4 -- 8 Polyp grows 9 -- 11 Polyp strobilates 12 -- 14 Medusa grows Sexual ( edit ) Cnidarian sexual reproduction often involves a complex life cycle with both polyp and medusa stages . For example , in Scyphozoa ( jellyfish ) and Cubozoa ( box jellies ) a larva swims until it finds a good site , and then becomes a polyp . This grows normally but then absorbs its tentacles and splits horizontally into a series of disks that become juvenile medusae , a process called strobilation . The juveniles swim off and slowly grow to maturity , while the polyp re-grows and may continue strobilating periodically . The adults have gonads in the gastroderm , and these release ova and sperm into the water in the breeding season . This phenomenon of succession of differently organized generations ( one asexually reproducing , sessile polyp , followed by a free - swimming medusa or a sessile polyp that reproduces sexually ) is sometimes called `` alternation of asexual and sexual phases '' or `` metagenesis '' , but should not be confused with the alternation of generations as found in plants . Shortened forms of this life cycle are common , for example some oceanic scyphozoans omit the polyp stage completely , and cubozoan polyps produce only one medusa . Hydrozoa have a variety of life cycles . Some have no polyp stages and some ( e.g. hydra ) have no medusae . In some species , the medusae remain attached to the polyp and are responsible for sexual reproduction ; in extreme cases these reproductive zooids may not look much like medusae . Meanwhile , life cycle reversal , in which polyps are formed directly from medusae without the involvement of sexual reproduction process , was observed in both Hydrozoa ( Turritopsis dohrnii and Laodicea undulata ) and Scyphozoa ( Aurelia sp. 1 ) . Anthozoa have no medusa stage at all and the polyps are responsible for sexual reproduction . Spawning is generally driven by environmental factors such as changes in the water temperature , and their release is triggered by lighting conditions such as sunrise , sunset or the phase of the moon . Many species of Cnidaria may spawn simultaneously in the same location , so that there are too many ova and sperm for predators to eat more than a tiny percentage -- one famous example is the Great Barrier Reef , where at least 110 corals and a few non-cnidarian invertebrates produce enough gametes to turn the water cloudy . These mass spawnings may produce hybrids , some of which can settle and form polyps , but it is not known how long these can survive . In some species the ova release chemicals that attract sperm of the same species . The fertilized eggs develop into larvae by dividing until there are enough cells to form a hollow sphere ( blastula ) and then a depression forms at one end ( gastrulation ) and eventually becomes the digestive cavity . However , in cnidarians the depression forms at the end further from the yolk ( at the animal pole ) , while in bilaterians it forms at the other end ( vegetal pole ) . The larvae , called planulae , swim or crawl by means of cilia . They are cigar - shaped but slightly broader at the `` front '' end , which is the aboral , vegetal - pole end and eventually attaches to a substrate if the species has a polyp stage . Anthozoan larvae either have large yolks or are capable of feeding on plankton , and some already have endosymbiotic algae that help to feed them . Since the parents are immobile , these feeding capabilities extend the larvae 's range and avoid overcrowding of sites . Scyphozoan and hydrozoan larvae have little yolk and most lack endosymbiotic algae , and therefore have to settle quickly and metamorphose into polyps . Instead , these species rely on their medusae to extend their ranges . Asexual ( edit ) All known cnidaria can reproduce asexually by various means , in addition to regenerating after being fragmented . Hydrozoan polyps only bud , while the medusae of some hydrozoans can divide down the middle . Scyphozoan polyps can both bud and split down the middle . In addition to both of these methods , Anthozoa can split horizontally just above the base . Asexual reproduction makes the daughter cnidarian a clone of the adult . Classification ( edit ) Cnidarians were for a long time grouped with Ctenophores in the phylum Coelenterata , but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla . Modern cnidarians are generally classified into four main classes : sessile Anthozoa ( sea anemones , corals , sea pens ) ; swimming Scyphozoa ( jellyfish ) and Cubozoa ( box jellies ) ; and Hydrozoa , a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms , and has both sessile members such as Hydra and colonial swimmers such as the Portuguese Man o ' War . Staurozoa have recently been recognised as a class in their own right rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa , and the parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa are now recognized as highly derived cnidarians rather than more closely related to the bilaterians . Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa Number of species 3,600 228 42 6,100 Examples Hydra , siphonophores Jellyfish Box jellies Sea anemones , corals , sea pens Cells found in mesoglea No Yes Yes Yes Nematocysts in exodermis No Yes Yes Yes Medusa phase in life cycle In some species Yes Yes No Number of medusae produced per polyp Many Many One ( not applicable ) Stauromedusae , small sessile cnidarians with stalks and no medusa stage , have traditionally been classified as members of the Scyphozoa , but recent research suggests they should be regarded as a separate class , Staurozoa . The Myxozoa , microscopic parasites , were first classified as protozoans . Research then suggested that Polypodium hydriforme , a parasite within the egg cells of sturgeon , is closely related to the Myxozoa and that both Polypodium and the Myxozoa were intermediate between cnidarians and bilaterian animals . More recent research demonstrated that the previous identification of bilaterian genes reflected contamination of the Myxozoan samples by material from their host organism , and they are now firmly identified as heavily derived cnidarians , and more closely related to Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa than to Anthozoa . Some researchers classify the extinct conulariids as cnidarians , while others propose that they form a completely separate phylum . Current classification according to the World Register of Marine Species : class Anthozoa Ehrenberg , 1834 subclass Ceriantharia Perrier , 1893 -- Tube - dwelling anemones subclass Hexacorallia Haeckel , 1896 - stony corals subclass Octocorallia Haeckel , 1866 - soft corals and sea fans class Cubozoa Werner , 1973 -- box jellies class Hydrozoa Owen , 1843 -- hydrozoans ( fire corals , hydroids , hydroid jellyfishes , siphonophores ... ) class Myxozoa -- minute polyps class Polypodiozoa Raikova , 1994 ( uncertain status ) class Scyphozoa Goette , 1887 -- `` true '' jellyfishes class Staurozoa Marques & Collins , 2004 -- stalked jellyfishes Cerianthus filiformis ( Ceriantharia ) Sea anemones ( Actinaria , part of Hexacorallia ) Coral Acropora muricata ( Scleractinia , part of Hexacorallia ) Sea fan Gorgonia ventalina ( Alcyonacea , part of Octocorallia ) Bok jellyfish Carybdea branchi ( Cubozoa ) Siphonophore Physalia physalis ( Hydrozoa ) Myxobolus cerebralis ( Myxozoa ) Polypodium hydriforme ( Polypodiozoa ) Jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata ( Scyphozoa ) Stalked jelly Haliclystus antarcticus ( Staurozoa ) Ecology ( edit ) Many cnidarians are limited to shallow waters because they depend on endosymbiotic algae for much of their nutrients . The life cycles of most have polyp stages , which are limited to locations that offer stable substrates . Nevertheless , major cnidarian groups contain species that have escaped these limitations . Hydrozoans have a worldwide range : some , such as Hydra , live in freshwater ; Obelia appears in the coastal waters of all the oceans ; and Liriope can form large shoals near the surface in mid-ocean . Among anthozoans , a few scleractinian corals , sea pens and sea fans live in deep , cold waters , and some sea anemones inhabit polar seabeds while others live near hydrothermal vents over 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) below sea - level . Reef - building corals are limited to tropical seas between 30 ° N and 30 ° S with a maximum depth of 46 m ( 151 ft ) , temperatures between 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) and 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) high salinity and low carbon dioxide levels . Stauromedusae , although usually classified as jellyfish , are stalked , sessile animals that live in cool to Arctic waters . Cnidarians range in size from a mere handful of cells for myxozoan through Hydra 's 5 -- 20 mm ( 0.20 -- 0.79 in ) long , to the Lion 's mane jellyfish , which may exceed 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) in diameter and 75 m ( 246 ft ) in length . Prey of cnidarians ranges from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves . Some cnidarians are parasites , mainly on jellyfish but a few are major pests of fish . Others obtain most of their nourishment from endosymbiotic algae or dissolved nutrients . Predators of cnidarians include : sea slugs , which can incorporate nematocysts into their own bodies for self - defense ; starfish , notably the crown of thorns starfish , which can devastate corals ; butterfly fish and parrot fish , which eat corals ; and marine turtles , which eat jellyfish . Some sea anemones and jellyfish have a symbiotic relationship with some fish ; for example clown fish live among the tentacles of sea anemones , and each partner protects the other against predators . Coral reefs form some of the world 's most productive ecosystems . Common coral reef cnidarians include both Anthozoans ( hard corals , octocorals , anemones ) and Hydrozoans ( fire corals , lace corals ) . The endosymbiotic algae of many cnidarian species are very effective primary producers , in other words converters of inorganic chemicals into organic ones that other organisms can use , and their coral hosts use these organic chemicals very efficiently . In addition , reefs provide complex and varied habitats that support a wide range of other organisms . Fringing reefs just below low - tide level also have a mutually beneficial relationship with mangrove forests at high - tide level and seagrass meadows in between : the reefs protect the mangroves and seagrass from strong currents and waves that would damage them or erode the sediments in which they are rooted , while the mangroves and seagrass protect the coral from large influxes of silt , fresh water and pollutants . This additional level of variety in the environment is beneficial to many types of coral reef animals , which for example may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding . Evolutionary history ( edit ) The fossil coral Cladocora from Pliocene rocks in Cyprus Fossil Record ( edit ) The earliest widely accepted animal fossils are rather modern - looking cnidarians , possibly from around 580 million years ago , although fossils from the Doushantuo Formation can only be dated approximately . The identification of some of these as embryos of animals has been contested , but other fossils from these rocks strongly resemble tubes and other mineralized structures made by corals . Their presence implies that the cnidarian and bilaterian lineages had already diverged . Although the Ediacaran fossil Charnia used to be classified as a jellyfish or sea pen , more recent study of growth patterns in Charnia and modern cnidarians has cast doubt on this hypothesis , leaving only the Canadian polyp , Haootia , as the only bona - fide cnidarian body fossil from the Ediacaran . Few fossils of cnidarians without mineralized skeletons are known from more recent rocks , except in lagerstätten that preserved soft - bodied animals . A few mineralized fossils that resemble corals have been found in rocks from the Cambrian period , and corals diversified in the Early Ordovician . These corals , which were wiped out in the Permian - Triassic extinction about 251 million years ago , did not dominate reef construction since sponges and algae also played a major part . During the Mesozoic era rudist bivalves were the main reef - builders , but they were wiped out in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago , and since then the main reef - builders have been scleractinian corals . Family tree ( edit ) Further information : Phylogeny Metazoa Glass sponges Demosponges Calcareous sponges Eumetazoa Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) Planulozoa Cnidaria Anthozoa ( sea anemones and corals ) Myxozoa Medusozoa Hydrozoa ( Hydra , siphonophores , etc . ) Cubozoa ( box jellies ) Staurozoa `` Scyphozoa '' ( jellyfish , excluding Staurozoa ) Placozoa Bilateria Family tree of Cnidaria and the origins of animals It is difficult to reconstruct the early stages in the evolutionary `` family tree '' of animals using only morphology ( their shapes and structures ) , because the large differences between Porifera ( sponges ) , Cnidaria plus Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) , Placozoa and Bilateria ( all the more complex animals ) make comparisons difficult . Hence reconstructions now rely largely or entirely on molecular phylogenetics , which groups organisms according to similarities and differences in their biochemistry , usually in their DNA or RNA . It is now generally thought that the Calcarea ( sponges with calcium carbonate spicules ) are more closely related to Cnidaria , Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) and Bilateria ( all the more complex animals ) than they are to the other groups of sponges . In 1866 it was proposed that Cnidaria and Ctenophora were more closely related to each other than to Bilateria and formed a group called Coelenterata ( `` hollow guts '' ) , because Cnidaria and Ctenophora both rely on the flow of water in and out of a single cavity for feeding , excretion and respiration . In 1881 , it was proposed that Ctenophora and Bilateria were more closely related to each other , since they shared features that Cnidaria lack , for example muscles in the middle layer ( mesoglea in Ctenophora , mesoderm in Bilateria ) . However more recent analyses indicate that these similarities are rather vague , and the current view , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that Cnidaria and Bilateria are more closely related to each other than either is to Ctenophora . This grouping of Cnidaria and Bilateria has been labelled `` Planulozoa '' because it suggests that the earliest Bilateria were similar to the planula larvae of Cnidaria . Within the Cnidaria , the Anthozoa ( sea anemones and corals ) are regarded as the sister - group of the rest , which suggests that the earliest cnidarians were sessile polyps with no medusa stage . However , it is unclear how the other groups acquired the medusa stage , since Hydrozoa form medusae by budding from the side of the polyp while the other Medusozoa do so by splitting them off from the tip of the polyp . The traditional grouping of Scyphozoa included the Staurozoa , but morphology and molecular phylogenetics indicate that Staurozoa are more closely related to Cubozoa ( box jellies ) than to other `` Scyphozoa '' . Similarities in the double body walls of Staurozoa and the extinct Conulariida suggest that they are closely related . The position of Anthozoa nearest the beginning of the cnidarian family tree also implies that Anthozoa are the cnidarians most closely related to Bilateria , and this is supported by the fact that Anthozoa and Bilateria share some genes that determine the main axes of the body . However , in 2005 Katja Seipel and Volker Schmid suggested that cnidarians and ctenophores are simplified descendants of triploblastic animals , since ctenophores and the medusa stage of some cnidarians have striated muscle , which in bilaterians arises from the mesoderm . They did not commit themselves on whether bilaterians evolved from early cnidarians or from the hypothesized triploblastic ancestors of cnidarians . In molecular phylogenetics analyses from 2005 onwards , important groups of developmental genes show the same variety in cnidarians as in chordates . In fact cnidarians , and especially anthozoans ( sea anemones and corals ) , retain some genes that are present in bacteria , protists , plants and fungi but not in bilaterians . The mitochondrial genome in the medusozoan cnidarians , unlike those in other animals , is linear with fragmented genes . The reason for this difference is unknown . Interaction with humans ( edit ) The dangerous `` sea wasp '' Chironex fleckeri Jellyfish stings killed about 1,500 people in the 20th century , and cubozoans are particularly dangerous . On the other hand , some large jellyfish are considered a delicacy in East and Southeast Asia . Coral reefs have long been economically important as providers of fishing grounds , protectors of shore buildings against currents and tides , and more recently as centers of tourism . However , they are vulnerable to over-fishing , mining for construction materials , pollution , and damage caused by tourism . Beaches protected from tides and storms by coral reefs are often the best places for housing in tropical countries . Reefs are an important food source for low - technology fishing , both on the reefs themselves and in the adjacent seas . However , despite their great productivity , reefs are vulnerable to over-fishing , because much of the organic carbon they produce is exhaled as carbon dioxide by organisms at the middle levels of the food chain and never reaches the larger species that are of interest to fishermen . Tourism centered on reefs provides much of the income of some tropical islands , attracting photographers , divers and sports fishermen . However , human activities damage reefs in several ways : mining for construction materials ; pollution , including large influxes of fresh water from storm drains ; commercial fishing , including the use of dynamite to stun fish and the capture of young fish for aquariums ; and tourist damage caused by boat anchors and the cumulative effect of walking on the reefs . Coral , mainly from the Pacific Ocean has long been used in jewellery , and demand rose sharply in the 1980s . The dangerous Carukia barnesi , one of the known species of box jellyfish which can cause Irukandji syndrome . Some large jellyfish species of the Rhizostomae order are commonly consumed in Japan , Korea and Southeast Asia . In parts of the range , fishing industry is restricted to daylight hours and calm conditions in two short seasons , from March to May and August to November . The commercial value of jellyfish food products depends on the skill with which they are prepared , and `` Jellyfish Masters '' guard their trade secrets carefully . Jellyfish is very low in cholesterol and sugars , but cheap preparation can introduce undesirable amounts of heavy metals . The `` sea wasp '' Chironex fleckeri has been described as the world 's most venomous jellyfish and is held responsible for 67 deaths , although it is difficult to identify the animal as it is almost transparent . Most stingings by C. fleckeri cause only mild symptoms . Seven other box jellies can cause a set of symptoms called Irukandji syndrome , which takes about 30 minutes to develop , and from a few hours to two weeks to disappear . Hospital treatment is usually required , and there have been a few deaths . A number of Myxozoans are commercially important pathogens in salmonid aquaculture . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Classes in Medusozoa based on `` ITIS Report -- Taxon : Subphylum Medusozoa '' . 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( October 2005 ) . `` Cnidarians and ancestral genetic complexity in the animal kingdom '' . Trends in Genetics . 21 ( 10 ) : 536 -- 539 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2005.08. 002 . PMID 16098631 . Jump up ^ Technau , U. ; Rudd , S. & Maxwell , P ( December 2005 ) . `` Maintenance of ancestral complexity and non-metazoan genes in two basal cnidarians '' . Trends in Genetics . 21 ( 12 ) : 633 -- 639 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2005.09. 007 . PMID 16226338 . Jump up ^ Smith , D.R. ; Kayal , E. ; Yanagihara , A.A. ; Collins , A.G. ; Pirro , S. ; Keeling , P.J. ( 2011 ) . `` First Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence from a Box Jellyfish Reveals a Highly Fragmented Linear Architecture and Insights into Telomere Evolution '' . Genome Biology and Evolution. 4 : 52 -- 58 . doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evr127 . Jump up ^ Williamson , J.A. ; Fenner , P.J. ; Burnett , J.W. & Rifkin , J. ( 1996 ) . Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals : A Medical and Biological Handbook . UNSW Press . pp. 65 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 86840 - 279 - 6 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , J.R. ( 1998 ) . Coastal Seas : The Conservation Challenge . Blackwell . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 04955 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cronan , D.S. ( 1991 ) . Marine Minerals in Exclusive Economic Zones . Springer . pp. 63 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 29270 - X . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kitamura , M. ; Omori , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Synopsis of edible jellyfishes collected from Southeast Asia , with notes on jellyfish fisheries '' . Plankton and Benthos Research . 5 ( 3 ) : 106 -- 118 . doi : 10.3800 / pbr. 5.106 . ISSN 1880 - 8247 . Jump up ^ Omori , M. ; Kitamura , M. ( 2004 ) . `` Taxonomic review of three Japanese species of edible jellyfish ( Scyphozoa : Rhizostomeae ) '' . Plankton Biol. Ecol. 51 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Omori , M. ; Nakano , E. ( May 2001 ) . `` Jellyfish fisheries in southeast Asia '' . Hydrobiologia. 451 : 19 -- 26 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1011879821323 . Jump up ^ Y-H . Peggy Hsieh ; Fui - Ming Leong ; Jack Rudloe ( May 2001 ) . `` Jellyfish as food '' . Hydrobiologia. 451 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 11 -- 17 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1011875720415 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , M.I. ; Hendrickson , R.G. ; Silverberg , M. ; Campbell , C. & Morocco , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Box Jellyfish Envenomation '' . Greenberg 's Text - atlas of Emergency Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 875 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4586 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Little , M. ; Pereira , P. ; Carrette , T. & Seymour , J. ( June 2006 ) . `` Jellyfish Responsible for Irukandji Syndrome '' . QJM. 99 ( 6 ) : 425 -- 427 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcl057 . PMID 16687419 . Jump up ^ Barnes , J. ( 1964 ) . `` Cause and effect in Irukandji stingings '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 1 : 897 -- 904 . PMID 14172390 . Jump up ^ Grady J , Burnett J ( December 2003 ) . `` Irukandji - like syndrome in South Florida divers '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 42 ( 6 ) : 763 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0196 - 0644 ( 03 ) 00513 - 4 . PMID 14634600 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Arai , M.N. ( 1997 ) . A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa . London : Chapman & Hall ( p. 316 ) . ISBN 0 - 412 - 45110 - 7 . Ax , P. ( 1999 ) . Das System der Metazoa I. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik . Gustav Fischer , Stuttgart - Jena : Gustav Fischer . ISBN 3 - 437 - 30803 - 3 . Barnes , R.S.K. , P. Calow , P.J.W. Olive , D.W. Golding & J.I. Spicer ( 2001 ) . The invertebrates -- a synthesis . Oxford : Blackwell . 3rd edition ( chapter 3.4. 2 , p. 54 ) . ISBN 0 - 632 - 04761 - 5 . Brusca , R.C. , G.J. Brusca ( 2003 ) . Invertebrates . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer Associates . 2nd edition ( chapter 8 , p. 219 ) . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 097 - 3 . Dalby , A. ( 2003 ) . Food in the Ancient World : from A to Z . London : Routledge . Moore , J. ( 2001 ) . An Introduction to the Invertebrates . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ( chapter 4 , p. 30 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77914 - 6 . Schäfer , W. ( 1997 ) . Cnidaria , Nesseltiere . In Rieger , W. ( ed . ) Spezielle Zoologie . Teil 1 . Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere . Stuttgart - Jena : Gustav Fischer . Spektrum Akademischer Verl. , Heidelberg , 2004 . ISBN 3 - 8274 - 1482 - 2 . Werner , B. 4 . Stamm Cnidaria . In : V. Gruner ( ed . ) Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie . Begr . von Kaestner. 2 Bde . Stuttgart - Jena : Gustav Fischer , Stuttgart - Jena. 1954 , 1980 , 1984 , Spektrum Akad . Verl. , Heidelberg - Berlin , 1993 . 5th edition . ISBN 3 - 334 - 60474 - 8 . Journal. articles ( edit ) D. Bridge , B. Schierwater , C.W. Cunningham , R. DeSalle R , L.W. Buss : Mitochondrial DNA structure and the molecular phylogeny of recent cnidaria classes . in : Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . Philadelphia USA 89.1992 , p. 8750 . ISSN 0097 - 3157 D. Bridge , C.W. Cunningham , R. DeSalle , L.W. Buss : Class - level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria -- Molecular and morphological evidence . in : Molecular biology and evolution . Oxford University Press , Oxford 12.1995 , p. 679 . ISSN 0737 - 4038 D.G. Fautin : Reproduction of Cnidaria . in : Canadian Journal of Zoology . Ottawa Ont . 80.2002 , p. 1735 . ( PDF , online ) ISSN 0008 - 4301 G.O. Mackie : What 's new in cnidarian biology ? in : Canadian Journal of Zoology . Ottawa Ont . 80.2002 , p. 1649 . ( PDF , online ) ISSN 0008 - 4301 P. Schuchert : Phylogenetic analysis of the Cnidaria. in : Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung . Paray , Hamburg - Berlin 31.1993 , p. 161 . ISSN 0044 - 3808 G. Kass - Simon , A.A. Scappaticci Jr. : The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts. in : Canadian Journal of Zoology . Ottawa Ont . 80.2002 , p. 1772 . ( PDF , online ) ISSN 0044 - 3808 J. Zrzavý ( 2001 ) . `` The interrelationships of metazoan parasites : a review of phylum - and higher - level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses '' ( PDF ) . Folia Parasitologica. 48 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 103 . doi : 10.14411 / fp. 2001.013 . PMID 11437135 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Cnidaria The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Cnidaria Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cnidaria . Look up Cnidaria in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . YouTube : Nematocysts Firing YouTube : My Anemone Eat Meat Defensive and feeding behaviour of sea anemone Cnidaria - Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia , Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute A Cnidaria homepage maintained by University of California , Irvine Cnidaria page at Tree of Life Fossil Gallery : Cnidarians The Hydrozoa Directory Hexacorallians of the World Eukaryota Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Diaphoretickes Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Green algae Plantae s.s. Chlorophyta Streptophyta Chlorokybophyceae Mesostigmatophyceae Spirotaenia Cryptista Corbihelia Cryptophyta A + H Ancoracysta twista Haptista Centroheliozoa Haptophyta TSAR SAR Halvaria Alveolata Ciliates Miozoa Acavomonadia Colponemidia Myzozoa Stramenopiles ( heterokonts ) Bicosoecea Developea Hyphochytrea Ochrophyta Peronosporomycota Pirsoniomycota Placidozoa Platysulcea Sagenista Rhizaria Filosa Phytomyxea Retaria Ectoreta Marimyxia Vampyrellidea Telonemia Incertae sedis Kamera lens Discoba Eolouka Jakobea Tsukubea Discicristata Euglenozoa Percolozoa Loukozoa Ancyromonadida Malawimonadea Metamonada ( Anaeromonada , Trichozoa ) Podiata Amorphea Amoebozoa Conosa ( Archamoebae , Semiconosia ) Lobosa ( Cutosea , Discosea , Tubulinea ) Obazoa Apusomonadida Breviatea Opisthokonta Holomycota Cristidiscoidea Zoosporia Opisthosporidia True fungi Holozoa Ichthyosporea Pluriformea Syssomonas Corallochytrea Filozoa Choanoflagellates Filasterea Metazoa or Animals CRuMs Diphyllatea Mantamonadida Rigifilida Micronucleariida ? Incertae sedis Parakaryon myojinensis † Acritarcha † Charnia † Gakarusia † Galaxiopsis † Grypania † Leptoteichos Major kingdoms are underlined . See also : protist . Sources and alternative views : Wikispecies . Extant Animal phyla Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Animalia Porifera ( sponges ) Diploblasts ( Eumetazoa ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) ParaHoxozoa P + C Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) Bilateria ( Triploblasts ) Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids Nephrozoa ( see below ↓ ) Nephrozoa Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates Vertebrata / Craniata Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives ) Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs Protostomia Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) N + L + P Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) L + P Loricifera ( corset animals ) Panarthropoda Onychophora ( velvet worms ) Tactopoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Spiralia Gnathifera Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) M + S Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera ( wheel animals ) Acanthocephala ( thorny - headed worms ) Platytrochozoa R + M Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Monoblastozoa ( Salinella ) Rouphozoa Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Annelida ( ringed worms ) M + K Mollusca ( molluscs ) Kryptotrochozoa Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Lophophorata Bryozoa s.l. Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta ( moss animals ) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda ( lamp shells ) Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) Major groups within phyla Sponges Hexactinellid Demosponge Calcareous Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc . corals Hexacorallia Octocorallia Medusozoa inc . jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc . starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Sipuncula Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 1000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts Extant Cnidaria classes Anthozoa Anthozoa ( corals , anemones ) Medusozoa Cubozoa ( box jellyfish ) Hydrozoa ( hydrozoans ) Scyphozoa ( true jellyfish ) Staurozoa ( stalked jellyfish ) Polypodiozoa ( Polypodium ) Myxozoa Malacosporea Myxosporea Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q25441 Wikispecies : Cnidaria ADW : Cnidaria EoL : 1745 EPPO : 1CNIDP Fauna Europaea : 10979 Fossilworks : 4524 GBIF : 43 iNaturalist : 47534 IRMNG : 151 ITIS : 48738 NCBI : 6073 NZOR : 6e5a7c0d - bd28 - 48cb - ade4 - c4904cbf0b66 uBio : 230490 WoRMS : 1267 BNE : XX530049 BNF : cb119653720 ( data ) GND : 4171498 - 2 LCCN : sh98001754 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cnidaria&oldid=865990167 '' Categories : Cnidarians Aquatic animals Animal phyla Freshwater animals Marine animals Ediacaran first appearances Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 14 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name the two forms of polymorphism in cnidarian	[ "Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians, particularly the polyp and medusa forms, or of zooids within colonial organisms like those in Hydrozoa.[17] In Hydrozoans, colonial individuals arising from individuals zooids will take on separate tasks.[18]\nFor example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.\n", "Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians, particularly the polyp and medusa forms, or of zooids within colonial organisms like those in Hydrozoa.[17] In Hydrozoans, colonial individuals arising from individuals zooids will take on separate tasks.[18]\nFor example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.\n" ]	[ "polyp", "medusa" ]
-6263980049276274431	Bubba Gump Shrimp Company	Bubba Gump Shrimp company - wikipedia Bubba Gump Shrimp company Jump to : navigation , search Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Type Subsidiary Industry Seafood restaurant Founded Monterey , California ( 1996 ) Headquarters Houston , Texas Number of locations 44 restaurants Area served United States Mexico Malaysia London Hong Kong Indonesia Japan Marianas Philippines Spain Parent Landry 's , Inc . ( 2010 -- present ) Website www.bubbagump.com The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant in Long Beach , California . The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant in Times Square , New York City . The Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Restaurant and Market is an American seafood restaurant chain inspired by the 1994 film Forrest Gump . As of July 2015 , forty Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurants operate worldwide . Twenty - nine of these locations are in the United States , four are in Mexico , three are in Malaysia , and one each in London , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Japan , the Marianas and the Philippines . The company is based in Houston , Texas , and has been a division of Landry 's Restaurants since 2010 . The first Bubba Gump restaurant opened in 1996 in Monterey , California by Viacom Consumer Products . That firm 's parent company , Viacom , is owner of Paramount Pictures , the distributor of Forrest Gump , and also owns the Rusty Pelican restaurant chain . The Bubba Gump restaurant is named after the film 's characters Benjamin Buford `` Bubba '' Blue and Forrest Gump . In the film , Bubba suggested getting in the shrimping business and , ultimately , Forrest pursued the idea after Bubba 's death in the Vietnam War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Locations 3 Employee social media policy 4 Notable employees 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1995 , Paramount Pictures approached Rusty Pelican Restaurants Inc. with a desire to create a restaurant based on a theme from Paramount 's 1994 film Forrest Gump . The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. was created as a result . Within a year the Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. created a concept idea for the restaurant chain which was then licensed by Paramount Licensing , Inc . In 1996 , the first Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant was opened in Monterey , California ; its success led to its franchising on an international scale . In November 2010 , Landry 's , Inc. acquired Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. for an undisclosed amount . The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. purchase also included a lone Rusty Pelican in Newport Beach , California . Bubba Gump Restaurant in Hong Kong Like the name suggests , Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. 's menu consists mostly of shrimp dishes and other seafood , as well as Southern and Cajun cuisine . The restaurant offers dishes named after characters in the movie , like Jenny 's Catch and the restaurant 's bestseller Forrest 's Seafood Feast . Restaurants display movie memorabilia throughout the restaurant . Guests can play Forrest Gump movie trivia and can signal their waiter with a `` Stop , Forrest , Stop '' sign . Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. also has a children 's menu . Locations ( edit ) Anaheim - Anaheim GardenWalk Ara Damansara - Citta Mall Baltimore - Inner Harbor Bandar Sunway - Sunway Pyramid Biloxi - Golden Nugget Biloxi Cancún - Flamingo Mall Cancún - Cancún International Airport ( Terminal 2 ) Cancún - Cancún International Airport ( Terminal 3 ) Charleston - Downtown Chicago - Navy Pier Daytona Beach - Ocean Walk Shoppes Denver - Downtown Destin - Beachfront Ft . Lauderdale - Beachfront Galveston - Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier Gatlinburg - Gatlinburg Convention Center Universal Studios Hollywood - Universal CityWalk Hong Kong - Peak Tower Honolulu - Ala Moana Center Indonesia - Bali Kailua Kona - Ali'i Drive Kemah - Kemah Boardwalk Kuta - Kartika Plaza Las Vegas - Las Vegas Strip Laughlin - Golden Nugget Laughlin London - London Trocadero Long Beach - Aquarium of the Pacific Madeira Beach - John 's Pass ( Largest Bubba Gump 's location worldwide ) Makati - Greenbelt ( Ayala Center ) Bloomington - Mall of America Lahaina - Oceanfront Miami - Biscayne Boulevard Monterey - Cannery Row Mutiara Damansara - The Curve New Orleans - Decatur Street , French Quarter New York City - Times Square Orlando - Universal CityWalk Osaka - Universal CityWalk Puerto Vallarta - Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport Saipan - Garapan San Francisco - Pier 39 Santa Monica - Santa Monica Pier Tokyo - LaQua Toyosu - LaLaport Employee social media Policy ( edit ) In 2013 , a former Bubba Gump employee claimed that the social media policy in the company 's employee handbook had a restrictive effect on employees ' rights by prohibiting them from discussing their jobs online . In 2015 , a National Labor Relations Board administrative law judge ruled that Bubba Gump did not violate employees ' rights as they did not explicitly prohibit employees from discussing job - related subjects , but only expected them to do so in a civil manner . There have been many cases in the last few years in which the National Labor Relations Board found companies social media policies to be overbroad and ruled in favor of the employee ( s ) . Notable employees ( edit ) Actor Chris Pratt was discovered in 2000 while working as a waiter at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. in Maui , Hawaii . He waited on the table of actor / director Rae Dawn Chong , who had starred in one of Pratt 's favorite films , Commando . Chong offered Pratt a role in a short movie she was directing at the time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Page '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Landry 's acquires Bubba Gump Shrimp Co . '' . nrn.com . Jump up ^ Mackie , Drew ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Ways Forrest Gump Changed Pop Culture -- and Is Still with Us , 20 Years Later '' . People Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bubba Gump Menu '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Oldham , Douglas M. ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` Outlier ... or National Labor Relations Board Shift on Social Media Policies ? '' . The National Law Review . Barnes & Thornberg LLP . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Landry 's Inc. v. Flores , case number 32 - CA - 118213 '' . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Alexander ( 26 July 2015 ) . `` Surprise ! NLRB Approves Employer 's Challenged Social Media Policy '' . The National Law Review . Allen Matkins Leck Gamble Mallory & Natsis LLP . ISSN 2161 - 3362 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaleem Aftab ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt : From Parks and Recreation to Guardians of the Galaxy '' . The Independent . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bubba Gump Shrimp Company . Official website NY Magazine : Bubba Gump Shrimp Co . Landry 's , Inc . Tilman J. Fertitta Entertainment destinations Downtown Aquarium , Denver Downtown Aquarium , Houston Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier Golden Nugget Atlantic City Golden Nugget Las Vegas Golden Nugget Laughlin Kemah Boardwalk Restaurants Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Claim Jumper Fish Tales McCormick & Schmick 's Morton 's The Steakhouse Muer Seafood Restaurants Rainforest Cafe Saltgrass Steak House T - Rex Cafe Tower of the Americas Vic & Anthony 's Steakhouse Winston Groom 's Forrest Gump ( 1986 ) Characters Forrest Gump Films Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Accolades Music Forrest Gump ( soundtrack ) Forrest Gump -- Original Motion Picture Score ( score ) Other `` Gump '' ( satire ) Gump and Co. ( sequel novel ) Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubba_Gump_Shrimp_Company&oldid=801801024 '' Categories : Restaurant franchises Theme restaurants Seafood restaurants in the United States Retail companies established in 1996 Companies based in Houston 1996 establishments in California Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first bubba gump shrimp open	[ "In 1995, Paramount Pictures approached Rusty Pelican Restaurants Inc. with a desire to create a restaurant based on a theme from Paramount's 1994 film Forrest Gump. The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. was created as a result. Within a year the Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. created a concept idea for the restaurant chain which was then licensed by Paramount Licensing, Inc. In 1996, the first Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant was opened in Monterey, California; its success led to its franchising on an international scale.[2]" ]	[ "1996" ]
-5074074942753921253	American Civil War	American Civil War - Wikipedia American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate Army Confederate Marines Confederate Navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast The American Civil War ( commonly known as the `` Civil War '' in the United States ) was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America , who advocated for states ' rights to perpetual slavery and its expansion in the Americas . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although Britain and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal , including the border states where slavery was legal , were known as the Union or the North . The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of Appomattox , which triggered a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead , a higher number than the number of American military deaths in all other wars combined . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in American history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude to war 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.6 National elections 2.6. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.6. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Civil War commemoration 7.4 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Prelude to War In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won many Southern leaders felt that disunion had become their only option , because they thought that they were losing representation , which would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war , in large measure , to protect southern society , and slavery was an integral part of it . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism refers to the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . It increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . New Orleans , the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills , shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North , South and Border states Protectionism Historically , southern slave - holding states , because of their low cost manual labor , had little perceived need for mechanization , and supported having the right to sell cotton and purchase manufactured goods from any nation . Northern states , which had heavily invested in their still - nascent manufacturing , could not compete with the full - fledged industries of Europe in offering high prices for cotton imported from the South and low prices for manufactured exports in return . Thus , northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade . The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Whigs and Republicans complained because they favored high tariffs to stimulate industrial growth , and Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited -- long after the war -- by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff , and when some did , for instance , Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley , they were generally writing for a foreign audience . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . National elections Beginning in the American Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812 , the people of the United States grew in the sense that their country was a national republic based on the belief that all people had inalienable political liberty and personal rights which could serve as an important example to the rest of the world . Previous regional independence movements such as the Greek revolt in the Ottoman Empire , the division and redivision of the Latin American political map , and the British - French Crimean triumph leading to an interest in redrawing Europe along cultural differences , all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation - state . In the world of 19th century self - made Americans , growing in prosperity , population and expanding westward , `` freedom '' could mean personal liberty or property rights . The unresolved difference would cause failure -- first in their political institutions , then in their civil life together . Nationalism and honor Abraham Lincoln 16th U.S. President ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people of the United States had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining the republic , based on the people 's vote . The people must now show : `` ... successful maintenance ( of the Republic ) against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it . It is now for them to demonstrate to the world that those who can fairly carry an election can also suppress a rebellion ; that ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets ; and that when ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided , there can be no successful appeal back to bullets ; that there can be no successful appeal , except to ballots themselves , at succeeding elections . Such will be a great lesson of peace ; teaching men that what they can not take by an election , neither can they take it by a war ... '' Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and , even , secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the ' slaveholding states ' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` ... was intended to be perpetual , '' but that , `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union , '' was not among the `` ... enumerated powers granted to Congress . '' One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. Marshals and Judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia and North Carolina . In Lincoln 's inaugural address , he stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward who at that time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , and Fort Taylor , and in the cockpit of secession , Charleston , South Carolina 's Fort Sumter . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting April 20 , 1861 , to support the Government at Washington 's equestrian statue in Union Square NYC Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina , where the U.S. fort 's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Unlike Buchanan , who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed , Lincoln required Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' However , much of the North 's attitude was based on the false belief that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law , and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus , in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia , by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state . ( See also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with a submarine , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , the CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , the Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , the Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , the USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour battle between the Ironclads was a draw , but it marked the worldwide transition to ironclad warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy , however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and by fire rafts . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky in March 1862 . In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater For more details on this topic , see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War . In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater For more details on this topic , see Western Theater of the American Civil War . While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi For more details on Missouri in the Civil War , see Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % negligible Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % negligible Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % negligible Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could only continue to fight the war as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederates army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction Era of the United States Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . Beardian historiography The interpretation of the Civil War presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 , US ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2012 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest Battles of the American Civil War Naval bibliography of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Hispanic Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Italian Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade , Union -- of the American Civil War Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Infantry in the American Civil War Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slaves and the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' References Notes Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There . '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Total number that served ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13th 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13th 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 - 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Chauncey H. Cooke a Private in Company G 25th Wisconsin wrote in January , 1863 : I have no heart in this war if the slaves can not go free . Our cause is nobler even than the Revolution , for they fought for their own freedom , while we fight for that of another race . Walter S. Poor entered the war a private on 4 / 27 / 1861 at New York City , NY . In Company B 10th NY Infantry . On 3 / 29 / 1864 he was commissioned into Field & Staff NC Union 2nd Infantry where he rose in rank to Lieutenant - Colonel . He wrote in 1861 - 1862 : If the doom of slavery is not sealed by the war , I shall curse the day I entered the Army , or lifted a finger in the preservation of the Union , Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Sergeant William F. Pippey of Company H 29th Massachusetts , discharged as a 2nd Lieutenant for disability in 1863 wrote in 1862 : If anyone thinks this Army is fighting to free the Negro , they are terribly mistaken . Brevet Brig - General Charles Sheils Wainwright while a Major in the 1st NY Light Artillery in 1861 - 1862 said , If Lincoln caves in to the Black Republicans and makes this an abolition war , I for one will be sorry I ever lent a hand to it . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? . '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fontaine Maury ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` Captain Maury 's Letter on American Affairs : A Letter Addressed to Rear - Admiral Fitz Roy , of England '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol . I , pp. 171 -- 73 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` The Causes of the American Civil War : A Paper Contributed to the London Times '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol. 1 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived 2004 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Russell McClintock ( 2008 ) . Lincoln and the Decision for War : The Northern Response to Secession . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 254 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3188 - 5 . Provides details of support across the North . Online preview . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( 3 Dec 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . PMID 22512048 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . JSTOR 2204926 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the majority of the civil war fought	[ "The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years. The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of Appomattox, which triggered a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states. Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead, a higher number than the number of American military deaths in all other wars combined. Much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially the transportation systems. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and 4 million slaves were freed. The Reconstruction Era (1863–1877) overlapped and followed the war, with the process of restoring national unity, strengthening the national government, and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in American history.[16]" ]	[ "the South" ]
248478525016722236	The Fast and the Furious	The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film franchise . For the franchise 's first film , see The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) . For other uses , see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ) . The Fast and the Furious Created by Universal Studios Films and television Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift -- Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 ) Official website http://www.fastandfurious.com/ The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . The spin - off film is set to be released on July 26 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.9 Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) 1.10 Future 2 Short films 2.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 3 Storyline chronology 4 Cast and crew members 4.1 Characters 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 Franchise extension 6.1 Theme park attractions 6.2 Fast & Furious Live 6.2. 1 Tour overview 6.2. 2 UK Tour Dates 6.2. 3 Worldwide Tour Dates 6.3 Soundtracks 6.4 Video games 6.5 Toys and model kits 7 International locations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) . Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty , badly injured in a car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , who flees with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince . Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car . '' 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission . Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone , Jr . ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) . As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica . With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself . The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail . While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift . Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata . Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto . Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films , takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift . About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers . The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico . Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus . Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site . Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . To reduce their disadvantage , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family . While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft , allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down . Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen . The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him . Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom . Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs for the series were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw has been announced by Universal and has a release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black is being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year . On October 23 , 2017 , Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off , titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018 , David Leitch entered talks to direct the film . In March 2018 , it was reported that the film will start production in September 2018 . On April 12 , 2018 , it was announced that Leitch would direct the film . Future ( edit ) In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment . In September of the same year , both Caleb and Cody Walker revealed to Entertainment Tonight that their brother 's character may possibly return for another cameo in the franchise . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films . Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' . Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted . Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017 Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson Erik Bergquist David Ayer Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38,000,000 $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76,000,000 $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85,000,000 $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85,000,000 $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160,000,000 $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190,000,000 $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250,000,000 $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 Total $1,009,000,000 $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 240 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 253 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 . Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19 , 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September . The following list is sourced from the tour 's website . Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London ; Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 20 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Vienna ; Munich ; Cologne ; Lisbon ; Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 36 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 ) UK Tour Dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018 Worldwide Tour Dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne 2 - 4 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning , under the JL Full Throttle Brand , released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films . Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013 . International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and the United States . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew '' . Fast and Furious . January 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious : The Rock And Jason Statham Spin - Off Coming In 2019 '' . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff '' . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's Fast and Furious Spin - Off Begins Shooting This Fall '' . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : ' Fast And Furious 9 ' Delay Offers Answer To Universal 's ' Wicked ' Problem '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 9 ' Moved Back a Year to 2020 '' . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series '' . April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Paul Walker 's brother Cody claims Fast & Furious : Ride or Die ' WILL be filmed and set in Australia ' '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ aegies . `` The Fast & Furious Timeline '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- WORLDWIDE GROSSES - Overseas '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- Franchise Index '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Gross '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo -- Alltime Box Office -- Worldwide Grosses & # 1 - 100 '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheNumbers Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious '' . thestudiotour.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN Cars ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Fast and Furious : Extreme Close Up '' . IGN . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser . `` ' Fast & Furious - Supercharged ' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog '' . Close Up . Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown , The Guardian , 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . Micro RC Cars . November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HW City / Speed Power Series ( 2013 New Model ) : Toyota Supra - Orange Track Diecast , 8 January 2016 Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Cite error : There are < ref group = N > tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = N ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=837187283 '' Categories : The Fast and the Furious Action films by series American action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno - thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 07 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the fast and the furious franchise	[ "The Fast and the Furious (also known as Fast & Furious) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing, heists and espionage, and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films. Distributed by Universal Pictures, the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious; this was followed by seven sequels, two short films that tie into the series, and as of May 2017,[1] it has become Universal's biggest franchise of all time, currently the sixth-highest-grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion.[2] The spin-off film is set to be released on July 26, 2019." ]	[ "Universal Pictures" ]
8111834290073133919	Baka (Japanese word)	Baka ( Japanese word ) - wikipedia Baka ( Japanese word ) For other uses , see Baka . Baka ( 馬鹿 , ばか , or バカ ) means `` fool ; idiot '' , or ( as an adjectival noun ) `` foolish '' and is the most frequently used pejorative term in the Japanese language . This word baka has a long history , an uncertain etymology ( possibly from Sanskrit or Classical Chinese ) , and linguistic complexities . Contents 1 Word 1.1 History 1.2 Etymologies 1.3 Related words 1.4 Meanings 2 Usages 2.1 Pragmatics 2.2 Dialectal 2.3 Proper names 2.4 English 3 References 4 External links Word ( edit ) The modern Japanese writing system transcribes the insult baka as バカ in katakana , ばか in hiragana , or 馬鹿 ( lit . `` horse deer '' ) in ateji phonetic kanji transcription ; earlier ateji renderings included 莫迦 , 母嫁 , 馬嫁 , or 破家 . History ( edit ) The first written usages of baka were during the Nanboku - chō period ( 1336 -- 1392 ) , when the `` Northern and Southern Courts '' battled . In the earliest example , the Taiheiki historical epic records bakamono 馬鹿者 being used as an insult in 1342 . The Ashikaga commander Toki Yoritō 土岐頼遠 refuses to pay obeisance to retired Emperor Kōgon ( r . 1313 - 1364 ) , `` Yoritō , probably inebriated , loudly demands to know what kind of fool ( bakamono ) has the temerity to order him to dismount . '' According to Carr , `` Shinmura found that the original editions ( fourteenth century ) of the Taiheiki had baka written バカ ; ( while ) later movable - type editions ( c. 1600 ) had the characters 馬鹿 . '' A Bunmei - era ( 1469 -- 1487 ) edition of the Setsuyōshū dictionary notes baka 馬鹿 , which was also written 母嫁 ( lit . `` mother bride '' ) , 馬嫁 ( lit . `` horse bride '' ) , or 破家 ( lit . `` break family '' ) , means rōzeki 狼藉 `` disorder ; confusion '' . Many classical Japanese texts used baka . For instance , the ( c. 1616 ) Kōyō Gunkan military chronicle transcribed baka as 馬嫁 . Ihara Saikaku 's ( 1682 ) Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko 好色一代男 `` The Life of an Amorous Man '' , which was a classic of the Ukiyozōshi genre , wrote baka with the modern kanji 馬鹿 . Etymologies ( edit ) Although the origins of baka are uncertain , Japanese scholars have proposed various etymologies and folk etymologies . The two most widely cited are a Classical Chinese idiom and a loanword from Sanskrit . First , the oldest hypothesis suggests that baka originated as a Chinese literary `` allusion to a historical fool '' , the Qin Dynasty traitor Zhao Gao ( d . 207 BCE ) from the Records of the Grand Historian . This etymology first appears in the ( c. 1548 ) Unbo irohashu 運歩色葉集 dictionary , which glosses baka 馬鹿 as meaning `` 指鹿曰馬 '' `` point at a deer and say horse '' . Namely , the Chinese idiom zhǐlù - wéimǎ 指鹿為馬 ( lit . `` point at a deer and call it a horse '' , Japanese 鹿を指して馬となす shika o sashite uma to nasu ) meaning `` deliberate misrepresentation for ulterior purposes '' . Zhao was an infamous minister who served the first emperor Qin Shi Huang ( r . 246 - 221 BCE ) and forced the second Qin Er Shi ( r . 210 - 207 BCE ) to commit suicide . Zhao Gao was contemplating treason but was afraid the other officials would not heed his commands , so he decided to test them first . He brought a deer and presented it to the Second Emperor but called it a horse . The Second Emperor laughed and said , `` Is the chancellor perhaps mistaken , calling a deer a horse ? '' Then the emperor questioned those around him . Some remained silent , while some , hoping to ingratiate themselves with Zhao Gao , said it was a horse , and others said it was a deer . Zhao Gao secretly arranged for all those who said it was a deer to be brought before the law . Thereafter the officials were all terrified of Zhao Gao . The Japanese idiom first appears in the 11th - century novel The Tale of Genji . Kokiden flew into a rage . `` A man out of favor with His Majesty is expected to have trouble feeding himself . And here he is living in a fine stylish house and saying awful things about all of us . No doubt the grovelers around him are assuring him that a deer is a horse . Second , the most linguistically sound etymology is that baka derives from a Sanskrit word meaning `` fool '' . According to the Japanese linguist and lexicographer Shinmura Izuru , the Edo - period scholar Amano Sadakage 天野信景 ( 1663 -- 1733 ) originally suggested that Japanese Buddhist priests coined the word baka `` fool '' from Sanskrit . Modern reference works give two possible Sanskrit sources for the word , moha ( transcribed 慕何 ) `` foolish '' and mahallaka ( 摩訶羅 ) `` stupid '' . Sanskrit moha मोह means `` bewilderment , loss of consciousness , delusion , folly '' and comes from the root muh `` bewildered , perplexed , confused '' . Sanskrit mahallaka means `` senile , feeble minded , stupid , decrepit '' and comes from mūrkha मोह `` dull , stupid , foolish , inexperienced ; fool '' . Other proposed etymologies for baka are less reliable . Two Edo - period dictionaries proposed that baka derived from : ōmaka 大まか `` generous ; unsparing '' ( Rigen shūran 俚言集覧 ) or bokeru 惚ける `` grow senile ; dote ; become feeble - minded '' ( Matsuya hiki 松屋筆記 ) . Related words ( edit ) Mumashika 馬鹿 depiction from the 1832 Hyakki Yakō Emaki The same 馬鹿 `` horse deer '' characters that transcribe baka are also used for names in Chinese zoological nomenclature and Japanese mythology . In the Chinese language , malu 馬鹿 refers to the common `` Red Deer ; Cervus elaphus '' , which has a Japanese name of akashika ( 赤鹿 , `` red deer '' ) . Mumashika is a rare alternate Japanese reading of 馬鹿 that names `` a yōkai demon with a horse 's head and deer 's body '' . The c. 1832 Hyakki Yakō Emaki 百鬼夜行絵巻 `` 100 Demons ' Night Parade Picture Scroll '' depicts it with one eye , horse mouth and ears , and deer horn and hooves . Meanings ( edit ) Based on semantic analyses of baka 馬鹿 entries in Japanese dictionaries and thesauruses , the lexicographer Michael Carr differentiates eight interrelated meanings . Three basic `` fool ; foolish '' meanings distinguish baka `` ass ; jerk ; fool '' , baka `` ament ; idiot ; imbecile ; fool '' ( ament is a rare but politically correct word for `` mentally deficient '' ) , and baka `` blockhead ; dullard ; dimwit ; simpleton ; dolt ; fool '' . These are found in many frequently - used Japanese expressions . Some more insulting lexemes are bakamono 馬鹿者 `` stupid / born fool '' , ōbaka 大馬鹿 `` big fool damned idiot '' , and baka - yarō 馬鹿野郎 `` stupid jerk , ass , asshole , dumbass '' . Some compounds are baka yoke 馬鹿ヨケ `` foolproof ; idiot - proof '' , baka warai 馬鹿笑い `` foolish / horse laugh '' and baka zura 馬鹿面 `` foolish face ; stupid look '' ; and some verb phrases are baka ni suru 馬鹿にする `` make a fool of ( someone ) ; treat with contempt '' , baka yobawarisuru 馬鹿よばわりする `` call ( someone ) a fool '' , and baka o miru 馬鹿を見る `` make a fool / ass of ( oneself ) '' . Two extended meanings of baka `` worthless '' and baka `` excess '' expand upon `` folly ; foolishness '' . Baka `` worthless ; foolish ; valueless ; trifling ; insignificant '' is used in expressions such as bakageta 馬鹿げた `` foolish ; absurd ; ridiculous '' ; bakana 馬鹿な `` foolish ; silly ; stupid '' ; and bakarashii 馬鹿らしい , bakabakabarashii 馬鹿々々らしい , or bakakusai 馬鹿臭い all meaning `` foolish ; absurd ; ridiculous '' . It is further used in phrases like baka ie 馬鹿言え `` Nonsense ! ; Go on ! '' , and bakana mane o suru 馬鹿な真似をする `` do a foolish thing ; act foolishly '' . Baka `` excess ; foolish ; absurd ; extreme ; extravagant '' is found in a number of expressions : bakani 馬鹿に or bakabakashiku 馬鹿々々しく `` awfully ; terribly ; extremely '' ; bakayasui 馬鹿安い `` ridiculously / dirt cheap '' ; bakane 馬鹿値 or bakadakai 馬鹿高い `` ridiculously expensive '' ; bakateinei 馬鹿丁寧 `` excessive politeness '' ; and bakashōjiki 馬鹿正直 `` honest to a fault '' . Three special meanings are unrelated semantic connections . Baka `` trough shell '' is a truncation of bakagai 馬鹿貝 `` trough shell ; Mactra chinensis '' . Baka `` numbness ( of limbs ) '' is used in the expression baka ni naru 馬鹿になる , and baka means `` ( an antique kind of ) coin counter '' . Usages ( edit ) Baka , which originated as a 14th - century literary insult , has become `` the most commonly used '' swearword in contemporary Japanese . Usages of this term can be discussed in terms of pragmatic depth , dialectal variation , and proper names . Pragmatics ( edit ) The linguistic pragmatics of using insults like baka can be language specific . For instance , Japanese has fewer words for calling someone a `` fool '' than English . Jack Seward recounts asking his language teacher `` to prepare a list of the most stunning and forcible insults , pejoratives , and curses in Japanese '' , but was surprised that the `` short , unimaginative , and seeming ineffectual '' list had only two words : baka `` fool '' and chikushō 畜生 `` beast '' . Carr proposes that intentional vagueness explains the comparatively small lexical field of Japanese insults . One likely reason for the relatively few Japanese words for ' fool ' is vagueness . In both English and Japanese , the words for ' fool ' have meanings that vary along scales of friendly - hostile , or joking - serious . In English , at one end of a scale are words like silly goose and at the other end are words like stupid asshole . And in Japanese , at one end are words like kamaboko baka 蒲鉾馬鹿 ' silly chump ' and at the other end are words like baka - yarō 馬鹿野郎 ' damn fool ' . The difference is in the degree of lexical diversification along the scales of meaning . English seems to have more ' fool ' words with more specificity -- Japanese seems to have fewer ' fool ' words with more vagueness . There are decided pragmatic and communicative advantages to such lexical vagueness . If you call me a stupid son - of - a-bitch , I know exactly what you mean . But if you call me a baka - yarō , I can not be so sure of what you mean . The expression baka - yarō 馬鹿野郎 is one of the most insulting terms in the Japanese lexicon , but it is vague and can range in meaning from an affectionate ' silly - willy ' to an abusive ' jerk - off fool ' . Baka - yarō is so widely used that it has become semantically weak and vague . Such vagueness can serve to conceal hostility and thus to maintain social harmony . Dialectal ( edit ) Japanese dialects show regional variations between using baka in Kantō dialect and ahō 阿呆 or あほ `` fool ; idiot ; jackass '' in Kansai dialect . In addition , the insult ahō has more of a slang connotation than baka . Many Japanese dictionaries treat the words baka and ahō as synonyms . `` However , in Osaka and its surroundings , aho is a rather non-offensive word , whereas baka is an explosive word . '' Nevertheless , `` In Tokyo and its surroundings , we find exactly the opposite , so you must be careful with the usage of these words . '' Proper names ( edit ) Baka frequently occurs in proper nouns . Examples from Japanese pop music include albums ( Pretty Little Baka Guy , Ai no Baka `` Love Fool '' ) and songs ( Suki Sugite Baka Mitai `` To Like ( him ) Too Much and Look Like a Fool '' ) . Some titles from modern Japanese literature are Tsuribaka Nisshi ( `` Fishing Fool 's Diary '' ) , Inubaka : Crazy for Dogs ( `` Dog Fool '' ) , Karate Baka Ichidai ( `` A Karate - Crazy Life '' ) , and Baka to Test to Shōkanjū ( `` Idiots , Tests , and Summoned Creatures '' ) . English ( edit ) During World War II , baka was American military slang for the Japanese Ohka 櫻花 ( lit . `` Cherry Blossom '' ) kamikaze flying bomb . The earliest recorded usage was in Newsweek on May 7 , 1945 , `` American forces have officially designated this bomb as ' baka ' , baka being Japanese for foolish , silly , or stupid . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ばか ( 馬鹿 / 莫迦 ) '' . デジタル大辞泉 ( Digital Daijisen dictionary ) . Tokyo : Shogakukan. 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` ばか ( 馬鹿・莫迦・破家 ) '' . 日本国語大辞典 ( Shogakukan Unabridged Dictionary of the Japanese Language ) . Tokyo : Shogakukan. 2007 . Jump up ^ Varley , Paul ( 1994 ) . Warriors of Japan : As Portrayed in the War Tales . University of Hawaii Press . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1601 - 8 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` Baka and Fool '' . The Review of Liberal Arts . 63 : 1 -- 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shinmura Izuru 新村出 ( 1971 ) . `` 馬鹿考 ( Baka ko ) '' . 新村出全集 ( Shinmura Izuru zenshū ) . Chikuma . pp. 100 -- 104 . ^ Jump up to : Shinmura Izuru 新村出 ( 1971 ) . `` 馬鹿考 ( Baka ko ) '' . 新村出全集 ( Shinmura Izuru zenshū ) . Chikuma . pp. 100 -- 104 . , p . Jump up ^ Qian Sima ( 1993 ) . Records of the Grand Historian . Translated by Burton Watson ( 3rd ed . ) . Renditions . p. 70 . ISBN 9780231081696 . Jump up ^ Murasaki Shikibu ( 1976 ) . The Tale of Genji . Translated by Edward G. Seidensticker . Knopf . p. 268 . Jump up ^ `` ばか '' . 広辞苑 ( Koujien ) . Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten. 2008 . Jump up ^ Macdonell , Arthur Anthony ( 1924 ) . A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary : With Transliteration , Accentuation , and Etymological Analysis Throughout . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2000 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bernabe , Marc ; Niimura , Ken ; March , Guillermo ( 2004 ) . Japanese in MangaLand : Learning the Basics . Japan Publications Trading . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Seward , Jack ( 1972 ) . The Japanese . New York : William Morrow . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Evans , Toshie M. ( 1997 ) . A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Russell , I. Willis ( 1947 ) . `` Among the New Words '' . American Speech. 22 ( 3 ) : 113 -- 114 . doi : 10.2307 / 487246 . External links ( edit ) Look up バカ or 馬鹿 in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ばか ( 馬鹿 , 莫迦 , 破家 ) , jeKai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baka_(Japanese_word)&oldid=865580186 '' Categories : Pejorative terms for people Japanese words and phrases Hidden categories : Use Harvard referencing from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 20 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of baka in japanese	[ "Baka (馬鹿, ばか, or バカ) means \"fool; idiot\", or (as an adjectival noun) \"foolish\" and is the most frequently used pejorative term in the Japanese language.[1] This word baka has a long history, an uncertain etymology (possibly from Sanskrit or Classical Chinese), and linguistic complexities. \n", "Baka (馬鹿, ばか, or バカ) means \"fool; idiot\", or (as an adjectival noun) \"foolish\" and is the most frequently used pejorative term in the Japanese language.[1] This word baka has a long history, an uncertain etymology (possibly from Sanskrit or Classical Chinese), and linguistic complexities. \n" ]	[ "\"fool; idiot\"", "(as an adjectival noun) \"foolish\"" ]
446174956696276660	Tesla Autopilot	Tesla Autopilot - wikipedia Tesla Autopilot Tesla Autopilot may reduce accidents due to negligence and fatigue from long term driving . Tesla Autopilot , later marketed as Enhanced Autopilot after a second hardware version started to be shipped , is an advanced driver - assistance system feature offered by Tesla that has lane centering , adaptive cruise control , self - parking , ability to automatically change lanes without requiring driver steering , and enables the car to be summoned to and from a garage or parking spot . Planned improvements to Enhanced Autopilot include transitioning from one freeway to another and exiting the freeway when the user 's destination is near . As an upgrade above and beyond Enhanced Autopilot 's capabilities , the company 's stated intent is to offer full self - driving at a future time , acknowledging that legal , regulatory , and technical hurdles must be overcome to achieve this goal . As of February 2018 , Tesla indicates that a demonstration of a self driving coast to coast drive will be ready in about six months , which has been delayed from an initial goal of end of 2017 . Contents 1 History 2 Hardware 2.1 Hardware 1 2.2 Hardware 2 2.3 Hardware 2.5 2.4 Hardware 3.0 3 Driving features 3.1 Software updates 3.2 Adaptive cruise control 3.3 Alerts 3.4 Autopark / Summon 3.5 Autosteer 3.6 Safety features 3.7 Speed assist 4 Public debate 4.1 Legal challenges 5 Incidents 5.1 Handan , China ( January 20 , 2016 ) 5.2 Williston , Florida ( May 7 , 2016 ) 5.3 Culver City , California ( January 22 , 2018 ) 5.4 Mountain View , California ( March 23 , 2018 ) 5.5 South Jordan , Utah ( May 11 , 2018 ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Autopilot was first offered on October 9 , 2014 , for Tesla Model S , followed by the Model X upon its release . Autopilot was included within a `` Tech Package '' option . At that time Autopilot features included semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities . Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with Israeli company Mobileye . Tesla and Mobileye ended their partnership in July 2016 . In October 2015 , Tesla released Autopilot version 7.0 to its customers . Autopilot Firmware 7.1 then removed some self - driving features to discourage customers from engaging in risky behavior and added Summon remote parking technology that can move the car forward and back without a driver in the car . On August 31 , 2016 , Elon Musk announced Autopilot 8.0 , which processes radar signals to create a coarse point cloud similar to Lidar to help navigate in low visibility , and even to ' see ' in front of the car ahead . Autopilot version 8 uses radar as the primary sensor instead of the camera . In November 2016 , Autopilot 8.0 was updated to have a more noticeable signal to the driver that it is engaged and it requires drivers to touch the steering wheel more frequently . By November 2016 , Autopilot had operated actively on hardware version 1 vehicles for 300 million miles ( 500 million km ) and 1.3 billion miles ( 2 billion km ) in shadow mode . In October 2016 , Tesla said all vehicles came with the necessary sensing and computing hardware , known as Hardware version 2 ( HW2 ) , for future fully autonomous operation ( SAE Level 5 ) . Autopilot for HW2 cars came in February 2017 . It included adaptive cruise control , autosteer on divided highways , autosteer on ' local roads ' up to a speed of 35 mph or a specified number of mph over the local speed limit to a maximum of 45 mph . Firmware version 8.1 for HW2 arrived in June 2017 adding a new driving - assist algorithm , full - speed braking and handling parallel and perpendicular parking . Later releases offered smoother lane - keeping and less jerky acceleration and deceleration . HW 2.5 was released in July 2017 , appearing in cars built from August 2017 . Hardware ( edit ) Hardware 1 ( edit ) Vehicles manufactured after late September 2014 are equipped with a camera mounted at the top of the windshield , forward looking radar ( supplied by Bosch ) in the lower grille and ultrasonic acoustic location sensors in the front and rear bumpers that provide a 360 - degree view around the car . The computer is the Mobileye EyeQ3 . This equipment allows Model S to detect road signs , lane markings , obstacles , and other vehicles . Upgrading from Hardware 1 to Hardware 2 is not offered as it would require substantial work and cost . Hardware 2 ( edit ) Hardware 2 , included in all vehicles manufactured after October 2016 , includes an Nvidia Drive PX 2 GPU for CUDA based GPGPU computation . Tesla claimed that Hardware 2 provided the necessary equipment to allow full self - driving capability at SAE Level 5 . The hardware includes 8 surround cameras and 12 ultrasonic sensors , in addition to forward - facing radar with enhanced processing capabilities . The Autopilot computer is replaceable to allow for future upgrades . The radar is claimed to be able to observe beneath and ahead of the vehicle in front of the Tesla ; the radar can see vehicles through heavy rain , fog or dust . Tesla claimed that the hardware was capable of processing 200 frames per second . Hardware specifications Hardware 2014 Autopilot Hardware 1 2016 Enhanced Autopilot -- 4 Cameras / Full Self - Driving Capability -- 8 Cameras Hardware 2 Forward Radar Unknown range 160 m ( 525 ft ) Forward Cameras 1 monochrome with unknown range Trifocal camera : Narrow : 250 m ( 820 ft ) -- Enhanced Autopilot and Full Self - Driving Capability . Main : 150 m ( 490 ft ) -- Enhanced Autopilot and Full Self - Driving Capability . Wide : 60 m ( 195 ft ) -- Full Self - Driving Capability . Forward Looking Side Cameras N / A Left : 80 m ( 260 ft ) -- Full Self - Driving Capability Right : 80 m ( 260 ft ) -- Full Self - Driving Capability Rearward Looking Side Cameras N / A Left : 100 m ( 330 ft ) -- Enhanced Autopilot and Full Self - Driving Capability . Right : 100 m ( 330 ft ) -- Enhanced Autopilot and Full Self - Driving Capability . Rear View Camera For human use , not for automation use 50 m ( 165 ft ) -- Full Self - Driving Capability Sonars 12 surrounding with 5 m ( 16 ft ) range 12 surrounding with 8 m ( 26 ft ) range Platform MobilEye EyeQ3 NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 AI computing platform Tesla AP2 hardware as shown by the company 's website . Function specifications ( pending incremental updates and regulatory approvals ) Functions 2014 Autopilot Hardware 1 2016 Enhanced Autopilot / Full Self - Driving Capability Hardware 2 Hands - on feature with limited Hands - Free On - Ramp to Off - Ramp for limited - access roads Yes , except when driver wants to change lane . Yes TACC - Traffic - Aware Cruise Control ( Smart / Adaptive Cruise Control ) Yes Yes Max speed 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) Autosteer Yes Yes , and in the future : tighter , more complex roads Auto Lane Change Driver initiates the lane changing signal when the traffic is safe ( due to ultrasonic 16 foot limited range capability ) then the system does the rest . Now : Driver initiates the lane changing signal In the future : Automatically done all by itself for a faster lane and without driver 's judgement nor input . Highway Interchanges Manual by using turn signal In future : Yes Autopark : Parallel and Perpendicular Parking Yes Yes Summon ( remote automatic car retrieval , including automatic garage door opening and closing ) Yes Yes Lane Departure Warning Yes Yes Full Self - Driving Capability No In future : Yes , with an additional fee . The Tesla car will be able to drive itself , automatically recharge at `` cable bot '' - equipped Superchargers and can use Parking Seek to find a parking space all without a driver . Hardware 25 ( edit ) HW 2.5 ( also known as ' 2.1 ' ) included a secondary node ( without a GPU ) to provide more computing power and wiring redundancy to slightly improve reliability . Hardware 30 ( edit ) HW 3.0 includes a custom Tesla - designed processor . Tesla claimed that the new system would process 2,000 frames per second . The firm described it as a `` neural network accelerator '' . The company claimed that 3.0 was necessary for `` full self - driving '' , but not for `` enhanced Autopilot '' functions . Driving features ( edit ) Tesla requires operators to monitor the vehicle at all times , just as the Federal Aviation Administration requires pilots to monitor aircraft on autopilot . Autopilot includes multiple capabilities , including adaptive cruise control , lane centering and lane departure warning . Software updates ( edit ) Autopilot - enabled cars receive Autopilot software updates wirelessly , the same as all other Tesla software updates . Adaptive cruise control ( edit ) Autopilot has the ability to follow another car , maintaining a safe distance from it as it speeds up and slows down . It can observe a second vehicle in front of the vehicle that it is following . It also slows on tight curves and when a car crosses the road in front of it . It can be enabled at any speed above 17 mph . By default , it sets the limit at the current speed limit plus / minus any driver - specified offset . Alerts ( edit ) Autopilot alerts the driver under various circumstances , such as a surprising situation on the road or excessive inattention by the driver . If the driver dismisses three audio warnings within an hour , Autopilot is disabled until the car is parked . This is to prevent experienced drivers from excessive reliance on built - in safety features . At speeds under 8 mph on divided highways , Autopilot functions indefinitely without the driver 's hands on the wheel . Under 45 mph free hands are allowed for five minutes , unless the car detects lateral acceleration . Above 45 mph free hands are allowed for three minutes if following another vehicle or one minute without following a car . Autopark / Summon ( edit ) Autopark drives the car into a parking spot , while Summon drives it out . Configuration settings control maximum distance , side clearance and bumper clearance . This feature activates Homelink to open and close garage doors and it is available using the fob or the Tesla mobile app . As of March 2017 , Summon was available in `` beta '' for HW2 . Controls include bumper , side clearance and summon distance . Autosteer ( edit ) Autosteer steers the car to remain in whatever lane it is in ( known as lane - keeping ) . With HW1 , it is also able to safely change lanes as directed by a tap of the turn signal . As of May 2017 , HW2 is limited to 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) on highway roads and the former 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) speed limit on non-highway roads was removed , instead limiting to five over the speed limit or 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) if no speed limit is detected . Safety features ( edit ) The Autopilot can detect a potential front or side collision with another vehicle , bicycle or pedestrian within a distance of 525 feet ( 160 m ) , if one is found it sounds a warning . Autopilot has automatic emergency braking that detects objects that may hit the car and applies the brakes . Autopilot also can automatically adjust the high / low beam headlights as the nighttime lighting changes . Speed assist ( edit ) Front - facing cameras detect speed limit signs and display the current limit on the dashboard or center display . Limits are compared against GPS data if no signs are present . Public debate ( edit ) Some industry experts have raised questions about the legal status of autonomous driving in the U.S. and whether Tesla owners would violate current state regulations when using the Autopilot function . The few states that have passed laws allowing autonomous cars on the road , limit their use for testing purposes ; not for use by the general public . Also , there are questions about the liability for autonomous cars in case there is a mistake . A Tesla spokesman said there is `` nothing in our autopilot system that is in conflict with current regulations . '' `` We are not getting rid of the pilot . This is about releasing the driver from tedious tasks so they can focus and provide better input . '' Google 's director of self - driving cars said he does not think there is a regulatory block as long as the self - driving vehicle met crash - test and other safety standards . A spokesman for the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) said that `` any autonomous vehicle would need to meet applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards '' and the NHTSA `` will have the appropriate policies and regulations in place to ensure the safety of this type of vehicles . '' According to Elon Musk , `` We really designed the Model S to be a very sophisticated computer on wheels . Tesla is a software company as much as it is a hardware company . A huge part of what Tesla is , is a Silicon Valley software company . We view this the same as updating your phone or your laptop . '' Full autonomy is `` really a software limitation : The hardware exists to create full autonomy , so it 's really about developing advanced , narrow AI for the car to operate on. `` The Autopilot development focus is on `` increasingly sophisticated neural nets that can operate in reasonably sized computers in the car '' . According to Musk , `` the car will learn over time '' , including from other cars . Early data after 47 million miles of driving in Autopilot mode shows the probability of an accident is at least 50 % lower when using Autopilot . However , Ars Technica notes that the brake system tends to initiate later than some drivers expect . One driver claimed that Tesla 's Autopilot failed to brake , resulting in collisions . Tesla pointed out that the driver deactivated the cruise control of the car prior to the crash . Ars Technica also notes that the lane changes are semi-automatic ; the driver must activate the turn signal in order for the car to initiate a lane change . Tesla 's Autopilot with Hardware version 1 ( HW1 ) can be classified as somewhere between levels 2 and 3 under the U.S. Department of Transportation 's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) five levels of vehicle automation . At this level , the car can act autonomously but requires the driver to be prepared to take control at a moment 's notice . HW1 is suitable only on limited - access highways , and sometimes will fail to detect lane markings and disengage itself . In urban driving the system will not read traffic signals or obey stop signs . This system also does not detect pedestrians or cyclists , and while AP1 detects motorcycles , there has been two instances of AP rear - ending motorcycles . There has been significant controversy over the media response to the fatal Tesla accident described in the below section . Whilst a significant amount of blame was apportioned to Tesla for the failure of its Autopilot system , it must be noted that the system at the time of the accident was in a beta phase and not ready for widespread public use , and also required the driver to ensure that their hands remained on the steering wheel at all times , and to be prepared to resume manual driving at any moment . Hence , when used as an assistive feature ( as intended by Tesla ) , some hold the view that Autopilot can only enhance road safety , assuming it does not lull the driver into complacent inattention . Autopilot potentially saved the life of a pedestrian in Washington , D.C. on the night of July 17 , 2016 , and played a pivotal role in a medical emergency involving 37 - year - old Joshua Neally that same month . Neally was driving his Tesla Model X when he suffered a pulmonary embolism that caused intense panic and rendered him incapable of driving . Neally used Autopilot to drive most of the highway to a local hospital . At the off - ramp , Neally took control of the car and drove to the emergency room . Legal challenges ( edit ) Tesla 's Autopilot faced a class action suit brought in 2017 that claimed the second - generation Enhanced Autopilot system is `` dangerously defective . '' The suit was settled in 2018 . Incidents ( edit ) Handan , China ( January 20 , 2016 ) ( edit ) On January 20 , 2016 , the driver of a Tesla Model S in Handan , China was killed when their car crashed into a stationary truck . The Tesla was following a car in the far left lane of a multi-lane highway ; the car in front moved to the right lane to avoid a truck stopped on the left shoulder , and the Tesla , which the driver 's father believes was in Autopilot mode , did not slow before colliding with the stopped truck . According to footage captured by a dashboard camera , the stationary street sweeper on the left side of the expressway partially extended into the far left lane , and the driver did not appear to respond to the unexpected obstacle . In September 2016 , the media reported the driver 's family had filed a lawsuit in July against the Tesla dealer who sold the car . The family 's lawyer stated the suit was intended `` to let the public know that self - driving technology has some defects . We are hoping Tesla , when marketing its products , will be more cautious . Do n't just use self - driving as a selling point for young people . '' Tesla released a statement which said they `` have no way of knowing whether or not Autopilot was engaged at the time of the crash '' since the car telemetry could not be retrieved remotely due to damage caused by the crash . Telemetry was recorded locally to a SD card and was not given to Tesla , who provided a decoding key to a third party for independent review . Tesla added that `` while the third - party appraisal is not yet complete , we have no reason to believe that Autopilot on this vehicle ever functioned other than as designed . '' Williston , Florida ( May 7 , 2016 ) ( edit ) The first publicized fatal accident involving a Tesla engaged in Autopilot mode took place in Williston , Florida , on May 7 , 2016 . The driver was killed in a crash with a 18 - wheel tractor - trailer . By late June 2016 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) opened a formal investigation into the accident , working with the Florida Highway Patrol . According to the NHTSA , preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when the tractor - trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway , and the car failed to apply the brakes . The car continued to travel after passing under the truck 's trailer . The diagnostic log of the Tesla indicated it was traveling at a speed of 74 mi / h ( 119 km / h ) when it collided with and traveled under the trailer , which was not equipped with a side underrun protection system . The underride collision sheared off the Tesla 's glasshouse , destroying everything above the beltline , and caused fatal injuries to the driver . Approximately nine seconds after colliding with the trailer , the Tesla traveled another 886.5 feet ( 270.2 m ) and came to rest after colliding with two chain - link fences and a utility pole . The NHTSA 's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash , which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars . On July 8 , 2016 , the NHTSA requested Tesla Inc. to hand over to the agency detailed information about the design , operation and testing of its Autopilot technology . The agency also requested details of all design changes and updates to Autopilot since its introduction , and Tesla 's planned updates scheduled for the next four months . According to Tesla , `` neither autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor - trailer against a brightly lit sky , so the brake was not applied . '' The car attempted to drive full speed under the trailer , `` with the bottom of the trailer impacting the windshield of the Model S . '' Tesla also stated that this was Tesla 's first known Autopilot - related death in over 130 million miles ( 208 million km ) driven by its customers while Autopilot was activated . According to Tesla there is a fatality every 94 million miles ( 150 million km ) among all type of vehicles in the U.S. It is estimated that billions of miles will need to be traveled before Tesla Autopilot can claim to be safer than humans with statistical significance ( although fewer than billions of miles will be needed if Tesla Autopilot is more dangerous ) . Researchers say that Tesla and others need to release more data on the limitations and performance of automated driving systems if self - driving cars are to become safe and understood enough for mass market use . The truck 's driver told the Associated Press that he could hear a Harry Potter movie playing in the crashed car , and said the car was driving so quickly that `` he went so fast through my trailer I did n't see him . '' `` It was still playing when he died and snapped a telephone pole a quarter mile down the road . '' According to the Florida Highway Patrol , they found in the wreckage an aftermarket portable DVD player . It is not possible to watch videos on the Model S touchscreen display . A laptop computer was recovered during the post-crash examination of the wreck , along with an adjustable vehicle laptop mount attached to the front passenger 's seat frame . The NHTSA concluded the laptop was probably mounted and the driver may have been distracted at the time of the crash . Dr. Deb Bruce , head of the investigation team , announces results to the Board on September 12 , 2017 In July 2016 , the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) announced it had opened a formal investigation into the fatal accident while Autopilot was engaged . The NTSB is an investigative body that only has the power to make policy recommendations . An agency spokesman said , `` It 's worth taking a look and seeing what we can learn from that event , so that as that automation is more widely introduced we can do it in the safest way possible . '' The NTSB opens annually about 25 to 30 highway investigations . In September 2017 , the NTSB released its report , determining that `` the probable cause of the Williston , Florida , crash was the truck driver 's failure to yield the right of way to the car , combined with the car driver 's inattention due to overreliance on vehicle automation , which resulted in the car driver 's lack of reaction to the presence of the truck . Contributing to the car driver 's overreliance on the vehicle automation was its operational design , which permitted his prolonged disengagement from the driving task and his use of the automation in ways inconsistent with guidance and warnings from the manufacturer . '' . In January 2017 , the NHTSA Office of Defects Investigations ( ODI ) released a preliminary evaluation , finding that the driver in the crash had seven seconds to see the truck and identifying no defects in the Autopilot system ; the ODI also found that the Tesla car crash rate dropped by 40 percent after Autosteer installation , but later also clarified that it did not assess the effectiveness of this technology or whether it was engaged in its crash rate comparison . The NHTSA Special Crash Investigation team published its report in January 2018 . According to the report , for the drive leading up to the crash , the driver engaged Autopilot for 37 minutes and 26 seconds , and the system provided 13 `` hands not detected '' alerts , to which the driver responded after an average delay of 16 seconds . The report concluded `` Regardless of the operational status of the Tesla 's ADAS technologies , the driver was still responsible for maintaining ultimate control of the vehicle . All evidence and data gathered concluded that the driver neglected to maintain complete control of the Tesla leading up to the crash . '' Culver City , California ( January 22 , 2018 ) ( edit ) On January 22 , 2018 , a Tesla Model S crashed into a fire truck parked on the side of the I - 405 freeway in Culver City , California while traveling at a speed exceeding 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and the driver survived . The driver said he was using Autopilot , according to the Culver City Fire Department , which reported the crash over Twitter at approximately 8 : 30 A.M. The fire truck and a California Highway Patrol vehicle were parked in the left emergency lane and carpool lane of the southbound 405 , blocking off the scene of an earlier accident , with emergency lights flashing . Autopilot may not detect stationary vehicles at highway speeds and it can not detect some objects . Other advanced driver - assistance systems have similar limitations . Raj Rajkumar , who studies autonomous driving systems at Carnegie Mellon University , believes the radars used for Autopilot are designed to detect moving objects , but are `` not very good in detecting stationary objects '' . Both NTSB and NHTSA have dispatched teams to investigate the crash . Hod Lipson , director of Columbia University 's Creative Machines Lab , faulted the diffusion of responsibility concept : `` If you give the same responsibility to two people , they each will feel safe to drop the ball . Nobody has to be 100 % , and that 's a dangerous thing . '' Mountain view , California ( March 23 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Post-crash scene on US 101 in Mountain View , March 23 , 2018 On March 23 , 2018 , a second US Autopilot fatality occurred in Mountain View , California . The crash occurred just before 9 : 30 A.M. on southbound US 101 at the carpool lane exit for southbound Highway 85 , at a concrete barrier where the left - hand offramp separates from 101 . After the Model X crashed into the narrow concrete barrier , it was struck again by two following vehicles , and then it caught on fire . Both the NHTSA and NTSB are investigating the March 2018 crash . Another driver of a Model S demonstrated that Autopilot appeared to be confused by the road surface marking in April 2018 . The gore ahead of the barrier is marked by diverging solid white lines ( a vee - shape ) ; the Autosteer feature of the Model S appeared to mistakenly use the left - side white line instead of the right - side white line as the lane marking for the far left lane , which would have led the Model S into the same concrete barrier had the driver not taken control . Ars Technica concluded `` that as Autopilot gets better , drivers could become increasingly complacent and pay less and less attention to the road . '' In a corporate blog post , Tesla noted the impact attenuator separating the offramp from US 101 had been previously crushed and not replaced prior to the Model X crash on March 23 . The post also stated that Autopilot was engaged at the time of the crash , and the driver 's hands had not been detected manipulating the steering wheel for six seconds before the crash . Vehicle data showed the driver had five seconds and 150 metres ( 490 ft ) `` unobstructed view of the concrete divider , ( ... ) but the vehicle logs show that no action was taken . '' The NTSB investigation had been focused on the damaged impact attenuator and the vehicle fire after the collision , but after it was reported the driver had complained about the Autopilot functionality , the NTSB announced it would also investigate `` all aspects of this crash including the driver 's previous concerns about the autopilot . '' A NTSB spokesman stated the organization `` is unhappy with the release of investigative information by Tesla '' . Elon Musk dismissed the criticism , tweeting that NTSB was `` an advisory body '' and that `` Tesla releases critical crash data affecting public safety immediately & always will . To do otherwise would be unsafe . '' In response , NTSB removed Tesla as a party to the investigation on April 11 . NTSB released a preliminary report on June 7 , 2018 , which provided the recorded telemetry of the Model X and other factual details . Autopilot was engaged continuously for almost nineteen minutes prior to the crash . In the minute before the crash , the driver 's hands were detected on the steering wheel for 34 seconds in total , but his hands were not detected for the six seconds immediately preceding the crash . Seven seconds before the crash , the Tesla began to steer to the left and was following a lead vehicle ; four seconds before the crash , the Tesla was no longer following a lead vehicle ; and during the three seconds before the crash , the Tesla 's speed increased to 70.8 mi / h ( 113.9 km / h ) . The driver was wearing a seatbelt , and was pulled from the vehicle before it was engulfed in flames . The crash attenuator had been previously damaged on March 12 and had not been replaced at the time of the Tesla crash . South Jordan , Utah ( May 11 , 2018 ) ( edit ) On May 11 , 2018 , a Tesla Model S with Autopilot engaged crashed into the rear of a fire truck that was stopped at a red light in South Jordan , Utah . The Tesla was moving at an estimated 60 mi / h ( 97 km / h ) and did not appear to brake or attempt to avoid the impact , according to witnesses . The driver of the Tesla , who survived the impact with a broken foot , admitted she was looking at her phone before the crash.It did not stop because Autopilot can not detect stationary vehicles at highway speeds and it can not detect some objects . Other advanced driver - assistance systems have similar limitations . Raj Rajkumar , who studies autonomous driving systems at Carnegie Mellon University , believes the radars used for Autopilot are designed to detect moving objects , but are `` not very good in detecting stationary objects '' . Both NTSB and NHTSA have dispatched teams to investigate the crash . Hod Lipson , director of Columbia University 's Creative Machines Lab , faulted the diffusion of responsibility concept : `` If you give the same responsibility to two people , they each will feel safe to drop the ball . Nobody has to be 100 % , and that 's a dangerous thing . '' See also ( edit ) Nissan Propilot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot Crash Avoidance Model S Autopilot saves man 's life '' . BGR . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Golson , Jordan ; Bohn , Dieter ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` All new Tesla cars now have hardware for ' full self - driving capabilities ' '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla promises ' series of new Autopilot features in 2018 ' , still plans coast - to - coast drive '' . Electrek. 2018 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Musk targeting coast - to - coast test drive of fully self - driving Tesla by late 2017 -- TechCrunch '' . techcrunch.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Tesla orders 3rd - party survey to prove owners understand ' Autopilot ' , 98 % say they do '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Riding shotgun in Tesla 's fastest car ever '' . Engadget. 2014 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla D is , as expected , an AWD Model S but new autopilot features surprise '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph B. ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Tesla Aims to Leapfrog Rivals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Howell , Donna ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Tesla , Mobileye Rev Up on Future of Self - Driving Car '' . Investors.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bhuiyan , Johana ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) . `` In the wake of a fatal crash , Tesla will quit using Mobileye 's chips for Autopilot vision '' . ReCode . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Jonathan M. ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Mobileye spills the beans : Tesla was dropped because of safety concerns '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabe ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Tesla beams down ' autopilot ' mode to Model S '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Enhancing Safety and Convenience with Summon '' . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Benjamin ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) . `` ELON MUSK : In 2 years your Tesla will be able to drive from New York to LA and find you '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Autopilot - Summon '' . Tesla Motors -- via Vimeo . Jump up ^ Tesla to publish details of v8. 0 with `` Major improvements to Autopilot '' later today August 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk explains Tesla Autopilot 's new capacity to see ahead of the car in front of you '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Analyst : Tesla Autopilot 's Switch From Camera To Radar Bad News For Mobileye Benzinga , Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ Tesla 's Autopilot Vindicated With 40 % Drop in Crashes Bloomberg , January 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Automated Flight Controls '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . While the autopilot relieves you from manually manipulating the flight controls , you must maintain vigilance over the system to ensure that it performs the intended functions and the aircraft remains within acceptable parameters of altitudes , airspeeds , and airspace limits . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Tesla has now 1.3 billion miles of Autopilot data going into its new self - driving program '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autopilot : Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Tesla enables Autosteer on ' local roads ' for new Enhanced Autopilot vehicles '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` First look at Tesla 's latest Autopilot 2.0 ' smooth as silk ' update ( Video ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Frederic ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tesla has a new Autopilot ' 2.5 ' hardware suite with more computing power for autonomous driving '' . electrek.co . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Elon Musk says Autopilot upgrade could be coming '' . US : CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Twitter '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lucid Motors ' autonomous tech in its all - electric sedan will be powered by Tesla 's former partner Mobileye '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) . `` ' Tesla will not stop innovating ' and introduce ' major updates every 12 to 18 months ' , says Elon Musk '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . require `` stripping down the entire car and replacing 300 + parts '' Jump up ^ Shapiro , Danny ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Tesla Self - Driving Car Built on NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 - NVIDIA Blog '' . The Official NVIDIA Blog . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla is about to increase its lead in semi-autonomous driving w / ' Tesla Vision ' : computer vision based on NVIDIA 's parallel computing '' . Electrek. 2016 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Guess , Megan ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Teslas will now be sold with enhanced hardware suite for full autonomy '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Tesla is about to increase its lead in semi-autonomous driving w / ' Tesla Vision ' : computer vision based on NVIDIA 's parallel computing '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Musk did say that the new vehicles will eventually be able to upgrade the new onboard Autopilot computer since the access has been made relatively easy ^ Jump up to : GITLIN , JONATHAN M. ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Tesla is all about autopilot and radar in firmware 8 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Brian ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Tesla claims to have ' world 's most advanced computer for autonomous driving ' with Autopilot 3.0 update coming next year '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Autopilot '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Tesla Autopilot - What Happens After Mobileye ? '' . Wccftech. 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Self - Driving Car Built on NVIDIA DRIVE PX 2 NVIDIA Blog '' . The Official NVIDIA Blog. 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Daniel ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Elon Musk : Tesla Motors , Inc . Will Be the Leader in Autonomous Cars '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . Tesla. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dual Motor Model S and Autopilot '' . Tesla. 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Steven ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot Update Bumps Autosteer Speed Up To 90 MPH '' . Inside Evs . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Tesla releases important new Autopilot update removing Autosteer restrictions in new cars '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Self - Driving Hardware on All Cars '' . 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Model S Auto Pilot Does Lane Changes For You '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot with new v8. 0 software update is able to handle highway interchanges '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dual Motor Model S and Autopilot '' . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Mike ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) . `` UPDATE : Tesla Model S Now With Driver Assist Features '' . Inside EVs . Jump up ^ `` Model X Owner 's Manual 8.0 , page 94 '' ( PDF ) . Tesla. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Andrew . `` Tesla has been working on a backup plan in case its self - driving promises fail '' . The Verge . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wang , Brian ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Tesla 's new Autopilot hardware upgrade will be free for owners with the $3,000 to $5,000 ' Full Self - Driving ' package '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Tesla pushes a new update with improved ' Autopark ' and ' Summon ' feature ( v7. 1 2.12. 22 release notes ) '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Tesla releases 8.1 software update and improves Autopilot 2.0 features : Autosteer 80 mph and Summon '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hall , Gina ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Tesla to limit self - driving functions '' . Silicon Valley Business Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla wants to make self - driving cars a reality by collecting more video data from drivers '' . The Verge. 2015 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Model X Owner 's Manual ^ Jump up to : Aaron M. Kessler ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Elon Musk Says Self - Driving Tesla Cars Will Be in the U.S. by Summer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Elon Musk : Model S not a car but a ' sophisticated computer on wheels ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Will Elon Musk Announce Autopilot 2.0 and the Model 3 HUD ? '' . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Jeff . `` Software Is The Last Obstacle To Fully Autonomous Vehicles , Elon Musk Says '' . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` The car will learn over time , but there is a min caliber of starting quality '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Steven ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Elon Musk `` The Probability Of Having An Accident Is 50 % Lower If You Have Autopilot On '' `` . Inside EVs . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Cruising with Tesla 's Autopilot in Houston traffic '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Jonathan ( 2016 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Another driver says Tesla 's autopilot failed to brake ; Tesla says otherwise '' . Ars Technica . US . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Four hundred miles with Tesla 's autopilot forced me to trust the machine '' . Ars Technica . US . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Golson , Jordan ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Volvo autonomous car engineer calls Tesla 's Autopilot a ' wannabe ' '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Korosec , Kirsten ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Elon Musk Says Tesla Vehicles Will Drive Themselves in Two Years '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot Fatality Shows Why Lidar And V2V Will Be Necessary For Autonomous Cars '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot significantly improved pedestrian detection in v8 update tests show , now renders humans '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle rear - ending raises questions on Tesla vehicle type approval in Europe '' . New Atlas . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thoughts on the fatal Tesla Autopilot accident '' . www.deeptread.com . Deep Tread . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot reportedly prevented serious injury or saved the life of a pedestrian in DC '' . Electrek . Jump up ^ @ elonmusk ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Autopilot prevents serious injury or death of a pedestrian in NY ( sic ) ( owner anecdote confirmed by vehicle logs ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell . `` Autopilot in Tesla Model X helps driver get safely to a hospital '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Tesla 's Model X 's Autopilot Just Save This Missouri Man 's Life ? - Sokolove Law '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit labels Tesla Autopilot as ' dangerously defective ' '' . Autoweek . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bellon , Tina . `` Tesla agrees to settle class action over Autopilot billed as ' safer ' '' . U.K . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dashcam shows fatal Tesla Model S crash in China '' . CNet. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Boudette , Neal E. ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Autopilot Cited in Death of Chinese Tesla Driver '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Another fatal Tesla crash reportedly on Autopilot emerges , Model S hits a streetsweeper truck -- caught on dashcam '' . Electrek . Jump up ^ `` Tesla sued in China over fatal crash '' . Financial Times . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Felton , Ryan ( 27 February 2018 ) . `` Two Years On , A Father Is Still Fighting Tesla Over Autopilot And His Son 's Fatal Crash '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yadron , Danny ; Tynan , Dan ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode '' . The Guardian . San Francisco . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Vlasic , Bill ; Boudette , Neal E. ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Self - Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , David Paul ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Highway patrol found DVD player in wreckage of fatal Tesla accident '' . Associated Press . CNBC . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Crash Research & Analysis , Inc . ( January 2018 ) . Special Crash Investigations : On - Site Automated Driver Assistance System Crash Investigation of the 2015 Tesla Model S 70D ( Report No . DOT HS 812 481 ) ( Report ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Office of Defects Investigations , NHTSA ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ODI Resume - Investigation : PE 16 - 007 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) . `` NHTSA seeks answers on fatal Tesla Autopilot crash '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Tragic Loss '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . This is the first known fatality in just over 130 million miles where Autopilot was activated . Among all vehicles in the US , there is a fatality every 94 million miles . Worldwide , there is a fatality approximately every 60 million miles . Jump up ^ Simonite , Tom ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Tesla 's Dubious Claims About Autopilot 's Safety Record '' . MIT Technology Review . US . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Adding Some Statistical Perspective To Tesla Autopilot Safety Claims '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Liston , Barbara ; Woodall , Bernie ( 2016 - 07 - 02 ) . `` DVD player found in Tesla car in fatal May crash '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Levin , Alan ; Plungis , Jeff ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` NTSB to scrutinize driver automation with probe of Tesla crash '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Collision Between a Car Operating With Automated Vehicle Control Systems and a Tractor - Semitrailer Truck Near Williston , Florida May 7 , 2016 '' . National Transportation Safety Board . 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Tesla Autopilot accident investigation ends with no recall ordered '' . The Verge. 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` PE 16 - 007 . MY2014 - 2016 Tesla Model S and Model X '' ( PDF ) . NHTSA. 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David . `` U.S. safety agency says ' did not assess ' Tesla Autopilot effectiveness '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla in Autopilot mode crashes into fire truck '' . CNN . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Baron , Ethan ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Tesla ' on Autopilot ' slams into parked fire truck on California freeway '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Model S firetruck crash in California : What we know so far '' . TESLARATI. 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Jack ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Why Tesla 's Autopilot ca n't see a stopped firetruck '' . Wired . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Krisher , Tom ; Durbin , Dee - Ann ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` 2 federal agencies send teams to probe Tesla freeway crash '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Russ ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Tesla crash highlights a problem : When cars are partly self - driving , humans do n't feel responsible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Update on Last Week 's Accident '' . Tesla. 30 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly crash involving Tesla on Hwy 101 in Mountain View '' . KRON4. 23 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepardson , David ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` Tesla says crashed vehicle had been on autopilot prior to accident '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Tesla Autopilot confuses markings toward barrier in recreation of fatal Model X crash at exact same location '' . electrek . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Timothy B. ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` There 's growing evidence Tesla 's Autopilot handles lane dividers poorly '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Timothy B. ( 31 March 2018 ) . `` Tesla says Autopilot was active during fatal crash in Mountain View '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Noyes , Dan ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) . `` I - TEAM EXCLUSIVE : Victim who died in Tesla crash had complained about auto - pilot '' . ABC7 San Francisco . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Faiz ( 1 April 2018 ) . `` NTSB ' unhappy ' with Tesla release of investigative information in fatal crash '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla rebuked by death crash investigators '' . BBC News . 2 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk hits back at NTSB 's critique of Tesla releasing data of fatal Autopilot accident '' . electrek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sumwalt , Robert ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Automobile Crash Investigation , Mountain View , California ( March 23 , 2018 ; NTSB # HWY18FH011 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Letter ) . Letter to Elon Musk . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Preliminary Report Highway : HWY18FH011 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Transportation Safety Board . June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Tesla Model S was on Autopilot , Utah driver tells police '' . USA Today . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla driver in Utah crash says Autopilot was on and she was looking at her phone '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Testing ( Semi ) Autonomous Cars With Tesla , Cadillac , Hyundai , and Mercedes '' . Motor Trend . 2016 - 07 - 05 . Tesla , Inc . People Elon Musk ( CEO , Chief Product Architect ) J.B. Straubel ( CTO ) Franz von Holzhausen ( Chief Designer ) Martin Eberhard ( co-founder , inaugural CEO ) Marc Tarpenning ( co-founder , inaugural CFO ) Products Current vehicles Model S Model X Model 3 Discontinued vehicles Roadster ( 2008 ) Future vehicles Model Y Semi Roadster ( 2020 ) Other Powerwall Autopilot Solar Roof Collaborations Mercedes A-Class E-Cell Mercedes B - Class Electric Drive Smart electric drive RAV4 EV Second generation Facilities Tesla Factory Gigafactories 1 ( Clark , NV ) 2 ( Buffalo , NY ) Proposed Europe factory Proposed Shanghai factory Superchargers and battery - swapping stations Other History Timeline Dealership disputes SolarCity Roadster in space Autonomous cars and enabling technologies Overview and context History of autonomous cars Intelligent transportation system Context - aware pervasive systems Mobile computing Smart , connected products Ubiquitous computing Ambient intelligence Internet of things SAE Levels Human driver monitors the driving environment ( Levels 0 , 1 , 2 ) Lane departure warning system Automatic parking Collision avoidance system Adaptive cruise control Advanced driver - assistance systems Driver drowsiness detection Intelligent speed adaptation Blind spot monitor System monitors the driving environment ( Levels 3 , 4 , 5 ) Vehicle - to - vehicle ( V2V ) Connected car Automotive navigation system Vehicles Cars VaMP ( 1994 ) Spirit of Berlin ( 2007 ) General Motors EN - V ( 2010 ) MadeInGermany ( 2011 ) Waymo , formerly Google Car ( 2012 ) Tesla Model S with Autopilot ( 2015 ) LUTZ Pathfinder ( 2015 ) Buses and commercial vehicles Automated guideway transit ParkShuttle Navia shuttle NuTonomy taxi Freightliner Inspiration Driverless tractor Mobility as a service Regulation Autonomous car legislation IEEE 802.11 p Safe speed automotive common law Enabling technologies Radar Laser LIDAR Artificial neural network Computer stereo vision Image recognition Dedicated short - range communications Real - time Control System Eye tracking Radio - frequency identification Organizations , Projects & People Organizations , projects and events DAVI European Land - Robot Trial Navlab DARPA Grand Challenge VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge Eureka Prometheus Project IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society People Harold Goddijn Alberto Broggi Anthony Levandowski Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Autopilot&oldid=854351556 '' Categories : Advanced driver assistance systems Automotive technology tradenames Automotive accessories Automotive technologies Tesla , Inc . Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with minor POV problems from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did tesla start making self driving cars	[ "Autopilot was first offered on October 9, 2014, for Tesla Model S, followed by the Model X upon its release.[5] Autopilot was included within a \"Tech Package\" option. At that time Autopilot features included semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities.[6][7][8] Initial versions of Autopilot were developed in partnership with Israeli company Mobileye.[9] Tesla and Mobileye ended their partnership in July 2016.[10][11]\n" ]	[ "October 9, 2014" ]
-4429784821197493275	Pepsin	Pepsin - wikipedia Pepsin Jump to : navigation , search pepsin A Pepsin in complex with pepstatin . Identifiers EC number 3.4. 23.1 CAS number 9001 - 75 - 6 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum Gene Ontology AmiGO / QuickGO ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins pepsin B Identifiers EC number 3.4. 23.2 CAS number 9025 - 48 - 3 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins pepsin C ( gastricsin ) Identifiers EC number 3.4. 23.3 CAS number 9012 - 71 - 9 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum ( show ) Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides ( that is , a protease ) . It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals , where it helps digest the proteins in food . Pepsin has a three dimensional structure , of which one or more polypeptide chains twist and fold , bringing together a small number of amino acids to form the active site , or the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place . It is one of three principal proteases in the human digestive system , the other two being chymotrypsin and trypsin . During the process of digestion , these enzymes , each of which is specialized in severing links between particular types of amino acids , collaborate to break down dietary proteins into their components , i.e. , peptides and amino acids , which can be readily absorbed by the small intestine . Pepsin is most efficient in cleaving peptide bonds between hydrophobic and preferably aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine , tryptophan , and tyrosine . Pepsin 's proenzyme , pepsinogen , is released by the chief cells in the stomach wall , and upon mixing with the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice , pepsinogen activates to become pepsin . Pepsin is an aspartic protease , using a catalytic aspartate in its active site . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Precursor 3 Activity and stability 4 In laryngopharyngeal reflux 5 Storage 6 Inhibitors 7 Applications 8 Genes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Pepsin was one of the first enzymes to be discovered . It was discovered in 1836 by Theodor Schwann . Schwann coined its name from the Greek word πέψις pepsis , meaning `` digestion '' ( from πέπτειν peptein `` to digest '' ) . Scientists around this time began discovering many biochemical compounds that play a significant role in biological processes , and pepsin was one of them . An acidic substance that was able to convert nitrogen - based foods into water - soluble material was determined to be pepsin . In 1928 , it became one of the first enzymes to be crystallized when John H. Northrop crystallized it using dialysis , filtration , and cooling . Precursor ( edit ) Pepsin is expressed as a zymogen called pepsinogen , whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids . In the stomach , chief cells release pepsinogen . This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) , which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining . The hormone gastrin and the vagus nerve trigger the release of both pepsinogen and HCl from the stomach lining when food is ingested . Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment , which allows pepsinogen to unfold and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion , thereby generating pepsin ( the active form ) . Pepsin cleaves the 44 amino acids from pepsinogen to create more pepsin . Activity and stability ( edit ) Pepsin is most active in acidic environments between 37 ° C and 42 ° C. Accordingly , its primary site of synthesis and activity is in the stomach ( pH 1.5 to 2 ) . Pepsin will digest up to 20 % of ingested amide bonds by cleaving preferentially at the N - terminal side of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine , tryptophan , and tyrosine . Pepsin exhibits preferential cleavage for hydrophobic , preferably aromatic , residues in P1 and P1 ' positions . Increased susceptibility to hydrolysis occurs if there is a sulfur - containing amino acid close to the peptide bond , which has an aromatic amino acid . Pepsin cleaves Phe Val , Gln His , Glu Ala , Ala Leu , Leu Tyr , Tyr Leu , Gly Phe , Phe in the insulin B chain . Pepsin exhibits maximal activity at pH 2.0 and is inactive at pH 6.5 and above , however pepsin is not fully denatured or irreversibly inactivated until pH 8.0 . Therefore , pepsin in solution of up to pH 8.0 can be reactivated upon re-acidification . The stability of pepsin at high pH has significant implications on disease attributed to laryngopharyngeal reflux . Pepsin remains in the larynx following a gastric reflux event . At the mean pH of the laryngopharynx ( pH = 6.8 ) pepsin would be inactive but could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events resulting in damage to local tissues . In laryngopharyngeal reflux ( edit ) Pepsin is one of the primary causes of mucosal damage during laryngopharyngeal reflux . Pepsin remains in the larynx ( pH 6.8 ) following a gastric reflux event . While enzymatically inactive in this environment , pepsin would remain stable and could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events . Exposure of laryngeal mucosa to enzymatically active pepsin , but not irreversibly inactivated pepsin or acid , results in reduced expression of protective proteins and thereby increases laryngeal susceptibility to damage . Pepsin may also cause mucosal damage during weakly acidic or non-acid gastric reflux . Weak or non-acid reflux is correlated with reflux symptoms and mucosal injury . Under non-acid conditions ( neutral pH ) , pepsin is internalized by cells of the upper airways such as the larynx and hypopharynx by a process known as receptor - mediated endocytosis . The receptor by which pepsin is endocytosed is currently unknown . Upon cellular uptake , pepsin is stored in intracellular vesicles of low pH at which its enzymatic activity would be restored . Pepsin is retained within the cell for up to 24 hours . Such exposure to pepsin at neutral pH and endoyctosis of pepsin causes changes in gene expression associated with inflammation , which underlies signs and symptoms of reflux , and tumor progression . This and other research implicates pepsin in carcinogenesis attributed to gastric reflux . Pepsin in airway specimens is considered to be a sensitive and specific marker for laryngopharyngeal reflux . Research to develop new pepsin - targeted therapeutic and diagnostic tools for gastric reflux is ongoing . A rapid non-invasive pepsin diagnostic called Peptest is now available which determines the presence of pepsin in saliva samples . Storage ( edit ) Pepsins should be stored at very low temperatures ( between − 80 ° C and − 20 ° C ) to prevent autolysis ( self - digestion ) . Inhibitors ( edit ) Pepsin may be inhibited by high pH ( see `` Activity '' and `` Stability '' , above ) or by inhibitor compounds . Pepstatin is a low molecular weight compound and potent inhibitor specific for acid proteases with a Ki of about 10 M for pepsin . The statyl residue of pepstatin is thought to be responsible for pepstatin inhibition of pepsin ; statine is a potential analog of the transition state for catalysis by pepsin and other acid proteases . Pepstatin does not covalently bind pepsin and inhibition of pepsin by pepstatin is therefore reversible . 1 - bis ( diazoacetyl ) - 2 - phenylethane reversibly inactivates pepsin at pH 5 , a reaction which is accelerated by the presence of Cu ( II ) . Pepsin also undergoes feedback inhibition ; a product of protein digestion slows down the reaction by inhibiting pepsin . Sucralfate also inhibits pepsin activity . Applications ( edit ) Commercial pepsin is extracted from the glandular layer of hog stomachs . It is a component of rennet used to curdle milk during the manufacture of cheese . Pepsin is used for a variety of applications in food manufacturing : to modify and provide whipping qualities to soy protein and gelatin , to modify vegetable proteins for use in nondairy snack items , to make precooked cereals into instant hot cereals , and to prepare animal and vegetable protein hydrolysates for use in flavoring foods and beverages . It is used in the leather industry to remove hair and residual tissue from hides and in the recovery of silver from discarded photographic films by digesting the gelatin layer that holds the silver . Pepsin was historically an additive of Beemans gum brand chewing gum by Dr. Edward E. Beeman . Pepsin is commonly used in the preparation of F ( ab ' ) 2 fragments from antibodies . In some assays , it is preferable to use only the antigen - binding ( Fab ) portion of the antibody . For these applications , antibodies may be enzymatically digested to produce either an Fab or an F ( ab ' ) 2 fragment of the antibody . To produce an F ( ab ' ) 2 fragment , IgG is digested with pepsin , which cleaves the heavy chains near the hinge region . One or more of the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains in the hinge region are preserved , so the two Fab regions of the antibody remain joined together , yielding a divalent molecule ( containing two antibody binding sites ) , hence the designation F ( ab ' ) 2 . The light chains remain intact and attached to the heavy chain . The Fc fragment is digested into small peptides . Fab fragments are generated by cleavage of IgG with papain instead of pepsin . Papain cleaves IgG above the hinge region containing the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains , but below the site of the disulfide bond between the light chain and heavy chain . This generates two separate monovalent ( containing a single antibody binding site ) Fab fragments and an intact Fc fragment . The fragments can be purified by gel filtration , ion exchange , or affinity chromatography . Fab and F ( ab ' ) 2 antibody fragments are used in assay systems where the presence of the Fc region may cause problems . In tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen , or in peripheral blood preparations , cells with Fc receptors ( macrophages , monocytes , B lymphocytes , and natural killer cells ) are present which can bind the Fc region of intact antibodies , causing background staining in areas that do not contain the target antigen . Use of F ( ab ' ) 2 or Fab fragments ensures that the antibodies are binding to the antigen and not Fc receptors . These fragments may also be desirable for staining cell preparations in the presence of plasma , because they are not able to bind complement , which could lyse the cells . F ( ab ' ) 2 , and to a greater extent Fab , fragments allow more exact localization of the target antigen , i.e. , in staining tissue for electron microscopy . The divalency of the F ( ab ' ) 2 fragment enables it to cross-link antigens , allowing use for precipitation assays , cellular aggregation via surface antigens , or rosetting assays . Genes ( edit ) The following three genes encode identical human pepsinogen A enzymes : pepsinogen 3 , group I ( pepsinogen A ) Identifiers Symbol PGA3 Entrez 643834 HUGO 8885 OMIM 169710 RefSeq NM_001079807 UniProt P00790 Other data EC number 3.4. 23.1 Locus Chr. 11 q13 pepsinogen 4 , group I ( pepsinogen A ) Identifiers Symbol PGA4 Entrez 643847 HUGO 8886 OMIM 169720 RefSeq NM_001079808 UniProt P00790 Other data EC number 3.4. 23.1 Locus Chr. 11 q13 pepsinogen 5 , group I ( pepsinogen A ) Identifiers Symbol PGA5 Entrez 5222 HUGO 8887 OMIM 169730 RefSeq NM_014224 UniProt P00790 Other data EC number 3.4. 23.1 Locus Chr. 11 q13 A fourth human gene encodes gastricsin also known as pepsinogen C : progastricsin ( pepsinogen C ) Identifiers Symbol PGC Entrez 5225 HUGO 8890 OMIM 169740 RefSeq NM_001166424 UniProt P20142 Other data EC number 3.4. 23.3 Locus Chr. 6 pter - p21. 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ PDB : 1PSO ; Fujinaga M , Chernaia MM , Tarasova NI , Mosimann SC , James MN ( May 1995 ) . `` Crystal structure of human pepsin and its complex with pepstatin '' . Protein Sci. 4 ( 5 ) : 960 -- 72 . doi : 10.1002 / pro. 5560040516 . PMC 2143119 . PMID 7663352 . Jump up ^ Dunn BM ( Nov 2001 ) . `` Overview of pepsin - like aspartic peptidases '' . Current Protocols in Protein Science . Chapter 21 : Unit 21.3 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471140864. ps2103s25 . ISBN 0471140864 . PMID 18429164 . Jump up ^ `` Enzyme entry 3.4. 23.1 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Florkin M ( Mar 1957 ) . `` ( Discovery of pepsin by Theodor Schwann ) '' . Revue Médicale De Liège ( in French ) . 12 ( 5 ) : 139 -- 44 . PMID 13432398 . Jump up ^ Asimov I ( 1980 ) . `` page 95 '' . A short history of biology . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 22583 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` pepsin '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ πέψις , πέπτειν . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Fruton JS ( Jun 2002 ) . `` A history of pepsin and related enzymes '' . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 77 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 47 . doi : 10.1086 / 340729 . JSTOR 3071644 . PMID 12089768 . Jump up ^ Northrop JH ( May 1929 ) . `` Crystalline pepsin '' . Science . 69 ( 1796 ) : 580 . Bibcode : 1929Sci ... 69 ... 580N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 69.1796. 580 . PMID 17758437 . Jump up ^ `` Effects of pH '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Information on EC 3.4. 23.1 - pepsin A '' . Brenda - enzymes . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Cox M , Nelson DR , Lehninger AL ( 2008 ) . Lehninger principles of biochemistry . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 7108 - X . ^ Jump up to : Johnston N , Dettmar PW , Bishwokarma B , Lively MO , Koufman JA ( Jun 2007 ) . `` Activity / stability of human pepsin : implications for reflux attributed laryngeal disease '' . The Laryngoscope. 117 ( 6 ) : 1036 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / MLG. 0b013e31804154c3 . PMID 17417109 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston N , Knight J , Dettmar PW , Lively MO , Koufman J ( Dec 2004 ) . `` Pepsin and carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme III as diagnostic markers for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease '' . The Laryngoscope. 114 ( 12 ) : 2129 -- 34 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000149445.07146. 03 . PMID 15564833 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston N , Dettmar PW , Lively MO , Postma GN , Belafsky PC , Birchall M , Koufman JA ( Jan 2006 ) . `` Effect of pepsin on laryngeal stress protein ( Sep70 , Sep53 , and Hsp70 ) response : role in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease '' . The Annals of Otology , Rhinology , and Laryngology. 115 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 58 . doi : 10.1177 / 000348940611500108 . PMID 16466100 . Jump up ^ Goldberg HI , Dodds WJ , Gee S , Montgomery C , Zboralske FF ( Feb 1969 ) . `` Role of acid and pepsin in acute experimental esophagitis '' . Gastroenterology. 56 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 30 . PMID 4884956 . Jump up ^ Lillemoe KD , Johnson LF , Harmon JW ( Aug 1982 ) . `` Role of the components of the gastroduodenal contents in experimental acid esophagitis '' . Surgery . 92 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 84 . PMID 6808683 . Jump up ^ Tamhankar AP , Peters JH , Portale G , Hsieh CC , Hagen JA , Bremner CG , DeMeester TR ( Nov 2004 ) . `` Omeprazole does not reduce gastroesophageal reflux : new insights using multichannel intraluminal impedance technology '' . Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery . 8 ( 7 ) : 890 -- 7 ; discussion 897 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gassur. 2004.08. 001 . PMID 15531244 . Jump up ^ Kawamura O , Aslam M , Rittmann T , Hofmann C , Shaker R ( Jun 2004 ) . `` Physical and pH properties of gastroesophagopharyngeal refluxate : a 24 - hour simultaneous ambulatory impedance and pH monitoring study '' . The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 99 ( 6 ) : 1000 -- 10 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.2004. 30349. x . PMID 15180717 . Jump up ^ Oelschlager BK , Quiroga E , Isch JA , et al. Gastroesophageal and pharyngeal reflux detection using impedance and 24 - hour pH monitoring in asymptomatic subjects : defining the normal environment . J Gastrointest Surg 2006 ; 10 : 54 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Mainie I , Tutuian R , Shay S , Vela M , Zhang X , Sifrim D , Castell DO ( Oct 2006 ) . `` Acid and non-acid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy : a multicentre study using combined ambulatory impedance - pH monitoring '' . Gut. 55 ( 10 ) : 1398 -- 402 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 2005.087668 . PMC 1856433 . PMID 16556669 . Jump up ^ Johnston N , Wells CW , Blumin JH , Toohill RJ , Merati AL ( Dec 2007 ) . `` Receptor - mediated uptake of pepsin by laryngeal epithelial cells '' . The Annals of Otology , Rhinology , and Laryngology. 116 ( 12 ) : 934 -- 8 . doi : 10.1177 / 000348940711601211 . PMID 18217514 . Jump up ^ Johnston N , Wells CW , Samuels TL , Blumin JH ( Aug 2010 ) . `` Rationale for targeting pepsin in the treatment of reflux disease '' . The Annals of Otology , Rhinology , and Laryngology. 119 ( 8 ) : 547 -- 58 . doi : 10.1177 / 000348941011900808 . PMID 20860281 . Jump up ^ Samuels TL , Johnston N ( Nov 2009 ) . `` Pepsin as a causal agent of inflammation during nonacidic reflux '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 141 ( 5 ) : 559 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otohns. 2009.08. 022 . PMID 19861190 . Jump up ^ Balkwill F , Mantovani A ( Feb 2001 ) . `` Inflammation and cancer : back to Virchow ? '' . Lancet . 357 ( 9255 ) : 539 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 00 ) 04046 - 0 . PMID 11229684 . Jump up ^ Adams J , Heintz P , Gross N , Andersen P , Everts E , Wax M , Cohen J ( Mar 2000 ) . `` Acid / pepsin promotion of carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch '' . Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery . 126 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 9 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 126.3. 405 . PMID 10722017 . Jump up ^ Knight J , Lively MO , Johnston N , Dettmar PW , Koufman JA ( Aug 2005 ) . `` Sensitive pepsin immunoassay for detection of laryngopharyngeal reflux '' . The Laryngoscope. 115 ( 8 ) : 1473 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000172043.51871. d9 . PMID 16094128 . Jump up ^ Samuels TL , Johnston N ( Mar 2010 ) . `` Pepsin as a marker of extraesophageal reflux '' . The Annals of Otology , Rhinology , and Laryngology. 119 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 8 . PMID 20392035 . Jump up ^ Bardhan KD , Strugala V , Dettmar PW ( 2012 ) . `` Reflux revisited : advancing the role of pepsin '' . International Journal of Otolaryngology. 2012 : 1 . doi : 10.1155 / 2012 / 646901 . PMC 3216344 . PMID 22242022 . Jump up ^ Marciniszyn J , Hartsuck JA , Tang J ( 1977 ) . `` Pepstatin inhibition mechanism '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 95 : 199 -- 210 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 0719 - 9_12 . PMID 339690 . Jump up ^ Husain SS , Ferguson JB , Fruton JS ( Nov 1971 ) . `` Bifunctional inhibitors of pepsin '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 68 ( 11 ) : 2765 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1971PNAS ... 68.2765 H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 68.11. 2765 . PMC 389520 . PMID 4941985 . Jump up ^ Northrop HJ ( 1932 ) . `` The story of the isolation of crystalline pepsin and trypsin '' . The Scientific Monthly . 35 ( 4 ) : 333 -- 340 . Bibcode : 1932SciMo ... 35 ... 333N . Jump up ^ Greenwell P , Knowles JR , Sharp H ( Jun 1969 ) . `` The inhibition of pepsin - catalysed reactions by products and product analogues . Kinetic evidence for ordered release of products '' . The Biochemical Journal . 113 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 8 . PMC 1184643 . PMID 4897199 . Jump up ^ Kun LY ( 2006 ) . Microbial Biotechnology : Principles And Applications . World Scientific Publishing Company . ISBN 981 - 256 - 677 - 5 . Jump up ^ US patent 2259543 , Billings HJ , `` Fortified Cereal '' , published 1938 , assigned to Cream of Wheat Corporation Jump up ^ Smith ER ( Sep 1933 ) . `` Gelatinase and the gates - gilman - cowgill method of pepsin estimation '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 17 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 40 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 17.1. 35 . PMC 2141270 . PMID 19872760 . Jump up ^ Falkenburg WJ , van Schaardenburg D , Ooijevaar - de Heer P , Tsang - A-Sjoe MW , Bultink IE , Voskuyl AE , Bentlage AE , Vidarsson G , Wolbink G , Rispens T ( 2016 ) . `` Anti-Hinge Antibodies Recognize IgG Subclass - and Protease - Restricted Neoepitopes '' . Journal of Immunology . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 1601096 . PMID 27864476 . Jump up ^ Lane DS , Harlow E ( 1988 ) . Antibodies : a laboratory manual . Cold Spring Harbor , N.Y : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . pp. A2926 . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 314 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Enzyme Explorer - Pepsin '' . Sigma - Aldrich . External links ( edit ) The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors : Pepsin A A01. 001 , Pepsin B A01. 002 , Pepsin C ( Gastricsin ) A01. 003 Pepsin A at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Pepsinogens at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Pepsinogen A at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Pepsinogen C at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Beemans Gum Pepsin : Molecule of the Month , by David Goodsell , RCSB Protein Data Bank Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Proteases : aspartate proteases ( EC 3.4. 23 ) Vertebrate Pepsin Chymosin Renin Signal peptide peptidase Beta secretase Pathogenic Plasmepsin HIV - 1 protease Plant Nepenthesin Cathepsin Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsin&oldid=812502146 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 11 Genes on human chromosome 6 EC 3.4. 23 Peptidase Stomach Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Protein pages needing a picture Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 05 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does pepsin work in the digestive system	[ "Pepsin is most active in acidic environments between 37 °C and 42 °C.[10][11] Accordingly, its primary site of synthesis and activity is in the stomach (pH 1.5 to 2). Pepsin will digest up to 20% of ingested amide bonds by cleaving preferentially at the N-terminal side[12]:96 of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine.[12]:675 Pepsin exhibits preferential cleavage for hydrophobic, preferably aromatic, residues in P1 and P1' positions. Increased susceptibility to hydrolysis occurs if there is a sulfur-containing amino acid close to the peptide bond, which has an aromatic amino acid. Pepsin cleaves Phe1Val, Gln4His, Glu13Ala, Ala14Leu, Leu15Tyr, Tyr16Leu, Gly23Phe, Phe24 in the insulin B chain. Pepsin exhibits maximal activity at pH 2.0 and is inactive at pH 6.5 and above, however pepsin is not fully denatured or irreversibly inactivated until pH 8.0.[13] Therefore, pepsin in solution of up to pH 8.0 can be reactivated upon re-acidification. The stability of pepsin at high pH has significant implications on disease attributed to laryngopharyngeal reflux. Pepsin remains in the larynx following a gastric reflux event.[14][15] At the mean pH of the laryngopharynx (pH = 6.8) pepsin would be inactive but could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events resulting in damage to local tissues." ]	[ "the stomach" ]
-6326680399426282130	Suits (season 8)	Suits ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Suits ( season 8 ) Suits ( season 8 ) Starring Gabriel Macht Rick Hoffman Sarah Rafferty Amanda Schull Dulé Hill Katherine Heigl Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network USA Network Original release July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Suits episodes The eighth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on January 30 , 2018 , and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 18 , 2018 . The season is the first in the show 's history to see extensive cast changes with the departures of Patrick J. Adams and Meghan Markle at the conclusion of the last season . Following their departures , three actors have been promoted to series regulars : previously recurring guest star Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett , recurring special guest star Dulé Hill as Alex Williams , and Katherine Heigl as Samantha Wheeler , who is introduced in the season premiere . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Regular cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Suits characters Regular cast ( edit ) Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett Dulé Hill as Alex Williams Katherine Heigl as Samantha Wheeler Recurring cast ( edit ) Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane Rachael Harris as Sheila Sazs Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski Ray Proscia as Dr. Stan Lipschitz Jake Epstein as Brian Altman Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Suits episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 109 `` Right - Hand Man '' Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.27 The newly merged firm has a conflict of interest between two clients , which Harvey and Robert use as a competition to decide which one of them becomes managing partner . Harvey and Robert acquire the help of their right - hand men Alex and Samantha , respectively , to convince one of the clients to drop the overlapping division that cause the conflict . Both Alex and Samantha are invested in order to solidify their claim to become the next name partner , which introduces Specter Litt 's lawyers to Samantha 's tactics . Donna helps Harvey see that he 's tired of the view on top of the mountain , making him concede to Robert . Katrina asks to be tasked with firing the least efficient associates , but it gets complicated when Louis 's favorite associate Brian ends up at the bottom of the list . 110 `` Pecking Order '' Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.18 An old friend of Mike 's comes knocking for help when 50 million dollars for a new business venture goes missing , meaning he might be accused of embezzlement . Harvey suspects that his business partner made the money disappear , but Robert fears he 's too trusting of Mike 's friend and secretly puts Samantha on the case as well . While the two lawyers bicker over the right strategy to find the guilty party , Donna enlists the help of Gretchen to find out who exactly Samantha is and whose team she 's playing for . Sheila urges Louis to fight for managing partner , which brings to light Louis 's concerns about their relationship dynamics . Meanwhile , Alex sets out to prove his worth for name partner by attempting to poach Gavin Andrews , one of Robert 's former important clients from Rand Kaldor . 111 `` Promises , Promises '' Roger Kumble Rob LaMorgese & Marshall Knight August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.16 Harvey finds out that the firm 's cleaning lady does not receive the payments for her overtime , which she need for her mother 's medical costs , because of a manager title given to her by David Fox , the firm 's landlord . While the other name partners and Donna tell him not to , he starts a fight with Fox . Alex is successful in signing Gavin Andrews but he is immediately tasked with carrying out a plan set up by Gavin to launder money . Alex pleads with Samantha to help him find a way out without firing him as a client , which would backfire on the new firm 's reputation . Later , Samantha informs him that Robert promised her name partner . Meanwhile , Katrina is given the chance to prove her worth for senior partner by showcasing leadership over Brian , but Brian has to step up when stress - induced migraines take her out of the game . 112 `` Revenue Per Square Foot '' Michael Smith Ethan Drogin August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.09 Louis and Sheila are trying to conceive . While on his way to dinner with a client and Robert , Louis is mugged . His pride prevents him from telling Robert what truly happened . Robert then assigns Louis ' client to Samantha as a punishment , but the two end up working the case together . Samantha notices he 's behaving oddly and informs Harvey of this , leading to Harvey providing a safe place for Louis to come clean , even though Samantha ends up the most valuable support of all by teaching Louis self - defense . Harvey helps Alex sign a new client to improve his standing with Robert , who does n't like the way they pulled it off and demands that Alex either drop the client or forget about making name partner . Donna helps Robert see that his micro-managing caused his previous partners to stab him in the back , suggesting he do things differently this time around . 113 5 `` Good Mudding '' Valerie Weiss Sharyn Rothstein August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 1.15 Alex 's daughter Joy is suspended from school and she spends the day at the office . Since she 's acting out , Alex asks Samantha to keep an eye on her as she 's the cool one from Joy 's perspective . After they bond over similar experiences , Samantha ends up using Joy for her deposition , which rubs Alex the wrong way . Following a confrontation , Samantha realizes what she did was wrong and tells Joy that her father is the cool one . Later , Alex informs Samantha about Harvey 's promise to him and they openly declare a competition for name partner . Harvey leaves to represent his brother when his sister - in - law files for divorce , which becomes a painful reminder of his family 's secretive behaviors . Meanwhile , after Sheila asks him to get a fertility check - up , Louis is told to forego mudding to increase the chances of conceiving . 114 6 `` Cats , Ballet , Harvey Specter '' Emile Levisetti Garrett Schabb August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 1.22 After hearing that his brother 's divorce is still happening , Harvey lashes out at Louis when he asks Harvey to fill in for him at a meeting so he can spend the afternoon with Sheila . Louis then decides it 's time for the two of them to work on their relationship . After a shared session with Lipschitz goes wrong , Harvey goes to therapy by himself and comes to realize he 's afraid that Louis will leave him once he has a baby , like Jessica , Mike , Rachel , and his sister - in - law have left him . Alex recommends Samantha for a pro bono case that Donna holds close to her heart because her best friend 's charity is involved . The fragile friendship between Samantha and Donna is threatened when the former suspects something shady is going on and acts on her instincts behind Donna 's back . Katrina learns the value of friendship when Brian assists her on the case that will determine her future as senior partner . 115 7 `` Sour Grapes '' Gabriel Macht Ian Deitchman & Kristin Robinson August 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) 1.13 David Fox enlists a reluctant Harvey 's help to buy a building from his competitor without him knowing he is behind it , which leads to Harvey discovering the reason behind David 's tough exterior . Donna asks Samantha to join in on the case to make up for Harvey 's reluctance as well to create a family bond between the lawyers in preparation for the upcoming divisive name partner vote . Alex joins Robert at his vineyard when the latter wants to sue the man who was supposed to deliver barrels for his wine , but in failing to do so caused all of Robert 's wine to turn sour . Robert suspects racist motivations behind the delay in delivery and has a hard time accepting Alex 's advice . A false - positive pregnancy test causes Louis and Sheila to discuss how they 'll raise their child concerning their different religions . 116 8 `` Coral Gables '' Christopher Misiano Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese September 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) 1.30 Samantha plans to impress Robert by poaching client from her old boss Eric Caldor , but he backs her into a corner by threatening to reveal that she once buried evidence , which she did to keep an innocent woman out of jail . Samantha plans to silence Eric 's smoking Gun , Betty Palmer , a former colleague of hers who tried to stop her back in the day and whose career Samantha destroyed in response . Samantha has to accept defeat when Harvey , who has been helping out on the case , puts his foot down and refuses to let her once again destroy Betty 's life . Louis is thrown for a loop when Sheila 's top fertility specialist turns out to be his high school bully , making him turn to Lipschitz for guidance . After a mistake of hers costs Alex a client despite calling in all possible favors , Gretchen contemplates retiring . 117 9 `` Motion to Delay '' Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh & Genevieve Sparling September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) 1.07 Tommy Bratton comes for Zane Specter Litt with a lawsuit claiming that Robert and Harvey conspired to bribe Frank Gallo into entering fabricated evidence . Professional tensions between Samantha and Alex rise when they end up on opposing sides of Dexhart Insurance vs. Gavin Andrews , but Robert orders one of them to drop their client in order to present a united front against Bratton . However , when it becomes clear that Samantha goaded her client into suing Gavin , tensions reach an all - time high and all name partners are drawn in when the case re-ignites the burning question of who will be made name partner . Katrina is officially made a senior partner and she requests Brian to become her associate . Together , they take on a big fashion company knocking off a small designer 's work , which forces Katrina to face her growing feelings for Brian when he saves her from opening herself up to exposure . 118 10 `` Managing Partner '' Silver Tree Aaron Korsh & Ethan Drogin September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) 1.08 Robert and Harvey agree to let Samantha and Alex go up against one another in court in order to decide who will make name partner . Flashbacks reveal that , with the FBI pushing her to deliver evidence , Samantha once saved Robert 's career by engineering a takeover when their old firm 's name partners implicated Robert in their money laundering . Samantha deliberately recused herself since it was n't her time yet , thus resulting in Robert owing her . While Alex wins the case due to Samantha showing Gavin Andrews some mercy for his family , Samantha presses Robert to disregard the agreement and promote her anyway . Aware that the battle is about to tear the firm apart , Donna orchestrates a plan to make Louis managing partner and have him promote both Alex and Samantha , who agree in order to finally establish a united front in the firm . Sheila gets a chance at being promoted to dean and announces that she is pregnant . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On May 25 , 2018 , Entertainment Weekly released an interview with Katherine Heigl in which she described her character Samantha Wheeler as a `` fierce and enigmatic lawyer who muscles her way into ( the ) central law firm , Zane Specter Litt . '' She also teased an antagonistic relationship between Samantha and the main protagonist Harvey Specter and an `` uneasy dynamic '' with Donna . The article included several exclusive first - look images from the season premiere and Heigl 's character . Series creator Aaron Korsh confirmed that Patrick J. Adams wo n't be returning for any guest appearances in the first ten episodes of the season . However , he did state that he and Adams had discussed it and are both open to the possibility somewhere in the future . At the same time , he confirmed that Gina Torres wo n't guest star on the eighth season nor will be there be crossover episodes in order to establish the world from the Chicago - based spin - off series Second City as separate from Suits itself . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Right - Hand Man '' July 18 , 2018 0.3 1.27 0.3 1.23 0.6 2.50 `` Pecking Order '' July 25 , 2018 0.2 1.18 0.3 1.21 0.5 2.39 `` Promises , Promises '' August 1 , 2018 0.2 1.16 0.2 0.81 0.4 1.97 `` Revenue Per Square Foot '' August 8 , 2018 0.3 1.09 0.2 0.87 0.5 1.96 5 `` Good Mudding '' August 15 , 2018 0.3 1.15 N / A 1.21 N / A 2.36 6 `` Cats , Ballet , Harvey Specter '' August 22 , 2018 0.3 1.22 0.2 0.87 0.5 2.10 7 `` Sour Grapes '' August 29 , 2018 0.2 1.13 0.4 1.26 0.6 2.40 8 `` Coral Gables '' September 5 , 2018 0.3 1.30 N / A 1.21 N / A 2.51 9 `` Motion to Delay '' September 12 , 2018 0.3 1.07 N / A 1.25 N / A 2.32 10 `` Managing Partner '' September 19 , 2018 0.3 1.08 0.2 1.02 0.5 2.10 ^ Jump up to : Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed for Season 8 as Patrick J. Adams Officially Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Suits : Katherine Heigl previews her antagonistic season 8 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Meghan Markle is officially leaving Suits after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' : Amanda Schull Promoted To Series Regular For Season 8 Of USA Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' Finale : Series Creator On Patrick J. Adams & Meghan Markle 's Exits , New Twist , Season 8 & Spinoff Details '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - suits on usa '' . TheFutonCritic . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Teen Mom II ' doubles in 18 - 49 , ' Snowfall ' gets big viewers boost cable Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Woman ' scores big viewer gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' The Sinner ' Season Premiere More Than Doubles its Live + Same Day Figures in Overall Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Season Premiere Leads Scripted Telecasts in Raw Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' and ' The Sinner ' score biggest gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for August 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' Yellowstone ' Season Finale Tops All Telecasts in Raw Viewer Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' and ' Better Call Saul ' get good boosts in cable Live + 7 ratings for August 27 -- Sept. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mayans M.C. ' premiere leads , ' It 's Always Sunny ' does well in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` FX dominates with ' American Horror Story , ' ' Mayans , ' and ' Always Sunny ' in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 28 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' The Sinner ' Season Finale Leads All Original Prime Time Telecasts in Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Suits episodes on IMDb Suits Seasons `` Pilot '' 5 6 7 8 Other Characters Second City South Korean remake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suits_(season_8)&oldid=864217784 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 21 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the new suits season coming out	[ "The eighth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on January 30, 2018,[1] and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 18, 2018.[2]\n" ]	[ "July 18, 2018" ]
8007062000091136095	Baikal–Amur Mainline	Baikal -- Amur Mainline - wikipedia Baikal -- Amur Mainline Map of major railways in Russia , with Trans Siberian Railway shown in red , the Baikal - Amur Mainline in green and the Amur -- Yakutsk Mainline ( including `` Little BAM '' ) shown in orange Baikal Amur Mainline Legend km Station 0 Tayshet Eastern Siberian railway Irkutsk Oblast ( Moscow time + 5h ) 10 Akulshet 30 Kostomarovo 48 Toporok 57 Nevelskaya 97 Parchum 117 Novochunka 124 Chuna 129 Sosnovye Rodniki ( Oktyabrsky ) 142 Chuna ( Chunsky ) 154 Izykan 167 Targiz 177 Chuksha 191 Keshevo 210 Toreya 226 Ognevka 246 Turma 259 Balaga 269 Vikhorevka 284 Morgudon Bratsk city centre ( Novobratsk , 20 km ) 293 Anzyobi ( Bratsk ) Bratsk city centre ( Novobratsk , 17 km ) 304 Galachinsky 310 Bratskoye More 326 Padunskoye Porogi 328 Energetik 329 Angara ( Dam wall of Bratsk Reservoir , ca . 4400 m ) 339 Gidrostroytel 369 Zyaba 378 Pashenny 403 Kezhemskaya 416 Mamyr 436 Rechushka 461 Vidim 480 Sokhaty 502 Chornaya 523 Seleznyovo 533 Ilim ( Ust - Ilimsk Reservoir ) 535 Sredneilimskaya 541 Zhelezny 550 Korshunovsky - Tunnel , ca . 1100 m 552 Korshunikha - Angarskaya ( Zheleznogorsk - Ilimsky ) 562 Sibirishnaya 573 Khrebtovaya to Ust - Ilimsk ( 215 km ) 589 Karstovaya 611 Semigorsk 620 Merelotnaya 646 Kaymonovo 652 Kuta 661 Rychey 672 Yantal 685 Kuta 713 Ust - Kut 720 Lena ( Ust - Kut ) 730 Yakurim 734 Lena - Vostochnaya 737 Lena 739 Predlensky 759 Chudnichny 769 Kalpshny 784 Zvyozdnaya 805 Irdykan 823 Niya 853 Nebel 867 Marikta 874 Ukhanga 889 Kirenga ( Magistralny ) 908 Okunaysky 915 Kirenga 930 Ulkan 948 Umbella 960 Kalakachan 982 Kunerma 997 Delbichinda 1007 Baikal ( Daban ) tunnel ( 6686 m ) 1010 Irkutsk Oblast - Buryatia 1014 1014 Daban 1028 Goudzhekit 1043 Tyya 1063 Severobaikalsk 1067 4 tunnels , together ca . 4500m 1090 Nizhneangarsk 1105 Kholodnaya 1127 Kichera 1164 Kiron 1182 Angoya 1193 Ogdynda 1210 Ogney 1228 Anamakit 1235 Upper Angara River 1242 Novy Uoyan 1249 Bakany 1277 Yanchuy 1296 Churo 1315 Kyukhelbekerskaya ( Yanchikan ) 1330 Kovokta 1344 Angarakan Severomuysky Tunnel Diversion 1354 Severomuysky Tunnel ( 15.343 m ) Severomuysky Tunnel Diversion 1370 Okusikan 1374 Kasankan ( Severomuysk ) 1385 Severomuysk 1397 Arkum 1414 Ulgi 1460 Muyakan 1469 Taksimo End of Electrification 1492 Lodya 1508 Aku 1533 Shivery 1535 Vitim ; Buryatia - Zabaykalsky Krai ( Moscow time + 6h ) 1543 Koyra 1561 Kuanda 1584 Taku 1602 Balbukhta 1617 Syulban 1637 Naledny 1645 Kodar tunnel ( 1981 m ) 1650 Kodar 1668 Leprindo 1679 Sallikit 1713 Chara Chineyskoye mines ( 66 km ; 26 km in operation ) 1719 Novaya Chara 1740 Kemen 1757 Ikabya 1770 Olongo 1835 Sakha Republic ( Yakutia ) 1864 Khani Far - east Railway 1866 Amur Oblast Olyokma Tas - Yuryakh 1918 Olyokma 1922 Sakha Republic ( Yakutia ) 1927 Amur Oblast 2013 Yuktali 2033 Taluma 2058 Dyugabul 2121 Chilchi 2171 Lopcha 2186 Elgakan 2216 Larba 2241 Lumbir 2268 Khorogochi 2309 Kuvykta from Bamovskaya ( Trans - Siberian Railway , 179 km ) 2348 Tynda 2369 Shakhtaum 2365 Gilyuy 2375 Bestuzhevo Amur -- Yakutsk Mainline 2409 Gilyuy ( 2 Bridges ) 2436 Marevaya 2494 Unakha 2511 Dipkun 2560 Tutaul to Elginskoye ( ca . 300 km , under construction ) 2687 Zeya ( Zeya reservoir ) 2690 Verkhnezeysk 2706 Apetenok 2734 Izhak 2757 Ulyanovsky Stroitel 2779 Ogoron 2803 Moldavsky 2833 Miroshnichenko 2846 Tungala 2865 Kamnega 2894 Dugda 2919 Nora 2940 Meun 2957 Drogoshevsk 2983 Skalisty 3000 Chervinka 3012 Selemdzha 3017 Fevralsk 3035 Zvonkoye 3060 Demchenko 3082 Isakan 3101 Isa 3129 Mustakh 3149 Ulma 3155 Khabarovsky Krai ( Moscow time + 7h ) 3162 Etyrken 3195 Shugara 3247 Alonka 3292 Bureya from Isvestkovy ( Trans - Siberian railway , 326 km ) 3298 Novy Urgal 3312 Urgal - I to Chegdomyn ( 16 km ) 3324 Chemchuko 3339 Mugule 3365 Soloni 3384 Dusse - Alin 3382 Dusse - Alin Tunnel ( ca . 1800 m ) 3402 Suluk 3422 Mogdy 3434 Orokot 3456 Gerbi 3481 Ukraltu 3494 Badzhal Amgun ( 3 Bridges ) 3513 Dzhamku 3525 Sektali 3542 Eanga 3562 Amgun 3579 Sonakh 3595 Ebgun 3615 Postyshevo ( Beryosovy ) 3621 Amgun 3638 Bolen 3659 Moni 3679 Evoron 3702 Kharpichan 3715 Gorin 3740 Mavrinsky 3750 Khurmuli 3775 Lian 3789 Khalgaso 3799 Silinka to Komsomolsk - on - Amur and Dzemgi 3819 0 Komsomolsk - Sortirovochny to Khabarovsk ( 351 km ) Amur river 0 Pivan 28 Gayter 41 Kartel 52 Selikhino dismantled link to Sakhalin 63 Eldigan 82 Poni 95 Kun 112 Gurskoye 139 Uktur 160 Kenay 182 Oune 195 Otkosnaya 203 Kuznetsovsky tunnel ( 1800 m ) 220 Vysokogornaya 240 Datta 261 Kenada 274 Dzhigdasi 303 Tuluchi 318 Akur 340 Tumnin 366 Khutu 376 Imbo 380 Ust - Orochi 399 Mongokhto 403 Landyshi 424 Toki 434 Vanino Train ferry to Kholmsk ( Sakhalin ) 442 Sovestskaya Gavan - Sortirovochny 458 Desna 468 Sovetskaya Gavan The Baikal -- Amur Mainline ( Russian Байкало - Амурская магистраль ( БАМ ) , Baikalo - Amurskaya magistral ' , BAM ) is a 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) broad gauge railway line in Russia . Traversing Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East , the 4,324 km ( 2,687 mi ) long BAM runs about 610 to 770 km ( 380 to 480 miles ) north of and parallel to the Trans - Siberian railway . The BAM was built as a strategic alternative route to the Trans - Siberian Railway , especially along the vulnerable sections close to the border with China . The BAM 's costs were estimated at $14 billion , and it was built with special , durable tracks since much of it was built over permafrost . Due to the severe terrain , weather , length and cost Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev described BAM as `` the construction project of the century '' . Contents 1 Route 2 History 2.1 Early plans and start of construction 2.2 Construction project of the century 2.3 Crisis 2.4 Current situation and future prospects 3 Along the BAM 3.1 Branches 4 The BAM road 5 Honors 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links Route ( edit ) The BAM departs from the Trans - Siberian railway at Tayshet , then crosses the Angara River at Bratsk and the Lena River at Ust - Kut , proceeds past Severobaikalsk at the northern tip of Lake Baikal , past Tynda and Khani , crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk - on - Amur and finally reaches the Pacific Ocean at Sovetskaya Gavan . There are 21 tunnels along the line , with a total length of 47 km ( 29 mi ) . There are also more than 4,200 bridges , with a total length of over 400 km ( about 260 miles ) . Of the whole route , only the western Tayshet - Taksimo sector of 1,469 km ( 913 mi ) is electrified . The route is largely single - track , although the reservation is wide enough for double - tracking for its full length , in the case of eventual duplication . The unusual thing about the railway is that it is electrified with a 27.5 kV , 50 Hz catenary minimum height at 6.5 metres above top of the rails to suit double - stacking under the overhead wires on the Russian gauge tracks , which requires rolling stock to be modified for service on the railway . At Tynda the route is crossed by the Amur -- Yakutsk Mainline , which runs north to Neryungri and Tommot , with an extension to Yakutsk opened in 2014 , and now extension to Magadan under construction . The original section of the AYaM connecting the Trans - Siberian at Bamovskaya with the BAM at Tynda is also referred to as the `` Little BAM '' . During the winter the passenger trains go from Moscow past Tayshet and Tynda to Neryungri and Tommot and there are also a daily trains from Tynda to Komsomolsk - on - Amur and from Komsomolsk - on - Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan on the Pacific Ocean via Vanino ( `` Vladivostok - Sovetskaya Gavan '' train No 351Э ). Travel time from Tayshet to Tynda is 48 hours.Travel time from Tynda to Komsomolsk - on - Amur is 36 hours.Travel time from Komsomolsk - on - Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan is 13 hours . History ( edit ) Early plans and start of construction ( edit ) The route of the present - day BAM first came under consideration in the 1880s as an option for the eastern section of the planned Trans - Siberian railway . In the 1930s labor - camp inmates , in particular from the Bamlag camp of the Gulag system , built the section from Tayshet to Bratsk . In a confusing transfer of names , the label BAM applied from 1933 to 1935 to the project to double - track the Trans - Siberian east of Lake Baikal , constructing largely using forced labor . 1945 saw the finalisation of plans for upgrading the BAM for diesel or electric instead of steam traction , and for the heavier axle - loads of eight - axle oil tankers to carry new - found oil from Western Siberia . The upgrading required 25 years and 3,000 surveyors and designers , although much of the redesign work ( particularly as regards the central section ) took place between 1967 and 1974 . Construction project of the century ( edit ) A rally in Ust - Ilimsk , Irkutsk Region , on the occasion of the arrival of a building team for construction of the Baikal - Amur Railway. 1979 . In March 1974 , Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev proposed that the BAM would be one of the two major projects in the Tenth Five Year Plan ( 1976 -- 80 ) . He famously stated that `` BAM will be constructed with clean hands only ! '' and firmly rejected the suggestion to again use prison labor . A few weeks later he challenged the Young Communist League ( Komsomol ) to join in `` the construction project of the century '' . 17th Komsomol congress ( held in April 1974 ) announced BAM a Komsomol shock construction project , created the central Komsomol headquarters of BAM construction , and appointed Dmitry Filippov the chief of the headquarters . By the end of 1974 perhaps 50,000 young people of the 156,000 young people who applied had moved to the BAM service area . In 1975 and 1976 28 new settlements were inaugurated , and 70 new bridges including the Amur and Lena bridges were erected . And while 110 miles ( 180 km ) of track was laid , the tracklaying rate would have needed to nearly triple to meet the 1983 deadline . In September 1984 , a `` golden spike '' was hammered into place , connecting the eastern and western sections of the BAM . The Western media was not invited to attend this historic event as Soviet officials did not want any comments about the line 's operational status . In reality , only one third of the BAM 's track was fully operational for civilians , due to military reasons . The BAM was again declared complete in 1991 . By then , the total cost to build the line was US $ 14 billion . Crisis ( edit ) Beginning in the mid-1980s , the BAM - project attracted increasing criticism for bad planning . Infrastructure and basic services like running water were often not in place when workers arrived . At least 60 boomtowns developed around the route , but nowadays a lot of these places are deserted ghost towns and unemployment in the area is high . The building of the BAM has also been criticised for its complete lack of environmental protection . When Soviet Union was dissolved , numerous mining and industrial projects in the region were cancelled , and the BAM was greatly underutilized until the late 1990s , running at a large operational deficit . In 1996 , the BAM as a single operational body was dissolved , with the western section from Tayshet to Khani becoming the East Siberian Railway , the rest transferred to the management of the Far Eastern Railway . Current situation and future prospects ( edit ) A major improvement was the opening of the 15,343 - meter ( 9.534 mi ) Severomuysky Tunnel on December 5 , 2003 . It is up to 1.5 kilometres ( nearly 1 mile ) deep . Construction took 27 years to complete . Prior to this , the corresponding route segment was 54 km ( 34 mi ) long , with heavy slopes necessitating the use of auxiliary bank engine locomotives . With the resources boom of recent years and improving economic conditions in Russia , use of the line is increasing . Plans exist for the development of mining areas such as Udokanskoye and Chineyskoye near Novaya Chara , as well as one of Eurasia 's largest coal deposits at Elginskoye ( Elga ) in the Sakha Republic ( Yakutia ) . In connection with this , a number of branch lines have been built or are under construction . In January 2012 the Russian mining company Mechel completed the construction of the 320 - kilometre - long branch line to Elginskoye , branching from the BAM station Ulak , west of the Zeya River crossing in northwestern Amur Oblast . The branch line connects the Elginskoye coal mine to the Russian railroad network . It is also intended that the BAM should become an alternative route for container transport between Europe and the Pacific , although the single - track nature of most of the route and the lack of suitable connections at the eastern end currently stand in the way . Currently under discussion is the construction of a bridge or tunnel under the Strait of Tartary to Sakhalin Island , with the possibility of the further construction of a bridge or tunnel from Sakhalin to Japan . A tunnel from the mainland to Sakhalin was previously begun under Joseph Stalin , but was abandoned after his death . A second attempt in 2003 was also postponed during construction . Current economic conditions make the short - term completion of the tunnel doubtful , although Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced in November 2008 his support for a revival of this project . The BAM now also attracts the interest of Western railway enthusiasts , with some tourist activity on the line . Also , the BAM itself extension from Komsomolsk - on - Amur to Magadan ( Okhotsk coastal route ) , full length electrification , full length track doubling , and double - stacking under the overhead wires on the Russian gauge tracks ( with well cars to make 6.15 m height ) are proposed . The future BAM passenger rolling stocks which include : Bilevel carriages with low doors , Shinkansen - based Russian gauge EMUs with low doors , Talgo wide - bodyshell trainsets , and Talgo AVRIL Russian gauge trainsets . Along the BAM ( edit ) Map of primary stations of BAM Tynda , the `` capital '' of BAM Tayshet to Lake Baikal 1064 km : 0 : Tayshet : about 300 km east of Krasnoyarsk , Trans - Siberian Railway , M53 highway to Irkutsk. 129 : Sosnovye Rodniki : timber port . Chuna River 142 : Chuna. 269 : Vikhorevka : railway administration . 282 : Anzebi : 20 km spur line to Bratsk town . About 330 : Bratsk Dam : Railway runs across the top of the dam . 463 : Vidim. 546 : Sredneilimskaya on the Ust - Ilimsk reservoir. 554 : Zheleznogorsk - Ilimsky : mining town . 575 : Khrebetovaya : branch line north to Ust - Ilimsk ( see branches below ) ; enter Lena basin . Kuta River . 715 : Ust - Kut : port on the Lena River where goods are loaded onto boats for transport north . End of the line until 1974 . 736 : Lena Vostochnaya : east of the Lena , start of the BAM proper from 1974 . Line tends east southeast . 786 : Zvyozdnaya : first new town built on the BAM. 890 : Kirenga : 12 km east is the larger town of Magistralnyy . Kirenga River and bridge . 931 : Ul'kan : on the Ulkan branch of the Kirenga. 1005 : Delbichenda : last stop before the 6.7 km Baikal Mountain Tunnel ( between 1979 and 1984 there was a 15 km bypass over the mountain ) . 1014 : Daben. 1064 : Lake Baikal . Lake Baikal to Tynda 1300 km : 1064 : Severobaykalsk . Four small tunnels along the lake . 1104 : Nizhneangarsk ; leave Lake Baikal , northeast up the valley of the Upper Angara River . 1257 : Novy Uoyan : there is talk of building a railroad south from here to the Trans - Siberian . Enter Severomuysk Mountains . Much permafrost from here to Tynda. 1385 -- 1400 : Severomuysky Tunnel : 15.7 km long , very difficult construction . Exit mountain . Scenic section with mountains to north and south . Much fog . 1484 : Taksimo : end of electrified section . Muya River . 1548 : Shivery : leave Buryat Republic . Vitim River . 1577 : Kuanda : official ' completion ' of the BAM was celebrated here in September 1984 . Valley into mountains . 1664 : Kodar : Kodar mountains , 1.9 km tunnel . 1734 : Novaya Chara. 1879 : Khani : the only BAM town in the Sakha Republic . Northernmost point on the line . Line turns south - southeast along the Olyokma River . Enter Amur basin. 2364 : Tynda . Tynda to Komsomolsk 1473 km : 2364 : Tynda : Branch railway and highway north to Yakutsk , little BAM south to the Trans - Siberian. 2704 : Bridge over Zeya Reservoir . Line heads southeast . 3205 : Bureya River bridge . 3315 : Novy Urgal : Branch south to Trans - Siberian. 3403 : east to Dusse - Alin Tunnel . Northeast up the Amgun River . 3633 : Postyshevo : east . 3697 : Evoron Lake . southeast to 3837 : Komsomolsk - on - Amur . Komsomolsk to Sovetskaya Gavan 486 km . This section was completed by prisoners during World War II , except for the 19 km section east of Komsomolsk which was completed in 1974 . Komsomolsk . 1734m Amur River Bridge . 0 : Pivan ( new numbering system ) . 51 : Selikhin : Branch. 95 -- 340 : Sikhote Alin Mountains. 403 : Mongokhto 441 : Vanino : port , train ferry to Sakhalin Island , practical end of passenger service . 467 : Sovetskaya Gavan : naval base . In April 2008 the state - owned Bamtonnelstroy corporation started work on the new 3.91 km single - track Kuznetsovsky Tunnel to bypass an older tunnel built in 1943 -- 1945 . It was opened in December 2012 . The old tunnel had difficult gradients ; building the new tunnel relieved a bottleneck on the BAM . The 59.8 bn roubles ( about $1.93 bn ) project included 20 km of new track . In 2010 , Yakunin had said , the stretch between Komsomolsk and Sovetskaya Gavan was the weakest link on the BAM , which , he said , could be carrying 100 million tons of freight a year in 2050 . Branches ( edit ) 575 : Khrebtovaya to Ust - Ilimsk , 214 km : Opened in 1970 , it runs northeast to serve the Ust - Ilimsk Dam . 1257 : Novy Uoyan : possible start of line south on east side to Lake Baikal . 2364 : Tynda to the Trans - Siberian at Bamovskaya , 180 km ( the ' Little BAM ' ) : This branch was built by prisoners in 1933 -- 37 , torn up in 1942 and its rails shipped to the front and rebuilt in 1972 -- 75 . 2364 : Tynda to Yakutsk : see Amur -- Yakutsk Mainline . 3315 : Novy Urgal to the Trans - Siberian at Izvestovskaya , 328 km : In the Bureya River basin , it was built mostly by Japanese POWs . There is a 32 km branch north from Novy Urgal to the Chegdomyn coal fields . 3837 : Komsomolsk south to Khabarovsk , 374 km ; on east side ( flood plain ) of the Amur. 99 km south : Lake Bolon . 51 ( line km restart at Komsomolsk ) : Selikhin to Cherny Mys , 122 km : north along the Amur . Built 1950 -- 53 , it was planned to extend this to a tunnel to Sakhalin Island . There is talk of restarting it . The BAM road ( edit ) Running approximately alongside the railway track is the BAM road , a railway service track . It is said to be in a very poor state , with collapsed bridges , dangerous river crossings , severe potholes and `` unrelenting energy - sapping bogs '' . The road is passable only by the most extreme off - road vehicles and adventure motorcycles . In 2009 , a group of three experienced motorcycle riders took a whole month to travel from Komsomolsk ( in the east ) to Lake Baikal . Honors ( edit ) Main belt asteroid 2031 BAM , discovered in 1969 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh , is named in honor of the builders of the BAM . Gallery ( edit ) Railway station at Tynda Railway station at Vikhorevka Railway station at Fevralsk Old station building at Tayshet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Dale M. and Mann , Martin , editors . Library of Nations : The Soviet Union . 1985 . Time Life Books . Alexandria , Virginia . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 5327 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Yates , Athol & Zvegintzov , Nicholas Siberian BAM Guide : Rail , Rivers & Road ( 1995 , 2nd edition 2001 , Trailblazer Publications , England ) ISBN 1 - 873756 - 18 - 6 ( see excerpt ) ^ Jump up to : http://rzd.ru ^ Jump up to : Shabad , Theodore and Mote , Victor L : Gateway to Siberian Resources ( The BAM ) pp. 71 -- 73 ( Halstead Press / John Wiley , New York , 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 470 - 99040 - 6 Jump up ^ Compare : Gaidar , Yegor ( 2010 ) . Collapse of an Empire : Lessons for Modern Russia . Translated by Antonina W. Bouis . Brookings Institution Press . p. 100 . ISBN 9780815731153 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . The first oil well in Western Siberia was opened in September 1953.73 Large - scale geological discoveries came in the period 1961 - 65 ( ... ) . Jump up ^ Ward , C.J. , ' Selling the `` Project of the Century '' : Perceptions of the Baikal - Amur Mainline Railway ( BAM ) in the Soviet Press , 1974 -- 1984 ' , Canadian Slavonic Papers ( 2001 ) , 75 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Victor L. Mote , ' BAM after the fanfare : the unbearable ecumene ' , in : John M. Steward , ( ed . ) , The Soviet environment : problems , policies and politics ( Cambridge 1990 ) , 40 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` Mechel Reports Finishing Laying Railway Tracks to Elga Coal Complex '' . www.mechel.com . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mechel Reports Obtaining Federal Railway Transport Agency 's Approval for Operating Elga Deposit Railway '' . www.mechel.com . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ PrimaMedia : Президент России хочет остров Сахалин соединить с материком ( Russian ) Jump up ^ Construction of the new Kuznetsovsky tunnel , Bamtonnelstroy press service , undated . Retrieved : 31 March 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kuznetsovsk tunnel shortens the BAM corridor '' . Railway Gazette International . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Freight volumes via BAM to reach 100m tons a year by 2050 , Portnews.ru , St Petersburg , 24 March , 2010 . Retrieved : 31 March 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` MCN Adventure '' August 2011 Jump up ^ `` The BAM Road - ultimate test of man and machine - Adventure Rider '' . www.advrider.com . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz D. ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of Minor Planet Names ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Springer Verlag . p. 164 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baikal Amur Mainline . Railways portal Baikal - Amur Mainline travel guide from Wikivoyage Construction history of the BAM Private homepage about the BAM ( section in English ) BAM : Soviet construction project of a century BAM Guide on Trailblazer Publications website NYTimes 2012 travel feature Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikal -- Amur_Mainline&oldid = 846192059 '' Categories : Gulag industry Railway lines in Russia Rail transport in the Soviet Union Rail transport in Siberia Rail transport in the Russian Far East 1520 mm gauge railways in Russia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the baikal-amur mainline (bam) railroad completed in the russian domain	[ "The BAM was again declared complete in 1991. By then, the total cost to build the line was US$14 billion.\n" ]	[ "1991" ]
8223951686803852990	Telenet (Belgium)	Telenet ( Belgium ) - Wikipedia Telenet ( Belgium ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2013 ) Telenet Group Holding N.V. Type Naamloze vennootschap Traded as Euronext : TNET Industry Telecommunications Founded Headquarters Mechelen , Belgium Key people John Porter ( CEO ) , Frank Donck ( Chairman ) Products Cable television Broadband Internet Fixed telephony Mobile telephony Revenue € 2.429 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income € 485 million ( 2016 ) Net income € 42 million ( 2016 ) Total assets € 5.007 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity € 1.207 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 3,387 ( FTE , end 2016 ) Parent Liberty Global Website www.telenet.be Telenet Group is the largest provider of cable broadband services in Belgium . Its business comprises the provision of analog and digital cable television , fixed and mobile telephone services , primarily to residential customers in Flanders and Brussels . In addition , Telenet offers services to business customers all across Belgium and in Luxembourg under its brand Telenet Solutions . Since 11 October 2005 , Telenet has been listed on the Euronext stock exchange under the ticker TNET . Contents ( hide ) 1 Internet 1.1 Hosting services 2 Telephony 2.1 Fixed telephony 2.2 Mobile telephony 3 Television 3.1 Cable television 3.2 Set - top boxes 3.3 Pay TV 3.4 Digital Terrestrial Television : Teletenne 4 Ownership 5 Sponsorship 6 References 7 External links Internet ( edit ) Telenet has offered its residential service since 1997 under the brand name Telenet Internet through the combination of its broadband cable network , which passes some 2.4 million homes in Flanders and a part of the Brussels region . All of the networks through which Telenet offers residential services in Flanders have been upgraded to a two way digital hybrid fibre - coaxial ( HFC ) standard , and Telenet has direct relationships with all of its Internet and telephony customers . Its main competitors on the cable broadband Internet market are Numericable and VOO in the Brussels region , and Belgacom , the leader of the Belgian DSL market in the Flanders and Brussels regions . Telenet also offers voice , data and Internet services to its business customers under the brand name Telenet Solutions through its optical fiber backbone , by its acquisition of Codenet , which covers all of Belgium and Luxembourg . Through its acquisition of Sinfilo , Telenet acquired a large network of Wi - Fi hotspots in addition to its cable Internet service . In December 2016 , Telenet submitted a proposal for the acquisition of SFR Belux from Altice , which has been authorized June 20th 2017 . Hosting services ( edit ) In January 2008 , Telenet acquired Hostbasket , Belgium 's largest hosting company , to offer services appropriate for organisations and companies . Hostbasket offers `` classic hosting '' ( domain names , shared webhosting , online backup , antivirus , ... ) , infrastructure solutions ( dedicated servers , co-location ) and applications ( hosted Exchange , hosted SharePoint , hosted CRM , ... ) . Telephony ( edit ) Fixed telephony ( edit ) Since 1998 , Telenet has offered fixed telephony using its cable network under the brand name Telenet Freephone . In 2008 , it has more than 600,000 customers . Its main competitors on the Belgian fixed telephone market are Numericable and VOO in Brussels , using optic fibre . Its other main competitor is Proximus , leader of the Belgian DSL market . It has released FreePhone Mobile in November 2011 . This is a free option which allows its customers to call all mobile lines for free during the morning and evenings . An extra option called FreePhone Mobile 24 is available as well . This allows customers to call mobile lines all day . Mobile telephony ( edit ) Since July 2006 , Telenet Mobile offers mobile telephony services as a full MVNO , using the Mobistar MNO - network ( Orange ) . Today it has more than 80,000 customers . It competes with the mobile network operators Proximus , owned by the Belgian state owned telecommunications company Proximus Group . In 2009 , Telenet acquired the Belgian retail store network of BelCompany from the Dutch Macintosh Retail Group . In 2011 Telenet and Voo formed a new company , Telenet Tecteo BidCo , to participate in the auction for obtaining the fourth 3G license on the Belgian market . As there were no other bidding parties they obtained this license for € 71.5 million . In 2015 Telenet acquired the mobile operator Base from its previous owner KPN for € 1.325 billion . Television ( edit ) Cable television ( edit ) Telenet launched Telenet Digital TV interactive television on its cable television network on September 3 , 2005 . Since 2012 - 2013 cable customers need not pay an extra subscription to receive digital TV , but they must purchase or rent a set - top box in order to view the digital TV channels and to use the interactive services based on the Multimedia Home Platform . Telenet also rolled out high definition television services during 2008 . In July 2008 Telenet reached an agreement with Interkabel 's INDI regarding the acquisition of its 800,000 cable TV customers . Its main competitors on the Belgian digital television market ( DVB - C ) are Numericable and VOO in the Brussels region . Other competitors are Belgacom TV IPTV and TV Vlaanderen Digitaal ( DVB - S ) , owned by Belgacom and an Airbridge Investments - Providence Equity Partners consortium , in the Flanders and Brussels regions . Telenet and North American digital media & broadcasting company Vice Media both launched a local version of US TV channel Viceland ( itself owned by Vice ) in Belgium on 2 March 2017 . Set - top boxes ( edit ) The Digibox ( standard high definition set - top box ) and Digicorder ( high definition personal video recorder ) are made by Advanced Digital Broadcast . Pay TV ( edit ) Telenet also offers several premium TV channel packs including : Play ( including premium channels , Stingray Music and a timeshifting service ) Play More ( including PRIME and other premium channels ) Play Sports ( Also available as Pay - per - view ) BeTV Ciné + ( Brussels Only ) Option FR ( Flanders Only ) Passion XL Digital terrestrial television : Teletenne ( edit ) On 21 June 2012 , Telenet launched its pay TV digital terrestrial television based on DVB - T technology , called Teletenne . The service has been closed down in 2014 due to low success . Ownership ( edit ) Liberty Global own a 57.8 % stake in Telenet . Sponsorship ( edit ) Telenet is the principal sponsor of the Belgian football club KV Mechelen and a secondary sponsor of Club Brugge , another Belgian football club , and the Belgian Fidea Cycling Team . Both football clubs are active in the Belgian Pro League . Telenet is a title sponsor of the Telenet UCI Cyclo - cross World Cup from the 2016 -- 2017 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 '' . Telenet Group . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Telenet persberichten '' . Telenet Group . Jump up ^ Cludts , Dries ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Telenet stopt met Teletenne , digitale tv via de ether '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Telenet UCI Cyclo - Cross World Cup perfectly meets the aim of our new sports broadcasting strategy `` '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 15 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website BEL 20 companies of Belgium Ackermans & van Haaren Ageas Anheuser - Busch InBev Befimmo - Sicafi Bekaert Bpost Cofinimmo Colruyt Group Engie GBL KBC Groep Proximus Group Solvay Telenet Group UCB Umicore Liberty Global UPC Broadband Unitymedia ( Germany ) UPC Austria UPC Switzerland UPC Česká republika UPC Magyarország UPC Polska UPC Romania UPC Slovakia UPC DTH UPC Direct ( Hungary ) freeSAT ( Czech Republic and Slovakia ) Focus Sat ( Romania ) Virgin Media Virgin Media Ireland Virgin Mobile UK Virgin TV TV3 Group VodafoneZiggo ( 50 % ) Vodafone Netherlands Ziggo Ziggo Mobiel Ziggo Sport Ziggo Sport Totaal Ziggo TV Telenet ( 58 % ) Prime Prime Star Prime Star HD Prime Star + 1 Prime Action Prime Family Prime Fezztival Prime Series Sporting Telenet Sporting 1 HD Sporting 2 HD Sporting 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 Sporting Golf Sporting 1 Sporting 2 Yelo Studio 100 TV ( with Studio 100 ) T. 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Starz Starz Encore MoviePlex Celestial Tiger Entertainment Celestial Movies Kix Thrill cHK Other Debmar - Mercury Lionsgate Television Lionsgate Music & Publishing Lionsgate Interactive Lions Gate Entertainment Lions Gate Media Pop ( 50 % ) Other assets ITV plc VTR Liberty Cable Puerto Rico Unitymedia Former / Defunct Chello Central Europe Chellomedia Chello Multicanal Chello Zone CBS Action CBS Drama CBS Europa CBS Reality CBS Reality + 1 Extreme Sports Channel Horror Channel Horror Channel + 1 JimJam MGM Channel ( Europe ) Outdoor Channel DMC Film1 HBO Netherlands ( 50 % ) UPC Nederland Weer en Verkeer Stock symbols NASDAQ : LBTYA / NASDAQ : LBTYB / NASDAQ : LBTYK Cable , satellite , and other speciality television providers in Europe Cable Ailə TV Alma TV Anvia Ariel TV ASTA - NET AS Starman ASK CATV ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) ATV Plus B&B TV Blic.net Nowo ( Portugal ) CableSat West Caiway ( Netherlands ) Canal Digital ( Norway ) Casema CenterTelecom Coolbox Com Hem ( Sweden ) ComNet DigiCom dna Welho ( Finland ) EVision ( Ireland ) ELTA - KABEL ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) ER - Telecom Get GO ( Malta ) INEA ( Poland ) IPKO Kabel Deutschland ( Germany ) Kabel Noord KATV1 ( Azerbaijan ) Kazakhtelecom ( Kazakhstan ) Kujtesa Lattelecom LIWEST Madritel Magnet Networks Magyar Telekom MC Cable Melita Cable Meo ( telecommunication service ) MISS.NET ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Movistar+ ( Spain ) M - sat Cable Mtel ( Bulgaria ) MTIS ( Belarus ) M&H Company Naxoo ( Switzerland ) Networx North - West Telecom NOS ( Portugal ) Numericable - SFR ( France ) SFR ( Belgium ) ONO ( Spain ) Orange TV ( France ) Petrus ( Poland ) PostTV Luxembourg Primacom ( Germany ) Promax ( Poland ) Radijus Vektor RCS & RDS ( Romania ) Rostelecom ( Russia ) R ( Spain ) Sappa TV Sat Film ( Poland ) SATRO ( Slovakia ) SEEMORE Serbia Broadband ( Serbia ) SofiaNet Slovanet Southern Telecom Splius ( Lithuania ) Stofa ( Demnark ) STV AS Swisscom Tango TV ( Luxembourg ) TCV Telecable ( Spain ) Telekom Romania Telekabel ( Macedonia ) Tele Columbus ( Germany ) Tele2Vision Telemach ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro and Slovenia ) Telenet ( Belgium ) Teledünya ( Turkey ) Telia ( Denmark ) TelNet Telset ( Estonia ) Terrakom Toya ( Poland ) TrakiaCable Turksat Kablo TV ( Turkey ) Unex Unitymedia ( Germany ) Uralsvyazinform UPC Austria UPC Magyarország ( Hungary ) UPC Polska ( Poland ) UPC Romania UPC Switzerland VECTRA Virgin TV ( UK ) Virgin Media Ireland Vodafone Ireland Vodafone Spain VolgaTelecom Volia ( Ukraine ) VOO WightFibre YouSee ( Denmark ) Ziggo ( Netherlands ) Satellite Bulsatcom ( Bulgaria ) Canal Digital ( Denmark , Sweden , Norway and Finland ) CanalDigitaal ( Netherlands ) Canal ( France , Swtizerland ) Cosmote TV ( Greece ) Cyfrowy Polsat ( Poland ) DIGI ( Romania , Hungary ) Digit - Alb ( Albania ) Digiturk ( Turkey ) D - Smart ( Turkey ) Focus Sat ( Romania ) Freesat ( UK ) Freesat from Sky ( UK ) Kabelkiosk ( Germany ) MagtiCom ( Georgia ) Magio TV ( Slovakia ) Movistar+ ( Spain ) Mtel ( Bulgaria ) MEO ( Portugal ) NC+ ( Poland ) NOS ( Portugal ) NOVA Cyprus NOVA Greece NTV Plus ( Russia , Ukraine ) Orange S.A. ( France , Belgium ) Orange Poland Orange Romania Saorsat ( Ireland ) Sky UK Sky ( Germany , Austria ) Sky Ireland Sky ( Italy ) Skylink ( Slovakia , Czech Republic ) Telekom Hungary Telekom Romania TéléSAT Numérique ( Belgium , Luxembourg ) Tivù Sat ( Italy ) TNTSAT ( France ) Total TV ( Balkans ) Tricolor TV ( Russia , Ukraine ) TV Vlaanderen Digitaal ( Belgium ) UPC Direct ( Hungary ) Viasat ( Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland , Latvia , Estonia and Lithuania ) Viasat Ukraine Vip TV ( Croatia ) Vivacom ( Bulgaria ) IPTV A1 Telekom Austria Altibox Amis Beeline Bouygues Telecom BT TV ( UK ) Bulsatcom ( Bulgaria ) Canal Digital Cosmote TV ( Greece ) CytaVision ( Cyprus ) DartyBox ( France ) Elsat Fastweb ( Italy ) Free ( France ) Freewire ( UK ) HOME.TV ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) iNES ( Romania ) Infostrada TV ( Italy ) KPN ( Netherlands ) Magnet Networks ( Ireland ) Moja TV ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Moldtelecom Movistar+ ( Spain ) Mtel ( Bulgaria ) Mts TV ( Serbia ) Meo ( telecommunication service ) NejTV Neuf Cegetel NOS ( Portugal ) Open IPTV ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Optimus Clix ( Portugal ) Orange TV ( France ) Plusnet Portugal Telecom PrimeTel ( Cyprus ) Proximus TV ( Belgium ) Sappa TV Scarlet ( Belgium ) SFR ( France ) ShqipTV Síminn ( Iceland ) Smart Telecom ( Ireland ) SUPER TV ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Sure TV T - 2 ( Slovenia ) TalkTalk TV ( UK ) Telekom Entertain ( Germany ) Telenor ( Norway ) Telfort ( Netherlands ) Telia Digital - tv TeliaSonera Teo LT TIMvision Tivibu YouView ( UK ) Vivacom ( Bulgaria ) Vodafone Greece Vodafone Italy Vodafone Portugal XS4ALL ( Netherlands ) Terrestrial Antena PLUS ( Serbia ) Boxer TV Access ( Sweden ) Boxer TV A / S ( Denmark ) Digea ( Greece ) Easy TV ( Ireland ) evotv ( Croatia ) Freeview ( UK ) KPN Digitenne ( Netherlands ) Mediaset Premium ( Italy ) PlusTV ( Finland ) PTDT ( Portugal ) RiksTV ( Norway ) Saorview ( Ireland ) TNT ( France ) Vip TV ( Macedonia ) Zala TV ( Belarus ) Defunct Alice Home TV Boom TV ( Romania ) CableTel ( Bulgaria ) On Telecoms ( Greece ) Romtelecom Numericable UPC Nederland TDC ( Denmark ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telenet_(Belgium)&oldid=822444399 '' Categories : Companies in the BEL 20 Internet service providers of Belgium Belgian brands Dutch - language television networks Cable television companies Liberty Global Companies established in 1996 Television broadcasting companies of Belgium Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did telenet launched its first telecom products	[ "Telenet has offered its residential service since 1997 under the brand name Telenet Internet through the combination of its broadband cable network, which passes some 2.4 million homes in Flanders and a part of the Brussels region. All of the networks through which Telenet offers residential services in Flanders have been upgraded to a two way digital hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) standard, and Telenet has direct relationships with all of its Internet and telephony customers." ]	[ "1997" ]
-2620963391431448447	Adventure Time (season 10)	Adventure Time ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Adventure Time ( season 10 ) Adventure Time ( season 10 ) Volume 11 digital purchase image , featuring episodes from the show 's tenth season Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network Cartoon Network Original release September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 List of Adventure Time episodes The tenth and final season of Adventure Time , an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward , premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17 , 2017 . It is set to conclude sometime in 2018 and would wrap up the entire series . The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . The season follows the final adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , Marceline the Vampire Queen , Lumpy Space Princess , BMO , and Flame Princess . A set containing the entire season is scheduled to be released on September 4 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Concept 1.2 Production 1.3 Series conclusion 2 Cast 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Broadcast 3.2 Ratings 3.3 Reviews and accolades 4 Episodes 5 Home media 5.1 Full season release 6 Notes 7 References Development ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape , grow , and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , wherein they interact with the other major characters , including : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , Marceline the Vampire Queen , Lumpy Space Princess , BMO , and Flame Princess . Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Multi-episode story arcs for this season include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald , Finn dealing with Fern 's embrace of the dark side , and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov . Production ( edit ) On July 21 , 2016 , lead writer Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter that suggested Adventure Time had been renewed for an additional season . At the time , the season was intended to be the show 's ninth . However , the season divisions were later re-arranged by Cartoon Network , and `` The Wild Hunt '' became the first episode of season ten . This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons . First , the episodes began as simple two - to - three - page outlines that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who then expanded the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , by Rough Draft Korea and by Saerom Animation . Storyboard artists who worked on this season include ( but are not limited to ) Sam Alden , Polly Guo , Seo Kim , Somvilay Xayaphone , Steve Wolfhard , Tom Herpich , Graham Falk , Kent Osborne , Hanna K. Nyström , Aleks Sennwald , Erik Fountain , and Patrick McHale . In regards to other aspects of production , Ghostshrimp -- the series ' former lead background designer -- returned to the series to work on episodes comprising the `` final story arc of Adventure Time '' . Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season , but had previously returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh - season miniseries Stakes and the ninth - season episodes `` Abstract '' , `` Fionna and Cake and Fionna '' , and `` Whispers '' . Additionally , Andy Ristaino ( a former character designer , storyboard artist , and background designer for the show ) returned as a revisionist for this season . Series conclusion ( edit ) In an interview , head writer Kent Osborne noted that Cartoon Network provided the writers with `` an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale . '' On September 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed by Cartoon Network that this season would be the show 's last . When asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings concerning the end of the series , Osborne said : It 's weird because I 've never been on a show this long , and I do n't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes -- for the past few seasons we 've been surprised I think every time it gets picked up . And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds , ' When is this going to end ? Am I gon na be 80 and still writing this ? ! ' It is sad , and everyone 's kind of grieving , but it 's hard to feel too bad about it , because ... they have so many episodes in the bank that it 's gon na play for another couple years . Osborne did note that Cartoon Network provided the writers with `` an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale . '' According to a speech given by Pendarvis , storyline writing for the series wrapped up mid-November 2016 , with the last storyline meeting being held on November 21 . A tweet by Osborne revealed that the show 's final script was pitched to storyboarders Sam Alden and Hanna K. Nyström on November 28 . This episode was then pitched to the show 's producers during the third week of December 2016 . Voice recording for the season and series ended on January 31 , 2017 , as confirmed by a number of voice actors , including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis . Production on the series officially ended with a wrap party hosted by Cartoon Network on November 16 , 2017 . Cast and crew members who had worked on the show since its beginning were invited to the festivities , which , among other things , featured a DJ booth shaped like Finn and Jake 's tree fort , a live band , and Adventure Time - related food items . Following the season 's completion , several crewmembers were hired to work on the upcoming Cartoon Network series Summer Camp Island , which was created by Adventure Time storyline writer Julia Pott . Cast ( edit ) The voice actors for the season include : Jeremy Shada ( Finn the Human ) , John DiMaggio ( Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( The Ice King ) , Hynden Walch ( Princess Bubblegum ) , and Olivia Olson ( Marceline the Vampire Queen ) . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , including Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess , Finn 's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom . Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R. , a sentient robot who makes and throws pies . The Lich , the series ' principal antagonist , is portrayed by Ron Perlman in his demonic form . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually . This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to `` doing a play reading -- a really , really out there play . '' Several guest stars lent their voices to Adventure Time characters for the very first time this season , including the rapper Open Mike Eagle ( left ) and the comedian Brad Neely ( right ) . In addition to the regular cast members , episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions , including actors , musicians , and artists . `` The Wild Hunt '' , `` Always BMO Closing '' , `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' , `` Seventeen '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' feature Fred Melamed voicing Princess Bubblegum 's Uncle Gumbald . In `` The Wild Hunt '' , Jenny Slate reprises her role as Huntress Wizard . `` Son of Rap Bear '' sees Dumbfoundead voices the titular character , Rekstizzy voices Rap Bear , Keith David reprise his role as Flame King , Paul Scheer reprises his role as Toronto , and Open Mike Eagle voices a gingerbread man . In `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' , Livvy Stubenrauch voices the younger Princess Bubblegum , and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprises his role as Neddy . In `` Seventeen '' and `` Gumbaldia '' Brad Neely plays the Green Knight . `` Ring of Fire '' features David Herman as Randy , Raza Jaffrey as Danny , and Andy Daly as Wyatt . In , `` Marcy & Hunson '' , Martin Olson reprises his role as Hunson Abadeer , the father of Marceline . In `` The First Investigation '' , Marc Evan Jackson reprises his role as Kim Kil Whan , and Dave Foley voices the shape - shifter . Foley would reprise this role in the episode `` Jake the Starchild '' . The episode `` Temple of Mars '' features Felicia Day reprising her role as Betty ; the episode also sees the return of Tom Scharpling as Jermaine the dog . Various other characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Steve Little , and Melissa Villaseñor . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Much like the sixth , seventh , eighth , and ninth seasons , the tenth season of Adventure Time featured several episode `` bombs '' , or instances wherein large amounts of episodes debuted within a relatively short timeframe . The first of these occurred on September 17 , 2017 , when `` The Wild Hunt '' , `` Always BMO Closing '' , `` Son of Rap Bear '' , and `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' aired . The second of these occurred on December 17 , 2017 when `` Seventeen '' , `` Ring of Fire '' , `` Marcy and Hunson '' and `` The First Investigation '' aired . The third of these occurred on March 18 , 2018 , when `` Blenanas '' , `` Jake the Starchild '' , `` Temple of Mars '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' aired . Ratings ( edit ) The tenth season of Adventure Time debuted on television on September 17 , 2017 , with the episode `` The Wild Hunt '' . It was watched by 0.77 million viewers and scored a 0.24 Nielsen rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States , which means that the episodes were seen by 0.24 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old at the time of the episode 's airing . In terms of viewers , this marked a decrease when compared to the season nine finale , `` Three Buckets '' ( which was seen by 0.85 million individuals ) , but an increase when compared to the previous season 's premiere , `` Orb '' ( which was viewed by 0.71 million ) . Reviews and accolades ( edit ) While the tenth season aired , Entertainment Weekly named Adventure Time the tenth - best series of 2018 , writing , `` All the episodes ( that aired in 2018 ) shined with Adventure Time 's eccentric trademarks : sweet fairy - tale logic , twisted dark humor , full - blown cosmic adventure , an ability to create and puncture myths in under 11 minutes . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Adventure Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Supervising direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 267 `` The Wild Hunt '' Cole Sanchez Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 275 0.77 Still feeling guilty over Fern 's death , Princess Bubblegum tasks Finn to protect the banana guard from a monster later dubbed `` the Grumbo '' . Finn ca n't bring himself to slay the monster as he keeps seeing Fern 's face materialize when he 's close to defeating it . Later , Finn meets up with Huntress Wizard ( voiced by Jenny Slate ) who is also trying to slay the Grumbo and she tries to give encouraging words to Finn . They find the Grumbo 's cave and Finn once again stalls . Huntress Wizard puts herself in harm 's way and Finn imagines Fern in her place and finally slays the Grumbo . Afterwards , Finn and Huntress Wizard casually admit their feelings for each other and realize that the Grumbo was artificially created . Uncle Gumbald plots to create another monster using the remains of Fern . 268 `` Always BMO Closing '' Diana Lafyatis Graham Falk & Kent Osborne September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 273 0.77 BMO and Ice King become door - to - door salesmen by posing as one body ( Ice King as the body and BMO as the head ) . After selling a stick to Tree Trunks , the two get lost and end up at the dungeon where Gumbald is staying . They sell him Finn 's baby teeth which he happily pays for with a silver cup . Finn is outraged that his baby teeth were sold and is further mortified when Baby Finns made of teeth begin attacking the tree house . Through Ice King 's encouragement , BMO `` sells '' two mallets to Finn and Jake and they successfully defeat the teeth babies . Afterwards , Gumbald admits that his current plan was a bad idea . 269 `` Son of Rap Bear '' Diana Lafyatis Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 276 0.77 While at a party , Flame Princess accidentally signs a contract from Toronto stating that if she loses in a rap battle against Son of Rap Bear ( voiced by Dumbfoundead ) her kingdom will be forfeited to Toronto . She and Finn go meet Rap Bear ( voiced by Rekstizzy ) who explains that his son literally blew his legs off , frightening them . Despite training , Flame Princess still feels ill - prepared , and so she visits her father , the deposed Flame King ( voiced by Keith David ) . She attempts to mend their rocky relationship , but much to her frustration , her father seems oblivious to the pain that he caused his daughter . Later , at the rap battle , Flame Princess begins to lose her composure , but after seeing the still - unapologetic Flame King in the crowd , she angrily expresses her frustrations with her father in a rap . The track impresses the crowd , and Flame Princess defeats Son of Rap Bear . 270 `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 274 0.77 When Finn presents the silver cup from `` Always BMO Closing '' , Princess Bubblegum decides to tell him , Marceline and Jake some more of her history . 800 years ago , a child version of Bonnibel discovers a family photo and decides to create a gum family . She creates Uncle Gumbald , Aunt Lolly and Cousin Chicle to help farm the area . However , her family quickly turn on her with the prospect of `` branding '' their family . Gumbald creates a juice that transforms those into low minded candy people . Bonnibel fights back , transforming them into her eventual candy civilians and deciding on the title of princess . In the present , BMO reveals where it got the cup . 271 5 `` Seventeen '' Cole Sanchez Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone December 17 , 2017 1054 - 281 0.76 At Finn 's seventeenth birthday party , held at the Candy Kingdom , Princess Bubblegum , Marceline , Huntress Wizard and BMO present Finn with gifts . Suddenly , the Green Knight ( voiced by Brad Neely ) arrives and presents Finn with his own gift , an ax that he will reward him with if he attacks him with it . Thinking this is one of Jake 's tricks , Finn beheads the Green Knight only for Jake to arrive and the Knight challenges him to a battle by blocking him from his friends . Finn accepts and the two play 2 / 3 with the party games held at the castle . While arm wrestling , the Knight reveals himself to be a revived Fern who makes short work of Finn . He is stopped by Gumbald , Lolly and Chicle who were returned to their original form by Lumpy Space Princess transforming Ooo at the end of Elements . The trio and Fern leave as Finn is devastated by his loss . 272 6 `` Ring of Fire '' Cole Sanchez Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard December 17 , 2017 1054 - 277 0.76 Tree Trunks gets a call from her old flame Randy ( voiced by David Herman ) who wants his old ring back to propose to his new girlfriend . In flashback , Randy proposed to Tree Trunks after graduating high school . Immediately afterwards , Tree Trunks left him and became a pirate on the sea where she met and married Danny ( voiced by Raza Jaffrey ) . She breaks up with him due to him lying to her and she moves on to becoming a CEO to a shipping company . She marries her employee Wyatt , but due to his clinging attitude breaks up with him and he flees with the ring . Mr. Pig , who followed arrives as does Wyatt who still has the ring . Randy gets it back and Tree Trunks and Mr. Pig reaffirm their love . 273 7 `` Marcy & Hunson '' Cole Sanchez Graham Falk & Adam Muto December 17 , 2017 1054 - 278 0.76 Peppermint Butler gives Finn a new sword , the Night Blade . However , he also summons Hunson Abadeer . Peppermint Butler allows Hunson to roam the earth for one day and is restrained from using his powers . Finn and Jake take him to Marceline who is once again annoyed at her father 's ignorance . When Finn and Jake let slip that Marceline has a solo concert for ghosts , Hunson forces his way in . Marceline gives her performance , but it is interrupted by Hunson 's interference . Chicle , who has been following them , instigates a ruckus with the ghosts who proceed to beat up a weakened Hunson . Marceline is also powerless from stopping them , but Finn 's new sword saves them . The group escape and meet with Princess Bubblegum and Marceline and Hunson make up . 274 8 `` The First Investigation '' Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald December 17 , 2017 1054 - 279 0.76 Kim Kil Whan sends Finn and Jake to Joshua and Margaret 's old office after one of his employees get frightened by something . Finn and Jake witness strange ghosts and other sightings as objects move around . Finn suddenly sees baby versions of himself , Jake and Jermaine and gives Jake a wet willy ( earlier Jake claimed that Finn had given him one years ago and he denied it ) . Realizing that the ghosts are time remnants , Finn tries to look for the source while Jake accidentally scares Kim 's employee and sees his own birth from `` Joshua and Margaret Investigations '' . They discover that one of Dr. Gross ' experiments , Time Bear , had been behind it and fix him with Finn leaving a note for past Joshua and Margaret . While outside , Jake meets his alien parent , is turned blue and taken away leaving a note for Finn that reads `` BRB - Jake '' . 275 9 `` Blenanas '' Diana Lafyatis Sam Alden & Patrick McHale March 18 , 2018 1054 - 280 0.53 Bummed about Jake being gone , Finn reads an issue of Ble Magazine and comes across a doodle of a caveman with his leg getting bit by a dog while a psychiatrist sits next to him . Finn writes `` Ouch ! Hey this is n't helping at all ! '' . He shows it to BMO and Princess Bubblegum , but neither get it . Finn shows it to Ice King who reveals that he wrote to Ble Magazine to have his stories published , but they never were . They find the building guarded by a passive pudding troll and discover that the building has been abandoned for years . They decide to publish a new issue with the joke , but the pudding troll does not get it either . Finn comes to terms with the possibility that he just is not funny , but upon returning home he slips on some banana peels , rips his pants and crashes into a message chair . BMO and NEPTR laugh as Finn smiles . 276 10 `` Jake the Starchild '' Cole Sanchez Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald March 18 , 2018 1054 - 283 0.53 Immediately after `` The First Investigation '' , Jake is taken by his dying alien parent , Warren Ampersand , to his home planet and discovers that he must defeat an evil alien to save the inhabitants . Warren gives Jake a special belt while he wears one himself . As Jake uses his stretching powers , he becomes weaker and Warren becomes younger , revealing that the belts drain Jake 's youth and energy . When Warren reveals his scheme as well as the fact the planet and evil alien are not real , Jake switches the belts and tricks Warren into giving his powers and youth back . Warren then tries to escape back to Earth after learning that Jake has children he could siphon from , but Jake tosses him into a black hole , leaving him stranded on the now empty space rock . 277 11 `` Temple of Mars '' Diana Lafyatis Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard March 18 , 2018 1054 - 282 0.53 Finn is visited by Jermaine who reveals that Jake is in space and that they must rescue him . They head to Mars where Normal Man , now King Man , has Betty doing labor to `` cure '' her . King Man has them enter a cave to search for a device to save Jake and encounter various puzzles . Eventually , they come across Past Betty who was to go on a trip in a week , but met Simon changing her plans . Finn and Jermaine tell her that Betty needs to think about herself and she `` changes '' her past so that she left that day instead of in a week . The cave turns out to be the device and they are reunited with Jake . However , Betty tells King Man that seeing Finn retrieve Jake has only increased her interest in rescuing Simon ; she declares that she now has a plan to not only save Simon , but also retrieve Margles from GOLB , which frightens King Man . 278 12 `` Gumbaldia '' Diana Lafyatis Sam Alden & Graham Falk March 18 , 2018 1054 - 284 0.53 As Princess Bubblegum prepares for war with Gumbald , Finn and Jake decide to pay him a visit so as to prevent it from happening . They meet with the Gum Family who are hellbent on wanting to destroy PB . However , when Finn saves Gumbald from falling , the family come on good terms with Finn and Jake and sign a peace treaty . Before leaving , Finn and Jake are doused with celebratory juice . When they get back to the Candy Kingdom , the juice turns out to be dumdum juice and turns Peppermint Butler into a baby . With no other option , PB sets to go to war with her uncle . Gumbald learns of PB 's survival and gathers many past villains from throughout the series , including a confused Ice King , and prepares for the Gum War . 279 280 281 282 13 14 15 16 `` Come Along with Me '' TBA TBA TBA 2018 TBA TBD BMO narrates the Great Gum War in which Princess Bubblegum , Finn , Jake , Lady Rainicorn , Marceline , Flame Princess , Lemongrab , Slime Princess , Huntress Wizard , and Lumpy Space Princess band together to battle Gumbald and his army . Home media ( edit ) Full season release ( edit ) A DVD set that includes season ten along with seasons eight and nine is scheduled for release on September 4 , 2018 . Adventure Time : The Final Seasons Set details Special features Seasons 8 -- 10 58 episodes 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Subtitles : English English ( Dolby Stereo ) TBA Release dates Region 1 Region 4 Region A Region B September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) TBA TBA TBA Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from the opening credits of the season 's episodes . Jump up ^ Information regarding background art is taken from the end credits of the episodes `` Abstract '' , `` Fionna and Cake and Fionna '' , and `` Whispers '' . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen '' was released on the Cartoon Network website on December 7 , 2017 ; `` Ring of Fire '' , `` Marcy & Hunson '' , and `` The First Investigation '' were released via the Cartoon Network phone app on December 8 ; and `` Blenanas '' , `` Jake the Starchild '' , `` Temple of Mars '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' were released via the Cartoon Network phone app and VOD on March 9 . However , because this field specifically refers to episode airdates , the information here will denote when this episode first aired on Cartoon Network . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Cult Hit Animated Series ' Adventure Time ' To End In 2018 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' : Post-Apocalyptic ' Candyland ' Attracts Adult Fans '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Kent Osborne ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Always BMO Closing '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 4 . Cartoon Network . Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Temple of Mars '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Kent ( @ kentisawesome ) ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` # AdventureTimeSeason9 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( August 2016 ) . `` That was originally the plan . I 'm not sure where it falls in the official order for Season 9 but it is meant to go right after Three Buckets '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 -- via Ask.fm . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( October 2016 ) . `` Yes . The official season divisions seem to have moved around but when we made those episodes we approached them as the end of Season 8 '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 -- via Ask.fm . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Videos '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . Note : To see episode and season numbering information , click the link that reads `` Full Episodes ( 22 ) '' . Jump up ^ McKendry , David ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : ' Adventure Time ' Writer Dick Grunert '' . Fangoria . The Brooklyn Company , Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ulloa , Alexander ( 2010 ) . `` Adventure Time ( 2010 ) '' . Art of the Title . Art of the Title , LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ristaino , Andy ( skronked ) ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` It takes about 8 months to create an episode from start to finish . About a week to write an episode , a month to storyboard , a few days to record voices , two weeks to put together an animatic , a week to design it , a week to do clean up on the designs , a week to do color design , then it goes overseas and takes about five months to be animated . Rest of the time goes to retakes editing and music and sound design '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 -- via Spring.me . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Rich ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` This Is How an Episode of Cartoon Network 's ' Adventure Time ' Is Made '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Chris ( 2014 ) . Adventure Time : The Art of Ooo . Harry N. Abrams . pp. 348 -- 349 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Rumor has it that I will be doing some new backgrounds for the final story arc of Adventure Time ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandit , Dan `` Ghostshrimp '' ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` I am officially retiring from Adventure Time today '' . Facebook . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandit , Dan `` Ghostshrimp '' ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` New Adventure Time 8 - Parter ! '' . GhostshrimpGlobal.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp ; Ristaino , Andy ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 024 : Guns , Money , And Drugs with Andy Ristiano '' . Soundcloud . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dutton , Sophie ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Interview with ' Adventure Time ' Head Writer Kent Osborne '' . Skwigly . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Germain , Siomara ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Brockport Welcomes Adventure Time Writer Jack Pendarvis '' . The Stylus . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pendarvis , Jack ( @ JackPendarvis ) ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Starting my last ADVENTURE TIME meeting in about half an hour . Bah , I say ! But also I 'm excited about the story ! But also my stomach hurts '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Osborne , Kent ( @ kentisawesome ) ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Last Adventure Time handout meeting : ( '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alden , Sam ( @ samalden ) ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` @ HannaKtweet @ kikutowne my board however is going to be hot garbage , ruin the show , etc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nyström , Hanna K ( @ HannaKtweet ) ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` hold me tight and tell me this board will be good . rock me to sleep '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alden , Sam ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pitched my last Adventure Time storyboard last week '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( @ MrMuto ) ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` from last week 's final Adventure Time storyboard pitch '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bamford , Maria ( @ mariabamfoo ) ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Last day of Adventuretime ! # 8yearsofgoodgoof thanks Pendleton and @ kentisawesome for a wonderful time ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bamford , Maria ( @ mariabamfoo ) ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` @ kentisawesome pumped for last record ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Milonakis , Andy ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Adventure Time Cake '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Goodbye , ' Adventure Time ' : Cast And Crew Gather To Bid Farewell To The Series '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pendarvis , Jack ( @ JackPendarvis ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm in a SUMMER CAMP ISLAND meeting RIGHT NOW with @ aleks_sennwald Graham Falk @ Seodles @ samalden @ krismukai @ juliapott & @ ColeSanchez '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure Time '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Note : To reveal who voiced what character , one must click on the various characters under `` Guest Stars '' to reveal their voice actor or actress . Jump up ^ Livingston , Polly Lou ( Actress ) . 2012 . `` Tree Trunks '' ( Commentary track ) , Adventure Time Season One ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ward , Bettie ( Artist ) . 2012 . `` Tree Trunks '' ( Commentary track ) , Adventure Time Season One ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Character Facts of the Week : Flame Princess from Adventure Time '' . CartoonNetwork.co.uk . May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Our Interview With Adventure Time 's Head of Story and the Voice of Flame Princess ! '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Episodes that credit Andy Milonakis : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Son of Rap Bear '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Pat McHale ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Blenanas '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 9 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ ScreenCrush staff . `` Meet the Voices Behind Your Favorite ' Adventure Time ' Characters '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time -- Season 3 Comic - Con Exclusive : Hynden Walch '' . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Kent Osborne ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Always BMO Closing '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 4 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Son of Rap Bear '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ring of Fire '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 6 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Olson , Olivia . `` ( Snippet of ' Marcy & Hunson ' script ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olson , Olivia . `` ( Clip of ' Marcy & Hunson ' recording ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Adam Muto ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marcy & Hunson '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 7 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` The First Investigation '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 8 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jake the Starchild '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 10 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Temple of Mars '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sources for season six `` bombs '' : `` Coming Soon '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . `` # Finnale '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources for season seven `` bombs '' : `` Adventure Time Returns This Monday '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . `` 4 Nights @ 8 / 7 c '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . `` 5 Nights of New Adventure Time Episodes '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sources for season eight `` bombs '' : `` Adventure Time : Season 8 Arrives This Week '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . `` Islands '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources for season nine `` bombs '' : `` Elements '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr. April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . `` Adventure Time Returns on July 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns on September 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns on Sunday , December 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns Sunday , March 18th ! '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` The 16 Best TV Shows of 2018 ( So Far ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Adventure Time Seventeen '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( @ cartoonnetwork ) ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` NEW ADVENTURE TIME ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' Returning in March with New Episodes '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Production codes for the season derived from the following sources : `` King of Ooo '' . Tumblr . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Note : Production codes are stamped onto various storyboards that must be searched for . Olson , Olivia . `` ( Snippet of ' Marcy & Hunson ' script ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . `` Copyright Catalog '' ( enter `` Adventure Time '' in the search parameter and select individual episode titles for further information ) . United States Copyright Office . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . `` ' Adventure Time ' Returning In March With New Episodes '' . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Note : In the website 's image gallery for the four episodes , their production codes can be seen in the image urls . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` ADVENTURE TIME : COME ALONG WITH ME ( EMEA ) ( 2017 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King of Ooo confirms only the four part finale is left '' . Tumblr . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network : Adventure Time : The Final Seasons '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2018 . hide Adventure Time Characters Finn the Human Jake the Dog Princess Bubblegum Ice King Marceline the Vampire Queen Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 Stakes 8 Islands 9 Elements 10 Video games Hey Ice King ! Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! Battle Party The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom Finn & Jake Investigations Pirates of the Enchiridion Related articles Pendleton Ward The Music of Ooo Random ! Cartoons The Legend of Lucky Pie Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Book hide Adventure Time episodes Pilot Season 1 `` Tree Trunks '' `` The Enchiridion ! '' `` Ricardio the Heart Guy '' `` Evicted ! '' Season 2 `` It Came from the Nightosphere '' `` The Eyes '' `` Guardians of Sunshine '' `` Death in Bloom '' `` Mortal Folly '' / `` Mortal Recoil '' Season 3 `` Hitman '' `` Too Young '' `` Fionna and Cake '' `` What Was Missing '' `` Holly Jolly Secrets '' `` Another Way '' `` Incendium '' Season 4 `` Hot to the Touch '' `` Five Short Graybles '' `` Web Weirdos '' `` Dream of Love '' `` Return to the Nightosphere '' / `` Daddy 's Little Monster '' `` In Your Footsteps '' `` Hug Wolf '' `` Princess Monster Wife '' `` Goliad '' `` Beyond This Earthly Realm '' `` Gotcha ! '' `` Princess Cookie '' `` Card Wars '' `` Sons of Mars '' `` Burning Low '' `` BMO Noire '' `` King Worm '' `` Lady & Peebles '' `` You Made Me '' `` Who Would Win '' `` Ignition Point '' `` The Hard Easy '' `` Reign of Gunters '' `` I Remember You '' `` The Lich '' Season 5 `` Finn the Human '' / `` Jake the Dog '' `` Bad Little Boy '' `` Simon & Marcy '' `` A Glitch Is a Glitch '' `` Puhoy '' `` James Baxter the Horse '' `` Wizards Only , Fools '' `` Be More '' `` Sky Witch '' `` Frost & Fire '' `` Time Sandwich '' `` Root Beer Guy '' `` Rattleballs '' `` The Red Throne '' `` Betty '' `` Bad Timing '' `` Billy 's Bucket List '' Season 6 `` Wake Up '' / `` Escape from the Citadel '' `` Food Chain '' `` Furniture & Meat '' `` Something Big '' `` Is That You ? '' `` Jake the Brick '' `` Dentist '' `` Evergreen '' `` Astral Plane '' `` The Diary '' `` Walnuts & Rain '' `` Jermaine '' Season 7 Stakes `` Bad Jubies '' `` Crossover '' `` The Hall of Egress '' Season 8 `` Normal Man '' Islands Season 9 `` Orb '' Elements Season 10 `` Marcy & Hunson '' Come Along with Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adventure_Time_(season_10)&oldid=846588571 '' Categories : Adventure Time seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Episode lists with unformatted air dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the next episode of adventure time come out	[ "A set containing the entire season is scheduled to be released on September 4, 2018." ]	[ "September 4, 2018" ]
8831541901707929889	Harry Shearer	Harry Shearer - wikipedia Harry Shearer Jump to : navigation , search Harry Shearer Shearer giving a speech in August 2009 Harry Julius Shearer ( 1943 - 12 - 23 ) December 23 , 1943 ( age 73 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Residence New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor , comedian , writer , musician , radio host , director , producer Years active 1953 -- present Notable credit ( s ) The Simpsons , This Is Spinal Tap Spouse ( s ) Penny Nichols ( m . 1974 ; div. 1977 ) Judith Owen ( m . 1993 ) Website www.harryshearer.com Harry Julius Shearer ( born December 23 , 1943 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian , writer , musician , radio host , director and producer . He is known for his long - running roles on The Simpsons , his work on Saturday Night Live , the comedy band Spinal Tap and his radio program Le Show . Born in Los Angeles , California , Shearer began his career as a child actor . From 1969 to 1976 , Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap , a radio comedy group . Following the breakup of the group , Shearer co-wrote the film Real Life with Albert Brooks and started writing for Martin Mull 's television series Fernwood 2 Night . He was a cast member on Saturday Night Live on two occasions , between 1979 -- 80 , and 1984 -- 85 . Shearer co-created , co-wrote and co-starred in the 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap , a satirical rockumentary , which became a cult hit . In 1989 , Shearer joined the cast of The Simpsons ; he provides voices for numerous characters , including Mr. Burns , Waylon Smithers , Principal Skinner , Ned Flanders , Reverend Lovejoy , Kent Brockman , Dr. Hibbert and more . Shearer has appeared in several films , including A Mighty Wind and The Truman Show , has directed two , Teddy Bears ' Picnic and The Big Uneasy , and has written three books . Since 1983 , Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy / music program Le Show , a hodgepodge of satirical news commentary , music , and sketch comedy . Shearer has won a Primetime Emmy Award , has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the radio category , and has received several other Emmy and Grammy Award nominations . He has been married to singer - songwriter Judith Owen since 1993 . He is currently `` artist in residence '' at Loyola University , New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Saturday Night Live 2.2 Spinal Tap 2.3 The Simpsons 2.4 Le Show and radio work 2.5 Further career 2.6 The Big Uneasy 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music video 4.4 Video games 5 Discography 6 Bibliography 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Shearer was born December 23 , 1943 in Los Angeles , the son of Dora Warren ( née Kohn ) ( d . 2008 ) , a bookkeeper , and Mack Shearer . His parents were Jewish immigrants from Austria and Poland . Starting when Shearer was four years old , he had a piano teacher whose daughter worked as a child actress . The piano teacher later decided to make a career change and become a children 's agent , as she knew people in the business through her daughter 's work . The teacher asked Shearer 's parents for permission to take him to an audition . Several months later , she called Shearer 's parents and told them that she had gotten Shearer an audition for the radio show The Jack Benny Program . Shearer received the role when he was seven years old . He described Jack Benny as `` very warm and approachable ( ... ) He was a guy who dug the idea of other people on the show getting laughs , which sort of spoiled me for other people in comedy . '' Shearer said in an interview that one person who `` took him under his wing '' and was one of his best friends during his early days in show business was voice actor Mel Blanc , who voiced many animated characters , including Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck and Barney Rubble . Shearer made his film debut in the 1953 film Abbott and Costello Go to Mars , in which he only had a small part . Later that year , he made his first big film performance in The Robe . Throughout his childhood and teenage years he worked in television , film , and radio . In 1957 , Shearer played the precursor to the Eddie Haskell character in the pilot episode of the television series Leave It to Beaver . After the filming , Shearer 's parents said they did not want him to be a regular in a series . Instead they wanted him to just do occasional work so that he could have a normal childhood . Shearer and his parents made the decision not to accept the role in the series if it was picked up by a television network . Shearer attended UCLA as a political science major in the early 1960s and decided to quit show business to become a `` serious person '' . However , he says this lasted approximately a month , and he joined the staff of the Daily Bruin , UCLA 's school newspaper , during his first year . and as editor of the college humor magazine ( Satyr ) including the June 1964 parody , Preyboy He also worked as a newscaster at KRLA , a top 40 radio station in Pasadena , during this period . According to Shearer , after graduating , he had `` a very serious agenda going on , and it was ' Stay Out of the Draft ' . '' He attended graduate school at Harvard University for one year and worked at the state legislature in Sacramento . In 1967 and 1968 , he was a high school teacher , teaching English and social studies . He left teaching following `` disagreements with the administration . '' From 1969 to 1976 , Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap , a radio comedy group that included David Lander , Richard Beebe and Michael McKean . The group consisted of `` a bunch of newsmen '' at KRLA 1110 , `` the number two station '' in Los Angeles . They wanted to do more than just straight news , so they hired comedians who were talented vocalists . Shearer heard about it from a friend so he brought over a tape to the station and nervously gave it to the receptionist . By the time he got home , there was a message on his answering machine asking , `` Can you come to work tomorrow ? '' The group 's radio show was canceled in 1970 by KRLA and in 1971 by KPPC - FM , so they started performing in various clubs and concert venues . While at KRLA , Shearer also interviewed Creedence Clearwater Revival for the Pop Chronicles music documentary . In 1973 , Shearer appeared as Jim Houseafire on How Time Flys , an album by The Firesign Theatre 's David Ossman . The Credibility Gap broke up 1976 when Lander and McKean left to perform in the sitcom Laverne & Shirley . Shearer started working with Albert Brooks , producing one of Brooks ' albums and co-writing the film Real Life . Shearer also started writing for Martin Mull 's television series Fernwood 2 Night . In the mid-1970s , he started working with Rob Reiner on a pilot for ABC . The show , which starred Christopher Guest , Tom Leopold and McKean , was not picked up . Career ( edit ) Saturday Night Live ( edit ) In August 1979 , Shearer was hired as a writer and cast member on Saturday Night Live , one of the first additions to the cast , and an unofficial replacement for John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd , who were both leaving the show . Al Franken recommended Shearer to Saturday Night Live creator Lorne Michaels . Shearer describes his experience on the show as a `` living hell '' and `` not a real pleasant place to work . '' He did not get along well with the other writers and cast members and states that he was not included with the cast in the opening montage ( although he was added to the montage for latter episodes of the 1979 - 80 season ) and that Lorne Michaels had told the rest of the cast that he was just a writer . Michaels left Saturday Night Live at the end of the fifth season , taking the entire cast with him . Shearer told new executive producer Jean Doumanian that he was `` not a fan of Lorne 's '' and offered to stay with the show if he was given the chance to overhaul the program and bring in experienced comedians , like Christopher Guest . However , Doumanian turned him down , so he decided to leave with the rest of the cast . When I left , Dick ( Ebersol ) issued a press release , saying `` creative differences . '' And the first person who called me for a comment on it read me that and I blurted out , `` Yeah , I was creative and they were different . '' -- Harry Shearer In 1984 , while promoting the film This Is Spinal Tap , Shearer , Christopher Guest and Michael McKean had a performance on Saturday Night Live . All three members were offered the chance to join to the show in the 1984 -- 1985 season . Shearer accepted because he was treated well by the producers and he thought the backstage environment had improved but later stated that he `` did n't realize that guests are treated better than the regulars . '' Guest also accepted the offer while McKean rejected it , although he would join the cast in 1994 . Dick Ebersol , who replaced Lorne Michaels as the show 's producer , said that Shearer was `` a gifted performer but a pain in the butt . He 's just so demanding on the preciseness of things and he 's very , very hard on the working people . He 's just a nightmare - to - deal - with person . '' In January 1985 , Shearer left the show for good , partially because he felt he was not being used enough . Martin Short said Shearer `` wanted to be creative and Dick ( Ebersol ) wanted something else . ( ... ) I think he felt his voice was n't getting represented on the show . When he would n't get that chance , it made him very upset . '' Spinal Tap ( edit ) Shearer co-created , co-wrote and co-starred in Rob Reiner 's 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap . Shearer , Reiner , Michael McKean and Christopher Guest received a deal to write a first draft of a screenplay for a company called Marble Arch . They decided that the film could not be written and instead filmed a 20 - minute demo of what they wanted to do . It was eventually greenlighted by Norman Lear and Jerry Perenchio at Embassy Pictures . The film satirizes the wild personal behavior and musical pretensions of hard rock and heavy metal bands , as well as the hagiographic tendencies of rockumentaries of the time . The three core members of the band Spinal Tap -- David St. Hubbins , Derek Smalls and Nigel Tufnel -- were portrayed by McKean , Shearer and Guest respectively . The three actors play their musical instruments and speak with mock English accents throughout the film . There was no script , although there was a written breakdown of most of the scenes , and many of the lines were ad - libbed . It was filmed in 25 days . Shearer said in an interview that `` The animating impulse was to do rock ' n ' roll right . The four of us had been around rock ' n ' roll and we were just amazed by how relentlessly the movies got it wrong . Because we were funny people it was going to be a funny film , but we wanted to get it right . '' When they tried to sell it to various Hollywood studios , they were told that the film would not work . The group kept saying , `` No , this is a story that 's pretty familiar to people . We 're not introducing them to anything they do n't really know , '' so Shearer thought it would at least have some resonance with the public . The film was only a modest success upon its initial release but found greater success , and a cult following , after its video release . In 2000 , the film was ranked 29th on the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 comedy movies in American cinema and it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Shearer , Guest and McKean have since worked on several projects as their Spinal Tap characters . They released three albums : This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) , Break Like the Wind ( 1992 ) and Back From The Dead ( 2009 ) . In 1992 , Spinal Tap appeared in an episode of The Simpsons called `` The Otto Show '' . The band has played several concerts , including at Live Earth in London on July 7 , 2007 . In anticipation of the show , Rob Reiner directed a short film entitled Spinal Tap . In 2009 , the band released Back from the Dead to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the release of the film . The album features re-recorded versions of songs featured in This Is Spinal Tap and its soundtrack , and five new songs . The band performed a one date `` world tour '' at London 's Wembley Arena on June 30 , 2009 . The Folksmen , a mock band featured in the film A Mighty Wind that is also made up of characters played by Shearer , McKean and Guest -- was the opening act for the show . The Simpsons ( edit ) Shearer is also known for his prolific work as a voice actor on The Simpsons . Matt Groening , the creator of the show , was a fan of Shearer 's work , while Shearer was a fan of a column Groening used to write . Shearer was asked if he wanted to be in the series , but he was initially reluctant because he thought the recording sessions would be too much trouble . He felt voice acting was `` not a lot of fun '' because traditionally , voice actors record their parts separately . He was told that the actors would record their lines together and after three calls , executive producer James L. Brooks managed to convince Shearer to join the cast . Shearer 's first impression of The Simpsons was that it was funny . Shearer , who thought it was a `` pretty cool '' way to work , found it peculiar that the members of the cast were adamant about not being known to the public as the people behind the voices . Shearer 's character Mr. Burns Shearer provides voices for Principal Skinner , Kent Brockman , Mr. Burns , Waylon Smithers , Ned Flanders , Reverend Lovejoy , Dr. Hibbert , Lenny Leonard , Otto Mann , Rainier Wolfcastle , Scratchy , Kang , Dr. Marvin Monroe , Judge Snyder and many others . He has described all of his regular characters ' voices as `` easy to slip into . ( ... ) I would n't do them if they were n't easy . '' Shearer modeled Mr. Burns 's voice on the two actors Lionel Barrymore and Ronald Reagan . Shearer says that Burns is the most difficult character for him to voice because it is rough on his vocal cords and he often needs to drink tea and honey to soothe his voice . He describes Burns as his favorite character , saying he `` like ( s ) Mr. Burns because he is pure evil . A lot of evil people make the mistake of diluting it . Never adulterate your evil . '' Shearer is also the voice of Burns ' assistant Smithers , and is able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take . In the episode `` Bart 's Inner Child '' , Harry Shearer said `` wow '' in the voice of Otto , which was then used when Otto was seen jumping on a trampoline . Ned Flanders had been meant to be just a neighbor that Homer was jealous of , but because Shearer used `` such a sweet voice '' for him , Flanders was broadened to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would prefer to live next to over Homer . Dr. Marvin Monroe 's voice was based on psychiatrist David Viscott . Monroe has been retired since the seventh season because voicing the character strained Shearer 's throat . In 2004 , Shearer criticized what he perceived as the show 's declining quality : `` I rate the last three seasons as among the worst , so season four looks very good to me now . '' Shearer has also been vocal about `` The Principal and the Pauper '' ( season nine , 1997 ) one of the most controversial episodes of The Simpsons . Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation that Principal Seymour Skinner , a recurring character since the first season , was an impostor . The episode has been criticized by both Shearer and Groening . In a 2001 interview , Shearer recalled that after reading the script , he told the writers , `` That 's so wrong . You 're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason , for a story we 've done before with other characters . It 's so arbitrary and gratuitous , and it 's disrespectful to the audience . '' Due to scheduling and availability conflicts , Shearer decided not to participate in The Simpsons Ride , which opened in 2008 , so none of his characters have vocal parts and many do not appear in the ride at all . In a 2010 interview on The Howard Stern Show , Shearer alluded that the reason he was not part of the ride was because he would not be getting paid for it . Until 1998 , Shearer was paid $30,000 per episode . During a pay dispute in 1998 , Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors , going as far as preparing for casting of new voices . The dispute , however , was resolved and Shearer received $125,000 per episode until 2004 , when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode . The dispute was resolved a month later , and Shearer 's pay rose to $250,000 per episode . After salary re-negotiations in 2008 , the voice actors received $400,000 per episode . Three years later , with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut , Shearer and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut , down to just over $300,000 per episode . On May 13 , 2015 , Shearer announced he was leaving the show . After the other voice actors signed a contract for the same pay , Shearer refused , stating it was not enough . Al Jean made a statement from the producers saying `` the show must go on , '' but did not elaborate on what might happen to the characters Shearer voiced . On July 7 , 2015 , Shearer agreed to continue with the show , on the same terms as the other voice actors . Le show and radio work ( edit ) `` Because I do n't do stand - up , radio has always been my equivalent , a place to stay in connection with the public and force myself to write every week and come up with new characters . Plus it 's a medium that -- having grown up with it and putting myself to sleep with a radio under my pillow ( as a kid ) -- I love . No matter what picture you want to create in the listener 's mind , a few minutes of work gets it done . '' -- Harry Shearer Since 1983 , Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy / music program Le Show . The program is a hodgepodge of satirical news commentary , music , and sketch comedy that takes aim at the `` mega morons of the mighty media '' . It is carried on many National Public Radio and other public radio stations throughout the United States . Since the merger of SIRIUS and XM satellite radio services the program is no longer available on either . The show has also been made available as a podcast on iTunes and by WWNO . On the weekly program Shearer alternates between DJing , reading and commenting on the news of the day after the manner of Mort Sahl , and performing original ( mostly political ) comedy sketches and songs . In 2008 , Shearer released a music CD called Songs of the Bushmen , consisting of his satirical numbers about former President George W. Bush on Le Show . Shearer says he criticizes both Republicans and Democrats equally , and also says that `` the iron law of doing comedy about politics is you make fun of whoever is running the place '' and that `` everyone else is just running around talking . They are the ones who are actually doing something , changing people 's lives for better or for worse . Other people the media calls ' satirists ' do n't work that way . '' Since encountering satellite news feeds when he worked on Saturday Night Live , Shearer has been fascinated with the contents of the video that does not air . Shearer refers to these clips as found objects . `` I thought , wow , there is just an unending supply of this material , and it 's wonderful and fascinating and funny and sometimes haunting -- but it 's always good , '' said Shearer . He collects this material and uses it on Le Show and on his website . In 2008 , he assembled video clips of newsmakers from this collection into an art installation titled `` The Silent Echo Chamber '' which was exhibited at The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield , Connecticut . The exhibit was also displayed in 2009 at Institut Valencià d'Art Modern ( IVAM ) in Valencia , Spain and in 2010 at the New Orleans Contemporary Arts Center . In 2006 Shearer appeared with Brian Hayes in four episodes of the BBC Radio 4 sitcom Not Today , Thank You , playing Nostrils , a man so ugly he can not stand to be in his own presence . He was originally scheduled to appear in all six episodes but had to withdraw from recording two due to a problem with his work permit . On June 19 , 2008 , it was announced that Shearer would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the radio category . The date of the ceremony where his star will be put in place has yet to be announced . Further career ( edit ) Shearer performing in April 2009 In 2002 , Shearer directed his first feature film Teddy Bears ' Picnic , which he also wrote . The plot is based on Bohemian Grove , which hosts a three - week encampment of some of the most powerful men in the world . The film was not well received by critics . It garnered a 0 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with all 19 reviews being determined as negative and received a rating of 32 out of 100 ( signifying `` generally negative reviews '' ) on Metacritic from 10 reviews . In 2003 , he co-wrote J. Edgar ! The Musical with Tom Leopold , which spoofed J. Edgar Hoover 's relationship with Clyde Tolson . It premiered at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , Colorado and starred Kelsey Grammer and John Goodman . In 2003 , Shearer , Guest and McKean starred in the folk music mockumentary A Mighty Wind , portraying a band called The Folksmen . The film was written by Guest and Eugene Levy , and directed by Guest . Shearer had a major role in the Guest - directed parody of Oscar politicking For Your Consideration in 2006 . He played Victor Allan Miller , a veteran actor who is convinced that he is going to be nominated for an Academy Award . He also appeared as a news anchor in Godzilla with fellow The Simpsons cast members Hank Azaria and Nancy Cartwright . His other film appearances include The Right Stuff , Portrait of a White Marriage , The Fisher King , The Truman Show , EdTV and Small Soldiers . Shearer has also worked as a columnist for the Los Angeles Times Magazine , but decided that it `` became such a waste of time to bother with it . '' His columns have also been published in Slate and Newsweek . Since May 2005 he has been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post . Shearer has written three books . Man Bites Town , published in 1993 , is a collection of columns that he wrote for The Los Angeles Times between 1989 and 1992 . Published in 1999 , It 's the Stupidity , Stupid analyzed the hatred some people had for then - President Bill Clinton . Shearer believes that Clinton became disliked because he had an affair with `` the least powerful , least credentialed women cleared into his official compound . '' His most recent book is Not Enough Indians , his first novel . Published in 2006 , it is a comic novel about Native Americans and gambling . Without the `` pleasures of collaboration '' and `` spontaneity and improvisation which characterize his other projects '' , Not Enough Indians was a `` struggle '' for Shearer to write . He said that `` the only fun thing about it was having written it . It was lonely , I had no deal for it and it took six years to do . It was a profoundly disturbing act of self - discipline . '' Shearer has released five solo comedy albums : It Must Have Been Something I Said ( 1994 ) , Dropping Anchors ( 2006 ) , Songs Pointed and Pointless ( 2007 ) , Songs of the Bushmen ( 2008 ) and Greed and Fear ( 2010 ) . His most recent CD , Greed and Fear is mainly about Wall Street economic issues , rather than politics like his previous albums . Shearer decided to make the album when he `` started getting amused by the language of the economic meltdown -- when ' toxic assets ' suddenly became ' troubled assets , ' going from something poisoning the system to just a bunch of delinquent youth with dirty faces that needed not removal from the system but just ... understanding . '' In May 2006 , Shearer received an honorary doctorate from Goucher College . The Big Uneasy ( edit ) Shearer is the director of The Big Uneasy ( 2010 ) , a documentary film about the impacts of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans . Narrated by actor John Goodman , the film describes levee failures and catastrophic flooding in the New Orleans metropolitan area , and includes extended interviews with former LSU professor Ivor Van Heerden , Robert Bea , an engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley , and Maria Garzino , an engineer and contract specialist for the Los Angeles district of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The film is critical of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and its management of flood protection projects in Southern Louisiana . Shearer draws on numerous technical experts to maintain that Hurricane Katrina 's `` ... tragic floods creating widespread damage were caused by manmade errors in engineering and judgment . '' Shearer 's film currently has a 74 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on twenty - three reviews by approved critics . Personal Life ( edit ) Shearer married Penelope Nichols in 1974 . They divorced in 1977 . He has been married to singer - songwriter Judith Owen since 1993 . In 2005 , the couple launched their own record label called Courgette Records . Shearer has homes in Santa Monica , California , the French Quarter of New Orleans , Louisiana , and London . He first went to New Orleans in 1988 and has attended every New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival since . Shearer often speaks and writes about the failure of the Federal levee system which flooded New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina , belittling the coverage of it in the mainstream media and criticizing the role of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Prior to the DVD release of his film , The Big Uneasy , Shearer would hold screenings of the film at different venues and take questions from audience members . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1953 Abbott and Costello Go to Mars Boy Uncredited The Robe David Uncredited 1977 American Raspberry Trucker 's friend Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope Captain Khurgee ( voice ) Uncredited Cracking Up Various characters Credited as part of `` The Credibility Gap '' 1979 Real Life Pete Also co-writer The Concorde ... Airport ' 79 Jeffrey Marx ( voice ) Uncredited The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh Murray Sports 1980 Animalympics Keen Hacksaw / Mayor of Animal Olympic Island / Burnt Woody / Mark Spritz ( voice ) TV film Loose Shoes Narrator One Trick Pony Bernie Wepner The Right Stuff NASA Recruiter 1984 This Is Spinal Tap Derek Smalls Also co-writer , composer and musician Flicks Narrator 1988 Plain Clothes Simon Feck My Stepmother Is an Alien Voice of Carl Sagan 1990 Marilyn Hotchkiss ' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School Announcer Short film 1991 Blood and Concrete : A Love Story Sammy Rhodes Oscar Guido Finucci Pure Luck Monosoff The Fisher King Ben Starr A League of Their Own Newsreel announcer 1993 Wayne 's World 2 Handsome Dan 1994 I 'll Do Anything Audience Research Captain Little Giants Announcer Littbarski Speechless Chuck 1997 My Best Friend 's Wedding Jonathan P.F. Ritt Waiting for Guffman N / A Composer 1998 Godzilla Charles Caiman Almost Heroes Narrator The Truman Show Mike Michaelson Small Soldiers Punch - It ( voice ) 1999 EDtv Moderator Encounter in the Third Dimension Narrator Dick G. Gordon Liddy 2000 Catching Up with Marty DiBergi Derek Smalls Short film Edwurd Fudwupper Fibbed Big Additional voice 2001 Haiku Tunnel Orientation leader Out There Dr. Gerard Haunted Castle Mr. D Mephisto 2002 Teddy Bears ' Picnic Joey Lavin Also writer , director and executive producer 2003 A Mighty Wind Mark Shubb 2005 Marilyn Hotchkiss ' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School Promo announcer Chicken Little Dog announcer ( voice ) 2006 For Your Consideration Victor Allan Miller 2007 A Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser Marc Gavin The Simpsons Movie Various characters ( voice ) The Big Uneasy Narrator Also director and producer 2011 Flood Streets Dr. Keeley Also executive producer 2016 Mascots Competition Announcer ( voice ) 2017 Father Figures Gene Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Series Role Notes 1953 , 1955 The Jack Benny Program Jack Benny , as a child Episode 4.2 : `` Jack as a Child '' Episode 5.12 : `` Jack Takes the Beavers to the Fair '' 1955 The Donald O'Connor Show Himself Episode 1.7 1955 It 's a Great Life Terry Episode 2.4 : `` The Paper Drive '' 1955 Death Valley Days Unnamed character Episode 4.2 : `` The Valencia Cake '' 1956 Private Secretary Chuckie Wills , shoeshine boy Episode 4.16 : `` The Little Caesar of Bleecker Street '' 1957 General Electric Theater Timmy Episode 5.28 : `` Cab Driver '' Leave It to Beaver Frankie Bennett Pilot : `` It 's a Small World '' Alfred Hitchcock Presents Street Kid Episode 2.31 : `` The Night the World Ended '' 1976 Serpico Hippy TV film / Pilot : `` The Deadly Game '' 1976 -- 82 Laverne & Shirley Various characters Appeared in six episodes ; also co-wrote episode 1.12 : `` Hi , Neighbor '' 1977 Fernwood 2 Night Writer 1978 America 2 - Night Writer 1979 Stockard Channing in Just Friends Saul Episode : `` The Ziegenfuss Force '' 1979 The T.V. Show Various characters Pilot ; also writer , producer and composer 1979 -- 80 , 1984 -- 85 Saturday Night Live Various characters Appeared in 32 episodes ; also co-wrote 39 episodes 1981 Likely Stories , Vol. 1 Various characters TV film ; also co-wrote 1982 Million Dollar Infield Jack Savage TV film 1985 The History of White People in America Rabbi TV film ; also director 1986 Viva Shaf Vegas Rabbi TV film ; also director , writer and executive producer The History of White People in America : Volume II Rabbi TV film ; also director Spitting Image : Down And Out In The White House Additional voice Pilot / TV special ALF Larry / President ( voice ) Episode : `` Pennsylvania 6 - 5000 '' Spitting Image : The Ronnie and Nancy Show Additional voice TV special Down and Out with Donald Duck Additional voices TV special 1988 Portrait of a White Marriage Unnamed character TV film ; also director Miami Vice FBI Agent Timothy Anderson Episode 4.12 : `` The Cows of October '' Merrill Markoe 's Guide to Glamorous Living Unnamed character TV special 1989 -- present The Simpsons Ned Flanders , Charles Montgomery Burns , Waylon Smithers , Principal Skinner , Reverend Lovejoy and various other characters Longest - running role ; also wrote episode : `` Trust but Clarify '' 1990 The Golden Girls George H.W. Bush ( voice ) Episode 5.26 : `` The President 's Coming ! The President 's Coming ! Part 2 '' Hometown Boy Makes Good Unnamed character ( voice ) TV film Murphy Brown Chris Bishop Episode 3.1 : `` The 390th Broadcast '' 1991 Sunday Best Various characters 1993 Dream On Steve Episode 4.6 : `` Home Sweet Homeboy '' L.A. Law Gordon Huyck Episode 8.6 : `` Safe Sex '' Animaniacs Ned Flat ( voice ) Episode 1.40 : `` Fair Game / Puppet Rulers '' 1994 Ellen Ted Episode 2.9 : `` The Trainer '' 1995 Sliders Radio DJ ( voice ) Episode 1.1 : `` Pilot '' ; uncredited Friends Dr. Baldharar Episode 1.21 : `` The One with the Fake Monica '' The Show Formerly Known as the Martin Short Show Mr. Blackwell TV special Frontline Larry Hadges Episode 2.10 : `` Changing the Face of Current Affairs '' State of the Union : Undressed Newt Gingrich TV special Chicago Hope Nowhere man Episode 3.7 : `` A Time to Kill '' 1997 Tracey Takes On ... Ronald Littleman Episode 2.12 : `` Race Relations '' ER John Smythe Episode 3.19 : `` Calling Dr. Hathaway '' The Visitor Louis Faraday Episode 1.1 : `` Fear of Flying '' 1998 George & Leo Unnamed character Episode 1.17 : `` The Poker Game '' 1999 Seven Days Walter Landis Episode 1.19 : `` EBE 's '' Just Shoot Me ! Larry Fenwick Episode 4.1 : `` A Divorce to Remember '' 1999 -- 2001 Jack & Jill Dr. Wilfred Madison Appeared in four episodes 2000 -- 01 Dawson 's Creek Principal Peskin Episodes 4.8 : `` The Unusual Suspects '' and 4.22 : `` The Graduate '' 2001 That 's Life Dean Episode 2.9 : `` Oh , Baby ! '' 2002 The Agency The President Episode 1.14 : `` The Gauntlet '' 2003 MADtv Mark Shubb Episode 8.21 2012 Nixon 's the One Richard Nixon TV special 2014 Family Guy Lenny Leonard Episode 13.1 : `` The Simpsons Guy '' ( uncredited ) The Kumars Himself Sky1 Sitcom Outnumbered Mr Johnson Episode : `` Communication Skills '' Music video ( edit ) Year Song Role Artist 1990 `` Do the Bartman '' Seymour Skinner Nancy Cartwright Video games ( edit ) Year Game Role Blazing Dragons Sir Burnevere , Sir George 's Valet The Simpsons Cartoon Studio Various characters 1997 Virtual Springfield Various characters 1998 StarCraft Science Vessel 2001 The Simpsons Wrestling Various characters 2001 The Simpsons : Road Rage Various characters 2002 The Simpsons Skateboarding Various characters 2003 The Simpsons : Hit & Run Various characters 2005 Chicken Little Dog announcer 2007 The Simpsons Game Various characters 2012 The Simpsons : Tapped Out Various characters Discography ( edit ) See also : The Simpsons discography , Spinal Tap discography , and The Credibility Gap discography Album Release Label It Must Have Been Something I Said 1994 Rhino Dropping Anchors 2006 Courgette Songs Pointed and Pointless 2007 Courgette Songs of the Bushmen 2008 Courgette Greed and Fear Courgette Bibliography ( edit ) Shearer , Harry ( 1993 ) . Man Bites Town . St Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08842 - 6 . Shearer , Harry ( 1999 ) . It 's the Stupidity , Stupid : Why ( Some ) People Hate Clinton and Why the Rest of Us Have to Watch . Ballantine Books / Library of Contemporary Thought . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43401 - 3 . Shearer , Harry ( 2006 ) . Not Enough Indians . Justin , Charles and Company . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 46 - 4 . Awards ( edit ) Shearer was the last of the six regular voice actors from The Simpsons to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance . His win came for the season 25 episode `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' . Year Award Category Series / album Result Ref . 1978 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Writing in a Comedy - Variety or Music Series America 2Night Nominated 1980 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program Saturday Night Live Nominated 2008 Grammy Award Best Comedy Album Songs Pointed and Pointless Nominated 2009 Grammy Award Best Comedy Album Songs of the Bushmen Nominated 2009 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance The Simpsons : `` The Burns and the Bees '' Nominated Grammy Award Best Comedy Album Back from the Dead ( with Spinal Tap ) Nominated 2014 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance The Simpsons : `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Simpsons ' voice actor Harry Shearer makes a home at Loyola - Loyola University New Orleans '' . Loyno.edu. 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Round , Simon ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Harry Shearer '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Shearer Enjoyment '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Joe ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` j . -- ' Hi - diddly - ho , Marin ! ' Man of many voices Harry Shearer comes to JCC '' . Jewish Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Plume , Kenneth ( February 10 , 2000 ) . `` Interview with Harry Shearer ( Part 1 of 4 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Nathan ( April 23 , 2003 ) . `` Harry Shearer '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronicle Podcasts : New Orleans economy stillborn , says Harry Shearer '' . San Francisco Chronicle . August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Preyboy Jump up ^ Deming , Mark . `` The Credibility Gap '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John . `` Index to Interviews '' . Pop Chronicles . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Plume , Kenneth ( February 10 , 2000 ) . `` Interview with Harry Shearer ( Part 2 of 4 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 288 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' . American Film Institute . June 14 , 2000 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry , Library of Congress 1989 -- 2008 '' . Library of Congress . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Spinal Tap : Discography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` The Otto Show '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Spinal Tap reunite '' . The Age . Melbourne . April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Spinal Tap to return with new album '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Review of Back from the Dead '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kaczmarski , Sandy ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` Unwigged and Unplugged : Spinal Tap Unwiped '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Spinal Tap announce ' world tour ' '' . BBC News . April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Plume , Kenneth ( February 10 , 2000 ) . `` Interview with Harry Shearer ( Part 3 of 4 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Richmond & Coffman 1997 , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Marder , Keith ( April 28 , 1994 ) . `` Real People are Models for ' Simpsons ' Voices '' . Times - Union . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Dittman , Earl ( July 2007 ) . `` Burns , Baby , Burns '' . Cineplex Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Round , Simon ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Harry Shearer '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ( 2002 ) . Commentary for `` Blood Feud '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Second Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ( 2003 ) . Commentary for `` When Flanders Failed '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2001 ) . Commentary for `` There 's No Disgrace Like Home '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete First Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Jean , Al ( 2001 ) . Commentary for `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete First Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Leggett , Chris ( August 4 , 2004 ) . `` Harry Shearer '' . UK Teletext . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert ( April 27 , 2001 ) . `` Shearer Delight '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Burns Sucks in Real Life Too '' . TMZ. April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shearer on The Howard Stern Show ( March 3 , 2010 ) '' . YouTube . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Glaister , Dan ( April 3 , 2004 ) . `` Simpsons actors demand bigger share '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simpsons ' Cast Goes Back To Work '' . CBS News . May 1 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Peter ( May 6 , 2004 ) . `` Meet the Simpsons '' . Daily Express . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons cast sign new pay deal '' . BBC News . June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' Renewed for Two More Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) . `` The Simpsons loses the voice of Ned Flanders , Mr. Burns , and Principal Skinner as Harry Shearer quits '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Harry Shearer returning to The Simpsons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Patt ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Harry Shearer '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shearer -- a radio rebel ? '' . BBC News . November 10 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Le Show Syndicate Stations '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . ( Comment is at 57 : 06 ) . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry . `` KCRW 's Le Show '' . iTunes Music Store . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wangsness , Lisa ( October 20 , 2008 ) . `` Comedy has become a liberal genre '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kuipers , Dean ( January 15 , 2004 ) . `` Harry Shearer '' . Los Angeles City Beat . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Andrew Adam ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` Talking Heads Caught in Moments of Silence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry . `` News : Found Objects '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IVAM Opens Confines / Valencia 09 : Passages of Contemporary Arts '' . ArtDaily.org . May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . ( Mentioned right at top of program ) . Jump up ^ `` Currently in Our Galleries : January 23 -- June 6 , 2010 : HARRY SHEARER : The Silent Echo Chamber '' . Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans . January 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons star in BBC radio comedy '' . BBC News . June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` BBC comedy loses Simpsons actor '' . BBC News . July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Shearer to get star on Walk of Fame '' . United Press International . June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 25 getting stars on curbside Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . CTV . June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Harden , Mark ( February 23 , 2003 ) . `` Jokers will be wild at Aspen Comedy Arts Festival '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Rush , George ; Molloy , Joanna ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` Prez hopeful Kerry making some waves '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` For Your Consideration '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Plume , Kenneth ( February 10 , 2000 ) . `` Interview with Harry Shearer ( Conclusion ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Shearer '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shearer '' . FoxFlash. 2008 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( March 21 , 1999 ) . `` It 's The Stupidity , Stupid By Harry Shearer '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shearer discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perman , Cindy ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Harry Shearer on Why He 's Taking on Wall Street '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons star Harry Shearer at Commencement 2006 '' . Goucher College . 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Uneasy ; A Film by Harry Shearer '' ( PDF ) . The Notions Dept Inc. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kamat , Anjali ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Uneasy -- In New Doc , Harry Shearer Makes the Case that Katrina Was an Unnatural Disaster '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Grove , Lloyd ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` Harry Shearer 's Amazing New Orleans Documentary '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Funnyman Harry Shearer gets serious with Katrina documentary ' The Big Uneasy ' '' . The Times - Picayune . NOLA Media Group . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Uneasy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About The Big Uneasy '' . The Notions Dept Inc. 2010 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Courgette Records '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` New Orleans Faces `` The Nation '' `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( July 20 , 2008 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Niel , Tom ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` Shearer snubbed again ! Blame that Mr. Burns ? '' . The Envelope . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search '' . Emmys.org . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Sing along with Judith Owen , Harry Shearer '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 52nd Annual Grammy Nominees List '' . Grammy.com . December 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emmy Nominations : ' Breaking Bad , ' ' True Detective ' Among the Honored '' . New York Times . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Bibliography Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M ... Shales , Tom ; Miller , James Andrew ( 2002 ) . Live from New York : An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live ( 1st ed . ) . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 78146 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Shearer . Harry Shearer 's official site Harry Shearer site at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 17 , 2006 ) Harry Shearer on IMDb Works by or about Harry Shearer in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Audio interview with Harry Shearer on the Sodajerker On Songwriting podcast Harry Shearer on Charlie Rose Harry Shearer at AllMusic Harry Shearer 's blog at the Huffington Post Harry Shearer at Voice Chasers New Documentary , Shearer on Hurricane Katrina -- video interview by Democracy Now ! Harry Shearer at TV.com Harry Shearer Interview NAMM Oral History Library ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Harry Shearer ( 2014 ) Hank Azaria ( 2015 ) Seth MacFarlane ( 2016 ) Seth MacFarlane ( 2017 ) Spinal Tap `` David St. Hubbins '' ( Michael McKean ) `` Nigel Tufnel '' ( Christopher Guest ) `` Derek Smalls '' ( Harry Shearer ) Discography This Is Spinal Tap Break Like the Wind Back from the Dead Film This Is Spinal Tap Miscellaneous Smell the Glove `` Up to eleven '' The Folksmen A Mighty Wind `` The Otto Show '' Book Category VIAF : 24804121 LCCN : n92113678 ISNI : 0000 0000 8103 8262 GND : 140525130 SUDOC : 139527079 BNF : cb140517378 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 24c01e8b - dbc4 - 4965 - 8cf5 - 147cdc382a4f IATH : w6fk0d5x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Shearer&oldid=807095048 '' Categories : 1943 births Living people Male actors from Los Angeles American male child actors American comedy musicians American documentary filmmakers Jewish American comedians American male film actors American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male radio actors American radio personalities American satirists American male television actors American television writers Male television writers American male voice actors American people of Austrian - Jewish descent The Huffington Post writers and columnists Jewish American male actors Jewish comedians Louisiana Democrats Primetime Emmy Award winners KCRW American people of Polish - Jewish descent University of California , Los Angeles alumni Musicians from Los Angeles American sketch comedians Harvard University alumni Comedians from California Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does otto's voice on the simpsons	[ "Shearer provides voices for Principal Skinner, Kent Brockman, Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy, Dr. Hibbert, Lenny Leonard, Otto Mann, Rainier Wolfcastle, Scratchy, Kang, Dr. Marvin Monroe, Judge Snyder and many others.[30] He has described all of his regular characters' voices as \"easy to slip into. [...] I wouldn't do them if they weren't easy.\"[29] Shearer modeled Mr. Burns's voice on the two actors Lionel Barrymore and Ronald Reagan.[31] Shearer says that Burns is the most difficult character for him to voice because it is rough on his vocal cords and he often needs to drink tea and honey to soothe his voice.[32] He describes Burns as his favorite character, saying he \"like[s] Mr. Burns because he is pure evil. A lot of evil people make the mistake of diluting it. Never adulterate your evil.\"[33] Shearer is also the voice of Burns' assistant Smithers, and is able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take. In the episode \"Bart's Inner Child\", Harry Shearer said \"wow\" in the voice of Otto, which was then used when Otto was seen jumping on a trampoline.[34] Ned Flanders had been meant to be just a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but because Shearer used \"such a sweet voice\" for him, Flanders was broadened to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would prefer to live next to over Homer.[35] Dr. Marvin Monroe's voice was based on psychiatrist David Viscott.[36] Monroe has been retired since the seventh season because voicing the character strained Shearer's throat.[37]" ]	[ "Shearer" ]
5356733289810130160	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean - wikipedia Southern Ocean Jump to : navigation , search Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Southern Ocean , as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization 's Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2002 ) . A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence , sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean . The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the fourth - largest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean . This ocean zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters . By way of his voyages in the 1770s , Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . Since then , geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean 's northern boundary or even existence , considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans , instead . However , according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) , recent oceanographic research has discovered the importance of Southern Circulation , and the term Southern Ocean has been used to define the body of water which lies south of the northern limit of that circulation . This remains the current official policy of the IHO , since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted . Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and use 1.1 Pre-20th - century definitions 1.2 1928 delineation 1.3 1937 delineation 1.4 1953 delineation 1.5 2002 ( draft ) delineation 2 History of exploration 2.1 Unknown southern land 2.2 South of the Antarctic Convergence 2.3 South of the Antarctic Circle 2.4 First sighting of land 2.5 Antarctic expeditions 2.6 Recent history 3 Geography 3.1 Sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean 3.2 Natural resources 3.3 Natural hazards 4 Physical oceanography 4.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence 4.2 Upwelling 4.3 Ross and Weddell Gyres 5 Climate 6 Biodiversity 6.1 Animals 6.2 Birds 6.3 Fish 6.3. 1 Icefish 6.4 Mammals 6.5 Invertebrates 6.5. 1 Arthropods 6.5. 2 Others 7 Environment 7.1 Current issues 7.2 International agreements 8 Economy 9 Ports and harbors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Definitions and use ( edit ) Pulsating pack - ice around Antarctica reflects the various definitions of the Southern Ocean Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau ( IHB ) , the precursor to the IHO , convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919 . The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas , the first edition being 1928 . Since the first edition , the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards ; since 1953 , it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits . The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60 ° S in its year 2000 revisions , but this has not been formally adopted , due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text , such as the naming dispute over the Sea of Japan . The 2000 IHO definition , however , was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US Central Intelligence Agency and Merriam - Webster . Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia . The National Geographic Society does not recognize the ocean , depicting it ( if at all ) in a typeface different from the other world oceans ; instead , it shows the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps . Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova . The International Hydrographic Organization 's delineation of the `` Southern Ocean '' has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas . Australia continues to view the ocean as beginning at its southern coast . The 1953 limits shown are those of Britain , as identified in third edition . Others continue to view the Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary of the Southern Ocean , regardless of political agreements . Southern Ocean Antarctica Map . Pre-20th - century definitions ( edit ) `` Southern Ocean '' as an alternative name for the Aethiopian Ocean in a 1700 map of Africa `` Southern Ocean '' is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific , coined by Vasco Núñez de Balboa , the first European to discover it , who approached it from the north . The `` South Seas '' is a less archaic synonym . A 1745 British Act of Parliament established a prize for discovering a Northwest Passage to `` the Western and Southern Ocean of America '' . Authors using `` Southern Ocean '' to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits . James Cook 's account of his second voyage implies New Caledonia borders it . Peacock 's 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay `` to the southward of America and Africa '' ; John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit ; the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees . The Family Magazine in 1835 divided the `` Great Southern Ocean '' into the `` Southern Ocean '' and the `` Antarctick ( sic ) Ocean '' along the Antarctic Circle , with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn , the Cape of Good Hope , Van Diemen 's Land and the south of New Zealand . The United Kingdom 's South Australia Act 1834 described the waters forming the southern limit of the new colony of South Australia as `` the Southern Ocean '' . The Colony of Victoria 's Legislative Council Act of 1881 delimited part of the division of Bairnsdale as `` along the New South Wales boundary to the Southern ocean '' . 1928 delineation ( edit ) 1928 First Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas with original IHO delineation of Southern Ocean abutting land - masses . In the 1928 first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , the Southern Ocean was delineated by land - based limits : Antarctica to the south , and South America , Africa , Australia , and Broughton Island , New Zealand to the north . The detailed land - limits used were from Cape Horn in South America eastwards to Cape Agulhas in Africa , then further eastwards to the southern coast of mainland Australia to Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia . From Cape Leeuwin , the limit then followed eastwards along the coast of mainland Australia to Cape Otway , Victoria , then southwards across Bass Strait to Cape Wickham , King Island , along the west coast of King Island , then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to Cape Grim , Tasmania . The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southwards to the South East Cape and then went eastwards to Broughton Island , New Zealand , before returning to Cape Horn . 1937 Second Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas showing IHO 's pre-1953 delineation of Southern Ocean moved southwards . 1937 delineation ( edit ) The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO 's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas . From this edition , much of the ocean 's northern limit ceased to abut land masses . In the second edition , the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40 ° S between Cape Agulhas in Africa ( long . 20 ° E ) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia ( long . 115 ° E ) , and extended to latitude 55 ° S between Auckland Island of New Zealand ( 165 or 166 ° E east ) and Cape Horn in South America ( 67 ° W ) . As is discussed in more detail below ( see section on ' 2002 delineation ' ) , prior to the 2002 ( draft ) edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them . The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition , and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition . It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters ( as designated in 1928 ) but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937 . In the 2002 draft edition , the IHO have designated ' seas ' as being subdivisions within ' oceans ' , so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then . To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans ( for example to compare surface areas ) it is necessary to consider , or at least be aware of , how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for ' seas ' can affect the comparison . 1953 delineation ( edit ) The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition and a note in the publication read : The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water , the northern limits of which are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change . The limits of the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent . Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits ( Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South . ) Instead , in the IHO 1953 publication , the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward , the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( which had not previously touched pre 1953 , as per the first and second editions ) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape , and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards . The Pacific Ocean as example of terminology concerning seas : the area inside the black line includes the seas included in the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002 and the darker blue areas are its informal current borders , following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas . 2002 ( draft ) delineation ( edit ) The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000 . Of its 68 member nations , 28 responded , and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean , reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents . The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes , beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean . Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean 's northern limit at 60 ° S ( with no land interruptions at this latitude ) , with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions , mostly 50 ° S , but a few for as far north as 35 ° S . A draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas was circulated to IHO member states in August 2002 ( sometimes referred to as the `` 2000 edition '' as it summarized the progress to 2000 ) . It has yet to be published due to ' areas of concern ' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world -- primarily the Sea of Japan naming dispute -- and there have been various changes , 60 seas were given new names , and even the name of the publication was changed . A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits . Effectively , the 3rd edition ( which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices ) has yet to be superseded . Despite this , the 4th edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations , scientists and organisations such as the U.S. ( the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook uses `` Southern Ocean '' but none of the other new sea names within the `` Southern Ocean '' such as `` Cosmonauts Sea '' ) and Merriam - Webster , scientists and nations -- and even by some within the IHO . Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example . Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean . For example , the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America , and confers great significance on the Antarctic Convergence , yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this , describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica . Other sources , such as the National Geographic Society , show the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps , although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean . In Australia , cartographical authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand , and up to 60 ° s elsewhere . Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean , while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet . A radical shift from past IHO practices ( 1928 -- 1953 ) was also seen in the 2002 draft edition when the IHO delineated ' seas ' as being subdivisions that lay within the boundaries of ' oceans ' . While the IHO are often considered the authority for such conventions , the shift brought them into line with the practices of other publications ( e.g. the CIA World Fact Book ) which already adopted the principle that seas are contained within oceans . This difference in practice is markedly seen for the Pacific Ocean in the adjacent figure . Thus , for example , previously the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand was not regarded by the IHO as being part of the Pacific , but as of the 2002 draft edition it is . The new delineation of seas being subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by Drake Passage which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast , nor interrupt it for the Scotia Sea , which also extends below the 60th parallel south . The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long - time named seas around Antarctica , excluded from the 1953 edition ( the 1953 map did not even extend that far south ) , are ' automatically ' part of the Southern Ocean . History of exploration ( edit ) Main article : History of Antarctica Unknown Southern land ( edit ) See also : Terra Australis 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum , a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America . Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis -- a vast continent in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa -- which had existed since the times of Ptolemy . The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold , and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist . Ferdinand Magellan , who passed through the Strait of Magellan in 1520 , assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land . In 1564 , Abraham Ortelius published his first map , Typus Orbis Terrarum , an eight - leaved wall map of the world , on which he identified the Regio Patalis with Locach as a northward extension of the Terra Australis , reaching as far as New Guinea . European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes , and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic , south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ( `` Unknown Southern Land '' ) , a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics . The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries . The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla , who claimed having sighted `` snow - covered mountains '' beyond the 64 ° S in 1603 , is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica , although he was ignored in his time . In 1606 , Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo ( the New Hebrides ) and those he would discover `` even to the Pole '' . Francis Drake , like Spanish explorers before him , had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego . When Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615 , they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land , as previously thought . Subsequently , in 1642 , Abel Tasman showed that even New Holland ( Australia ) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent . Portrait of Edmund Halley by Thomas Murray , c. 1687 South of the Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) See also : Anthony de la Roché The visit to South Georgia by Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence i.e. in the Southern Ocean / Antarctic . Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ' Roché Island ' , honouring the discoverer . James Cook was aware of la Roché 's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775 . Edmond Halley 's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in 52 ° S in January 1700 , but that latitude ( he reached 140 mi off the north coast of South Georgia ) was his farthest south . A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Jean - Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier to discover the `` South Land '' -- described by a half legendary `` sieur de Gonneyville '' -- resulted in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54 ° 10 ′ S , and in the navigation of 48 ° of longitude of ice - cumbered sea nearly in 55 ° S in 1730 . In 1771 , Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of `` a very large continent . '' He lighted upon a land in 50 ° S which he called South France , and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent . He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land , and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation , but which was ultimately named after him . South of the Antarctic Circle ( edit ) See also : James Cook Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . `` He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it . '' Map from 1771 , showing `` Terres Australes '' ( sic ) label without any charted landmass . Painting of James Weddell 's second expedition in 1823 , depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy . The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple , the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769 . The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook . Sailing in 1772 with Resolution , a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and Adventure of 336 tons under Captain Tobias Furneaux , Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island , then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58 ° S , and then 30 ° eastward for the most part south of 60 ° S , a lower southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel . On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67 ° 15 ' S by 39 ° 35 ' E , where their course was stopped by ice . Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town , but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen , Cook reached the assigned latitude 10 ° too far east and did not see it . He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61 ° 52 ′ S by 95 ° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60 ° S to 147 ° E. On 16 March , the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific . In November 1773 , Cook left New Zealand , having parted company with the Adventure , and reached 60 ° S by 177 ° W , whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed . The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days , being compelled after reaching 67 ° 31 ′ S to stand north again in 135 ° W . A long detour to 47 ° 50 ′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego . Turning south again , Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109 ° 30 ′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71 ° 10 ′ S by 106 ° 54 ′ W . This point , reached on 30 January 1774 , was the farthest south attained in the 18th century . With a great detour to the east , almost to the coast of South America , the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment . In November 1774 , Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 53 ° and 57 ° S to Tierra del Fuego ; then , passing Cape Horn on 29 December , he rediscovered Roché Island renaming it Isle of Georgia , and discovered the South Sandwich Islands ( named Sandwich Land by him ) , the only ice - clad land he had seen , before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between 55 ° and 60 ° . He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent . Cook 's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 60th parallel , and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and without economic value . Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice - encumbered seas ; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle , or knew it , if they did . In a voyage from 1822 to 1824 , James Weddell commanded the 160 - ton brig Jane , accompanied by his second ship Beaufoy captained by Matthew Brisbane . Together they sailed to the South Orkneys where sealing proved disappointing . They turned south in the hope of finding a better sealing ground . The season was unusually mild and tranquil , and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached latitude 74 ° 15 ' S and longitude 34 ° 16'45 '' W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time . A few icebergs were sighted but there was still no sight of land , leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole . Another two days ' sailing would have brought him to Coat 's Land ( to the east of the Weddell Sea ) but Weddell decided to turn back . First sighting of land ( edit ) Admiral von Bellingshausen See also : William Smith ( mariner ) and Fabian von Bellingshausen The first land south of the parallel 60 ° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith , who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819 . A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago , landed on King George Island , and claimed the new territories for Britain . In the meantime , the Spanish Navy ship San Telmo sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn . Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island ( South Shetlands ) . It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands . The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica can not be accurately attributed to one single person . It can , however , be narrowed down to three individuals . According to various sources , three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other : von Bellingshausen , a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy ; Edward Bransfield , a captain in the British navy ; and Nathaniel Palmer , an American sealer out of Stonington , Connecticut . It is certain that the expedition , led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny , reached a point within 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Princess Martha Coast and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69 ° 21 ′ 28 '' S 2 ° 14 ′ 50 '' W / 69.35778 ° S 2.24722 ° W / - 69.35778 ; - 2.24722 that became known as the Fimbul ice shelf . On 30 January 1820 , Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula , the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland , while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820 . Von Bellingshausen 's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island , the first islands to be discovered south of the circle . Historical maps showing a southern ocean between Antarctica and the continents of South America , Africa and Australia 1683 map by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet from his publication Description de L'Univers . Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when Tierra del Fuego was believed joined to Antarctica . Sea is named Mer Magellanique after Ferdinand Magellan . Samuel Dunn 's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqeuous Globe shows a Southern Ocean ( but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic ) and a Southern Icy Ocean . A New Map of Asia , from the Latest Authorities , by John Cary , Engraver , 1806 , shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia . Freycinet Map of 1811 -- resulted from the 1800 - 1803 French Baudin expedition to Australia and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published . In French , the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ( ' Great Southern Ocean ' ) . 1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia . 1906 map by German publisher Justus Perthes showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer ( Sudl . Eismeer ) Ocean -- the ' Antarctic ( South Arctic ) Ocean ' . Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic ( Southern ) Ocean . Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) Main article : List of Antarctic expeditions USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay , Antarctica in early 1840 . 1911 South Polar Regions exploration map In December 1839 , as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 -- 42 conducted by the United States Navy ( sometimes called `` the Wilkes Expedition '' ) , an expedition sailed from Sydney , Australia , on the sloops - of - war USS Vincennes and USS Peacock , the brig USS Porpoise , the full - rigged ship Relief , and two schooners Sea Gull and USS Flying Fish . They sailed into the Antarctic Ocean , as it was then known , and reported the discovery `` of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands '' on 25 January 1840 . That part of Antarctica was later named `` Wilkes Land '' , a name it maintains to this day . Explorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island ( both of which were named for him ) in 1841 . He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf . Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition : HMS Erebus and Terror . Frank Hurley , As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( The Endurance trapped in pack ice ) , National Library of Australia . The Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition of 1914 , led by Ernest Shackleton , set out to cross the continent via the pole , but their ship , the Endurance , was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed . The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island . Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean , in an open boat called James Caird , and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken . In 1946 , US Navy Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called Operation Highjump . Reported to the public as a scientific mission , the details were kept secret and it may have actually been a training or testing mission for the military . The expedition was , in both military or scientific planning terms , put together very quickly . The group contained an unusually high amount of military equipment , including an aircraft carrier , submarines , military support ships , assault troops and military vehicles . The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months . With the exception of some eccentric entries in Admiral Byrd 's diaries , no real explanation for the early termination has ever been officially given . Captain Finn Ronne , Byrd 's executive officer , returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947 -- 1948 , with Navy support , three planes , and dogs . Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent , i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected . The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline , and identified the Ronne Ice Shelf , named by Ronne after his wife Edith `` Jackie '' Ronne . Ronne covered 3,600 miles by ski and dog sled -- more than any other explorer in history . The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women . Recent history ( edit ) MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999 . She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg . The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961 . Among other provisions , this treaty limits military activity in the Antarctic to the support of scientific research . The first person to sail single - handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis , in 1972 , in a 10 - metre steel sloop Ice Bird . A baby , named Emilio Marcos de Palma , was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978 , becoming the first baby born on the continent . He also was born further south than anyone in history . The MS Explorer was a cruise ship operated by the Swedish explorer Lars - Eric Lindblad . Observers point to the Explorer 's 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica as the frontrunner for today 's sea - based tourism in that region . The Explorer was the first cruise ship used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean and the first to sink there when she struck an unidentified submerged object on 23 November 2007 , reported to be ice , which caused a 10 by 4 inches ( 25 by 10 cm ) gash in the hull . The Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean , an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time . The Explorer was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximately position : 62 ° 24 ′ South , 57 ° 16 ′ West , in roughly 600 m of water . Geography ( edit ) See also : List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands The Southern Ocean , geologically the youngest of the oceans , was formed when Antarctica and South America moved apart , opening the Drake Passage , roughly 30 million years ago . The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . With a northern limit at 60 ° S , the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary , the northern boundary , does not abut a landmass ( as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas ) . Instead , the northern limit is with the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans . One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans . Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which circulates around Antarctica . Water in the Southern Ocean south of , for example , New Zealand , resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean . The Southern Ocean has typical depths of between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water . The Southern Ocean 's greatest depth of 7,236 m ( 23,740 ft ) occurs at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench , at 60 ° 00 'S , 024 ° W . The Antarctic continental shelf appears generally narrow and unusually deep , its edge lying at depths up to 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) , compared to a global mean of 133 m ( 436 ft ) . Equinox to equinox in line with the sun 's seasonal influence , the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres ( 1.0 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres ( 7.3 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in September , more than a sevenfold increase in area . Subdivisions of the Southern Ocean ( edit ) Sub-divisions of oceans are geographical features such as `` seas '' , `` straits '' , `` bays '' , `` channels '' , and `` gulfs '' . There are many sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never - approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas . In clockwise order these include ( with IHO sub-division chartlet numbers in parenthesis ) the Weddell Sea ( 10.1 ) , the Lazarev Sea ( 10.2 ) , the Riiser - Larsen Sea ( 10.3 ) , the Cosmonauts Sea ( 10.4 ) , the Cooperation Sea ( 10.5 ) , the Davis Sea ( 10.6 ) , Tryoshnikova Gulf ( 10.6. 1 ) , the Mawson Sea ( 10.7 ) , the Dumont D'Urville Sea ( 10.8 ) , the Somov Sea ( 10.9 ) , the Ross Sea ( 10.10 ) , McMurdo Sound ( 10.10. 1 ) , the Amundsen Sea ( 10.11 ) , the Bellingshausen Sea ( 10.12 ) , part of the Drake Passage ( 10.13 ) , Bransfield Strait ( 10.14 ) and part of the Scotia Sea ( 4.2 ) . A number of these such as the 2002 Russian - proposed `` Consmonauts Sea '' , `` Cooperation Sea '' , and `` Somov ( mid-1950s Russian polar explorer ) Sea '' are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force , because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward . Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names , including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States ' National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the British Times Atlas of the World , but Soviet and Russian - issued maps do . An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane USS Burton Island ( AGB - 1 ) , USS Atka ( AGB - 3 ) , and USS Glacier ( AGB - 4 ) pushing an iceberg out of a channel in the `` Silent Land '' near McMurdo Station , Antarctica , 1965 Natural Resources ( edit ) Manganese nodule The Southern Ocean probably contains large , and possibly giant , oil and gas fields on the continental margin . Placer deposits , accumulation of valuable minerals such as gold , formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes are also expected to exist in the Southern Ocean . Manganese nodules are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean . Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core . The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization . Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s . The icebergs that form each year around in the Southern Ocean hold enough fresh water to meet the needs of every person on Earth for several months . For several decades there have been proposals , none yet to be feasible or successful , to tow Southern Ocean icebergs to more arid northern regions ( such as Australia ) where they can be harvested . Natural hazards ( edit ) Icebergs can occur at any time of year throughout the ocean . Some may have drafts up to several hundred meters ; smaller icebergs , iceberg fragments and sea - ice ( generally 0.5 to 1 m thick ) also pose problems for ships . The deep continental shelf has a floor of glacial deposits varying widely over short distances . Sailors know latitudes from 40 to 70 degrees south as the `` Roaring Forties '' , `` Furious Fifties '' and `` Shrieking Sixties '' due to high winds and large waves that form as winds blow around the entire globe unimpeded by any land - mass . Icebergs , especially in May to October , make the area even more dangerous . The remoteness of the region makes sources of search and rescue scarce . Physical Oceanography ( edit ) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans , linking the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific basins . Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current moves perpetually eastward -- chasing and joining itself , and at 21,000 km ( 13,000 mi ) in length -- it comprises the world 's longest ocean current , transporting 130 million cubic metres per second ( 4.6 × 10 ^ cu ft / s ) of water -- 100 times the flow of all the world 's rivers . Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce , in the Southern Ocean , types of water masses not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere . One of these is the Antarctic Bottom Water , a very cold , highly saline , dense water that forms under sea ice . Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence encircling Antarctica , where cold northward - flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the subantarctic , Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters , while associated zones of mixing and upwelling create a zone very high in nutrients . These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepods and Antarctic krill , and resultant foodchains supporting fish , whales , seals , penguins , albatrosses and a wealth of other species . The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean . Upwelling in the Southern Ocean Upwelling ( edit ) Large - scale upwelling is found in the Southern Ocean . Strong westerly ( eastward ) winds blow around Antarctica , driving a significant flow of water northwards . This is actually a type of coastal upwelling . Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , some of this water is drawn up from great depths . In many numerical models and observational syntheses , the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface . Shallower , wind - driven upwelling is also found off the west coasts of North and South America , northwest and southwest Africa , and southwest and southeast Australia , all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations . Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad - scale upwelling occurs in the tropics , as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above . The required diffusion coefficients , however , appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean . Nonetheless , some diffusive upwelling does probably occur . Location of the Southern Ocean gyres . Ross and Weddell gyres ( edit ) The Ross Gyre and Weddell Gyre are two gyres that exist within the Southern Ocean . The gyres are located in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea respectively , and both rotate clockwise . The gyres are formed by interactions between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Continental Shelf . Sea ice has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre . There is some evidence that global warming has resulted in some decrease of the salinity of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s . Due to the Coriolis effect acting to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and the resulting Ekman transport away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre , these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold , nutrient rich water . Climate ( edit ) Sea temperatures vary from about − 2 to 10 ° C ( 28 to 50 ° F ) . Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean . The ocean - area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth . In winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector , lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius . At some coastal points , however , persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice - free throughout the winter . Clouds over Southern Ocean with Continent labels . Biodiversity ( edit ) See also : Antarctic ecozone , Antarctic microorganism , and Wildlife of Antarctica Orca ( Orcinus orca ) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean . Animals ( edit ) A variety of marine animals exist and rely , directly or indirectly , on the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean . Antarctic sea life includes penguins , blue whales , orcas , colossal squids and fur seals . The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica , while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin . The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes , giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes . King penguins , chinstrap penguins , and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic . The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom . The Weddell seal , a `` true seal '' , is named after Sir James Weddell , commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea . Antarctic krill , which congregates in large schools , is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean , and is an important food organism for whales , seals , leopard seals , fur seals , squid , icefish , penguins , albatrosses and many other birds . The benthic communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense , with up to 155,000 animals found in 1 square metre ( 10.8 sq ft ) . As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic , hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland , which is a uniquely wide distribution for such a large community . Deep - sea gigantism is common among these animals . A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010 . The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life ( CoML ) and has disclosed some remarkable findings . More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions , having bridged the gap of 12,000 km ( 7,456 mi ) . Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually . More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms , sea cucumbers and free - swimming snails found in both polar oceans . Various factors may aid in their distribution -- fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 ° C , and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport egg and larva stages . A wandering albatross ( Diomedea exulans ) on South Georgia Birds ( edit ) See also : List of birds of Antarctica The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring . These nesters include species of albatrosses , petrels , skuas , gulls and terns . The insectivorous South Georgia pipit is endemic to South Georgia and some smaller surrounding islands . Freshwater ducks inhabit South Georgia and the Kerguelen Islands . The flightless penguins are all located in the Southern Hemisphere , with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica . Four of the 18 penguin species live and breed on the mainland and its close offshore islands . Another four species live on the subantarctic islands . Emperor penguins have four overlapping layers of feathers , keeping them warm . They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter . Fish ( edit ) There are relatively few fish species in few families in the Southern Ocean . The most species - rich family are the snailfish ( Liparidae ) , followed by the cod icefish ( Nototheniidae ) and eelpout ( Zoarcidae ) . Together the snailfish , eelpouts and notothenioids ( which includes cod icefish and several other families ) account for almost ⁄ of the more than 320 described fish species of the Southern Ocean ( tens of undescribed species also occur in the region , especially among the snailfish ) . Southern Ocean snailfish are generally found in deep waters , while the icefish also occur in shallower waters . Icefish ( edit ) Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder , such as this young icefish , are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic Cod icefish ( Nototheniidae ) , as well as several other families , are part of the Notothenioidei suborder , collectively sometimes referred to as icefish . The suborder contains many species with antifreeze proteins in their blood and tissue , allowing them to live in water that is around or slightly below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Antifreeze proteins are also known from Southern Ocean snailfish . The crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) , also known as white - blooded fish , are only found in the Southern Ocean . They lack hemoglobin in their blood , resulting in their blood being colourless . One Channichthyidae species , the mackerel icefish ( Champsocephalus gunnari ) , was once the most common fish in coastal waters less than 400 metres ( 1,312 ft ) deep , but was overfished in the 1970s and 1980s . Schools of icefish spend the day at the seafloor and the night higher in the water column eating plankton and smaller fish . There are two species from the Dissostichus genus , the Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) and the Patagonian toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ) . These two species live on the seafloor 100 -- 3,000 metres ( 328 -- 9,843 ft ) deep , and can grow to around 2 metres ( 7 ft ) long weighing up to 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) , living up to 45 years . The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland , whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters . Toothfish are commercially fished , and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations . Another abundant fish group is the Notothenia genus , which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies . An unusual species of icefish is the Antarctic silverfish ( Pleuragramma antarcticum ) , which is the only truly pelagic fish in the waters near Antarctica . Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals . Mammals ( edit ) See also : List of mammals of Antarctica Seven pinniped species inhabit Antarctica . The largest , the elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ) , can reach up to 4,000 kilograms ( 8,818 lb ) , while females of the smallest , the Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ) , reach only 150 kilograms ( 331 lb ) . These two species live north of the sea ice , and breed in harems on beaches . The other four species can live on the sea ice . Crabeater seals ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) and Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) form breeding colonies , whereas leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) and Ross seals ( Ommatophoca rossii ) live solitary lives . Although these species hunt underwater , they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there , as they have no terrestrial predators . The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50 % of the total biomass of the world 's seals . Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million , making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet . The New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) , one of the rarest and most localised pinnipeds , breeds almost exclusively on the subantarctic Auckland Islands , although historically it had a wider range . Out of all permanent mammalian residents , the Weddell seals live the furthest south . There are 10 cetacean species found in the Southern Ocean ; six baleen whales , and four toothed whales . The largest of these , the blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) , grows to 24 metres ( 79 ft ) long weighing 84 tonnes . Many of these species are migratory , and travel to tropical waters during the Antarctic winter . Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) are a keystone species of the food web . Invertebrates ( edit ) Arthropods ( edit ) Five species of krill , small free - swimming crustaceans , are found in the Southern Ocean . The Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth , with a biomass of around 500 million tonnes . Each individual is 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) long and weighs over 1 gram ( 0.035 oz ) . The swarms that form can stretch for kilometres , with up to 30,000 individuals per 1 cubic metre ( 35 cu ft ) , turning the water red . Swarms usually remain in deep water during the day , ascending during the night to feed on plankton . Many larger animals depend on krill for their own survival . During the winter when food is scarce , adult Antarctic krill can revert to a smaller juvenile stage , using their own body as nutrition . Many benthic crustaceans have a non-seasonal breeding cycle , and some raise their young in a brood pouch . Glyptonotus antarcticus is an unusually large benthic isopod , reaching 20 centimetres ( 8 in ) in length weighing 70 grams ( 2.47 oz ) . Amphipods are abundant in soft sediments , eating a range of items , from algae to other animals . Slow moving sea spiders are common , sometimes growing as large as a human hand . They feed on the corals , sponges , and bryozoans that litter the seabed . A female warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) Others ( edit ) Many aquatic molluscs are present in Antarctica . Bivalves such as Adamussium colbecki move around on the seafloor , while others such as Laternula elliptica live in burrows filtering the water above . There are around 70 cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean , the largest of which is the colossal squid ( Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni ) , which at up to 14 metres ( 46 ft ) is among the largest invertebrate in the world . Squid makes up most of the diet of some animals , such as grey - headed albatrosses and sperm whales , and the warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) is one of the subantarctic 's most preyed upon species by vertebrates . The sea urchin genus Abatus burrow through the sediment eating the nutrients they find in it . Two species of salps are common in Antarctic waters , Salpa thompsoni and Ihlea racovitzai . Salpa thompsoni is found in ice - free areas , whereas Ihlea racovitzai is found in the high latitude areas near ice . Due to their low nutritional value , they are normally only eaten by fish , with larger animals such as birds and marine mammals only eating them when other food is scarce . Antarctic sponges are long lived , and sensitive to environmental changes due to the specificity of the symbiotic microbial communities within them . As a result , they function as indicators of environmental health . Environment ( edit ) Current issues ( edit ) Increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced marine primary productivity ( phytoplankton ) by as much as 15 % and has started damaging the DNA of some fish . Illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery , likely affects the sustainability of the stock . Long - line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality . International agreements ( edit ) All international agreements regarding the world 's oceans apply to the Southern Ocean . In addition , it is subject to these agreements specific to the region : The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary of the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south ( south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west ) . Japan regularly does not recognize this provision , because the sanctuary violates IWC charter . Since the scope of the sanctuary is limited to commercial whaling , in regard to its whaling permit and whaling for scientific research , a Japanese fleet carried out an annual whale - hunt in the region . On 31 March 2014 , the International Court of Justice ruled that Japan 's whaling program , which Japan has long claimed is for scientific purposes , was a cloak for commercial whaling , and no further permits would be granted . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals is part of the Antarctic Treaty System . It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on 11 February 1972 . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ) is part of the Antarctic Treaty System . The Convention was entered into force on 7 April 1982 and has its goal is to preserve marine life and environmental integrity in and near Antarctica . It was established in large part to concerns that an increase in krill catches in the Southern Ocean could have a serious impact on populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food . Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of mineral resources south of the fluctuating Antarctic Convergence , which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north . The Antarctic Treaty covers the portion of the globe south of sixty degrees south , it prohibits new claims to Antarctica . The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies to the area south of 60 ° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence . Economy ( edit ) Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999 , fisheries landed 119,898 tonnes , of which 85 % consisted of krill and 14 % of Patagonian toothfish . International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , which in the 1998 -- 99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery . Ports and harbors ( edit ) Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard . Major operational ports include : Rothera Station , Palmer Station , Villa Las Estrellas , Esperanza Base , Mawson Station , McMurdo Station , and offshore anchorages in Antarctica . Few ports or harbors exist on the southern ( Antarctic ) coast of the Southern Ocean , since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer ; even then some require icebreaker escort for access . Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and , except in an emergency , remain closed to commercial or private vessels ; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers . The Southern Ocean 's southernmost port operates at McMurdo Station at 77 ° 50 ′ S 166 ° 40 ′ E / 77.833 ° S 166.667 ° E / - 77.833 ; 166.667 . Winter Quarters Bay forms a small harbor , on the southern tip of Ross Island where a floating ice pier makes port operations possible in summer . Operation Deep Freeze personnel constructed the first ice pier at McMurdo in 1973 . Based on the original 1928 IHO delineation of the Southern Ocean ( and the 1937 delineation if the Great Australian Bight is considered integral ) , Australian ports and harbors between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Otway on the Australian mainland and along the west coast of Tasmania would also be identified as ports and harbors existing in the Southern Ocean . These would include the larger ports and harbors of Albany , Thevenard , Port Lincoln , Whyalla , Port Augusta , Port Adelaide , Portland , Warrnambool , and Macquarie Harbour . Yacht races have been held in the Southern Ocean , such as the Volvo Ocean Race , Velux 5 Oceans Race , Vendée Globe , Jules Verne Trophy and Global Challenge . See also ( edit ) Extreme points of the Antarctic Seven Seas Borders of the oceans Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also a translation of its former French name ( Grand Océan Austral ) in reference to its position below the Pacific , the `` Grand Océan '' . Jump up ^ Used by Dr Hooker in his accounts of his Antarctic voyages . Also a translation of the ocean 's Japanese name Nankyoku Kai ( 南極海 ) . Jump up ^ Also a translation of the ocean 's Chinese name Nánbīng Yáng ( 南冰洋 ) . Jump up ^ Historic names include the `` South Sea '' , the `` Great Southern Ocean '' , the `` South Polar Ocean '' or `` South - Polar Ocean '' , and the `` Southern Icy Ocean '' . Jump up ^ A subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ In violation of their Style Guide , however , some of National Geographic 's online news blogs do use the term . Jump up ^ Reservation by Norway : Norway recognizes the name Kong Håkon VII Hav which covers the sea area adjacent to Dronning Maud Land and stretching from 20 ° W to 45 ° E . Jump up ^ The Drake Passage is situated between the southern and eastern extremities of South America and the South Shetland Islands , lying north of the Antarctic Peninsula . The Scotia Sea is an area defined by the southeastern extremity of South America and the South Shetland Islands on the west and by South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands to the north and east . As they extend north of 60 ° S , Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea are also described as forming part of the South Atlantic Ocean . Jump up ^ EB ( 1878 ) . ^ Jump up to : NGS ( 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Mary Martha ( 1823 ) , An Introduction to Geography , Intended for Little Children , 3rd ed. , Wellington : F. Houlston & Son , p. 10 . Jump up ^ EB ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ Hooker , Joseph Dalton ( 1844 ) , Flora Antarctica : The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage , London : Reeve . ^ Jump up to : `` Geography -- Southern Ocean '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 July 2012 ... the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica ; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction -- Southern Ocean '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 July 2012 ... As such , the Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world 's five oceans ( after the Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean , and Indian Ocean , but larger than the Arctic Ocean ) . Jump up ^ The Southern Ocean is the Fifth and Newest World Ocean Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ; The Ice : A Journey to Antarctica . University of Washington Press , 1986 . ( A study of Antarctica 's exploration , earth - sciences , icescape , esthetics , literature , and geopolitics ) ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps Home '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean -- News Watch '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upside Down World Map '' . Hema Maps . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classic World Wall Map '' . GeoNova . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Balboa , or Pan-Pacific Day '' . The Mid-Pacific Magazine . Pan-Pacific Union . 20 ( 10 ) : 16 . He named it the Southern Ocean , but in 1520 Magellan sailed into the Southern Ocean and named it Pacific Jump up ^ Tomlins , Sir Thomas Edlyne ; Raithby , John ( 1811 ) . `` 18 George II c. 17 '' . The statutes at large , of England and of Great - Britain : from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . Printed by G. Eyre and A. Strahan . p. 153 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , James ( 1821 ) . `` March 1775 '' . Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World . Longman . p. 244 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . These voyages of the French , though undertaken by private adventurers , have contributed something towards exploring the Southern Ocean . That of Captain Surville , clears up a mistake , which I was led into , in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia to extend to the west , as far as New Holland . Jump up ^ A Compendious Geographical Dictionary , Containing , a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places , Ancient and Modern , in Europe , Asia , Africa , & America , ... ( 2nd ed . ) . London : W. Peacock. 1795 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Payne , John ( 1796 ) . Geographical extracts , forming a general view of earth and nature ... illustrated with maps . London : G.G. and J. Robinson . p. 80 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ The Edinburgh Gazetteer : Or , Geographical Dictionary : Containing a Description of the Various Countries , Kingdoms , States , Cities , Towns , Mountains , &c. of the World ; an Account of the Government , Customs , and Religion of the Inhabitants ; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country , &c . &c . Forming a Complete Body of Geography , Physical , Political , Statistical , and Commercial with Addenda , Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America ... 1 . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green . 1827 . p. lix . Jump up ^ `` Physical Geography '' . Family Magazine : Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge . New York : Redfield & Lindsay. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 . June 1835 . Jump up ^ `` 45 Vict . No. 702 '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Legal Information Institute . 28 November 1881 . p. 87 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` IHO Publication S - 23 , Limits of Oceans and Seas , Draft 4th Edition '' . International Hydrographic Organisation. 2002 . Retrieved 22 January 2002 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Special Publication 23 '' . Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Schenke , Hans Werner ( September 2003 ) . `` Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean '' ( PDF ) . IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica ( HCA ) . Third HCA Meeting , 8 -- 10 September 2003 . Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AHS -- AA609582 '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . The Australian Hydrographic Service . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ For example : Chart Aus343 : Australia South Coast -- South Australia -- Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic , Australian Hydrographic Service , 29 June 1990 , archived from the original on 26 May 2009 , retrieved 11 October 2010 , Chart Aus792 : Australia -- Tasmania -- Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point , Australian Hydrographic Service , 18 July 2008 , retrieved 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse '' ( PDF ) . Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005 . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Joost Depuydt , ' Ortelius , Abraham ( 1527 -- 1598 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 Jump up ^ Peter Barber , `` Ortelius ' great world map '' , National Library of Australia , Mapping our World : Terra Incognita to Australia , Canberra , National Library of Australia , 2013 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Alexander . ( 1771 ) . A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope . Two volumes . London . Jump up ^ Headland , Robert K. ( 1984 ) . The Island of South Georgia , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25274 - 1 Jump up ^ Cook , James . ( 1777 ) . A Voyage Towards the South Pole , and Round the World . Performed in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Adventure , In the Years 1772 , 1773 , 1774 , and 1775 . In which is included , Captain Furneaux 's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships . Volume II . London : Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell . ( Relevant fragment ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Polar Regions '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Dance , Nathaniel ( c. 1776 ) . `` Captain James Cook , 1728 -- 79 '' . Royal Museums Greenwich . Commissioned by Sir Joseph Banks . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weddel , James ( 1970 ) ( 1825 ) . A voyage towards the South Pole : performed in the years 1822 -- 24 , containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea . United States Naval Institute . pp. 44 , map . Jump up ^ U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel . `` Antarctica -- past and present '' ( PDF ) . NSF . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Guy G. Guthridge . `` Nathaniel Brown Palmer '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Scope of Antarctic Tourism -- A Background Presentation Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , IAATO official website . Jump up ^ Reel , Monte ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Cruise Ship Sinks Off Antarctica '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 154 Rescued From Sinking Ship In Antarctic : Passengers , Crew Boarding Another Ship After Wait In Lifeboats ; No Injuries Reported '' . CBS News . 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doomed Ship Defies Antarctica Odds '' . Reuters. 25 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MS Explorer -- situation report '' . The Falkland Islands News . 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ MV Explorer Cruise Ship Sinking In South Atlantic , The Shipping Times , 23 November 2007 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water from Icebergs '' . 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Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinver , Mark ( 15 February 2009 ) . `` Ice oceans ' are not poles apart ' '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Flying Birds '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ British Antarctic Survey . `` Land Animals of Antarctica '' . Natural Environment Research Council . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Penguins '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Adapting to the cold '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastman , J.T. ; M.J. 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( 23 February 2007 ) . `` Amazing specimen of world 's largest squid in NZ '' . beehive.govt.nz . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Salps '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Sponges '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith RC , Prézelin BB , Baker KS , Bidigare RR , Boucher NP , Coley T , Karentz D , MacIntyre S , Matlick HA , Menzies D , et al. ( 1992 ) . `` Ozone depletion : ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters '' . Science . 255 ( 5047 ) : 952 -- 59 . Bibcode : 1992Sci ... 255 ... 952S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1546292 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 1546292 . Jump up ^ Antarctic Challenge : Conflicting Interests , Cooperation , Environmental Protection , Economic Development Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium , 22 -- 24 June 1983 ; Volume 88 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel ( Rüdiger Wolfrum and Klaus Bockslaff , eds . ) , Duncker & Humblot , 1984 , p. 99 Jump up ^ `` Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' . ccamlr.org. 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Environment -- International Agreements '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty , article 6 Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty , article 4 , clause 2 Jump up ^ `` Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' ( PDF ) . ccamlr.org . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources . 1972 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships , '' Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Antarctic Sun . 8 January 2006 ; McMurdo Station , Antarctica . References ( edit ) Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) , `` Antarctic Ocean '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 100 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) , `` Great Southern Ocean '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 12 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 422 Brindley , David , ed. ( 2014 ) , `` Antarctic Ocean , Austral Ocean , Southern Ocean '' , Style Manual , Washington : National Geographic Society , retrieved 31 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Gille , Sarah T. 2002 . `` Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s '' : abstract , article . Science : vol. 295 ( no . 5558 ) , pp. 1275 -- 1277 . Descriptive Regional Oceanography , P. Tchernia , Pergamon Press , 1980 . Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003 . Regional Oceanography : an Introduction . ( see the site ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern Ocean . Look up southern ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Great Southern Ocean . Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The CIA World Factbook 's entry on the Southern Ocean The Fifth Ocean from Geography.About.com The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean ( IBCSO ) National Geophysical Data Center U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) : Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2nd Edition ) , extant 1937 to 1953 , with limits of Southern Ocean . 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Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more ... Category Commons Antarctica portal Index Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. 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1297913871063415335	Nuclear fuel	Nuclear fuel - wikipedia Nuclear fuel Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nuclear Fuel Process A graph comparing nucleon number against binding energy Close - up of a replica of the core of the research reactor at the Institut Laue - Langevin Nuclear fuel is a substance that is used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines . Heat is created when nuclear fuel undergoes nuclear fission . Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of nuclear fission , such as uranium - 235 or plutonium - 239 . When the unstable nuclei of these atoms are hit by a slow - moving neutron , they split , creating two daughter nuclei and two or three more neutrons . These neutrons then go on to split more nuclei . This creates a self - sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor , or uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon . The processes involved in mining , refining , purifying , using , and disposing of nuclear fuel are collectively known as the nuclear fuel cycle . Not all types of nuclear fuels create power from nuclear fission ; plutonium - 238 and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear power by radioactive decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and other types of atomic batteries . Nuclear fuel has the highest energy density of all practical fuel sources . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oxide fuel 1.1 UOX 1.2 MOX 2 Metal fuel 2.1 TRIGA fuel 2.2 Actinide fuel 2.3 Molten plutonium 3 Ceramic fuels 3.1 Uranium nitride 3.2 Uranium carbide 4 Liquid fuels 4.1 Molten salts 4.2 Aqueous solutions of uranyl salts 5 Common physical forms of nuclear fuel 5.1 PWR fuel 5.2 BWR fuel 5.3 CANDU fuel 6 Less - common fuel forms 6.1 Magnox fuel 6.2 TRISO fuel 6.3 QUADRISO fuel 6.4 RBMK fuel 6.5 CerMet fuel 6.6 Plate - type fuel 6.7 Sodium - bonded fuel 7 Spent nuclear fuel 7.1 Oxide fuel under accident conditions 8 Fuel behavior and post-irradiation examination 9 Radioisotope decay fuels 9.1 Radioisotope battery 9.2 Radioisotope thermoelectric generators 9.3 Radioisotope heater units ( RHU ) 10 Fusion fuels 10.1 First - generation fusion fuel 10.2 Second - generation fusion fuel 10.3 Third - generation fusion fuel 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 13.1 PWR fuel 13.2 BWR fuel 13.3 CANDU fuel 13.4 TRISO fuel 13.5 QUADRISO fuel 13.6 CERMET fuel 13.7 Plate type fuel 13.8 TRIGA fuel 13.9 Fusion fuel Oxide fuel ( edit ) For fission reactors , the fuel ( typically based on uranium ) is usually based on the metal oxide ; the oxides are used rather than the metals themselves because the oxide melting point is much higher than that of the metal and because it can not burn , being already in the oxidized state . The thermal conductivity of zirconium metal and uranium dioxide as a function of temperature Uox ( edit ) Uranium dioxide is a black semiconducting solid . It can be made by reacting uranyl nitrate with a base ( ammonia ) to form a solid ( ammonium uranate ) . It is heated ( calcined ) to form U O that can then be converted by heating in an argon / hydrogen mixture ( 700 ° C ) to form UO . The UO is then mixed with an organic binder and pressed into pellets , these pellets are then fired at a much higher temperature ( in H / Ar ) to sinter the solid . The aim is to form a dense solid which has few pores . The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is very low compared with that of zirconium metal , and it goes down as the temperature goes up . It is important to note that the corrosion of uranium dioxide in an aqueous environment is controlled by similar electrochemical processes to the galvanic corrosion of a metal surface . MOX ( edit ) Main article : MOX fuel Mixed oxide , or MOX fuel , is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behaves similarly ( though not identically ) to the enriched uranium feed for which most nuclear reactors were designed . MOX fuel is an alternative to low enriched uranium ( LEU ) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate nuclear power generation . Some concern has been expressed that used MOX cores will introduce new disposal challenges , though MOX is itself a means to dispose of surplus plutonium by transmutation . Reprocessing of commercial nuclear fuel to make MOX was done in the Sellafield MOX Plant ( England ) . As of 2015 , MOX fuel is made in France ( see Marcoule Nuclear Site ) , and to a lesser extent in Russia ( see Mining and Chemical Combine ) , India and Japan . China plans to develop fast breeder reactors ( see CEFR ) and reprocessing . The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership , was a U.S. proposal in the George W. Bush Administration to form an international partnership to see spent nuclear fuel reprocessed in a way that renders the plutonium in it usable for nuclear fuel but not for nuclear weapons . Reprocessing of spent commercial - reactor nuclear fuel has not been permitted in the United States due to nonproliferation considerations . All of the other reprocessing nations have long had nuclear weapons from military - focused `` research '' - reactor fuels except for Japan. Normally , with the fuel being changed every three years or so , about half of the Pu - 239 is ' burned ' in the reactor , providing about one third of the total energy . It behaves like U-235 and its fission releases a similar amount of energy . The higher the burn - up , the more plutonium in the spent fuel , but the lower the fraction of fissile plutonium . Typically about one percent of the used fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium , and some two thirds of this is fissile ( c. 50 % Pu - 239 , 15 % Pu - 241 ) . Worldwide , some 70 tonnes of plutonium contained in used fuel is removed when refueling reactors each year . Metal fuel ( edit ) Metal fuels have the advantage of a much higher heat conductivity than oxide fuels but can not survive equally high temperatures . Metal fuels have a long history of use , stretching from the Clementine reactor in 1946 to many test and research reactors . Metal fuels have the potential for the highest fissile atom density . Metal fuels are normally alloyed , but some metal fuels have been made with pure uranium metal . Uranium alloys that have been used include uranium aluminum , uranium zirconium , uranium silicon , uranium molybdenum , and uranium zirconium hydride . Any of the aforementioned fuels can be made with plutonium and other actinides as part of a closed nuclear fuel cycle . Metal fuels have been used in water reactors and liquid metal fast breeder reactors , such as EBR - II . TRIGA fuel ( edit ) TRIGA fuel is used in TRIGA ( Training , Research , Isotopes , General Atomics ) reactors . The TRIGA reactor uses UZrH fuel , which has a prompt negative fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity , meaning that as the temperature of the core increases , the reactivity decreases -- so it is highly unlikely for a meltdown to occur . Most cores that use this fuel are `` high leakage '' cores where the excess leaked neutrons can be utilized for research . TRIGA fuel was originally designed to use highly enriched uranium , however in 1978 the U.S. Department of Energy launched its Reduced Enrichment for Research Test Reactors program , which promoted reactor conversion to low - enriched uranium fuel . A total of 35 TRIGA reactors have been installed at locations across the USA . A further 35 reactors have been installed in other countries . Actinide fuel ( edit ) In a fast neutron reactor , the minor actinides produced by neutron capture of uranium and plutonium can be used as fuel . Metal actinide fuel is typically an alloy of zirconium , uranium , plutonium , and minor actinides . It can be made inherently safe as thermal expansion of the metal alloy will increase neutron leakage . Molten plutonium ( edit ) Molten plutonium , alloyed with other metals to lower its melting point and encapsulated in tantalum , was tested in two experimental reactors , LAMPRE I and LAMPRE II , at LANL in the 1960s . `` LAMPRE experienced three separate fuel failures during operation . '' Ceramic fuels ( edit ) Ceramic fuels other than oxides have the advantage of high heat conductivities and melting points , but they are more prone to swelling than oxide fuels and are not understood as well . Uranium nitride ( edit ) Main article : Uranium nitride This is often the fuel of choice for reactor designs that NASA produces , one advantage is that UN has a better thermal conductivity than UO . Uranium nitride has a very high melting point . This fuel has the disadvantage that unless N was used ( in place of the more common N ) that a large amount of C would be generated from the nitrogen by the ( n , p ) reaction . As the nitrogen required for such a fuel would be so expensive it is likely that the fuel would have to be reprocessed by pyroprocessing to enable the N to be recovered . It is likely that if the fuel was processed and dissolved in nitric acid that the nitrogen enriched with N would be diluted with the common N . Uranium carbide ( edit ) Main article : Uranium carbide Much of what is known about uranium carbide is in the form of pin - type fuel elements for liquid metal fast reactors during their intense study during the 1960s and 1970s . However , recently there has been a revived interest in uranium carbide in the form of plate fuel and most notably , micro fuel particles ( such as TRISO particles ) . The high thermal conductivity and high melting point makes uranium carbide an attractive fuel . In addition , because of the absence of oxygen in this fuel ( during the course of irradiation , excess gas pressure can build from the formation of O or other gases ) as well as the ability to complement a ceramic coating ( a ceramic - ceramic interface has structural and chemical advantages ) , uranium carbide could be the ideal fuel candidate for certain Generation IV reactors such as the gas - cooled fast reactor . Liquid fuels ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Liquid fuels are liquids containing dissolved nuclear fuel and have been shown to offer numerous operational advantages compared to traditional solid fuel approaches . Liquid - fuel reactors offer significant safety advantages due to their inherently stable `` self - adjusting '' reactor dynamics . This provides two major benefits : - virtually eliminating the possibility of a run - away reactor meltdown , - providing an automatic load - following capability which is well suited to electricity generation and high temperature industrial heat applications . Another major advantage of the liquid core is its ability to be drained rapidly into a passively safe dump - tank . This advantage was conclusively demonstrated repeatedly as part of a weekly shutdown procedure during the highly successful 4 year ORNL MSRE program . Another huge advantage of the liquid core is its ability to release xenon gas which normally acts as a neutron absorber and causes structural occlusions in solid fuel elements ( leading to early replacement of solid fuel rods with over 98 % of the nuclear fuel unburned , including many long lived actinides ) . In contrast Molten Salt Reactors ( MSR ) are capable of retaining the fuel mixture for significantly extended periods , which not only increases fuel efficiency dramatically , but also incinerates the vast majority of its own waste as part of the normal operational characteristics . Molten salts ( edit ) Molten salt fuels have nuclear fuel dissolved directly in the molten salt coolant . Molten salt - fueled reactors , such as the liquid fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) , are different from molten salt - cooled reactors that do not dissolve nuclear fuel in the coolant . Molten salt fuels were used in the LFTR known as the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment , as well as other liquid core reactor experiments . The liquid fuel for the molten salt reactor was a mixture of lithium , beryllium , thorium and uranium fluorides : LiF - BeF - ThF - UF ( 72 - 16 - 12 - 0.4 mol % ) . It had a peak operating temperature of 705 ° C in the experiment , but could have operated at much higher temperatures , since the boiling point of the molten salt was in excess of 1400 ° C . Aqueous solutions of uranyl salts ( edit ) The aqueous homogeneous reactors ( AHRs ) use a solution of uranyl sulfate or other uranium salt in water . Historically , AHRs have all been small research reactors , not large power reactors . An AHR known as the Medical Isotope Production System is being considered for production of medical isotopes . Common physical forms of nuclear fuel ( edit ) See also : Active fuel length Uranium dioxide ( UO ) powder is compacted to cylindrical pellets and sintered at high temperatures to produce ceramic nuclear fuel pellets with a high density and well defined physical properties and chemical composition . A grinding process is used to achieve a uniform cylindrical geometry with narrow tolerances . Such fuel pellets are then stacked and filled into the metallic tubes . The metal used for the tubes depends on the design of the reactor . Stainless steel was used in the past , but most reactors now use a zirconium alloy which , in addition to being highly corrosion - resistant , has low neutron absorption . The tubes containing the fuel pellets are sealed : these tubes are called fuel rods . The finished fuel rods are grouped into fuel assemblies that are used to build up the core of a power reactor . Cladding is the outer layer of the fuel rods , standing between the coolant and the nuclear fuel . It is made of a corrosion - resistant material with low absorption cross section for thermal neutrons , usually Zircaloy or steel in modern constructions , or magnesium with small amount of aluminium and other metals for the now - obsolete Magnox reactors . Cladding prevents radioactive fission fragments from escaping the fuel into the coolant and contaminating it . Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) photo of unirradiated ( fresh ) fuel pellets . NRC photo of fresh fuel pellets ready for assembly . NRC photo of fresh fuel being inspected . PWR fuel assembly ( also known as a fuel bundle ) This fuel assembly is from a pressurized water reactor of the nuclear - powered passenger and cargo ship NS Savannah . Designed and built by the Babcock & Wilcox Company . PWR fuel ( edit ) Pressurized water reactor ( PWR ) fuel consists of cylindrical rods put into bundles . A uranium oxide ceramic is formed into pellets and inserted into Zircaloy tubes that are bundled together . The Zircaloy tubes are about 1 cm in diameter , and the fuel cladding gap is filled with helium gas to improve the conduction of heat from the fuel to the cladding . There are about 179 - 264 fuel rods per fuel bundle and about 121 to 193 fuel bundles are loaded into a reactor core . Generally , the fuel bundles consist of fuel rods bundled 14 × 14 to 17 × 17 . PWR fuel bundles are about 4 meters long . In PWR fuel bundles , control rods are inserted through the top directly into the fuel bundle . The fuel bundles usually are enriched several percent in U . The uranium oxide is dried before inserting into the tubes to try to eliminate moisture in the ceramic fuel that can lead to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement . The Zircaloy tubes are pressurized with helium to try to minimize pellet - cladding interaction which can lead to fuel rod failure over long periods . BWR fuel ( edit ) In boiling water reactors ( BWR ) , the fuel is similar to PWR fuel except that the bundles are `` canned '' . That is , there is a thin tube surrounding each bundle . This is primarily done to prevent local density variations from affecting neutronics and thermal hydraulics of the reactor core . In modern BWR fuel bundles , there are either 91 , 92 , or 96 fuel rods per assembly depending on the manufacturer . A range between 368 assemblies for the smallest and 800 assemblies for the largest U.S. BWR forms the reactor core . Each BWR fuel rod is backfilled with helium to a pressure of about three atmospheres ( 300 kPa ) . CANDU fuel bundles Two CANDU ( `` CANada Deuterium Uranium '' ) fuel bundles , each about 50 cm long , 10 cm in diameter . CANDU fuel ( edit ) CANDU fuel bundles are about a half meter long and 10 cm in diameter . They consist of sintered ( UO ) pellets in zirconium alloy tubes , welded to zirconium alloy end plates . Each bundle is roughly 20 kg , and a typical core loading is on the order of 4500 - 6500 bundles , depending on the design . Modern types typically have 37 identical fuel pins radially arranged about the long axis of the bundle , but in the past several different configurations and numbers of pins have been used . The CANFLEX bundle has 43 fuel elements , with two element sizes . It is also about 10 cm ( 4 inches ) in diameter , 0.5 m ( 20 in ) long and weighs about 20 kg ( 44 lb ) and replaces the 37 - pin standard bundle . It has been designed specifically to increase fuel performance by utilizing two different pin diameters . Current CANDU designs do not need enriched uranium to achieve criticality ( due to their more efficient heavy water moderator ) , however , some newer concepts call for low enrichment to help reduce the size of the reactors . Less - common fuel forms ( edit ) Various other nuclear fuel forms find use in specific applications , but lack the widespread use of those found in BWRs , PWRs , and CANDU power plants . Many of these fuel forms are only found in research reactors , or have military applications . A magnox fuel rod Magnox fuel ( edit ) Magnox reactors are pressurised , carbon dioxide -- cooled , graphite - moderated reactors using natural uranium ( i.e. unenriched ) as fuel and Magnox alloy as fuel cladding . Working pressure varies from 6.9 to 19.35 bar for the steel pressure vessels , and the two reinforced concrete designs operated at 24.8 and 27 bar . Magnox alloy consists mainly of magnesium with small amounts of aluminium and other metals -- used in cladding unenriched uranium metal fuel with a non-oxidising covering to contain fission products . Magnox is short for Magnesium non-oxidising . This material has the advantage of a low neutron capture cross-section , but has two major disadvantages : It limits the maximum temperature , and hence the thermal efficiency , of the plant . It reacts with water , preventing long - term storage of spent fuel under water . Magnox fuel incorporated cooling fins to provide maximum heat transfer despite low operating temperatures , making it expensive to produce . While the use of uranium metal rather than oxide made reprocessing more straightforward and therefore cheaper , the need to reprocess fuel a short time after removal from the reactor meant that the fission product hazard was severe . Expensive remote handling facilities were required to address this danger . TRISO fuel particle which has been cracked , showing the multiple coating layers TRISO fuel ( edit ) Tristructural - isotropic ( TRISO ) fuel is a type of micro fuel particle . It consists of a fuel kernel composed of UO ( sometimes UC or UCO ) in the center , coated with four layers of three isotropic materials . The four layers are a porous buffer layer made of carbon , followed by a dense inner layer of pyrolytic carbon ( PyC ) , followed by a ceramic layer of SiC to retain fission products at elevated temperatures and to give the TRISO particle more structural integrity , followed by a dense outer layer of PyC . TRISO fuel particles are designed not to crack due to the stresses from processes ( such as differential thermal expansion or fission gas pressure ) at temperatures up to and beyond 1600 ° C , and therefore can contain the fuel in the worst of accident scenarios in a properly designed reactor . Two such reactor designs are the pebble - bed reactor ( PBR ) , in which thousands of TRISO fuel particles are dispersed into graphite pebbles , and the prismatic - block gas - cooled reactor ( such as the GT - MHR ) , in which the TRISO fuel particles are fabricated into compacts and placed in a graphite block matrix . Both of these reactor designs are high temperature gas reactors ( HTGRs ) . These are also the basic reactor designs of very - high - temperature reactors ( VHTRs ) , one of the six classes of reactor designs in the Generation IV initiative that is attempting to reach even higher HTGR outlet temperatures . TRISO fuel particles were originally developed in the United Kingdom as part of the Dragon reactor project . The inclusion of the SiC as diffusion barrier was first suggested by D.T. Livey . The first nuclear reactor to use TRISO fuels was the Dragon reactor and the first powerplant was the THTR - 300 . Currently , TRISO fuel compacts are being used in the experimental reactors , the HTR - 10 in China , and the HTTR in Japan . QUADRISO Particle QUADRISO fuel ( edit ) In QUADRISO particles a burnable neutron poison ( europium oxide or erbium oxide or carbide ) layer surrounds the fuel kernel of ordinary TRISO particles to better manage the excess of reactivity . If the core is equipped both with TRISO and QUADRISO fuels , at beginning of life neutrons do not reach the fuel of the QUADRISO particles because they are stopped by the burnable poison . After irradiation , the poison depletes and neutrons stream into the fuel kernel of QUADRISO particles inducing fission reactions . This mechanism compensates fuel depletion of ordinary TRISO fuel . In the generalized QUADRISO fuel concept the poison can eventually be mixed with the fuel kernel or the outer pyrocarbon . The QUADRISO ( 1 ) concept has been conceived at Argonne National Laboratory . RBMK reactor fuel rod holder 1 -- distancing armature ; 2 -- fuel rods shell ; 3 -- fuel tablets . RBMK fuel ( edit ) RBMK reactor fuel was used in Soviet - designed and built RBMK - type reactors . This is a low - enriched uranium oxide fuel . The fuel elements in an RBMK are 3 m long each , and two of these sit back - to - back on each fuel channel , pressure tube . Reprocessed uranium from Russian VVER reactor spent fuel is used to fabricate RBMK fuel . Following the Chernobyl accident , the enrichment of fuel was changed from 2.0 % to 2.4 % , to compensate for control rod modifications and the introduction of additional absorbers . Cermet fuel ( edit ) CerMet fuel consists of ceramic fuel particles ( usually uranium oxide ) embedded in a metal matrix . It is hypothesized that this type of fuel is what is used in United States Navy reactors . This fuel has high heat transport characteristics and can withstand a large amount of expansion . ATR Core The Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory uses plate - type fuel in a clover leaf arrangement . The blue glow around the core is known as Cherenkov radiation . Plate - type fuel ( edit ) Plate - type fuel has fallen out of favor over the years . Plate - type fuel is commonly composed of enriched uranium sandwiched between metal cladding . Plate - type fuel is used in several research reactors where a high neutron flux is desired , for uses such as material irradiation studies or isotope production , without the high temperatures seen in ceramic , cylindrical fuel . It is currently used in the Advanced Test Reactor ( ATR ) at Idaho National Laboratory , and the nuclear research reactor at the University of Massachusetts Lowell Radiation Laboratory . Sodium - bonded fuel ( edit ) Sodium - bonded fuel consists of fuel that has liquid sodium in the gap between the fuel slug ( or pellet ) and the cladding . This fuel type is often used for sodium - cooled liquid metal fast reactors . It has been used in EBR - I , EBR - II , and the FFTF . The fuel slug may be metallic or ceramic . The sodium bonding is used to reduce the temperature of the fuel . Spent nuclear fuel ( edit ) Main article : Spent nuclear fuel Used nuclear fuel is a complex mixture of the fission products , uranium , plutonium , and the transplutonium metals . In fuel which has been used at high temperature in power reactors it is common for the fuel to be heterogeneous ; often the fuel will contain nanoparticles of platinum group metals such as palladium . Also the fuel may well have cracked , swollen , and been heated close to its melting point . Despite the fact that the used fuel can be cracked , it is very insoluble in water , and is able to retain the vast majority of the actinides and fission products within the uranium dioxide crystal lattice . Oxide fuel under accident conditions ( edit ) Main article : Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident Two main modes of release exist , the fission products can be vaporised or small particles of the fuel can be dispersed . Fuel behavior and post-irradiation examination ( edit ) Main article : Post Irradiation Examination Post-Irradiation Examination ( PIE ) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel . It has several purposes . It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use ( and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident ) can be studied . In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels . After major accidents the core ( or what is left of it ) is normally subject to PIE to find out what happened . One site where PIE is done is the ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials . Materials in a high - radiation environment ( such as a reactor ) can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling ( 2 ) and non-thermal creep . If there are nuclear reactions within the material ( such as what happens in the fuel ) , the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time . These behaviors can lead to new material properties , cracking , and fission gas release . The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is low ; it is affected by porosity and burn - up . The burn - up results in fission products being dissolved in the lattice ( such as lanthanides ) , the precipitation of fission products such as palladium , the formation of fission gas bubbles due to fission products such as xenon and krypton and radiation damage of the lattice . The low thermal conductivity can lead to overheating of the center part of the pellets during use . The porosity results in a decrease in both the thermal conductivity of the fuel and the swelling which occurs during use . According to the International Nuclear Safety Center ( 3 ) the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide can be predicted under different conditions by a series of equations . The bulk density of the fuel can be related to the thermal conductivity Where ρ is the bulk density of the fuel and ρ is the theoretical density of the uranium dioxide . Then the thermal conductivity of the porous phase ( K ) is related to the conductivity of the perfect phase ( K , no porosity ) by the following equation . Note that s is a term for the shape factor of the holes . K = K ( 1 − p / 1 + ( s − 1 ) p ) Rather than measuring the thermal conductivity using the traditional methods such as Lees ' disk , the Forbes ' method , or Searle 's bar , it is common to use Laser Flash Analysis where a small disc of fuel is placed in a furnace . After being heated to the required temperature one side of the disc is illuminated with a laser pulse , the time required for the heat wave to flow through the disc , the density of the disc , and the thickness of the disk can then be used to calculate and determine the thermal conductivity . λ = ρC α λ thermal conductivity ρ density C heat capacity α thermal diffusivity If t is defined as the time required for the non illuminated surface to experience half its final temperature rise then . α = 0.1388 L / t L is the thickness of the disc For details see ( 4 ) Radioisotope decay fuels ( edit ) Radioisotope battery ( edit ) Main article : atomic battery The terms atomic battery , nuclear battery and radioisotope battery are used interchangeably to describe a device which uses the radioactive decay to generate electricity . These systems use radioisotopes that produce low energy beta particles or sometimes alpha particles of varying energies . Low energy beta particles are needed to prevent the production of high energy penetrating bremsstrahlung radiation that would require heavy shielding . Radioisotopes such as plutonium - 238 , curium - 242 , curium - 244 and strontium - 90 have been used . Tritium , nickel - 63 , promethium - 147 , and technetium - 99 have been tested . There are two main categories of atomic batteries : thermal and non-thermal . The non-thermal atomic batteries , which have many different designs , exploit charged alpha and beta particles . These designs include the direct charging generators , betavoltaics , the optoelectric nuclear battery , and the radioisotope piezoelectric generator . The thermal atomic batteries on the other hand , convert the heat from the radioactive decay to electricity . These designs include thermionic converter , thermophotovoltaic cells , alkali - metal thermal to electric converter , and the most common design , the radioisotope thermoelectric generator . Radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( edit ) Inspection of Cassini spacecraft RTGs before launch A radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG ) is a simple electrical generator which converts heat into electricity from a radioisotope using an array of thermocouples . 238 Pu has become the most widely used fuel for RTGs , in the form of plutonium dioxide . It has a half - life of 87.7 years , reasonable energy density , and exceptionally low gamma and neutron radiation levels . Some Russian terrestrial RTGs have used 90 Sr ; this isotope has a shorter half - life and a much lower energy density , but is cheaper . Early RTGs , first built in 1958 by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission , have used 210 Po . This fuel provides phenomenally huge energy density , ( a single gram of polonium - 210 generates 140 watts thermal ) but has limited use because of its very short half - life and gamma production , and has been phased out of use for this application . Photo of a disassembled RHU Radioisotope heater units ( rhu ) ( edit ) Radioisotope heater units normally provide about 1 watt of heat each , derived from the decay of a few grams of plutonium - 238 . This heat is given off continuously for several decades . Their function is to provide highly localised heating of sensitive equipment ( such as electronics in outer space ) . The Cassini -- Huygens orbiter to Saturn contains 82 of these units ( in addition to its 3 main RTG 's for power generation ) . The Huygens probe to Titan contains 35 devices . Fusion fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fusion power § Fuels Fusion fuels include deuterium ( H ) and tritium ( H ) as well as helium - 3 ( He ) . Many other elements can be fused together , but the larger electrical charge of their nuclei means that much higher temperatures are required . Only the fusion of the lightest elements is seriously considered as a future energy source . Fusion of the lightest atom , H hydrogen , as is done in the Sun and stars , has also not been considered practical on Earth . Although the energy density of fusion fuel is even higher than fission fuel , and fusion reactions sustained for a few minutes have been achieved , utilizing fusion fuel as a net energy source remains only a theoretical possibility . First - generation fusion fuel ( edit ) Deuterium and tritium are both considered first - generation fusion fuels ; they are the easiest to fuse , because the electrical charge on their nuclei is the lowest of all elements . The three most commonly cited nuclear reactions that could be used to generate energy are : H + H → n ( 14.07 MeV ) + He ( 3.52 MeV ) H + H → n ( 2.45 MeV ) + He ( 0.82 MeV ) H + H → p ( 3.02 MeV ) + H ( 1.01 MeV ) Second - generation fusion fuel ( edit ) Second - generation fuels require either higher confinement temperatures or longer confinement time than those required of first - generation fusion fuels , but generate fewer neutrons . Neutrons are an unwanted byproduct of fusion reactions in an energy generation context , because they are absorbed by the walls of a fusion chamber , making them radioactive . They can not be confined by magnetic fields , because they are not electrically charged . This group consists of deuterium and helium - 3 . The products are all charged particles , but there may be significant side reactions leading to the production of neutrons . H + He → p ( 14.68 MeV ) + He ( 3.67 MeV ) Third - generation fusion fuel ( edit ) Main article : Aneutronic fusion Third - generation fusion fuels produce only charged particles in the primary reactions , and side reactions are relatively unimportant . Since a very small amount of neutrons is produced , there would be little induced radioactivity in the walls of the fusion chamber . This is often seen as the end goal of fusion research . He has the highest Maxwellian reactivity of any 3rd generation fusion fuel . However , there are no significant natural sources of this substance on Earth . He + He → 2 p + He ( 12.86 MeV ) Another potential aneutronic fusion reaction is the proton - boron reaction : p + B → 3 He ( 8.7 MeV ) Under reasonable assumptions , side reactions will result in about 0.1 % of the fusion power being carried by neutrons . With 123 keV , the optimum temperature for this reaction is nearly ten times higher than that for the pure hydrogen reactions , the energy confinement must be 500 times better than that required for the D-T reaction , and the power density will be 2500 times lower than for D-T . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Energy portal Renewable energy portal Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear fuel bank Nuclear fuel cycle Reprocessed uranium Uranium market Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` B&W Medical Isotope Production System '' . The Babcock & Wilcox Company . 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Price , M.S.T. ( 2012 ) . `` The Dragon Project origins , achievements and legacies '' . Nucl . Eng . Design . 251 : 60 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nucengdes. 2011.12. 024 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Fusion Power '' . World Nuclear Association . September 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . External links ( edit ) PWR fuel ( edit ) NEI fuel schematic Picture of a PWR fuel assembly Picture showing handling of a PWR bundle Mitsubishi nuclear fuel Co . BWR fuel ( edit ) Picture of a `` canned '' BWR assembly Physical description of LWR fuel Links to BWR photos from the nuclear tourist webpage CANDU fuel ( edit ) CANDU Fuel pictures and FAQ Basics on CANDU design The Evolution of CANDU Fuel Cycles and their Potential Contribution to World Peace CANDU Fuel - Management Course CANDU Fuel and Reactor Specifics ( Nuclear Tourist ) Candu Fuel Rods and Bundles TRISO fuel ( edit ) TRISO fuel descripción Non-Destructive Examination of SiC Nuclear Fuel Shell using X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography Technique GT - MHR fuel compact process Description of TRISO fuel for `` pebbles '' LANL webpage showing various stages of TRISO fuel production Method to calculate the temperature profile in TRISO fuel QUADRISO fuel ( edit ) Conceptual Design of QUADRISO Fuel CERMET fuel ( edit ) A Review of Fifty Years of Space Nuclear Fuel Development Programs Thoria - based Cermet Nuclear Fuel : Sintered Microsphere Fabrication by Spray Drying The Use of Molybdenum - 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driven Magnetized - target Z - pinch Other Dense plasma focus Migma Muon - catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric Portal Commons NDL : 00562385 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_fuel&oldid=789511729 '' Categories : Nuclear fuels Nuclear reprocessing Nuclear technology Nuclear chemistry Actinides Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2017 , at 20 : 06 . 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-937194589114397169	The Challenge (TV series)	The Challenge ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Challenge ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see The Challenge XXX : Dirty 30 . The Challenge Logo for the current season Genre Reality game show Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Presented by Various hosts ( 1998 -- 2005 ) T.J. Lavin ( 2005 -- present ) Starring Various alumni of : Real World Road Rules The Challenge Are You the One ? Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 30 Production Running time 30 minutes ( 1998 - 2007 ) 1 hour ( 2008 - present ) Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original release June 1 , 1998 -- present Chronology Preceded by Real World Road Rules Related shows Are You the One ? External links Website challenge.mtv.com Production website www.bunim-murray.com The Challenge ( originally known as Road Rules : All Stars , followed by Real World / Road Rules Challenge ) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network 's two reality shows , Real World and Road Rules . It features alumni from these two shows , in addition to first - time cast members called ' Fresh Meat ' , alumni from Are You the One ? , and relatives of these cast members called ' Bloodlines ' , competing against one another for a cash prize . The Challenge is currently hosted by T.J. Lavin . The series premiered on June 1 , 1998 . The title of the show was originally Road Rules : All Stars before it was renamed Real World / Road Rules Challenge by the show 's 2nd season , then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show 's 19th season . The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season , providing assignments as `` Mr . '' or `` Ms. Big '' ( David `` Puck '' Rainey , David Edwards , and Gladys Sanabria served this role ) . Later on , however , the series began using hosts : Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season , and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T.J. Lavin became the show 's regular host by the 11th season . Since the 4th season , each season has supplied the show with a unique subtitle , such as Rivals . Each season consists of a format and theme whereby the subtitle is derived . Of each season 's format and theme , 8 have been repeated or revamped through sequel seasons with shared subtitles . In chronological order , these include : Battle of the Sexes ( tied to Battle of the Sexes II , the show 's first sequel season ) ; The Inferno ( tied to The Inferno II and The Inferno III , the show 's first trilogy ) ; The Gauntlet ( tied to The Gauntlet II and The Gauntlet III ) ; The Duel ( tied to The Duel II ) ; Fresh Meat ( tied to Fresh Meat II ) , Battle of the Seasons ( tied to the second Battle of the Seasons ) ; Rivals ( tied to Rivals II and Rivals III ) ; and Battle of the Exes ( tied to Battle of the Exes II ) . The current 30th season , entitled XXX : Dirty 30 premiered on July 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Overview 1.2 Theme and format by season title 2 TV show 's conception 3 External episodes 4 The Challenge lingo 4.1 Veterans and rookies 4.2 Alliance 5 Specials 5.1 Spring Break Challenge 5.2 The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros 5.3 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars 6 Seasons 7 5 Timers Club 8 Cast members 8.1 Players with the most final challenge prize money 8.2 Challenge records 9 Locations 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Challenge casts are season specific as the cast varies from season to season . The casts are made up of contestants originating from one of The Challenge 's related TV programs and contestants originating from one of the few Challenge seasons that have allowed previously unknown contestants . These shows and seasons are : Real World , Road Rules , Are You the One ? , and The Challenge ( from Spring Break Challenge , Fresh Meat , Fresh Meat II and Battle of the Bloodlines ) . A season 's typical multitude of cast members are usually divided up into separate teams according to a certain criteria , which varies from season to season . The criteria that teams have been arranged by over the show 's history have ranged all across the board , from gender of the contestants and original show of contestants to bad guy / good guy status of contestants and ex-romantic partners of contestants . Each of the opposing teams compete in numerous missions in order to win prizes and advance in the overall game . Following each mission , a team or a cast member is voted into an elimination round to take on the least successful team from the previous mission . In elimination rounds , they must compete against one another to determine which one is eliminated from the season . Each season has its own , very distinct elimination round , distinguished from those of other seasons in title , design , and general atmosphere . Determining which two teams or two cast members are sent into the episode 's elimination round frequently leads to drama and contestants playing the game dirty ; this is due to the show 's contestants being in charge of who is thrown into elimination rounds . Like that of The Real World , sporadically throughout the course of each episode , various contestants are seen privately expressing themselves through reality TV confessionals about the events taking place on the show . Some seasons , however , have used entirely different formats from the typical : The Island is one Challenge in particular that adopted many features atypical to Real World / Road Rules Challenge , instead taking concepts like that of another reality television game show Survivor ; as another example , the first season ( Road Rules : All Stars ) ironically only included contestants from The Real World and consisted of a much smaller cast before the show was completely reconstructed by its second season . Except for season one , a monetary prize has always been the award for winning the final mission . Theme and format by season title ( edit ) Each distinct season title has indicated the general gameplay format used : Original Real World / Road Rules Challenge ( including RW / RR Challenge 2000 and RW / RR Extreme Challenge ) : Real World vs. Road Rules groupings , six players per team , no eliminations , missions in number of previous challenges ( though the original Gauntlet and Inferno were Real World vs. Road Rules ) . Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) and Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) : On the first Battle of the Seasons , players were separated into teams of Real World and Road Rules , each cast member is paired off with a castmate from their original season . Each mission gave points based on finish . After each mission , the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the `` Inner Circle '' and voted off whichever pair they wanted . The individual winning pair of each challenge would earn an `` additional prize . '' After five pairs from each team were voted off , the final three Real World teams and final three Road Rules teams would compete against each other in a series of challenges before the final race . The 2012 Battle of the Seasons had a completely different format from the original . Each team consists of two men and two women from select seasons . After each challenge , there is a winning team and a losing team . The losing team is automatically sent to `` The Arena , '' and faces possible elimination . The winning team become the Power Team , and selects one team to battle against the last - place team in the Arena . The teams entering the Arena must select one player of each gender from their own team to compete in the elimination . If the teams entering the Arena can not decide which players will compete in the elimination , the Power Team chooses for them . The winning pair in the elimination rounds return to their season and stay in the game , while the losing pair is eliminated , reducing their season to two players . Battle of the Sexes and Battle of the Sexes 2 : As the title implies , players are divided by gender . Each mission gave points based on finish , either with a partner or individually . After each mission , the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the `` Inner Circle '' and voted off whoever they wanted to . The winner of each challenge would earn a `` lifesaver '' which could be given to a member of either team ; the recipient of the `` lifesaver '' would enjoy total immunity from being voted out , which created many interesting situations . No life - shields were used in the second installment . The final three players of each gender would compete against each other in a final race . Inferno , Inferno II and Inferno 3 : The first Inferno consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules . The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Bad Asses vs. Team Good Guys . Teams nominate two of their own players for each elimination round and vote one of the opponents ' two nominations into the `` Inferno '' round . The players going into the `` Inferno '' then have the opportunity to save themselves from going in by winning a `` life saver '' in the challenge before the `` Inferno . '' Gauntlet , Gauntlet 2 and Gauntlet III : The first gauntlet consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules . The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Veterans vs. Team Rookies . In the 2nd and 3rd particular installment , `` Veterans '' are considered players who have participated in a minimum of two challenges , while `` Rookies '' had either participated in one challenge or none at all . In the first two installments , team captains are assigned on a pre-challenge mission . The losing team 's captains would alternate between male and female to go into the `` Gauntlet , '' in which they would face off against someone from their own team as voted by the remaining team members . In the third installment , no team captains are assigned , and the winning team also protects one player from the losing team from being chosen for the Gauntlet , but can not protect the same player on two consecutive opportunities . Fresh Meat and Fresh Meat II : These seasons introduce new people to Challenges without appearing on The Real World or Road Rules . These new players are `` drafted '' by `` alumni '' of the opposite gender ( those who come from RW , RR , or previous ' FM ' , some of whom have not been on a Challenge before ) to create pairings which are the teams for these Challenges . The winning team chooses one team for an elimination round called an `` Exile , '' while the other team is selected by a vote . The Duel and The Duel II : Promoted as `` every man for himself '' as there are no permanent teams ( though some individual challenges require teams to be formed ) . All players compete individually , leading to just one champion of each gender . The Island : A challenge with no missions , just elimination rounds where the competitors are put on an island with limited supplies . In each episode , the competitors select three people ( not necessarily by gender ) to go into an elimination round to win safety and a key to the prize money chest at the final challenge . The two non-winning players have a chance to plead their case to all the other competitors at the vote - off , where one player wins a key and the other is eliminated . The Ruins : Two teams of `` Challengers '' and `` Champions '' based on whether players have won a previous season 's final challenge . Prior to each challenge , each team nominates a group of three players of each gender within the team for elimination ; after that challenge , the winning team 's nominated group picks the match - ups for the `` Ruins , '' which consist of a male Challenger against a male Champion , and a female Challenger against a female Champion . Cutthroat : Teams are not initially set . There is a race in the beginning , and while the top three players are announced , the bottom three are named as captains of the three teams ; the three teams are then drafted by the captains ( while maintaining equal numbers of players of each gender ) . Each challenge involves all three teams ; the winning team is safe from the elimination round -- the `` Gulag , '' while the losing teams go against each other in the Gulag . Voting is done within one 's own team by secret ballot to choose one player of each gender to go into the Gulag . Rivals , Rivals II and Rivals III : The first two installments feature two - player teams of the same gender consist of players who are paired against their `` worst enemies , '' whom they have engaged in bitter feuds , fights and rivalries with in previous Real World and / or Challenge seasons . The challenge winner is safe from elimination -- `` The Jungle , '' while the last - place finisher and a non-winning team of the same gender battle it out in `` The Jungle . '' Each challenge alternates between a male and a female Jungle elimination in the first two installments . The third installment features male / female pairs . The third installment also has 3 teams going into the elimination ; the losing team , and 2 teams picked by the winning team . At the Jungle , the 2 teams picked for elimination by the winning team go back and forth picking skulls out of a box . There are 3 white skulls and 1 black skull . Whoever picks the black skull , them and their partner go into the Jungle against the last place team , and the other team is safe from the Jungle . Also , in the finale , teammates would go head to head in challenges , whoever finishes first the most in the challenges would decide if they would keep the money they earned for their respective placing , or split it with their partner . If the cast member chose to keep it for themselves , then their teammate would leave empty handed . Battle of the Exes and Battle of the Exes II : Thirteen teams of ex couples compete in a challenge where the winner is safe from elimination and will be known as `` The Power Couple , '' and they are responsible for choosing one team to go into the elimination round called `` The Dome , '' along with the team that came in last - place in the challenge . A twist was added on Battle of the Exes II : Eliminated teams would compete in `` Battle of the Ex-iled , '' which no one in the house knows about . The eliminated team will compete against the last `` Ex-ile '' winner and the loser would be permanently eliminated . This lasts until only four teams remain in the house , and the last team standing from Ex-ile will go back to the house for two more challenges before the final , which they are eligible for as long as they are not eliminated again . Free Agents : Each challenge is declared as either an individual , pair , or team challenge . For pair and team challenges , names are drawn out of a bag -- one of each gender , or more for multi-team or pair challenges -- that will be designated as captains . For team challenges , the captains will select players that will be split evenly amongst gender . For pair challenges , the captains will either select players of the opposite gender for challenges that are designated as male / female pairs , or the same gender for challenges that are designated as same - gender pairs . The winning team / pair / players are safe from elimination , and choose one player of each gender for elimination . The remaining non-winning players then participate in `` The Draw , '' where the one player of each gender that draws a `` kill card '' faces the previously voted players in the elimination round . Battle of the Bloodlines : The season starts with 14 pairs of two , each consisting of an The Real World , The Challenge or Are You The One ? alumni and their relatives . The winning pair of the mission sends in one pair to face the losing team of the mission into The Pit , depending on gender . However , after the second elimination , pairs are separated into two teams , each consisting of 12 . The losing team has to send one player from the losing team into The Pit , while the winning team has to send another player from the losing team into The Pit . If a player loses in The Pit , that player is not only eliminated , but so is their bloodline . The final five teams reverted to their pairs of two . The Pit consisted of both teammates competing instead of one representative competing for both teams for one elimination , then reverted to one representative for each team for the last elimination . Invasion of the Champions : The game started off with 18 Underdogs ( players who have yet to win a challenge ) who get dropped off a boat and onto a beach , where they were living in `` The Shelter . '' They compete individually in challenges , followed by an elimination round . The male and female winners of the challenge would be safe from elimination , and earn their ticket to `` The Oasis '' -- the season house . The last - place male and female finishers automatically went straight into elimination for the first challenge . In the second challenge , the challenge winners will choose a player of the opposite gender to go into the elimination . The rest of the house then voted in who goes against them for the first and second challenge . The males voted for the females , and vice versa . For the third challenge , and the last chance to earn a ticket to the Oasis , the winners will be safe from elimination , and the two remaining players of each gender will compete . In the elimination , each gender will compete . The winners of the elimination round would return to the game , and earn a ticket to The Oasis . The losers of the elimination round go home . Players could not go into The Oasis until every ticket has been earned . Players who earned their ticket to the Oasis will be exempt from elimination and will not compete in challenges until the Champions enter the game . Beginning with the fourth challenge , ss the season twist , eight Champions of past seasons of the show will enter the game , and the Underdogs will form a team against them . Each challenge will be designated for an Underdog or a Champion elimination -- entitled `` The Fortress . '' The winning team will earn $10,000 in their team bank account . The best performing guy and girl of the team designated for the Fortress will then choose one guy and one girl to go into the elimination . The rest of the house will then vote in the players who will go against them . The winners return to the game , and the losers go home . XXX : Dirty 30 : Similar to Free Agents TV show 's conception ( edit ) During the filming of The Real World : Boston and Road Rules : Islands , the two casts met while the Real World cast was vacationing in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Producers set up a face - off where both teams would compete for a cash prize . The intensely competitive challenge brought in high ratings and this set ideas in motion to produce yet another spin - off series . After another face - off called AquaGames , hosted by Kit Hoover and Mark Long , between The Real World : Seattle and Road Rules : Down Under in 1997 , the Challenge series was born in 1998 with Road Rules : All Stars , and featured cast members from five different seasons of The Real World . After All Stars , producers decided to include former castmembers of Road Rules in the series as well . In the next season , two six - member teams were sent around the world in a competition to see which show could best the other in head - to - head competition . The series followed the format for three years and brought in hugely successful ratings . Following the hugely successful boom of reality television in the new millennium , producers decided to add new elements to the series . In 2001 , production began on Battle of the Seasons . This season , the first to depart from the previous six - member structure , brought in a large group of former cast members to compete in one location . Beginning with the first Battle of the Seasons , MTV added a fantasy challenge game to their website . Players `` draft '' cast members , a la fantasy baseball and cast members are given points for performing certain tasks , such as cursing or `` hooking up . '' After switching to the `` vote off '' format , the series would alternate between `` Battle '' seasons , including two seasons of Battle of the Sexes and themed Challenges which included the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons . Both the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons contained `` showdown '' matches between members of the two opposing teams . The cast member who lost the showdown would be sent home . The Gauntlet seasons featured an intra-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members within their own groups into the showdown , while the Inferno seasons featured an inter-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members from the other group into the showdown . In 2005 , Bunim - Murray Productions decided to invite new people to the Challenges who were never a part of either Real World or Road Rules and called them ' Fresh Meat . ' This decision was forced , in part , because of the status of Road Rules at the time . While Road Rules had stopped production until further notice after its thirteenth season , Real World had just finished wrapping its sixteenth season in Austin , Texas . Road Rules had a fourteenth , and final , season in 2007 . One additional ' Fresh Meat ' season has followed with cast also being integrated in The Challenge from the 2010 Spring Break Challenge miniseries , Are You the One ? , and the Battle of the Bloodlines season of cast relatives . External episodes ( edit ) While internal episodes are the usual and feature an original mission , voting process , elimination round , and surrounding social lives between the season 's contestants , external episodes feature the season 's contestants reviewing themselves in internal episodes and adding feedback . This is typically combined with video clips from the internal episodes in question . The Challenge has three types of these external episodes , an aftershow that takes place sporadically in the form of a series throughout the entire season , a post-show reunion of notable cast members from that season , and a bonus footage special . The Challenge lingo ( edit ) Veterans and rookies ( edit ) Two commonly used terms on the show are `` veterans '' ( or vets ) and `` rookies . '' Veterans are particularly thought of as players that have won at least one Challenge season , but the term has also been applied to players who have appeared on several seasons of the show , or have appeared in the final stages of a challenge . Rookies are thought of as players that have done none of the above . The most vulnerable rookies are those who have just recently completed their season on The Real World , Road Rules or Are You the One ? and are participating in the game for their very first time ; often they are the first to be singled out and targeted by everyone else due to their lack of bonds with existing cast . However , at least one rookie has reached the final challenge on almost every season . Exceptions include The Island , Fresh Meat II and Battle of the Exes . Alliance ( edit ) Another commonly used term on the show is `` alliance . '' The term is used to refer to challengers working together . These contestants have colluded together so as to increase their overall chances of winning the season game . But for safety in numbers offered by the collusion , the show 's contestants would run the risk of victimization to the game 's politics and popularity factors . Politics plays a role due to the show 's formats in which options of who is thrown into elimination rounds and other determining factors are left up to challengers themselves . Alliances are typically formed through pacts and negotiations made among certain contestants early on in the game . Alliance operations can range from saving alliance members , throwing missions for the purposes of advancing the alliance , picking and choosing based upon alliance involvement as opposed to levels of performance , etc . In early seasons of the show , alliances were heavily frowned upon by most of the contestants . As such , alliances used to be carried out with much more secrecy , craft , and deviousness . In fact , many of the earliest alliances on the show were formed to sabotage members of one 's own team who were perceived as weak . Once exposed , alliances typically came as offensive and shocking to those not involved . Since the later seasons , however , alliances have become a norm among the show 's contestants , so much so that most contestants are expected to join an alliance upon beginning out a season . Despite its use among most , there are still a minority of contestants who elect to play the game straightforwardly , feeling as though alliance tactics are a sign of weakness and a lack of competitive spirit . Those who reject alliances , however , are seen as not playing the game strategically . Although the widespread and overt practice of alliance construction has expelled its original devious reputation , its effectiveness and capacity to surprise attack has waned . Specials ( edit ) Spring Break Challenge ( edit ) Main article : Spring Break Challenge In March 2010 , prior to the airing of the 19th season , MTV aired a special spring break spin - off of The Challenge in Acapulco , Mexico . Challenge alum coached teams of college - aged friends in various challenges of old and new , while Fresh Meat alumnus Evan Starkman and The Real World : Key West alumna Paula Meronek served as broadcasters , with T.J. Lavin as the host . Camila Nakagawa , a contestant of the winning team , went on to appear on future challenges , with her debut Challenge being Cutthroat . To date , Camila is the only player to appear on the challenges . The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros In a six - episode event entitled The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros , ten Challenge greats competed against ten pros . The series premiered on May 16 , 2017 , and was hosted by NFL wide receiver Victor Cruz . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( edit ) Seasons ( edit ) Order Title Host Format Original Release Location of the residence Winners All Stars David `` Puck '' Rainey 1 team of 5 June 1 , 1998 - June 29 , 1998 Road trip : Montreal → Lake Placid → Wellington → Auckland → Los Angeles Cynthia Roberts , Eric Nies , Jon Brennan , Rachel Campos & Sean Duffy Real World vs. Road Rules David Edwards 2 teams of 6 November 9 , 1999 - December 14 , 1999 Road trip : San Francisco → Los Angeles → Las Vegas → Los Angeles Road Rules ( Anne Wharton , Kalle Dedolph , Kefla Hare , Mark Long , Noah Rickun & Roni Martin ) Challenge 2000 Gladys Sanabria 2 teams of 6 January 17 , 2000 - April 3 , 2000 Road trip : Las Vegas → Nashville → Miami Road Rules ( Carlos Jackson , Dan Setzler , Holly Shand , Piggy Thomas , Veronica Portillo & Yes Duffy ) Extreme Challenge none 2 teams of 6 January 9 , 2001 - May 22 , 2001 Road trip : Portland , ME → Montreal → Boston → London → Hamburg → Prague → London → New York → Los Angeles Real World ( Dan Renzi , Jamie Murray , Julie Stoffer , Kameelah Phillips , Rebecca Lord & Syrus Yarbrough ) 5 Battle of the Seasons Eric Nies & Mark Long 2 teams of 8 pairs of 2 January 28 , 2002 - May 27 , 2002 Cabo San Lucas , Mexico Real World ( Mike Mizanin & Coral Smith , Sean Duffy & Elka Walker , Danny Roberts & Kelley Limp ) 6 Battle of the Sexes Jonny Moseley 2 teams of 18 December 30 , 2002 - May 12 , 2003 Montego Bay , Jamaica Guys ( Mark Long , Colin Mortensen , Jamie Murray ) 7 The Gauntlet 2 teams of 14 September 29 , 2003 - January 26 , 2004 Telluride , Colorado Road Rules ( Adam Larson , Cara Zavaleta , Darrell Taylor , Dave Giuntolli , Rachel Robinson , Roni Martin , Sarah Greyson , Theo Vonkurnatowski & Veronica Portillo ) 8 The Inferno Dave Mirra 2 teams of 10 February 2 , 2004 - May 31 , 2004 Acapulco , Mexico Road Rules ( Abram Boise , Christena Pyle , Darrell Taylor , Holly Shand , Katie Doyle , Kendal Sheppard , Timmy Beggy & Veronica Portillo ) 9 Battle of the Sexes 2 Jonny Moseley 2 teams of 18 October 4 , 2004 - January 31 , 2005 Santa Fe , New Mexico Guys ( Dan Setzler , Eric Nies & Theo Vonkurnatowski ) 10 The Inferno II Dave Mirra 2 teams of 10 March 7 , 2005 - June 20 , 2005 Manzanillo , Mexico Good Guys ( Darrell Taylor , Jamie Chung , Landon Lueck & Mike Mizanin ) 11 The Gauntlet 2 T.J. Lavin 2 teams of 16 December 5 , 2005 - March 27 , 2006 Tobago , Trinidad and Tobago Rookies ( Alton Williams , Ibis Nieves , Jamie Murray , Jodi Weatherton , Kina Dean , Landon Lueck , MJ Garrett , Randy Barry & Susie Meister ) 12 Fresh Meat 12 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) May 29 , 2006 - September 11 , 2006 Myocum , Australia Darrell Taylor & Aviv Melmed 13 The Duel Individual October 12 , 2006 - January 18 , 2007 Armação dos Búzios , Brazil Wes Bergmann Jodi Weatherton 14 The Inferno 3 2 teams of 10 April 10 , 2007 - July 3 , 2007 Somerset West , South Africa Bad Asses ( Abram Boise , Derrick Kosinski , Evelyn Smith , Janelle Casanave , Kenny Santucci & Tonya Cooley ) 15 The Gauntlet III 2 teams of 16 January 23 , 2008 - March 26 , 2008 Riviera Nayarit , Mexico Rookies ( Frank Roessler , Jillian Zoboroski , Johanna Botta , Nehemiah Clark , Rachel Moyal & Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza ) 16 The Island Individual → 2 teams of 4 September 10 , 2008 - October 29 , 2008 Colón Island , Panama Red Boat ( Derrick Kosinski , Evelyn Smith , Johnny Devenanzio & Kenny Santucci ) 17 The Duel II Individual April 8 , 2009 - June 17 , 2009 Queenstown , New Zealand Evan Starkman Rachel Robinson 18 The Ruins 2 teams of 14 September 30 , 2009 - December 23 , 2009 Phuket , Thailand Champions ( Derrick Kosinski , Evan Starkman , Johnny Devenanzio , Kenny Santucci & Susie Meister ) 19 Fresh Meat II 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) April 7 , 2010 - June 9 , 2010 Whistler , British Columbia , Canada Landon Lueck & Carley Johnson 20 Cutthroat 3 teams of 10 October 6 , 2010 - December 22 , 2010 Prague , Czech Republic Red Team ( Brad Fiorenza , Dunbar Merrill , Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza & Tyler Duckworth ) 21 Rivals 14 pairs of 2 ( same gender ) June 22 , 2011 - September 7 , 2011 Dominical , Costa Rica → Buenos Aires & Bariloche , Argentina Johnny Devenanzio & Tyler Duckworth Evelyn Smith & Paula Meronek 22 Battle of the Exes 13 pairs of 2 ( 12 m / f ; 1 f / f ) January 25 , 2012 - April 4 , 2012 Sosúa , Dominican Republic → Reykjavík , Iceland Johnny Devenanzio & Camila Nakagawa 23 Battle of the Seasons 8 teams of 4 September 19 , 2012 - December 19 , 2012 Bodrum , Turkey → Swakopmund , Namibia Team San Diego ( Ashley Kelsey , Frank Sweeney , Sam McGinn & Zach Nichols ) 24 Rivals II 16 pairs of 2 ( same gender ) July 10 , 2013 - September 25 , 2013 Phuket , Thailand Chris `` CT '' Tamburello & Wes Bergmann Emily Schromm & Paula Meronek 25 Free Agents Individual Pairs Teams April 10 , 2014 - June 26 , 2014 Punta del Este , Uruguay → Pucón , Chile 03 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 24 Laurel Stucky 26 Battle of the Exes II 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) January 6 , 2015 - March 24 , 2015 Pedasí , Panama → Ørsta , Norway Jordan Wiseley & Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson 27 Battle of the Bloodlines 14 pairs of 2 → 2 teams of 12 → 5 pairs of 2 December 2 , 2015 - February 17 , 2016 Bodrum , Turkey → Berlin , Germany Cara Maria Sorbello & Jamie Banks 28 Rivals III 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) May 4 , 2016 - August 3 , 2016 Huatulco , Mexico → Mendoza , Argentina Johnny `` Bananas '' Devananzio & Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson 29 Invasion of the Champions Individual → 2 teams → Individual February 7 , 2017 - May 16 , 2017 Krabi , Thailand Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Ashley Mitchell 30 XXX : Dirty 30 Individual Pairs Teams July 18 , 2017 Cartagena , Colombia 5 timers club ( edit ) ( show ) As of XXX : Dirty 30 # Cast member Original season Challenge seasons Challenge seasons won # of challenge wins Total Money Made 15 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 The Island , The Ruins , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Free Agents , Rivals III 6 $685,543 13 Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris The Inferno , The Inferno II , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Rivals II , Invasion of the Champions $249,750 12 Aneesa Ferreira RW : Chicago Battle of the Sexes , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , XXX : Dirty 30 0 $23,571 10 Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Battle of the Exes $111,750 10 Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Battle of the Bloodlines $188,500 10 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins , Cutthroat , XXX : Dirty 30 The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins $176,293 10 Paula Meronek RW : Key West The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II Rivals , Rivals II $126,000 10 Wes Bergmann RW : Austin Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III The Duel , Rivals II $248,000 9 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Inferno 3 , The Island , Cutthroat , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Bloodlines The Inferno , The Inferno 3 $102,500 9 Katie Doyle RR : The Quest The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat The Inferno $41,071 9 Robin Hibbard RW : San Diego Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes 0 $8,571 9 Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III $173,739 9 Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Challenge 2000 , Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Ruins , XXX : Dirty 30 Challenge 2000 , The Gauntlet , The Inferno $79,309 8 Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat Cutthroat $75,000 8 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl The Gauntlet , The Inferno , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 The Gauntlet , The Inferno , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat $240,555 8 Diem Brown Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II 0 $55,000 8 Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins $236,293 8 Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 0 $36,500 8 Tonya Cooley RW : Chicago Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins The Inferno 3 $50,000 7 Beth Stolarczyk RW : Los Angeles RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III 0 $2,206 7 Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals The Inferno 3 , The Island , Rivals $167,000 7 Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Island , The Duel 2 , Battle of the Exes The Gauntlet , The Duel II $135,555 6 Adam King RW : Paris Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Rivals 0 $1,000 6 Coral Smith RW : Back to New York Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) $72,000 6 Danny Jamieson RW : Austin Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) 0 $0 6 Dunbar Flinn RW : Sydney The Island , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II Cutthroat $40,000 6 Eric Banks Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , Cutthroat , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) 0 $0 6 Evan Starkman Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Rivals The Duel II , The Ruins $151,293 6 Jenn Grijalva RW : Denver The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals 0 $20,000 6 Mark Long RR : First Adventure RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel II , Battle of the Exes RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Sexes $80,184 6 Nany González RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III 0 $35,000 6 Theresa González Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II 0 $35,500 6 Tyrie Ballard RW : Denver The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II 0 $0 5 Brandon Nelson Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Free Agents 0 $0 5 Jasmine Reynaud RW : Cancun Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents 0 $500 5 Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , XXX : Dirty 30 0 $7,500 5 Jenna Compono RW : Ex-Plosion Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 0 $37,500 5 Jonna Mannion RW : Cancun Rivals , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II 0 $0 5 Julie Stoffer RW : New Orleans Extreme Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 Extreme Challenge $27,904 5 Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Free Agents , Invasion of the Champions Free Agents $201,000 5 Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Inferno II $104,500 5 Ryan Kehoe Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II 0 $0 5 Syrus Yarbrough RW : Boston Extreme Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , The Gauntlet 2 , The Ruins Extreme Challenge $28,333 5 Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , Fresh Meat , Invasion of the Champions 0 $0 5 Tina Barta RR : South Pacific The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Duel 0 $25,000 5 Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Invasion of the Champions Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) $78,000 Note : Challenge names in bold indicate those that the cast member competed in the final challenge . Cast members ( edit ) Main article : List of The Challenge ( TV series ) contestants Players with the most final Challenge prize money ( edit ) Note : This list includes players who have won a minimum of $ 100,000 , and is updated as of Invasion of the Champions . Place Cast member Original season Challenge wins / # of Challenges Total money won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West 6 / 14 $685,043 Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris 2 / 12 $249,750 Wes Bergmann RW : Austin 2 / 10 $248,000 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl 4 / 7 $240,555 5 Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat 3 / 8 $236,293 6 Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II 1 / 5 $201,000 7 Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II 1 / 9 $188,500 8 Landon Lueck RW : Philadelphia 3 / 4 $184,166 9 Jodi Weatherton RR : X-Treme 2 / 3 $176,666 10 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme 3 / 9 $176,293 11 Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn 2 / 9 $173,739 12 Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat 3 / 7 $167,000 13 Evan Starkman Fresh Meat 2 / 6 $151,293 14 Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl 2 / 7 $135,555 15 Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland 1 / 3 $133,000 16 Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York 2 / 5 $129,500 17 Paula Meronek RW : Key West 2 / 10 $126,000 18 Aviv Melmed Fresh Meat 1 / 1 $125,000 19 Jamie Banks Battle of the Bloodlines 1 / 2 $125,000 20 Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion 1 / 3 $121,250 21 Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge 1 / 9 $111,250 22 Emily Schromm RW : DC 1 / 3 $104,000 23 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific 2 / 9 $102,500 24 Susie Meister RR : Down Under 2 / 4 $100,173 25 Carley Johnson Fresh Meat II 1 / 1 $100,000 ( show ) Every cast member who has competed on The Challenge . Cast Member Original Season Seasons ( W = Winner ; F = Finalist ; C = Cameo ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific Ace Amerson RW : Paris Adam King RW : Paris Adam Kuhn AYTO ? 1 Adam Larson RR : The Quest Adam Royer RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Alex Smith RW : Denver Alton Williams RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Amanda Garcia AYTO ? 3 Amaya Brecher RW : Hawaii Anastasia Miller RW : Portland Aneesa Ferreira RW : Chicago Angel Turlington RR : Viewers ' Revenge Angela Trimbur RR : X-Treme Anika Rashaun RW Seattle : Bad Blood Anne Wharton RR : Northern Trail Anthony Bartolotte AYTO ? 2 Anthony Cuomo Battle of the Bloodlines Antoine de Bouverie RR : Europe Arissa Hill RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Ashley Kelsey RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion Ashli Robson RW : Sydney Averey Tressler RW : Portland Aviv Melmed Fresh Meat Ayanna Mackins RR : Semester at Sea Ayiiia Elizarraras RW : Cancun Becky Blasband RW : New York Belou Den Tex RR : Europe Beth Stolarcyk RW : Los Angeles Blair Herter RR : The Quest Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Brandon Nelson Fresh Meat II Brandon Swift RW : St. Thomas Brandon Tindel AYTO ? 2 Briana LaCuesta AYTO ? 2 Brianna Julig Battle of the Bloodlines Brianna Taylor RW : Hollywood Britni Thornton AYTO ? 3 Brittany Baldassari AYTO ? 1 Brittini Sherrod RW : Hollywood Brooke LaBarbera RW : Denver Bruno Bettencourt RW : Skeletons Cameran Eubanks RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Candice Fowler Battle of the Bloodlines Cara Zavaleta RR : South Pacific Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Carley Johnson Fresh Meat II Carlos Jackson RR : USA 1 Casey Cooper Fresh Meat Chadwick Pelletier RR : Down Under Chanda Sneed Fresh Meat Chet Cannon RW : Brooklyn Cheyenne Floyd AYTO ? 3 Chris Graebe RR : South Pacific Chris Melling RR : Europe Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris Christian Breivik RR : USA 2 Chris `` Ammo '' Ammon Hall RW : Go Big or Go Home CJ Koegel RW : Cancun Christina LeBlanc AYTO ? 2 Christina Pazsitzky RR : Down Under Christena Pyle RR : South Pacific Cohutta Grindstaff RW : Sydney Colie Edison RW : Denver Colin Mortensen RW : Hawaii Coral Smith RW : Back to New York Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Cynthia Roberts RW : Miami Dan Renzi RW : Miami Dan Setzler RR : Northern Trail Dan Walsh RR : Viewers ' Revenge Danny Dias RR : X-Treme Danny Jamieson RW : Austin Danny Roberts RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Dario Medrano AYTO ? 2 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl Dave Giuntoli RR : South Pacific David `` Puck '' Rainey RW : San Francisco David Broom RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) David Burns RW : Seattle David Edwards RW : Los Angeles David Malinosky RW : Hollywood Davis Mallory RW : Denver Derek Chavez RW : Cancun Derek McCray RR : Viewers ' Revenge Derrick Henry AYTO ? 5 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme Devin Walker - Molaghan AYTO ? 3 Devyn Simone RW : Brooklyn Diem Brown Fresh Meat Dunbar Flinn RW : Sydney Dustin Zito RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Elka Walker RW : Boston Ellen Cho RR : The Quest Emilee Fitzpatrick RW : Cancun Emily Baily RR : USA 2 Emily Reese Battle of the Bloodlines Emily Schromm RW : DC Eric Banks Fresh Meat Eric Jones RR : Campus Crawl Eric Nies RW : New York Evan Starkman Fresh Meat Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat Flora Alekseyeun RW : Miami Frank Roessler RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Frank Sweeney RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Genesis Moss RW : Boston Gladys Sanabria RR : Latin America Hailey Chivers RW : Ex-Plosion Heather Cooke RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Heather Gardner RW : New York Heather Marter RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Holly Brentson RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Holly Shand RR : Latin America Hunter Barfield AYTO ? 3 Ibis Nieves RR : X-Treme Irulan Wilson RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Isaac Stout RW : Sydney Jacquese Smith RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Jake Bronstein RR : Islands James Orlando RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Jamie Banks Battle of the Bloodlines Jamie Chung RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Jamie Murray RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Janelle Casanave RW : Key West Janet Choi RW : Seattle Jasmine Reynaud RW : Cancun Jason Cornwell RW : Boston Jay Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion JD Ordoñez RW : Brooklyn Jeff Barr Fresh Meat II Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Jenn Grijalva RW : Denver Jenna Compono RW : Ex-Plosion Jeremy Blossom RR : South Pacific Jesse Stark Fresh Meat Jessica McCain RW : Portland Jill Tuttle Battle of the Bloodlines Jillian Zoboroski RR : X-Treme Jisela Delgado RR : The Quest Jo Rhodes RW : San Francisco Jodi Weatherton RR : X-Treme Johanna Botta RW : Austin John `` JJ '' Jacobs AYTO ? 1 Johnnie McBride Fresh Meat Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West Johnny Reilly RW : Portland Jon Brennan RW : Los Angeles Jonna Mannion RW : Cancun Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland Josh Florence RR : Latin America Julie Stoffer RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Kailah Casillas RW : Go Big or Go Home Kalle Dedolph RR : Islands Kameelah Phillips RW : Boston Karamo Brown RW : Philadelphia Kat Ogden RW : London Katelynn Cusanelli RW : Brooklyn Katie Doyle RR : The Quest Kefla Hare RR : Down Under Kelley Limp RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) KellyAnne Judd RW : Sydney Kendal Sheppard RR : Campus Crawl Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat Kimberly Alexander RW : Hollywood Kina Dean RR : X-Treme Lacey Buehler RW : Austin Landon Lueck RW : Philadelphia Larissa Nakagawa Battle of the Bloodlines Laterian Wallace RR : Maximum Velocity Tour LaToya Jackson RW : St. Thomas Laura Waller RW : St. Thomas Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II Leah Gillingwater RW : Paris Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Lindsay Brien RW : Seattle Linette Gallo Fresh Meat Lori Trespicio RW : Back to New York Luke Wolfe Fresh Meat II McKenzie Coburn RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Mallory Snyder RW : Paris Mandi Moyer Fresh Meat II Marie Roda RW : St. Thomas Mark Long RR : USA 1 Marlon Williams RW : Portland Matt Smith RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Melinda Stolp RW : Austin Melissa Howard RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Michael Ross RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Michelle Parma RR : Europe Mike Boise Battle of the Bloodlines Mike Johnson RW : London Mike Lambert RW : Miami Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York Mitch Reid Battle of the Bloodlines MJ Garrett RW : Philadelphia Montana McGlynn RW : Boston Naomi Defensor RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Nany González RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Nate Stodghill RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Nathan Blackburn RW : Seattle Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark AYTO ? 2 Nehemiah Clark RW : Austin Neil Forrester RW : London Nelson Thomas AYTO ? 3 Nia Moore RW : Portland Nick Brown RW : Hollywood Nick Haggart RR : X-Treme Nicole Ramos Battle of the Bloodlines Nicole Zanatta RW : Skeletons Noah Rickun RR : Northern Trail Noor Jehangir Fresh Meat II Norman Korpi RW : New York Paula Meronek RW : Key West Pete Connolly Fresh Meat II Piggy Thomas RR : Down Under Preston Charles RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Priscilla Mendez RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Rachel Braband RW : Back to New York Rachel Campos RW : San Francisco Rachel Moyal RW : Austin Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl Randy Barry RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Raphy Medrano Battle of the Bloodlines Rebecca Lord RW : Seattle Rianna Polin Battle of the Bloodlines Robb Schreiber RW : St. Thomas Robin Hibbard RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Roni Martin RR : Northern Trail Ruthie Alcaide RW : Hawaii Ryan Kehoe Fresh Meat Ryan Knight RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Sam McGinn RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Sandy Kang Fresh Meat II Sarah Greyson RR : Campus Crawl Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn Sean Duffy RW : Boston Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Shane Raines Battle of the Bloodlines Sharon Gitau RW : London Shauvon Torres RW : Sydney Shavonda Bilingslea RW : Philadelphia Shawn Sealy RR : Semester at Sea Simone Kelly AYTO ? 1 Sophia Pasquis RR : The Quest Stephen Buell Battle of the Bloodlines Stephen Williams RW : Seattle Steve Meinke RR : The Quest Steven Hill RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Susie Meister RR : Down Under Svetlana Shusterman RW : Key West Sydney Walker Fresh Meat II Sylvia Elsrode RW : Skeletons Syrus Yarbrough RW : Boston Tara McDaniel RR : Northern Trail Teck Holmes RW : Hawaii Theo Bradley RW Seattle : Bad Blood Theo Gantt RW : Chicago Theo von Kurnatowski RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Theresa González Fresh Meat II Thomas Buell RW : Ex-Plosion Timmy Beggy RR : USA 2 Tina Barta RR : South Pacific Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Tonya Cooley RW : Chicago Tori Deal AYTO ? 4 Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza RR : Viewers ' Revenge Trey Weatherholtz RW : St. Thomas Trishelle Cannatella RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Ty Ruff RW : DC Tyler Duckworth RW : Key West Tyrie Ballard RW : Denver Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Vince Gliatta Battle of the Bloodlines Vinny Foti Fresh Meat II Wes Bergmann RW : Austin Yes Duffy RR : Semester at Sea Zach Mann RW : Key West Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Challenge records ( edit ) ( show ) Feat Male Cast Members Record Female Cast Members Record Most Season Appearances Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 15 Aneesa Ferreira 12 Most Seasons Won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 6 Evelyn Smith Veronica Portillo Most Consecutive Seasons Won Darrell Taylor Jodi Weatherton Roni Martin Sarah Rice Veronica Portillo Most Consecutive Seasons Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 7 Cara Maria Sorbello Sarah Rice 7 Most Seasons Between Challenges Shane Landrum 16 Trishelle Cannatella 14 Longest Span of Seasons Shane Landrum Darrell Taylor 24 Veronica Portillo 28 Multiple Wins in the Same Format Abram Boise Inferno / Inferno III Paula Meronek Rivals / Rivals II Darrell Taylor Inferno / Inferno II Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio Rivals / Rivals III Most Seasons Before Winning Chris `` CT '' Tamburello 9 Cara Maria Sorbello Paula Meronek Sarah Rice 8 Most Appearances in a Final Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 8 Paula Meronek Sarah Rice 5 Most Consecutive Appearances in a Final Kenny Santucci 6 Coral Smith Laurel Stucky Susie Meister Most Appearances in a Final Without Winning One Cory Wharton Leroy Garrett Jenn Grijalva Most Challenges Without Winning a Final Leroy Garrett 7 Aneesa Ferreira 11 Most Seasons in Challenge History Without Ever Being Sent Home Jamie Murray Dan Setzler Susie Meister Most Elimination Wins in a Single Season Wes Bergmann 5 Casey Cooper Sarah Greyson 5 Most Consecutive Eliminations in a Single Season Wes Bergmann Casey Cooper Most Elimination Rounds in a Single Season Derrick Kosinski Wes Bergmann 5 Casey Cooper Sarah Greyson 5 Most Elimination Wins in Challenge History Wes Bergmann 13 Cara Maria Sorbello 12 Most Elimination Rounds in Challenge History Wes Bergmann 19 Cara Maria Sorbello 17 Most Consecutive Elimination Wins in Challenge History Wes Bergmann 8 Laurel Stucky 9 Most Finals Without Participating in an Elimination Round Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Rachel Robinson Most Seasons in Challenge History Sent Home Without Formally Losing an Elimination Round Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Camila Nakagawa Most Money Won From a Single Season Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio $275,000 Jodi Weatherton $150,000 Most Money Won in Challenge History Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio $680,793 Laurel Stucky $201,000 ^ Jump up to : Updated as of XXX : Dirty 30 ; all other feats are updated as of Invasion of the Champions . Locations ( edit ) The Challenge has been shot in many different countries around the world , as well as some taking place in North America . During seasons 1 , 4 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , and 28 , the cast traveled between several different countries . Rank Location Seasons visited United States 6 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 9 ) Mexico 5 ( 5 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 28 ) Argentina 2 ( 21 , 28 , 30 ) Canada 3 ( 1 , 4 , 19 ) Thailand 3 ( 18 , 24 , 29 ) 6 New Zealand 2 ( 1 , 17 ) Czech Republic 2 ( 4 , 20 ) Panama 2 ( 16 , 26 ) Turkey 2 ( 23 , 27 ) Germany 2 ( 4 , 27 ) 11 United Kingdom 1 ( 4 ) Jamaica 1 ( 6 ) Trinidad and Tobago 1 ( 11 ) Australia 1 ( 12 ) Brazil 1 ( 13 ) South Africa 1 ( 14 ) Costa Rica 1 ( 21 ) Dominican Republic 1 ( 22 ) Iceland 1 ( 22 ) Namibia 1 ( 23 ) Uruguay 1 ( 25 ) Chile 1 ( 25 ) Norway 1 ( 26 ) Colombia 1 ( 30 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MTV . `` The Challenge : Battle of the Exes 2 ( TV Series ) MTV '' . Challenge.mtv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Remodeling TV Talent : Participation and Performance in MTV 's Real World ... - Hugh Phillips Curnutt - Google Books . Books.google.com . ISBN 9780549747185 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Real World / Road Rules : The Island -- TJ Lavin is Developing an Attitude Problem '' ( blog ) . wordpress . October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MTV . `` The Challenge : Battle of the Exes 2 ( TV Series ) MTV '' . Challenge.mtv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Spring Break 2010 '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Preview of MTV series The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Champs vs Pros : Beloved Challenge Victors Set to Battle Top Athletes . '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Matthew Scott ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Underdogs Will Have Their Day When The Challenge Returns For Season 29 '' . MTV . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) MTV 's Official The Challenge website MTV. ca 's Official The Challenge website TV.com series reference page TVGuide.com series reference page The Challenge at TV.com Real World , Road Rules , and The Challenge Real World seasons New York Los Angeles San Francisco London Miami Boston Seattle Hawaii New Orleans Back to New York Chicago Las Vegas Paris San Diego Philadelphia Austin Key West Denver Reunited : Las Vegas Sydney Hollywood Brooklyn Cancun D.C. New Orleans ( 2010 ) Las Vegas ( 2011 ) San Diego ( 2011 ) St. Thomas Portland Ex-Plosion Skeletons Go Big or Go Home Seattle : Bad Blood Road Rules seasons USA -- The First Adventure USA -- The Second Adventure Europe Islands Northern Trail Down Under Latin America Semester at Sea Maximum Velocity Tour The Quest Campus Crawl South Pacific X-Treme Viewers ' Revenge The Challenge seasons Road Rules : All Stars Real World / Road Rules Challenge Challenge 2000 Extreme Challenge Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) Battle of the Sexes The Gauntlet The Inferno Battle of the Sexes 2 The Inferno II The Gauntlet 2 Fresh Meat The Duel The Inferno 3 The Gauntlet III The Island The Duel II The Ruins Spring Break Challenge Fresh Meat II Cutthroat Rivals Battle of the Exes Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) Rivals II Free Agents Battle of the Exes II Battle of the Bloodlines Rivals III Invasion of the Champions Champs vs. Pros XXX : Dirty 30 Related Bunim / Murray Productions Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray MTV MTV Classic The Real World Movie : The Lost Season T.J. Lavin Diem Brown Pedro Real World Presents : Return to Duty List of Real World cast members List of The Challenge contestants Are You the One ? The Real World : Stockholm The Real World : Visby MTV original programming ( current and upcoming ) Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) Girl Code ( since 2013 ) Greatest Party Story Ever ( since 2016 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Promposal ( since 2017 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Competitive Are You the One ? ( since 2014 ) Are You the One ? : Second Chances ( since 2017 ) Broke Ass Game Show ( since 2015 ) The Challenge ( since 1998 ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ( since 2017 ) Fear Factor ( since 2017 ) Talk Are You the One ? : The Aftermatch Live ( since 2014 ) Scripted Scream ( since 2015 ) Comedy Wild ' n Out ( since 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Challenge_(TV_series)&oldid=803300209 '' Categories : The Challenge ( TV series ) Television series by Bunim / Murray Productions American game shows 1990s American television series 1998 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series MTV television series English - language television programs American reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 17 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most challenges on mtv	[ "\n1\n\nJohnny \"Bananas\" Devenanzio\nRW: Key West\n6/14\n$685,043\n" ]	[ "Johnny \"Bananas\" Devenanzio" ]
1793639424666322554	AICPA Code of Professional Conduct	AICPA code of professional conduct - wikipedia AICPA code of professional conduct The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct is a collection of codified statements issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants that outline a CPA 's ethical and professional responsibilities . The code establishes standards for auditor independence , integrity and objectivity , responsibilities to clients and colleagues and acts discreditable to the accounting profession . The AICPA is responsible for drafting , revising and reissuing the code annually , on June 1 . The current Code is available at the AICPA Web site . For older versions of the Code , see the links below . Contents 1 History 2 Notable sections 2.1 Section 51 - Preamble 2.2 Section 101 - Independence 3 List of AICPA Code of Conduct and by - laws sections from AICPA Professional standards , 1974 - 2007 4 List of AICPA Code of Conduct and By - Laws Sections published as pamphlets , 1917 - 1997 5 References History ( edit ) Joseph Edmund Sterrett outlined the debate and issues in setting up a Code of Professional Conduct in his address to the annual meeting of the American Association of Public Accountants in 1907 The earliest `` official '' version of the code of professional conduct among American accountants was issued by the American Institute of Accountants on April 9 , 1917 . Notable sections ( edit ) Section 51 - preamble ( edit ) The opening principle of the code is that membership , and therefore adherence , to the code is voluntary . This means that an accountant is never under a legal responsibility to adhere to the code , and can renounce the code and membership in the AICPA at any time . Section 101 - independence ( edit ) Section 101 sets forth the various requirements to establish auditor independence and conditions that nullify it . Knowingly allowing a member who is not independent to continue to work on an engagement can result in disciplinary action from the AICPA , including possible revocation of the members status as a CPA . Generally , the following actions will impair auditor independence : Authorizing , executing or consummating a transaction , or otherwise exercising authority on behalf of a client or having the authority to do so . Preparing source documents , in electronic or other form , evidencing the occurrence of a transaction . Having custody of client assets . Supervising client employees in the performance of their normal recurring activities . Determining which recommendations of the member should be implemented . Reporting to the board of directors on behalf of management . Serving as a client 's stock transfer or escrow agent , registrar , general counsel or its equivalent . Establishing or maintaining internal controls , including performing ongoing monitoring activities . Auditor independence is impaired if a member on the engagement team has a direct or material indirect financial interest in the client . Member 's on the engagement team are not allowed to be on the board of trustees of a trust that owns , or has committed to owning more than 10 % of the client 's equity . A member or any of their immediate family are not allowed to own more than 5 % of the clients equity . For the period being audited , the auditor is not allowed to operate as an officer , director , manager , promoter , underwriter or voting trustee for the client . If a member leaves the auditing firm and is employed by the client , the entire firms independence is deemed to be impaired . If an audit member is made a job offer by the client and does not immediately report and remove themselves from the engagement , their independence is impaired . However , if the member does report the job offer and rejects it , and is no longer being considered for a position with the client , then their independence is not impaired . When the auditing member has a previous employment relationship with the client , barring certain exceptions , the auditor is required to liquidate any employee welfare programs that they have vested benefits in and collect or pay any loans outstanding to the client . The immediate family of the auditor is considered part of the test for impairment of independence . The exception to this is that the immediate family members of auditors are allowed to work for the client in non-management roles . If the auditor provides non-attest services such as tax support or consulting , they are required to adhere to the independence requirements of other regulatory bodies that govern those services . Failure to do so will impair their independence for their audit engagement as well . List of AICPA Code of Conduct and by - laws sections from AICPA Professional standards , 1974 - 2007 ( edit ) No . Date Official title September 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of September 1 , 1974 full - text September 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of September 1 , 1975 full - text 1976 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of July 1 , 1976 full - text 1977 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of July 1 , 1977 full - text 1978 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of July 1 , 1978 full - text 1979 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of July 1 , 1979 full - text 1980 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of June 1 , 1980 full - text 1981 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of June 1 , 1981 full - text 1982 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1982 full - text June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1983 full - text 1984 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1984 full - text 1985 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1985 full - text 1986 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1986 full - text June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1987 full - text 1988 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Code of conduct , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1988 full - text October 1 AICPA Professional standards : Code of conduct , Bylaws , as of October 1 , 1989 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of conduct , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1990 full - text 1991 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Code of Conduct , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1991 full - text 1992 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and Bylaws as of June 1 , 1992 full - text 1993 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1993 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1994 full - text 1995 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1995 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1996 full - text 1997 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct as of June 1 , 1997 full - text 1997 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Bylaws as of June 1 , 1997 full - text 1998 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct as of June 1 , 1998 full - text 1998 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Bylaws as of June 1 , 1998 full - text 1999 April 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of April 1 , 1999 full - text 2000 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2000 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2001 full - text 2002 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2002 full - text 2003 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2003 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2004 full - text 2005 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2005 full - text 2006 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2006 full - text 2007 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2007 full - text List of AICPA Code of Conduct and By - Laws Sections published as pamphlets , 1917 - 1997 ( edit ) Year Date Official title 1917 April 9 Rules of professional conduct : prepared by the Committee on Professional Ethics and approved by the Council April 9 , 1917 full - text 1919 September 30 Rules of professional conduct : including amendments and additions prepared by the Committee on Professional Ethics and approved by the Council prior to September 30 , 1919 full - text 1931 - 1932 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1931 - 1932 full - text 1938 - 1939 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1938 - 1939 full - text 1940 By - laws and Rules of professional conduct , 1940 full - text 1942 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1942 full - text 1943 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1943 full - text 1944 By - laws and rules of professional conduct 1944 full - text 1945 By - laws and rules of professional conduct 1945 full - text 1948 By - laws and rules of professional conduct 1948 full - text 1950 December 18 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , as amended by vote of the membership December 19 , 1950 full - text 1952 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct 1952 full - text 1954 January 4 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct 1954 full - text 1956 January 9 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct 1956 full - text 1958 By - laws ; Rules of professional conduct ; Numbered opinions of the committee on professional ethics full - text 1959 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics , 1959 full - text 1960 February 2 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics , 1960 full - text 1961 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics , Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council , 1961 full - text 1964 By - laws ; Code of professional ethics ; Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics ; Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council full - text 1965 By - laws ; Code of professional ethics ; Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics ; Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council full - text 1965 Code of professional ethics & numbered opinions 1965 full - text 1967 March 20 Code of professional ethics as amended March 4 , 1965 ; By - laws as amended March 20 , 1967 ; Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics ; Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council ; Description of the Professional Practice of Certified Public Accountants full - text 1969 December 30 Code of professional ethics as amended December 30 , 1969 , and interpretative opinions full - text 1970 Summaries of ethics rulings full - text 1972 Restatement of the code of professional conduct ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text 1973 March 1 Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text March Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 ; March 1974 edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of Professional ethics ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text February 1 Bylaws as amended February 1 , 1974 ; Implementing resolutions of Council ; Objectives of the Institute ; Description of the professional practice of certified public accountants full - text March Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 , March 1975 edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text March Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 , March 1975 edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text 1976 March 1 Code of professional ethics , March 1 , 1976 , edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct , effective March 1 , 1973 ; Interpretations of rules of conduct ; Ethics rulings full - text 1977 May 1 Code of professional ethics , May 1 , 1977 , edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct , effective March 1 , 1973 ; Interpretations of rules of conduct ; Ethics rulings full - text 1978 March 31 Rules of conduct as amended March 31 , 1978 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended March 31 , 1978 full - text 1981 October 15 Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended October 15 , 1981 ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended March 31 , 1979 ( 1981 ) full - text May 10 Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended May 10 , 1983 ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended January 6 , 1983 full - text 1984 Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended January 6 , 1983 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended May 10 , 1983 ( 1984 ) 3 full - text 1985 May 15 Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended January 6 , 1983 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended May 15 , 1985 full - text 1988 January 12 Code of professional conduct as adopted January 12 , 1988 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended January 12 , 1988 full - text 1991 May 20 Code of professional conduct as amended May 20 , 1991 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended January 8 , 1990 full - text 1992 January 14 Code of professional conduct as amended January 14 , 1992 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended January 14 , 1992 full - text 1993 May 26 Code of professional conduct as amended January 14 , 1992 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions as amended May 26 , 1993 full - text June 17 Code of professional conduct as amended January 14 , 1992 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended June 17 , 1996 full - text 1997 October 28 Code of professional conduct and implementing resolutions of Council as amended October 28 , 1997 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended October 28 , 1997 full - text References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AICPA Code of Professional Conduct , Section ET 51.02 , American Institute of Certified Public Accountants , June 1st , 2011 Jump up ^ Sterrett , Joseph Edmund . `` Professional Ethics . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting at St. Paul , Minn. , October Fourteenth -- Seventeenth , Nineteen Hundred and Seven . American Association of Public Accountants . Pp. 108 - 133 Jump up ^ Code of Professional Conduct , American Institute of Accountants , April 9 , 1917 Jump up ^ Marquette , R. Penny . `` Ethics , Professional . '' In History of Accounting : An International Encyclopedia , edited by Michael Chatfield and Richard Vangermeersch . New York : Garland Publishing , pp. 233 - 235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AICPA_Code_of_Professional_Conduct&oldid=857013000 '' Categories : Codes of conduct Accounting in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 00 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the aicpa’s code of professional conduct establishes	[ "The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct is a collection of codified statements issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants that outline a CPA's ethical and professional responsibilities.[1] The code establishes standards for auditor independence, integrity and objectivity, responsibilities to clients and colleagues and acts discreditable to the accounting profession. The AICPA is responsible for drafting, revising and reissuing the code annually, on June 1. The current Code is available at the AICPA Web site. For older versions of the Code, see the links below.\n" ]	[ "standards for auditor independence, integrity and objectivity, responsibilities to clients and colleagues and acts discreditable to the accounting profession" ]
1234268067846437940	Jainism	Jainism - Wikipedia Jainism `` Jain '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jain ( disambiguation ) . Jainism The Jain flag in India Abbreviation Jain Scripture Jain Agamas Other name ( s ) Jain Dharma Part of a series on Jainism Jain prayers ( show ) Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Philosophy ( show ) Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacharya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra Ethics ( show ) Ethics of Jainism Sallekhana Major figures ( show ) The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sects ( show ) Digambara Śvētāmbara Texts ( show ) Samayasāra ( Digambara ) Pravachanasara ( Digambara ) Agama ( Shwetambara ) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha ( Digambara ) Kalpa Sūtra ( Shwetambara ) Other ( show ) History Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Schools and Branches Timeline Topics list Festivals ( show ) Diwali Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Samvatsari Pilgrimages ( show ) Tirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Jainism portal Jainism ( / ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm / ) , traditionally known as Jain Dharma , is an ancient Indian religion . Followers of Jainism are called `` Jains '' , a word derived from the Sanskrit word jina ( victor ) and connoting the path of victory in crossing over life 's stream of rebirths through an ethical and spiritual life . Jains trace their history through a succession of twenty - four victorious saviours and teachers known as tirthankaras , with the first being Rishabhanatha , who is believed to have lived millions of years ago in Jain tradition , and twenty - fourth being the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE . Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology . The main religious premises of Jainism are ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence '' ) , anekāntavāda ( `` many - sidedness '' ) , aparigraha ( `` non-attachment '' ) and asceticism . Jain monastics , renunciants , and devout householders take five main vows known as vratas , outlined in their oldest surviving text , the Acaranga Sūtra : ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence '' ) , satya ( `` truth '' ) , asteya ( `` not stealing '' ) , brahmacharya ( `` celibacy or chastity '' ) , and aparigraha ( `` non-attachment '' ) . These principles have impacted Jain culture in many ways , such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle that avoids harm to animals and their life cycles . Parasparopagraho Jīvānām ( `` the function of souls is to help one another '' ) is the motto of Jainism . Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism . Jainism has two major ancient sub-traditions , Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras ; and several smaller sub-traditions that emerged in the 2nd millennium CE . The Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras have different views on ascetic practices , gender and which Jain texts can be considered canonical . Jain mendicants are found in all Jain sub-traditions , with laypersons ( śrāvakas ) supporting the mendicants ' spiritual pursuits with resources . Jainism has between four and five million followers , with most Jains residing in India . Outside India , some of the largest Jain communities are present in Canada , Europe , Kenya , the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , Suriname , Fiji , and the United States . Major Jain festivals include Paryushana and Daslakshana , Mahavir Jayanti , and Diwali . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main principles 1.1 Non-violence ( ahiṃsā ) 1.2 Many - sided reality ( anekāntavāda ) 1.3 Non-attachment ( aparigraha ) 1.4 Jain ethics and five vows 2 Practices 2.1 Asceticism 2.2 Food and fasting 2.3 Meditation 2.4 Rituals and worship 2.5 Festivals 2.6 Monasticism 2.7 Supplementary vows and Sallekhana 3 Traditions and sects 3.1 Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras 3.2 Other sub-traditions 3.3 Gender and spiritual liberation 4 Beliefs and philosophy 4.1 Dravya ( `` Substance '' ) 4.1. 1 Jīva ( `` Soul '' ) , Ajīva ( `` Non-Soul '' ) 4.2 Tattva ( `` Reality '' ) 4.3 Soul and Karma 4.4 Saṃsāra 4.5 Cosmology 4.6 God 4.7 Epistemology 4.8 Salvation , liberation 5 Scriptures and texts 5.1 Influence on Indian literature 6 Comparison with Buddhism and Hinduism 7 Art and architecture 7.1 Temples 7.2 Pilgrimages 7.3 Statues and sculptures 7.4 Symbols 7.4. 1 Swastika 7.4. 2 Symbol of Ahiṃsā 7.4. 3 Om 7.4. 4 Jain emblem 7.4. 5 Jain flag 7.4. 6 Ashtamangala 8 History 8.1 Origins 8.2 Political history 8.3 Interaction with other religions 8.4 Colonial era 9 Jains in the modern era 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 External links Rishabhdev , believed to have lived over a million years ago , is considered the founder of Jain philosophy for this cosmic age . Main principles ( edit ) Non-violence ( ahiṃsā ) ( edit ) Main article : Ahimsa in Jainism Painting with the message Ahiṃsā Paramo Dharma ( ' non-violence is the highest virtue or religion ' ) The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes Ahiṃsā in Jainism . The word in the middle is ahiṃsā . The wheel represents the dharmachakra , which stands for the resolve to halt the saṃsāra ( ' transmigration ' ) through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence . The principle of ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence '' or `` non-injury '' ) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism . It believes that one must abandon all violent activity , and without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless . In Jain theology , it does not matter how correct or defensible the violence may be , one must not kill any being , and `` non-violence is one 's highest religious duty '' . Jain texts such as Acaranga Sūtra and Tattvarthasūtra state that one must renounce all killing of living beings , whether tiny or large , movable or immovable . Its theology teaches that one must neither kill another living being , nor cause another to kill , nor consent to any killing directly or indirectly . Furthermore , Jainism emphasizes non-violence against all beings not only in action but also in speech and in thought . It states that instead of hate or violence against anyone , `` all living creatures must help each other '' . Violence negatively affects and destroys one 's soul , particularly when the violence is done with intent , hate or carelessness , or when one indirectly causes or consents to the killing of a human or non-human living being . The idea of reverence for non-violence ( ahiṃsā ) is founded in Hindu and Buddhist canonical texts , and it may have origins in more ancient Brahmanical Vedic thoughts . However , no other Indian religion has developed the non-violence doctrine and its implications on everyday life as has Jainism . The theological basis of non-violence as the highest religious duty has been interpreted by some Jain scholars not to `` be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures , nor a duty to rescue all creatures '' , but resulting from `` continual self - discipline '' , a cleansing of the soul that leads to one 's own spiritual development which ultimately affects one 's salvation and release from rebirths . Causing injury to any being in any form creates bad karma which affects one 's rebirth , future well being and suffering . Late medieval Jain scholars re-examined the Ahiṃsā doctrine when one is faced with external threat or violence . For example , they justified violence by monks to protect nuns . According to Dundas , the Jain scholar Jinadatta Suri wrote during a time of Muslim destruction of temples and persecution that `` anybody engaged in a religious activity who was forced to fight and kill somebody would not lose any spiritual merit but instead attain deliverance '' . However , such examples in Jain texts that condone fighting and killing under certain circumstances are relatively rare . Many - sided Reality ( anekāntavāda ) ( edit ) Main article : Anekāntavāda The second main principle of Jainism is anekāntavāda or anekantatva , a word derived from anekānta ( `` not one ended , sided '' , `` many - sidedness '' or `` manifoldness '' ) and vada ( `` doctrine '' , `` way '' ) . The anekāntavāda doctrine states that truth and reality is complex and always has multiple aspects . Reality can be experienced , but it is not possible to totally express it with language . Human attempts to communicate is Naya , explained as `` partial expression of the truth '' . Language is not Truth , but a means and attempt to express Truth . From Truth , according to Mahāvīra , language returns and not the other way round . One can experience the truth of a taste , but can not fully express that taste through language . Any attempts to express the experience is syāt , or valid `` in some respect '' but it remains a `` perhaps , just one perspective , incomplete '' . In the same way , spiritual truths are complex , they have multiple aspects , and language can not express their plurality , yet through effort and appropriate karma they can be experienced . The anekāntavāda premise of the Jains is ancient , as evidenced by its mention in Buddhist texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta . The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahāvīra 's approach to answering all metaphysical philosophical questions was a `` qualified yes '' ( syāt ) . These texts identify anekāntavāda doctrine to be one of the key differences between the teachings of the Mahāvīra and those of the Buddha . The Buddha taught the Middle Way , rejecting extremes of the answer `` it is '' or `` it is not '' to metaphysical questions . The Mahāvīra , in contrast , taught his followers to accept both `` it is '' , and `` it is not '' , with `` perhaps '' qualification and with reconciliation to understand the Absolute Reality . Syādvāda ( predication logic ) and nayavāda ( perspective epistemology ) of Jainism expand on the concept of anekāntavāda . Syādvāda recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet syād to every phrase or expression describing the `` permanent being '' . There is no creator God in Jainism ; existence has neither beginning nor end , and the permanent being is conceptualized as jiva ( `` soul '' ) and ajiva ( `` matter '' ) within a dualistic anekāntavāda framework . According to Paul Dundas , in contemporary times the anekāntavāda doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as intending to `` promote a universal religious tolerance '' , and a teaching of `` plurality '' and `` benign attitude to other ( ethical , religious ) positions '' . Dundas states this is problematic and a misreading of Jain historical texts and Mahāvīra 's teachings . The `` many pointedness , multiple perspective '' teachings of the Mahāvīra is a doctrine about the nature of absolute reality and human existence , and it is sometimes called `` non-absolutism '' doctrine . However , it is not a doctrine about tolerating or condoning activities such as sacrificing or killing animals for food , nor violence against disbelievers or any other living being as `` perhaps right '' . The five vows for Jain monks and nuns , for example , are strict requirements and there is no `` perhaps '' or `` that is just one perspective '' about them . Similarly , since ancient times , Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism according to Dundas , but Jainism was highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of its rivals , and vice versa . Non-attachment ( aparigraha ) ( edit ) Main article : Aparigraha The third main principle in Jainism is aparigraha which means non-attachment to worldly possessions . For ascetics , Jainism requires a vow of complete non-possession of any property . For Jain laypersons , it recommends limited possession of property that has been honestly earned , and giving excess property to charity . According to Natubhai Shah , aparigraha applies to both the material and the psychic . Material possessions refer to various forms of property . Psychic possessions refer to emotions , likes and dislikes , and attachments of any form . Unchecked attachment to possessions is said to result in direct harm to one 's personality . Jainism views attachments to material or emotional possessions as what leads to passions , which in turn leads to violence . According to the aparigraha principle , a Jain monk or nun is expected to be homeless and family-less with no emotional longings or attachments . The ascetic is a wandering mendicant in the Digambara tradition , or a resident mendicant in the Śvētāmbara tradition . In addition , Jain texts mention that `` attachment to possessions '' ( parigraha ) is of two kinds : attachment to internal possessions ( ābhyantara parigraha ) , and attachment to external possessions ( bāhya parigraha ) . For internal possessions , Jainism identifies four key passions of the mind ( kashaya ) : anger , pride ( ego ) , deceitfulness , and greed . In addition to the four passions of the mind , the remaining ten internal passions are : wrong belief , the three sex - passions ( male sex - passion , female sex - passion , neuter sex - passion ) , and the six defects ( laughter , like , dislike , sorrow , fear , disgust ) . Jain ethics and five vows ( edit ) Main article : Ethics of Jainism See also : Yamas § Five Yamas Nishidhi stone , depicting the vow of sallekhana , 14th century , Karnataka Jainism teaches five ethical duties , which it calls five vows . These are called anuvratas ( `` small vows '' ) for Jain laypersons , and mahavratas ( `` great vows '' ) for Jain mendicants . For both , its moral precepts preface that the Jain has access to a guru ( `` teacher '' , `` counsellor '' ) , deva ( `` Jina '' , `` god '' ) , doctrine , and that the individual is free from five offences : doubts about the faith , indecisiveness about the truths of Jainism , sincere desire for Jain teachings , recognition of fellow Jains , and admiration for their spiritual pursuits . Such a person undertakes the following Five vows of Jainism : Ahiṃsā , `` intentional non-violence '' or `` noninjury '' : The first major vow taken by Jains is to cause no harm to other human beings , as well as all living beings . This is the highest ethical duty in Jainism , and it applies not only to one 's actions , but demands that one be non-violent in one 's speech and thoughts . Satya , `` truth '' : This vow is to always speak the truth . Neither lie , nor speak what is not true , and do not encourage others or approve anyone who speaks an untruth . Asteya , `` not stealing '' : A Jain layperson should not take anything that is not willingly given . Additionally , a Jain mendicant should ask for permission to take it if something is being given . Brahmacharya , `` celibacy '' : Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures is prescribed for Jain monks and nuns . For laypersons , the vow means chastity , faithfulness to one 's partner . Aparigraha , `` non-possessiveness '' : This includes non-attachment to material and psychological possessions , avoiding craving and greed . Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations , own nothing and are attached to no one . Practices ( edit ) Asceticism ( edit ) Main article : Asceticism Of all the major Indian religions , Jainism has had the strongest austerity - driven ascetic tradition , and it is an essential part of a mendicant 's spiritual pursuits . Ascetic life may include nakedness symbolizing non-possession of even clothes , fasting , body mortification , penance , and other austerities , in order to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma , both of which are believed in Jainism to be essential for reaching siddha and moksha ( `` liberation from rebirths '' , and `` salvation '' ) . Jain texts like Tattvartha Sūtra and Uttaradhyayana Sūtra discuss ascetic austerities to great lengths and formulations . Six outer and six inner practices are most common , and oft - repeated in later Jain texts . According to John Cort , outer austerities include complete fasting , eating limited amounts , eating restricted items , abstaining from tasty foods , mortifying the flesh , and guarding the flesh ( avoiding anything that is a source of temptation ) . Inner austerities include expiation , confession , respecting and assisting mendicants , studying , meditation , and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body . Lists of internal and external austerities in Jainism varies with the text and tradition . Asceticism is viewed as a means to control desires , and a means to purify the jiva ( `` soul '' ) . The tirthankaras of Jainism , such as the Mahāvīra ( Vardhamana ) set an example of leading an ascetic life by performing severe austerities for twelve years . Food and fasting ( edit ) Main articles : Jain vegetarianism and Fasting in Jainism The practice of non-violence towards all living beings has led to Jain culture being vegetarian , while veganism is encouraged . Most Jains practice lacto - vegetarianism ( no eggs , but dairy products permitted if no violence is used during the production ) . Jain monks and nuns do not eat root vegetables such as potatoes , onions and garlic because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up , and because a bulb or tuber 's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a higher living being . Jains fast on different occasions throughout the year , particularly during festivals . This practice is called upavasa , tapasya or vrata . According to Singh , this takes on various forms and may be practised based on one 's ability . Some examples include Digambara fasting for Dasa - laksana - parvan where a Jain layperson eats only one or two meals per day , drinking only boiled water for ten days , or fasting completely on the first and last day of the festival . With these practices the layperson mimics the practices of a Jain mendicant during the festival . A similar practice is found among Śvētāmbara Jains on eight day paryusana with samvatsari - pratikramana . The fasting practice is believed to remove karma from one 's soul and allow one to gain merit ( punya ) . A `` one day '' fast in Jain tradition lasts about 36 hours , starting at sunset before the day of the fast and ending 48 minutes after the sunrise the day after . Among laypeople , fasting is more commonly observed by women , where it is believed that this shows her piety , religious purity , gains her and her family prestige , leads to merit earning and helps ensure future well - being for her family . Some religious fasts are observed as a group where Jain women bond socially and support each other . Long fasts are celebrated by friends and families with special ceremonies . Meditation ( edit ) Main article : Jain meditation Left : Jain nuns meditating , Right : 10th century Gommateshwara statue depicting standing meditation ( Kayotsarga posture ) Jainism considers meditation ( dhyana ) a necessary practice , but its goals are very different from those in Buddhism and Hinduism . In Jainism , meditation is concerned more with stopping karmic attachments and activity , not as a means to transformational insights or self - realization in other Indian religions . Meditation in early Jain literature is a form of austerity and ascetic practice in Jainism , while in late medieval era the practice adopted ideas from other Indian traditions . According to Paul Dundas , this lack of meditative practices in early Jain texts may be because substantial portions of ancient Jain texts were lost . According to Padmanabh Jaini , Sāmāyika is a practice of `` brief periods in meditation '' in Jainism that is a part of siksavrata ( `` ritual restraint '' ) . The goal of Sāmāyika is to achieve equanimity , and it is the second siksavrata . The samayika ritual is practiced at least three times a day by mendicants , while a layperson includes it with other ritual practices such as Puja in a Jain temple and doing charity work . According to Johnson , as well as Jaini , samayika connotes more than meditation , and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of `` assuming temporary ascetic status '' . The Digambara Jain scholar Kundakunda , in his Pravacanasara states that a Jain mendicant should meditate on `` I , the pure self '' . Anyone who considers his body or possessions as `` I am this , this is mine '' is on the wrong road , while one who meditates , thinking the antithesis and `` I am not others , they are not mine , I am one knowledge '' is on the right road to meditating on the `` soul , the pure self '' . Rituals and worship ( edit ) Main article : Jain rituals Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali There are many rituals in Jainism 's various sects . According to Dundas , the ritualistic lay path among Śvētāmbara Jains is `` heavily imbued with ascetic values '' , where the rituals either revere or celebrate the ascetic life of Tirthankaras , or mendicants , or progressively get closer to psychologically and physically living ever more like an ascetic . The ultimate ritual is sallekhana , a religious death through ascetic abandonment of food and drinks . The Digambara Jains follow the same theme , but the details differ from Śvētāmbaras , and according to Dundas , the life cycle and religious rituals are closer to the liturgy found among Hindu traditions . The overlap in Jain and Hindu rituals is largely in the life cycle ( rites - of - passage ) rituals , according to Padmanabh Jaini , and likely one that developed over time because Jains and Hindus societies overlapped , and rituals were viewed as necessary and secular ceremonies . Jains do not believe in a creator god , but do ritually worship numerous deities . The Jinas are prominent and a large focus of this ritualism , but they are not the only deva in Jainism . A Jina as deva is not an avatar ( incarnation ) in Jainism , but the highest state of omniscience that an ascetic tirthankara achieved . Out of the 24 Tirthankaras , Jain devotional worship is predominantly centered around four : Mahāvīra , Parshvanatha , Neminatha and Rishabhanatha . Among the non-tirthankara saints , devotional worship is common for Bahubali among the Digambaras . Some of Jaina rituals remember the five life events of the tirthankaras , called the Panch Kalyanaka , are rituals such as the Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava , Panch Kalyanaka Puja and Snatrapuja . Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals . The basic worship ritual practised by Jains is darsana ( `` seeing '' ) of deva , which includes Jina , or other yaksas , gods and goddesses such as Brahmadeva , 52 Viras , Padmavati , Ambika and 16 Vidyadevis ( Sarasvati , Lakshmi , others ) . The Terapanthi sub-tradition of Digambaras do not worship many of the deities popular among mainstream Digambaras , and they limit their ritual worship to Tirthankaras . The worship ritual is called the devapuja , is found in all Jaina sub traditions , which share common features . Typically , the Jaina layperson enters the temple inner sanctum in simple clothing and bare feet , with a plate filled with offerings , bows down , says the namaskara , completes his or her litany and prayers , sometimes is assisted by the temple priest , leaves the offerings and then departs . Jain practices include performing abhisheka ( `` ceremonial bath '' ) of the images . Some Jain sects employ a pujari ( also called upadhye ) for rituals , who may be a non-Jain ( a Hindu ) , to perform special rituals and other priestly duties at the temple . More elaborate worship includes ritual offerings such as rice , fresh and dry fruits , flowers , coconut , sweets , and money . Some may light up a lamp with camphor and make auspicious marks with sandalwood paste . Devotees also recite Jain texts , particularly the life stories of the tirthankaras . The traditional Jains , like Buddhists and Hindus , believe in the efficacy of mantras and that certain sounds and words are inherently auspicious , powerful and spiritual . The most famous of the mantras , broadly accepted in various sects of Jainism , is the `` five homage '' ( panca namaskara ) mantra which is believed to be eternal and existent since the first ford - maker 's time . The medieval era Jain worship practices , according to Ellen Gough , also developed tantric diagrams of the Rishi - mandala where the tirthankaras are portrayed . The Tantric traditions within Jainism use mantra and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms . Festivals ( edit ) Main article : Jain festivals Celebrating Das Lakshana ( Paryusana ) , Jain Center of America , New York City Jains celebrate many annual festivals . Many of the major festivals in Jainism fall in and around the comasu ( Sanskrit : chaturmasa ) period of the calendar . It is the four - month monsoon period when the Jain ascetics are mandated to remain in residence at one place in the Jain tradition , rather than traveling or going around Indian villages and towns for religion reformations but never staying in one place for more than a month . The comasu period allows the four orders of the Jain community to be together and participate in the festive remembrances . The most important annual Jain festival is called the Paryushana by Śvētāmbaras and Dasa lakshana parva by the Digambaras . It is celebrated from the 12th day of waning moon in the traditional luni - solar month of Bhadrapada in the Indian calendar . This typically falls in August or September of the Gregorian calendar . It lasts eight days for Śvētāmbaras , and ten days among the Digambaras . It is a time when lay people fast and pray . The five vows are emphasized during this time . Śvētāmbaras recite the Kalpasūtras , while Digambaras read their own texts . The festival is an occasion where Jains make active effort to stop cruelty towards other life forms , freeing animals in captivity and preventing slaughter of animals . Forgiveness I forgive all living beings , may all living beings forgive me . All in this world are my friends , I have no enemies . -- Jain festival prayer on the last day The last day involves a focused prayer / meditation session known as Samvatsari . Jains consider this as a day of atonement , granting forgiveness to others , seeking forgiveness from all living beings , physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends . Forgiveness is asked by saying `` Micchami Dukkadam '' or `` Khamat Khamna '' to others . This means , `` If I have offended you in any way , knowingly or unknowingly , in thought , word or action , then I seek your forgiveness . '' The literal meaning of Paryushana is `` abiding '' or `` coming together '' . Mahavir Jayanti celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra . It is celebrated on the 13th day of the luni - solar month of Chaitra in the traditional Indian calendar . This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar . The festivities include visiting Jain temples , pilgrimages to shrines , reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community . At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in Bihar , north of Patna , special events are held by Jains . Diwali is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra 's attainment of moksha . The Hindu festival of Diwali is also celebrated on the same date ( Kartika Amavasya ) . Jain temples , homes , offices , and shops are decorated with lights and diyas ( `` small oil lamps '' ) . The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance . Sweets are often distributed . On Diwali morning , Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world . The Jain new year starts right after Diwali . Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are Akshaya Tritiya and Raksha Bandhan , similar to those in the Hindu communities . Monasticism ( edit ) Main article : Jain monasticism Digambara monk Śvētāmbara - Deravasi monk Jainism monastic organization is a part of Jain society called sangh . A sangh has a four-fold order , or caturvidh , sakal sangh . This consists of sadhu ( male ascetics , muni ) , sadhvi ( female ascetics , aryika ) , śrāvaka ( `` laymen '' ) , and śrāvikā ( `` laywoman '' ) . The latter two support the ascetics and their monastic organizations called gacch or samuday , in autonomous regional Jain congregations . Digambar tradition has two main monastic orders Mula Sangh and the Kashtha Sangh , both led by Bhattarakas . Other notable monastic orders include the Digambara Terapanth which emerged in the 17th century . Śvētāmbaras have their own sanghs , but unlike Digambaras which have had predominantly sadhu sanghs ( male monastic organizations ) , they have major sadhu and sadhvi sanghs ( monks and nuns ) . A Śvētāmbara nun ( early 20th - century ) A Digambara nun According to Śvētāmbara Jain texts , from Kalpasūtras onwards , its monastic community has had more sadhvis than sadhus ( female than male mendicants ) . In Tapa Gacch of the modern era , the ratio of sadhvis to sadhus ( nuns to monks ) is about 3.5 to 1 . In contrast to Śvētāmbara , the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male . In the Digambara tradition , a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul 's liberation from rebirths through asceticism . Women must gain karmic merit , to be reborn as man , and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of Jainism . The Śvētāmbaras disagree with the Digambaras , believing that women can also achieve liberation from Saṃsāra through ascetic practices . The Jain monastic organization shares many parallels with those found in Buddhist and Brahmanical - Hindu monasticism . They all have similar rules , hierarchical structure , practices such as not traveling during the four - month monsoon season and celibacy . According to William Johnston , this is not likely from mutual borrowing of ideas , but because these traditions emerged from the same ancient Indian monastic traditions that preceded the Buddha and the Mahāvīra . There are some differences . For example , the Jain and Hindu monastic community has been traditionally more mobile and had an itinerant lifestyle , while Buddhist monks have favored belonging to a sangha ( monastery ) and staying in its premises . Buddhist monastic rules forbid a monk to go outside without wearing the sangha 's distinctive ruddy robe , or to use wooden bowls . In contrast , Jain monastic rules have either required no clothes ( Digambara ) or white ( Śvētāmbara ) and the use of wooden or empty gourd as the begging bowl . The Jain monastic rules have encouraged the use of mouth cover , as well as a broom to gently remove any insect that comes in their path . Supplementary vows and sallekhana ( edit ) Jainism also prescribes seven supplementary vows which include three guņa vratas ( `` merit vows '' ) and four śikşā vratas . The Sallekhana ( or Santhara ) vow is a `` religious death '' ritual vow observed at the end of life , historically by Jain monks and nuns , but rare in the modern age . In this vow , there is voluntary and gradual reduction of food and liquid intake to end one 's life by choice and with dispassion , In Jainism this is believed to reduce negative karma that affects a soul 's future rebirths . Traditions and sects ( edit ) Main article : Jain schools and branches Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras ( edit ) The Jain community is divided into two major denominations , Digambara and Śvētāmbara . Monks of the Digambara ( `` sky - clad '' ) tradition do not wear clothes . Female monastics of the Digambara sect wear unstitched plain white sarees and are referred to as Aryikas . Śvētāmbara ( `` white - clad '' ) monastics , on the other hand , wear seamless white clothes . During Chandragupta Maurya 's reign , Jain tradition states that Acharya Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve - year - long famine and moved to Karnataka with his disciples . Sthulabhadra , a pupil of Acharya Bhadrabahu , stayed in Magadha . Later , when followers of Acharya Bhadrabahu returned , they found those who had remained at Magadha had started wearing white clothes , which was unacceptable to the others who remained naked . This is how Jains believe the Digambara and Śvētāmbara schism began , with the former being naked while the latter wore white clothes . Digambara saw this as being opposed to the Jain tenets which , according to them , required complete nudity . In the 5th - century CE , the Council of Valabhi was organized by Śvētāmbara , which Digambara did not attend . At the council , the Śvētāmbara adopted the texts they had preserved as canonical scriptures , which Digambara have ever since rejected . This council solidified the historic schism between these two major traditions of Jainism . The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of Kundakunda . Digambara Mahāvīra iconography Śvētāmbara Simandhar Swami iconography Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts , Digambaras and Śvētāmbara differ in other significant ways such as : Śvētāmbaras trace their practices and dress code to the teachings of Parshvanatha , the 23rd tirthankara , which they believe taught only Four restraints ( a claim , scholars say are confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jaina monastic life ) . Mahāvīra taught Five vows , which Digambara follow . The Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvētāmbara interpretations , and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra 's teachings . Digambaras believe that both Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried , whereas Śvētāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th did indeed marry . According to the Śvētāmbara version , Parshva married Prabhavati , and Mahāvīra married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana . The two sects also differ on the origin of Trishala , Mahāvīra 's mother , as well as the details of Tirthankara 's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs . Digambara believe Rishabha , Vasupujya and Neminatha were the three tirthankaras who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture . In contrast , Śvētāmbaras believe it was Rishabha , Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting posture . Digambara monasticism rules are more rigid . Digambara iconography are plain , Śvētāmbara icons are decorated and colored to be more lifelike . Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the Kushan Empire ( c. 1st century CE ) . Tirthankara represented without clothes , and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm , are identified as the Ardhaphalaka ( `` half - clothed '' ) mentioned in texts . The Yapaniyas , believed to have originated from the Ardhaphalaka , followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs . Other sub-traditions ( edit ) Both of the major Jain traditions evolved into sub-traditions over time . For example , the devotional worship traditions of Śvētāmbara are referred to as Murti - pujakas , those who live in and around Jain temples became Deravasi or Mandira - margi . Those who avoid temples and pursue their spirituality at a designated monastic meeting place came to be known as Sthānakavāsī . About the 18th century , the Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions saw an emergence of separate Terapanthi movements . Some scholars such as Malvaniya state that these ideas entered Jainism from an influence of Islam , while others such as Dundas state that these ideas , debates and movements can be traced in more ancient texts than the start of Islam . In the modern era , according to Flügel , new Jaina religious movements that are a `` primarily devotional form of Jainism '' have developed which resemble `` Jain Mahayana '' style devotionalism . Gender and spiritual liberation ( edit ) A male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve liberation , particularly through asceticism . In the Digambara traditional belief , women must gain karmic merit , to be reborn as man , and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation . However , this view has been historically debated within Jainism and different Jaina sects have expressed different views , particularly the Śvētāmbara sect that believes that women too can achieve spiritual liberation from rebirths in Saṃsāra . The Śvētāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara Māllīnātha was female . However , Digambara reject this , and worship Mallinatha as a male . Beliefs and philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Jain philosophy Part of a series on Jain philosophy Concepts Anekāntavāda Syādvāda Epistemology Jain Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Vitalism Kevala Jñāna Mokṣa ( Liberation ) Dravya ( Six eternal substances ) Tattva ( Seven fundamentals ) Sangha ( Community ) People Ancient Kundakunda Samantabhadra Umāsvāmi Siddhasena Divākara Medieval Pujyapada Akalanka Jinasena Nemichandra Haribhadra Hemacandra Yaśovijaya Modern Champat Rai Jain Pt . Sukhlāl Bal Patil Dravya ( `` substance '' ) ( edit ) Main article : Dravya Chart showing the classification of dravya and astikaya The dravya in Jainism are fundamental entities , called astikaya ( literally , `` collection that exists '' ) . They are believed to be eternal , and the ontological building blocks that constitute and explain all existence , whether perceived or not . According to the Śvētāmbara tradition of Jainism , there are five eternal substances in existence : Soul ( jiva ) , Matter ( pudgala ) , Space ( akasha ) , motion ( Dharma ) and rest ( Adharma ) . To this list of five , the Digambara Jain tradition adds `` Time '' ( kala ) as the sixth eternal substance . In both traditions , the substance of space is conceptualized as `` world space '' ( lokakasha ) and `` non-world space '' ( alokiakasha ) . Further , both soul and matter are considered as active ontological substances , while the rest are inactive . Another categorization found in Jain philosophy is jiva and ajiva , the latter being all dravya that is not jiva . Jiva ( `` soul '' ) , ajiva ( `` non-soul '' ) ( edit ) Main articles : Jīva ( Jainism ) and Ajiva Jiva means `` soul '' in Jainism , and is also called jivatman . It is a core concept and the fundamental focus of the Jain theology . The soul is believed to be eternal , and a substance that undergoes constant modifications , in every life , after every rebirth of a living being . Jiva consists of pure consciousness in the Jain thought , has innate `` free will '' that causes it to act but is believed to be intangible and formless . It is the soul that experiences existence and gains knowledge , not mind nor body both believed to a heap of matter . Jain philosophy further believes that the soul is the mechanism of rebirth , and karma accumulation . It is the same size in all living beings , such as a human being , a tiny insect and a large elephant . Jiva is everywhere , filling and infused in every minuscule part of the entire loka ( realm of existence ) , according to Jainism . The soul has the potential to reach omniscience and eternal bliss , and end the cycles of rebirth and associated suffering , which is the goal of Jain spirituality . The jiva is believed to rely on other dravya to function . The Jain philosophy completely separates body ( matter ) from the soul ( consciousness ) . Souls reside in bodies and journey endlessly through saṃsāra ( that is , realms of existence through cycles of rebirths and redeaths ) . Jivas are believed to be of two types , stationary and mobile . Illustration of the former are plants , while moving jivas include examples such as human beings , animals , gods , hell beings and insects . Jivas are further classified in Jain philosophy by assigned number of senses which range from one sensory organ to five sensory organs . Inert world such as air , fire or clod of dirt , considered non-sensate in contemporary science , are asserted in historic texts of Jainism to be living and with sensory powers . Ajiva consists of everything other than jiva . Life processes such as breath , means of knowledge such as language , all emotional and biological experiences such as pleasure and pain are all believed in Jainism to be made of pudgala ( `` matter '' ) . These interact with tattva or reality to create , bind , destroy or unbind karma particles to the soul . According to Dundas , Dharma as a metaphysical substance in Jain philosophy may be understood as `` that which carries '' instead of the literal sense of ordinary physical motion . Thus , dharma includes all verbal and mental activity , that contribute to karma and purification of the soul . Tattva ( `` Reality '' ) ( edit ) Main article : Tattva ( Jainism ) The 7 Tattvas of Jain philosophy Tattva connotes `` Reality , Truth '' in Jain philosophy , and is the framework for salvation . According to Digambara Jains , there are seven tattvas , while Śvētāmbaras believe in nine tattvas : The sentient ( jiva , soul ) The insentient ( ajiva ) The karmic influx ( Āsrava ) to the soul Good karma ( punya , merits ) , found in the tattva theory of Śvētāmbara , but not of Digambaras Bad karma ( papa , negatives ) , found in the tattva theory of Śvētāmbara , but not of Digambaras The bondage ( Bandha ) of karmic particles to the soul , thereby causing its change , which cumulatively determines the future rebirths The stoppage ( Saṃvara ) of karmic influx The dissociation and wiping away of past karmic particles ( Nirjarā ) from the soul The liberation ( Moksha ) The true insight in Jain philosophy is considered as `` faith in the tattvas '' . The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach moksha for ascetics , but for most Jain laypersons and ascetics it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation . Soul and karma ( edit ) Main article : Karma in Jainism According to Jainism , the existence of `` a bound and ever changing soul '' is a self - evident truth , an axiom which does not need to be proven . There are numerous souls , but every one of them has three qualities ( Guṇa ) : consciousness ( caitanya , most important quality of soul ) , bliss ( sukha ) and vibrational energy ( virya ) . The vibration draws karmic particles to the soul and creates bondages , but is also what adds merit or demerit to the soul . Karma , like in other Indian religions , connotes in Jainism the universal cause and effect law . However , it is envisioned as a material substance ( subtle matter ) that can bind to the soul , travel with the soul substance in bound form between rebirths , and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas . Karma is also believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul , as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth . The relationship between the soul and karma , states Padmanabh Jaini , can be explained with the analogy of gold . Like gold is always found mixed with impurities in its original state , Jainism holds that the soul is not pure at its origin but is always impure and defiled like natural gold . One can exert effort and purify gold , similarly , Jainism states that the defiled soul can be purified by proper refining methodology . Karma either defiles the soul further , or refines it to a cleaner state , and this affects future rebirths . Karma is thus an efficient cause ( nimitta ) in Jain philosophy , but not the material cause ( upadana ) . The soul is believed to be the material cause . Tirthankara - nama - karma is a special type of karma , bondage of which raises a soul to the supreme status of a tirthankara . Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas ( transmigrating souls ) in Jainism Jain texts state that souls exist as `` clothed with material bodies '' , where it entirely fills up the body . There are five types of bodies in the Jaina thought : earthly ( e.g. most humans , animals and plants ) , metamorphic ( e.g. gods , hell beings , fine matter , some animals and a few humans who can morph because of their perfections ) , transference type ( e.g. good and pure substances realized by ascetics ) , fiery ( e.g. heat that transforms or digests food ) , and karmic ( the substrate where the karmic particles reside and which make the soul ever changing ) . Jain philosophy further divides the earthly body by symmetry , number of sensory organs , vitalities ( ayus ) , functional capabilities and whether one body hosts one soul or one body hosts many . Every living being has one to five senses , three balas ( power of body , language and mind ) , respiration ( inhalation and exhalation ) , and life - duration . All living beings , in every realm including the gods and hell beings , accrue and destroy eight types of karma according to the elaborate theories in Jain texts . Elaborate descriptions of the shape and function of the physical and metaphysical universe , and its constituents , are also provided in the Jain texts . All of these elaborate theories attempt to illustrate and consistently explain the Jain karma theory in a deeply moral framework , much like Buddhism and Hinduism but with significant differences in the details and assumptions . Saṃsāra ( edit ) Main articles : Saṃsāra ( Jainism ) and Vitalism ( Jainism ) Souls are reborn in various realms of existence depending on their karmas , according to Jainism . The conceptual framework of the Saṃsāra doctrine differs between the Jainism traditions and other Indian religions . For instance , in Jaina traditions , soul ( jiva ) is accepted as a truth , as is assumed in the Hindu traditions . It is not assumed in the Buddhist traditions . However , Saṃsāra or the cycle of rebirths , has a definite beginning and end in Jainism . The Jaina theosophy , unlike Hindu and Buddhist theosophies , asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth - situations , as they circle through Saṃsāra . As the soul cycles , states Padmanabh Jaini , Jainism traditions believe that it goes through five types of bodies : earth bodies , water bodies , fire bodies , air bodies and vegetable lives . With all human and non-human activities , such as rainfall , agriculture , eating and even breathing , minuscule living beings are taking birth or dying , their souls are believed to be constantly changing bodies . Perturbing , harming or killing any life form , including any human being , is considered a sin in Jainism , with negative karmic effects . Souls begin their journey in a primordial state , and exist in a state of consciousness continuum that is constantly evolving through Saṃsāra . Some evolve to a higher state ; some regress asserts the Jaina theory , a movement that is driven by the karma . Further , Jaina traditions believe that there exist Abhavya ( `` incapable '' ) , or a class of souls that can never attain moksha ( `` liberation '' ) . The Abhavya state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act . Jainism considers souls as pluralistic each in a karma - samsara cycle , and does not subscribe to Advaita - style ( `` not two '' ) nondualism of Hinduism , or Advaya - style nondualism of Buddhism . A liberated soul in Jainism is one who has gone beyond Saṃsāra , is at the apex , is omniscient , remains there eternally , and is known as a Siddha . Cosmology ( edit ) Main article : Jain cosmology Rebirth loka ( realms of existence ) in Jain cosmology . Jain texts propound that the universe consists of many eternal lokas ( `` realms of existence '' ) . As in Buddhism and Hinduism , Jain cosmology believes both time and the universe are eternal without beginning and end , and that the universe is transient ( impermanent in attributes ) at the same time . The universe , body , matter and time are considered in Jain philosophy as separate from the soul ( jiva or jivatman ) . Their interaction explains life , living , death and rebirth . Division of time in Jain cosmology . According to the Jain texts , the universe is divided into three parts , the upper , middle , and lower worlds , called respectively urdhva loka , madhya loka , and adho loka . As with the realms of existences , Kāla ( `` time '' ) is without beginning and eternal ; the cosmic wheel of time , called kālachakra , rotates ceaselessly . According to Jain texts , in this part of the universe , there are six periods of time within two aeons ( ara ) , and in the first aeon the universe generates , and in the next it degenerates . Thus , the worldly cycle of time is divided into two parts or half - cycles , utsarpiṇī ( `` ascending '' ) and avasarpiṇī ( `` descending '' ) . Utsarpiṇī is a period of progressive prosperity , where happiness increases , while avasarpiṇī is a period of increasing sorrow and immorality . According to Jain cosmology , it is currently the fifth ara of avasarpiṇī ( half time cycle of degeneration ) . The present age is one of sorrow and misery , of religious decline , where the height and shape of living beings shrink . Jain thought holds that after the sixth ara , the universe will be reawakened in the new cycle and the start of utsarpiṇī aras . According to Jain texts , sixty - three illustrious beings , called śalākāpuruṣas , are born on this earth in every Dukhama - sukhamā ara . The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons . They comprise twenty - four Tīrthaṅkaras , twelve chakravartins , nine balabhadra , nine narayana , and nine pratinarayana . Worship of Kunthunatha , the 17th Tirthankara and 6th Chakravartin A chakravartī is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm . Though he possesses worldly power , he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos . Jain puranas give a list of twelve chakravartins ( `` universal monarchs '' ) . They are golden in complexion . One of the chakravartins mentioned in Jain scriptures is Bharata Chakravartin . Jain texts like Harivamsa Purana and Hindu Texts like Vishnu Purana state that Indian subcontinent came to be known as Bharata varsha in his memory . There are nine sets of balabhadra , narayana , and pratinarayana . The balabhadra and narayana are brothers . Balabhadra are nonviolent heroes , narayana are violent heroes , and pratinarayana the villains . According to the legends , the narayana ultimately kill the pratinarayana . Of the nine balabhadra , eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven . On death , the narayana go to hell because of their violent exploits , even if these were intended to uphold righteousness . Jain cosmology divides the worldly cycle of time into two parts ( avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī ) . According to Jain belief , in every half - cycle of time , twenty - four tīrthaṅkaras are born in the human realm to discover and teach the Jain doctrine appropriate for that era . The word tīrthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha , which means a fordable passage across a sea . The tīrthaṅkaras show the ' fordable path ' across the sea of interminable births and deaths . Rishabhanatha is said to be the first tīrthankara of the present half - cycle ( avasarpiṇī ) . Mahāvīra ( 6th century BC ) is revered as the twenty fourth tīrthankara of avasarpiṇī . Jain texts explain that Jainism has always existed and will always exist . In Jainism , perfect souls with the body are called arihant ( `` victors '' ) and perfect souls without the body are called Siddhas ( `` liberated souls '' ) . God ( edit ) Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras , Jaipur , c. 1850 Main article : God in Jainism See also : Pañca - Parameṣṭhi According to Jainism , the universe was never created , nor will it ever cease to exist . It is independent and self - sufficient , does not require a creator nor any superior power to govern it , nor a judge nor destroyer . In this belief , it is distinct from the monotheistic Abrahamic religions ; it is similar to Buddhism . It shares premises with the non-theistic part of the spectrum of diverse beliefs found in different traditions within Hindu philosophy and distinct from theistic Hindu traditions . Jain texts reject the idea of a creator , ruler or destroyer god and postulate an eternal universe . However , Jainism believes in the world of gods and hell beings who are born , and who die to be reborn like living beings in the earthly realm of existence . Those souls who live in the body of a god do so because of their positive karma . They have a metamorphic body , that is they are believed in Jain thought to be able to change their body at will . The gods live a life of happiness , fun and frolic , whose wishes are automatically fulfilled . They also possess a more transcendent knowledge about material things and can anticipate events in the human realms . However , once their past karmic merit is exhausted , the souls leave the `` god body '' and are reborn again as humans , animals or other beings . Epistemology ( edit ) Main article : Jain epistemology Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge ( pramana ) . It holds that correct knowledge is based on perception ( pratyaksa ) , inference ( anumana ) and testimony ( sabda or the word of scriptures ) . These ideas are elaborated in Jain texts such as Tattvarthasūtra , Parvacanasara , Nandi and Anuyogadvarini . Some Jain texts add analogy ( upamana ) as the fourth reliable means , in a manner similar to epistemological theories found in other Indian religions . In Jainism , jnāna ( `` knowledge '' ) is said to be of five kinds -- Kevala Jnana ( `` Omniscience '' ) , Śrutu Jñāna ( `` Scriptural Knowledge '' ) , Mati Jñāna ( `` Sensory Knowledge '' ) , Avadhi Jñāna ( `` Clairvoyance '' ) , and Manah prayāya Jñāna ( `` Telepathy '' ) . According to the Jain text Tattvartha sūtra , the first two are indirect knowledge and the remaining three are direct knowledge . Salvation , liberation ( edit ) Main articles : Moksha ( Jainism ) , Ratnatraya , and Gunasthana The three shikhar ( top ) of a Jain temple represents Ratnatraya ( three jewels ) According to Jainism , purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels : Samyak darśana ( `` Correct View '' ) -- Faith in basic tenets of Jainism , acceptance of the self - evident truth of soul ( jīva ) Samyak jnana ( `` Correct Knowledge '' ) -- Knowledge of the tattvas without any doubt or misapprehension Samyak charitra ( Correct Conduct ) -- behavior consistent with the Five vows Jain texts often add samyak tap ( Correct Asceticism ) as the fourth jewel , thereby emphasizing their belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation ( moksha ) . The four jewels of orthodox Jain ideology are called moksha marg . According to Jain texts , the liberated pure soul ( Siddha ) goes up to the summit of universe ( Siddhashila ) and dwells there in eternal bliss . Scriptures and texts ( edit ) Main articles : Jain literature and Jain Agamas The Suryaprajnaptisūtra , a 4th or 3rd century BCE astronomy text of Śvētāmbara Jains . Above : its manuscript from c. 1500 CE . Stela depicting Śhrut Jnāna , or complete scriptural knowledge Jain scriptures are called Agamas . They are believed to have been verbally transmitted by the oral tradition from one generation to the next , much like the ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts . The Jain tradition believes that their religion is eternal , and the teachings of their first Tirthankara Rishabhanatha were their scriptures millions of years ago . The mythology states that the tirthankara taught in a divine preaching hall called samavasarana , which were heard by the gods , the ascetics and laypersons . The discourse delivered is called Śhrut Jnāna and comprises eleven angas and fourteen purvas . The discourse is remembered and transmitted by the Ganadharas ( `` chief disciples '' ) , and is composed of twelve angas ( `` departments '' ) . It is symbolically represented by a tree with twelve branches . According to the Jain tradition , an araha ( `` worthy one '' ) speaks meaning that is then converted into sūtra ( sutta ) by his disciples , and from such sūtras emerge the doctrine . The creation and transmission of the Agama is the work of disciples in Jainism . These texts , historically for Jains , have represented the truths uttered by their tirthankaras , particularly the Mahāvīra . In every cycle of Jain cosmology , twenty - four tirthankaras appear and so do the Jain scriptures for that ara . The spoken scriptural language is believed to be Ardhamagadhi by the Śvētāmbara Jains , and a form of sonic resonance by the Digambara Jains . These then become coded into duvala samgagani pidaga ( twelve limbed baskets by disciples ) , but transmitted orally . In the 980th year after Mahāvīra 's death ( ~ 5th century CE ) , the texts were written down for the first time by the Council of Valabhi . The Śvētāmbaras believe that they have the original Jain scriptures . The Śvētāmbara belief is denied by the Digambaras , who instead believe the scriptures were lost . The Śvētāmbaras state that their collection of 45 works represent a continuous tradition , though they accept that their collection is also incomplete because of a lost Anga text and four lost Purva texts . The Digambara sect of Jainism believes that Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon . According to them , Digambara Āchāryas recreated the oldest - known Digambara Jain texts , including the four anuyoga . According to von Glasenapp , the Digambara texts partially agree with the enumerations and works of older Śvētāmbara texts , but in many cases there are also gross differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions . The Śvētāmbara consider their 45 text collection as canonical . The Digambaras created a secondary canon between 600 and 900 CE , compiling it into four groups : history , cosmography , philosophy and ethics . This four - set collection is called the `` four Vedas '' by the Digambaras . The most popular and influential texts of Jainism have been its non-canonical literature . Of these , the Kalpa Sūtras are particularly popular among Śvētāmbaras , which they attribute to Bhadrabahu ( c. 300 BCE ) . This ancient scholar is revered in the Digambara tradition , and they believe he led their migration into the ancient south Karnataka region , and created their tradition . Śvētāmbaras disagree , and they believe that Bhadrabahu moved to Nepal , not into peninsular India . Both traditions , however , consider his Niryuktis and Samhitas as important texts . The earliest surviving Sanskrit text by Umaswati called the Tattvarthasūtra is considered authoritative Jain philosophy text by all traditions of Jainism . His text has the same importance in Jainism as Vedanta Sūtras and Yogasūtras have in Hinduism . In the Digambara tradition , the texts written by Kundakunda are highly revered and have been historically influential . Other important Jain texts include : Samayasara , Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra , and Niyamasara . Influence on Indian literature ( edit ) Mangulam inscription dated 2nd century BCE Parts of the Sangam literature in Tamil are attributed to Jaina authors . The authenticity and interpolations are controversial , because the Sangam literature presents Hindu ideas . Some scholars state that the Jain portions of the Sangam literature were added about or after the 8th - century CE , and they are not the ancient layer . Tamil Jain texts such as the Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi and Nālaṭiyār are credited to Digambara Jain authors . These texts have seen interpolations and revisions . For example , it is generally accepted now that the Jain nun Kanti inserted a 445 - verse poem into Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi in the 12th century . The Tamil Jain literature , according to Dundas , has been `` lovingly studied and commented upon for centuries by Hindus as well as Jains '' . The themes of two of the Tamil epics , including the Silapadikkaram , have an embedded influence of Jainism . Jain scholars also contributed to Kannada literature . The Digambara Jain texts in Karnataka are unusual , in that they were written under the patronage of kings and regional aristocrats . These Jain texts describe warrior violence and martial valor as equivalent to a `` fully committed Jain ascetic '' . They thus set aside the religious premise of absolute non-violence , possibly reflecting an effort to syncretise various doctrines and beliefs found in Hinduism and Jainism . Jain manuscript libraries , called bhandaras inside Jain temples , are the oldest surviving in India . Jain libraries , including the Śvētāmbara collections at Patan , Gujarat and Jaiselmer , Rajasthan , as well as the Digambara collections in Karnataka temples , have a large number of well - preserved manuscripts . The manuscripts in the Jain libraries include Jaina literature , as well as Hindu and Buddhist texts . Almost all their texts have been dated to about , or after , the 11th century CE . The largest and most valuable libraries are found in the Thar Desert , hidden in the underground vaults of Jain temples . These collections have witnessed insect damage , and only a small portion of these manuscripts have been published and studied by scholars . Comparison with Buddhism and Hinduism ( edit ) Main articles : Buddhism and Jainism and Jainism and Hinduism Jainism differs from both Buddhism and Hinduism in its ontological premises . All of them believe in impermanence , but Buddhism incorporates , amongst other things , the premise of anatta ( `` non-self '' , `` no eternal self or soul '' ) . Hinduism incorporates the premise of an eternal unchanging atman ( `` self '' , `` soul '' ) , while Jainism incorporates the premises of a jiva ( `` self '' , `` soul '' ) that is both eternal and changing . In Jaina thought , there are infinite eternal jivas , predominantly all of which are in their cycles of rebirth , and a few who have liberated themselves through an ascetic life and become siddhas ( `` a perfect one '' ) . In contrast to Jainism , Hindu philosophies express a spectrum of views , ranging from nondualism where all souls are identical as Brahman and posited as interconnected one , to dualism where souls are same and have Brahman - nature but are different from Brahman , and to other ideas . Further , in Hindu thought , Jainism - style asceticism is not emphasized , rather liberation is achievable through alternate paths such as Jnana yoga , Karma yoga and Bhakti yoga . While both Hinduism and Jainism believe `` soul exists '' to be a self - evident truth , most Hindu systems consider it to be eternally present , infinite and the constant ( vibhu ) but some Hindu scholars proposed soul to be atomic . The Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and Brahman through a monistic or dualistic framework . In contrast , the Jaina thought denies the Hindu metaphysical concept of Brahman , and Jain philosophy considers the soul to be ever changing and bound to the body or matter for each lifetime , thereby having a finite size that infuses the entire body of a living being . Some early colonial scholars stated that Jainism like Buddhism was , in part , a rejection of the caste system in Hinduism . Later scholars , such as Gombrich state that this notion is an error for which `` mainly Western authors are responsible '' . A caste system has been a historic part of Jain society . According to Vilas Adinath Sangave , `` caste system is a universal feature of the Jaina community '' , and the focus of Jainism has been the spiritual liberation of the individual rather than social reforms . According to Padamnath Jaini , the 8th - century Digambara scholar Jinasena stated that Jain king Bharata , the son of first tirthankara named Rishabhanatha , invented the caste system by performing the ahiṃsā ( non-violence ) test , with Jain Brahmins being those who followed the non-violence precept . All three religions share concepts and doctrines such as karma and rebirth , and have similar ritual festival grammar , mythologies and monastic traditions . They do not believe in eternal heaven or hell or judgment day . Jainism , like Buddhism and Hinduism , grants the freedom to choose beliefs such as in gods or no - gods , agree or disagree with core teachings , participate or not participate in prayers , rituals and festivals . They all consider ethical values such as non-violence to be important , and link suffering to craving , individual 's actions , intents and karma , and believe spirituality is a means to enlightened peace , bliss and eternal liberation ( moksha ) . Jainism is similar to Buddhism in epistemically rejecting the Vedas and the Hindu metaphysical concept for Reality called Brahman . Jainism and Hinduism , however , both believe `` soul exists '' as a self - evident truth , and in their historic theology and practice have been more similar than with Buddhism . Jains and Hindus have frequently intermarried over their history , particularly in northern , central and western regions of India . Art and architecture ( edit ) Main article : Jain art A 7th - century Jain Sittanavasal Cave painting , Tamil Nadu . Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture . Jain arts focus around life legends of tirthankara or other important people , particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture . Yakshas and yakshinis , attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara , are usually shown with them . The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum . It is dated approximately to the 3rd century BCE . Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum , Mumbai , and in the Patna museum ; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE . Ayagapata , 200 CE , Kankali Tila Inscriptions at a Udaygiri - Khandagiri 1st - century BCE Jain rock cut cave , Odisha . Ayagapata is a type of votive tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries . These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the stupa , dharmacakra and triratna . They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship . Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like Kankali Tila near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh , India . The practice of donating these tablets is documented from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE . Samavasarana , a preaching hall of tirthankaras with various beings concentrically placed , is an important theme of Jain art . The Jain tower in Chittor , Rajasthan , is a good example of Jain architecture . Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries , containing diagrams from Jain cosmology . Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events , known as Panch Kalyanaka , from the life of the tirthankara . Rishabha , the first tirthankara , is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga , the standing position . He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders . Bull images also appear in his sculptures . In paintings , incidents from his life , like his marriage and Indra marking his forehead , are depicted . Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers ; he is also seen painting a house , weaving , and being visited by his mother Marudevi . Each of the twenty - four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems , which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati , Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara . Temples ( edit ) Main article : Jain temple Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism A Jain temple , Derasar or Basadi is a place of worship for Jains . Jain temples are built with various architectural designs , but there are mainly two type of Jain temples : Shikar - bandhi Jain temple ( one with a dome ) Ghar Jain temple ( Jain house temple -- one without a dome ) . There is always a main deity also known as moolnayak in every Jain temple placed inside a sanctum called `` Gambhara '' ( Garbha Griha ) . A manastambha ( `` column of honor '' ) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples . There are 26 caves , 200 stone beds , 60 inscriptions , and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai . This is also the site where Jain ascetics wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil . Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa ( Vidisha ) in Madhya Pradesh , the Ellora in Maharashtra , the Palitana temples in Gujarat , and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near Mount Abu , Rajasthan . Chaumukha temple in Ranakpur is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings . According to Jain texts , Shikharji is the place where twenty of the twenty - four Jain Tīrthaṅkaras along with many other monks attained moksha ( died without being reborn , with their soul in Siddhashila ) . The Shikharji site in northeastern Jharkhand is therefore a revered pilgrimage site . The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect . Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the Jain community . The Jain complex , Khajuraho and Jain Narayana temple are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Shravanabelagola , Saavira Kambada Basadi or 1000 pillars and Brahma Jinalaya are important Jain centers in Karnataka . The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves dating back to the 2nd -- 1st century BCE are dedicated to Jainism . They are rich with carvings of Jain tirthanakars and deities with inscriptions including the Hathigumpha inscription ( `` Elephant Cave '' inscription ) . Jain cave temples at Badami , Mangi - Tungi and the Ellora Caves are considered important . The Sittanavasal Cave temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art . It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region . It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter , and a medieval rock - cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha paintings ; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern . Locally , this cavern is known as `` Eladipattam '' , a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter . Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned in rows ; each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow - loft . The largest stone bed has a distinct Tamil - Brahmi inscription assignable to the 2nd century BCE , and some inscriptions belonging to the 8th century BCE are also found on the nearby beds . The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the Holy Sramana Abode until the 7th and 8th centuries . Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan , Tirunilan , Tiruppuranan , Tittaicharanan , Sri Purrnacandran , Thiruchatthan , Ilangowthaman , Sri Ulagathithan , and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks . The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India . Jain temples in India and Abroad Palitana temples , Shatrunjaya Ranakpur Jain Temple Dilwara Temples Saavira Kambada Basadi Brahma Jinalaya , Lakkundi Hutheesing Jain Temple Parshvanath Temple in Khajuraho Girnar Jain temples Jal Mandir , Pawapuri Panchakuta Basadi Jain Narayana temple Lodhruva Jain temple Jain temple , Antwerp , Belgium Pilgrimages ( edit ) Main article : Tirtha ( Jainism ) Jal Mandir at Shikharji , is said to be the place where 20 tirthankars achieved Nirvana . Jain Tirtha ( `` pilgrim '' ) sites are divided into the following categories : Siddhakshetra -- Site of the moksha of an arihant ( kevalin ) or tirthankara , such as : Ashtapada , Shikharji , Girnar , Pawapuri , Palitana , Mangi - Tungi , and Champapuri ( capital of Anga ) . Atishayakshetra -- Locations where divine events have occurred , such as : Mahavirji , Rishabhdeo , Kundalpur , Tijara , and Aharji . Puranakshetra -- Places associated with the lives of great men , such as : Ayodhya , Vidisha , Hastinapur , and Rajgir . Gyanakshetra -- Places associated with famous acharyas , or centers of learning , such as Shravanabelagola . Outside contemporary India , Jain communities built temples in locations such as Nagarparkar , Sindh ( Pakistan ) . However , according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application , Nagarparkar was not a `` major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage '' for Jainism , but it was once an important cultural landscape before `` the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition '' . Statues and sculptures ( edit ) Main article : Jain sculpture Jain sculptures are mainly images depicting tīrthaṅkaras . A sculpture could depict any of the twenty - four tīrthaṅkaras 's images . Parshvanatha , Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular . These tīrthaṅkaras usually depicted in the lotus position or kayotsarga . Sculptures of chaumukha ( `` quadruple '' ) images are also popular in Jainism . Sculptures of Arihant , Bahubali , and protector deities like Ambika are also found . Tirthanakar idols look similar and are differentiated by the symbol belonging to each tirthanakar except Parshvanatha . Statues of Parshvanath have a snake crown on head . There are a few differences between the Digambara and the Śvētāmbara depictions of idols . Digambara images are naked without any beautification , whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments . Tirthankara Suparshvanatha , 14th century CE , marble A monolithic , 18 - metre ( 59 - foot ) statue of Bahubali , referred to as Gommateshvara , built in 981 CE by the Ganga minister and commander Chavundaraya , is situated on a hilltop in Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state . This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by The Times of India . The Statue of Ahiṃsā ( depicting Rishabhanatha ) was erected in the Nashik district in 2015 ; it is 33 m ( 108 ft ) tall . Idols made from Ashtadhatu ( literally `` eight metals '' ) , Akota Bronze , brass , gold , silver , stone monoliths , rock cut , and precious stones are popular in Jainism . A large number of ayagapata , votive tablets for offerings and the worship of tīrthankara , were excavated from Kankali Tila , Mathura . These sculptures date from the 2nd century BCE to the 12th century CE . Symbols ( edit ) Main article : Jain symbols The Jain emblem Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as swastika , om , and the Ashtamangala . Swastika ( edit ) The swastika is an important Jain symbol . Its four arms symbolise the four realms of existence in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism : humans , heavenly beings , hellish beings and non-humans ( plants and animals ) . This is conceptually similar to the six realms of rebirth represented by bhavachakra in Buddhism . It is usually shown with three dots on the top , which represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts such as Tattvartha sūtra and Uttaradhyayana sūtra : correct faith , correct understanding and correct conduct . These jewels are the means believed in Jainism to lead one to the state of spiritual perfection , a state that is symbolically represented by a crescent and one dot on top representing the liberated soul . Symbol of ahiṃsā ( edit ) The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes ahimsā in Jainism with ahiṃsā written in the middle . The wheel represents the dharmachakra ( `` Wheel of the Dharma '' ) , which stands for the resolve to halt the saṃsāra ( `` wandering '' ) through the relentless pursuit of ahimsā ( `` compassion '' ) . Om ( edit ) Om in Jainism In Jainism , Om is considered a condensed form of reference to the Pañca - Parameṣṭhi , by their initials A + A + A + U + M ( o 3 m ) . According to the Dravyasamgraha by Acharya Nemicandra , AAAUM ( or just Om ) is a one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis : `` Arihant , Ashiri , Acharya , Upajjhaya , Muni '' . The Om symbol is also used in ancient Jain scriptures to represent the five lines of the Ṇamōkāra Mantra . Jain emblem ( edit ) In 1974 , on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra , the Jain community chose one image as an emblem to be the main identifying symbol for Jainism . The overall shape depicts the three loka ( `` realms of rebirth '' ) of Jain cosmology i.e. , heaven , human world and hell . The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes Siddhashila , which is a zone beyond the three realms . The Jain swastika is present in the top portion , and the symbol of Ahiṃsā in the lower portion . At the bottom of the emblem is the Jain mantra , Parasparopagraho Jīvānām . According to Vilas Sangave , the mantra means `` all life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence '' . According to Anne Vallely , this mantra is from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati 's Tattvarthasūtra , and it means `` souls render service to one another '' . Jain flag ( edit ) Jain Flag The five colours of the Jain flag represent the Pañca - Parameṣṭhi and the five vows , small as well as great : White -- represents the arihants , souls who have conquered all passions ( anger , attachments , aversion ) and have attained omniscience and eternal bliss through self - realisation . It also denotes peace or ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence `` ) . Red -- represents the Siddha , souls that have attained salvation and truth . It also denotes satya ( `` truthfulness '' ) Yellow -- represents the acharya the Masters of Adepts . The colour also stands for achaurva ( `` non-stealing '' ) . Green -- represents the upadhyaya ( `` adepts '' ) , those who teach scriptures to monks . It also signifies brahmacharya ( `` chastity '' ) . Black -- represents the Jain ascetics . It also signifies aparigraha ( `` non-possession '' ) . Ashtamangala ( edit ) Ashtamangala , according to Śvētāmbara tradition , LACMA , 16th century The Ashtamangala are a set of eight auspicious symbols , which are different in the Digambara and Śvētāmbar traditions . In the Digambara tradition , the eight auspicious symbols are Parasol , Dhvaja , Kalasha , Fly - whisk , Mirror , Chair , Hand fan and Vessel . In the Śvētāmbar tradition , these are Swastika , Srivatsa , Nandavarta , Vardhmanaka ( `` food vessel '' ) , Bhadrasana ( `` seat '' ) , Kalasha ( `` pot '' ) , Darpan ( `` mirror '' ) and pair of fish . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Jainism Ancient sculpture depicting Parshvanatha at Thirakoil , Tamil Nadu Quadruple Jain Image , excavated from Kankali Tila , c. 1st century CE Origins ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Jainism and Śramaṇa The origins of Jainism are obscure . The Jains claim their religion to be eternal , and consider Rishabhanatha to be the founder in the present time - cycle , the first of 24 Jain tirthankaras in Jain belief , and someone who lived for 8,400,000 purva years . According to one hypothesis , such as one by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the first vice president of India , Jainism was in existence before the Vedas were composed . According to historians , the first 22 of the 24 tirthankaras were mythical figures . These figures were supposed to have lived more than 85,000 years ago . They were five to hundred times taller than average human beings and lived for thousands of years . The 23rd tirthankara , Parshvanatha , is generally accepted to be based on an ancient historic human being of uncertain dates , possibly 8th -- 7th century BCE . Jain scholars have argued that connected the Indus Valley Civilization to their religion , but such claims are highly speculative and have not been accepted by most scholars , in absence of concrete data . Jainism , like Buddhism , is one of the Sramana traditions of ancient India , those that rejected the Vedas and developed their own scriptures . There is inscriptional evidence for the presence of Jain monks in south India by the second or first centuries BC , and archaeological evidence of Jain monks in Saurashtra in Gujarat by the second century CE . Statues of Jain tirthankara have been found dating back to second century BC . Political history ( edit ) Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves built by King Kharavela of Mahameghavahana dynasty in 2nd century BCE Information regarding the political history of Jainism is uncertain and fragmentary . Jains consider the king Bimbisara ( c. 558 -- 491 BCE ) , Ajatashatru ( c. 492 -- 460 BCE ) , and Udayin ( c. 460 - 440 BCE ) of the Haryanka dynasty as a patron of Jainism . Jain tradition states that Chandragupta Maurya ( 322 -- 298 BCE ) , the founder of the Mauryan Empire and grandfather of Ashoka , became a monk and disciple of Jain ascetic Bhadrabahu during later part of his life . According to historians , Chandragupta 's story appears in various versions in Buddhist , Jain , and Hindu texts . Broadly , Chandragupta was born into a humble family , abandoned , raised as a son by another family , then with the training and counsel of Chanakya of Arthashastra fame ultimately built one of the largest empires in ancient India . According to Jain history , late in his life , Chandragupta renounced the empire he built and handed over his power to his son , became a Jaina monk , and headed to meditate and pursue spirituality in the Deccan region , under the Jaina teacher Bhadrabahu at Shravanabelagola . There state Jain texts , he died by fasting , a Jaina ascetic method of ending one 's life by choice ( Sallenkana vrata ) . The 3rd century BCE emperor Ashoka , in his pillar edicts , mentions several ancient Indian religious groups including the Niganthas ( Jaina ) . According to another Jain legend , King Salivahana of the late 1st century CE was a patron of Jainism , as were many others in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE . But von Glasenapp states that the historicity of these stories is difficult to establish . Archeological evidence suggests that Mathura was an important Jain centre between the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE . Inscriptions from the 1st and 2nd century CE show that the schism between Digambara and Śvētāmbara had already taken place . King Harshavardhana of the 7th century grew up in Shaivism , following his family , but he championed Jainism , Buddhism and all traditions of Hinduism . King Ama of the 8th century converted to Jainism , and the Jaina pilgrimage tradition was well established in his era . Mularaja , the founder of Chalukya dynasty , constructed a Jain temple , even though he was not a Jain . In the second half of the 1st century CE , Hindu kings sponsored and helped build major Jaina cave temples . For example , the Hindu Rashtrakuta dynasty started the early group of Jain temples , and the Yadava dynasty built many of the middle and later Jain group of temples at the Ellora Caves between 700 and 1000 CE . Interaction with other religions ( edit ) Chaumukha Sculpture with Four Jinas ( Rishabhanatha ( Adinatha ) , Parshvanatha , Neminatha , and Mahavira ) , LACMA , 6th century Mahāvīra and Buddha are generally accepted as contemporaries ( circa 5th century BCE ) . The interaction between Jainism and Buddhism began with the Buddha . Buddhist texts refer to Mahāvīra as Nigantha Nataputta . Beyond the times of the Mahāvīra and the Buddha , the two ascetic sramana ( `` seeker '' ) religions competed for followers as well as the merchant trade networks that sustained them . Their mutual interaction , along with those of Hindu traditions , have been significant . In some cases the titles of the Buddhist and Jaina texts are the same or similar but present different doctrines . Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as the decline of Jainism . The Pallava King Mahendravarman I ( 600 -- 630 CE ) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar . His work Mattavilasa Prahasana ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics . Sambandar converted the contemporary Pandya king to Shaivism . During the 11th century , Basava , a minister to the Jain kalachuri King Bijjala , succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the Lingayat Shaivite sect . The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use . The Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana ( c. 1108 -- 1152 CE ) became a follower of the Vaishnava sect under the influence of Ramanuja , after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly in what is now Karnataka . The Indra Sabha cave at the Ellora Caves , are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments . Jainism and Hinduism influenced each other . Jain texts declare some of the Hindu gods as blood relatives of legendary tirthankara . Neminatha , the 22nd tirthankara for example is presented as a cousin of Krishna in Jain Puranas and other texts . However , Jain scholars such as Haribhadra also wrote satires about Hindu gods , mocking them with novel outrageous stories where the gods misbehave and act unethically . The Hindu gods are presented by some Jain writers as persecuting , tempting , afraid of , or serving a legendary Jina before he gains omniscience . In other stories , one or more Jinas easily defeat the Hindu deities such as Vishnu , or Rama and Sita who come to pay respect to a Jina at a major Jain pilgrimage site such as Mount Satrunjaya . According to a Shaivite legend , an alleged massacre of 8,000 Jain monks happened in the 7th - century which is claimed for the first time in an 11th - century Tamil language text of Nambiyandar Nambi on Sampantar . This event is considered doubtful because it is not mentioned in texts of Campantar , nor any other Hindu or Jain texts for four centuries . K.A. Nilakanta Sastri states that the story is `` little more than an unpleasant legend and can not be treated as history '' . Lingayatism , a tradition championed by Basava , is alleged to have converted numerous Jains to their new movement and destroyed various Jain temples in north Karnataka . The Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting . Some Hindu temples have included a Jain Tirthankara within its premises in a place of honour . Similarly numerous temple complexes feature both Hindu and Jain monuments , with Badami cave temples and Khajuraho among some of the most well known . The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar , Pakistan , a pilgrimage site before 1947 . Jainism faced persecution during and after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent . Muslims rulers , such as Mahmud Ghazni ( 1001 ) , Mohammad Ghori ( 1175 ) and Ala - ud - din Muhammed Shah Khalji ( 1298 ) further oppressed the Jain community . They vandalised idols and destroyed temples or converted them into mosques . They also burned Jain books and killed Jains . There were significant exceptions , such as Emperor Akbar ( 1542 -- 1605 ) whose legendary religious tolerance , out of respect for Jains , ordered the release of caged birds and banned the killing of animals on the Jain festival of Paryusan . After Akbar , Jains faced an intense period of Muslim persecution in the 17th century . The Jain community were the traditional bankers and financiers , and this significantly impacted the Muslim rulers . However , they rarely were a part of the political power during the Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent . Colonial era ( edit ) Colonial era reports and Christian missions variously viewed Jainism as either a sect of Hinduism or Buddhism , or as a distinct religion . According to Padmanath Jaini , Christian missionaries expressed extreme frustration at Jain people without pagan creator gods refusing to convert to Christianity , while colonial era Jain scholars such as Champat Rai Jain defended Jainism against criticism and misrepresentation by Christian activists . Missionaries of Christianity and Islam considered Jain traditions as idolatrous and a false religion , characterizing Jain temples and icons , such of those of Jina , as false idols and superstitious practices . These criticisms , states John Cort , were flawed and also ignored similar practices within sects of Christianity . The British colonial government in India , as well as Indian princely states , passed laws that made monks roaming naked in streets a crime , one that led to arrest . This law particularly impacted the Digambara monks . The Akhil Bharatiya Jaina Samaj opposed this law , and argued that it interfered with the religious rights of Jains . Acharya Shantisagar entered Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1927 , but was forced to cover his body . He then led an India - wide tour as the naked monk with his followers , to various Digambara sacred sites , and was welcomed by kings of the Maharashtra provinces . Shantisagar fasted to oppose the restrictions imposed on Digambara monks by the British Raj and prompted their discontinuance . The colonial era laws that banned naked monks remained effective through World War II , but they were abolished by independent India after it gained independence . Jains in the modern era ( edit ) Main article : Jain community Ancient temple of Pakbirra , Purulia Followers of the path practised by the Jinas are known as Jains . The majority of Jains currently reside in India . With four to five million followers worldwide , Jainism is relatively small compared to major world religions . Jains form 0.37 % of India 's population . Most of them are concentrated in the states of Maharashtra ( 1.4 million in 2011 , 31.46 % of Indian Jains ) , Rajasthan ( 13.97 % ) , Gujarat ( 13.02 % ) and Madhya Pradesh ( 12.74 % ) . Karnataka ( 9.89 % ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 4.79 % ) , Delhi ( 3.73 % ) and Tamil Nadu ( 2.01 % ) also have significant Jain populations . Outside India , Jain communities can be found in Europe , the United States , Canada and Kenya . According to the National Family and Health Survey ( NFHS - 4 ) conducted in 2015 - 16 , Jains form the wealthiest community in India . Jains have the highest literacy rate ( 87 % ) in India , in the 7 - years to oldest age group , according to its 2011 census . The Jaina community also has the highest number of college graduates . Excluding the retired senior citizens , Jain literacy rate in India exceeded 97 % . The female to male child sex ratio in the 0 - 6 year age was second lowest for Jains ( 870 girls per 1,000 boys ) , higher than Sikhs in India . Further , Jain males have the highest work participation rates , while Jain females have the lowest work participation rates in India . Major Jain communities : Jain Temple complex , Deogarh Jain Bunt are a Jain community from Karnataka , India . Jain Komati is a small community scattered all over South and Central India and patrons of many Jain Institutions . Saraks is a community in Jharkhand , Bihar , Bengal , and Orissa . They have been followers of Jainism since ancient time . Porwal community that originated in southern Rajasthan , India . Parwar is a major Jain community from the Bundelkhand region , which is largely in Madhya Pradesh and Lalitpur District , Jhansi . Agrawal Jain of Hisar , Haryana . Bhabra of Punjab is an ancient merchant community from Punjab region which mainly follows Jainism . Sarawagi or Khandelwali originated from Khandela , a historical town in northern Rajasthan . Bagherwal from Baghera ( currently known as Ajmer district ) a princely state in Rajasthan , a community of Digambar sect . Shrimal , originally from Rajasthan , Shrimal town in southern Rajasthan . The Shrimal ( Srimal ) Jain are part of the Oswal merchant and minister caste that is found primarily in the north of India . Oswal are a Jain community with origins in the Marwar region of Rajasthan and Tharparkar district in Sindh . Jaiswal are mainly located in the Gwalior and Agra region . Navnat emerged as a result of blending of several smaller Jain communities in East Africa as well as in Gujarat itself in early 20th century . Jainism has been praised for some of its practices and beliefs . Mahatma Gandhi , who was greatly influenced by Jainism , said : No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahiṃsā so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism . As and when the benevolent principle of Ahiṃsā or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond , Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahiṃsā . See also ( edit ) Criticism of Jainism Jain law Jainism and non-creationism List of Jains Nonviolence Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This view , however , is not shared by all Jain sub-traditions . For example , the Terapanthi Jain tradition , with about 250,000 followers , considers both good karma such as compassionate helping / charity , and bad karma such as sin , as binding one 's soul to worldly morality . It states that karma leads to a negation of the `` absolute non-violence '' principle , given man 's limited perspective . It recommends that the monk or nun seeking salvation must avoid hurting or helping any being in any form . Jump up ^ Jain literature , like Buddhist and Hindu literature , has also debated the aspects of violence and non-violence in food creation . Jump up ^ In Jainism , the ahiṃsā precept for a mendicant requires avoidance of touching or disturbing any living being including plants . It also mandates never swimming in water , nor lighting or fire or extinguish one , nor thrashing arms in the air as such actions can torment or hurt other beings that live in those states of matter . Jump up ^ The first is desavakasika ( staying in a restrained surrounding , cutting down worldly activities ) . The third is posadhopavasa ( fasting on the 8th and 14th days on lunar waxing and waning cycles ) . The fourth is dana ( giving alms to Jain monks , nuns or spiritual people ) . Jump up ^ According to Dundas , samayika seems to have meant `` correct behavior '' in early Jainism . Jump up ^ This meditative focus contrasts with the anatta focus of Buddhism , and the atman focus in various vedanta schools of Hinduism such as advaita and vishistadvaita schools . Jump up ^ The ontological categories and definition of dharma as motion , and adharma as rest , is unique to Jainism among Indian religions . However , like other Indian religions , dharma also means `` moral virtue '' in Jainism , while adharma also means `` immorality , unethical behavior '' . Jump up ^ Balabhadra is also referred to as Baladeva , Narayana as Vasudeva or Vishnu , and Pratinarayana as Prativasudeva in Jain texts . Jump up ^ Not to be confused with the four Vedas of Hinduism . Jump up ^ According to Richard Gombrich and other scholars , Buddhism too was not a rejection or rebellion against any ancient caste system and it too was focused on individual 's liberation from rebirths and suffering . The caste system in Buddhist societies and monasteries outside India have been documented . Gombrich states , `` Some modernists go so far as to say that the Buddha was against caste altogether : this is not the case , but is one of the mistakes picked up from western authors . '' Jump up ^ Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Jainism '' ( ODE ) `` , Oxford Dictionaries ^ Jump up to : Sangave 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Sangave 2001 , p. 185 , Quote : `` Jainism is an ancient Indian religion and from ancient times to the present day , it has continued to flourish , along with other religions , in different parts of India '' ... Jump up ^ Tirthankara : Jainism , Encyclopedia Britannica Jump up ^ Voorst 2015 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Melton & Baumann 2010 , p. lix , 1395 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Markham & Lohr 2009 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2010 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 160 - 162 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2002 , pp. 1266 - 1267 . Jump up ^ John Arapura in K.R. Sundararajan and Bithika Mukerji Ed . ( 1997 ) , Hindu spirituality : Postclassical and modern , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1937 - 5 ; Chapter 20 , pages 392 -- 417 Jump up ^ A Izawa ( 2008 ) , Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual , Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies , Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku , Vol. 12 , pages 78 - 81 Jump up ^ Sethia 2004 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Winternitz 1993 , pp. 408 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 88 -- 89 , 257 -- 258 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2008 , pp. 892 -- 894 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Granoff ( 1992 ) . `` The violence of non-violence : a study of some Jain responses to non-Jain religious practices '' . The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies . 15 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 162 - 163 . Jump up ^ Lorenzen 1978 , pp. 61 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Olson 2014 , pp. 1 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Charitrapragya 2004 , pp. 75 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 229 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Grimes , John ( 1996 ) p. 34 ; Philip C. Almond ( 1982 ) . Mystical Experience and Religious Doctrine : An Investigation of the Study of Mysticism in World Religions . Walter de Gruyter . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3160 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jain philosophy , IEP , Mark Owen Webb , Texas Tech University Jump up ^ Matilal 1990 , pp. 301 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2015 , pp. 205 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Matilal 1998 , pp. 128 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Koller 2000 , pp. 400 -- 407 . Jump up ^ Sangave 2006 , p. 48 - 51 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 90 -- 99 , 104 -- 105 , 229 -- 233 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 232 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Sethia 2004 , pp. 86 - 91 . Jump up ^ Long 2009 , pp. 98 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : Natubhai Shah 2004 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 112 - 113 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 117 , 152 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 118 -- 119 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 228 -- 231 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Shah , Pravin K ( 2011 ) , Five Great Vows ( Maha - vratas ) of Jainism , Harvard University Literature Center Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Long 2009 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 118 - 122 . Jump up ^ Caillat 2003b , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Flügel 2003 , pp. 169 - 174 , 178 - 198 with footnotes . Jump up ^ Fujinaga 2003 , pp. 205 - 212 with footnotes . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2015 , pp. 144 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 120 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 120 - 122 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2003 , p. 182 with footnote 3 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1995 , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 121 - 122 . Jump up ^ Jain , Shanti Lal ( 1998 ) , ABC of Jainism , Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth , p. 51 , ISBN 81 - 7628 - 0003 Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2015 , pp. 15 -- 18 , 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Voorst 2015 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sangave 1980 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , pp. 85 - 86 . Jump up ^ Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh 2008 , pp. 92 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , pp. 72 , 85 - 86 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 166 - 169 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 180 -- 182 . Jump up ^ S.A. Jain 1992 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 128 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1995 , pp. 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1995 , pp. 137 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , pp. 74 , 102 , Part I : 1 -- 3 , 10 -- 11 , 24 , Part II : 20 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Mahony 1997 , pp. 171 - 177 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 187 - 189 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 162 - 165 , 295 - 296 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 291 - 299 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , pp. 186 - 187 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 295 - 299 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Cort 2010 , pp. 182 - 184 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 196 , 343 , 347 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 196 -- 199 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , pp. 45 - 46 , 215 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Jones 2005 , p. 4771 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , pp. 33 , 59 , 92 , 138 , 191 . Jump up ^ Cort 1987 , pp. 235 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Mishra & Ray 2016 , pp. 141 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 365 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Pal 1986 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 204 - 205 . Jump up ^ Salvadori 1989 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Babb 1996 , pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 81 - 82 . Jump up ^ Nayanar ( 2005b ) , p. 35 Gāthā 1.29 Jump up ^ Ellen Gough ( 2012 ) , Shades of Enlightenment : A Jain Tantric Diagram and the Colours of the Tirthankaras , International Journal of Jaina Studies , Volume 8 , Number 1 , pages 1 - 47 ; Summary Archive : Studying Jainism and its Tantric Ritual Diagrams in India , Ellen Gough Jump up ^ Cort 2001b , pp. 417 -- 419 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 146 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal 2010a , pp. 164 , 284 . ^ Jump up to : Melton 2011 , p. 673 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Cort 1995 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal 2010a , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Pechilis & Raj 2013 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Pechilis & Raj 2013 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 48 - 49 . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ John E. Cort `` A Tale of Two Cities : On the Origins of Digambara Sectarianism in North India . '' L.A. Babb , V. Joshi , and M.W. Meister ( eds . ) , Multiple Histories : Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan , 39 -- 83 . Jaipur : Rawat , 2002 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 48 - 59 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2006 , pp. 314 -- 331 , 353 -- 361 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2013 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey 2016 , pp. 182 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 55 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston 2000 , pp. 681 -- 683 . ^ Jump up to : Caillat 2003a , pp. 30 - 34 with footnote 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hirakawa 1993 , pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 152 , 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Tukol 1976 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Tukol 1976 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Williams 1991 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Beyer 2009 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Price 2010 , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Fohr 2015 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1991 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jones & Ryan 2006 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Umakant P. Shah 1987 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal 2010a , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 341 . ^ Jump up to : Sthanakavasi , JAIN SECT , Encyclopaedia Britannica Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 41 , 60 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 155 - 157 , 249 - 250 , 254 - 259 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2005 , pp. 194 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Vallely 2002 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 93 - 94 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , p. 81 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dravya -- Jainism '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Doniger 1999 , p. 551 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2013 , pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 97 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2013 , pp. 122 - 125 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 97 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 95 - 96 . Jump up ^ Christopher Key Chapple ( 2001 ) , The Living Cosmos of Jainism : A Traditional Science Grounded in Environmental Ethics , Daedalus , MIT Press , Vol. 130 , No. 4 , pages 207 - 224 Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 93 - 96 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 96 - 98 . Jump up ^ Soni 1991 , pp. 75 -- 88 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 177 - 187 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 188 - 190 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , pp. 219 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2012 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , pp. 18 , 98 - 100 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 104 - 106 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , pp. 92 - 95 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 99 - 103 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 107 - 115 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 117 - 118 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , p. 48 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 195 - 196 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 195 - 198 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 198 - 201 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 185 - 194 . Jump up ^ Shah , R.S. `` JAINA MATHEMATICS : LORE OF LARGE NUMBERS . '' Bulletin of the Marathwada Mathematical Society 10.1 ( 2009 ) : 43 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , pp. 180 - 182 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1980 , p. 226 . 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Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Jansma & Jain 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Jones 2005 , p. 4764 . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 21 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Rankin & Mardia 2013 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 241 - 242 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 241 - 243 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 247 - 249 , 262 - 263 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 20 - 21 , 34 - 35 , 74 , 91 , 95 - 96 , 103 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 262 - 263 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 91 , 95 - 96 . Jump up ^ John A. Grimes , A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy : Sanskrit Terms Defined in English , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791430675 , page 238 ^ Jump up to : Jayandra Soni ( 2000 ) , Basic Jaina Epistemology , Philosophy East and West , University of Hawai'i Press , Vol. 50 , No. 3 , pages 367 - 377 Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 75 - 76 , 131 , 229 - 230 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 229 - 230 . Jump up ^ S.A. Jain 1992 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Vijay K. Jain 2011 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fohr 2015 , pp. 9 -- 10 , 37 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 141 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 148 , 200 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , p. 7 . Jump up ^ S.A. Jain 1992 , p. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ SURYAPRAJNAPTI Sūtra , The Schoyen Collection , London / Oslo ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 60 - 61 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , p. 135 . 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Jump up ^ Jason Neelis ( 2010 ) . Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks : Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia . BRILL Academic . pp. 72 -- 76 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 18159 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2003b , pp. ix -- xi , 151 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Arunachalam 1981 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Das 2005 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Arishtanemi : JAINA SAINT , Encyclopaedia Britannica Jump up ^ Long 2009 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 236 - 237 . Jump up ^ John R. Hinnells ( 1991 ) . Who 's Who of World Religions . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 145 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 09500 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 113 - 115 , 222 - 223 , 236 - 237 . Jump up ^ Freiberger 2006 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Cort 1998 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Freiberger 2006 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ashim Kumar Roy 1984 , p. 111 . 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Modern Asian Studies . 49 ( 5 ) : 1311 -- 1344 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X14000055 . ISSN 0026 - 749X . Jump up ^ Cort 1998 , pp. 85 - 86 . Jump up ^ British India ( 1867 ) . Various Census of India : 1871 - 1872 . Government of India . pp. 31 note 140 . Jump up ^ Edward Washburn Hopkins ( 1902 ) . The Religions of India . Ginn & Company . p. 283 . Jump up ^ A.J. Sunavala ( 1934 ) . Adarsha Sadhu : An Ideal Monk . Cambridge University Press . pp. 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 00 - 140429 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Rosalind I.J. Hackett ( 2008 ) . Proselytization Revisited : Rights Talk , Free Markets and Culture Wars . Equinox Academic . pp. 63 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84553 - 227 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cort 2010 , pp. 12 - 16 , 200 - 207 , 218 - 219 , 251 with note 10 . ^ Jump up to : Flügel 2006 , pp. 348 -- 349 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , p. 56 . 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Jain , Dulichand ( 1998 ) , Thus Spake Lord Mahavir , Chennai : Sri Ramakrishna Math , ISBN 81 - 7120 - 825 - 8 Jain , Jyotindra ; Fischer , Eberhard ( 1978 ) , Jaina Iconography , 12 , Brill Publishers , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 05259 - 8 Jain , Kailash Chand ( 1991 ) , Lord Mahāvīra and His Times , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0805 - 8 Jain , Prof. S.A. ( 1992 ) ( First edition 1960 ) , Reality ( English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya 's Sarvarthasiddhi ) ( Second ed . ) , Jwalamalini Trust , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jain , Vijay K. ( 2011 ) , Acharya Umasvami 's Tattvarthsūtra ( 1st ed . ) , Uttarakhand : Vikalp Printers , ISBN 81 - 903639 - 2 - 1 , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jain , Vijay K. ( 2012 ) , Acharya Amritchandra 's Purushartha Siddhyupaya : Realization of the Pure Self , With Hindi and English Translation , Vikalp Printers , ISBN 978 - 81 - 903639 - 4 - 5 , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jain , Vijay K. ( 2013 ) , Ācārya Nemichandra 's Dravyasaṃgraha , Vikalp Printers , ISBN 978 - 81 - 903639 - 5 - 2 , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jain , Vijay K. ( 26 March 2014 ) , Acarya Pujyapada 's Istopadesa -- the Golden Discourse , ISBN 978 - 81 - 903639 - 6 - 9 , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jain , Vijay K. ( 2015 ) , Acarya Samantabhadra 's Svayambhustotra : Adoration of The Twenty - four Tirthankara , Vikalp Printers , ISBN 978 - 81 - 903639 - 7 - 6 , archived from the original on 16 September 2015 , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jain , Vijay K. 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( 2000 ) , Collected Papers On Jaina Studies ( First ed . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1691 - 9 Jambuvijaya , Muni ( 2002 ) , Piotr Balcerowicz & Marek Mejor , ed. , Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1977 - 2 Jones , Constance ; Ryan , James D. ( 2007 ) , Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Infobase Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0816054589 Jansma , Rudi ; Jain , Sneh Rani ( 2006 ) , Introduction to Jainism , Jaipur : Prakrit Bharti Academy , ISBN 81 - 89698 - 09 - 5 Johnson , W.J. ( 1995 ) , Harmless Souls : Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1309 - 0 Johnston , William M. ( 2000 ) , Encyclopedia of Monasticism : A-L , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 090 - 2 Jones , Constance ; Ryan , James D. 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( 2007 ) , A Survey of Hinduism : Third Edition , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 Kumar , Sehdev ( 2001 ) , A Thousand Petalled Lotus : Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 9788170173489 Lochtefeld , James G. ( 2002 ) , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M , 1 , The Rosen Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3179 - 8 Lochtefeld , James G. ( 2002 ) , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : N-Z , 2 , The Rosen Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 08239 - 228 - 71 Long , Jeffery D. ( 2009 ) , Jainism : An Introduction , I.B. Tauris , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8577 - 3656 - 7 Long , Jeffery D. ( 2013 ) , Jainism : An Introduction , I.B. Tauris , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8577 - 1392 - 6 Lorenzen , David N. ( 1978 ) , `` Warrior Ascetics in Indian History '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 98 ( 1 ) , doi : 10.2307 / 600151 Mahony , William ( 1997 ) , The Artful Universe : An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791435809 Markham , Ian S. ; Lohr , Christy ( 2009 ) , A World Religions Reader , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7109 - 0 Matilal , Bimal Krishna ( 1990 ) , Logic , Language and Reality : Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0717 - 4 Matilal , Bimal Krishna ( 1998 ) , Ganeri , Jonardon ; Tiwari , Heeraman , eds. , The Character of Logic in India , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3739 - 1 McFaul , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) , The Future of Peace and Justice in the Global Village : The Role of the World Religions in the Twenty - first Century , Greenwood Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99313 - 9 Melton , J. Gordon , ed. ( 2011 ) , Religious Celebrations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays , Festivals , Solemn Observances , and Spiritual Commemorations , 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 206 - 7 Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin , eds. ( 2010 ) , Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , One : A-B ( Second ed . ) , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 204 - 3 Michell , George l ( 2014 ) . Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas : Badami , Mahakuta , Aihole , Pattadakal . Niyogi Books . ISBN 978 - 93 - 83098 - 33 - 0 . Mookerji , Radha Kumud ( 1988 ) ( first published in 1966 ) , Chandragupta Maurya and his times ( 4th ed . ) , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0433 - 3 Mugambi , J.N.K. , ed. ( 2010 ) ( 1990 ) , A Comparative Study of Religions ( Second ed . ) , University of Nairobi Press , ISBN 9966 - 846 - 89 - 1 Nesfield , John Collinson ( 1885 ) , Brief View of the Caste System of the North - Western Provinces and Oudh , North - Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press Olson , Carl ( 2014 ) , `` The conflicting themes of nonviolence and violence in ancient Indian asceticism as evident in the practice of fasting '' , International Journal of Dharma Studies , Springer Nature , 1 ( 2 ) , doi : 10.1186 / 2196 - 8802 - 2 - 1 Owen , Lisa ( 2012 ) , Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora , Brill , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 20629 - 8 Pal , Pratapaditya ( 1986 ) , Indian Sculpture : Circa 500 B.C. - A.D. 700 , 1 , Los Angeles Country Museum of Art , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 87587 - 129 - 1 Pande , Govind ( 1957 ) , Studies in the Origins of Buddhism , Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprint : 1995 ) , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1016 - 3 Pandey , Janardan ( 1998 ) , Gandhi and 21st Century , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 672 - 7 Pandya , Prashant H. ( 2014 ) , Indian Philately Digest Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. , eds. ( 2013 ) , South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 07993 - 5 Perrett , Roy W. ( 2013 ) , Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 70322 - 6 Peter , Berger ( 2010 ) , The Anthropology of Values : Essays in Honour of Georg Pfeffer , India : Pearson Education , ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 2820 - 8 Pope , George Uglow ( 1880 ) , A Text - book of Indian History , W.H. Allen & Company Price , Joan ( 2010 ) , Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions : An Introduction , Bloomsbury Academic , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2354 - 2 Raju , P.T. ( 1985 ) , Structural Depths of Indian Thought , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 139 - 4 Rankin , Aidan D. ; Mardia , Kantilal ( 2013 ) , Living Jainism : An Ethical Science , John Hunt Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78099 - 911 - 1 Mishra , Susan Verma ; Ray , Himanshu Prabha ( 2016 ) , The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces : The Temple in Western India , 2nd Century BCE -- 8th Century CE , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 19374 - 6 Roy , Ashim Kumar ( 1984 ) , `` 9 . History of the Digambaras '' , A history of the Jainas , Gitanjali , OCLC 11604851 Rudolph , Lloyd I. ; Rudolph , Susanne Hoeber ( 1984 ) , The Modernity of Tradition : Political Development in India , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73137 - 7 Salvadori , Cynthia ( 1989 ) , Through open doors , Kenway , ISBN 978 - 9966 - 848 - 05 - 5 Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 1980 ) , Jaina Community : A Social Survey ( 2nd ed . ) , Bombay : Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 317 - 12346 - 3 Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 2001 ) , Facets of Jainology : Selected Research Papers on Jain Society , Religion , and Culture , Mumbai : Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 839 - 2 Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 2006 ) ( 1990 ) , Aspects of Jaina religion ( 5 ed . ) , Bharatiya Jnanpith , ISBN 81 - 263 - 1273 - 4 Saraswati , Dayanand ( 1908 ) , An English translation of Satyarth Prakash ( Reprinted in 1970 ) Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta ( 1976 ) , A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar , Oxford University Press Sethia , Tara ( 2004 ) , Ahiṃsā , Anekānta and Jainism , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2036 - 4 Singh , Ram Bhushan Prasad ( 2008 ) ( 1975 ) , Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 3323 - 4 Singh , Upinder ( 2016 ) , A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century , Pearson Education , ISBN 978 - 93 - 325 - 6996 - 6 Singhvi , Laxmi Mall ; Chopra , Tarun ( 2002 ) , Jain temples in India and around the world , Himalayan Books Shah , Umakant Premanand ( 1987 ) , Jaina - rūpa - maṇḍana : Jaina iconography , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 81 - 7017 - 208 - X Shah , Natubhai ( 2004 ) ( First published in 1998 ) , Jainism : The World of Conquerors , I , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1938 - 1 Shah , Natubhai ( 1998b ) , Jainism : The World of Conquerors , 2 , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 31 - 8 Shaw , Jeffrey M. ; Demy , Timothy J. ( 2017 ) , War and Religion : An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 517 - 6 Solomon , Robert C. ; Higgins , Kathleen M. ( 1998 ) , A Passion for Wisdom : A Very Brief History of Philosophy , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511209 - 2 Soni , Jayandra ( 1991 ) , `` Dravya , guna and paryāya in Jaina thought '' , Journal of Indian Philosophy , Springer Nature , 19 ( 1 ) , doi : 10.1007 / bf00158160 Spuler , Bertold ( 1952 ) , Handbook of Oriental Studies , BRILL , ISBN 90 - 04 - 04190 - 7 Taylor , Bron ( 2008 ) , Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature , Bloomsbury Academic , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 2278 - 0 Titze , Kurt ( 1998 ) , Jainism : A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence ( 2 ed . ) , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1534 - 3 Tukol , Justice T.K. ( 1976 ) , Sallekhanā is Not Suicide ( 1st ed . ) , Ahmedabad : L.D. Institute of Indology , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Umāsvāti , Umaswami ( 1994 ) , That which is ( Translator : Nathmal Tatia ) , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 068985 - 8 Vallely , Anne ( 2002 ) , Guardians of the Transcendent : An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8415 - 6 von Glasenapp , Helmuth ( 1925 ) , Jainism : An Indian Religion of Salvation ( Der Jainismus : Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion ) , Shridhar B. Shrotri ( trans . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprint : 1999 ) , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1376 - 6 Voorst , Robert E. Van ( 2015 ) , RELG : World ( Second ed . ) , Cengage Learning , ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 43468 - 1 Wiley , Kristi L. ( 2009 ) , The A to Z of Jainism , 38 , Scarecrow , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6337 - 8 Wiley , Kristi L. ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jainism . Scarecrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6558 - 7 . Williams , Robert ( 1991 ) , Jaina Yoga : A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0775 - 4 Winternitz , Moriz ( 1993 ) , History of Indian Literature : Buddhist & Jain Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0265 - 0 Zimmer , Heinrich ( 1953 ) ( 1952 ) , Campbell , Joseph , ed. , Philosophies Of India , London , E.C. 4 : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0739 - 6 Zvelebil , Kamil ( 1992 ) , Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature , BRILL Academic , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09365 - 6 Agarwal , M.K. ( 2012 ) , From Bharata to India ( Volume 1 : Chrysee the Golden ed . ) , iUniverse , ISBN 9781475907667 Agarwal , M.K. ( 2013 ) , The Vedic Core of Human History : And Truth will be the Savior , iUniverse , ISBN 9781491715956 Robinson , Thomas Arthur ( 2006 ) , World Religions , Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd , ISBN 9780334040149 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJainismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata `` Jainism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 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About Wikipedia	the jain principle of non attachment is called	[ "The main religious premises of Jainism are ahiṃsā (\"non-violence\"), anekāntavāda (\"many-sidedness\"), aparigraha (\"non-attachment\") and asceticism. Jain monastics, renunciants, and devout householders take five main vows known as vratas, outlined in their oldest surviving text, the Acaranga Sūtra: ahiṃsā (\"non-violence\"), satya (\"truth\"), asteya (\"not stealing\"), brahmacharya (\"celibacy or chastity\"), and aparigraha (\"non-attachment\"). These principles have impacted Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle that avoids harm to animals and their life cycles. Parasparopagraho Jīvānām (\"the function of souls is to help one another\") is the motto of Jainism. Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism.[5]\n" ]	[ "\"non-attachment\"" ]
5191031610365146779	Cult of Chucky	Cult of Chucky - wikipedia Cult of Chucky Cult of Chucky Home video cover Directed by Don Mancini Produced by David Kirschner Ogden Gavanski Written by Don Mancini Based on The characters created by Don Mancini Starring Fiona Dourif Michael Therriault Adam Hurtig Alex Vincent Jennifer Tilly Brad Dourif Music by Joseph LoDuca Cinematography Michael Marshall Edited by Randy Bricker Production companies Universal 1440 Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Release date August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) ( FF2017 ) October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $1.9 million Cult of Chucky is a 2017 American slasher film written and directed by Don Mancini . The seventh installment of the franchise , following the 2013 film Curse of Chucky , it stars Brad Dourif as Chucky , with a supporting cast of Fiona Dourif , Alex Vincent , Jennifer Tilly and Summer H. Howell -- all of whom are returning cast members from the previous six installments . The film began production in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada in January 2017 . The film premiered at the London FrightFest Film Festival on August 24 , 2017 , and was released with rated and unrated versions distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment via Blu - ray , DVD and VOD on October 3 , 2017 . As of October 2017 , the film has grossed $1.9 million from DVD and Blu - ray sales . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Four years after the events of Curse of Chucky , an adult Andy Barclay still has the original Chucky 's head , which is conscious and deformed after being repeatedly tortured by Andy in retribution for his crimes . Meanwhile , Nica Pierce has spent the past four years in a mental institution after being framed by Chucky for the murders of her family . After therapy , she now believes she was responsible for the murders and that Chucky was a manifestation of her psychosis . Dr. Foley , Nica 's doctor , has her transferred to the medium - security Harrogate Psychiatric Hospital . In group therapy , Nica meets Malcolm , a man with multiple - identity disorder ; Angela , an old woman who believes she is dead ; Claire , a woman who burned her house down ; and Madeleine , a patient who smothered her infant son to death . Dr. Foley introduces a technique involving a Good Guy doll . Most of the patients are unsettled by the doll except for Madeleine , who treats it as her baby . Nica is visited by Tiffany Valentine , the legal guardian of her niece Alice . She is devastated when Tiffany informs her Alice has died , apparently from a broken heart . Tiffany leaves Nica a Good Guy doll , which she claims were a gift from Alice . That night , Chucky awakens and discovers Nica has attempted suicide . The next morning , Nica finds that her wrists have been stitched up , with a message stating `` not so fast '' . She discovers Angela has been killed , leaving the message `` Chucky did it . '' After realizing that Valentine was the last name of Charles Lee Ray 's girlfriend , Nica begins to believe Chucky is real . Fearing Madeleine is in danger , Nica has Malcolm try to warn her . However , Madeline throws both the doll and Malcolm into an empty grave . The orderlies rescue Malcolm . Chucky kills Claire next . Andy learns about the murders online and realizes Chucky has somehow managed to transfer his soul into multiple bodies at once . In a private session with Foley , Nica agrees to be hypnotized in order to access any repressed memories about her involvement in the murders . Foley , who has been sexually abusing Nica , is hit from behind by Chucky . Foley believes Nica is the one who assaulted him but is willing to keep quiet in order to blackmail her for sexual favors . Madeleine smothers her Good Guy doll with a pillow , forcing her to confront the repercussions of her real child 's death . Orderlies bury the doll in order to placate Madeleine . Determined to end the carnage and save Nica , Andy is committed to the institution by assaulting one of the security guards . Foley receives a package from Carlos : another Good Guy doll . Madeleine is visited by her own doll , which has risen from the grave , and she allows the doll to kill her so she can finally be with her baby . Foley attempts to assault Nica but is knocked out by one of the Chucky dolls . The Chucky doll awakens the doll Andy had sent . The three Chuckys reveal that the original Chucky found a voodoo spell on the Internet , which allowed him to separate his soul into multiple host bodies . Alice was one host , but she was killed . All the dolls then kill Carlos in front of Nica . Tiffany returns and kills a security guard by slashing his throat . One of the Chuckys transfers his soul into Nica , giving her body the ability to walk again . He then stomps on Foley , killing him and stumbles upon Malcolm , who is killed by Madeleine 's Chucky . A short - haired Chucky attacks Andy , but Andy reaches into the doll 's chest and pulls out a gun he had planted there . He shoots the doll before stomping its head , killing him . He then shoots at Nica Chucky , only to discover that he has no ammunition left . The institution is sent into lockdown , resulting in Andy being locked inside his cell , Madeleine 's Chucky going into hiding , and Nica Chucky escaping . Nica Chucky reunites with Tiffany before driving off together with the Tiffany doll , which is revealed to be alive as well . In a post-credits scene , Andy 's former foster sister Kyle from the second film enters Andy 's house , having been sent by Andy to continue torturing the original Chucky 's severed head . Cast ( edit ) Brad Dourif as Chucky Fiona Dourif as Nica Pierce Michael Therriault as Dr. Foley Alex Vincent as Andy Barclay Adam Hurtig as `` Multiple '' Malcolm / Michael Elisabeth Rosen as Madeleine Grace Lynn Kung as Claire Martina Stephenson Kerr as Angela Zak Santiago as Nurse Carlos Ali Tataryn as Nurse Ashley Jennifer Tilly as Tiffany Valentine Summer H. Howell as Alice Pierce Christine Elise as Kyle Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In December 2013 , following the release of Curse of Chucky , Don Mancini confirmed that he was planning on developing a seventh installment in the Chucky franchise . By February 2015 , Mancini was in the process of writing the script for the film . A year later , Mancini , Jennifer Tilly and Fiona Dourif confirmed that shooting would soon begin for the film . In December 2016 , the production office for the film was opened in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . On January 5 , 2017 , the premise , cast , production schedule and distribution details for Cult of Chucky were revealed , with shooting set to commence four days later . In an October 2013 interview , Mancini revealed that since Child 's Play 3 , he had always wanted to introduce the concept of `` Multiple Chucky 's '' but was unable to achieve this due to budget constrains . He eventually used this concept in Cult of Chucky , 26 years later . Casting ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , the principal cast for Cult of Chucky was announced , featuring the talent of Brad Dourif as Chucky , Fiona Dourif as Nica Pierce , Alex Vincent as Andy Barclay , Jennifer Tilly as Tiffany and Summer H. Howell as Alice . Each of the first announced members were featured in previous films , with Brad Dourif and Vincent from Child 's Play ( 1988 ) , Tilly from Bride of Chucky ( 1998 ) , and Fiona Dourif and Howell from Curse of Chucky ( 2013 ) . Cult of Chucky marks Vincent 's first principal role in the franchise since he was a child actor in Child 's Play 2 , twenty - seven years prior . Although Andy was in Child 's Play 3 , he was played by a different actor , Justin Whalin due to the events taking place 8 years after the second film , which came out less than a year earlier . Andy also appeared in Curse of Chucky , during a post-credits scene . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for Cult of Chucky began in Winnipeg on January 9 , 2017 , with the cinematographer from Curse of Chucky , Michael Marshall , returning in the same capacity . Tony Gardner returned to create and perform the Chucky character as he had done previously for Seed of Chucky and Curse of Chucky . Filming ended on February 18 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Cult of Chucky was released on Blu - ray , DVD , and Netflix on October 3 , 2017 . Unlike the Blu - ray and DVD versions of the film , the Netflix version was not unrated . The rated version is about a minute shorter than the unrated cut , and does not have a post-credits scene . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 82 % based on 17 reviews , and an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . An early review posted on Bloody Disgusting , was very favorable of the film . Benedict Seal stated : `` Seventh films have no right to be this good or break this much new ground . Cult of Chucky takes this wild story in a whole host of new directions that franchise fans are sure to get a kick out of . There are so many batshit delights , especially as things escalate towards the finale , but to spoil them would be to ruin Mancini and co. 's grand carnival . Without a doubt , Child 's Play is a horror franchise worth treasuring . '' Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter also had mostly positive things to say about it , stating that `` the bratty quips and cheerfully nasty murders come thick and fast , with drillings and decapitations , high heels and compressed air canisters all part of their repertoire . Mancini 's low - key shooting style also shifts up a gear with slow - motion split - screen action and deranged psycho - lesbian clinches , like Brian de Palma on an indie - movie budget . A lean 91 minutes long , Cult of Chucky is part self - spoofing slasher , part lowbrow bloodbath and all guilty pleasure . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes said `` Cult of Chucky is either the Final Chapter or a New Beginning . Either way , this most tenacious of horror franchises can walk on with its head held high . '' William Bibbiani writing for IGN gave the film 7.4 out of 10 stated `` Too many horror sequels feel like cheap and soulless cash - ins . Cult of Chucky has big ideas , strong performances and some moments that rank among the best in the series . The other classic slasher franchises may be failing , but lately , Chucky is making entertaining horror sequels look like child 's play . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film received a nomination for Best DVD or Blu - ray Release at the 44th Saturn Awards . Future ( edit ) In October 2017 , Don Mancini expressed an interest in having Glen / Glenda from Seed of Chucky return in a future film , and that most references to that character had been cut from Cult of Chucky . In February 2018 , it was announced that a Child 's Play television series is the works with involvement from series creator Don Mancini and producer David Kirschner , and will be a continuation of the film 's story arc . Mancini also stated that as well as the series , feature films will still continue in the future . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` FrightFest 2017 : Cult of Chucky 's World Premiere Leads a Stellar List of Horror '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Cult of Chucky : Horror sequel plot details , teaser video revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cult of Chucky ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Orange , B. Alan ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Cult of Chucky Trailer : The Killer Doll Is Back '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cult of Chucky recruits Grace Lynn Kung '' . Joblo.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` BREAKING : Chucky Will Return In Seventh ' Child 's Play ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Child 's Play ' Still In the Works ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chucky 7 ' Is Shooting Soon , Jennifer Tilly Will Return '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` The ' Chucky 7 ' Production Office is Now Open ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William . `` The Chucky Files - Don Mancini on CHILD 'S PLAY 3 ( 1991 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Cult of Chucky ' : The Next ' Child 's Play ' Begins Filming on Monday ! ( Trailer ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jerry ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Interview : Tony Gardner Talks Cult of Chucky FX '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Filming ends on Cult Of Chucky '' . Twitter . 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Cult of Chucky Will Be Available to Stream on Netflix in October '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) . `` The Version of ' Cult of Chucky ' on Netflix is NOT Unrated '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cult of Chucky at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Seal , Benedict ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) . `` ( FrightFest Review ) ' Cult of Chucky ' Cements the Franchise as One of the Best ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) . `` ' Cult of Chucky ' : Film Review - FrightFest 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Cult Of Chucky ' Review : It 's The ' Fast Five ' Of The ' Child 's Play ' Films '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Cult of Chucky Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Don Mancini Talks CULT OF CHUCKY and the Enduring Controversy of SEED OF CHUCKY - Daily Dead '' . Dailydead.com . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play TV series coming - Coming Soon '' . Coming soon.net . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cult of Chucky Cult of Chucky on IMDb Cult of Chucky at AllMovie Cult of Chucky at Rotten Tomatoes Child 's Play Films Child 's Play ( 1988 ) Child 's Play 2 Child 's Play 3 Bride of Chucky Seed of Chucky Curse of Chucky Cult of Chucky Characters Charles Lee `` Chucky '' Ray Andy Barclay Tiffany Valentine Nica Pierce Kyle Video games Chucky : Slash & Dash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_Chucky&oldid=855947821 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s sequel films 2010s serial killer films American films American sequel films American slasher films Child 's Play ( film series ) Direct - to - video horror films Direct - to - video sequel films Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films directed by Don Mancini Films shot in Winnipeg Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films about dolls Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 22 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays chucky in the cult of chucky	[ "Cult of Chucky is a 2017 American slasher film written and directed by Don Mancini. The seventh installment of the franchise, following the 2013 film Curse of Chucky, it stars Brad Dourif as Chucky, with a supporting cast of Fiona Dourif, Alex Vincent, Jennifer Tilly and Summer H. Howell – all of whom are returning cast members from the previous six installments.\n" ]	[ "Brad Dourif" ]
-2480823849755617597	The House of the Spirits (film)	The house of the Spirits ( film ) - Wikipedia The house of the Spirits ( film ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The House of the Spirits Promotional poster ( US ) Directed by Bille August Produced by Bernd Eichinger Written by Isabel Allende ( novel ) Bille August ( screenplay ) Starring Meryl Streep Jeremy Irons Glenn Close Winona Ryder Antonio Banderas Armin Mueller - Stahl María Conchita Alonso Vanessa Redgrave Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Jörgen Persson Edited by Janus Billeskov Jansen Production company Constantin Film Distributed by Miramax Films ( US ) Release date October 17 , 1993 ( Germany ) April 1 , 1994 ( US ) Running time 140 minutes Country Germany Denmark Portugal Language English Budget $40 million Box office $6,265,311 ( US ) The House of the Spirits is a 1993 German - Danish - Portuguese period drama film directed by Bille August and starring Jeremy Irons , Meryl Streep , Glenn Close , Winona Ryder , Antonio Banderas and Vanessa Redgrave . The supporting cast includes María Conchita Alonso , Armin Mueller - Stahl , and Jan Niklas . Based on the 1982 novel La Casa de los Espíritus by Isabel Allende , the film is about the life of a young lady named Clara during the military dictatorship in Chile , and her recollection of her family history , mainly the rise of her husband , Esteban Trueba . The film won some awards , ( Bavarian Film Awards , German Film Awards , the Golden Screen ( Germany ) , Havana Film Festival , and Robert Festival ( Denmark ) , the German Phono Academy and the Guild of German Art House Cinemas ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prologue A young woman , Blanca Trueba ( Winona Ryder ) , arrives at a house with an old man and the young woman starts remembering her life . Clara and Esteban Blanca 's mother , Clara del Valle ( Meryl Streep ) was a child with psychic power when Esteban Trueba ( Jeremy Irons ) came to propose to Clara 's older sister , Rosa del Valle . Esteban left his fiancée with her family to earn money for their wedding . One day , Clara has a vision and tells her sister Rosa that there will be a death in the family . The next day , Rosa dies after drinking poison intended for her father , Senator Severo . Clara blames herself for her sister 's death , and after watching her sister 's autopsy , decides never to speak again . Esteban was heartbroken . At home , his sister , Férula ( Glenn Close ) lives and takes care of their sick mother . Esteban used the money he earned from mining and bought a hacienda , Tres Marías . He finds many natives living on his land and tells them to work for him for food and shelter . For the next twenty years , Esteban makes Tres Marías an example of a successful Hacienda . One day he rapes a peasant girl , Pancha García ( Sarita Choudhury ) and she gave birth to a son . He spends some nights with Tránsito , a local prostitute ( María Conchita Alonso ) , to whom he lends money so she can start a new career in the capital . Twenty years later , Esteban receives a letter that his mother has died . After her funeral , Esteban decides to ask for Clara 's hand , despite Férula 's protests that Clara is too sickly and will not take care of him properly . When he shows up at the Del Valle family 's house , Clara asks him right away if he has come to ask her to marry him , thus speaking again for the first time in twenty years . Férula meets Clara at a coffee shop to talk about her own future , and Clara , sensing Férula 's worries , promises her that she can live with her and Esteban in Tres Marías after the wedding and the two will be like sisters . Clara gives birth to a girl as she predicted , and names her Blanca . One day , the girl whom Esteban raped , Pancha García appears at the family house with Esteban 's illegitimate teenage son , Esteban García and asks for money . Esteban Trueba gives them some money and harshly orders them never to come back threatening to have his dogs attack them both if they return . Clara holds classes for the peasant children and Blanca . Pedro Tercero , the young son of Esteban 's foreman Segundo at Tres Marias befriends Blanca and the two become playmates . Esteban Trueba does not like his daughter playing with a peasant boy and sends Blanca to a boarding school . Blanca and Pedro Tercero After graduating from school , Blanca returns home to Tres Marías and meets with Pedro Tercero ( Antonio Banderas ) by the lagoon every night . One night while Esteban attends a political meeting , there is an earthquake ; he worries about Clara and Blanca , goes home to Tres Marías and finds that Férula has climbed into bed with Clara . He is so angry that he throws Férula out of the house telling her never to come back . Férula curses Esteban but leaves . Clara is deeply disappointed that Esteban would kick his sister out of their family home . One day Esteban brings the French Count Jean de Satigny ( Jan Niklas ) to his home intending to arrange a marriage between him and Blanca . Clara senses that the French `` nobleman '' is a fraud while reading cards , but Esteban dismisses her folly . While Satigny is still visiting , Esteban catches Pedro preaching revolutionary ideas that are critical of wealthy landowners like Esteban to the peasant workers . Esteban orders the workers to return to work and punishes Pedro with a fierce whipping and banishes him from Tres Marías . That night at dinner , Férula suddenly appears in the house , kisses Clara on the forehead and leaves again . Clara tells the rest of the family that Férula has died . Clara and Esteban drive into town to Férula 's modest house where they find her dead on the bed . Pedro returns to Tres Marías to talk to the peasants about their rights and nearly gets shot by Esteban . That night , Count Jean de Satigny , who is visiting again , watches Blanca and Pedro meeting secretly at the lagoon . He reveals Blanca 's lover to her father who immediately drags Blanca back to the house . When Clara tries to persuade him not to be violent , Esteban hits his wife and she falls . Esteban immediately expresses his regret , but Clara tells him in shock and agony that she will never speak to him again . Clara moves with Blanca to her parents ' home in the capital . Blanca becomes pregnant with Pedro 's child and gives birth to a girl named Alba . Revolution Esteban is busy with his political career as a senator , but as an old man he is lonely and finds comfort in the arms of Tránsito , who now runs a high - class prostitution establishment . During the national election , Esteban believes his Conservative Party will win as usual , but the People 's Front ends up winning control of the government . Blanca goes out on the street to celebrate and to meet Pedro , now a leading figure in the People 's Front . Clara stays home with Alba to decorate the house for Christmas , where after what seems like a heart attack she passes away , instructing the little girl to give the diaries she had kept all her life to her mother Blanca , so that `` she may understand better that and how events are related '' . Meanwhile , a conspiracy between some Conservative Party members and the military leads to a coup d'état , and the military takes control of the country . At first , Esteban believes it is good for the country and that the military will hand power back to the Conservative Party , but he soon learns that the military have other plans . Under the control of the military , people associated with the People 's Party are captured and even killed . Blanca is very involved and eventually the police come to arrest her for being with Pedro Tercero . Blanca reveals to her father that Pedro has been hiding in their house 's cellar and begs him to help Pedro get out of the country . In the coming days , Blanca is tortured and abused by her half - brother , Esteban García , who had joined the military with his father 's help . Esteban honours his daughter 's wishes and helps Pedro Tercero find exile in Canada . Esteban then turns to Tránsito , now an influential Madam with lots of connections to high level military figures , to help free Blanca . One morning , a beaten and raped Blanca arrives at her home and Esteban tells her that Pedro is waiting for her in Canada . Epilogue Blanca and Esteban return to Tres Marías with Alba . Esteban is finally visited by Clara 's spirit who has come to help the old man on to the next world . Blanca sits outside and ponders her life , looking forward to a life with Pedro and her daughter Alba . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Clara del Valle Trueba Glenn Close as Férula Trueba Jeremy Irons as Esteban Trueba Winona Ryder as Blanca Trueba Antonio Banderas as Pedro Tercero García Vanessa Redgrave as Nívea del Valle Production ( edit ) Principal photography took place in Denmark , but some scenes were filmed in Lisbon and Alentejo , Portugal . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music was composed by award winner Hans Zimmer . Additionally , two songs appear in the film : `` La Paloma '' , a Spanish -- Cuban -- Mexican tune sung by popular Chilean singer Rosita Serrano ; and `` La Cumparsita '' , a classic Uruguayan tango tune performed by German bandleader Adalbert Lutter and his orchestra . Reception ( edit ) The film grossed only $6 million in the United States and more than $55 million in Europe . It has a ' rotten ' 31 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 35 reviews . It received several awards : Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1994 Bavarian Film Award for Best Costume Design ( Barbara Baum ) Won 1994 Bavarian Film Award for Best Production ( Bernd Eichinger ) Won 1994 German Film Award in Gold for Outstanding Individual Achievement : Over All Concept ( Bernd Eichinger ) Won 1994 German Phono Academy Echo Award for Film Music of the Year ( Hans Zimmer ) Won 1994 Guild of German Art House Cinemas Award ( Gold ) for German Film ( Bille August ) Won 1994 Havana Film Festival Coral Award for Best Work of a Non-Latin American Director on a Latin America Subject ( Bille August ) Won 1994 Robert Award for Best Editing ( Janus Billeskov Jansen ) Won 1994 Robert Award for Best Film ( Bille August ) Won 1994 Robert Award for Best Screenplay ( Bille August ) Won 1994 Robert Award for Best Sound ( Niels Arild ) Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The House of the Spirits ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FOX , DAVID J. ( 4 April 1994 ) . `` ' House of Spirits ' Fails to Levitate : Movies : The star - studded film does poorly in its U.S. opening , despite heavy publicity and strong European sales '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) The House of the Spirits on IMDb The House of the Spirits at AllMovie The House of the Spirits at Rotten Tomatoes The House of the Spirits at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Bille August In My Life ( 1978 ) Zappa ( 1983 ) Buster 's World ( 1984 ) Twist and Shout ( 1984 ) Pelle the Conqueror ( 1987 ) The Best Intentions ( 1992 ) The House of the Spirits ( 1993 ) Jerusalem ( 1996 ) Smilla 's Sense of Snow ( 1997 ) Les Misérables ( 1998 ) A Song for Martin ( 2001 ) Return to Sender ( 2004 ) Goodbye Bafana ( 2007 ) The Passion of Marie ( 2012 ) Night Train to Lisbon ( 2013 ) Silent Heart ( 2014 ) The Chinese Widow ( 2017 ) 55 Steps ( 2017 ) A Fortunate Man ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Spirits_(film)&oldid=859847616 '' Categories : English - language films 1990s drama films 1993 films Cold War films Danish films Films about Latin American military dictatorships Films based on Chilean novels Films directed by Bille August Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films set in 1973 Films set in a fictional South American country Films shot in Portugal German films Portuguese speculative fiction films Rape and revenge films Films produced by Bernd Eichinger Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the house of the spirits filmed	[ "Principal photography took place in Denmark, but some scenes were filmed in Lisbon and Alentejo, Portugal.\n", "Principal photography took place in Denmark, but some scenes were filmed in Lisbon and Alentejo, Portugal.\n" ]	[ "Denmark", "Lisbon and Alentejo, Portugal" ]
-6398398509622329115	I Saw God Today	I Saw God Today - wikipedia I Saw God Today Jump to : navigation , search `` I Saw God Today '' Single by George Strait from the album Troubadour Released February 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) Format CD single Genre Christian Country Length 3 : 22 Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Rodney Clawson Monty Criswell Wade Kirby Producer ( s ) Tony Brown George Strait singles chronology `` Shiftwork '' ( 2007 ) `` I Saw God Today '' ( 2008 ) `` Troubadour '' ( 2008 ) `` Shiftwork '' ( 2007 ) `` I Saw God Today '' ( 2008 ) `` Troubadour '' ( 2008 ) `` I Saw God Today '' is a song written by Rodney Clawson , Monty Criswell and Wade Kirby , and recorded by American country music artist George Strait . It was released in February 2008 as the lead single from his album Troubadour . The song debuted at number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , giving Strait the highest chart debut of his career , as well as his 43rd Billboard Number One . The song is part of the track list for Now That 's What I Call Country . `` I Saw God Today '' won Single of the Year at the 2008 CMA Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 Awards 5 References Content ( edit ) The song is a mid-tempo ballad in which the lead character is walking down the sidewalk after his wife has just had a baby , meanwhile noticing such things as a flower growing out of a crack in the sidewalk , a couple who are expecting a baby and the colors of a sunset . Finally , the song ends with the central character in the nursery of a hospital , looking at his own newborn baby girl . He cites each thing that he sees along the way -- the flower , the couple , the sunset and his newborn daughter -- as examples of how he saw God that day . According to Clawson , the idea for the song came from Criswell , who said that after unsuccessful hunting trips , he would often say that he `` caught a glimpse of God today '' despite not seeing any animals . Reception ( edit ) Matt C. , a critic for Engine 145 , gave `` I Saw God Today '' a thumbs - up rating . He said that although it was `` similar to the ( songs ) that countless failed nineties hat acts used to ' launch ' their short careers '' , that Strait 's vocal performance nonetheless `` makes the song listenable and the country pop lyric 's contrast to the country - western material that comprises much of Strait 's catalog actually makes this single more memorable than some stronger songs in his hits catalog . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Having reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week of May 3 , 2008 , `` I Saw God Today '' is Strait 's 43rd Billboard Number One hit . Counting the Number Ones that he has had on other U.S. trade charts ( Mediabase , Radio & Records before its merger with Billboard , and Gavin Report ) , `` I Saw God Today '' is Strait 's 56th overall Number One hit , succeeding a record previously held by Conway Twitty for the most Number Ones by any country music artist . Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 33 US Billboard Pop 100 65 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 60 Year - end charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 2008 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs Preceded by `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' by Trace Adkins Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single May 3 - May 10 , 2008 Succeeded by `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' by James Otto Awards ( edit ) The song was nominated for a Dove Award for Country Recorded Song of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` George Strait 's Record - Setting Debut '' . Great American Country . 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.americansongwriter.com/2009/05/row-writers-rodney-clawson/ Jump up ^ C. , Matt ( 2008 - 02 - 13 ) . `` George Strait - `` I Saw God Today '' `` . Engine 145 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Celebrates His 56th Chart - Topper , `` I Saw God Today '' `` . Universal Music Group Nashville . 2008 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Year - End chart for Hot Country Songs , 2008 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Nominations Announced for 40th GMA Dove Awards at CBN.com ( hide ) George Strait 2000s - 2010s singles Latest Greatest Straitest Hits `` The Best Day '' George Strait `` Go On '' `` Do n't Make Me Come Over There and Love You '' `` If You Can Do Anything Else '' The Road Less Traveled `` Run '' `` Living and Living Well '' `` She 'll Leave You with a Smile '' Honkytonkville `` Tell Me Something Bad About Tulsa '' `` Cowboys Like Us '' `` Desperately '' 50 Number Ones `` I Hate Everything '' Somewhere Down in Texas `` You 'll Be There '' `` She Let Herself Go '' `` The Seashores of Old Mexico '' It Just Comes Natural `` Give It Away '' `` It Just Comes Natural '' `` Wrapped '' `` How ' bout Them Cowgirls '' Troubadour `` I Saw God Today '' `` Troubadour '' `` River of Love '' Twang `` Living for the Night '' `` Twang '' `` I Gotta Get to You '' `` The Breath You Take '' Here for a Good Time `` Here for a Good Time '' `` Love 's Gonna Make It Alright '' `` Drinkin ' Man '' Love Is Everything `` Give It All We Got Tonight '' `` I Believe '' `` I Got a Car '' Cold Beer Conversation `` Let It Go '' `` Cold Beer Conversation '' `` Goin ' Goin ' Gone '' Other songs `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / Alan Jackson ) `` Designated Drinker '' ( w / Alan Jackson ) `` Hey , Good Lookin ' '' ( w / Jimmy Buffett , Clint Black , Kenny Chesney , Alan Jackson and Toby Keith ) `` Shiftwork '' ( w / Kenny Chesney ) `` Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Saw_God_Today&oldid=763118951 '' Categories : 2008 singles 2008 songs George Strait songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Rodney Clawson MCA Nashville Records singles Songs written by Monty Criswell Songs written by Wade Kirby Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 February 2017 , at 12 : 14 . About Wikipedia	who wrote i saw god today by george strait	[ "\"I Saw God Today\" is a song written by Rodney Clawson, Monty Criswell and Wade Kirby, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2008 as the lead single from his album Troubadour. The song debuted at number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, giving Strait the highest chart debut of his career, as well as his 43rd Billboard Number One.", "\"I Saw God Today\" is a song written by Rodney Clawson, Monty Criswell and Wade Kirby, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2008 as the lead single from his album Troubadour. The song debuted at number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, giving Strait the highest chart debut of his career, as well as his 43rd Billboard Number One.", "\"I Saw God Today\" is a song written by Rodney Clawson, Monty Criswell and Wade Kirby, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2008 as the lead single from his album Troubadour. The song debuted at number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, giving Strait the highest chart debut of his career, as well as his 43rd Billboard Number One." ]	[ "Rodney Clawson", "Monty Criswell", "Wade Kirby" ]
2281633359805203843	Turnham Green tube station	Turnham Green Tube station - wikipedia Turnham Green Tube station Turnham Green Turnham Green Location of Turnham Green in Greater London Location Chiswick Local authority London Borough of Hounslow Managed by London Underground Number of platforms Fare zone 2 and 3 London Underground annual entry and exit 2013 6.20 million 2014 6.46 million 2015 6.45 million 2016 5.65 million Key dates 1869 Opened ( L&SWR ) 1870 Started and Ended ( GWR ) 1877 Started ( MR and DR ) 1878 Started `` Super Outer Circle '' ( Midland ) 1879 Opened Ealing Broadway branch ( DR ) 1880 Ended `` Super Outer Circle '' 1894 Started ( GWR ) 1906 Ended ( MR ) 1910 Ended ( GWR ) 1916 Ended ( L&SWR ) 1963 Started ( Piccadilly ) Other information Lists of stations DLR Underground National Rail Tramlink External links TfL station info page WGS84 51 ° 29 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 18 '' W / 51.49527 ° N 0.255 ° W / 51.49527 ; - 0.255 Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 18 '' W / 51.49527 ° N 0.255 ° W / 51.49527 ; - 0.255 London transport portal Turnham Green is a London Underground station in Chiswick of the London Borough of Hounslow , west London . The station is served by the District and Piccadilly lines although currently Piccadilly line trains normally stop at the station only at the beginning and end of the day , running through non-stop at other times . To the east , District line trains stop at Stamford Brook and Piccadilly line trains stop at Hammersmith . To the west , District line trains run to either Chiswick Park or Gunnersbury and Piccadilly line trains stop at Acton Town . The station is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3 . The station is located on Turnham Green Terrace ( B491 ) on the eastern edge of Chiswick Common , but the actual green is much closer to Chiswick Park station . It is about 200 m north of Chiswick High Road ( A315 ) and as well as Central Chiswick , the station serves the Bedford Park area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 District line 1.2 Piccadilly line 2 The station today 3 Services and connections 3.1 Services 3.1. 1 District line 3.1. 2 Piccadilly line 3.2 Connections 4 Abandoned Proposal 5 Notes and references 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The station is located close to the site of the Battle of Turnham Green ( 1642 ) , during the First English Civil War . District line ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Turnham Green station was opened on 1 January 1869 by the London and South Western Railway ( L&SWR ) on a new branch line to Richmond built from the West London Joint Railway starting north of Addison Road station ( now Kensington ( Olympia ) ) . The line ran through Shepherd 's Bush and Hammersmith via a now unused curve and initially the next station towards central London was Grove Road station in Hammersmith ( also now closed ) . Between 1 June 1870 and 31 October 1870 the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) briefly ran services from Paddington to Richmond via the Hammersmith & City Railway ( now the Hammersmith & City line ) tracks to Grove Road then on the L&SWR tracks through Turnham Green . On 1 June 1877 , the District Railway ( DR , now the District line ) opened a short extension from its terminus at Hammersmith to connect to the L&SWR tracks east of Ravenscourt Park station ( which had opened in 1873 ) . The DR then began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond . On 1 October 1877 , the Metropolitan Railway ( MR , now the Metropolitan line ) restarted the GWR 's former service to Richmond via Grove Road station . On 5 May 1878 The Midland Railway began running a circuitous service known as the Super Outer Circle from St Pancras to Earl 's Court via Cricklewood and South Acton . It operated over a now disused connection between the North London Railway and the L&SWR Richmond branch . The service was not a success and was ended on 30 September 1880 . The DR 's service between Richmond , Hammersmith and central London was more direct than either the L&SWR 's or the MR 's routes via Grove Road station or the L&SWR 's other route from Richmond via Clapham Junction . The success of the DR 's operations lead it , on 1 July 1879 , to open a branch from Turnham Green to Ealing Broadway . From 1 January 1894 , the GWR began sharing the MR 's Richmond service and served Turnham Green once again , meaning that passengers from Turnham Green could travel on the services of four operators . Following the electrification of the DR 's own tracks north of Acton Town in 1903 , the DR funded the electrification of the tracks through Turnham Green . The tracks between Acton Town and central London were electrified on 1 July 1905 and those on the Richmond branch on 1 August 1905 . Whilst DR services were operated with electric trains , the L&SWR , GWR and MR services continued to be steam hauled . MR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1906 and GWR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1910 leaving operations at Turnham Green to the DR ( by then known as the District Railway ) and L&SWR . The L&SWR constructed an additional pair of non-electrified tracks between Turnham Green and its junction with the District at Hammersmith and opened these on 3 December 1911 although their use was short - lived as the District 's trains out - competed the L&SWR 's to the extent that the L&SWR withdrew its service between Richmond and Addison Road on 3 June 1916 , leaving the District as the sole operator . Piccadilly line ( edit ) In the early 1930s , the London Electric Railway , precursor of the London Underground and owner of the District and Piccadilly lines , began the reconstruction of the tracks between Hammersmith and Acton Town to enable the Piccadilly line to be extended from Hammersmith to Uxbridge and Hounslow West ( then the terminus of what is now the Heathrow branch ) . Express non-stop tracks were provided for the Piccadilly line between the stopping lines of the District line . Services on the Piccadilly line began running through Turnham Green on 4 July 1932 . To provide a better interchange with the Richmond branch of the District line , Piccadilly line trains began stopping at Turnham Green station in the early mornings ( from the first train until 06 : 50 Monday to Saturday , 07 : 45 on Sunday ) and late evenings ( from 22 : 30 until the last train ) only from 23 June 1963 . During the rest of the day they run non-stop through the station as before . Local residents have been campaigning for more Piccadilly line trains to stop at Turnham Green with trains only stopping in the event of delays to the District line whereby large numbers of passengers are left waiting on the platform or occasionally while scheduled maintenance work is carried out . However , in December 2013 , it was announced that Turnham Green will be made a permanent stop on the Piccadilly line once the line has been upgraded , with work scheduled to commence in 2019 and introduction of the first new train in 2022 . A consultation published in January 2014 , concluded that the business case would currently have an overall negative impact on business across London from introducing increased stopping at Turnham Green , but did outline the future plans to do so when upgrades had taken place , with passengers benefiting from improvements to the District line and the Night Tube ( on Friday and Saturday nights , beginning with the Jubilee , Victoria , Central , Northern and most of the Piccadilly line , then expanding across other lines in subsequent years ) from Autumn 2015 in the interim , giving the following conclusion : However , we recognise the continued frustration among those who wish for the Piccadilly line to stop for more of the day at Turnham Green station . The signalling constraints and the size of the train fleet mean that we are unlikely to be able to implement changes in the short term . TfL therefore plans to stop Piccadilly line trains at Turnham Green station all day once the line is modernised and we have a new and larger fleet of trains and a new signalling system . This upgrade is set to commence in 2019 with introduction of the first new train in 2022 . In the interim , passengers using Turnham Green station will benefit from the upgrade of the District line . The introduction of a fleet of new larger and walk - through , air - conditioned trains will start this year and be complete by 2016 . This will be followed by a new signalling system enabling a faster , more frequent and more reliable service from 2018 . Additionally , the Piccadilly line will stop throughout the night at Turnham Green when the Night Tube network starts in 2015 . The station today ( edit ) Flower seller outside Turnham Green station . There is a flower seller located outside Turnham Green station . There are four ticket barriers and a gate that control access to all platforms . Refurbishment work in the station was completed in 2006 . Services and connections ( edit ) Services ( edit ) District line ( edit ) Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally every 2 -- 8 minutes between 05 : 16 and 00 : 15 eastbound , every 6 -- 12 minutes between 06 : 59 and 01 : 08 westbound to Ealing Broadway and between 06 : 28 and 00 : 37 westbound to Richmond . Piccadilly line ( edit ) During late nights , early mornings and evenings , Piccadilly line trains stop here in order to provide a better interchange with the Richmond branch of the District line . Until 06 : 50 Mondays to Saturdays and 07 : 45 on Sundays , and after 22 : 30 , trains stop at this station . Late night trains and Night Tube services also stop at Turnham Green . At all other times ( rush hours , middays and weekends ) , the Piccadilly line does not stop here . Connections ( edit ) London Bus routes 94 , 272 and E3 serve the station directly , while routes 27 , 237 , 267 , 391 , and H91 run along Chiswick High Road , about 300 yards south of the station . Routes 27 and 94 run 24 hours a day , and night bus route N11 serves the station itself . Abandoned proposal ( edit ) In 1913 the Central London Railway ( now the Central line ) obtained parliamentary approval for an extension to Richmond . This would have had a deep - level station at Turnham Green . The stations each side would have been at Heathfield Terrace and Emlyn Road . The plan was delayed by the First World War and an alternative route was adopted in 1920 , which was not progressed . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Piccadilly line will only operate between Cockfosters and Heathrow Terminals 2 , 3 and 5 for Night Tube . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Multi-year station entry - and - exit figures '' ( XLS ) . London Underground station passenger usage data . Transport for London . March 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Transport for London ( December 2017 ) . Standard Tube Map ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Not to scale . Transport for London . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Google Maps - Turnham Green Tube Station Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Turnham Green '' . Chiswick 's Local Website. 19 November 2004 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chronology of London Railways by H.V. Borley ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - Hammersmith & City line ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - District line ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - Piccadilly line ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line '' . Consultations . TfL . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cumber , Robert ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` MPs call for tube to stop at Turnham Green '' . Ealing Gazette . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Piccadilly line Stop for Turnham Green '' . Consultations . Chiswick W4. 18 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The future of the Tube -- Transport for London -- Night Tube '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Tube -- Transport for London '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Tube map -- Transport for London '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transport for London - Piccadilly line engagement - Conclusions report - January 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Refurbishment Summary '' ( PDF ) . London Underground Railway Society . July 2007 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Stamford Brook Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Chiswick Park Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Gunnersbury Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Hammersmith ( Dist&Picc Line ) Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Acton Town Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Hammersmith ( Dist&Picc Line ) Underground Station ( Sundays ) '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Acton Town Underground Station ( Sundays ) '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buses from Chiswick High Road ( Turnham Green station ) '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . January 2016 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - Central line External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turnham Green tube station . `` Turnham Green '' . Photographic Archive . London Transport Museum . Turnham Green station , circa 1911 Turnham Green station , 1934 Booking Hall , 1939 Booking Hall , 1965 Preceding station London Underground Following station Chiswick Park towards Ealing Broadway District line Stamford Brook towards Upminster or High Street Kensington Gunnersbury towards Richmond Acton Town towards Uxbridge or Heathrow Airport ( Terminal 4 or Terminal 5 ) Piccadilly line Early morning and late evening service only Hammersmith towards Cockfosters Former services Gunnersbury Terminus London and South Western Railway ( 1869 - 1916 ) Stamford Brook towards West Brompton Metropolitan Railway ( 1877 - 1906 ) Ravenscourt Park towards Paddington Great Western Railway ( 1894 - 1910 ) South Acton towards St Pancras Midland Railway ( 1878 - 80 ) Ravenscourt Park towards Earl 's Court Abandoned Plans Preceding station London Underground Following station Heathfield Terrace towards Richmond Central line ( 1913 ) Emlyn Road towards Liverpool Street Gunnersbury towards Richmond Central line ( 1920 ) Stamford Brook towards Liverpool Street District line Stations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley - by - Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington ( Olympia ) Rolling stock D78 ( decommissioned ) S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill and Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh - on - Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O / P / CO / CP Stock Q Stock R Stock Depots Acton Ealing Common Lillie Bridge See also Other sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London transport portal Piccadilly line Stations Main route Cockfosters Oakwood Southgate Arnos Grove Bounds Green Wood Green Turnpike Lane Manor House Finsbury Park Arsenal Holloway Road Caledonian Road King 's Cross St. Pancras Russell Square Holborn Covent Garden Leicester Square Piccadilly Circus Green Park Hyde Park Corner Knightsbridge South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court Barons Court Hammersmith Turnham Green Acton Town Heathrow branch South Ealing Northfields Boston Manor Osterley Hounslow East Hounslow Central Hounslow West Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Uxbridge branch Ealing Common North Ealing Park Royal Alperton Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill South Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Rolling stock Present stock 1973 Stock Future stock Siemens Inspiro History Former companies Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Railway Great Northern , Piccadilly & Brompton Railway Great Northern & Strand Railway District Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations Aldwych Brompton Road Down Street Osterley & Spring Grove York Road Former rolling stock 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock Standard Stock Rejected plans Angel Aldgate Alexandra Palace , Hornsey and Harringay Goldhawk Road and Acton Parsons Green Shepherd 's Bush Waterloo London Underground Transport for London London transport portal Metropolitan line Stations Central London section Aldgate Liverpool Street Moorgate Barbican Farringdon King 's Cross St. Pancras Euston Square Great Portland Street Core section Baker Street Finchley Road Wembley Park Preston Road Northwick Park Harrow - on - the - Hill Uxbridge branch West Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Outer section & branches North Harrow Pinner Northwood Hills Northwood Moor Park Watford branch Croxley Watford Rickmansworth Chorleywood Chalfont & Latimer Chesham branch Chesham Amersham branch Amersham Rolling stock Present rolling stock S8 Stock History Former lines Brill Tramway 1863 -- 1933 1933 -- 1988 Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Closed stations Brill Granborough Road Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) Lord 's Marlborough Road Quainton Road St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Shoreditch Swiss Cottage Tower of London Uxbridge Road Verney Junction Waddesdon Waddesdon Road Westcott Winslow Road Wood Lane Wood Siding Wotton Former stations Aldgate East Aylesbury Barking Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow Dollis Hill Drayton Park East Ham Edgware Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Goldhawk Road Great Missenden Gunnersbury Hammersmith Highbury & Islington Kensington ( Olympia ) Kew Gardens Kilburn Kingsbury Ladbroke Grove Latimer Road New Cross New Cross Gate Mile End Moorgate Neasden Old Street Paddington Plaistow Queensbury Ravenscourt Park Richmond Rotherhithe Royal Oak Shadwell Shepherd 's Bush Stanmore Stepney Green Stoke Mandeville Surrey Quays Turnham Green Upton Park Wapping Wendover West Ham West Hampstead Whitechapel Willesden Green Abandoned plans Lothbury Clerkenwell Watford Central Transferred lines Aylesbury line Bakerloo line East London line Hammersmith & City line Jubilee line Great Northern & City Railway Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units GN&C Stock S Stock T Stock Circle Stock O / P / CP / CO / P1 Stock F Stock Main Line Stock A60 and A62 Stock Former locomotives A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G Class H Class K Class Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives Metropolitan departmental ex GWR Wotton Tramway Metro - Land Metro - land Metro - Land ( 1973 film ) Future proposals Croxley Rail link Croxley Rail Link Cassiobridge Watford Vicarage Road Watford High Street Watford Junction Other West Hampstead interchange London Underground Transport for London London transport portal Central line Stations Epping branch Epping Theydon Bois Debden Loughton Buckhurst Hill Woodford South Woodford Snaresbrook Hainault loop Roding Valley Chigwell Grange Hill Hainault Fairlop Barkingside Newbury Park Gants Hill Redbridge Wanstead Leytonstone Leyton Stratford Mile End Bethnal Green Liverpool Street Bank St Paul 's Chancery Lane Holborn Tottenham Court Road Oxford Circus Bond Street Marble Arch Lancaster Gate Queensway Notting Hill Gate Holland Park Shepherd 's Bush White City East Acton North Acton Ealing branch West Acton Ealing Broadway Ruislip branch Hanger Lane Perivale Greenford Northolt South Ruislip Ruislip Gardens West Ruislip Rolling stock 1992 Stock History Former stations Blake Hall British Museum North Weald Ongar Wood Lane Former companies Central London Railway Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Abandoned plans Richmond extension ( 1913 ) The Grove Paddenswick Road Rylett Road Emlyn Road Turnham Green Heathfield Terrace Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Richmond extension ( 1920 ) Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Denham extension Denham Harefield Road Former rolling stock 1900 Stock 1903 Stock 1915 Stock 1920 Stock Standard Stock 1935 Stock 1960 Stock 1962 Stock Proposed stations First Central Uxbridge Shoreditch High Street Depots Hainault Ruislip London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnham_Green_tube_station&oldid=846110714 '' Categories : Rail transport stations in London fare zone 2 Rail transport stations in London fare zone 3 District line stations Piccadilly line stations London Underground Night Tube stations Tube stations in the London Borough of Hounslow Former London and South Western Railway stations Railway stations opened in 1869 Chiswick 1869 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 贛語 Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English ייִדיש 粵語中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the piccadilly line stop at turnham green	[ "Turnham Green is a London Underground station in Chiswick of the London Borough of Hounslow, west London. The station is served by the District and Piccadilly lines although currently Piccadilly line trains normally stop at the station only at the beginning and end of the day, running through non-stop at other times.[2] To the east, District line trains stop at Stamford Brook and Piccadilly line trains stop at Hammersmith.[2] To the west, District line trains run to either Chiswick Park or Gunnersbury and Piccadilly line trains stop at Acton Town.[2] The station is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.[2]" ]	[ "only at the beginning and end of the day" ]
-9164135031618216341	Meant to Be (Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line song)	Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line song ) - wikipedia Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Meant to Be '' Single by Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line from the album All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and Expectations Released October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre Country pop Length 2 : 43 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Bleta Rexha Tyler Hubbard Josh Miller David Garcia Producer ( s ) Wilshire Bebe Rexha singles chronology `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) `` Home '' ( 2017 ) Florida Georgia Line singles chronology `` Let Me Go '' ( 2017 ) Let Me Go 2017 `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) Meant to Be2017 `` Up Down '' ( 2017 ) Up Down 2017 `` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha and American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from Rexha 's third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 and upcoming debut studio album Expectations . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video directed by Sophie Muller was released on October 23 , 2017 , and it was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . As of May 2018 the video has over 420 million views on YouTube . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart , while `` Meant to Be '' is the third song overall to start at the summit since 2012 , when the chart transitioned to a hybrid data list , blending airplay , streaming and sales . The song has spent 25 weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart , surpassing Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . The song has sold 976,000 copies in the United States as of April 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 14 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 22 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 31 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 37 Portugal ( AFP ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Singapore ( RIAS ) 28 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 57 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 976,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Warner Bros . November 20 , 2017 Country radio Warner Bros . BMLG Italy February 2 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . Jump up ^ `` Expectations by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : April 30 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201814 into search . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line `` Mean to Be '' `` . IFPI Denmark . April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single December 16 , 2017 -- May 26 , 2018 Succeeded by incumbent Preceded by `` Singles You Up '' by Jordan Davis Billboard Country Airplay number - one single April 28 , 2018 Succeeded by `` You Make It Easy '' by Jason Aldean Bebe Rexha Studio albums Expectations Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' `` Push Back '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` All the Way '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' `` Girls '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards Florida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) EPs It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) Notable singles `` Cruise '' `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' ( with Luke Bryan ) `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Backstreet Boys ) `` Smooth '' Collaboration singles `` Let Me Go '' ( with Hailee Steinfeld , Alesso , and Watt ) `` Meant to Be '' ( with Bebe Rexha ) `` Up Down '' ( with Morgan Wallen ) Related articles Discography Joey Moi `` Tippin ' Point '' `` Get By '' `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Lights Come On '' `` You Make It Easy '' `` Happens Like That '' Tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_and_Florida_Georgia_Line_song)&oldid=843249354 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Florida Georgia Line songs Songs written by Bebe Rexha Vocal duets Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings with florida georgia line let it be	[ "\"Meant to Be\" is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha and American country music duo Florida Georgia Line,[2][3] from Rexha's third extended play (EP) All Your Fault: Pt. 2 and upcoming debut studio album Expectations. It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24, 2017, by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP.[4]" ]	[ "Bebe Rexha" ]
6464109355168197062	Naamkarann	Naamkarann - Wikipedia Naamkarann Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Naamkarann Genre Family Drama Romance Created by Dhaval and Guroudev Productions Pvt. Ltd Based on Zakhm Written by Sanjay Kumar Shipra Arora Directed by Mahesh Bhatt Loknath Pandey Sandeep Vijay Starring Aditi Rathore Zain Imam Sayantani Ghosh Sana Amin Sheikh Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 356 as of 20 December 2017 Production Producer ( s ) Guroudev Bhalla Dhaval Gada Cinematography Santosh Suryavanshi Raj panth Shivankar Arora Editor ( s ) Sudhir Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 min Production company ( s ) Dhaval and Guroudev Productions Pvt. Ltd Distributor Star India Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i HDTV 1080i Original release 12 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) External links Hotstar www.hotstar.com/tv/naamkarann/10655 Naamkarann ( English : Naming ) is an Indian Hindi romantic drama television series , which premiered on 12 September 2016 and is being broadcast on Star Plus . It is inspired by the 1998 Bollywood film Zakhm which was based on filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt 's life . The serial is dubbed into Malayalam as Vezhambal and is being broadcast on Asianet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.1. 1 Original 2.1. 2 After leap 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Original 2.2. 2 After leap 3 Soundtrack 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Naamkaran starts off about the painful life of 12 year old Avni Ayesha , an illegitimate child who lives alone with her mother Ayesha Haider , maternal grandmother Nanno or Fatima and unborn brother , denied her father 's last name . Her father is the famous film director Ashish Mehta who lives seperately from them and meets them in secret due to society and his mother , Dayawanti Mehta - a deeply religious woman who has enimity with Muslims due to her husband being killed in a conflict between Muslims and Hindus . Avni desires her family to be like a `` normal '' one and she confronts her father about this . Her father gathers the courage to tell his mother about Ayesha , a muslim woman whom he loves unconditionally and with whom he has a twelve year old daughter and an unborn son . The story then revolves around Dayawanti not accepting a Muslim woman for her son nor his illegitimate daughter . Little Avni sets out to fight for her identity rights but gets interrupted every time by her grandmother , who emotionally blackmailed Ashish thus distancing him from Avni and Ayesha . Avni becomes best friends with Neela , the kind - hearted daughter of a rich businessman whom Dayawanti originally wanted Ashish to marry and who was in love with Ashish since childhood . Sidelining her love for Ashish after seeing his love for Ayesha , she helps Avni , whom she had started to consider as her own daughter , in her battle for justice . Avni at one point tries to make her heartbreaking story public , thinking it would help her in some way , by making a movie out of her life . Just after the movie 's launch , Ayesha has an accident staged by Dayawanti to get revenge from Avni . Ayesha gives birth to Aman , Avni 's brother , in the hospital where she promises Avni she will never leave her . During Avni 's absence in the room , Dayawanti suffocates Ayesha to death and takes baby Aman in as her family heir , renaming him Amol and snatches him away from Avni . Avni has no choice but to live in the Mehta house for Aman , whom she loves more than anything . Dayawanti tortures Avni in Mehta house , Avni 's only happiness there being Neela ( married to Ashish for taking revenge from Dayawanti on behalf of Avni ) , her brother Aman and her best friend , Ali . Soon , she starts to pick up clues that her mother did n't die of an accident but was murdered . She gets evidence and puts Dayawanti behind bars , suspecting from the start that she was the one who killed Ayesha . In jail , Dayawanti manipulates her son into believing that Avni killed her own mother . Ashish , blindly believing his mother , sends Avni behind bars . Dayawanti sends goons to kill Avni . Neela gets her out of prison and gets ready to leave with Avni for New York , promising Avni she will give her a mother 's love and will never leave her . Dayawanti , not wanting to take any chances , tricks Avni into meeting her alone at a clifftop telling her to meet her brother one last time before she leaves for New York . Dayawanti never brought Aman to meet Avni and instead shoots her with a gun in her left side . Avni falls to the water from the cliff and then we do n't see her anymore . 15 years leap . Avni is now a grown woman , renaming herself Ananya Verma for a fake identity , and we get to know that she survived from the gunshot because her heart is on the right side of her body , not her left where Dayawanti shot her . She lives with Neela and together , they both plot Dayawanti 's ruination and getting Aman back from him . She is a generous thief who steals money from rich people for donating them to hospitals . And she is the same thief Neil Khanna , an ACP officer , is looking for with an obsession as he had not been able to solve this particular case for many days . Ananya goes to the same cliff where Dayawanti shot her and plans her destruction . Neil , while looking for Case 123 - that is Ananya - ends up at that same cliff at the same time . He , thinking Ananya was there to commit suicide , tries to save her but instead they both bump into each other and fall of the cliff . They land on an island and constantly bicker with each other . Their fights show their opposing personalities - Neil is a fun loving guy who believes in love , is very positive and thinks life as being very simple - while Ananya is his inverse . Ananya 's suspicious behaviour on the island leads Neil to suspect her identity , and after they are rescued from the island , he tells his best friend / colleague DD to investigate her . Ali is also Neil 's best friend , who still believes that Avni is alive and is still waiting for her for 15 years as he is in love with her . Ananya finds out that Dayawanti is planning to get her second granddaughter Riya ( Ketan 's daughter ) to the son of a rich businessman Prakash . This is because Dayawanti is drowning in debts and loans - Mehta house will be auctioned if the money is not repaid on time . Dayawanti believes Prakash 's wealth is the only thing which will keep her from going homeless . She wins Dayawanti over and befriends Riya to enter her life and break the engagement . We find that Riya 's fiance is none other than Neil . Ananya tries all that she can to break Neil and Riya 's engagement but remains unsuccessful . Neil 's mother Shweta is a very selfish woman with major ego problems . She repeatedly tries to break Riya and Neil 's relationship as well . But Prakash had promised Dayawanti that he 'd get Neil married to Riya - and Neil , being a man of his word , reminds his parents of the promise and gets engaged to Riya . By this time , Neil knows that every bad incident happening is a ploy to break the engagement , and he knows Ananya is somehow behind this . He also suspects her to be case 123 as she was wearing the locket case 123 had supposedly dropped at the crime scene . He also starts to feel something for her , not admitting it even to himself . Ananya is confused now and compares Neil with Ashish ; Ashish had left Ayesha despite his promise of loving and supporting her forever whereas Neil is fighting against his family for someone he did n't even love just because he made a promise . She starts feeling something for him as well . A series of events follow - portraying Ananya and Neil 's growing closeness , Aman 's evilness due to his grandmother 's upbringing and Neil - Ananya 's constant clash to know Ananya 's secret . He fakes befriending her to keep an eye on her more often , but after a while , he genuinely starts caring about her . Riya , seeing Neil and Ananya 's growing closeness , tries to create rifts between them but of no use . Avni wants to trust Neil with her secret but fears that as Neil is a policeman , he will betray her the way law betrayed her when she was a child and begged people to listen to her problems . Neil saves Avni 's life many a times when Dayawanti and Amol repeatedly tried to kill her . He admits his feelings for Ananya , telling himself Ananya is a criminal and that his feelings are wrong . Ali suspected from the start that Ananya is Avni and he finds out about this . At that point only Neela and Ali know of Ananya 's secret . Ananya keeps on trying to convince Neil to not marry someone he does n't love and Neil almost buys her words . Shweta repeatedly insults Avni and Neil stands up for her . Annoyed by this , Shweta repeatedly tries to harm Avni and Neil repeatedly comes to her rescue . Neil and Riya complete all the pre-marriage rituals successfully . Nanno , Ayesha 's mother , cries to Neil that the Mehtas took her granddaughter Avni away from her with a bullet 15 years ago . Neil promises Nanno to give Avni justice . He starts to believe that Ananya is Avni because he saw the bullet mark at her chest . He tries to get clues about her identity but comes to a dead end every time . Finally on the wedding day , Neil finds out about Ananya being Avni from her and Nanno 's DNA results but does n't let Ananya know . Ananya tries to convince Riya to not marry a person she does n't love and Riya runs away , but comes back to marry Neil when Dayawanti threatens her . After receiving the money from Prakash 's company after the wedding , Dayawati plans to run away with her beloved grandson Amol . Neela convinces Avni that the only way to stop this wedding is by sitting in place of Riya and marry Neil . Neela locks Riya up in a room while Avni gets married to Neil . Neil confronts Neela and tell him that he knows about Avni . We see that earlier , he had bribed the priest to conduct a fake marriage for him and Riya because he did n't want to do injustice with Riya and trap her in a marriage neither of them wants. He thus declares that Avni 's marriage with him is a fake one . But Neela had bribed the same priest telling him to conduct all marriage rituals properly and informs Neil that Avni is indeed his wife , and that she did all this because she believes that Neil loves Avni and can make her complete again , though he denies this . Neil denies Avni a place in his home but Prakash brings her back. After a few twists and turns Avni tries to kill Dayawanti but Neil arrests Dayawanti. the shows later focuses the triangle love story between Avni , Neil and Ali. the show also focuses the entry of Juhi , Neil 's long lost first love who was missing for 5 years.it is revealed that she was trapped by Ragini Pandit . Neil arrests Ragini pandit who shakes hand with Dayawantii and Dayawanti helps her in trappping Avni . At last Avni manages to save Juhi and Amol kills Dayawanti . Ragini Pandit is injured while Juhi asks her about her daughter , Misty . Presently , Juhi is killed by Vidyut ( Ragini pandit 's son , her husband and Misty 's father ). Avni is in jail as Vidhyut ( who is in love with her ) pushes Juhi 's murder charges on her. Neil acts like he hates Avni . Cast ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Per WP : TVCAST , we organise cast per their introduction into the series , with new members of the cast being added to the bottom of each section , Main and Recurring . Please help to ensure that our community expectations are being met . Please help improve this section if you can . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast ( edit ) Original ( edit ) Arsheen Namdaar as Young Avni Ayesha Barkha Bisht Sengupta as Asha Mehta ( Ayesha Haider ) Ashish 's wife , Avni and Aman 's mother ( Dead ) Viraf Patel as Ashish Mehta , Dayawanti 's son , Asha 's Husband , Neela 's ex-husband , Avni and Aman 's father ( Dead ) After leap ( edit ) Aditi Rathore as Avni Neil Khanna / Avni Ayesha / Ananya Verma ( fake identity ) Neil 's wife , Asha & Ashish 's daughter , Neela 's adopted daughter , an illegitimate child whose father Ashish and her mother Asha / Ayesha are not married but considered themselves as husband and wife Zain Imam as Neil Khanna , Avni 's husband , Shweta - Prakash 's son , IPS Officer ( ACP ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Original ( edit ) Shubh Kalra as Young Ali Kunwar Amarjee Singh as Aladdin / Kabir Pooja Verma as Hetal Mehta ( replaced ) Palak Dey as Young Riya Vivek Madan as Hansmukh , Diksha 's ex-husband Rajesh Singh as Tiku , Fatima 's nephew After leap ( edit ) Sayantani Ghosh as Neela Parikh , Ashish ex-wife and Avni 's adoptive or stepmother Gautam Vig as Ali , Avni 's childhood best friend , a coffee cafe owner Sushant Mohindru as Aman / Amol Mehta , Asha & Ashish 's son , Avni 's brother Karam Rajpal as Vidyut R , Ragini Pandit 's Son Gulfam Khan as Fatima Banu / Nanno , Avni 's maternal grandmother , Ayesha 's mother Sanjay Swaraj as Prakash Khanna , Shweta 's husband , Neil 's father Shruti Ulfat as Shweta Prakash Khanna , Prakash 's wife , Neil 's mother Neelu Kohli as Harleen Khanna / Bebe , Neil 's grandmother , Prakash 's mother Jahaan Arora as DD , Neil 's close friend and colleague , a police officer Manini Mishra as Gurumaa / Raghu / Ragini Pandit , Vidyut 's mother , leader of a human trafficking racket Puru Chibber as Ketan Mehta , Dayawanti 's son , Ashish 's younger brother , Avni and Aman 's uncle Anaya Soni as Hetal Mehta , Ketan 's wife , Riya 's mother , Avni 's aunt Neelam Sivia as Diksha , Dayawanti 's daughter , Ashish and Ketan 's younger sister , Avni and Aman 's aunt Nalini Negi as Riya Mehta , Avni and Amol 's cousin , Ketan 's daughter , Dayawanti 's granddaughter Ragini Shah as Dayawanti Mehta ( replaced Reema Lagoo due to her death ) Avni , Riya and Amol or Aman 's grandmother ( Dead ) Poonam Preet Juhi / Meher , Neil 's ex-girlfriend Soundtrack ( edit ) Track list ( s ) Title Singer ( s ) Lyricist Music Composer ( s ) `` Naamkarann Title Track '' Shreya Ghoshal Version Kausar Munir Anu Malik `` Naamkarann Title Track '' Monali Thakur Version Kausar Munir Anu Malik `` Aaj Jaane Ki Zid '' Arijit Singh E.M.I. Pakistan Punsurjan Aaryan `` Aa Leke Chalu Tujhko '' Palak Muchhal , Sneha Shankar Vijay Vijawatt Jeet Gannguli 5 `` Chal Meri Jaan '' Aryan Aryan Aryan 6 `` Chal Meri Jaan '' Unpluged Version Palak Muchhal Aryan Aryan 7 `` Dhal Gaya Chand '' Asho Ghosala Katil Shuphaie Aaryan 8 `` Dhoop Ka Ek Tukda '' Anuradha Paudwal , Kumar Sanu Vijay Vijawatt Samidh See also ( edit ) Vishesh Films Zakhm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Viraf Patel and Barkha Bisht to star in Mahesh Bhatt 's show ' Naamkarann ' '' . Mid Day . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naamkaraan is the upcoming TV serial at Star Plus '' . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reema Lagoo returns to TV after a 9 year gap with Mahesh Bhatt 's Namkaran '' . bollywoodlife.com . Soumyata Chauhan . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Reema Lagoo 's death , this actress replaced her in Naamkaran '' . india.com . Manisha Mandal . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Naamkarann Steaming on Hotstar Naamkarann on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Films and television series by Mahesh Bhatt Director Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain ( 1974 ) Naya Daur ( 1978 ) Lahu Ke Do Rang ( 1979 ) Abhimanyu ( 1980 ) Arth ( 1982 ) Saaransh ( 1984 ) Janam ( 1985 ) Aashiana ( 1986 ) Naam ( 1986 ) Aaj ( 1987 ) Kaash ( 1987 ) Thikana ( 1987 ) Siyasat ( 1988 ) Kabzaa ( 1988 ) Daddy ( 1989 ) Awaargi ( 1990 ) Jurm ( 1990 ) Aashiqui ( 1990 ) Swayam ( 1991 ) Saathi ( 1991 ) Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin ( 1991 ) Sadak ( 1991 ) Saatwan Aasman ( 1992 ) Junoon ( 1992 ) Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee ( 1993 ) Gunaah ( 1993 ) Sir ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1993 ) Gumrah ( 1993 ) Tadipaar ( 1993 ) The Gentleman ( 1994 ) Naaraaz ( 1994 ) Milan ( 1995 ) Naajayaz ( 1995 ) Criminal ( 1995 ) Papa Kehte Hai ( 1996 ) Chaahat ( 1996 ) Dastak ( 1996 ) Tamanna ( 1997 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Angaaray ( 1998 ) Zakhm ( 1998 ) Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan ( 1999 ) Kartoos ( 1999 ) Writer only Dushman ( 1998 ) Sangharsh ( 1999 ) Kasoor ( 2001 ) Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar ( 2001 ) Raaz ( 2002 ) Gunaah ( 2002 ) Saaya ( 2003 ) Footpath ( 2003 ) Jism ( 2003 ) Inteha ( 2003 ) Murder ( 2004 ) Rog ( 2005 ) Zeher ( 2005 ) Nazar ( 2005 ) Kalyug ( 2006 ) Woh Lamhe ( 2006 ) Murder 2 ( 2011 ) Jism 2 ( 2012 ) Murder 3 ( 2013 ) Hamari Adhuri Kahani ( 2015 ) Television Swabhimaan ( 1995 ) A Mouthful of Sky ( 1995 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1997 ) Naamkarann ( 2016 ) Tu Aashiqui ( 2017 ) This Indian television - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naamkarann&oldid=816209930 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian television soap operas Indian drama television series Television shows set in Mumbai Star Plus television series Indian television stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 23 : 41 . About Wikipedia	who is playing the role of juhi in naamkaran	[ "\nSayantani Ghosh as Neela Parikh, Ashish ex-wife and Avni's adoptive or stepmother\nGautam Vig as Ali, Avni's childhood best friend, a coffee cafe owner\nSushant Mohindru as Aman / Amol Mehta, Asha & Ashish's son, Avni's brother\nKaram Rajpal as Vidyut R, Ragini Pandit's Son\nGulfam Khan as Fatima Banu / Nanno, Avni's maternal grandmother, Ayesha's mother\nSanjay Swaraj as Prakash Khanna, Shweta's husband, Neil's father\nShruti Ulfat as Shweta Prakash Khanna, Prakash's wife, Neil's mother\nNeelu Kohli as Harleen Khanna / Bebe, Neil's grandmother, Prakash's mother\nJahaan Arora as DD, Neil's close friend and colleague, a police officer\nManini Mishra as Gurumaa / Raghu / Ragini Pandit, Vidyut's mother, leader of a human trafficking racket\nPuru Chibber as Ketan Mehta, Dayawanti's son, Ashish's younger brother, Avni and Aman's uncle\nAnaya Soni as Hetal Mehta, Ketan's wife, Riya's mother, Avni's aunt\nNeelam Sivia as Diksha, Dayawanti's daughter, Ashish and Ketan's younger sister, Avni and Aman's aunt\nNalini Negi as Riya Mehta, Avni and Amol's cousin, Ketan's daughter, Dayawanti's granddaughter\nRagini Shah as Dayawanti Mehta (replaced Reema Lagoo[3] due to her death)[4] Avni, Riya and Amol or Aman's grandmother (Dead)\nPoonam Preet Juhi / Meher, Neil's ex-girlfriend\n" ]	[ "Poonam Preet" ]
6152948129072396331	The Bill	The Bill - wikipedia The Bill Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British television series . For the Polish punk rock band , see The Bill ( band ) . For the Inside No. 9 episode , see The Bill ( Inside No. 9 ) . The Bill An image from the final opening credits of The Bill Genre Police procedural Drama Created by Geoff McQueen Starring Main cast Theme music composer `` Overkill '' by Andy Pask and Charlie Morgan Composer ( s ) Simba Studios Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 26 No. of episodes 2,400 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Lloyd Shirley ( 1984 -- 87 ) Peter Cregeen ( 1987 -- 89 ) Michael Chapman ( 1989 -- 98 ) Richard Handford ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Chris Parr ( 2002 ) Paul Marquess ( 2002 -- 05 ) Johnathan Young ( 2005 -- 10 ) Location ( s ) South London ( Colliers Wood / Mitcham ) , England Running time 22 - 24 minutes ( commercial 1⁄2 hour w / 1 break ) 42 - 46 minutes ( as of 2010 ) ( commercial hour w / 3 breaks ) Production company ( s ) Thames Television ( 1984 -- 2002 ) Talkback Thames ( 2002 -- 10 ) Distributor Pearson Television ( 1997 -- 2000 ) FremantleMedia ( 2001 -- present ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1984 -- 98 ) 16 : 9 SD ( 1998 -- 2009 ) 1080i HD ( 2009 -- 10 ) First shown in 16 August 1983 ( Woodentop ) Original release 16 October 1984 -- 31 August 2010 Chronology Related shows Bureau Kruislaan Die Wache Burnside Beech on the Run Beech is Back MIT : Murder Investigation Team SOKO Leipzig External links Website www.thebill.com The Bill is a British police procedural television series , first broadcast on ITV from 16 October 1984 until 31 August 2010 . The programme originated from a one - off drama , Woodentop , broadcast in August 1983 . In its final year on air , The Bill was broadcast once a week , usually on Tuesdays or Thursdays , in a one - hour format . The programme focused on the lives and work of one shift of police officers , rather than on any particular aspect of police work . The Bill was the second longest - running police procedural television series in the United Kingdom , and among the longest running of any British television series . The title originates from `` Old Bill '' , a slang term for the police . Although highly acclaimed by fans and critics , the series attracted controversy on several occasions . An episode broadcast in 2008 was criticised for featuring fictional treatment for multiple sclerosis . The series has also faced more general criticism concerning its levels of violence , particularly prior to 2009 , when it occupied a pre-watershed slot . The Bill won several awards , including BAFTAs , a Writers ' Guild of Great Britain award and Best Drama at the Inside Soap Awards in 2009 , this being the series ' fourth consecutive win . Throughout its twenty - seven - year run , the programme was always broadcast on the main ITV network . In later years , episodes of the show were repeated on ITV3 on their week of broadcast . The series has also been repeated on other digital stations , including Gold , Alibi , Watch , Dave and Drama . In March 2010 , executives at ITV announced that the network did not intend to recommission The Bill , and that filming on the series would cease on 14 June 2010 . The last episode aired on 31 August 2010 . On 9 August 2017 UKTV announced Drama will rerun The Bill from the very beginning airing 14 August 2017 at 12noon . On 31 October 2017 UKTV bosses announced they were no longer showing early episodes first claiming `` viewer demand '' was asking them to move to series 14 and then a few days later stating it was `` very low viewing figures '' . The decision to jump straight to 1998 caused an angry backlash from viewers and fans on Twitter and Digital Spy who were promised that every episode would be shown . Former stars Graham Cole and John Iles took to Twitter to state their disappointment with the decision . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Cancellation 2 Broadcasting and production 2.1 Filming locations 2.1. 1 `` Sun Hill '' 2.2 Production details 2.3 Broadcast in the United Kingdom 2.4 Broadcast outside the UK 3 Themes and title sequences 4 Episodes 4.1 Special episodes 5 Cast 5.1 Notable cast members 5.2 Notable guest stars 6 Ratings 7 Awards 8 Impact and history 9 Spin - offs and related series 10 Merchandise 10.1 VHS and DVD 10.2 Books 10.2. 1 Novels 10.3 Music 10.4 Event merchandising 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of The Bill The Bill was originally conceived by Geoff McQueen in 1983 , then a new television writer , as a one - off drama . McQueen had originally titled the production `` Old Bill '' . It was picked up by Michael Chapman for ITV franchise holder Thames Television , who retitled it `` Woodentop '' as part of Thames ' `` Storyboard '' series of one - off dramas and was broadcast on ITV under the title Woodentop on 16 August 1983 . Woodentop starred Mark Wingett as Police Constable Jim Carver and Trudie Goodwin as Woman Police Constable June Ackland of London 's Metropolitan Police , both attached to the fictional Sun Hill police station . Although originally only intended as a one - off , Woodentop impressed ITV to the extent that a full series was commissioned , first broadcast on 16 October 1984 with one post-watershed episode per week , featuring an hour - long , separate storyline for each episode of the first three series . The first episode of the full series was `` Funny Ol ' Business -- Cops & Robbers '' . With serialisation , the name of the show changed from `` Woodentop '' to `` The Bill '' . In its first four years the series was broadcast between July onwards each year , with a 12 - week summer break from May until the next July . With a full ensemble cast to explore new characters not featured or just mentioned in `` '' Woodentop `` '' , the focus of the storylines soon shifted away from new recruit Carver and towards Detective Inspector Roy Galloway and Police Sergeant Bob Cryer . The series then changed to two episodes , each of thirty minutes on Tuesdays and Thursdays , per week in 1988 ( from July 1988 onwards , the series also began being broadcast all year round without a summer break ) , increasing to three a week beginning in 1993 , with the third episode being broadcast on Fridays . In 1998 , The Bill returned to hour - long episodes , which later became twice - weekly , with the Friday episode being dropped , at which point the series adopted a much more serialised approach . When Paul Marquess took over as executive producer in 2002 , as part of a drive for ratings , the series was revamped , bringing in a more soap opera type feel to many of its stories . Many veteran characters were written out , leading to the Sun Hill fire during 2002 . Marquess stated that the clearout was necessary to introduce `` plausible , powerful new characters '' . As part of the new serial format , much more of the characters ' personal lives were explored , however , as Marquess put it , the viewers still `` do n't go home with them '' . The change also allowed The Bill to become more reflective of modern policing with the introduction of officers from ethnic minorities , most notably the new superintendent , Adam Okaro . It also allowed coverage of the relationship of homosexual Sergeant Craig Gilmore and PC Luke Ashton , a storyline which Marquess was determined to explore before rival Merseybeat . In 2005 , Johnathan Young took over as executive producer . The serial format was dropped and The Bill returned to stand - alone episodes with more focus on crime and policing than on the personal lives of the officers . 2007 saw the reintroduction of episode titles , which had been dropped in 2002 . In 2009 , The Bill moved back to the 9 pm slot it previously held and the theme tune , `` Overkill '' , was replaced as part of a major overhaul of the series . Cancellation ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Respect ( The Bill ) . On 26 March 2010 , ITV announced it would be cancelling the series later that year after 26 years on air . ITV said that this decision reflected the `` changing tastes '' of viewers . The last episode of The Bill was filmed in June 2010 and broadcast on 31 August 2010 followed by a documentary titled Farewell The Bill . Fans of the show started a ' Save the Bill ' campaign on social networking website Facebook in an effort to persuade ITV to reconsider the cancellation , and some radio broadcasters , including BBC Radio 1 's Chris Moyles , presented special features on the programme 's cancellation . Tribute to members of the Metropolitan Police Service at the end of the final episode At the time of the series ' end in August 2010 , The Bill was the United Kingdom 's longest - running police drama and was among the longest - running of any British television series . The series finale , entitled `` Respect '' , was aired in two parts and was dedicated to `` the men and women of the Metropolitan Police Service past and present '' . The finale storyline concerned gang member Jasmine Harris being involved in the murder of fellow member Liam Martin who died in the arms of Inspector Smith after being stabbed . Jasmine is then gang raped because she talked to the police and when Callum Stone found the person responsible he was held at gunpoint . Of the title for the finale , Executive Producer Johnathan Young said `` It 's called `` Respect '' and we hope it will respect the heritage of the show `` . The finale episodes featured all the cast and the final scene was specially written so all cast members would be featured . Following the final episode , ITV aired a documentary entitled Farewell The Bill which featured interviews from past and present cast and crew members . The finale was watched by 4.4 million viewers , with Farewell The Bill averaging 1.661 million viewers . Broadcasting and production ( edit ) Filming locations ( edit ) Set of the CID office in the Merton studios ( now Wimbledon Studios ) Throughout the series , there have been three filming locations for Sun Hill police station . From the first series , the police station consisted of a set of buildings in Artichoke Hill , Wapping , East London . However , these buildings were next to the News International plant and during the winter of 1985 -- 86 there was much industrial action which resulted in some altercations between the strikers and what they thought were the real police but were actually actors working on The Bill . Working conditions got so dire , that the production team realised they needed to find another base to set Sun Hill police station . The second location was an old record distribution depot in Barlby Road , North Kensington in North West London . Filming began here in March 1987 . In 1989 , the owners of the Barlby Road site ordered The Bill out , due to their redevelopment plans for the area . After an extensive search , two sites were selected , the favourite being a disused hospital in Clapham . However , this fell through and the second option was chosen -- an old wine distribution warehouse in Merton , South West London . The move was made in March 1990 and was disguised on screen by the ' ongoing ' refurbishment of Sun Hill police station and then finally the explosion of a terrorist car - bomb in the station car - park , which ended up killing PC Ken Melvin . Filming for the series took place all over London , mainly in South London and particularly the London Borough of Merton , where the Sun Hill set was located . Locations used when the show was filmed on a housing estate included : Cambridge Estate , in Kingston , south - west London High Path Estate , in South Wimbledon , south - west London ( approx. 10 - minute walk from the Sun Hill set ) Phipps Bridge , Mitcham Roundshaw Estate in Wallington , London Sutton Estate , which includes Durand Close in Carshalton , where a housing block regularly used by The Bill for filming was demolished in November 2009 . Scenes were often filmed in east London , most notably the London Docklands , with other scenes filmed in Tooting , Greenwich and Croydon . `` Sun Hill '' ( edit ) Metropolitan Police and station coat of arms from the Sun Hill set The Bill is set in and around Sun Hill police station , in the fictional `` Canley Borough Operational Command Unit '' in East London . Geoff McQueen , creator of The Bill , claimed that he named Sun Hill after a street name in his home town of Royston , Hertfordshire . The fictional Sun Hill suburb is located in the fictional London borough of Canley in the East End , north of the River Thames . The Borough of Canley is approximately contiguous to the real - life London Borough of Tower Hamlets , and in the first few years of The Bill , Sun Hill police station was actually stated as being located in Wapping in Tower Hamlets . Sun Hill has a London E1 postcode ( the ' address ' of Sun Hill police station is given as ' 2 Sun Hill Road , Sun Hill , Canley E1 4KM ' . ) , which corresponds to the real - life areas of Whitechapel and Stepney . Production details ( edit ) When filming The Bill , some scenes were re-enacted indoors with microphones surrounding the actors and the extra sounds being `` dubbed '' on later . Some of the more aggressive scenes were also filmed indoors either for dubbing or safety reasons . When filming scenes involving police cars , a camera was attached to the outside of the car which feeds back images to a digital recorder in the back of the vehicle . This technique was used to film the new opening titles of The Bill . The sirens used in the series were added later in the dubbing suite as The Bill did not have permission to use sirens while on location . However , the police uniforms used in the series were genuine , again making The Bill unique amongst police dramas . When the series ended , London 's Metropolitan Police Service , after talks with the production company , bought 400 kilograms of police - related paraphernalia , including flat caps and stab vests etc. to prevent them falling into the hands of criminals or those who would seek to use them for criminal activities after the programme 's production ceased . The Bill is unique amongst police dramas in that it takes a serial format , focussing on the work and lives of a single shift of police officers , rather than on one particular area of police work . Also unique is that The Bill adapted to this format after several series , whereas comparable series started with the serial format . Broadcast in the United Kingdom ( edit ) During its initial broadcast , The Bill was always shown on ITV . In 2009 , STV , ITV 's regional franchise in Central and Northern Scotland , opted out of broadcasting the series along with a number of other dramas , a decision that later became the subject of legal proceedings between STV and the main ITV network . The legal dispute was settled on 27 April 2011 , with ITV receiving £ 18 million from STV . Aside from repeats of episodes on ITV3 , which occurred on the original week of their broadcast , the show has regularly been repeated on other digital stations . Re-runs of the series began on 1 November 1992 , when new digital channel UKTV Gold began broadcasting . The channel broadcast repeats of the series for nearly sixteen years , until 6 October 2008 , when the channel was given a revamp by the owners of the network . During the sixteen - year period , re-runs of the series covered every episode broadcast between 16 October 1984 , and 8 March 2007 . On 7 October 2008 , UKTV launched a new British drama channel , Alibi , and from this point on , episodes of the series were broadcast in the 8 am slot on the channel . Alibi broadcast episodes until 23 December 2009 , when the show was taken from the channel 's schedule due to poor viewer feedback . During the fourteen months that the show broadcast on Alibi , the channel covered all of the episodes broadcast between 25 August 1998 and 27 February 2002 . On 27 January 2010 , UKTV relocated The Bill to one of its more recent entertainment channels , Watch . Watch began by airing the episode `` Sweet Revenge '' , broadcast on 21 March 2007 . Thus , they continued in broadcast order , carrying on from where their predecessor , UKTV Gold , had finished . Through the course of the year , the channel continued to broadcast episodes from the latter years of the show , concluding in November 2010 with the episode `` Conviction : Judgement Day '' , broadcast on 16 July 2009 . Following a short break from the network , the series returned in December 2010 , beginning with Episode # 001 , broadcast on 28 February 2002 . This continued on from the broadcast order of episodes repeated on Alibi , carrying on from where the network had finished . As of April 2012 , Watch had repeated every single episode from 28 February 2002 to 24 February 2005 , and was to begin airing episodes from March 2005 . In July 2013 the show started to be broadcast by UKTV channel Drama , starting with episodes from 1998 . On 14 August 2017 , Drama started showing The Bill from the beginning . As of 6th November , Drama jumped approximately a decade . On the 5th , it concluded its broadcast of 80s episodes , with ' The Assassins ' , preferring the 45 - minute episodes with PC Santini and WPC Fox . Broadcast outside the UK ( edit ) The Bill has been broadcast in over 55 different countries . In Australia The Bill was shown on ABC1 . The final episode was shown on 16 October 2010 , with Farewell The Bill shown the following week on 23 October . On Wednesday 3 February 2016 , ABC1 commenced repeating the entire series from the pilot episode in an afternoon weekday timeslot , with early - morning repeats . On pay television services in Australia and New Zealand , older episodes are broadcast on UKTV . The Bill will be again shown on the ABC TV from series 1 from the 4 July 2017 in the 5.00 AM time slot . In Denmark the series was retitled `` Lov og Uorden '' ( Law and Disorder ) . Two episodes of the series were broadcast every afternoon on TV2 Charlie . In Ireland the series was broadcast on RTÉ television , first starting in the early 1990s on RTÉ Two , and in the early 2000s RTÉ began broadcasting it on RTÉ One at 5 : 30 pm each weekday , splitting hour long episodes into two - part half - hour episodes . RTÉ discontinued this in 2009 , moving the show to Monday Nights on RTÉ Two . RTÉ showed episodes from 2005 . AIn 2010 RTÉ moved the show from its prime time slot on RTÉ Two to a midnight slot on RTÉ One on Thursday nights , but the show remained on the RTÉ player . In Sweden the series was retitled `` Sunhills polisstation '' ( Sun Hill Police Station ) by broadcaster TV4 . In 2011 it was broadcast daily on Kanal 9 in the early afternoon with a repeat early the following morning . Themes and title sequences ( edit ) Main article : The Bill title sequences The pilot episode of the series , `` Woodentop '' , featured a short theme composed by Mike Westergaard . The theme was used specifically for the episode and was never used at any time during the main series . The title sequence for the episode consisted simply of the word ' Woodentop ' being spelt out letter by letter , as if someone was writing it on a typewriter . The first ever opening sequence of The Bill was first seen in the episode `` Funny Ol ' Business -- Cops & Robbers '' . The sequence consisted of two police officers , one male and one female , walking down a street , whilst images of Sun Hill were interspersed between them . This sequence was used for the first series only . It featured the first version of the series iconic theme tune , `` Overkill '' , composed by Charlie Morgan and Andy Pask . The theme is notable for its use of septuple meter . The end titles of the series simply showed the feet of the two police constables pounding the beat . In the second series of the show , the opening sequence consisted of a police car , a Rover SD1 , racing down a street with its siren wailing and its blue flashing light on . The car would screech to a stop , and the camera would zoom in on the blue light . Various clips were then shown from the series of the characters in action , often chasing suspects . This sequence kept the first version of `` Overkill '' , and also used the same ending credits from series one . This sequence was also used in the third series . From the fourth series onwards , the opening sequence was kept generally the same ; however , clips from the series used were regularly updated to remove departed characters and keep to date with the show 's events . Minor changes to the sequence included the Rover SD1 changing into a Ford Sierra in 1993 , which was replaced by a Vauxhall Vectra in 1997 . In the 1997 sequence , the Vectra was seen overtaking a Leyland Titan bus , before screeching to a halt , and the main sequence starting . The end credits for the series remained the same , but a new version of `` Overkill '' was used , also composed by Andy Pask and Charlie Morgan . On 6 January 1998 , starting with `` Hard Cash '' , the third episode of the show 's fourteenth series , the title sequence and theme used for nearly ten years were scrapped . This time , the title sequence consisted of various police procedural images , including a suspect being shown into a police cell , another suspect being interviewed , and a third posing for mug shot photographs . Clips of any of the actors featured were removed , as was the initial sequence involving the police car racing down the street . Pask and Morgan revamped `` Overkill '' , giving it a jazz feel , with the majority of the theme played by a saxophone . The end credits of the series were also completely revamped . This time , the credits featured various images of the Metropolitan Police uniform , combined with images of a feet tapping on a kerb . A longer version of `` Overkill '' was also used in the final credits , this time composed by Mark Russell . These opening and closing sequences were used for nearly three years , although both saw minor updates in 1999 . The text sequence at the very start of the opening sequence was changed into a different font , and the images of the police uniform and feet tapping on a curb were removed from the closing sequence to make way for a preview of the next episode . The closing sequence remained this way until 2001 , but the opening titles were once again updated in 2000 to remove certain images from the sequence to make it shorter . It is also noted that during this period , a ' previously on The Bill ' segment was aired before the title sequence , to inform views what had occurred in the last episode . On 20 February 2001 , starting with `` Going Under '' , the fourteenth episode of the show 's seventeenth series , the opening and closing sequences were once again scrapped to make way for a completely new sequence and theme . This time , the opening sequence consisted of a montage image of the entire cast , backed by a darker , slower version of `` Overkill '' . The closing credits featured a montage of various police - related images , also backed by the new version of `` Overkill '' . The opening sequence was designed by the visuals company `` Blue '' , and the new arrangement of `` Overkill '' was produced by Miles Bould and Mike Westergaard . These titles remained essentially the same for two years , with two small updates . The font used on the closing credits was changed towards the end of 2001 , and the characters featured in the opening sequence were updated in 2002 , to remove characters who had departed , and include new characters . These titles were broadcast from Episode No. 017 , and are notable as several of the characters in these titles had not yet appeared in the show . DS Samantha Nixon appeared in the titles from Episode No. 017 , but did not first appear until Episode No. 038 , some four months later . On 13 February 2003 , starting with Episode No. 090 , the opening and closing sequences were once again updated . This time , the opening sequence consisted of several generic police images , such as a police car and uniform . A new arrangement of `` Overkill '' , made by Lawrence Oakley , was also used for both the opening and closing sequences . The background of the closing sequence , designed by company `` Roisin at Blue '' , was simply a police shade of blue , with all generic images being removed . Throughout its four - year use , these titles were never updated or changed , with the exception of the police shade of blue , which was changed to a dark shade of black in 2006 . On 3 January 2007 , starting with Episode No. 471 , the opening and closing sequences were once again changed . This time , the opening sequence , for the first time , features an image of the `` Sun Hill '' sign , and returns to featuring images of officers in action . This sequence also featured a further new arrangement of `` Overkill '' , once again arranged by Lawrence Oakley . This time , the closing sequence follows a police car on patrol , watching it as it drives through the streets of Sun Hill . These titles were used for nearly two and a half years . On 23 July 2009 , after the programme underwent a major overhaul , the opening sequence and theme were heavily changed . This time , the classic `` Overkill '' theme was completely removed , and a new theme created by Simba Studios was used . However , producer Jonathan Young stated that echoes of `` Overkill '' can still be heard in the theme . The opening sequence featured a patrol car driving through the streets of Sun Hill . The closing sequence follows the same patrol car , however , this time , from an overhead view . These titles remained the same until the show 's final episode , where the theme tune was replaced by a final version of `` Overkill '' , in homage to the show . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Bill episodes When The Bill was first commissioned as a series by ITV , it started with twelve episodes per year , each an hour long with a separate storyline . In 1988 the format changed to year - round broadcast with two thirty - minute episodes per week . In 1993 this expanded to three thirty - minute episodes per week . In 1998 the broadcast format changed to two , one hour episodes each week . Episodes were now recorded in 16 : 9 widescreen digibeta . In 2009 The Bill began broadcasting in HD and as part of a major revamp , was reduced to broadcasting once a week . The Bill finished in 2010 , with 2425 episodes broadcast . Special episodes ( edit ) The Bill has broadcast two live episodes . The first was in 2003 to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the pilot , `` Woodentop '' . The second was in 2005 to celebrate the fiftieth birthday of ITV . The live episode in 2003 was episode No. 162 , originally broadcast on 30 October 2003 at 8pm , and produced with a crew of 200 staff including seven camera crews . It was reported to be the first live television broadcast of a programme where filming was not largely confined to a studio . Detective Constable Juliet Becker and Constable Cathy Bradford are being held hostage by a man called Mark . As they are being held hostage in a carrier in the station yard , Cathy Bradford raises the custody suite alarm . When the rest of the station arrive outside , Mark makes it known that he intends to kill Juliet Becker . The police get permission to break into the carrier , only to find that Juliet has been stabbed . She is rushed to hospital , but attempts to resuscitate her fail . The episode was watched by around 11 million viewers . This special was later released onto DVD in United Kingdom 31 October 2011 , as part of Network DVD 's `` Soap Box : Volume 1 '' . The live episode in 2005 was episode No. 349 , broadcast on 22 September 2005 at 8pm . In this episode , it was revealed that PC Gabriel Kent had assumed a false identity . It is revealed that he has been operating under his brother 's name and is , in fact , David Kent . In this episode the `` real '' Gabriel Kent arrived in Sun Hill to meet his mother , Sergeant June Ackland . In this episode , Sun Hill police station is hosting a reception party and , as the police arrive , they are taken hostage by a distraught father whose son was killed by a stolen car . A struggle ensues in which a shot is fired , alerting others in the building the incident . After an evacuation of the station , Superintendent Amanda Prosser encourages PC Dan Casper to attempt to overpower the man . As he does so , both Casper and the real Gabriel Kent are shot . The real Gabriel Kent is rushed to hospital where the false Gabriel Kent threatens him to keep the identity switch a secret . A series of special episodes titled The Bill Uncovered were produced to reflect the stories of select characters and events . The first was The Bill Uncovered : Des and Reg ( 2004 ) -- The story of the unusual friendship between PC Des Taviner and PC Reg Hollis , traversing their history from Des 's first day at Sun Hill to his death in a Sun Hill cell . The second was The Bill Uncovered : Kerry 's Story ( 2004 ) , the story of PC Kerry Young , who met her death outside Sun Hill . The third special was The Bill Uncovered : Jim 's Story ( 2005 ) , the story of DC Jim Carver -- from his first day at Sun Hill ( in the pilot `` Woodentop '' ) . The last was The Bill Uncovered : On The Front Line ( 2006 ) , in which Superintendent Adam Okaro recounts the extraordinary events that have surrounded Sun Hill over his time in charge . A review of the second of these specials criticised the `` increasingly degenerative plotlines '' of the series , and characterised the special as a `` cheerless outing '' covering The Bill 's `` travesties of plot '' . All four editions of The Bill Uncovered was released onto DVD in Australia as part of The Bill Series 26 DVD boxset , 30 April 2014 . In 2008 , a special programme called `` The Bill Made Me Famous '' in light of the show 's 25th anniversary was broadcast , which saw former actors and special guest stars telling their accounts of working on the show and how it changed their lives . It included old favourites such as Billy Murray ( DS Don Beech ) , Chris Ellison ( DI Frank Burnside ) and popular TV personalities such as Paul O'Grady and Les Dennis . A two - part crossover episode with the German series SOKO Leipzig , entitled `` Proof of Life '' , was broadcast in November 2008 . Following The Bill 's final episode on 31 August 2010 , a one - hour special titled Farewell The Bill was broadcast . The special explored the history of the series and gave viewers a behind the scenes look at the filming of the last episode . This special was later release onto DVD in Australia 5 October 2011 , along with the last two - part episode `` Respect '' . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of characters of The Bill The Bill had a large regular cast to support the number of episodes that were produced each year . Working on The Bill had become something of a comical joke in British acting , with 174 actors having formed part of the series ' main cast since the series began . A number of cast members have played multiple roles in the series , and in other British soap operas and dramas . Notable cast members ( edit ) There are numerous actors who have either appeared on The Bill for some considerable length of time , or on whose careers The Bill has made a significant impact . The following is a concise list of the most notable , an expanded version is available at List of characters of The Bill . Billy Murray played DS Don Beech from 1995 to 2004 . The character was a cold police officer , notably having murdered DS John Boulton , forcing Beech to go on the run , sparking the `` Don Beech scandal '' . Since leaving The Bill , Murray 's career has included a stint on EastEnders as gangster and murderer Johnny Allen and two films , Rollin ' With The Nines and Rise of the Footsoldier . The character also spawned Beech on the Run and Beech is Back . Tony O'Callaghan played Sergeant Matt Boyden from 1991 to 2003 . Boyden was shot dead by his daughter 's boyfriend so she can profit from insurance money to fund her drug habit . This was the storyline that formed the basis for the opening episode of spin - off M.I.T. : Murder Investigation Team . Tony O'Callaghan has also appeared in The Magnificent Evans , Family Affairs , Holby City , Doctors , EastEnders and Shameless . Christopher Ellison played DS Tommy Burnside in episode one and later returned as DI , later promoted to DCI , Frank Burnside from 1984 to 2000 . Burnside made many enemies both at Sun Hill and with the villains , indeed Chief Superintendent Pearson tried to frame Burnside in a corruption inquiry . Since leaving The Bill , Ellison has enjoyed a guest stint as Len Harker in EastEnders . Ellison has also appeared in The Professionals , Minder , Casualty , Judge John Deed and voiced a Doctor Who audio adventure . The character spawned a spin - off , Burnside . Mark Wingett played PC , then DC , later promoted to DS , Jim Carver from 1983 to 2007 . After his marriage to June Ackland collapsed and he built up gambling debts , the character left Sun Hill . Since leaving , Wingett has also appeared in EastEnders . Eric Richard played Sergeant Bob Cryer from 1984 to 2001 , the character leaving after being injured when he was accidentally shot by then PC Dale Smith . The character later made brief re-appearances in the series , including in one storyline involving his niece Roberta who later joined the station . Prior to appearing in The Bill , Richard appeared in a number of TV programmes including Open All Hours , Made in Britain and Shoestring . Kevin Lloyd played DC Tosh Lines from 1988 to 1998 . The character was written out as having accepted a position in the Coroner 's Office after Lloyd was sacked for turning up for work drunk . Lloyd died a week after his dismissal . Jeff Stewart played PC Reg Hollis from 1984 to 2008 . The character was written out after resigning under the grounds of being traumatised by the death of colleagues in a bomb blast . After learning of his axing from the show , Stewart attempted suicide on set by slashing his wrists . Graham Cole played PC Tony Stamp from 1987 to 2009 . The character was written out of the series , taking up a driving instructor 's post at Hendon , as part of the show 's revamp , after producers felt that he did n't fit the style of the new show . Cole 's last episode was shown on 5 November 2009 and his departure meant the end of a 22 - year association with the programme . Trudie Goodwin played PC , later promoted to Sergeant , June Ackland from 1983 to 2007 , appearing first in Woodentop . The character retired in 2007 after her on - screen relationship with DC Jim Carver came to an abrupt end . When Goodwin left The Bill in 2007 she was not only the longest serving cast member in the history of The Bill , but also held the world record for the longest time an actor has portrayed a police character . Alex Walkinshaw played PC , later promoted to Sergeant and Inspector , Dale `` Smithy '' Smith from 1999 to 2010 . Walkinshaw made three `` one off '' appearances in the series prior to becoming a regular cast member , and has since made appearances in several other British soaps and serial dramas , including Waterloo Road , Casualty and Holby City Simon Rouse played DCI , later promoted to Superintendent , Jack Meadows from 1989 to 2010 , though the character only became a regular role in 1992 . Aside from The Bill , Rouse has had small appearances in a number of other British television series including Robin of Sherwood , The Professionals , Casualty , Minder and Doctor Who . Chris Simmons played DC Mickey Webb from 2000 to 2010 . He appeared twice on the show playing different roles , most notably as a criminal in 1999 , before joining the cast as a regular in the following year . He left the series temporarily in 2003 , as the culmination of a storyline where his character was raped . He made several guest appearances before returning as a regular in 2005 . Notable guest stars ( edit ) The constant need for minor characters , normally appeared in only a single episode , inevitably led to numerous high profile actors and actresses having guest roles in The Bill . The following actors appeared in the show at least once - Keira Knightley ( 1995 ) Russell Brand ( 1994 ) James McAvoy ( 1993 ) Hugh Laurie ( 1998 ) Lynda Bellingham ( 2004 ) David Tennant , future Doctor Who actor ( 1995 ) Paul O'Grady ( 1988 and 1990 ) Sean Bean ( 1984 ) Ray Winstone ( 1991 and 1995 ) Roger Daltrey , lead singer of The Who ( 1999 ) Emma Bunton , member of the Spice Girls ( 1993 ) Ratings ( edit ) The Bill has become a popular drama in the United Kingdom and in many other countries , most notably in Australia . The series attracted audiences of up to six million viewers in 2008 and 2009 . Ratings during 2002 peaked after the overhaul of the show which brought about the 2002 fire episode , in which six officers were killed and the 2003 live episode attracted ten million viewers - forty percent of the UK audience share . Immediately following The Bill 's revamping and time slot change , it was reported that the programme had attracted 4.5 million viewers , 19 % of the audience share , however , it lost out to the BBC 's New Tricks with the Daily Mirror later reporting that ITV 's schedule change was behind a two million viewer drop in ratings . In 2001 , prior to Paul Marquess ' appointment as executive producer , The Bill 's ratings had dropped to approximately six million viewers and advertising revenues had fallen , in part due to the ageing demographic of its viewers , leading ITV to order a `` rejuvenation '' which saw the series adopt a serial format . In 2002 , The Independent reported that The Bill 's Thursday episode was viewed by approximately 7 million people , a fall of approximately 3 million viewers in the space of 6 months . After the cast clearout resulting from the Sun Hill fire in April 2002 , BBC News reported that The Bill attracted 8.6 million viewers , the highest figure for the year to that point , and by October 2003 , the program had around 8 million viewers each week . In 2005 , The Bill was averaging around 11 million viewers , in comparison to Coronation Street , which was attracting around 10 million viewers . In 2009 , The Daily Mirror reported that The Bill was to be moved to a post-watershed slot to allow it to cover grittier storylines . It was reported that it is the first time in British Television that ITV have broadcast a drama all year in the 9 pm slot . The changeover happened at the end of July 2009 . Before the move , The Bill was averaging 5 million viewers between the two episodes each week . BARB reports that the week 12 -- 18 October 2009 saw 3.78 million viewers watch The Bill . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Bill The Bill has achieved a number of awards throughout its time on air , ranging from a BAFTA to the Royal Television Society Awards . and the Inside Soap Awards , particularly the `` best recurring drama '' category . In 2010 , The Bill was nominated for a Royal Television Society award for Best Soap / Continuing Drama , beating both Coronation Street and Emmerdale on to the nominations list . The only soap to be nominated was EastEnders and the results were announced on 16 March 2010 . In 2009 an episode of The Bill won the Knights of Illumination Award for Lighting Design - Drama . Impact and history ( edit ) It has been compared to Hill Street Blues due to the similar , serial , format that both series take . However , The Bill has seen little direct competition on British television in the police procedural genre over its twenty - five - year history , though the BBC has twice launched rival series . The first was Merseybeat , which ran from 2001 but was cancelled in 2004 due to poor ratings and problems with the cast . The second , HolbyBlue , launched in 2007 , was a spin - off of successful medical drama Holby City ( itself a spin - off of the long - running Casualty ) . It was scheduled to go `` head to head '' with The Bill , prompting a brief `` ratings war '' , however HolbyBlue was also cancelled by the BBC in 2008 , again , largely due to poor ratings . When The Bill started , the majority of the Police Federation were opposed to the programme , claiming that it portrayed the police as a racist organisation , however , feelings towards the programme have now mellowed to the extent that Executive Producer Johnathan Young met with Sir Ian Blair , then Commissioner of the Met in 2006 and it was decided that the editorial relationship between the police and the programme was sufficient . However , Young stressed that The Bill is not `` editorially bound '' to the police . Despite better relations with the police , The Bill has still not been without controversy . The Bill has been repeatedly criticised for the high levels of violence portrayed in its scenes , especially prior to 2009 when it occupied a pre-watershed timeslot . Specific story lines have also come under fire in the media , such as that surrounding a gay kiss in 2002 , as well as an episode broadcast in March 2008 which featured a fictional treatment for multiple sclerosis , leading the MS Society to brand the plot `` grossly irresponsible '' . The series has also been criticised by the tabloid press for the replacing of the iconic theme tune as part of a revamping effort . Spin - offs and related series ( edit ) During its 27 - year - run , The Bill spawned several spin - off productions and related series in German and Dutch languages , as well as a series of documentaries . The following is a list of the most notable of these . Bureau Kruislaan : Dutch interpretation of the series . Produced by Joop van den Ende for VARA Television , the programme lasted for four series running from 1992 to 1995 . In 1995 , the show was nominated for the Gouden Televizier Ring , an award for the best television programme in the Netherlands . All four series of the show have been released on DVD there . Die Wache : German interpretation of the series . As decent script - writers were hard to find at the time , the German producers were given the licence to utilise ( re-use ) scripts from the British series . The series was produced by RTL Television , running for nearly 750 episodes from 1994 to 2006 . Burnside : Spin - off from the main British series , following ex-DI Frank Burnside in his transfer and promotion to the National Crime Squad . The programme lasted for just a single series of six episodes , debuting in the UK on 6 July 2000 . The series was created and produced by Richard Handford . On 8 October 2008 , the series was released on DVD in Australia in a three - disc - set . MIT : Murder Investigation Team : Spin - off from the main British series . Lasting for two series , the drama began with a group of MIT officers investigating the drive - by shooting of Sgt . Matthew Boyden , who had been at Sun Hill for eleven years . The first series consisted of eight one - hour episodes . The second series consisted of four ninety - minute episodes . The series was created by Paul Marquess , produced by Johnathan Young and starred ex-Bill DS Eva Sharpe ( Diane Parish ) . Merchandise ( edit ) VHS and DVD ( edit ) Main article : List of The Bill home media releases Books ( edit ) Book Year published Cover photo Notes The Bill : Annual 1 August 1989 Collage of images of DI Frank Burnside , PC June Ackland , DC Jim Carver and DC Mike Dashwood against a blue subframe Hardback The Bill : The Inside Story Of British Television 's Most Successful Police Series ( Retitled The Bill : The Inside Story Of The Most Successful Police Series Ever Seen On ABC TV for Australian publication ) 31 October 1991 ( Hardback ) 25 June 1992 ( Paperback ) Full - size image of PCs June Ackland and Claire Brind , surrounded by a collage of images of Insp . Andrew Monroe , DI Frank Burnside , Sgt . Bob Cryer and DS Ted Roach , set against a black background Hardback Paperback The Bill : The First Ten Years 31 October 1994 ( Hardback ) 31 July 1995 ( Paperback ) Collage of images of PCs Tony Stamp , Reg Hollis , Norika Datta , Steve Loxton and Dave Quinnan , DCs Jim Carver and Tosh Lines , and DIs Frank Burnside and Sally Johnson , set against a blue background ( Hardback ) A photo of the entire cast from the 1994 -- 1995 series ( Paperback ) Hardback Paperback The Bill : The Inside Story 1 November 1999 Cast photo featuring DCs Duncan Lennox and Kerry Holmes , and PCs Vicky Hagen , Sam Harker and Dave Quinnan , set against the backdrop of a police car Paperback Burnside : The Secret Files 17 July 2000 A mug shot of DI Frank Burnside set against a black background Paperback The Bill : The Complete Low - Down On 20 Years At Sun Hill ( Retitled The Bill : The Official History of Sun Hill for copies published in 2004 , 1 September 2003 ( Hardback ) 1 September 2004 ( Paperback ) A montage of images from throughout the series ' run , centred with an image of the Metropolitan Police crest Hardback Paperback The Bill : The Sun Hill Police Experience : The Official Case Book 4 September 2006 A montage of images of various cast members from throughout the series ' run , set against the backdrop of images of the Sun Hill bomb blast Hardback On The Beat : My Story 5 October 2009 ( Hardback ) 31 August 2010 ( Updated ) A mug shot of Graham Cole in uniform as PC Tony Stamp Hardback Paperback Novels ( edit ) Novel title Year published Episode Cover photo The Bill 1 1985 Adapted select episodes of Series 1 ( 1985 ) PC Jim Carver chasing a suspect through the streets The Bill 2 Adapted select episodes of Series 2 ( 1986 ) Sergeant Bob Cryer talking on his radio whilst in civilian clothing The Bill 3 Adapted select episodes of Series 4 ( 1988 ) Sergeant Bob Cryer and Inspector Christine Frazer talking in the station carpark The Bill 4 Adapted select episodes of Series 5 ( 1989 ) DCs `` Tosh '' Lines and Mike Dashwood out on an obbo The Bill 5 1991 Adapted select episodes of Series 5 ( 1989 ) DS Ted Roach discovering an injured child under a crashed car The Bill 6 1992 Adapted select episodes of Series 6 ( 1990 ) Inspector Andrew Monroe and DI Frank Burnside watching as a suspect is arrested The Bill : Omnibus 1992 Adapted select episodes of Series 1 -- 4 ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Sergeant Bob Cryer and PC Dave Quinnan detaining a suspect with a gun The Bill : Tough Love 1997 Adapted from the Series 12 ( 1996 ) episode PC George Garfield talking to a suspect The Bill : Junior 1997 Adapted from the Series 12 ( 1996 ) episode PC Steve Loxton watching out for a suspect Music ( edit ) Release title Publisher and year Format Song included The Bill Overkill by Morgan Pask Columbia Records ( 1985 ) `` 7 '' Vinyl Side A -- Overkill and Side B - Rock Steady Greatest TV Themes : The 90s CHV Music Factory ( 19 July 2010 ) Mp3 download Overkill Event merchandising ( edit ) Item Description Clothes Baseball Cap -- black , embroidered with The Bill logo . Beanie Hat - black , embroidered with The Bill Logo . Fleece -- black , embroidered with the Bill Logo . Polo Shirt -- black , embroidered with the Bill logo . T - shirt -- black , embroidered with the Bill logo . Waterproof Jacket Sydney Jacket -- embroidered with the Bill logo . Toys Land Rover -- The Bill Landrover 4x4 , ( scale 1 : 43 ) . Police Car -- The Bill Omega Police Car , 11.5 cm ( scale 1 : 43 ) . Police Van -- The Bill Van . Police Helicopter -- working with light and sound , also includes 30 cm action figure and accessories . Police Van and Traffic Officer -- working with light and sound , also includes 30 cm action figure and accessories . Action Figures Male PC `` 12 '' -- with accessories , includes duty belt . Female Sergeant -- with radio and duty belt . -- with accessories , includes duty belt . Public Order PC -- with watch , truncheon , handcuffs , fire extinguisher and duty belt . Traffic Sergeant -- with extendable truncheon , radio , flat hat , watch and duty belt . Miscellaneous Silver - plated keyring -- 20th Anniversary collector 's edition . Umbrella -- with The Bill logo . Watch -- with The Bill logo and Velcro Strap . Back pack -- Embroidered with The Bill logo . Mug -- white with The Bill logo . Thermal Mug -- Black with The Bill logo . See also ( edit ) List of regular The Bill actors who have appeared in other roles List of guests on The Bill `` Woodentop '' ( The Bill ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Bill cast fight back tears as they film show 's 2,400 th , and final , episode '' . Daily Mail . Mitcham / Colliers Wood , London . 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/news/bill-fans-angry-drama-channel-222610998.html ^ Jump up to : Tibballs , Geoff ( November 2003 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Bill : The Official History of Sun Hill . Carlton . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 667 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bill prepares for live birthday '' . BBC News . 30 October 2003 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bill : Changing Times '' . Associated Television . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Nick ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` The Bill cut to one episode a week as ITV seeks to reduce costs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` The Bill : ITV drops police drama after 27 years '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` The Bill killed off due to ratings slump '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ITV axes ' The Bill ' '' . The Independent . London . 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Television series ' The Bill ' to conclude this year '' . australia-times.com.au. 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 28 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill '' . ITV plc. 29 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 5000 join Facebook Group to save The Bill '' . Associated Television . 29 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Dyke , Peter ; Katie Begley ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Fans battle to save The Bill '' . Daily Star . Northern and Shell . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` The Bill : ITV drops police drama after 27 years '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ George , Martin ( 1 September 2010 ) . `` Kingston 's Cambridge Road estate says farewell to The Bill '' . Surrey Comet . Newsquest . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill comes to an end after 27 years as final episode airs tonight '' . Daily Mail . London . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Elizabeth ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` TV Police Drama The Bill Airs Final Episode After 27 Years '' . Sky News . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 1 September 2010 ) . `` The Bill finale wins 4.4 m viewers '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , T. ( 1992 ) The Bill , Boxtree : London Jump up ^ Bridge , Carl ( 2004 ) . `` Australia 's Britain '' . Meanjin . University of Melbourne . 63 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 218 . Jump up ^ Whitley , David . `` British Television Filming Locations '' . Worldwide : travel. nine . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Filming in Merton '' . United Kingdom : Merton Council . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from Hansard Assembly '' ( PDF ) . 20 May 2004 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Fender , Leanne ( 21 November 2009 ) . `` Sad Goodbyes as Sutton Estate is Demolished for Revamp '' . United Kingdom : Surrey Comet . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Rob ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Bill Answers the Call of the Dark Side '' . London : wharf . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Tooting ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` The Bill Filming in Tooting '' . London . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Filmed in Greenwich '' ( PDF ) . Greenwich Council . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Truman , Peter ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Filming in Croydon '' . Croydon : croydonguardian.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ March , Ian ; Gaynor Melville ( 2009 ) . Crime , Justice and the Media . London : Taylor & Francis . p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 44490 - X . Jump up ^ Carlton Television , ( 2006 ) The Bill : The Official Case Book , Carlton Books : London Jump up ^ `` The Bill Behind The Scenes '' . London : ITV. April 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Bill Is Filmed '' . London : ITV . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tibballs , Geoff . `` The Chandler Years '' . The Bill : The Official History of Sun Hill . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 667 - 6 . Jump up ^ Silver , Rachel ( 1999 ) . The Bill : The Inside Story : Behind the Scenes of Britain 's Top Police Drama . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 257137 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Rob ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` The Bill and The Police '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ The Bill uniforms bought up by the Metropolitan Police , BBC London News ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Margaret ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` It 's a fair cop , guv : Australian fans of The Bill '' . Journal of Australian Studies . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` STV comes to £ 18m settlement with ITV '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS '' . BBC . 13 August 2004 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crime '' . Drama Channel . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill will be cutback to one episode per week '' . Edinburgh : STV. 23 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Farewell The Bill : TV Tonight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lov og uorden på TV2 Charlie '' . TV2 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Oatts , Joanne ( 9 October 2007 ) . `` RTE Secures Neighbours Deal '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ Player : Catch up with your favourite TV programmes online '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill -- www.tv.nu '' . Kanal 9 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Bill '' Funny Ol ' Business -- Cops & Robbers ( 1984 ) `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill original ending credits '' . London : TheDoctor001 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gauntlett , David ; Hill , Annette ( 2000 ) . TV living : television , culture , and everyday life . ebrary , Inc . pp. 297 , 298 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18486 - X . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ McCann , Mick ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` TV and radio blog + The Bill '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 1998 -- 2001 Opening Credits '' . London : TheBillTitles. 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Russell '' . United Kingdom : Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Leitch , Lyn. `` 1998 -- 2001 Closing Credits '' . London : lynleitch . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 2001 -- 2002 Opening Credits '' . London : TheBillTitles. 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miles Bould '' . United Kingdom : Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Westergaard '' . United Kingdom : Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bills Closing Credits 2001 -- 2002 '' . London : lynleitch. 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 2006 Opening and Closing Credits '' . London . 2006 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 2007 -- 2009 Opening Credits '' . London : TheBillTitles. 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 2007 -- 2009 Closing Credits '' . London : TheBillTitles. 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill is slashed to one episode a week '' . Daily Mail . London . 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill Closing Credits 2009 '' . London : TheBillTitles. 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who nicked The Bill 's theme tune ? '' . The Guardian . London . 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 's theme tune to be axed '' . London : BBC News . 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Kate ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Bill introduces incidental music '' . London : Broadcast Now . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill Opening Credits 2009 '' . London : BroadcastnowTV. 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` The Bill cut to one episode a week as ITV seeks to reduce costs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Stephen ( 5 November 2003 ) . `` Production -- TX -- The Bill 's live challenge '' . Broadcast . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ITV plans live Bill for 50th '' . Broadcast. 27 July 2005 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Box : Volume 1 '' . networkonair.com/ . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Program summary : The Bill Uncovered : Des And Reg '' . ABC TV Guide . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . October 2005 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Faouque , Farah ( 7 October 2005 ) . `` The Bill Uncovered : Kerry 's Story '' . TV & Radio . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill Uncovered : On The Front Line '' . ABC TV Guide . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE BILL -- SERIES 26 '' . screenpop.com.au . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Stephen ( 2 November 2008 ) . `` The Bill meets SOKO Leipzig '' . The Times . London . ^ Jump up to : Love , Ryan ( 19 August 2010 ) . `` ITV confirms ' Farewell The Bill ' special '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill : Farewell The Bill '' . shock.com.au . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The Bill ( 23 October 2009 ) . `` The Bill Current Cast List '' . London : ITV . Archived from the original on 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` DS Don Beech ( Character ) '' . Internet movie Database . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Character -- Johnny Allen '' . EastEnders . BBC . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Murray ( I ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Matthew Boyden ( Character ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony O'Callaghan ( I ) '' . internet Movie Database . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` D.I. Burnside ( Character ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Tibballs , Geoff ( 2004 ) . The Bill : The Official History of Sun Hill . Carlton . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 667 - X . Jump up ^ `` DC Jim Carver ( Character ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Richard ( I ) '' . Internet movie Database . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Anthony ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` Obituary : Kevin Lloyd '' . The Independent . Britain . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked Bill Star Reassures Fans '' . London : British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PC Tony Stamp to leave The Bill '' . London : BBC News . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` The Bill collars 4m for stalwart 's low key farewell '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : The Bill 's June Ackland '' . BBC . 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cops and Clobber '' . The Guardian . United Kingdom . 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : The Bill 's June Ackland '' . London : BBC News . 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Walkinshaw '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Rouse '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Yorkshire : Simon Rouse '' . Yorkshire Post . York . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Alison ( 5 November 2008 ) . `` The Bill 's DCI Jack Meadows '' . Radio Times . London . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DC Mickey Webb ( Character ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` ITV axes The Bill after 27 years as ratings fall '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` The Bill to move to weekly slot '' . London : BBC News . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fire boosts The Bill 's ratings '' . London : BBC News . 23 April 2002 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Live Bill episode nears 10m mark '' . London : BBC News . 31 October 2003 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 24 July 2009 ) . `` ITV1 's new - look The Bill drew 4.5 m viewers last night but lost out to BBC1 's New Tricks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Fiona ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Black Thursday - 2m fans go as ITV switches Corrie & Bill '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( March 18 , 2002 ) . `` The Bill arrests Decline '' . The Independent . United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 programmes '' . United Kingdom : BARB . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill moves to 9 pm '' . United Kingdom : The Mirror. 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill ratings '' . United Kingdom : BARB . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Mark ( 27 April 2009 ) . `` The Bill 's Bafta win leaves ITV bosses red - faced after they axed half its episodes '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ unknown ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` The Bill wins soap award battle '' . London : BBC News . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Diana ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` EastEnders tops the Bill for the Inside Soap awards -- TV & Radio , Entertainment -- Independent.ie '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill 's Awards '' . UK : Internet Movie Database. 1984 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Swift , Lynn ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Corrie misses out on RTS nomination '' . ATV . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting '' . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill '' . Broadcast Freelancer. 16 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Merseybeat '' . TV.com . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Merseybeat '' . Online Video Guide . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Billen , Andrew ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` New Statesman '' . London . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shepherd , Robert ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Holby Blue cops it as The Bill wins battle '' . London : Broadcast Now . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Conlan , Tara ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` BBC pulls the plug on Holby City spin off Holby Blue '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill criticised over MS plot '' . London : BBC News . 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 2 July 2009 ) . `` The Bill 's iconic theme tune scrapped after 25 years '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` They 've killed the Bill ! ITV accused of sabotage as police soap ends after 26 years '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer Haldane Duncan EMAIL MORE ARTICLES . `` Part 11 : The Cologne Diaries TV Heroes '' . Transdiffusion.org . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pick of the box ; Burnside 's back on the beat '' . Daily Record . 6 July 2000 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Tony ( 26 April 2003 ) . `` The Bill special : Getting shot of Tony ; Tony O'Callaghan is glad to have got the bullet after 12 years in The Bill because it means he can now spend more time with his baby daughter , Molly '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Marlow , Wil ( 10 July 2005 ) . `` Diane living life at the Sharpe end ... '' Western Mail . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ & # 8250 Tony Lynch . `` The Bill Annual : Amazon.co.uk : Tony Lynch : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill , The : Amazon.co.uk : Tony Lynch : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hilary Kingsley ( Author ) . `` The `` Bill '' : The First Ten Years : Amazon.co.uk : Hilary Kingsley : Books `` . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sliver , Rachel ( 1999 ) . The Bill : The Inside Story . HarperCollins Entertainment . ISBN 0 - 00 - 257137 - 4 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lock , K.M ( 2000 ) . Burnside : The Secret Files . HarperCollins Entertainment . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710719 - 6 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Tibballs , Geoff ( 2003 ) . The Bill The Complete Low - Down on 20 Years at Sun Hill . Carlton Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 985 - 7 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Tibballs , Geoff ( 2004 ) . The Bill The Official History of Sunhill . Carlton Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 667 - X . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill : The Official Case Book : Amazon.co.uk : Geoff Tibballs : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Cole , Graham ( 2009 ) . On The Beat : My Story . Splendid Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9558916 - 2 - 0 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Burke , John ( 1985 ) . The Bill : No. 1 . Thames Methuen . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 0277 - 1 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , John . The Bill : No. 2 . Thames Mandarin . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 0278 - X . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , John . The Bill : No. 3 . Thames Mandarin . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 0002 - 7 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , John . The Bill : No. 4 . Thames Mandarin . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 0374 - 3 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , John . The Bill : No. 5 . Thames Mandarin . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 0842 - 7 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , John . The Bill : No. 6 . Thames Mandarin . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 1178 - 9 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ John Burke ( Author ) . `` The Bill : Amazon.co.uk : John Burke : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tough Love ( '' The Bill `` ) : Amazon.co.uk : Dave Morris : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Junior ( '' The Bill `` ) : Amazon.co.uk : Dave Morris : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill ' Overkill ' by Mogan Pask single vinyl '' . Oxfam . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Theme From The Bill '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bill Merchandise '' . thebillshop.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bill Merchandise 2 '' . thebillshop.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2003 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bill Merchandise 3 '' . thebillshop.com . Archived from the original on 20 June 2003 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bill Merchandise 4 '' . thebillshop.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) The Bill on YouTube The Bill on IMDb The Bill at TV.com The Bill at TheTVDB.com The Bill at the BFI 's Screenonline The Bill Characters A -- D E -- L M -- P Q -- Z Dale Smith Callum Stone Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Notable episodes `` Woodentop '' ( 1983 ) `` Evacuation '' ( 1988 ) `` The Don Beech Scandal '' ( 1999 -- 2001 ) `` Beech is Back '' ( 2001 ) `` Golden Opportunity '' ( 2002 ) `` Sun Hill Serial Killer '' ( 2002 -- 2003 ) `` Fatal Consequences '' ( 2003 ) `` The Return of Don Beech '' ( 2004 ) `` Confessions of a Killer '' ( 2005 ) `` The Anniversary , Part Two '' ( 2005 ) `` Assault on Sun Hill '' ( 2007 ) `` Frontline '' ( 2008 ) `` Proof of Life '' ( 2008 ) `` Respect '' ( 2010 ) Spin - offs Burnside ( 2000 ) Murder Investigation Team ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Lists Cast members Title sequences Home video releases Awards and nominations Guests Regular The Bill actors who have appeared in other roles History Soap operas in the United Kingdom TV soaps National Coronation Street EastEnders Emmerdale Hollyoaks Scotland River City Wales Pobol y Cwm Rownd a Rownd Medical and emergency services Casualty Holby City Doctors Australian imported ( co-produced in the UK ) Neighbours Home and Away Radio soaps The Archers Home Front Defunct TV 199 Park Lane Albion Market Angels The Appleyards The Bill Brookside Castles Castle Haven The Cedar Tree Compact Crossroads Echo Beach Eldorado Emergency -- Ward 10 Families Family Affairs Family Pride Garnock Way Gems General Hospital The Grove Family High Living London Bridge Machair Market in Honey Lane Miracles Take Longer The Newcomers Night and Day Park Avenue The Practice Quayside Revelations The Royal Today Sixpenny Corner Springhill Starr and Company Taff Acre Take the High Road Together Triangle United ! Weavers Green Radio Ambridge Extra Citizens Front Line Family Mrs Dale 's Diary Silver Street Waggoners ' Walk Westway Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bill&oldid=813287320 '' Categories : 1984 British television programme debuts 2010 British television programme endings 1980s British drama television series 1980s British crime television series 1990s British drama television series 1990s British crime television series 2000s British drama television series 2000s British crime television series 2010s British drama television series 2010s British crime television series Gay - related television programs Police procedural television series Television series by FremantleMedia Television programmes produced by Thames Television Television programmes shot in London Television shows set in London English - language television programs The Bill Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the name old bill come from	[ "In its final year on air, The Bill was broadcast once a week, usually on Tuesdays or Thursdays, in a one-hour format. The programme focused on the lives and work of one shift of police officers, rather than on any particular aspect of police work. The Bill was the second longest-running police procedural television series in the United Kingdom, and among the longest running of any British television series. The title originates from \"Old Bill\", a slang term for the police." ]	[ "a slang term for the police" ]
-994829691888087216	Cup (unit)	Cup ( unit ) - wikipedia Cup ( unit ) Jump to : navigation , search Measuring cups . Not to be confused with drinking cups , `` cup '' serving sizes , or measuring cups , which do not necessarily correspond with this unit . The cup is an English unit of volume , most commonly associated with cooking and serving sizes . It is traditionally equal to half a liquid pint in either US customary units or the British imperial system but is now separately defined in terms of the metric system at values between ⁄ and ⁄ of a liter . Because actual drinking cups may differ greatly from the size of this unit , standard measuring cups are usually used instead . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Legal cup 1.2 Customary cup 2 Commonwealth of Nations 2.1 Metric cup 2.2 Imperial cup 2.3 Canadian cup 3 International 3.1 Latin American cup 3.2 Japanese cup 4 Dry measure 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References United States ( edit ) Legal cup ( edit ) The cup currently used in the United States for nutrition labelling is defined in United States law as 240 ml . 1 U.S. `` legal '' cup = 240 millilitres = 16 international tablespoons = 12 Australian tablespoons ≈ 8.12 U.S. customary fluid ounces ≈ 8.45 imperial fluid ounces Customary cup ( edit ) Coffee carafe showing gradiations for measuring water ( right ) and brewed coffee ( left ) in multiples of non-standard U.S. customary cups . In the United States , the customary cup is half of a liquid pint . 1 U.S. customary cup = ⁄ U.S. customary gallon = ⁄ U.S. customary quart = ⁄ U.S. customary pint = 8 U.S. customary fluid ounces = 16 U.S. customary tablespoons = 48 U.S. customary teaspoons ≡ 236.5882365 millilitres exactly ≈ 15 ⁄ international tablespoons ≈ 11.75 Australian tablespoons ≈ 0.833 imperial cups ≈ 8.33 imperial fluid ounces A customary `` cup '' of coffee in the U.S. is usually defined as 4 fluid ounces , brewed using 5 fluid ounces of water . Coffee carafes used with drip coffee makers , such as Black and Decker models , have markings for both water and brewed coffee , since the carafe is also used for measuring water prior to brewing . A 12 - cup carafe , for example , has markings for 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , and 12 cups of water or coffee , which correspond to 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , and 60 fluid ounces of water or 16 , 24 , 32 , 40 , and 48 fluid ounces of brewed coffee , respectively , the difference being the volume lost to evaporation during brewing . Commonwealth of Nations ( edit ) Metric cup ( edit ) Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and some other members of the Commonwealth of Nations -- being former British colonies that have since metricated -- employ a `` metric cup '' of 250 millilitres . Although derived from the metric system , it is not an official metric unit . 1 cup = 250 millilitres = 16 ⁄ international tablespoons ( 15 ml each ) = 12.5 Australian tablespoons ( 20 ml each ) ≈ 8.80 imperial fluid ounces ≈ 8.45 U.S. customary fluid ounces A `` coffee cup '' is 1.5 dl or 150 millilitres or 5.07 US customary fluid ounces , and is occasionally used in recipes . It is also used in the US to specify coffeemaker sizes ( what can be referred to as a Tasse à café ) . A `` 12 - cup '' US coffeemaker makes 57.6 US customary fluid ounces of coffee , or 6.8 metric cups of coffee . In older recipes cup may mean `` coffee cup '' . Imperial cup ( edit ) The official imperial cup was half an imperial pint or 10 imperial fluid ounces . It is no longer in common use , but appears in older recipe books . 1 imperial cup = 0.5 imperial pints = imperial gills = 10 imperial fluid ounces ≈ 284 millilitres ≈ 19 international tablespoons ≈ 14.25 Australian tablespoons ≈ 1.20 U.S. customary cups ≈ 9.61 U.S. customary fluid ounces Canadian cup ( edit ) Canada now usually employs the metric cup of 250 mL but its conventional cup was somewhat smaller than both American and imperial units . 1 Canadian cup = 8 imperial fluid ounce = 1 / 20 imperial gallon = 227.3045 millilitres 1 tablespoon = 1 / 2 imperial fluid ounce 1 teaspoon = 1 / 6 imperial fluid ounce International ( edit ) Similar units in other languages and cultures are sometimes translated `` cup '' , usually with various values around ⁄ to ⁄ of a liter . Latin American cup ( edit ) In Latin America , the amount of a `` cup '' ( Spanish : taza or vaso ) varies from country to country , with some intending 200 mL , others 250 mL , and still others the US legal or customary amount . Japanese cup ( edit ) See also : Gō The traditional Japanese unit equated with a `` cup '' size is the gō , legally equated with 2401 / 13310 liters ( ≈ 180.4 ml ) in 1891 . It is still used for reckoning amounts of rice and sake . Separately , the Japanese standardized a `` cup '' defined as 200 ml . 1 Japanese cup = 200 millilitres ≈ 7.04 imperial fluid ounces ≈ 6.76 U.S. customary fluid ounces Dry measure ( edit ) In English units , the cup derived from measures of liquid volume is also frequently used for small amounts of dry measure for fine or granulated bulk goods such as flour and sugar . In Europe , recipes normally weigh non-liquid ingredients in grams instead , using a kitchen scale , rather than employing volume units such as milliliters . For example , where an American customary recipe might specify `` 1 cup of sugar and 2 cups of milk '' , a European recipe might specify `` 200 g sugar and 500 ml of milk '' ( or 0.5 litre or 5 decilitres ) . Conversion between the two measures must take into account the density of the ingredients , and some recipes specify both weight and volume to simplify . Many European measuring cups have additional `` weight scales '' besides the dL or mL scale for reckoning the weight common bulk ingredients like sugar , flour , or rice by their volume . Volume to mass conversions for some common cooking ingredients ingredient density g / ml metric cup imperial cup U.S. customary cup g oz g oz g oz water 249 -- 250 8.8 283 -- 284 10 236.5882 8.3 granulated sugar 0.8 200 7.0 230 8.0 190 6.7 wheat flour 0.5 -- 0.6 120 -- 150 4.4 -- 5.3 140 -- 170 5.0 -- 6.0 120 -- 140 4.2 -- 5.0 table salt 1.2 300 10.6 340 12.0 280 10.0 See also ( edit ) Cooking weights and measures Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One gram per millilitre is very close to one avoirdupois ounce per fluid ounce : 1 g / ml ≈ 1.002 av oz / imp fl oz This is not a numerical coincidence , but comes from the original definition of the kilogram as the mass of one litre of water , and the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds of water . The slight difference is due to water at 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) being used for the kilogram , and at 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) for the imperial gallon . The U.S. fluid ounce is slightly larger . 1 g / ml ≈ 1.043 av oz / U.S. fl oz . Jump up ^ The density of water ranges from about 0.96 to 1.00 g / ml dependent on temperature and pressure . The table above assumes a temperature range 0 -- 30 ° C ( 32 -- 86 ° F ) . The variation is too small to make any difference in cooking . Jump up ^ Since an imperial cup of water weighs approximately 10 avoirdupois ounces and five imperial cups are approximately equal to six U.S. cups , one U.S. cup of water weighs approximately 8 ⁄ avoirdupois ounces . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 21 CFR 101.9 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( viii ) Jump up ^ U.S. Government Printing Office -- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived 2009 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration -- Guidelines for Determining Metric Equivalents of Household Measures Jump up ^ `` Black and Decker Replacement Carafe '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Australian Cooking Measurements '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` coherent units '' . BIPM . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Hume and Muriel Downes , Penguin Cordon Bleu Cooking , Penguin Books , 1970 Jump up ^ Stephanie Alexander , The cook 's companion , Penguin Books , 2004 Jump up ^ Jacqueline Gérard , `` La cuisine '' , Larousse 1980 Jump up ^ In the absence of measuring cups , tablespoons can be used for volume measurement . Jump up ^ The term international tablespoon as used in this article refers to the 15 ml ( ~ 0.5 fl oz ) tablespoon used in most countries . Jump up ^ The Australia tablespoon is defined as 20 ml ( ~ ⁄ fl oz ) Jump up ^ `` How Many Tablespoons in a Cup - Easy Conversions '' . First Health Mag. 2016 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ 1 g / ml is a good rough guide for water - based liquids such as milk ( the density of milk is about 1.03 -- 1.04 g / ml ) . Jump up ^ Water density calculator Jump up ^ The Physics Factbook ^ Jump up to : L. Fulton , E. Matthews , C. Davis : Average weight of a measured cup of various foods . Home Economics Research Report No. 41 , Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Washington , DC , 1977 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cup_(unit)&oldid=798031247 '' Categories : Units of volume Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Metricated units Alcohol measurement Cooking weights and measures Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 مازِرونی Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much is a cup in american baking	[ "The cup is an English unit of volume, most commonly associated with cooking and serving sizes. It is traditionally equal to half a liquid pint in either US customary units or the British imperial system but is now separately defined in terms of the metric system at values between 1⁄5 and 1⁄4 of a liter. Because actual drinking cups may differ greatly from the size of this unit, standard measuring cups are usually used instead." ]	[ "equal to half a liquid pint" ]
1581435313015613624	Dwight L. Moody	Dwight L. Moody - wikipedia Dwight L. Moody Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2012 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dwight Lyman Moody Preacher , evangelist and publisher ( 1837 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1837 Northfield , Massachusetts , USA December 22 , 1899 ( 1899 - 12 - 22 ) ( aged 62 ) Northfield , Massachusetts , USA Dwight Lyman Moody ( February 5 , 1837 -- December 22 , 1899 ) , also known as D.L. Moody , was an American evangelist and publisher connected with the Holiness Movement , who founded the Moody Church , Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts ( now Northfield Mount Hermon School ) , the Moody Bible Institute , and Moody Publishers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 The Civil War 3 Chicago and the post-Civil War years 3.1 United Kingdom 3.2 International acclaim 4 Works 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Dwight Moody was born in Northfield , Massachusetts , to a large family . His father , Edwin J. Moody ( 1800 -- 1841 ) , a small farmer and stonemason , died at the age of 41 , when Dwight was only four years old ; his mother was Betsey Moody ( née Holton ; 1805 -- 1896 ) . They had five sons and a daughter before Dwight 's birth , with twins , a boy and a girl , born one month after Edwin 's death . His mother struggled to support the family , but even with her best effort , some of her children had to be sent off to work for their room and board . Dwight too was sent off , where he received cornmeal , porridge , and milk three times a day . He complained to his mother , but when she found out that he got all that he wanted to eat , she sent him back . Even during that time she continued to send them to church . Together with his eight siblings he was raised in the Unitarian church . His oldest brother ran away and was not heard from by the family until many years later . Plaque commemorating the spot on Court Street in Boston where Dwight Moody was converted in 1855 When Moody turned 17 , he moved to Boston to work ( after many job rejections ) in an uncle 's shoe store . One of the uncle 's requirements was that Moody attend the Congregational Church of Mount Vernon where Dr. Edward Norris Kirk served as the pastor . In April 1855 Moody was then converted to evangelical Christianity when his Sunday school teacher , Edward Kimball , talked to him about how much God loved him . His conversion sparked the start of his career as an evangelist . However , his first application for church membership , in May 1855 , was rejected . He was not received as a church member until May 4 , 1856 . As his teacher , Edward Kimball , stated : `` I can truly say , and in saying it I magnify the infinite grace of God as bestowed upon him , that I have seen few persons whose minds were spiritually darker than was his when he came into my Sunday School class ; and I think that the committee of the Mount Vernon Church seldom met an applicant for membership more unlikely ever to become a Christian of clear and decided views of Gospel truth , still less to fill any extended sphere of public usefulness . '' The Civil War ( edit ) `` The first meeting I ever saw him at was in a little old shanty that had been abandoned by a saloon - keeper . Mr. Moody had got the place to hold the meetings in at night . I went there a little late ; and the first thing I saw was a man standing up with a few tallow candles around him , holding a negro boy , and trying to read to him the story of the Prodigal Son and a great many words he could not read out , and had to skip . I thought , ' If the Lord can ever use such an instrument as that for His honor and glory , it will astonish me . As a result of his tireless labor , within a year the average attendance at his school was 650 , while 60 volunteers from various churches served as teachers . It became so well known that the just - elected President Lincoln visited and spoke at a Sunday School meeting on November 25 , 1860 . '' D.L. Moody `` could not conscientiously enlist '' in the Union Army during the Civil War , later describing himself as `` a Quaker '' in this respect . After the Civil War started , he became involved with the United States Christian Commission of the YMCA , and paid nine visits to the battlefront , being present among the Union soldiers after the Battle of Shiloh ( a.k.a. Pittsburg Landing ) and the Battle of Stones River ; he also entered Richmond , Virginia , with the troops of General Grant . On August 28 , 1862 , he married Emma C. Revell , with whom he had a daughter , Emma Reynolds Moody , and two sons , William Revell Moody and Paul Dwight Moody . Chicago and the post-civil War years ( edit ) The growing Sunday School congregation needed a permanent home , so Moody started a church in Chicago , the Illinois Street Church . In June 1871 at an International Sunday School Convention in Indianapolis , Dwight Moody met Ira D. Sankey , up to then a single - gospel - singer , with whom he soon began to cooperate and collaborate . Four months later in October 1871 the Great Chicago Fire destroyed Dwight 's church building , as well as his family dwelling and the homes of most of his churchmembers . Many had to flee the flames , saving only their lives , and ending up completely destitute . Moody , reporting on the disaster , said about his own situation that : `` ... he saved nothing but his reputation and his Bible . '' Moody 's chapel was rebuilt within three months as the Chicago Avenue Church . In the years after the fire , Moody 's wealthy Chicago supporter John V. Farwell tried to persuade him to make his permanent home in Chicago , offering to build a new house for Moody and his family . But the newly famous Moody , also sought by supporters in New York , Philadelphia , and elsewhere , chose the tranquil farm he had purchased next door to his birthplace in Northfield , Massachusetts . He felt he could better recover from his lengthy and exhausting preaching trips in a rural setting . Northfield became an important location in evangelical Christian history in the late 19th century as Moody organized summer conferences which were led and attended by prominent Christian preachers and evangelists from around the world . It was also in Northfield where Moody founded two schools ( Northfield School for Girls , founded in 1879 , and the Mount Hermon School for Boys , founded in 1881 ) which later merged into today 's co-educational , nondenominational Northfield Mount Hermon School . Western Massachusetts has had a rich evangelical tradition including Jonathan Edwards preaching in Northampton as well as C.I. Scofield 's preaching in Northfield . A protégé of Moody founded Moores Corner Church , in Leverett , Massachusetts , which remains evangelical to this day . United Kingdom ( edit ) During a trip to United Kingdom in the spring of 1872 , he became well known as an evangelist . Literary works published by the Moody Bible Institute have claimed that he was the greatest evangelist of the 19th century . He preached almost a hundred times and came into communion with the Plymouth Brethren . On several occasions he filled stadia of a capacity of 2,000 to 4,000 . In the Botanic Gardens Palace a meeting had an audience between 15,000 and 30,000 . That turnout continued throughout 1874 and 1875 , with crowds of thousands at all of his meetings . During his visit to Scotland he was helped and encouraged by Andrew A. Bonar . The famous London Baptist preacher , Charles Spurgeon , invited him to speak , and he promoted him as well . When he returned to the US , crowds of 12,000 to 20,000 were as common as they had been in England . President Grant and some of his cabinet officials attended a meeting on January 19 , 1876 . His evangelistic meetings took place from Boston to New York , throughout New England , and as far as San Francisco , along with other West Coast towns from Vancouver to San Diego . Moody aided in the work of cross-cultural evangelism by promoting `` The Wordless Book , '' a teaching tool that had been invented by Charles Spurgeon in 1866 . In 1875 , he added a fourth color to the design of the three - color evangelistic device : gold -- to `` represent heaven . '' This `` book '' has been and is still used to teach uncounted thousands of illiterate people , young and old , around the globe about the gospel message . Missionary preaching in China using Moody 's version of The Wordless Book Dwight L. Moody visited Britain with Ira D. Sankey , with Moody preaching and Sankey singing . Together they published books of Christian hymns . In 1883 they visited Edinburgh and raised £ 10,000 for the building of a new home for the Carrubbers Close Mission . Moody later preached at the laying of the foundation stone for what is one of the few buildings on the Royal Mile which continues to be used for its original purpose and is now called the Carrubbers Christian Centre . Moody greatly influenced the cause of cross-cultural Christian missions after he met Hudson Taylor , a pioneer missionary to China . He actively supported the China Inland Mission and encouraged many of his congregation to volunteer for service overseas . International acclaim ( edit ) His influence was felt among Swedes despite that he was of English heritage , that he never visited Sweden or any other Scandinavian country , and that he never spoke a word of Swedish . Nonetheless he became a hero revivalist among Swedish Mission Friends in Sweden and America . News of Moody 's large revival campaigns in Great Britain from 1873 through 1875 traveled quickly to Sweden , making `` Mr. Moody '' a household name in homes of many Mission Friends . Moody 's sermons published in Sweden were distributed in books , newspapers , and colporteur tracts , and they led to the spread of Sweden 's `` Moody fever '' from 1875 through 1880 . He preached his last sermon on November 16 , 1899 , in Kansas City , Missouri . Becoming ill , he returned home by train to Northfield . During the preceding several months , friends had observed he had added some 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) to his already ample frame . Although his illness was never diagnosed , it has been speculated that he suffered from congestive heart failure . He died on December 22 , 1899 , surrounded by his family . Already installed as the leader of his Chicago Bible Institute , R.A. Torrey succeeded Moody as its president . Ten years after Moody 's death the Chicago Avenue Church was renamed the Moody Church in his honor , and the Chicago Bible Institute was likewise renamed the Moody Bible Institute . Works ( edit ) Heaven Diggory Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 812 - 3 Prevailing Prayer -- What Hinders it ? Diggory Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 803 - 1 Secret Power Diggory Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 802 - 4 The Ten Commandments See also ( edit ) Biography portal Horatio Spafford , a friend of Moody who wrote the words to the hymn It Is Well With My Soul Northfield Mount Hermon School Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fight of Faith : lives and testimonies from the battlefield '' Bray , P. / Claydon , M. ( Eds ) Ch 7 p88 ( Clayton , M . ) : London , Panoplia , 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9576089 - 0 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Johnson , George ( 2011 ) . What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? . Xlibris Corporation . pp. 113 -- 115 . ISBN 1465380981 . Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? '' . Xlibris Corporation -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Moody ( 1900 ) , 21 Jump up ^ Donald W. Dayton , Discovering an Evangelical Heritage ( New York : Harper & Row , 1976 ) , 134 . Jump up ^ Billy Graham Center Archives . `` SELECT LIST OF EVENTS FROM MOODY CHURCH HISTORY '' . Records of The Moody Church - Collection 330 . Wheaton , IL : Wheaton College . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ OBrien , Glen ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Christian Worship : A Theological and Historical Introduction '' . Wipf and Stock Publishers -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? '' . Xlibris Corporation -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Who Was D.L. Moody ? - Christian Crier '' . Jump up ^ `` NMH 's History - Northfield Mount Hermon '' . Jump up ^ Bailey , Faith ( 1987 ) ( 1959 ) . D. L Moody . The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago . p . Cover . ISBN 0 - 8024 - 0039 - 6 . Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? . Xlibris Corporation . p. 115 . ISBN 9781465380982 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.L. Moody - '' . Jump up ^ Moody , William Revell ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` The Life of Dwight L. Moody '' . The Minerva Group , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Moody , William Revell ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` The Life of Dwight L. Moody '' . The Minerva Group , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Moody , William Revell ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` The Life of Dwight L. Moody '' . The Minerva Group , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Moody , William Revell ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` The Life of Dwight L. Moody '' . The Minerva Group , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Austin ( 2007 ) , 1 - 10 Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? '' . Xlibris Corporation -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gustafson ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? '' . Xlibris Corporation -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` What Will A Man Give In Exchange For His Soul ? '' . Xlibris Corporation -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` THE TEN COMMANDMENTS text by D.L. Moody '' . References ( edit ) `` Dwight Moody : evangelist with a common touch '' Christianity Today , 8 August 2008 . Christian Biography Resources Austin , Alvyn . China 's Millions : The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company ( March 5 , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2975 - 7 Beadenkopf , T.M. ; Stricklen , W.R. Moody in Baltimore , `` Students of Johns Hopkins '' , Baltimore , 1879 , 2nd ed . Dorsett , L.W. A Passion for Souls : The Life of D.L. Moody . 1997 Findlay , J.F. Jr . Dwight L. Moody : American Evangelist 1837 -- 1899 . 1969 Gundry , S.N. Love them in : The Proclamation Theology of D.L. Moody . 1976 Evensen , B.J. God 's Man for Gilded Age : D.L. Moody and the Rise of Mass Evangelism. 2003 Gustafson , D.M. D.L. Moody and Swedes : Shaping Evangelical Identity among Swedish Missions Friends 1867 -- 1899 . ( Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences 419 . / Linköping Studies in Identity and Pluralism 7 . ) 2008 . Ph. D. Dissertation Moody , Paul Dwight . The Shorter Life of D.L. Moody . 1900 Schlachter , Franz Eugen . D.L. Moody , ein Lebensbild ( 1894 ) Simons , M. Laird . Holding the Fort : comprising sermons and addresses at the Great Revival meetings conducted by Moody and Sankey , with the lives and labors of Dwight L. Moody , Ira D. Sankey , and P.P. Bliss , Norwich , Connecticut : Henry Bill Publishing Co. , 1877 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dwight Lyman Moody . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dwight L. Moody Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Dwight L. Moody . Recording of Moody reading the Beatitudes Sample sermons by D.L. Moody `` Shall I enter the Army ? '' Moody said , `` No . '' Works by Dwight L. Moody at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Dwight L. Moody at Internet Archive Glad Tidings , sermons by D.L. Moody The Gospel Awakening , sermons by D.L. Moody books by D.L. Moody VIAF : 95198692 LCCN : n50074083 ISNI : 0000 0001 0786 2779 GND : 118736760 SELIBR : 310581 SUDOC : 077850084 BNF : cb11916688d ( data ) NLA : 35359992 NDL : 00471832 NKC : jn20000701259 BNE : XX1047997 IATH : w63f4vtv Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_L._Moody&oldid=797396656 '' Categories : 1837 births 1899 deaths American Christian pacifists American evangelicals American evangelists American Christian hymnwriters American sermon writers Evangelicalism Christian revivalists Founders of schools in the United States Moody Bible Institute people People from Northfield , Massachusetts YMCA leaders 19th - century American writers 19th - century American musicians Songwriters from Massachusetts Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's singing help draw thousands dwight moody's revivals	[ "In June 1871 at an International Sunday School Convention in Indianapolis, Dwight Moody met Ira D. Sankey, up to then a single-gospel-singer, with whom he soon began to cooperate and collaborate.[7] Four months later in October 1871 the Great Chicago Fire destroyed Dwight's church building, as well as his family dwelling and the homes of most of his churchmembers. Many had to flee the flames, saving only their lives, and ending up completely destitute. Moody, reporting on the disaster, said about his own situation that: \"...he saved nothing but his reputation and his Bible.\"[8] Moody's chapel was rebuilt within three months as the Chicago Avenue Church.[9]" ]	[ "Ira D. Sankey" ]
7260399786901408013	Linda Blair	Linda Blair - wikipedia Linda Blair Jump to : navigation , search Linda Blair Blair in 2015 Linda Denise Blair ( 1959 - 01 - 22 ) January 22 , 1959 ( age 58 ) St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. Residence Coto de Caza , California , U.S. Occupation Actress , producer Years active 1962 -- present Website www.lindablair.com Linda Denise Blair ( born January 22 , 1959 ) is an American actress . Blair is best known for her role as the possessed child , Regan , in the film The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe . She reprised her role in Exorcist II : The Heretic ( 1977 ) , for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award . After The Exorcist she remained active in film , usually lower - budget b - movies and exploitation films , as well as supporting charitable causes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Later career 2.1 Other interests 3 Legal problems 4 Honors 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) The youngest of three children , Blair was born in St. Louis , Missouri , and was raised in Westport , Connecticut . Her birthplace of St. Louis was where the exorcism of a young boy `` Roland Doe '' took place that later inspired the book and the film The Exorcist . She began her career as a 4 - year - old child model and started acting with a regular role on the short - lived Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 69 ) daytime soap opera . Her first theatrical film appearance was in The Way We Live Now ( 1970 ) . Blair was selected from a field of 600 applicants for her most notable role as Regan in The Exorcist ( 1973 ) . The role earned her a Golden Globe and People 's Choice Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as an Academy Award nomination . She reprised her role in the sequel , Exorcist II : The Heretic ( 1977 ) , garnering a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress of 1978 . Between these two films , she appeared in Born Innocent ( 1974 ) , Airport 1975 ( 1974 ) , Sarah T. -- Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic ( 1975 ) and Sweet Hostage ( 1975 ) opposite Martin Sheen . Later career ( edit ) Blair 's career took a new turn in the 1980s , as she starred in a film in 1980 entitled Ruckus along with actor Dirk Benedict . She also starred in a number of successful low - budget horror and exploitation films , including Hell Night ( 1981 ) , Chained Heat ( 1983 ) and Savage Streets ( 1984 ) . Blair later worked in numerous films , mostly comedies , including the Exorcist send - up Repossessed in 1990 , and a cameo role in Scream ( 1996 ) . In 1997 , she appeared in a Broadway revival of Grease . She was cast as a regular in the BBC television show , L.A. 7 ( 2000 ) . She hosted Fox Family 's Scariest Places on Earth ( 2000 -- 06 ) . In 2006 , she guest starred on the TV Series Supernatural playing the part of Detective Diana Ballard as she aids Sam & Dean Winchester in the Episode : `` The Usual Suspects '' which aired November 9th , 2006 . In 2013 Blair accepted a role in the comedy webseries Whoa ! and has since appeared in the 2016 feature The Green Fairy , as well as the upcoming Surge of Power : Revenge of the Sequel . Other interests ( edit ) Blair also became an animal rights activist and humanitarian , working with PETA , Feed the Children , Variety , the Children 's Charity , and other organizations . Blair also devotes time to a non-profit organization she organized , the Linda Blair WorldHeart Foundation , which works to rescue abused , neglected and mistreated animals . She commenced to follow a vegan diet , and was a co-author of the book Going Vegan ! Legal problems ( edit ) Towards the end of the 1970s , Blair encountered trouble with law enforcement authorities as she was charged with drug possession and conspiracy to sell drugs . She pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of conspiracy to possess cocaine , in exchange for three years ' probation . Blair was also required to make at least 12 major public appearances to tell young people about the dangers of drug abuse . Honors ( edit ) In 1997 , she appeared in a documentary for Channel 4 in the UK entitled `` Did n't You Used to be Satan ? '' , which served as a biography of her life to that point and how the film The Exorcist had dominated her career and life . She also appeared in critic Mark Kermode 's 1998 BBC documentary `` The Fear of God '' ( which Kermode directed and hosted ) , included as a special feature on the DVD of The Exorcist . Most of Kermode 's linking scenes to camera were removed from the DVD version to shorten the running time . The version shown on BBC TV in 1998 was shown intact . In 2008 , she appeared at the 18th annual Malaga Fantasy and Horror Film Festival to accept a lifetime achievement award for her work in the horror genre . She appeared in the 2009 documentary Confessions of a Teenage Vigilante , discussing her role as Brenda in Savage Streets ( 1984 ) . The documentary was included as a bonus feature on the 2009 DVD release of the film . In 2010 she appeared as herself on the cable series Pit Boss and Jury Duty . She appeared in the 2011 Rick Springfield documentary Affair of the Heart , and was a panelist in a 2011 episode of The Joy Behar Show . In 2012 Blair appeared at a pre-taped 84th Academy Awards ceremony honoring makeup artist Dick Smith , who had created the iconic makeup for Blair in The Exorcist . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1973 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress The Exorcist Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture The Exorcist Won Golden Globe Awards New Star of the Year -- Actress The Exorcist Nominated 1978 Saturn Awards Best Actress Exorcist II : The Heretic Nominated 1982 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress Hell Night Nominated 1984 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress Chained Heat Nominated 1985 Golden Raspberry Awards Scream Queen Herself Won 1986 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress Night Patrol , Savage Island , and Savage Streets Won Filmography ( edit ) Linda Blair in Los Angeles ( 2012 ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1970 The Way We Live Now Sara Aldridge 1971 The Sporting Club Barby 1973 The Exorcist Regan MacNeil Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actress Born Innocent Chris Parker Television movie Airport 1975 Janice Abbott Sarah T. -- Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic Sarah Travis Television movie Sweet Hostage Doris Mae Withers Television movie 1976 Victory at Entebbe Chana Vilnofsky Television movie 1977 Exorcist II : The Heretic Regan MacNeil Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actress 1978 Stranger in Our House Rachel Bryant Television movie 1979 Wild Horse Hank Hank Bradford 1979 Roller Boogie Terry Barkley 1980 Ruckus Jenny Bellows 1981 Hell Night Marti Gaines Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress Chained Heat Carol Henderson Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress 1984 Night Patrol Officer Sue Perman Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress 1984 Savage Streets Brenda Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress 1984 Terror in the Aisles Regan MacNeil Archive footage 1985 Red Heat Christine Carlson 1985 Savage Island Daly Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress SFX Retaliator Doris Nightforce Carla 1988 Moving Target Sally Tyler 1988 Grotesque Lisa 1988 Silent Assassins Sara 1988 Witchery Jane Brooks 1989 Up Your Alley Vickie Adderly 1989 The Chilling Mary Hampton 1989 Aunt Millie 's Will Unknown Short film 1989 W.B. , Blue and the Bean Annette Ridgeway 1990 Zapped Again ! Miss Mitchell 1990 Repossessed Nancy Aglet 1991 Bedroom Eyes II Sophie Stevens 1992 Fatal Bond Leonie Stevens 1992 Dead Sleep Maggie Healey 1992 Calendar Girl , Cop , Killer ? : The Bambi Bembenek Story Jane Mder Television movie 1992 Perry Mason : The Case of the Heartbroken Bride Hannah Hawkes Television movie 1993 Bad Blood Evie Barners 1993 Phone Unknown Short film 1994 Skins Maggie Joiner 1994 Double Blast Claudia 1995 Sorceress Amelia Reynolds Prey of the Jaguar Cody Johnson Scream Obnoxious Reporter Uncredited 1997 Marina Marina Short film 2003 Monster Makers Shelly Stoker Television movie 2005 Diva Dog : Pit Bull on Wheels Unknown Short film 2005 Hitters Anonymous Brenda 2006 All Is Normal Barbara 2006 The Powder Puff Principle School Board President Short film 2009 Imps * Jamie 2012 An Affair of the Heart Herself Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1968 -- 1969 Hidden Faces Allyn Jaffe Unknown episodes 1982 The Love Boat Muffy Episode : `` Isaac Gets Physical '' 1985 Murder , She Wrote Jane Pascal Episode : `` Murder Takes the Bus '' 1989 Monsters La Strega Episode : `` La Strega '' 1990 MacGyver Jenny Larson Episode : `` Jenny 's Chance '' 1992 Married ... with Children Ida Mae Episode : `` The Magnificent Seven '' Renegade Teddy Rae Thompson Episode : `` Self Defense '' 1997 The RuPaul Show Herself Episode : `` 13 December 1997 '' 1999 Godzilla : The Series Alexandra Springer Episode : `` S.C.A.L.E. '' 2000 L.A. 7 Joni Witherspoon 9 episodes 2000 -- 2003 Hollywood Squares Herself 10 episodes 2001 -- 2006 Scariest Places on Earth Host 15 episodes 2006 Supernatural Detective Diana Ballard Episode : `` The Usual Suspects '' 2010 -- 2012 Pit Boss Herself 12 episodes 2012 Celebrity Ghost Stories Herself Episode : `` Victoria Rowell / Dot Jones / Carlos Mencia / Linda Blair '' 2014 RuPaul 's Drag Race Herself Episode : `` Scream Queens '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skin ( 1 January 2005 ) . Mr. Skin 's Skincyclopedia : The A-to - Z Guide to Finding Your Favorite Actresses Naked . St. Martin 's Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33144 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Official website for `` The Exorcist '' . Warner Brothers , `` Cast , Linda Blair '' . Accessed 18 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linda Blair '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Part I - The Haunted Boy : the Inspiration for the Exorcist '' . Strangemag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Way We Live Now ( 1970 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Born Innocent '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sarah T. -- Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Scream '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Actress Linda Blair Gets Probation in Drug Case '' . Lakeland Ledger . September 6 , 1979 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linda Blair . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Linda Blair Linda Blair on IMDb Linda Blair at AllMovie Linda Blair World Heart Foundation ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1944 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Ellen Corby ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Katy Jurado ( 1952 ) Grace Kelly ( 1953 ) Jan Sterling ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan ( 1955 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1956 ) Elsa Lanchester ( 1957 ) Hermione Gingold ( 1958 ) Susan Kohner ( 1959 ) Janet Leigh ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1964 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1965 ) Jocelyne LaGarde ( 1966 ) Carol Channing ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Karen Black / Maureen Stapleton ( 1970 ) Ann - Margret ( 1971 ) Shelley Winters ( 1972 ) Linda Blair ( 1973 ) Karen Black ( 1974 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 1975 ) Katharine Ross ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Joan Hackett ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Cher ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Meg Tilly ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Julia Roberts ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Meryl Streep ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Natalie Portman ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) VIAF : 90666938 LCCN : nb2009017029 ISNI : 0000 0000 9807 3152 GND : 1081727756 SUDOC : 170404242 BNF : cb13930035d ( data ) BNE : XX1297913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Blair&oldid=801439657 '' Categories : 1959 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Connecticut American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Living people People from Westport , Connecticut Actresses from St. Louis Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the little girl in the original exorcist	[ "Linda Denise Blair (born January 22, 1959)[2] is an American actress.[3] Blair is best known for her role as the possessed child, Regan, in the film The Exorcist (1973), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe. She reprised her role in Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award." ]	[ "Linda Denise Blair" ]
-6371910835653641780	Twilight bark	Twilight bark - Wikipedia Twilight bark Twilight Bark ( sometimes , Twilight Barking and Barking Chain ) refers to the often - noted behavior in domestic dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) of exchanging barks or howls across long distances , typically in the quiet hours of early evening . The term ' Twilight Bark ' was coined by author Dodie Smith for her 1956 children 's book , The Hundred and One Dalmatians , and the phenomenon figures prominently as a plot device in the book and in the 1961 animated Disney movie . Her 1967 sequel novel is The Starlight Barking . The original usage is : Many people must have noticed how dogs like to bark in the early evening . Indeed , twilight has sometimes been called `` Dogs ' Barking Time . '' Busy town dogs bark less than country dogs , but all dogs know all about the Twilight Barking . It is their way of keeping in touch with distant friends , passing on important news , enjoying a good gossip . -- Dodie Smith , The Hundred and One Dalmatians References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dodie Smith , The Hundred and One Dalmatians , New York : Viking Press ( 1956 ) This ethology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twilight_bark&oldid=863977960 '' Categories : Animal communication Animal sounds Dog training and behavior Ethology stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 09 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the bark called in 101 dalmatians	[ "The term 'Twilight Bark' was coined by author Dodie Smith for her 1956 children's book, The Hundred and One Dalmatians,[1] and the phenomenon figures prominently as a plot device in the book and in the 1961 animated Disney movie. Her 1967 sequel novel is The Starlight Barking.\n" ]	[ "Twilight Bark" ]
7065880407572000269	Age requirements in gymnastics	Age requirements in gymnastics - wikipedia Age requirements in gymnastics The age requirements in gymnastics are established by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) and regulate the age at which athletes are allowed to participate in senior - level competitions . In the latter half of the 20th century , a series of controversies arose with regard to gymnast ages , some of them leading to sanctions by FIG , and paving the way for the age requirements to be raised from 14 to 15 in 1981 , and then to 16 in 1997 . Contents 1 History of age requirements in artistic gymnastics 2 Reasons for age restrictions 3 Current regulations 3.1 Terminology 3.2 Legal exceptions 3.3 Verification procedures 3.4 Response from coaches and federations 4 Age falsification 4.1 Reasons for age falsification 4.2 Major verified cases of age falsification 4.3 2008 Beijing Olympics age controversy 5 References History of age requirements in artistic gymnastics ( edit ) See also : Gymnastics all - around champions by age Prior to 1981 , the minimum required age to compete in senior events sanctioned by the FIG ( including the Olympic Games ) was 14 . The earliest champions in women 's gymnastics tended to be in their 20s ; most had studied ballet for years before entering the sport . Hungarian gymnast Ágnes Keleti won individual gold medals at the age of 35 at the 1956 Olympics . Larisa Latynina , the first great Soviet gymnast , won her first Olympic all - around medal at the age of 21 , her second at 25 and her third at 29 ; she became the 1958 World Champion while pregnant with her daughter . Czech gymnast Věra Čáslavská , who followed Latynina to become a two - time Olympic all - around champion , was 22 before she started winning gold medals at the highest level of the sport , and won her final Olympic all - around title at the age of 26 . In the 1970s , the average age of Olympic gymnastics competitors began to gradually decrease . While it was not unheard of for teenagers to compete in the 1960s -- Ludmilla Tourischeva was sixteen at her first Olympics in 1968 -- they slowly became the norm , as difficulty in gymnastics increased . By the late 1970s , Federations occasionally requested permission to allow slightly underage athletes to compete as seniors . One such example is that of Canadian gymnast Karen Kelsall , who legally competed in the 1976 Olympics at the age of 13 . At the time , gymnasts had to turn 14 by the start of the Games to be eligible . Kelsall , with her December 1962 birthday , was five months shy of the requirement but was turning 14 within the Olympic year , and was granted a special exemption by the FIG to compete . Such exemptions were not automatic , however : American gymnast Tracee Talavera , who was named to the United States team for the 1979 World Championships , was deemed ineligible to compete due to her age of 121⁄2 years . In response to the changing demands of the sport , at the 58th Congress of the FIG , held in July 1980 just before the Moscow Olympics , the minimum age was raised from 14 to 15 . Under this rule , which went into effect in 1981 , gymnasts were required to turn at least 15 years of age in the calendar year to compete in senior - level events . This age requirement remained in place until 1997 , when it was raised one more year , from 15 to 16 . Reasons for age restrictions ( edit ) Age restrictions were supposedly designed not so much to level the playing field in terms of skill and physical advantages , as to protect child athletes from injury . However , critics dispute the science behind the policy and argue that the answer is to prohibit junior gymnasts from competing in senior competitions . On the one hand , proponents such as Jeanne Dopbrak , a sports medicine physician at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , contend that `` ( a child athlete 's ) immature skeleton just is n't ready to handle the day - to - day stresses that will occur . '' and that the stresses imposed on only partly developed muscular / skeletal system by gymnastics are almost certain to cause damage that would persist into adulthood . Proponents also point to a 16 - year American study of gymnastics injuries which concluded that gymnastics is the most dangerous sport for girls , with injury rates comparable to those found in boys who play soccer , basketball and hockey . An athlete whose bones are still growing is more likely than an adult to suffer skeletal injury , because the bones are more porous and the joints not yet fully formed . Lesions , which are precursors to stress fractures , occur in 11 percent of young female gymnasts , compared to 2.3 percent of girls and women in general . The International Gymnastics Federation says that intense physical activity , such as that engaged in by gymnasts training at the elite level , affects the functioning of growth hormones , possibly causing delayed bone growth and the onset of puberty -- although the body is able to recover and catch up later if given rest periods . In addition , proponents contend that practicing elite sports is mentally and emotionally demanding . Young gymnasts at these levels are often pressured to perform by coaches and parents , and ex-gymnasts have spoken out about behavioural and psychological problems common to the sport . Current regulations ( edit ) Currently , per the 1997 regulation , gymnasts must be at least 16 years of age , or turning 16 within the calendar year , to compete in senior - level events . For the current Olympic cycle , in order to compete in the 2016 Olympics , a gymnast must have a birth date before January 1 , 2001 . There is no maximum age restriction , and some gymnasts compete well into their 20s . The oldest female gymnast currently competing in senior international events is Uzbekistan 's Oksana Chusovitina , ( b . 1975 ) who was 41 years , 1 month old at the 2016 Summer Olympics . She was 17 years , 1 month old at her first Olympics , the 1992 Summer Olympics . Terminology ( edit ) The term senior , in gymnastics , refers to any world - class gymnast who is age - eligible under F.I.G. rules . The term junior is used to describe any gymnast who competes at a world - class level , but does not meet the F.I.G. 's age minimum . Juniors are judged under the same Code of Points as the seniors , and often exhibit the same level of difficulty in their routines . Legal exceptions ( edit ) The one exception to the F.I.G. 's age restrictions until recently applied to the year before the Olympics , when gymnasts who were one year below the required age , but would be the required age in the Olympic year , were allowed to compete as seniors at the World Championships and other FIG meets . For instance , gymnasts born in 1977 were allowed to compete at senior events in 1991 , when they were 14 or turning 14 within the calendar year . Within the last Olympic cycle , gymnasts born in 1992 were permitted to compete as seniors in 2007 . This was permitted to allow nations to qualify to the Olympics with their best teams , and to give emerging gymnasts some experience in major competition before the Olympics . However , the FIG eliminated this exception as of the 2012 Olympic cycle . In addition , the age requirement technically only applies to meets which are sanctioned and regulated directly by the FIG : the Olympics , the World Championships and the World Cup circuit . Many other meets , such as the European Championships , have separate divisions for juniors . Additionally , some competitions , such as the Pan Am Games , the Pacific Rim Championships and the All - Africa Games , have different rules which permit seniors and juniors to compete together . There are also numerous international competitions specifically limited to junior gymnasts , such as the Japan Junior International , Moscow World Stars , the Junior Pan American Championships , and the Youth Olympic Games . Verification procedures ( edit ) According to official statements from the FIG , `` the accepted proof of a gymnast 's eligibility for competition is a valid passport issued by the country of residence . '' This verification process has been criticized by some in the gymnastics community , with the argument that countries can manufacture and submit falsified documents for underage athletes . In several cases , gymnasts involved in age falsification have verified that they did in fact compete under forged passports provided to them by their federations . Since 2009 , gymnasts competing in FIG - sanctioned events at both the senior and junior level have been required to have licenses issued by the Federation . These licenses reportedly verify the competitors ' ages based on their passports . However , the licensing does not include any independent verification of submitted passport information . Response from coaches and Federations ( edit ) The age limit is arguably one of the most contentious rules in gymnastics , and is frequently debated by coaches , gymnasts and members of the media . While some members of the sport , such as former USA Gymnastics president Bob Colarossi , have expressed support for the age limit of 16 , others , such as coach Béla Károlyi , have heavily criticized it . Supporters of the age restrictions have pointed out that it has encouraged older gymnasts to remain in the sport . The average age of an international gymnast was 18.10 years in 2005 . In contrast , in 1994 , before the new age requirements , it was 16.49 , and in 1989 , gymnasts who had reached the age of 17 were already often considered to be of retirement age . Opponents of the rule have countered that by barring younger gymnasts from top level meets , they are denying them valuable competitive experience . They have also argued that junior gymnasts perform and are scored under the same Code of Points as the seniors , perform the same skills , and are thus not avoiding the physical impact of training and performing high - level skills . It is also argued that the current Code of Points , with its increased requirements for difficult skills , is more suited to younger and lighter athletes , and puts older athletes at greater risk of injury . Age falsification ( edit ) Age falsification is the practice of advancing gymnasts ' ages to make them age - eligible for senior - level competition . Reports of age falsification among top - level international gymnasts first began to surface in the 1980s , after the age limit was raised from 14 to 15 . This has frequently taken the form of inconsistently reported birthdates ; at other times , speculation has been raised due to the young appearance of the gymnasts . Age falsification has been revealed and confirmed in several ways . In some cases , gymnasts themselves have come forward and publicly confirmed and verified the falsification . In other cases , documents revealing inconsistencies , such as original birth certificates , have been researched and uncovered by the press . Inconsistencies with reported birth dates and ages at international and national competitions have also led to the discovery of age falsification . Gymnasts who have had their ages falsified , and have spoken about their experiences , have indicated that they were not given a choice in the matter . In a 2002 interview , Romanian gymnast Daniela Silivaş , whose age was advanced two years in the 1980s , noted : `` One of the officials of the Federation told me ' Look at the passport , from today you 're not 13 years old anymore but 15 . ' Nobody asked me if I agreed to this , I was just a child . They needed gold medals and everybody who was involved in gymnastics knew about these practices . '' While age falsification has been denied among many gymnastics officials , in recent years some have publicly admitted that the practice has occurred . In reference to the falsifications of the early 1990s and 1980s , the head of the Romanian Gymnastics Federation , Nicolae Vieru , was quoted in 2002 : `` Changing the ages was a worldwide practice ... we copied this from others . '' The FIG has publicly stated that they view age falsification as an unacceptable practice . However , there have only been three cases , those of Kim Gwang Suk in 1993 and Dong Fangxiao and Hong Su Jong in 2010 , where the FIG has elected to take any action against a gymnastics federation for age falsification . Reasons for age falsification ( edit ) According to many scientific and medical studies , as well as reports from ex-gymnasts , younger gymnasts may have psychological or physical advantages in elite gymnastics competition . Psychologically , younger gymnasts may be more fearless , and have less visceral appreciation for the potential for injury . They are therefore more likely to perform more dangerous , and more highly scored , routines with confidence and steadiness . `` Psychologically , I think they worry less , '' former Olympic medallist Nellie Kim told The New York Times . Daniela Silivaş , in her interview , commented , `` You should know that I competed better at the age of 13 than at 17 . I felt much better , physical ( sic ) and mentally . '' Physically , younger gymnasts , particularly those who have not yet gone through puberty , tend to be lighter , smaller , more pliable and flexible , which aids them in performing more complex skills and gives them a better strength - to - weight ratio . When a gymnast hits puberty , growth spurts and weight gain may affect her centre of gravity , causing mental and physical stress as she must adjust , and in some cases relearn , her moves to compensate . Smaller athletes have generally excelled in the more challenging acrobatic elements required by the evolving Code of Points after the 1960s . In addition , older gymnasts may be more prone to certain types of injuries caused by overuse of bones and muscles ; younger gymnasts are less likely to have such problems , or more likely to be able to work through pain while injured . Major verified cases of age falsification ( edit ) Kim Gwang Suk ( North Korea ) : Kim , the 1991 World Champion on the uneven bars , was active on the international circuit between 1987 and 1993 . During this time , several observers claimed she was too young for senior competition . The North Korean Gymnastics Federation submitted inconsistent dates of birth for Kim at various competitions , claiming that she was 15 for three consecutive years . As punishment , the F.I.G. barred the North Korean women 's team from the World Championships in 1993 . She competed in the 1989 World Championships at the estimated age of 11 or 12 . However , she may have been younger than that . At the 1992 Olympics , she claimed she was 17 . However , her front teeth were missing , leading Béla Károlyi to speculate that she may have been as young as 10 at the time . Lavinia Agache ( Romania ) : Agache competed at the 1981 World Championships at the age of 13 , under a passport which gave her year of birth as 1967 . She was in fact born in 1968 . The falsification was suspected as early as 1981 ; Agache confirmed her 1968 birthdate to International Gymnast magazine in 2000 . Olga Bicherova ( Soviet Union ) : Bicherova , the 1981 World Champion in the all - around event , was introduced at an early 1981 meet as a 12 - year - old , but was claimed to have been born in 1966 at the 1981 World Championships later in the same year . Gina Gogean ( Romania ) : Gogean competed in the 1992 Olympics with a passport with a 1977 birth year . However , in 2002 her original birth certificate was uncovered by the media , revealing she had been born in 1978 . Alexandra Marinescu ( Romania ) : Marinescu , a World and team Olympic medalist in the mid-1990s , had her birth year advanced from 1982 to 1981 in order to be eligible for the 1995 World Championships and 1996 Olympic Games . Olga Mostepanova ( Soviet Union ) : Mostepanova , who competed at the 1983 and 1985 World Championships and was the all - around gold medalist at the 1984 Friendship Games , has been reported as having 1968 and 1969 birth dates , but has stated that she was actually born in 1970 . Daniela Silivaş ( Romania ) : Silivaş , a multiple World and Olympic gold medalist , competed as a junior until 1985 , when her birth year was changed from 1972 to 1970 . She went on to compete at the 1985 World Championships at the age of 13 . Silivaş revealed the falsification to the media in 2002 . Dong Fangxiao ( People 's Republic of China ) : Dong was a member of the bronze - medal winning Chinese team at the 2000 Summer Olympics . Her birthdate was listed as January 20 , 1983 , in the FIG database . However , it was discovered that her accreditation as a technical official at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where she worked as a vault secretary , listed her birthdate as January 23 , 1986 . Additionally , her blog stated she was born during the Year of the Ox , which would place her birthdate between February 1985 and February 1986 . An FIG investigation determined in 2010 that Dong was 14 during the 2000 Olympics and the Chinese team should be stripped of its bronze medal . Dong 's 1999 World Championships and World Cup results were vacated . In April 2010 , the International Olympic Committee upheld the F.I.G. 's recommendation and nullified both the Chinese team 's bronze medal and Dong 's individual Olympic placement . Hong Su Jong ( North Korea ) , the 2007 World Championships silver medalist on vault , was investigated for age discrepancies in 2010 . Hong competed at the 2004 Olympics with a March 9 , 1985 , birth date , but participated in subsequent Asian Games and World Championships meets with a 1986 year of birth . Her 2010 F.I.G. license and 2010 Worlds registration indicated that she was born in 1989 . The F.I.G. responded in October 2010 by provisionally banning North Korea from competition for one month , which effectively barred them from the 2010 World Championships . In November 2010 , the F.I.G. extended the ban until October 5 , 2012 , fined the North Korean Federation $20,800 , and banned Hong from competing even in national competition within North Korea . 2008 beijing Olympics age controversy ( edit ) See also : 2008 Summer Olympics allegation of underage gymnasts During the 2008 Summer Olympics the age of four Chinese gymnasts -- He Kexin , Jiang Yuyuan , Deng Linlin , and Yang Yilin -- was brought into question , with many foreign media outlets speculating that they were underage during the Olympics . Multiple age investigations were conducted at the urging of media , as well as United States Olympic Committee executive Jim Scherr and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge , and the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) found that the gymnasts had met the age requirements and were eligible to compete . The Chinese sports administration also acknowledged that mistakes in its paperwork have contributed to the misunderstanding . References ( edit ) Gymnastics portal ^ Jump up to : `` Within the International Federations '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 155 ) : 520 . September 1980 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Legends : Larissa Latynina '' International Gymnast , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Vera Čáslavská : The heroine of Mexico '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gymnastics Canada biography of Karen Kelsall Archived 2008 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ List of competitive results and bio at Gymn - Forum ^ Jump up to : `` Rift Over Underage Gymnasts '' Neil Amdur , The New York Times , December 7 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Female gymnasts : older -- and healthier ? '' The Physician and Sports Medicine , Vol. 23 No. 3 , March 1997 ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian gymnasts faked age to compete '' BBC News / Europe , May 2 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Stefano , Dan ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` China gymnast underage , AP alleges '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on 23 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Park , Alice ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Making Gymnastics Safer for Kids '' . Time . Archived from the original on 17 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hutton , Lindsay . `` Is Gymnastics Right for Your Child ? '' . Family Education Network . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Klenerman , L. ( 1994 - 06 - 11 ) . `` ABC of Sports Medicine : Musculoskeletal Injuries in Child Athletes '' . BMJ. 308 : 1556 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6943. 1556 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Joan ( 1995 ) . Little Girls in Pretty Boxes . Garden City : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 47790 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Physical and Emotional Problems of Elite Female Gymnasts '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 336 : 140 -- 142 . 1997 - 01 - 09 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm199701093360216 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Turner , Amanda ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Ageless Chusovitina Turns '' . International Gymnast . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Age limits for gymnasts may be set after 2008 '' Xinhua News Service , December 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Gymnast Age Limitations '' . NIS FIG Office . 2008 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy ( 2008 - 08 - 02 ) . `` More questions about Chinese gymnasts ' ages '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Issues of Age Seem to Follow Chinese Gymnasts '' Jere Longman , Juliet Macur . The New York Times , July 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 2008 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Tweddle the loser as age doubts mar He 's triumph '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : The Secrets of a Gymnast . Norescu , Andrei , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Daniela Silivas discusses her age '' . ProSport. 2002 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pucin , Diane ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) . `` More age monitoring for women 's gymnastics '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gymnasts are Old - lympians / Golden Girls going for gold in Sydney '' Paula Parrish , Colorado Springs Gazette , September 14 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Gymnasts too young ? FIG says the rumor is false '' International Sports Press Association , February 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Gymnastic Girls , Not Women '' The New York Times , August 1 , 1989 Jump up ^ Daniela Silivas , Alexandra Marinescu , Yang Yun , Lavinia Agache , Olga Mostepanova Jump up ^ Gina Gogean Jump up ^ Kim Gwang Suk , Lavinia Agache , Olga Bicherova ^ Jump up to : `` IOC strips 2000 Games bronze medal from China '' Associated Press via USA Today April 28 , 2010 . Archived 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré and Juliet Macur ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Records Say Chinese Gymnasts May Be Under Age '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Row over ages of winning gymnasts '' . BBC / CBBC Newsround. 2008 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Medalist and His Team May Be Barred From Olympic Games : Last Chance for a North Korean Athlete '' Christopher Clarey , International Herald Times , Friday , April 19 , 1996 Jump up ^ NBC coverage of the 1992 Olympics team compulsories Jump up ^ `` Whatever happened to Lavinia Agache ? Archived November 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Gymnastics Greats Jump up ^ `` Former Romanian Star Pities Raducan '' International Gymnast , December 23 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Olga Bicherova : The Youngest Champion '' Vitali Melik - Karamov , Soviet Life , September 1982 Jump up ^ `` Whatever happened to Olga Bicherova ? Gymnastics Greats Jump up ^ `` Romanian gymnasts ' lied about age ' '' Associated Press , April 18 , 2002 Jump up ^ List of competitive results at Gymn - Forum Jump up ^ `` Olga Mostepanova : I simply love children '' Yevgeniy Aksyonov , Beth Squires ( trans . ) ; Sovetskiy Sport May 7 , 1998 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ FIG : China should be stripped of Sydney bronze Associated Press , February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIG Rejects Appeal ; No Worlds for North Korea '' Amanda Turner , International Gymnast , October 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` North Korea banned 2 years for age falsification '' Associated Press , November 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 2008 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Teeny - Tiny Matter of Age for China 's Gymnasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Stephen ( 2008 - 08 - 22 ) . `` IOC calls for investigation into gymnast 's age '' . smh.com.au . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kent , Jo Ling ( 2008 - 08 - 22 ) . `` International Olympic Committee Investigates Underage Gymnasts Claims '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Officials say Chinese Olympic gymnasts not underage '' . International Herald Tribune . 2008 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling Backs Chinese Gymnasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 2008 - 08 - 24 ) . `` China Cites Paperwork Error in Age of Gymnast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_requirements_in_gymnastics&oldid=855983793 '' Categories : Minimum ages Gymnastics Sports controversies Age and society Age controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 04 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the age limit to enter the olympics	[ "In the latter half of the 20th century, a series of controversies arose with regard to gymnast ages, some of them leading to sanctions by FIG, and paving the way for the age requirements to be raised from 14 to 15 in 1981, and then to 16 in 1997.\n" ]	[ "16" ]
3448688747257783340	The Whole of the Moon	The Whole of the Moon - wikipedia The Whole of the Moon Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with 1997 New Zealand film The Whole of the Moon . `` The Whole of the Moon '' Single by The Waterboys from the album This Is the Sea B - side `` Medicine Jack '' ( 7 `` ) `` The Girl in the Swing '' / `` Spirit '' / `` Medicine Jack '' ( 12 `` ) Released 14 October 1985 ( UK ) November 21 , 1985 ( US ) April 2 , 1991 ( Re-issue ) Format 7 `` / 12 '' Recorded May 1985 , Livingstone Studios ( London ) and Amazon Studios ( Liverpool ) Genre Rock Length 4 : 58 Label Ensign Songwriter ( s ) Mike Scott Producer ( s ) Mike Scott The Waterboys singles chronology `` The Big Music '' ( 1984 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1985 ) `` Fisherman 's Blues '' ( 1989 ) `` The Big Music '' ( 1984 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1985 ) `` Fisherman 's Blues '' ( 1989 ) Audio sample file help `` The Whole of the Moon '' is a song by the Waterboys which was released as a single from their album This Is the Sea in 1985 . It is a classic of the band 's repertoire and has been consistently played at live shows ever since its release . Written and produced by Mike Scott , the subject of the song has inspired some speculation . The single was not a big success when initially released in 1985 , only making the lower ends of the chart . Subsequently it became one of The Waterboys ' best - known songs and their most commercially successful . It is arguably the band 's signature song and was the Ivor Novello Award winner `` Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Music 3 Releases 4 Personnel 5 Covers 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The subject of the lyrics has inspired speculation , some of which has been rebutted by the writer . The song apparently began as a `` scribble on the back of an envelope on a wintry New York street '' , after Scott 's girlfriend asked him if it was difficult to write a song . Like The Waterboys ' first single `` A Girl Called Johnny '' , the song is a tribute to an inspirational figure or figures . In each line , the singer describes his own perspective and immediately contrasts it with that of the song 's subject , summarizing the difference with the line `` I saw the crescent / You saw the whole of the moon '' . Allmusic instead suggests that its subject is a number of people who inspired Scott , including writer C.S. Lewis and the musician Prince . Scott himself says that he `` could n't have written '' the song without having read Mark Helprin 's novel Winter 's Tale , but goes on to state that the song is not about Helprin . The official Waterboys website 's Frequently Asked Questions clarifies that Scott has said that the song 's subject is `` a composite of many people '' , including C.S. Lewis , but explicitly states that it is not about Prince . Musician Nikki Sudden , with whom Scott had collaborated before forming The Waterboys , has claimed that the song was written about himself . Music ( edit ) The band members at the time were Mike Scott himself , Anthony Thistlethwaite , Karl Wallinger , and Roddy Lorimer . Drummer Kevin Wilkinson had left the band by the time `` The Whole of the Moon '' was recorded and drums were played by session player , Chris Whitten . Demo 'd but not finished at the beginning of the recording sessions , the song was eventually completed in May 1985 . 1991 alternate sleeve A feature of `` The Whole of the Moon '' is the trumpet work on the recording , courtesy of the classically trained Lorimer . Lorimer spent three days with Scott working on the song 's arrangement and `` went home with a tape of the song and thought about a more classical approach . After a while sitting at the piano I came up with the idea of antiphonal trumpets . A piccolo trumpet on the left answered a piccolo on the right and then the same again , growing by adding a Bb trumpet below each side of the stereo picture . Mike loved it , except the slightly jazzy chords I had used on the run down at the very end , which he simplified . I used the same classical approach later in the song , mixing two classical - type trumpets behind a later verse . '' Lorimer also contributes falsetto background vocals to the song , while Thistlethwaite , another brass section member , performs a saxophone solo near the end . Wallinger provided synthesizer , synth bass and backing vocals . Releases ( edit ) It was first released as a seven and 12 - inch single , which reached number 26 on the United Kingdom singles chart . The single also contained a live recording of `` The Girl in the Swing '' , from The Waterboys , the band 's first album , an extended mix of `` Spirit '' , and a song titled `` Medicine Jack '' . Following various sell - out tours by the band from 1986 - 90 the song appeared on the group 's greatest hits package The Best of the Waterboys 81 -- 90 in 1991 . That year , this song was re-released as a single ( 7 `` , 12 '' and CD ) from the album and was a big hit , peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart and receiving an Ivor Novello Award as `` Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' in 1991 . The second single release had different B sides from the 1985 version . `` Golden Age '' was on the 7 '' B side and the 12 '' had `` The Golden Age Medley '' , which included `` A Golden Age '' , `` Higher In Time '' ( fast ) , `` High Far Soon '' and `` Soon As I Get Home '' . Including the 2004 remastered album , the song has been officially released four times and appears on the following Waterboys albums : This Is the Sea ( 1985 ) The Best of The Waterboys 81 -- 90 ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon : The Music of Mike Scott & The Waterboys ( 1998 ) This Is the Sea - special remastered 2CD edition ( 2004 ) Karma to Burn ( live ) ( 2005 ) Personnel ( edit ) Max Edie - backing vocals Chris Whitten - drums , percussion Martin Ditcham - percussion Anthony Thistlethwaite - saxophone Karl Wallinger - synthesizer , bass ( synthesizer ) , backing vocals Roddy Lorimer - trumpet Mike Scott - vocals , piano , guitar Mick Glossop - mixed Covers ( edit ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' was covered by Jennifer Warnes on her 1992 album The Hunter , by Mandy Moore on her 2003 album Coverage , by the band Human Drama on the compilation album New Wave Goes to Hell , by folk singer - songwriter Peter Mulvey on his 1995 release Rapture and Terry Reid on his album The Driver . Steve Hogarth of Marillion has included it in his solo `` h natural '' shows . It was also a hit on the Balearic dance scene in the 1980s and has appeared on numerous other compilations . The song was also performed in an episode of Father Ted by Father Noel Furlong ( played by Graham Norton ) . Prince covered the song at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club during his 2014 Hit & Run tour , and again at the Paisley Park Studios during a Dance Rally for Peace in May 2015 . Susan McFadden performed the song on the Celtic Woman album Destiny . Mike Scott included a live solo version of the song as a bonus track on his 1995 single `` Building the City of Light '' . U2 has played the song as the band enters the stage during The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Discography '' mikescottwaterboys.com . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mick Fitzsimmons . `` Must Have Waterboys '' . BBC : Critical List . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Waterboys '' wikimusicguide.com . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Mike ( 2004 ) . `` Recording Notes '' . This Is the Sea . EMI . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Philip ( 2005 ) . The Book of Rock : From the 1950s to Today . Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 480 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of The Whole of the Moon '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 24 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . mikescottwaterboys . Retrieved October 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Nikki Sudden . `` A Few Mike Scott stories '' . Excerpts from Nikki Sudden 's Autobiography . Retrieved October 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Roddy Lorimer '' . Kick Horns Line Up . Retrieved October 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Prince watch : his Hit and Run tour stops by at Ronnie Scott 's Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Paisley Park DANCE RALLY 4 PEACE . Saturday May 2 , 2015 . Starts at NINE THIRTY '' . Prince.org. 2015 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Scott -- Building The City Of Light '' . Discogs . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Video directed by Irish filmmaker Meiert Avis , and shot at the Lyceum Theatre , London in November 1985 . Mike Scott sings live over an amended version of the record , on which fiddle and acoustic guitar were added at Wessex Studios , London . Lu Edmonds of Public Image Ltd. mimes the bass in the video . The Waterboys Mike Scott Steve Wickham Trevor Hutchinson Roddy Lorimer Richard Naiff Anthony Thistlethwaite Karl Wallinger Kevin Wilkinson Marc `` Archie '' Arciero Colin Blakey Jay Dee Daugherty James Hallawell Katie Kim Ralph Salmins Sharon Shannon List of Waterboys members Studio albums as The Waterboys The Waterboys ( 1983 ) A Pagan Place ( 1984 ) This Is the Sea ( 1985 ) Fisherman 's Blues ( 1988 ) Room to Roam ( 1990 ) Dream Harder ( 1993 ) A Rock in the Weary Land ( 2000 ) Universal Hall ( 2003 ) Book of Lightning ( 2007 ) An Appointment with Mr Yeats ( 2011 ) Modern Blues ( 2015 ) Out of All This Blue ( 2017 ) Studio albums as Mike Scott Bring ' Em All In ( 1995 ) Still Burning ( 1997 ) Live albums The Live Adventures of the Waterboys ( 1998 ) Karma to Burn ( 2005 ) Compilations The Best of the Waterboys 81 -- 90 ( 1991 , recorded 1982 to 1990 ) The Secret Life of the Waterboys 81 -- 85 ( 1994 , recorded 1981 to 1985 ) The Whole of the Moon : The Music of Mike Scott & the Waterboys ( 1998 , recorded 1982 to 1996 ) Too Close To Heaven : The Unreleased Fisherman 's Blues Sessions / Fisherman 's Blues Part 2 ( 2001 , recorded 1986 to 2001 ) Kiss the Wind ( download only ) ( 2008 , recorded 1991 to 2006 ) In a Special Place : The Piano Demos for ' This Is The Sea ' ( 2011 , recorded 1985 ) Fisherman 's Box ( 2013 , recorded 1986 to 1988 ) Related articles World Party The Big Music Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Whole_of_the_Moon&oldid=800940232 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1980s ballads 1991 singles The Waterboys songs Jennifer Warnes songs Mandy Moore songs Human Drama songs Music videos directed by Meiert Avis 1985 songs Rock ballads Songs written by Mike Scott ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 17 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of the song the whole of the moon	[ "Allmusic instead suggests that its subject is a number of people who inspired Scott, including writer C. S. Lewis and the musician Prince.[6] Scott himself says that he \"couldn't have written\" the song without having read Mark Helprin's novel Winter's Tale, but goes on to state that the song is not about Helprin.[4] The official Waterboys website's Frequently Asked Questions clarifies that Scott has said that the song's subject is \"a composite of many people\", including C. S. Lewis, but explicitly states that it is not about Prince.[7] Musician Nikki Sudden, with whom Scott had collaborated before forming The Waterboys, has claimed that the song was written about himself.[8]" ]	[ "a number of people who inspired Scott" ]
-5611872019576271175	History of calendars	History of calendars - wikipedia History of calendars Jump to : navigation , search The history of calendars , that is , of people creating and using methods for keeping track of days and larger divisions of time , covers a practice with very ancient roots . Archeologists have reconstructed methods of timekeeping that go back to prehistoric periods at least as old as the Neolithic . The natural units for timekeeping used by most historical societies are the day , the solar year and the lunation . Calendars are explicit schemes used for timekeeping . The first historically attested and formulised calendars date to the Bronze Age , dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East , the Sumerian being the earliest , followed by Egyptian , Assyrian and Elamite calendars . A larger number of calendar systems of the Ancient Near East appear in the Iron Age archaeological record , based on the Assyrian and Babylonian calendar . This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire , which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar . A great number of Hellenic calendars developed in Classical Greece , and in the Hellenistic period also influenced calendars outside the immediate sphere of Greek influence , giving rise to the various Hindu calendars as well as to the ancient Roman calendar . Calendars in antiquity were usually lunisolar , depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years . This was mostly based on observation , but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically , as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd - century Coligny calendar . Nevertheless , the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10 - month solar year . The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE . The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years . This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation . In the 11th century in Persia , a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079 , where the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days . Given that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person 's lifetime , this is outstandingly accurate . For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days , while today it is 365.242190 days . The Gregorian calendar was introduced as a refinement of the Julian calendar in 1582 , and is today in worldwide use as the de facto calendar for secular purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Prehistory 3 Ancient Near East 4 Antiquity 4.1 China 4.2 Babylonia and Persia 4.2. 1 Old Persian calendar 4.2. 2 Zoroastrian calendar 4.2. 3 Modifications by Parthians , Ardashir I , Hormizd I , Yazdgerd III 4.2. 4 The formation of the current Persian calendar in the 11th century 4.3 Classical Greece 4.4 Hellenistic period 4.5 Ancient India 4.6 Roman Empire 5 Middle Ages 5.1 Christian Europe 5.2 Bulgar calendar 5.3 Islamic calendar 5.4 Icelandic calendar 5.5 Indo - Islamic calendars 6 Mesoamerica 7 Modern calendars 8 See also 9 References Etymology ( edit ) The term calendar itself is taken from the calends , the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar , related to the verb calare `` to call out '' , referring to the calling or the announcement that the new moon was just seen . Latin calendarium meant `` account book , register '' , as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month . The Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century . The spelling calendar is from Early Modern English . Prehistory ( edit ) A number of prehistoric structures have been proposed as having had the purpose of timekeeping ( typically keeping track of the course of the solar year ) . This includes many megalithic structures , and reconstructed arrangements going back far into the Neolithic period . A ceramic artefact from Bulgaria , known as the Slatino furnace model , has been pronounced by local archeologists and media to be oldest known calendar representation , a claim not endorsed in mainstream views . A mesolithic arrangement of twelve pits and an arc found in Warren Field , Aberdeenshire , Scotland , dated to roughly 10,000 years ago , has been described as a lunar calendar and dubbed the `` world 's oldest known calendar '' in 2013 . Ancient Near East ( edit ) Main articles : Sumerian calendar and Egyptian calendar The ancient Sumerian calendar divided a year into 12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days . Each month began with the sighting of a new moon . Sumerian months had no uniform name throughout Sumer because of the religious diversity . This resulted in scribes and scholars referring to them as `` the first month '' , `` the fifth month '' etc . To keep the lunar year of 354 days in step with the solar year of 365.242 days an extra month was added periodically , much like a Gregorian leap year . Also , every six years the Sumerian calendar included an extra month of 62 days . There were no weeks in the Sumerian calendar . Holy days and time off from work were usually celebrated on the first , seventh and fifteenth of each month . In addition to these holy days , there were also feast days which varied from city to city . A day was divided into twelve hours , six daylight hours , each lasting one - sixth of the day , and six nighttime hours , each lasting one - sixth of the night . This meant the length of hours varied from month to month , daylight hours being shorter in the winter and longer in the summer and vice versa . Antiquity ( edit ) China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese calendar Before the Spring and Autumn period ( before 770 BC ) , the Chinese Calendars were solar calendars . In the so - called five - phase calendar , the year consists of 10 months and a transition , each month being 36 days long , and the transitions 5 or 6 days . During the Warring States period ( ~ 475 - 220 BC ) , the primitive lunisolar calendars were established under the Zhou Dynasty , known as the six ancient calendars ( simplified Chinese : 古六历 ; traditional Chinese : 古六曆 ) . The months of these calendars begin on the day with the new moon , with 12 or 13 months ( lunations ) in a year . The intercalary month is placed at the end of the year . In Qin China , the Qin calendar ( simplified Chinese : 秦历 ; traditional Chinese : 秦曆 ) was introduced . It follows the rules of Zhuanxu 's calendar , but the months order follows the Xia 's calendar . Babylonia and Persia ( edit ) Further information : Babylonian calendar and Zoroastrian calendar Although the earliest evidence of Iranian calendrical traditions is from the second millennium BCE , predating the appearance of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster , the first fully preserved calendar is that of the Achaemenids . Throughout recorded history , Persians have been keen on the idea and importance of having a calendar . They were among the first cultures to use a solar calendar and have long favoured a solar over lunar and lunisolar approaches . The sun has always been a symbol in Iranian culture and is closely related to the folklore regarding Cyrus the Great . Old Persian calendar ( edit ) Old Persian inscriptions and tablets indicate that early Iranians used a 360 - day calendar based on the solar observation directly and modified for their beliefs . Days were not named . The months had two or three divisions depending on the phase of the moon . Twelve months of 30 days were named for festivals or activities of the pastoral year . A 13th month was added every six years to keep the calendar synchronized with the seasons . Zoroastrian calendar ( edit ) Main article : Zoroastrian calendar The first calendars based on Zoroastrian cosmology appeared in the later Achaemenid period ( 650 to 330 BCE ) . They evolved over the centuries , but month names changed little until now . The unified Achaemenid Empire required a distinctive Iranian calendar , and one was devised in Egyptian tradition , with 12 months of 30 days , each dedicated to a yazata ( Eyzad ) , and four divisions resembling the Semitic week . Four days per month were dedicated to Ahura Mazda and seven were named after the six Amesha Spentas . Thirteen days were named after Fire , Water , Sun , Moon , Tiri and Geush Urvan ( the soul of all animals ) , Mithra , Sraosha ( Soroush , yazata of prayer ) , Rashnu ( the Judge ) , Fravashi , Bahram ( yazata of victory ) , Raman ( Ramesh meaning peace ) , and Vata , the divinity of the wind . Three were dedicated to the female divinities , Daena ( yazata of religion and personified conscious ) , Ashi ( yazata of fortune ) and Arshtat ( justice ) . The remaining four were dedicated to Asman ( lord of sky or Heaven ) , Zam ( earth ) , Manthra Spenta ( the Bounteous Sacred Word ) and Anaghra Raocha ( the ' Endless Light ' of paradise ) . Modifications by Parthians , Ardashir I , hormizd I , yazdgerd iii ( edit ) The Parthians ( Arsacid dynasty ) adopted the same calendar system with minor modifications , and dated their era from 248 BCE , the date they succeeded the Seleucids . Their names for the months and days are Parthian equivalents of the Avestan ones used previously , differing slightly from the Middle Persian names used by the Sassanians . For example , in Achaemenid times the modern Persian month ' Day ' was called Dadvah ( Creator ) , in Parthian it was Datush and the Sassanians named it Dadv / Dai ( Dadar in Pahlavi ) . When in April of AD 224 the Parthian dynasty fell and was replaced by the Sasanid , the new king , Ardashir I , abolished the official Babylonian calendar and replaced it with the Zoroastrian . This involved a correction to the places of the gahanbar , which had slipped back in the seasons since they were fixed . These were placed eight months later , as were the epagemonai , the ' Gatha ' or ' Gah ' days after the ancient Zoroastrian hymns of the same name . Other countries , such as the Armenians and Choresmians , did not accept the change . The formation of the current Persian calendar in the 11th century ( edit ) Toghril Beg , the founder of the Seljuq dynasty , had made Esfahan the capital of his domains and his grandson Malik - Shah was the ruler of that city from 1073 . An invitation was sent to Khayyam from Malik - Shah and from his vizier Nizam al - Mulk asking Khayyam to go to Esfahan to set up an Observatory there . Other leading astronomers were also brought to the Observatory in Esfahan and for 18 years Khayyam led the scientists and produced work of outstanding quality . During this time Khayyam led work on compiling astronomical tables and he also contributed to calendar reform in 1079 . Cowell quotes The Calcutta Review No 59 : - When the Malik Shah determined to reform the calendar , Omar was one of the eight learned men employed to do it , the result was the Jalali era ( so called from Jalal - ud - din , one of the king 's names ) - ' a computation of time , ' says Gibbon , ' which surpasses the Julian , and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style . ' Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days . Two comments on this result . Firstly it shows an incredible confidence to attempt to give the result to this degree of accuracy . We know now that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person 's lifetime . Secondly it is outstandingly accurate . For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days , while today it is 365.242190 days . Classical Greece ( edit ) The Greeks , as early as the time of Homer , appear to have been familiar with the division of the year into the twelve lunar months but no intercalary month Embolimos or day is then mentioned . Independent of the division of a month into days , it was divided into periods according to the increase and decrease of the moon . Thus , the first day or new moon was called Noumenia . The month in which the year began , as well as the names of the months , differed among the states , and in some parts even no names existed for the months , as they were distinguished only numerically , as the first , second , third , fourth month , etc . The ancient Athenian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with 354 - day years , consisting of twelve months of alternating length of 29 or 30 days . To keep the calendar in line with the solar year of 365.242 days , an extra , intercalary month was added in every other year . The Athenian months were called Hekatombion , Metageitnion , Boedromion , Pyanepsion , Maimakterion , Poseidon , Gamelion , Anthesterion , Elaphebolion , Munychion , Thargelion , and Skirophorion . The intercalary month usually came after Poseidon , and was called second Poseidon . In addition to their regular , `` festival '' calendar , the Athenians maintained a second , political calendar . This `` conciliar '' calendar divided the year into `` prytanies '' , one for each of the `` phylai '' , the subdivisions of Athenian citizens . The number of phylai , and hence the number of prytanies , varied over time . Until 307 BC , there were 10 phylai . After that the number varies between 11 and 13 ( usually 12 ) . Even more confusing , while the conciliar and festival years were about the same length in the 4th century BC , such was not regularly the case earlier or later . Documents dated by prytany are frequently very difficult to assign to a particular equivalent in the Julian calendar . The table of Greek Olympiads , following the four - year cycles between the Olympic Games from 1 July 776 BC , continued until the end of the 4th century AD . The Babylonian Era of Nabonassar , beginning on 26 February 747 BC , was used by the Greeks of Alexandria . It was later known in the Middle Ages from the works of Ptolemy . Hellenistic period ( edit ) Further information : Roman calendar The Greek calendars were greatly diversified by the Hellenistic period , with separate traditions in every Greek state . Of primary importance for the reconstruction of the regional Greek calendars is the calendar of Delphi , because of the numerous documents found there recording the manumission of slaves , many of which are dated both in the Delphian and in a regional calendar . The Macedonian Era of the Seleucids , which began with the conquest of Babylon by Seleucus Nicator in 312 BC . It became widely used in the Levant . The Jews knew it as the `` era of contracts '' , and used it in Europe until the 15th century . The Roman Republican calendar numbered years based on the sitting consuls . References to the year of consulship were used in both conversation and official records . Romans from the same family often had the same praenomen , which sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish them , and there were two consuls at any one time , each of whom might sometimes hold the appointment more than once , meaning that it was ( and is ) necessary to be well educated in history to understand the references . The Romans had an eight - day week , with the market - day falling every eight days . It was called a nundinum or ' nine - day ' in inclusive counting . Most of the regional Hindu calendars are inherited from a system standardized in classical Hindu astronomy as adopted via Indo - Greek transmission in the final centuries BCE , and reformed by Gupta era astronomers such as Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira . Ancient India ( edit ) Main article : Hindu calendar Time keeping was important to Vedic rituals , and Jyotisha was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time , in order to fix the day and time of these rituals . This study was one of the six ancient Vedangas , or ancillary science connected with the Vedas -- the scriptures of Hinduism . Hindu calendar , sometimes referred to as Panchanga , is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in Hinduism . They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping , but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle , the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start . The ancient Hindu calendar is similar in conceptual design to the Jewish calendar , but different from the Gregorian calendar . Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles ( 354 lunar days ) and nearly 365 solar days , the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month , but insert an extra full month by complex rules , every few years , to ensure that the festivals and crop related rituals fall in the appropriate season . The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times , and remains in use by the Hindus in India and Nepal particularly to set the Hindu festival dates . Early Buddhist and Jain communities of India adopted the ancient Hindu calendar , later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars . Buddhist and Jain festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system in the luni - solar calendar . Roman Empire ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The old Roman year had 304 days divided into 10 months , beginning with March . However the ancient historian Livy gave credit to the second ancient Roman king Numa Pompilious for devising a calendar of 12 months . The extra months Ianuarius and Februarius had been invented , supposedly by Numa Pompilious as stop - gaps . Julius Caesar realized that the system had become inoperable , so he effected drastic changes in the year of his third consulship . The New Year in 709 AUC began on 1 January and ran over 365 days until 31 December . Further adjustments were made under Augustus , who introduced the concept of the `` leap year '' in 737 AUC ( AD 4 ) . The resultant Julian calendar remained in almost universal use in Europe until 1582 . Marcus Terentius Varro introduced the Ab urbe condita epoch , assuming a foundation of Rome in 753 BC . The system remained in use during the early medieval period until the widespread adoption of the Dionysian era in the Carolingian period . In the Roman Empire , the AUC year could be used alongside the consular year , so that the consulship of Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius could be determined as 707 AUC ( or 47 BC ) , the third consulship of Caius Julius Caesar , with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , as 708 AUC ( or 46 BC ) , and the fourth consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar as 709 AUC ( or 45 BC ) . The seven - day Week has a tradition reaching back to the Ancient Near East , but the introduction of the `` planetary week '' which remains in modern use dates to the Roman Empire period ( see also names of the days of the week ) . Middle Ages ( edit ) The page for May in the Bedford Psalter and Hours ms . ( British Library Add MS 42131 , fol . 3r , early 15th century ) Christian Europe ( edit ) Main article : Anno Domini For the first six centuries since the birth of Jesus Christ , European countries used various local systems to count years , most usually regnal years , modeled on the Old Testament . In some cases , Creation dating was also used . In the 6th century , the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus devised the Anno Domini system , dating from the Incarnation of Jesus . In the 8th century , the Anglo - Saxon historian Bede the Venerable used another Latin term , `` ante uero incarnationis dominicae tempus '' ( `` the time before the Lord 's true incarnation '' , equivalent to the English `` before Christ '' ) , to identify years before the first year of this era . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , even Popes continued to date documents according to regnal years , and usage of AD only gradually became common in Europe from the 11th to the 14th centuries . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Western European country to adopt the Anno Domini system . In 1267 , the medieval scientist Roger Bacon stated the times of full moons as a number of hours , minutes , seconds , thirds , and fourths ( horae , minuta , secunda , tertia , and quarta ) after noon on specified calendar dates . Although a third for ⁄ of a second remains in some languages , for example Arabic ثالثة , the modern second is further divided decimally . Rival calendar eras to Anno Domini remained in use in Christian Europe . In Spain , the `` Era of the Caesars '' was dated from Octavian 's conquest of Iberia in 39 BC . It was adopted by the Visigoths and remained in use in Catalonia until 1180 , Castille until 1382 and Portugal until 1415 . For chronological purposes , the flaw of the Anno Domini system was that dates have to be reckoned backwards or forwards according as they are BC or AD . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , `` in an ideally perfect system all events would be reckoned in one sequence . The difficulty was to find a starting point whence to reckon , for the beginnings of history in which this should naturally be placed are those of which chronologically we know least . '' For both Christians and Jews , the prime historical date was the Year of Creation , or Annus Mundi . The Eastern Orthodox Church fixed the date of Creation at 5509 BC . This remained the basis of the ecclesiastical calendar in the Greek and Russian Orthodox world until modern times . The Coptic Church fixed on 5500 BC . Later , the Church of England , under Archbishop Ussher in 1650 , would pick 4004 BC . Bulgar calendar ( edit ) The Bulgar calendar was a calendar system used by the Bulgars , a seminomadic people , originally from Central Asia , who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the Eurasian steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga . In 681 part of the Bulgars settled in the Balkan peninsula and established Bulgaria . The main source of information used for reconstruction of the Bulgar calendar is a short 15th century transcript , which contains 10 pairs of calendar terms , the same dating system being found in a marginal note of a manuscript from the 10th c . According to the reconstructed calendar , the Bulgars used a 12 - year cyclic calendar similar to the one adopted by Turkic peoples from the Chinese calendar , with names and numbers that are deciphered as in Bulgar language . Islamic calendar ( edit ) The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation ( nasi ' ) by Muhammad , in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon held on 9 Dhu al - Hijjah AH 10 ( Julian date : 6 March 632 ) . This resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar shifting relative to the seasons of the solar year . Icelandic calendar ( edit ) Main article : Icelandic calendar In medieval Iceland , a calendar was introduced in the 10th century . While the ancient Germanic calendars were based on lunar months , the new Icelandic calendar introduced a purely solar reckoning , with a year having a fixed number of weeks ( 52 weeks or 364 days ) . This necessitated the introduction of `` leap weeks '' instead of the Julian leap days . Indo - Islamic calendars ( edit ) See also : Fasli calendar During the Mughal rule , land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar . This calendar was a lunar calendar , and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles . According to some sources , Mughal Emperor Akbar asked his royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to create a new calendar by combining the lunar Islamic calendar and solar Hindu calendar already in use , and this was known as Fasholi shan ( harvest calendar ) . According to Amartya Sen , Akbar 's official calendar `` Tarikh - ilahi '' with the zero year of 1556 CE was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars . It was not used much in India outside of Akbar 's Mughal court , and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned . However , adds Sen , there are traces of the `` Tarikh - ilahi '' that survive in the Bengali calendar . Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th century Hindu king Shashanka . Mesoamerica ( edit ) Main article : Mayan calendar Of all the ancient calendar systems , the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex . The Mayan calendar had 2 years , the 260 - day Sacred Round , or tzolkin , and the 365 - day Vague Year , or haab . A modern pictogram of the Mayan god Ahau , after which the 20th day of the tzolkin cycle was named The Sacred Round of 260 days is composed of two smaller cycles : the numbers 1 through 13 , coupled with 20 different day names : Imix , Ik , Akbal , Kan , Chicchan , Cimi , Manik , Lamat , Muluc , Oc , Chuen , Eb , Ben , Ix , Men , Cib , Caban , Eiznab , Cauac , and Ahau . The Sacred Round was used to determine important activities related to the gods and humans : name individuals , predict the future , decide on auspicious dates for battles , marriages , and so on . The two cycles of 13 and 20 intermesh and are repeated without interruption : the cycle would begin with 1 Imix , then 2 Ik , then 3 Akbal and so on until the number 13 was reached , at which point the number cycle was restarted so 13 Ben would be followed by 1 Ix , 2 Men and so on . This time Imix would be numbered 8 . The cycle ended after 260 days , with the last day being 13 Ahau . The Vague Year of 365 days is similar to our modern calendar , consisting of 18 months of 20 days each , with an unlucky five - day period at the end . The Vague Year had to do primarily with the seasons and agriculture , and was based on the solar cycle . The 18 Maya months are known , in order , as : Pop , Uo , Zip , Zotz , Tzec , Xuc , Yaxkin , Mol , Chen , Yax , Zac , Ceh , Mac , Kankin , Maun , Pax , Kayab and Cumku . The unlucky five - day period was known as Uayeb , and was considered a time which could hold danger , death and bad luck . The Vague Year began with the month of Pop . The Maya 20 - day month always begins with the seating of the month , followed by days numbered 1 to 19 , then the seating of the following month , and so on . This ties in with the Maya notion that each month influences the next . The Maya new year would start with 1 Pop , followed by 2 Pop , all the way through to 19 Pop , followed by the seating of the month of Uo , written as 0 Uo , then 1 Uo , 2 Uo and so on . These two cycles coincided every 52 years . The 52 - year period of time was called a `` bundle '' and was similar to a modern - day century . Modern calendars ( edit ) Further information : List of calendars and Calendar reform While the Gregorian calendar is now in worldwide use for secular purposes , various medieval or ancient calendars remain in regional use for religious or social purposes , including the Julian calendar , the Hebrew calendar , the Islamic calendar , various Hindu calendars , the Zoroastrian calendar etc . There are also various modern calendars that see limited use , either created for the use of new religious movements or reformed versions of older religious calendars , or calendars introduced by regionalist or nationalist movements . Javanese calendar ( 1633 ) Jōkyō calendar ( 1685 ) French Republican calendar ( 1793 ) Baha'i calendar ( 1873 ) Solar Hijri calendar ( 1925 ) Indian national calendar ( 1957 ) Discordian calendar ( 1963 ) Juche Era calendar ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Week - day names History of timekeeping devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Religion in the Etruscan period '' in Roman religion in Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : `` Khayyam biography '' . www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bailey D. , 2000 , Balkan Prehistory : Exclusion , Incorporation and Identity , London : Routledge p. 325 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia , Calendar '' . History-world.org . International World History Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Yust , Walter ( 1947 ) . `` Encyclopædia Britannica : A New Survey of Universal Knowledge '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 576 . Jump up ^ ( Panaino 1990 ) Jump up ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Khayyam.html Jump up ^ Ginzel : Handbuch der Mathematischen und Technischen Chronologie. 2 . Germany : F.K. 1911 . pp. 335 -- 336 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , p 267 ^ Jump up to : Monier Monier - Williams ( 1923 ) . A Sanskrit -- English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Jyotisha '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 1 : A -- M , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 326 -- 327 Jump up ^ Friedrich Max Müller ( 1860 ) . A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature . Williams and Norgate . pp. 210 -- 215 . Jump up ^ B. Richmond ( 1956 ) . Time Measurement and Calendar Construction . Brill Archive . pp. 80 -- 82 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism : Third Edition . State University of New York Press . p. 490 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2016 ) . Sikhism : a Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874557 - 0 . Jump up ^ Orazio Marucchi ( 2011 ) . Christian Epigraphy : An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin . Cambridge University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23594 - 5 . , Quote : `` the lunar year consists of 354 days '' . Jump up ^ Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69112 - 04 - 85 . Jump up ^ Anita Ganeri ( 2003 ) . Buddhist Festivals Through the Year . BRB . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58340 - 375 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jeffery D Long ( 2013 ) . Jainism : An Introduction . I.B. Tauris . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 392 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr. ; Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4805 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bede . `` Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum : Liber Primus '' ( in Latin ) . Thelatinlibrary.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon , tr . Robert Belle Burke ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1928 , reprinted 2000 ) table facing page 231 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85506 - 856 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , p 268 ^ Jump up to : Kunal Chakrabarti ; Shubhra Chakrabarti ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis . Scarecrow . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8024 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Pahela Baishakh '' . Banglapedia . Dhaka , Bangladesh : Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2015 . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen ( 2005 ) . The Argumentative Indian : Writings on Indian History , Culture and Identity . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 319 -- 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 10583 - 9 . Jump up ^ Guhathakurta , Meghna ; Schendel , Willem van ( 2013 ) . The Bangladesh Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9780822353188 . Jump up ^ Nitish K. Sengupta ( 2011 ) . Land of Two Rivers : A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib . Penguin Books India . pp. 96 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341678 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maya civilization '' . Civilization.ca . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 03 . Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . Various ( 2001 ) . The Sagas of Icelanders . edited by Örnólfur Thorsson . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100003 - 9 . 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-7960899459758215964	Dmitri Mendeleev	Dmitri Mendeleev - Wikipedia Dmitri Mendeleev Jump to : navigation , search For the Russian Prime Minister with a similar name , see Dmitry Medvedev . `` Mendeleev '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mendeleyev ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs ; the patronymic is Ivanovich and the family name is Mendeleev . Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitri Mendeleev in 1897 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ( 1834 - 02 - 08 ) 8 February 1834 Verkhnie Aremzyani , Tobolsk Governorate , Russian Empire 2 February 1907 ( 1907 - 02 - 02 ) ( aged 72 ) Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire Nationality Russian Alma mater Saint Petersburg University Known for Formulating the Periodic table of chemical elements Spouse ( s ) Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva ( 1862 -- 1871 ) Anna Ivanova Popova ( 1882 ) Awards Davy Medal ( 1882 ) ForMemRS ( 1892 ) Scientific career Fields Chemistry , physics Academic advisors Gustav Kirchhoff Notable students Dmitri Petrovich Konovalov Valery Gemilian Alexander Baykov Signature Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ( / ˌmɛndəlˈeɪəf / ; Russian : Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев ; IPA : ( ˈdmjitrjɪj ɪˈvanəvjɪtɕ mjɪndjɪˈljejɪf ) ( listen ) ; 8 February 1834 -- 2 February 1907 O.S. 27 January 1834 -- 20 January 1907 ) was a Russian chemist and inventor . He formulated the Periodic Law , created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements , and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Later life 3 Periodic table 4 Other achievements 5 Vodka myth 6 Commemoration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani , near Tobolsk in Siberia , to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev ( 1783 -- 1847 ) and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva ( née Kornilieva ) ( 1793 -- 1850 ) . His paternal grandfather Pavel Maximovich Sokolov was a Russian Orthodox priest from the Tver region . Ivan , along with his brothers and sisters , obtained new family names while attending the theological seminary . He worked as a school principle and a teacher of fine arts , politics and philosophy at the Tambov and Saratov gymnasiums . Maria Kornilieva came from a well - known dynasty of Tobolsk merchants , founders of the first Siberian printing house who traced their ancestry to Yakov Korniliev , a 17th century posad man turned a wealthy merchant . In 1889 a local librarian published an article in the Tobolsk newspaper where he claimed that Yakov was a baptized Teleut , an ethnic minority known as `` white Kalmyks '' at the time . Since no sources were provided and no documented facts of Yakov 's life were ever revealed , biographers generally dismiss it as a myth . In 1908 , shortly after Mendeleev 's death , one of his nieces published Family Chronicles . Memories about D.I. Mendeleev where she voiced `` a family legend '' about Maria 's grandfather who married `` a Kyrgyz or Tatar beauty whom he loved so much that when she died , he also died from grief '' . This , however , contradicts the documented family chronicles , and neither of those legends is supported by Mendeleev 's autobiography , his daughter 's or his wife 's memoirs . Yet some Western scholars still refer to Mendeleev 's supposed `` Mongol '' , `` Tatar '' , `` Tartarian '' or simply `` Asian '' ancestry as a fact . Mendeleev was raised as an Orthodox Christian , his mother encouraging him to `` patiently search divine and scientific truth . '' His son would later inform that he departed from the Church and embraced a form of `` romanticized deism '' . Mendeleev was the youngest of 17 siblings , of whom `` only 14 stayed alive to be baptized '' according to Mendeleev 's brother Pavel , meaning they died soon after their birth . The exact number of Mendeleev 's siblings differs among sources and is still a matter of some historical dispute . Unfortunately for the family 's financial well being , his father became blind and lost his teaching position . His mother was forced to work and she restarted her family 's abandoned glass factory . At the age of 13 , after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother 's factory by fire , Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk . In 1849 , his mother took Mendeleev across Russia from Siberia to Moscow with the aim of getting Mendeleev a higher education . The university in Moscow did not accept him . The mother and son continued to Saint Petersburg to the father 's alma mater . The now poor Mendeleev family relocated to Saint Petersburg , where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850 . After graduation , he contracted tuberculosis , causing him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855 . While there , he became a science master of the Simferopol gymnasium No 1 . In 1857 , he returned to Saint Petersburg with fully restored health . Later life Dmitri Mendeleev Between 1859 and 1861 , he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg . Later in 1861 , he published a textbook named Organic Chemistry . This won him the Demidov Prize of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences . On 4 April 1862 he became engaged to Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva , and they married on 27 April 1862 at Nikolaev Engineering Institute 's church in Saint Petersburg ( where he taught ) . Mendeleev became a professor at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and Saint Petersburg State University in 1864 , and 1865 , respectively . In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation `` On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol '' . He achieved tenure in 1867 at St. Petersburg University and started to teach inorganic chemistry , while succeeding Voskresenskii to this post. and by 1871 he had transformed Saint Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research . In 1876 , he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her ; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused . His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova ( on 2 April ) in early 1882 . Even after the divorce , Mendeleev was technically a bigamist ; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least seven years before lawful remarriage . His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences ( despite his international fame by that time ) . His daughter from his second marriage , Lyubov , became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok . His other children were son Vladimir ( a sailor , he took part in the notable Eastern journey of Nicholas II ) and daughter Olga , from his first marriage to Feozva , and son Ivan and twins from Anna . Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe , including ( in 1882 ) the Davy Medal from the Royal Society of London ( which later also awarded him the Copley Medal in 1905 ) , he resigned from Saint Petersburg University on 17 August 1890 . He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1892 , and in 1893 he was appointed director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures , a post which he occupied until his death . Mendeleev also investigated the composition of petroleum , and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia . He recognized the importance of petroleum as a feedstock for petrochemicals . He is credited with a remark that burning petroleum as a fuel `` would be akin to firing up a kitchen stove with bank notes . '' In 1905 , Mendeleev was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The following year the Nobel Committee for Chemistry recommended to the Swedish Academy to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1906 to Mendeleev for his discovery of the periodic system . The Chemistry Section of the Swedish Academy supported this recommendation . The Academy was then supposed to approve the Committee 's choice , as it has done in almost every case . Unexpectedly , at the full meeting of the Academy , a dissenting member of the Nobel Committee , Peter Klason , proposed the candidacy of Henri Moissan whom he favored . Svante Arrhenius , although not a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry , had a great deal of influence in the Academy and also pressed for the rejection of Mendeleev , arguing that the periodic system was too old to acknowledge its discovery in 1906 . According to the contemporaries , Arrhenius was motivated by the grudge he held against Mendeleev for his critique of Arrhenius 's dissociation theory . After heated arguments , the majority of the Academy voted for Moissan . The attempts to nominate Mendeleev in 1907 were again frustrated by the absolute opposition of Arrhenius . In 1907 , Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg from influenza . The crater Mendeleev on the Moon , as well as element number 101 , the radioactive mendelevium , are named after him . Periodic table See also : History of the periodic table Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( hide ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table , located in Bratislava , Slovakia In 1863 there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at a rate of approximately one per year . Other scientists had previously identified periodicity of elements . John Newlands described a Law of Octaves , noting their periodicity according to relative atomic weight in 1864 , publishing it in 1865 . His proposal identified the potential for new elements such as germanium . The concept was criticized and his innovation was not recognized by the Society of Chemists until 1887 . Another person to propose a periodic table was Lothar Meyer , who published a paper in 1864 describing 28 elements classified by their valence , but with no prediction of new elements . After becoming a teacher in 1867 , Mendeleev wrote the definitive textbook of his time : Principles of Chemistry ( two volumes , 1868 -- 1870 ) . It was written as he was preparing a textbook for his course . This is when he made his most important discovery . As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties , he noticed patterns that led him to postulate his periodic table ; he claimed to have envisioned the complete arrangement of the elements in a dream : `` I saw in a dream a table where all elements fell into place as required . Awakening , I immediately wrote it down on a piece of paper , only in one place did a correction later seem necessary . '' -- Mendeleev , as quoted by Inostrantzev Unaware of the earlier work on periodic tables going on in the 1860s , he made the following table : Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40 Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 88 I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137 By adding additional elements following this pattern , Dmitri developed his extended version of the periodic table . On 6 March 1869 , Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society , titled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements , which described elements according to both atomic weight and valence . This presentation stated that The elements , if arranged according to their atomic weight , exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties . Elements which are similar regarding their chemical properties either have similar atomic weights ( e.g. , Pt , Ir , Os ) or have their atomic weights increasing regularly ( e.g. , K , Rb , Cs ) . The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so - called valencies , as well as , to some extent , to their distinctive chemical properties ; as is apparent among other series in that of Li , Be , B , C , N , O , and F . The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights . The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element , just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body . We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements -- for example , two elements , analogous to aluminum and silicon , whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75 . The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements . Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126 , and can not be 128 . ( Tellurium 's atomic mass is 127.6 , and Mendeleev was incorrect in his assumption that atomic mass must increase with position within a period . ) Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights . Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements to complete the table in a Russian - language journal . Only a few months after , Meyer published a virtually identical table in a German - language journal . Some consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table . Mendeleev has the distinction of accurately predicting of the qualities of what he called ekasilicon , ekaaluminium and ekaboron ( germanium , gallium and scandium , respectively ) . For his predicted eight elements , he used the prefixes of eka , dvi , and tri ( Sanskrit one , two , three ) in their naming . Mendeleev questioned some of the currently accepted atomic weights ( they could be measured only with a relatively low accuracy at that time ) , pointing out that they did not correspond to those suggested by his Periodic Law . He noted that tellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine , but he placed them in the right order , incorrectly predicting that the accepted atomic weights at the time were at fault . He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides , and predicted the existence of another row to the table which were the actinides which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass . Some people dismissed Mendeleev for predicting that there would be more elements , but he was proven to be correct when Ga ( gallium ) and Ge ( germanium ) were found in 1875 and 1886 respectively , fitting perfectly into the two missing spaces . By giving Sanskrit names to his `` missing '' elements , Mendeleev showed his appreciation and debt to the Sanskrit grammarians of ancient India , who had created sophisticated theories of language based on their discovery of the two - dimensional patterns in basic sounds . Mendeleev was a friend and colleague of the Sanskritist Böhtlingk , who was preparing the second edition of his book on Pāṇini at about this time , and Mendeleev wished to honor Pāṇini with his nomenclature . Noting that there are striking similarities between the periodic table and the introductory Śiva Sūtras in Pāṇini 's grammar , Prof. Kiparsky says : `` ( T ) he analogies between the two systems are striking . Just as Panini found that the phonological patterning of sounds in the language is a function of their articulatory properties , so Mendeleev found that the chemical properties of elements are a function of their atomic weights . Like Panini , Mendeleev arrived at his discovery through a search for the `` grammar '' of the elements ( using what he called the principle of isomorphism , and looking for general formulas to generate the possible chemical compounds ) . Just as Panini arranged the sounds in order of increasing phonetic complexity ( e.g. with the simple stops k , p ... preceding the other stops , and representing all of them in expressions like kU , pU ) so Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weights , and called the first row ( oxygen , nitrogen , carbon etc . ) `` typical ( or representative ) elements '' . Just as Panini broke the phonetic parallelism of sounds when the simplicity of the system required it , e.g. putting the velar to the right of the labial in the nasal row , so Mendeleev gave priority to isomorphism over atomic weights when they conflicted , e.g. putting beryllium in the magnesium family because it patterns with it even though by atomic weight it seemed to belong with nitrogen and phosphorus . In both cases , the periodicities they discovered would later be explained by a theory of the internal structure of the elements . '' The original draft made by Mendeleev would be found years later and published under the name Tentative System of Elements . Dmitri Mendeleev is often referred to as the Father of the Periodic Table . He called his table or matrix , `` the Periodic System '' . Other achievements This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry . The Russian chemist and science historian Lev Chugaev has characterized him as `` a chemist of genius , first - class physicist , a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics , meteorology , geology , certain branches of chemical technology ( explosives , petroleum , and fuels , for example ) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics , a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general , and an original thinker in the field of economy . '' Mendeleev was one of the founders , in 1869 , of the Russian Chemical Society . He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture . In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether , he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen . Of these two proposed elements , he thought the lighter to be an all - penetrating , all - pervasive gas , and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element , coronium . Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions . Mendeleev Medal In another department of physical chemistry , he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat , and devised a formula similar to Gay - Lussac 's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases , while in 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews ' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling - point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor , irrespective of the pressure and volume . Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire . He invented pyrocollodion , a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose . This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy , which however did not adopt its use . In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture . Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth -- see Abiogenic petroleum origin . He wrote : `` The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth , and it is only there that we must seek its origin . '' ( Dmitri Mendeleev , 1877 ) Vodka myth A very popular Russian story is that it was Mendeleev who came up with the 40 % standard strength of vodka in 1894 , after having been appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures with the assignment to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka . This story has , for instance , been used in marketing claims by the Russian Standard vodka brand that , `` In 1894 , Dmitri Mendeleev , the greatest scientist in all Russia , received the decree to set the Imperial quality standard for Russian vodka and the ' Russian Standard ' was born '' , or that the vodka is `` compliant with the highest quality of Russian vodka approved by the royal government commission headed by Mendeleev in 1894 . '' While it is true that Mendeleev in 1892 became head of the Archive of Weights and Measures in Saint Petersburg , and evolved it into a government bureau the following year , that institution was never involved in setting any production quality standards , but was issued with standardising Russian trade weights and measuring instruments . Furthermore , the 40 % standard strength was already introduced by the Russian government in 1843 , when Mendeleev was nine years old . The basis for the whole story is a popular myth that Mendeleev 's 1865 doctoral dissertation `` A Discourse on the combination of alcohol and water '' contained a statement that 38 % is the ideal strength of vodka , and that this number was later rounded to 40 % to simplify the calculation of alcohol tax . However , Mendeleev 's dissertation was about alcohol concentrations over 70 % and he never wrote anything about vodka . Commemoration A number of places and objects are associated with the name and achievements of the scientist . In Saint Petersburg his name was given to the National Metrology Institute dealing with establishing and supporting national and worldwide standards for precise measurements . Next to it there is a monument to him that consists of his sitting statue and a depiction of his periodic table on the wall of the establishment . In the Twelve Collegia building , now being the centre of Saint Petersburg State University and in Mendeleev 's time -- Head Pedagogical Institute -- there is Dmitry Mendeleev 's Memorial Museum Apartment with his archives . The street in front of these is named after him as Mendeleevskaya liniya ( Mendeleev Line ) . In Moscow , there is the D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia . After him was also named mendelevium , which is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Md ( formerly Mv ) and the atomic number 101 . It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series , usually synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles . A large lunar impact crater Mendeleev that is located on the far side of the Moon , as seen from the Earth , also bears the name of the scientist . The Russian Academy of Sciences has occasionally awarded a Mendeleev Golden Medal since 1965 . See also List of Russian chemists Mendeleev 's predicted elements Periodic systems of small molecules References ^ Jump up to : `` Fellows of the Royal Society '' . London : Royal Society . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Physics Tree profile Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Jump up ^ Also romanized Mendeleyev or Mendeleef Jump up ^ `` Mendeleev '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Rao , CNR ; Rao , Indumati ( 2015 ) . Lives and Times of Great Pioneers in Chemistry : ( Lavoisier to Sanger ) . World Scientific . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 9814689076 . ^ Jump up to : Maria Mendeleeva ( 1951 ) . D.I. Mendeleev 's Archive : Autobiographical Writings . Collection of Documents . Volume 1 / / Biographical notes about D.I. Mendeleev ( written by me - D. Mendeleev ) , p. 13 . -- Leningrad : D.I. Mendeleev 's Museum - Archive , 207 pages ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Dmitriy Mendeleev : A Short CV , and A Story of Life , mendcomm.org Jump up ^ Удомельские корни Дмитрия Ивановича Менделеева ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Archived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , starina.library.tver.ru ^ Jump up to : Maria Mendeleeva ( 1951 ) . D.I. Mendeleev 's Archive : Autobiographical Writings . Collection of Documents . Volume 1 / / From a family tree documented in 1880 by brother Pavel Ivanovich , p. 11 . -- Leningrad : D.I. Mendeleev 's Museum - Archive , 207 pages ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Yuri Mandrika ( 2004 ) . Tobolsk Governorate Vedomosti : Staff and Authors . Anthology of Tobolsk Journalism of the late XIX -- early XX centuries in 2 Books / / From the interview with Maria Mendeleeva , born Kornilieva , p. 351 . -- Tumen : Mandr i Ka , 624 pages Jump up ^ Elena Konovalova ( 2006 ) . A Book of the Tobolsk Governance. 1790 - 1917 . -- Novosibirsk : State Public Scientific Technological Library , 528 page , p. 15 ( in Russian ) ISBN 5 - 94560 - 116 - 0 Jump up ^ Yuri Mandrika ( 2004 ) . Tobolsk Governorate Vedomosti : Staff and Authors . Anthology of Tobolsk Journalism of the late XIX -- early XX centuries in 2 Books / / The Kornilievs , Tobolsk Manufacturers article by Stepan Mameev , p. 314 . -- Tumen : Mandr i Ka , 624 pages Jump up ^ Eugenie Babaev ( 2009 ) . Mendelievia . Part 3 article from the Chemistry and Life -- 21st Century journal at the MSU Faculty of Chemistry website ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Alexei Storonkin , Roman Dobrotyn ( 1984 ) . D.I. Mendeleev 's Life and Work Chronicles . -- Leningrad : Nauka , 539 pages , p. 25 Jump up ^ Nadezhda Gubkina ( 1908 ) . Family Chronicles . Memories about D.I. Mendeleev . -- Saint Petersburg , 252 pages Jump up ^ `` Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev comes from indigenous Russian people '' , p. 5 / / Olga Tritogova - Mendeleeva ( 1947 ) . Mendeleev and His Family . -- Moscow : Academy of Sciences Publishing House , 104 pages Jump up ^ Anna Mendeleeva ( 1928 ) . Mendeleev in Life . -- Moscow : M. and S. Sabashnikov Publishing House , 194 pages Jump up ^ Loren R. Graham , Science in Russia and the Soviet Union : A Short History , Cambridge University Press ( 1993 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov , Asimov on Chemistry , Anchoor Books ( 1975 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Leslie Alan Horvitz , Eureka ! : Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World , John Wiley & Sons ( 2002 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ Lennard Bickel , The deadly element : the story of uranium , Stein and Day ( 1979 ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ Hiebert , Ray Eldon ; Hiebert , Roselyn ( 1975 ) . Atomic Pioneers : From ancient Greece to the 19th century . U.S. Atomic Energy Commission . Division of Technical Information . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Gordin , Michael D. ( 2004 ) . A Well - ordered Thing : Dmitrii Mendeleev And The Shadow Of The Periodic Table . Basic Books . pp. 229 -- 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02775 - 0 . Mendeleev seemed to have very few theological commitments . This was not for lack of exposure . His upbringing was actually heavily religious , and his mother -- by far the dominating force in his youth -- was exceptionally devout . One of his sisters even joined a fanatical religious sect for a time . Despite , or perhaps because of , this background , Mendeleev withheld comment on religious affairs for most of his life , reserving his few words for anti-clerical witticisms ... Mendeleev 's son Ivan later vehemently denied claims that his father was devoutly Orthodox : `` I have also heard the view of my father 's ' church religiosity ' -- and I must reject this categorically . From his earliest years Father practically split from the church -- and if he tolerated certain simple everyday rites , then only as an innocent national tradition , similar to Easter cakes , which he did n't consider worth fighting against . '' ... Mendeleev 's opposition to traditional Orthodoxy was not due to either atheism or a scientific materialism . Rather , he held to a form of romanticized deism . Jump up ^ Johnson , George ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` The Nitpicking of the Masses vs. the Authority of the Experts '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ When the Princeton historian of science Michael Gordin reviewed this article as part of an analysis of the accuracy of Wikipedia for the 14 December 2005 issue of Nature , he cited as one of Wikipedia 's errors that `` They say Mendeleev is the 14th child . He is the 14th surviving child of 17 total . 14 is right out . '' However in a New York Times article from January 2006 , it was noted that in Gordin 's own 2004 biography of Mendeleev , he also had the Russian chemist listed as the 17th child , and quoted Gordin 's response to this as being : `` That 's curious . I believe that is a typographical error in my book . Mendeleyev was the final child , that is certain , and the number the reliable sources have is 13 . '' Gordin 's book specifically says that Mendeleev 's mother bore her husband `` seventeen children , of whom eight survived to young adulthood , '' with Mendeleev being the youngest . See : Johnson , George ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` The Nitpicking of the Masses vs. the Authority of the Experts '' . The New York Times . and Gordin , Michael ( 22 December 2005 ) . `` Supplementary information to accompany Nature news article ' Internet encyclopaedias go head to head ' ( Nature 438 , 900 -- 901 ; 2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . Blogs.Nature.com -- via 2004 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Heilbron 2003 , p. 509 . Jump up ^ `` Rustest.spb.ru '' . Rustest.spb.ru . Archived from the original on 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gazeta.ua '' . Gazeta.ua. 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Mendeléeff , Dmitri Ivanovich '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 115 . Jump up ^ John W. Moore ; Conrad L. Stanitski ; Peter C. Jurs . Chemistry : The Molecular Science , Volume 1 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Robert M. ( 2001 ) . The politics of excellence : behind the Nobel Prize in science . New York : Times Books . pp. 32 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3103 - 7 . Jump up ^ John B. Arden ( 1998 ) . `` Science , Theology and Consciousness '' , Praeger Frederick A. p. 59 : The initial expression of the commonly used chemical periodic table was reportedly envisioned in a dream . In 1869 , Dmitri Mendeleev claimed to have had a dream in which he envisioned a table in which all the chemical elements were arranged according to their atomic weight . Jump up ^ John Kotz , Paul Treichel , Gabriela Weaver ( 2005 ) . `` Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity , '' Cengage Learning . p. 333 Jump up ^ Gerard I. Nierenberg ( 1986 ) . `` The art of creative thinking '' , Simon & Schuster , p. 201 : Dmitri Mendeleev 's solution for the arrangement of the elements that came to him in a dream . Jump up ^ Helen Palmer ( 1998 ) . `` Inner Knowing : Consciousness , Creativity , Insight , and Intuition '' . J.P. Tarcher / Putnam . p. 113 : The sewing machine , for instance , invented by Elias Howe , was developed from material appearing in a dream , as was Dmitri Mendeleev 's periodic table of elements Jump up ^ Simon S. Godfrey ( 2003 ) . `` Dreams & Reality '' . Trafford Publishing . Chapter 2. : `` The Russian chemist , Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1834 -- 1907 ) , described a dream in which he saw the periodic table of elements in its complete form . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 1143 - 4 Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Review Translations '' Summer 1967 . Vol . VIII , No. 2 , M.E. Sharpe , Incorporated , p. 38 Jump up ^ Myron E. Sharpe , ( 1967 ) . `` Soviet Psychology '' . Volume 5 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ A brief history of the development of the period table , wou.edu Jump up ^ Mendeleev and the Periodic Table Archived 12 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , chemsheets.co.uk Jump up ^ Seaborg , Glenn T ( 20 May 1994 ) . `` The Periodic Table : Tortuous path to man - made elements '' . Modern Alchemy : Selected Papers of Glenn T Seaborg . World Scientific . p. 179 . ISBN 9789814502993 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Pfennig , Brian W. ( 3 March 2015 ) . Principles of Inorganic Chemistry . Wiley . p. 109 . ISBN 9781118859025 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Nye , Mary Jo ( 2016 ) . `` Speaking in Tongues : Science 's centuries - long hunt for a common language '' . Distillations. 2 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 43 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordin , Michael D. ( 2015 ) . Scientific Babel : How Science Was Done Before and After Global English . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226000299 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks ( ( Hardcover , First Edition ) ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 521 -- 522 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850340 - 7 . Jump up ^ Otto Böhtlingk , Panini 's Grammatik : Herausgegeben , Ubersetzt , Erlautert und MIT Verschiedenen Indices Versehe . St. Petersburg , 1839 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Kiparsky , Paul . `` Economy and the construction of the Sivasutras . '' In M.M. Deshpande and S. Bhate ( eds . ) , Paninian Studies . Ann Arbor , Michigan , 1991 . Jump up ^ Kak , Subhash ( 2004 ) . `` Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Elements '' . Sandhan. 4 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2004physics ... 11080K . arXiv : physics / 0411080 Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Review Translations '' Summer 1967 . Vol . VIII , No. 2 , M.E. Sharpe , Incorporated , p. 39 Jump up ^ Dmitri Mendeleev , Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendeleev , D. , 1877 . L'Origine du pétrole . Revue Scientifique , 2e Ser. , VIII , p. 409 - 416 . Jump up ^ Sainsburys : Russian Standard Vodka 1L Linked 2014 - 06 - 28 ^ Jump up to : Evseev , Anton ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Dmitry Mendeleev and 40 degrees of Russian vodka '' . Science . Moscow : English Pravda.Ru . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Prominent Russians : Dmitry Mendeleev '' . Prominent Russians : Science and technology . Moscow : RT . 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ ВНИИМ Дизайн Груп ( 2011 - 04 - 13 ) . `` D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology '' . Vniim.ru . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Saint - PetersburgState University . `` Museum - Archives n.a. Dmitry Mendeleev -- Museums -- Culture and Sport -- University -- Saint - Petersburg state university '' . Eng.spbu.ru . Archived from the original on 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia '' . Jump up ^ Academy website Further reading Gordin , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Well - Ordered Thing : Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02775 - X . Heilbron , John L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199743766 . Mendeleev , Dmitry Ivanovich ; Jensen , William B. ( 2005 ) . Mendeleev on the Periodic Law : Selected Writings , 1869 -- 1905 . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44571 - 2 . Strathern , Paul ( 2001 ) . Mendeleyev 's Dream : The Quest For the Elements . New York : St Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 241 - 14065 - X . Mendeleev , Dmitrii Ivanovich ( 1901 ) . Principles of Chemistry . New York : Collier . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dmitri Mendeleev . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Dimitri Mendeleiev Babaev , Eugene V. ( February 2009 ) . Dmitriy Mendeleev : A Short CV , and A Story of Life -- 2009 biography on the occasion of Mendeleev 's 175th anniversary Babaev , Eugene V. , Moscow State University . Dmitriy Mendeleev Online Original Periodic Table , annotated . `` Everything in its Place '' , essay by Oliver Sacks Works by or about Dmitri Mendeleev in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Dmitri Mendeleev 's official site Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Copley Medallists of 1901 -- 50 Josiah Willard Gibbs ( 1901 ) Joseph Lister ( 1902 ) Eduard Suess ( 1903 ) William Crookes ( 1904 ) Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1905 ) Élie Metchnikoff ( 1906 ) Albert A. Michelson ( 1907 ) Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1908 ) George William Hill ( 1909 ) Francis Galton ( 1910 ) George Darwin ( 1911 ) Felix Klein ( 1912 ) Ray Lankester ( 1913 ) J.J. Thomson ( 1914 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1915 ) James Dewar ( 1916 ) Pierre Paul Émile Roux ( 1917 ) Hendrik Lorentz ( 1918 ) William Bayliss ( 1919 ) Horace Tabberer Brown ( 1920 ) Joseph Larmor ( 1921 ) Ernest Rutherford ( 1922 ) Horace Lamb ( 1923 ) Edward Albert Sharpey - Schafer ( 1924 ) Albert Einstein ( 1925 ) Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( 1926 ) Charles Scott Sherrington ( 1927 ) Charles Algernon Parsons ( 1928 ) Max Planck ( 1929 ) William Henry Bragg ( 1930 ) Arthur Schuster ( 1931 ) George Ellery Hale ( 1932 ) Theobald Smith ( 1933 ) John Scott Haldane ( 1934 ) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson ( 1935 ) Arthur Evans ( 1936 ) Henry Hallett Dale ( 1937 ) Niels Bohr ( 1938 ) Thomas Hunt Morgan ( 1939 ) Paul Langevin ( 1940 ) Thomas Lewis ( 1941 ) Robert Robinson ( 1942 ) Joseph Barcroft ( 1943 ) Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ( 1944 ) Oswald Avery ( 1945 ) Edgar Douglas Adrian ( 1946 ) G.H. Hardy ( 1947 ) Archibald Hill ( 1948 ) George de Hevesy ( 1949 ) James Chadwick ( 1950 ) VIAF : 71528062 LCCN : n81037129 ISNI : 0000 0001 0914 2724 GND : 118641069 SELIBR : 76503 SUDOC : 027783952 BNF : cb13088624t ( data ) NLA : 35999055 NDL : 00449750 NKC : jn19990210421 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 080170 BNE : XX1332367 IATH : w65h7f3x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Mendeleev&oldid=800510864 '' Categories : Dmitri Mendeleev 1834 births 1907 deaths 19th - century chemists 19th - century Russian people 20th - century chemists Corresponding Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Demidov Prize laureates Discoverers of chemical elements Faraday Lecturers Foreign Members of the Royal Society Inorganic chemists Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Military Engineering - Technical University faculty People from Tobolsk People involved with the periodic table Recipients of the Copley Medal Russian chemists Russian deists Russian encyclopedists Russian inventors Russian scientists Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni Saint Petersburg State University alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what element is named after the russian chemist who arranged the periodic table	[ "In 1907, Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg from influenza. The crater Mendeleev on the Moon, as well as element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, are named after him." ]	[ "mendelevium" ]
7665190884017505055	Vance Joseph	Vance Joseph - wikipedia Vance Joseph Jump to : navigation , search Vance Joseph Denver Broncos Position : Head coach Born : ( 1972 - 09 - 20 ) September 20 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Marrero , Louisiana Height : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight : 200 lb ( 91 kg ) Career information High school : Marrero ( LA ) Archbishop Shaw College : Colorado Undrafted : 1995 Career history As player : New York Jets ( 1995 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1996 ) As coach : Colorado ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Graduate assistant Wyoming ( 2002 ) Defensive backs coach Colorado ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Defensive backs coach Bowling Green ( 2004 ) Defensive backs coach San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 ) Assistant defensive backs coach San Francisco 49ers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Defensive backs coach Houston Texans ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Defensive backs coach Cincinnati Bengals ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Defensive backs coach Miami Dolphins ( 2016 ) Defensive coordinator Denver Broncos ( 2017 -- present ) Head coach Career NFL statistics Games played : 17 Games started : 6 Interceptions : 2 Player stats at NFL.com Head coaching record Regular season : 5 -- 11 (. 313 ) Vance Desmond Joseph ( born September 20 , 1972 ) is the head coach of the Denver Broncos of the National Football League ( NFL ) . As a player , Joseph attended the University of Colorado as a quarterback and running back in the 1990s , and was signed by the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 1995 , playing cornerback for them and then the Indianapolis Colts in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career 2 College career 3 Professional career 4 Coaching career 4.1 Head coaching record 5 Coaching tree 6 Personal life 7 Sexual assault allegation 8 References 9 External links High School career ( edit ) Joseph was the starting quarterback for three seasons for the Archbishop Shaw High School Eagles , who won the 1987 Louisiana High School Athletic Association Class AAAA ( top classification ) state championship and finished as AAAA state runner - up to Ruston High School in 1988 . He also was a starting guard on Archbishop Shaw 's 1988 -- 89 Class AAAA state champion basketball team . College career ( edit ) Joseph attended the University of Colorado , and played for the Colorado Buffaloes football team as a quarterback and running back from 1990 to 1995 . He finished his career completing 34 - of - 61 passes for 454 yards and four touchdowns with no interceptions . In addition , he had 237 rushing yards on 50 carries and a touchdown . Professional career ( edit ) Joseph was signed by the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 1995 and switched to the defensive back position . He played two seasons in the National Football League for the New York Jets and Indianapolis Colts . During his NFL career , Joseph started six games and recorded two interceptions . Coaching career ( edit ) Joseph became a graduate assistant for the Colorado Buffaloes in 1999 and was there until 2001 . After a brief stint as the secondary coach for Wyoming Cowboys in 2002 , Joseph returned to Colorado to become the defensive backs coach in 2002 and 2003 . He spent the 2004 season as the defensive backs coach for the Bowling Green Falcons . On February 17 , 2005 , Joseph was hired by the San Francisco 49ers as a secondary assistant . In 2006 , he was promoted to secondary coach , a position he shared with Johnnie Lynn until 2010 , when Lynn resigned for personal reasons . Joseph joined the coaching staff of the Houston Texans in 2011 . He served as the defensive backs coach under defensive coordinator Wade Phillips . Joseph was hired as the defensive backs coach of the Cincinnati Bengals in January 2014 . Joseph was announced as the defensive coordinator of the Miami Dolphins for the 2016 season . Joseph was hired as head coach for the Denver Broncos on January 11 , 2017 , after signing a four - year contract . On September 11 , 2017 , on Monday Night Football , Joseph won his head coaching debut in the 24 -- 21 victory over the Los Angeles Chargers . Head coaching record ( edit ) Team Year Regular season Post season Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result DEN 2017 5 11 0 . 313 4th in AFC West -- -- -- -- DEN Total 5 11 0 . 313 -- -- -- Total 5 11 0 . 313 0 0 . 000 Coaching tree ( edit ) NFL head coaches under whom Joseph has served : Mike Nolan , San Francisco 49ers , ( 2005 - 2008 ) Mike Singletary , San Francisco 49ers , ( 2008 - 2010 ) Gary Kubiak , Houston Texans , ( 2011 - 2013 ) Marvin Lewis , Cincinnati Bengals , ( 2014 - 2015 ) Adam Gase , Miami Dolphins , ( 2016 ) Personal life ( edit ) Vance 's older brother , Mickey Joseph , was a part - time starting quarterback for the Nebraska Cornhuskers in 1990 and 1991 . Sexual assault allegation ( edit ) In 2004 , Joseph was accused of sexually assaulting two female trainers while serving as the defensive backs coach at the University of Colorado . The allegations were investigated by a state task force as part of a massive recruiting scandal that involved multiple women claiming they were raped by football players . Joseph was placed on administrative leave , but after one of the two women involved said she did not want to press charges and the other declined to talk to police , the case was closed and Joseph was not charged . Not long after that , Joseph left the University of Colorado and took a job with Bowling Green . CU 's then - president said at the time that Joseph was also being investigated for sexual harassment in connection with a different incident in which he had sex with a trainer in a campus athletic facility . The sexual assault allegations resurfaced in 2017 when Joseph was hired as head coach of the Denver Broncos . Before hiring Joseph , Broncos general manager John Elway conducted an investigation into sexual assault and sexual harassment complaints against Joseph and Joseph was asked directly about the accusations during the interview process . Joseph said that the allegations were false , but that he was deeply embarrassed by the sexual harassment incident because he was a married father . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vance Joseph Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lynn resigns as 49ers assistant coach '' . Jump up ^ `` Joseph joins ' culture of winning ' with Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Chargers at Denver Broncos - September 11th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tariq ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Mickey Joseph accepts challenge at Langston '' . News OK . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' Vance Joseph addresses 2004 sex - assault allegations from time at CU '' . The Denver Post . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moskovitz , Diana . `` New Broncos Coach Vance Joseph Left University Of Colorado After Being Accused Of Rubbing His Erect Penis On A Woman '' . Deadspin . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Broncos coach left Colorado in 2004 after sexual assault claims '' . Mail Online . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Colorado recruiting scandal '' . ESPN.com . May 27 , 2004 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Sixth rape allegation surfaces at CU - Feb. 20 , 2004 '' . www.cnn.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Broncos coach Vance Joseph was accused of sexual assault while a CU assistant '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' Joseph : 2004 sex - assault claims ' false ' '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 sexual assault allegations against Vance Joseph resurface '' . ProFootballTalk . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos checked previous sexual assault and harassment complaints before hiring Vance Joseph '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Broncos coach Vance Joseph disputes sexual assault allegations '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike . `` Broncos HC Vance Joseph Refutes Sexual Assault Allegations from 2004 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) San Francisco 49ers bio Bowling Green Falcons bio Colorado Buffaloes bio New York Jets bio Denver Broncos head coaches Frank Filchock ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Jack Faulkner ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Mac Speedie ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Ray Malavasi ( 1966 ) Lou Saban ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Jerry Smith ( 1971 ) John Ralston ( 1972 -- 1976 ) Red Miller ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Dan Reeves ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Wade Phillips ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Mike Shanahan ( 1995 -- 2008 ) Josh McDaniels ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Eric Studesville # ( 2010 ) John Fox ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Gary Kubiak ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Vance Joseph ( 2017 -- ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim head coach . Current head coaches of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Sean McDermott ( Buffalo Bills ) Adam Gase ( Miami Dolphins ) Bill Belichick ( New England Patriots ) Todd Bowles ( New York Jets ) John Harbaugh ( Baltimore Ravens ) Marvin Lewis ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Hue Jackson ( Cleveland Browns ) Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bill O'Brien ( Houston Texans ) Frank Reich ( Indianapolis Colts ) Doug Marrone ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Mike Vrabel ( Tennessee Titans ) Vance Joseph ( Denver Broncos ) Andy Reid ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Anthony Lynn ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Jon Gruden ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jason Garrett ( Dallas Cowboys ) Pat Shurmur ( New York Giants ) Doug Pederson ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Jay Gruden ( Washington Redskins ) Matt Nagy ( Chicago Bears ) Matt Patricia ( Detroit Lions ) Mike McCarthy ( Green Bay Packers ) Mike Zimmer ( Minnesota Vikings ) Dan Quinn ( Atlanta Falcons ) Ron Rivera ( Carolina Panthers ) Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Dirk Koetter ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Steve Wilks ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean McVay ( Los Angeles Rams ) Kyle Shanahan ( San Francisco 49ers ) Pete Carroll ( Seattle Seahawks ) 1990 Colorado Buffaloes football -- AP & USA Today / CNN national champions Greg Biekert Eric Bieniemy Ronnie Bradford Chad Brown Christian Fauria Deon Figures Joe Garten David Gibbs Darian Hagan Garry Howe Chris Hudson Charles Johnson Vance Joseph Jay Leeuwenburg Dave McCloughan Kanavis McGhee Mike Pritchard Leonard Renfro Tom Rouen Joel Steed Michael Westbrook Alfred Williams Head coach : Bill McCartney Assistant coaches : Gary Barnett Mike Barry Brian Cabral Gerry DiNardo Mike Hankwitz Bob Simmons Ron Vanderlinden Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vance_Joseph&oldid=825310062 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American football cornerbacks Bowling Green Falcons football coaches Colorado Buffaloes football coaches Colorado Buffaloes football players Denver Broncos coaches Denver Broncos head coaches Houston Texans coaches Indianapolis Colts players New York Jets players San Francisco 49ers coaches Wyoming Cowboys football coaches People from Marrero , Louisiana Players of American football from Louisiana African - American coaches of American football African - American players of American football Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Denver Broncos currentteam parameter articles NFL player with coaching information Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the denver broncos coach come from	[ "\nVance Joseph\n\nDenver Broncos\n\n\nPosition:\nHead coach\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nBorn:\n(1972-09-20) September 20, 1972 (age 45)\nMarrero, Louisiana\n\n\nHeight:\n6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)\n\n\nWeight:\n200 lb (91 kg)\n\n\nCareer information\n\n\nHigh school:\nMarrero (LA) Archbishop Shaw\n\n\nCollege:\nColorado\n\n\nUndrafted:\n1995\n\n\nCareer history\n\n\nAs player:\n\n\n\n\nNew York Jets (1995)\nIndianapolis Colts (1996)\n\n\n\n\nAs coach:\n\n\n\n\nColorado (1999–2001)\nGraduate assistant\nWyoming (2002)\nDefensive backs coach\nColorado (2002–2003)\nDefensive backs coach\nBowling Green (2004)\nDefensive backs coach\nSan Francisco 49ers (2005)\nAssistant defensive backs coach\nSan Francisco 49ers (2006–2010)\nDefensive backs coach\nHouston Texans (2011–2013)\nDefensive backs coach\nCincinnati Bengals (2014–2015)\nDefensive backs coach\nMiami Dolphins (2016)\nDefensive coordinator\nDenver Broncos (2017–present)\nHead coach\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer NFL statistics\n\n\n\n\n\nGames played:\n17\n\n\nGames started:\n6\n\n\nInterceptions:\n2\n\n\nPlayer stats at NFL.com\n\n\n\n\n\nHead coaching record\n\n\nRegular season:\n5–11 (.313)\n\n" ]	[ "Miami Dolphins" ]
-5455740711455896923	Johnny Hardwick	Johnny Hardwick - wikipedia Johnny Hardwick Jump to : navigation , search Johnny Hardwick Hardwick at the Velveeta Room in Austin , January 2004 John Michael Hardwick ( 1958 - 09 - 21 ) September 21 , 1958 ( age 59 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Occupation Voice actor SAG , stand - up comedian , writer WGA Years active 1997 -- present Known for Voice of Dale Gribble in King of the Hill John Michael Hardwick ( born December 21 , 1958 in Houston , Texas ) is an American stand - up comedian , and voice actor . He is best known as the voice of Dale Gribble in the animated American television show King of the Hill . He served as staff writer , story editor , and producer for the show as well . He has four Prime Time Emmy nominations and in 1999 he won an Emmy Award for his work as a producer on King of the Hill . Biography and career ( edit ) A native of Austin , Texas , Hardwick attended Texas Tech University in Lubbock , Texas . After graduation with a BS degree in Journalism , he worked for a decade as a bartender in live blues bars in Dallas and Austin , Texas including Nick 's Uptown , Sixth Street Live , and The Greenville Bar & Grill . Starting in 1990 he then performed stand - up comedy for a number of years , appearing at such venues as the Dallas Improv and the Velveeta Room in Austin , Texas and appearing on shows like Evening at the Improv and Caroline 's Comedy Hour . He was the first standup comedian to appear on The Jon Stewart Show . In 1995 , Hardwick appeared at the Montreal Comedy Festival , where Brandon Tartikoff saw him and offered him a sitcom for NBC . However , after Hardwick proposed a comedy along the lines of Green Acres and Get a Life the network showed little interest in seriously pursuing the idea . After Hardwick signed with the Strauss - McGarr agency , he was continually booked doing stand - up comedy in both Austin and all over the United States . He was originally planned to be a regular in MTV 's Austin Stories -- but left to help create King of the Hill . While at the Laugh Factory in Los Angeles , Hardwick performed a comedy set about his father in Texas . After the show , he was approached by television writer and producer Greg Daniels and Beavis and Butthead 's Mike Judge , who were helping to put together King of the Hill at the time . Daniels and Judge felt Hardwick 's Texan humor was just what the show needed and offered him a job writing for the fledgling program . Hardwick moved from Austin to Silverlake , California to work for the show . Hardwick 's first day working for King of the Hill was one day after NBC 's option on his sitcom development deal expired ( thus making it legal for Hardwick to pursue a sitcom with another network ) . The role of Dale Gribble was originally offered to Daniel Stern , but producers were unable to agree with Stern on a salary . Instead , Hardwick won the voice role , having no interest whatsoever in how much money was involved . Hardwick performed the role for the entire 13 - year run of the successful show and appeared in every episode . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Johnny Hardwick on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Over Hill and Dale External links ( edit ) Johnny Hardwick on IMDb Short film featuring Johnny Hardwick on YouTube Houston portal Texas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Hardwick&oldid=802205453 '' Categories : Living people 1958 births American male comedians American humorists Male actors from Austin , Texas American male voice actors Texas Tech University alumni 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voices dale on king of the hill	[ "John Michael Hardwick (born December 21, 1958 in Houston, Texas) is an American stand-up comedian, and voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Dale Gribble in the animated American television show King of the Hill. He served as staff writer, story editor, and producer for the show as well.[1] He has four Prime Time Emmy nominations and in 1999 he won an Emmy Award for his work as a producer on King of the Hill." ]	[ "John Michael Hardwick" ]
1064191110129299045	Beauty and the Beast	Beauty and the Beast - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fairy tale . For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Illustration for Beauty and the Beast by Walter Crane . Beauty and the Beast ( French : La Belle et la Bête ) is a traditional fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins ( The Young American and Marine Tales ) . Her lengthy version was abridged , rewritten , and published first by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants ( Children 's Collection ) and by Andrew Lang in the Blue Fairy Book of his Fairy Book series in 1889 , to produce the version ( s ) most commonly retold . It was influenced by some earlier stories , such as `` Cupid and Psyche '' , written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensi in The Golden Ass in the 2nd century AD , and `` The Pig King '' , an Italian fairytale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . Variants of the tale are known across Europe . In France , for example , Zémire and Azor is an operatic version of the story , written by Marmontel and composed by Grétry in 1771 , which had enormous success well into the 19th century ; it is based on the second version of the tale . Amour pour amour ( Love for love ) , by Nivelle de la Chaussée , is a 1742 play based on de Villeneuve 's version . According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon , the story originated around 4,000 years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Villeneuve 's version 3 Commentary 4 Modern uses and adaptations 4.1 Literature 4.2 Film 4.3 Television 4.4 Theatre 4.5 Other 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A widower merchant lives in a mansion with his six children , three sons and three daughters . All his daughters are very beautiful , but the youngest , Beauty , is the most lovely , as well as kind , well - read , and pure of heart ; while the two elder sisters , in contrast , are wicked , selfish , vain , and spoiled . They secretly taunt Beauty and treat her more like a servant than a sister . The merchant eventually loses all of his wealth in a tempest at sea which sinks most of his merchant fleet . He and his children are consequently forced to live in a small farmhouse and work for their living . Some years later , the merchant hears that one of the trade ships he had sent has arrived back in port , having escaped the destruction of its compatriots . Before leaving , he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them . The sons ask for weaponry and horses to hunt with , whereas his oldest daughters ask for clothing , jewels , and the finest dresses possible as they think his wealth has returned . Beauty is satisfied with the promise of a rose as none grow in their part of the country . The merchant , to his dismay , finds that his ship 's cargo has been seized to pay his debts , leaving him penniless and unable to buy his children 's presents . During his return , the merchant becomes lost during a storm . Seeking shelter , he enters a dazzling palace . A hidden figure opens the giant doors and silently invites him in . The merchant finds tables inside laden with food and drink , which seem to have been left for him by the palace 's invisible owner . The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there . The next morning , as the merchant is about to leave , he sees a rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose . Upon picking the loveliest rose he can find , the merchant is confronted by a hideous `` Beast '' which tells him that for taking his most precious possession after accepting his hospitality , the merchant must die . The merchant begs to be set free , arguing that he had only picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter . The Beast agrees to let him give the rose to Beauty , but only if the merchant or one of his daughters will return . Beauty dines with the Beast in an illustration by Anne Anderson . The merchant is upset but accepts this condition . The Beast sends him on his way , with wealth , jewels and fine clothes for his sons and daughters , and stresses that Beauty must never know about his deal . The merchant , upon arriving home , tries to hide the secret from Beauty , but she pries it from him . Her brothers say they will go to the castle and fight the Beast , but the merchant dissuades them , saying they will stand no chance against the monster . Beauty then agrees to go to the Beast 's castle . The Beast receives her graciously and informs her that she is now mistress of the castle , and he is her servant . He gives her lavish clothing and food and carries on lengthy conversations with her . Every night , the Beast asks Beauty to marry him , only to be refused each time . After each refusal , Beauty dreams of a handsome prince who pleads with her to answer why she keeps refusing him , to which she replies that she can not marry the Beast because she loves him only as a friend . Beauty does not make the connection between the handsome prince and the Beast and becomes convinced that the Beast is holding the prince captive somewhere in the castle . She searches and discovers multiple enchanted rooms , but never the prince from her dreams . For several months , Beauty lives a life of luxury at the Beast 's palace , having every whim catered to by invisible servants , with no end of riches to amuse her and an endless supply of exquisite finery to wear . Eventually , she becomes homesick and begs the Beast to allow her to go see her family . He allows it on the condition that she returns exactly a week later . Beauty agrees to this and sets off for home with an enchanted mirror and ring . The mirror allows her to see what is going on back at the Beast 's castle , and the ring allows her to return to the castle in an instant when turned three times around her finger . Her older sisters are surprised to find her well fed and dressed in finery . Beauty tries to share the magnificent gowns and jewels the Beast gave her with her sisters , but they turn into rags at her sisters ' touch , and are restored to their splendour when returned to Beauty , as the Beast meant them only for her . Her sisters are envious when they hear of her happy life at the castle , and , hearing that she must return to the Beast on a certain day , beg her to stay another day , even putting onion in their eyes to make it appear as though they are weeping . They hope that the Beast will be angry with Beauty for breaking her promise and eat her alive . Beauty 's heart is moved by her sisters ' false show of love , and she agrees to stay . Illustration by Warwick Goble . Beauty begins to feel guilty about breaking her promise to the Beast and uses the mirror to see him back at the castle . She is horrified to discover that the Beast is lying half - dead from heartbreak near the rose bushes from which her father plucked the rose , and she immediately uses the ring to return to the Beast . Beauty weeps over the Beast , saying that she loves him . When her tears strike him , the Beast is transformed into the handsome prince from Beauty 's dreams . The Prince informs her that long ago a fairy turned him into a hideous beast after he refused to let her in from the rain and that only by finding true love , despite his ugliness , could the curse be broken . He and Beauty are married and they live happily ever after together . Villeneuve 's version ( edit ) Villeneuve 's original tale includes several elements that Beaumont 's omits . Chiefly , the backstory of both Beauty and the Beast is given . The Beast was a prince who lost his father at a young age , and whose mother had to wage war to defend his kingdom . The queen left him in care of an evil fairy , who tried to seduce him when he became an adult ; when he refused , she transformed him into a beast . Beauty 's story reveals that she is not really a merchant 's daughter but the offspring of a king and a good fairy . A wicked fairy had tried to murder Beauty so she could marry her father the king , and Beauty was put in the place of the merchant 's dead daughter to protect her . Villeneuve also gave the castle elaborate magic , which obscured the more vital pieces of it . Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and simplified the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity . Commentary ( edit ) Painting of Petrus Gonsalvus ( c. 1580 ) Tatar ( 2017 ) compares the tale to the theme of `` animal brides and grooms '' found in folklore throughout the world , pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages . The urban opening is unusual in fairy tales , as is the social class of the characters , neither royal nor peasants . It may reflect the social changes occurring at the time of its first writing . Hamburger ( 2015 ) points out that the design of the Beast in the 1946 film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus , a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis , causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts , and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine . Modern uses and adaptations ( edit ) The tale has been notably adapted for screen , stage , prose , and television over the years . Literature ( edit ) The Pig King , by Giovanni Francesco Straparola , an Italian fairytale published in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . The Scarlet Flower , a Russian fairy tale published in 1858 by Sergey Aksakov . Beauty and the Beast ... The Story Retold . Laura E. Richards . London : Blickie & Son , 1886 . Also , Boston : Roberts Brothers , 1886 . Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast , 1978 and Rose Daughter , 1997 ( both by author Robin McKinley ) . `` The Courtship of Mr. Lyon '' , a story from Angela Carter 's The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) , is based on Madame Le Prince de Beaumont 's version . `` Beauty '' , a short story by Tanith Lee , is a science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It appeared in Lee 's anthology , Red as Blood , or Tales from the Sisters Grimmer , published in 1983 . The heroine is named Estár ; the Beast , a catlike telepathic alien , is never given a name that can be written or spoken in any human language . Fashion Beast , a 1985 screenplay by Alan Moore , was adapted into a graphic novel in 2012 . In The Last Wish ( 1993 ) by Andrzej Sapkowski , the story `` A Grain of Truth '' is very similar to `` Beauty and the Beast '' , though the beast enjoys being a beast and the daughters of various merchants willingly live with him in exchange for money . Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) by Loretta Chase , a Regency romance and retelling of Beauty and the Beast The Fire Rose ( 1995 ) by Mercedes Lackey , part of the Elementals series . The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro is another science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It won the 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 2001 Affaire de Coeur Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The first third of the novel appeared as a three - part serialization in Analog magazine in the 1999 May , June , and July / August issues . Tor Books published the full novel in 2000 . Beastly , written in 2007 by Alex Flinn , sets the story in modern - day Manhattan . Film ( edit ) A French version entitled La Belle et la Bête was made in 1946 , directed by Jean Cocteau , starring Jean Marais as the Beast and Josette Day as the Beauty . This version adds a subplot involving Belle 's suitor Avenant , also played by Marais . A 1952 animated feature film , The Scarlet Flower , based upon Aksakov 's aforementioned tale , was directed by Lev Atamanov and produced at the Soyuzmultfilm . It was restored at the Gorky Film Studio in 1987 , and is now widely available on several video and DVD editions in Russia ( an English - subtitled version has not been released ) . A 1962 version directed by Edward L. Cahn , starring Joyce Taylor and Mark Damon , had the Beast as a prince who transformed into a werewolf at night , with makeup by Universal 's Jack Pierce . In 1987 , The Cannon Group and Golan - Globus Productions released Beauty and the Beast , a musical live - action version , directed by Eugene Marner , starring John Savage as Beast , and Rebecca De Mornay as Beauty , with original music by Lori McKelvey . It was released on VHS in 1988 by Cannon Video , and on DVD in 2005 by MGM Home Entertainment . In 1991 , Walt Disney Feature Animation produced a musical animated film entitled Beauty and the Beast , directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton , and songs by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman . Like the 1946 version , the Disney version also names Beauty `` Belle '' and gives her a handsome suitor ( here named Gaston ) who eventually plots to kill the Beast . The Beast is depicted to having the head structure and horns of a bison , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the eyebrow of a gorilla , the tusks of a wild boar , the arms and body of a bear , and the hind legs and tail of a wolf . Children 's film producer Diane Eskenazi produced Beauty and the Beast , directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba , for Golden Films in 1993 . The film , which relied on moderate animation techniques but was mostly faithful to the original tale , featured classical compositions as opposed to an original soundtrack , featuring the works of many well - known popular composers . This film 's version of the Beast has the body of a gorilla , the mane of a lion , the snout and tusks of a common warthog , and the tail of a bull . The theme of the music video `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf , released in 1993 , is adapted from Beauty and the Beast . A 2005 Viking period film directed by David Lister was alternately known as Beauty and the Beast and Blood of Beasts . A dark version of the fairy tale updated to modern times , director Robert Beaucage 's 2008 film Spike , was described ( at its premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival where it was chosen as part of the Best of the Fest ) as `` Angela Carter rewriting La Belle et la Bête as an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . Another modern take is Beastly starring Alex Pettyfer as the beast ( named Kyle ) and Vanessa Hudgens as the love interest ( named Lindy ) . Directed by Daniel Barnz it is based on the book Beastly mentioned above . Beauty and the Beast , a French - German film , released in 2014 . Beauty and the Beast , a Disney live - action adaptation of the 1991 animated film , starring Emma Watson and Dan Stevens , was released on March 17 , 2017 . Television ( edit ) George C. Scott appeared as the Beast in a made - for - TV rendition in 1976 , with his second wife , Patricia `` Trish '' Van Devere , co-starring alongside him as Belle in the film , which aired as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . Scott was nominated for an Emmy for his performance . In 1984 , Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre aired `` Beauty and the Beast '' , starring Klaus Kinski and Susan Sarandon . The script , sets , makeup , and costumes were based on the 1946 film . Beauty and the Beast , a television series which owed as much to detective shows and fantasy fiction as to the fairy tale , was originally broadcast from 1987 to 1989 . This was centered around the relationship between Catherine ( played by Linda Hamilton ) , an attorney who lived in New York City , and Vincent ( played by Ron Perlman ) , a gentle but lion - faced `` beast '' who dwells in the tunnels beneath the city . Wendy Pini created two issues of a comic - book adaptation of the TV series . The series was cancelled when ratings fell after Hamilton decided to leave the show at the end of the second season . Beauty and the Beast was featured in Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics . In this version , the Beast had an ogre - like appearance and appeared at the Merchant 's house when his time to give him Beauty came . Outside of Beauty breaking the spell on the Beast enough to turn him back into a prince , the two of them sent birds to carry messages of their marriage . The narrator commented that he learned of this story because `` a little birdie told him . '' A version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' was featured in Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . The story is set in Africa and features the voices of Vanessa L. Williams as the Beauty , Gregory Hines as the Beast , Debbie Allen as Precious , Terrence C. Carson as the Tree , and Paul Winfield as the Father . The Beast was depicted as having a rhinoceros head , a lion - like mane and tail , a humanoid body , and a camel - like hump . In addition to the Prince having been turned into a Beast by a sorcerer , the Prince 's castle is tended to by living gargoyles . A loose adaption of the story was featured in the animated series Stories from My Childhood . The voice cast included Amy Irving as the Beauty , Tim Curry as the Beast , and Robert Loggia as the Beauty 's father . Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) is a reworking of the 1987 TV series with Jay Ryan and Kristin Kreuk reprising the roles that Perlman and Hamilton , respectively , had originated in that production . A variation of the story was incorporated into an episode of the ABC TV series Once Upon a Time entitled `` Skin Deep '' , in which Beauty / Belle is played by Emilie de Ravin and the Beast is Rumpelstiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) . While Belle had appeared in Sofia the First , the Beast was n't featured . Instead , a variation of the story is used in the episode `` Beauty is the Beast '' where Princess Charlotte of Isleworth ( voiced by Megan Hilty ) was turned into a Beast by the powerful enchantress Zinessa ( voiced by Meredith Roberts Quill ) because she was rude and insensitive to Zinessa 's friend Morris the Goblin ( voiced by Andrew Rannells ) . The description of her Beast form is a cross between a human and a wild boar with a wolf - like tail . Once Princess Charlotte vouched for Morris the Goblin upon the royal guards arresting him and became friends with him in front of her parents King Philip and Queen Everly ( voiced by Fritz Sperburg and Jamie Denbo ) upon being encouraged by Sofia , the spell on Princess Charlotte was broken and Zinessa left in cat form while quoting to Princess Charlotte `` well done . '' After thanking Sofia who was transported back to Enchancia , Princess Charlotte invited Morris to the Summer Ball . Theatre ( edit ) In 1994 , Philip Glass wrote an opera , La Belle et la Bête , based on Cocteau 's film . Glass 's composition follows the film scene by scene , effectively providing a new original soundtrack for the movie . The Disney film was adapted for the stage as Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton and Alan Menken , who had worked on the film . Howard Ashman , the original lyricist , had died , and additional lyrics were written by Tim Rice . In 2011 , a new ballet adaptation of Beauty and the Beast was created by choreographer David Nixon for Northern Ballet . Works by several composers , including Bizet and Poulenc , were used for the score . Other ( edit ) A hidden object game , Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast , was released in 2012 . The narrative of the Sierra Entertainment adventure game King 's Quest VI follows several fairy tales , and Beauty and the Beast is the focus of one multiple part quest . Stevie Nicks recorded a song based on the fairy tale for her 1983 solo album , The Wild Heart . Real Life based the video for their signature hit `` Send Me an Angel '' on the fairy story . Disco producer Alec R. Costandinos released a twelve inch by his side project Love & Kisses with the theme of the fairy - tale set to a disco melody in 1978 . The interactive fiction work , Bronze by Emily Short , is a puzzle - oriented adaptation of Beauty and the Beast . See also ( edit ) Eros and Psyche Noble savage Shapeshifting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Windling , Terri . `` Beauty and the Beast , Old and New '' . The Journal of Mythic Arts . The Endicott Studio . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stouff , Jean . `` La Belle et la Bête '' . Biblioweb . Jump up ^ Harrison , `` Cupid and Psyche '' , Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome ' , ' p. 339 . Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Beauty and the Beast '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Downing . Aesthetics of Opera in the Ancien Régime , 1647 -- 1785 . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 2002 . Jump up ^ BBC . `` Fairy tale origins thousands of years old , researchers say '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 22 -- 23 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 25 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria ( March 7 , 2017 ) . Beauty and the Beast : Classic Tales of Animal Brides and Grooms from Around the World . Random House Penguin . ISBN 9780143111696 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Morality of Fairy - Tale Animal Brides '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . `` Maria Tatar points ( ... ) the story of Beauty and the Beast was meant for girls who would likely have their marriages arranged '' . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 45 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Jump up ^ Andreas Hamburger in : Andreas Hamburger ( ed . ) Women and Images of Men in Cinema : Gender Construction in La Belle et La Bete by Jean Cocteau chapter 3 ( 2015 ) . see also : `` La Bella y la Bestia '' : Una historia real inspirada por un hombre de carne y hueso ( difundir.org 2016 ) Jump up ^ Crunelle - Vanrigh , Anny . `` The Logic of the Same and Différance : ' The Courtship of Mr. Lyon ' '' . In Roemer , Danielle Marie , and Bacchilega , Cristina , eds. ( 2001 ) . Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale , p. 128 . Wayne State University Press . Jump up ^ Wherry , Maryan ( 2015 ) . `` More than a Love Story : The Complexities of the Popular Romance '' . In Berberich , Christine . The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction . Bloomsbury . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1441172013 . Jump up ^ David J. Hogan ( 1986 ) . Dark Romance : Sexuality In the Horror Film . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0474 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 50 's and 60 's Horror Movies B '' . The Missing Link . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Russell A. Peck . `` Cinderella Bibliography : Beauty and the Beast '' . The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( 13 November 1991 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Updated In Form and Content '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Movie Review Film . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GNhdQRbXhc Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . `` Beauty and the Beast : Overview '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jason Buchanan . `` Spike '' . All Movie Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Calum Waddell . `` Spike '' . Total Sci - Fi . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast + Blood and Guts = Spike '' . HorrorMovies.ca. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Festival Highlights : 2008 Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . Variety . 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Fest Programme at Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . The List . 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert Hope . `` Spike '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens And Alex Pettyfer Get ' Intense ' In ' Beastly ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/Christophe-Gans-decrypte-sa-version-de-La-Belle-et-la-Bete Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Versions for La Belle et la Bête '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tale as Old as Time : The Making of Beauty and the Beast . ( VCD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2002 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Laura ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast , Northern Ballet , Grand Theatre , Leeds , review '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast Collector 's Edition ( PC DVD ) Jump up ^ KQ6 Game Play video Jump up ^ Bronze homepage , including background information and download links External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and Beast . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Beauty and the Beast `` Beauty and the Beast : folktales of Aarne - Thompson type 425C Cinderella Bibliography -- includes an exhaustive list of B&tB productions in books , TV and recordings Original version and psychological analysis of Beauty and the Beast ( in French ) La Belle et la Bête , audio version ( hide ) Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast&oldid=826282798 '' Categories : Shapeshifting in fiction Literary duos 1740 works French fairy tales Beauty and the Beast Love stories Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2012 Articles containing French - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული ລາວ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the original beauty and the beast book	[ "Beauty and the Beast (French: La Belle et la Bête) is a traditional fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins (The Young American and Marine Tales).[1] Her lengthy version was abridged, rewritten, and published first by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants[2] (Children's Collection) and by Andrew Lang in the Blue Fairy Book of his Fairy Book series in 1889, to produce the version(s) most commonly retold.[1] It was influenced by some earlier stories, such as \"Cupid and Psyche\", written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensi in The Golden Ass in the 2nd century AD, and \"The Pig King\", an Italian fairytale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola.[3]" ]	[ "Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve" ]
-5159954818245442899	Sirloin steak	Sirloin steak - Wikipedia Sirloin steak Jump to : navigation , search Sirloin steak American beef cuts Type Beef steak Cookbook : Sirloin steak Media : Sirloin steak British cuts of beef The sirloin steak is cut from the back of the animal . In a common U.S. butchery , the steak is cut from the rear back portion of the animal , continuing off the short loin from which T - bone , porterhouse , and club steaks are cut . The sirloin is actually divided into several types of steak . The top sirloin is the most prized of these and is specifically marked for sale under that name . The bottom sirloin , which is less tender and much larger , is typically marked for sale simply as `` sirloin steak '' . The bottom sirloin in turn connects to the sirloin tip roast . In a common British , South African , and Australian butchery , the word sirloin refers to cuts of meat from the upper middle of the animal , similar to the American short loin , while the American sirloin is called the rump . Because of this difference in terminology , in these countries , the T - bone steak is regarded as a cut of the sirloin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Dishes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word sirloin derives from the Middle English surloine , itself derived from the Old French word surloigne ( variant of surlonge ) , that is , sur for ' above ' and longe for ' loin ' . In Modern French , the cut of meat is called aloyau or faux - filet . A commonly - repeated anecdote claims that the name is derived from an occasion when King James I of England , while being entertained at Hoghton Tower during his return from Scotland in 1617 , was so impressed by the quality of his steak that he knighted the loin of beef , which was referred to thereafter as `` Sir loin '' . There is no reliable evidence for this explanation and scholars generally hold it to be a myth . Dishes ( edit ) See also : List of beef dishes Sirloin steak , served with garlic butter and french fries A sirloin steak dinner A raw slice of French faux - filet See also ( edit ) Food portal Cut of beef List of steak dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dictionary.com . `` Sirloin '' . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dictionary.com . `` Surloin '' . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` sirloin '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Wordreference.com . `` Sirloin '' . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . ( English - French dictionary ) Jump up ^ Snopes.com ( 8 April 2013 ) . `` Mis - Steak '' . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Look up sirloin in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications '' . ( 687 KiB ) Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) This meat - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirloin_steak&oldid=821153380 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Meat stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the sirloin located on a cow	[ "In a common U.S. butchery, the steak is cut from the rear back portion of the animal, continuing off the short loin from which T-bone, porterhouse, and club steaks are cut. The sirloin is actually divided into several types of steak. The top sirloin is the most prized of these and is specifically marked for sale under that name. The bottom sirloin, which is less tender and much larger, is typically marked for sale simply as \"sirloin steak\". The bottom sirloin in turn connects to the sirloin tip roast." ]	[ "the rear back portion" ]
4487165569666098235	Swedish Fish	Swedish Fish - Wikipedia Swedish Fish This article is about the candy . For genuine fish in Sweden , see List of fish in Sweden . Three Swedish Fish : yellow , green , and red . Each has `` Swedish '' embossed on its side . Salmiak - flavored black Swedish Fish or `` salted herring '' , with the manufacturer 's name `` Malaco '' embossed . Swedish Fish is a fish - shaped , chewy candy originally developed by Swedish candy producer Malaco in the late 1950s for the U.S. market . The wrapper calls them `` a fat free food '' and they are marketed in different colors and flavors . Contents 1 Ingredients 1.1 Chemical properties 2 In Sweden 3 In North America 4 History 4.1 Partnerships 5 References 6 External links Ingredients ( edit ) According to the USA distribution packages , the candy is made out of the following ingredients : Sugar Invert sugar Corn syrup Modified corn starch Citric acid Natural and artificial flavors White mineral oil Carnauba wax Red ( Dye ) # 40 Yellow ( Dye ) # 6 Yellow ( Dye ) # 5 Blue ( Dye ) # 1 Chemical properties ( edit ) One of the ingredients in Swedish Fish is invert sugar , a combination of glucose and fructose . Invert sugar is important in Swedish Fish due to its ability to retain moisture . Fructose has high solubility , therefore it holds more water and crystallizes less easily . This is why Swedish Fish have a very long shelf life and do not spoil easily . Swedish Fish contain modified cornstarch which is used primarily to form its shape . It is utilized as a medium in trays when the product is put in them to be molded . In addition , white mineral oil is added to these trays to supplement the starch , prevent the candy from crumbling , and give it a shiny coating . Carnauba wax is used in Swedish Fish as a coating and gives the candy a waxy texture . Citric acid gives the Swedish Fish an even longer shelf life . In Sweden ( edit ) A shelf of pick and mix candies similar to those used in Sweden In Sweden , a large share of confectionery sales is sold as pick and mix . Wine gums are sold in many different shapes , of which fish is just one . The Swedish Fish candy is marketed under the name `` pastellfiskar '' , literally `` pastel fish '' , and under the Malaco brand among others . The fish shaped candies are also part of various Malaco bags of mixed candy . This candy bag has been sold for many years and is still a favorite among Swedes . In North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Today the Swedish Fish consumed in North America are made in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada , and Turkey by Mondelēz International . In Canada , Swedish Fish are distributed under Cadbury 's Maynards brand . The fish are distributed in the U.S. by Mondelēz International , and are most commonly found in specialty candy stores in which they can be bought by the ounce . The fish - shaped candy gained enough popularity on its own to where the Malaco , and later Cadbury , company had to do little advertising for the product , until this past decade . A recent resurgence in popularity has resulted in greater accessibility in supermarkets and convenience stores where they are often sold prepackaged in plastic bags . Building upon this resurgence , the company recently created `` Giant Fish '' television advertisements and a `` Treadin ' Water '' YouTube mini-series , which follows the miscellaneous adventures of four friends and a Giant Swedish Fish sharing an apartment . The first few episodes of the mini-series were published onto YouTube on May 9th 2016 . Originally colored red with a flavor unique to the candy ( often guessed to be lingonberry , but never verified ) , they are now also available in several different colors , such as Orange & Lemon - Lime . Purple Swedish Fish in grape flavor were discontinued in 2006 . The fish come in two different sizes . Initially , the smaller fish came only in red ; now fish of both sizes are available in all flavors . According to a visit to the factory on the Food Network 's show Unwrapped , green is not lime , but pineapple flavor , while yellow is a lemon - lime flavor . History ( edit ) Although well known and enjoyed across the US today , Swedish Fish only hit the US market in the late 1950s . The original owner of these candies was a Swedish company called Malaco , which wanted to expand its retail to America . Wanting to create a product that reflected the culture of Sweden in some way , a fish - shaped gummy candy was created . Fishing was and is still a large part of Sweden 's culture , and fish is a considerable part of the Swedish diet . Cadbury Adams distributes the candy in the US today , but the fish gummies are still distributed by Malaco in Sweden . Partnerships ( edit ) In 2009 , Rita 's Italian Ice , a U.S. chain which serves Italian ice and Frozen Custard , debuted a red Swedish Fish flavored Italian ice as a cobranded product . Trident , a gum company owned by Mondelez Global , LLC , carries a Swedish Fish flavor of their Trident Layers line , which is advertised as `` Berry + Lemon '' flavor ( berry top and bottom , lemon in the middle ) . In 2016 , Nabisco created a test - market product Swedish Fish Oreos , available at Kroger grocery stores nationwide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Swedish Fish '' . mentalfloss.com . Jump up ^ `` Candy Creations with Starch and Its Derivatives '' . www.naturalproductsinsider.com. 1997 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Carnauba Wax ? '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Malaco Pick & Mix -- Pastellfisk '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Godis Direkt AB Pastellfiskar picture together with other mixed candy Archived 2009 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Candyking '' . candyking.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Malaco Gott&blandat '' . cloetta.se . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Fish '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Swedish Fish '' . 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rita 's Introduces Highly - Anticipated Swedish Fish ® Italian Ice Flavor Rita 's Italian Ice '' . www.ritasice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bulow , Alessandra . `` This is what happened when we tried Swedish Fish Oreos '' . today.com . External links ( edit ) Media related to Swedish fish at Wikimedia Commons The Original Swedish Fish website , run by Cadbury Adams Mondelēz International brands Nabisco brands and other snacks Arrowroot Barni Barnum 's Animals Belvita Better Cheddars Bimo Cheese Nips Chips Ahoy ! Club Social Comet Enjoy Life Fig Newtons Filipinos Fudgee - O Ginger Snaps Good Thins Handi - Snacks Honey Maid In a Biskit Kinh Do Lefèvre - Utile ( LU ) Lorna Doone Mallomars Mikado Nilla Nutter Butter Oreo Peek Freans Premium Crackers Prince Rice Thins Ritz Crackers SnackWells Sociables Social Tea Stoned Wheat Thins Teddy Grahams Tiger Trakinas Triscuit TUC Vegetable Thins Wheat Thins Wheatsworth Cadbury brands 5 Star Astros Boost Bournville Bournvita Brunch Bar Buttons Carambar Caramello Koala Caramilk Chappies Cherry Ripe Chomp Clusters Creme Egg Creme Egg Twisted Crispy Crunch Crunchie Curly Wurly Dairy Milk ( Caramel , Fruit & Nut ) Double Decker Dream Eclairs Fingers Flake Freddo Fry 's Chocolate Cream Fry 's Turkish Delight Fudge Fuse Green & Black 's Heroes Jelly Babies Kent Koko Kréma La Pie qui Chante Mantecol Maynards Bassetts ( Maynards & Bassett 's ) Milk Tray Mini Eggs Moro Mr. Big Old Gold Palitos de la selva Pascall Picnic Poulain Roses Shots Snack Snowflake Starbar The Natural Confectionery Company Time Out Trebor Twirl Vichy Pastilles Wispa Yowie Gums Beemans gum Bubbaloo Bubblicious Certs Chiclets Clorets Dentyne Dentyne Mints Dirol Falim Freshen Up Gum Hollywood Chewing Gum Malabar Sour Patch Kids Stimorol Stride Swedish Fish Trident Wunderbar Chocolates Alpen Gold Baker 's Chocolate Côte d'Or Daim Freia Freia Melkesjokolade Kvikk Lunsj Lacta Marabou Milka O'Boy Poiana Prince Polo Terry 's Terry 's All Gold Terry 's Chocolate Orange Toblerone Twist Coffee ( Jacobs Douwe Egberts ) Douwe Egberts Gevalia HAG Jacobs Kenco L'OR Moccona Pilão Senseo Super Tassimo Other brands Clight Eden Halls Philadelphia Royal 90 Brasil Sottilette ( Kraft Singles ) Tang Discontinued Bonkers candy Cameo cookies In the United States , these products are manufactured and marketed by The Hershey Company under a prior licensing agreement . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Fish&oldid=849447245 '' Categories : Cadbury Adams brands Brand name confectionery Products introduced in 1958 Cultural influence of fish Candy Mondelēz brands Swedish confectionery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 02 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where did the name swedish fish come from	[ "Swedish Fish is a fish-shaped, chewy candy originally developed by Swedish candy producer Malaco in the late 1950s for the U.S. market.[1] The wrapper calls them \"a fat free food\" and they are marketed in different colors and flavors.\n", "Swedish Fish is a fish-shaped, chewy candy originally developed by Swedish candy producer Malaco in the late 1950s for the U.S. market.[1] The wrapper calls them \"a fat free food\" and they are marketed in different colors and flavors.\n" ]	[ "fish-shaped", "originally developed by Swedish candy producer Malaco" ]
2589956170709381462	Columbian Exchange	Columbian Exchange - wikipedia Columbian Exchange Jump to : navigation , search New World native plants . Clockwise , from top left : 1 . Maize ( Zea mays ) 2 . Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) 3 . Potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) 4 . Vanilla ( Vanilla ) 5 . Pará rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 6 . Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) 7 . Tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ) Old World native plants . Clockwise , from top left : 1 . Citrus ( Rutaceae ) ; 2 . Apple ( Malus domestica ) ; 3 . Banana ( Musa ) ; 4 . Mango ( Mangifera ) ; 5 . Onion ( Allium ) ; 6 . Coffee ( Coffea ) ; 7 . Wheat ( Triticum spp . ) ; 8 . Rice ( Oryza sativa ) The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants , animals , culture , human populations , technology , and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries , related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus 's 1492 voyage . Invasive species , including communicable diseases , were a byproduct of the Exchange . The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations . However , the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents . The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock , which supported increases in population in both hemispheres , although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas . Traders returned to Europe with maize , potatoes , and tomatoes , which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century . The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange . It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Influence 2.1 Crops 2.1. 1 Tomatoes 2.2 Livestock 2.3 Disease 2.4 Cultural exchanges 3 Organism examples 4 Later history 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby , an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin , published The Columbian Exchange . This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus ' landing in the new world . The term has become popular among historians and journalists , such as Charles C. Mann , whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby 's original research . Influence ( edit ) Inca - era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples such as quinoa and potatoes , alongside wheat , a European introduction . Crops ( edit ) Portuguese trading animals in Japan ; detail of Nanban panel ( 1570 -- 1616 ) Four plants native to the Americas have spread around the world : Potato , maize , tomato , and tobacco . Before 1500 , potatoes were not grown outside of South America . By the 1840s , Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease . Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe . Many European rulers , including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia , encouraged the cultivation of the potato . Maize and cassava , introduced to the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century , have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa 's most important food crops . 16th - century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas , including maize and sweet potatoes , and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia . Tomatoes , which came to Europe from the New World via Spain , were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value ( see below ) . From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and , ultimately , Italian cuisine in general . Coffee ( introduced in the Americas circa 1720 ) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane ( introduced from South Asia ) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations . Introduced to India by the Portuguese , chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine . Before the Columbian Exchange , there were no oranges in Florida , no bananas in Ecuador , no paprika in Hungary , no potatoes in Ireland , no coffee in Colombia , no pineapples in Hawaii , no rubber trees in Africa , no chili peppers in Thailand , no tomatoes in Italy , and no chocolate in Switzerland . Tomatoes ( edit ) It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted . Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy , only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance . In large part this was due to 16th - century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of `` melancholic humours . '' In 1544 , Pietro Andrea Mattioli , a Tuscan physician and botanist , suggested that tomatoes might be edible , but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time . On October 31 , 1548 the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de ' Medici , Duke of Florence , wrote to the De ' Medici 's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro `` had arrived safely . '' At this time , the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs , melons , and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists . In the early years , tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy . For example , the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they `` were to be sought only for their beauty '' and were grown only in gardens or flower beds . Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art . However , in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid , under the patronage of Philip II of Spain wrote , `` it is said ( tomatoes ) are good for sauces . '' Besides this account , tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes , but rarely for culinary use . The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century . Today around 32,000 acres ( 12,950 ha ) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy , although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed . Livestock ( edit ) Further information : Plains Indians § The horse Initially , at least , the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route , from Europe to the New World , as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals . Horses , donkeys , mules , pigs , cattle , sheep , goats , chickens , large dogs , cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport , food , and other uses . One of the first European exports to the Americas , the horse , changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the mountains . They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle , as opposed to agriculture , based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains . The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses , and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth . Still , the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive . In the Caribbean , the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos , plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence . Disease ( edit ) Further information : Influx of disease in the Caribbean , Virgin soil epidemic , and Cocoliztli epidemics European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine , the first effective treatment for malaria . Europeans suffered from this disease , but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it . In Africa , resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants , which can cause sickle - cell disease . Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres , the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans , such as smallpox , were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long - distance trade networks . Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people , or were brought by traders from Asia , so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants . While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases , their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity . By contrast , `` Old World '' diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers , as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases . Measles caused many deaths . The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans , surpassing any wars and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death . It is estimated that upwards of 80 -- 95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100 -- 150 years following 1492 . Many regions in the Americas lost 100 % . The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well - documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518 . At that point in time , approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola . Similarly , yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade . Because it was endemic in Africa , many people there had acquired immunity . Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African - descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas , where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century . The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave - based sugar plantation . The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural predators . Yet , the means of the transmission was unknown until 1881 , when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes , now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti . The history of syphilis has been well - studied , but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate . There are two primary hypotheses : one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s , while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized . These are referred to as the `` Columbian '' and `` pre-Columbian '' hypotheses . The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493 . The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 / 1495 in Naples , Italy , among the army of Charles VIII , during their invasion of Naples . Cultural exchanges ( edit ) One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges . For example , in the article `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 '' Pieter Remmer makes the point that `` from 1500 onward , a ' clash of cultures ' had begun in the Atlantic '' . This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures . For example , the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands , the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family , the role of women and children in the family system , and the `` superiority of free labor '' . An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America . When these early European colonizers first entered North America , they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved . For these Europeans , they were seeking economic opportunities , therefore , land and resources were important for the success of the mission . When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan . The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas . These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants . As the Europeans viewed fences as `` hallmarks of civilization '' they set about transforming `` the land into something more suitable for themselves '' . In implementing their practices , the Europeans enslaved , murdered , and exploited indigenous populations . Furthermore , in cases of enslaved peoples ( and in particular , enslaved Africans ) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property . Thus , the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people . In other subtle ways , which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions . An example of this can be found in the tobacco industry . Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange . As is discussed in regard to the trans - Atlantic slave trade , the tobacco trade increased demand for free labor and spread tobacco worldwide . In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco , the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes ( 1493 -- 1588 ) noted that `` The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies , have taken up the same manner and use of tobacco that the Indians have '' . As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous peoples , they took with them the cultural practices related to tobacco , and spread them to additional regions . Therefore , demand for tobacco grew in the course of the cultural exchanges and increased contacts among peoples . Organism examples ( edit ) See also : New World crops , Agriculture in Mesoamerica , and Muisca agriculture Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans Type of organism Old World to New World New World to Old World Domesticated animals cat ( domestic -- wild species already present ) cattle chicken donkey goat ( the goats of the Old World , genus Capra , are different from the mountain goat of the New World , genus Oreamnos ) guineafowl honey bee ( European honey bee -- other wild and domesticated species already present ) horse rabbit ( domestic ) pig sheep ( domestic ) water buffalo alpaca guinea pig llama Muscovy duck turkey Cultivated plants almond apple apricot asparagus banana ( including cooking banana ) barley basil beetroot Brassica oleracea - derived vegetables broccoli Brussels sprout cabbage cauliflower collard greens kale cantaloupe carrot celery chickpea citrus ( orange , lemon , etc . ) coffee common fig coriander ( also known as cilantro ) cucumber cumin eggplant Elaeis ( oil palm ) fennel flax garlic ginger hemp ( including cannabis ) leek lentil lettuce mango millet Momordica charantia ( bitter melon ) oat okra olive onion opium oregano pea peach pear pistachio pomegranate radish rice rye sesame sorghum soybean spinach sugarcane and sugar beet turmeric turnip watermelon wheat yam ( sometimes misnamed `` sweet potato '' ) Acca sellowiana ( feijoa , pineapple guava , Brazilian guava , guavasteen ) Annona reticulata ( custard apple ) agave allspice amaranth ( as grain ) annatto arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea avocado bell pepper Calathea allouia ( leren ) Canna indica ( achira ) cashew cassava ( manioc , tapioca , yuca ) chili pepper cherimoya cocoa bean cotton ( long - staple species ) cranberry ( large cranberry , or bearberry species ) cucurbita ( squash ) Eryngium foetidum ( culantro , Mexican coriander ) guava ( common ) Helianthus ( sunflower ) Jerusalem artichoke Pachyrhizus erosus ( jícama ) maize ( corn ) Manilkara zapota ( sapodilla ) Opuntia ficus - indica ( prickly pear ) papaya passionfruit peanut pecan Phaseolus vulgaris ( beans : pinto , lima , kidney , etc . ) pineapple pitaya ( dragon fruit ) potato pumpkin quinoa soursop stevia strawberry ( commercial varieties ) sugar - apple sweet potato tobacco tomato vanilla yerba mate yucca zucchini ( courgette ) Infectious diseases bubonic plague chickenpox cholera diphtheria influenza leprosy malaria measles pertussis scarlet fever smallpox typhoid fever typhus yaws yellow fever Chagas disease Nonvenereal endemic syphilis pinta syphilis ( disputed ) Later History ( edit ) Further information : Introduced species , Invasive species , and Lists of invasive species Plants that arrived by land , sea , or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes , and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes . Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance , including such weeds as tumbleweeds ( Salsola spp . ) and wild oats ( Avena fatua ) . Some plants introduced intentionally , such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion , have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment . Fungi have also been transported , such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease , killing American elms in North American forests and cities , where many had been planted as street trees . Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments . A beneficial , although probably unintentional , introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus , the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia . In addition to these , many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally . These include such animals as brown rats , earthworms ( apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World ) , and zebra mussels , which arrived on ships . Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds , often negatively impacting or displacing native species . In the New World , populations of feral European cats , pigs , horses and cattle are common , and Burmese pythons are considered problematic . In the Old World , Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany , the Caucasus and Japan . Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations . Canada geese are also common . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and agronomy portal Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal New Spain portal Alfred W. Crosby Domestication Great American Interchange Glossary of invasion biology terms Guns , Germs , and Steel Indian Givers : How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World List of food plants native to the Americas Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Transformation of culture 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Nathan ; Qian , Nancy ( 2010 ) . `` The Columbian Exchange : A History of Disease , Food , and Ideas '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 188 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 24.2. 163 . JSTOR 25703506 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred W . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 , Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1972 Jump up ^ de Vorsey , Louis ( 2001 ) . `` The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange '' . In McIlwraith , Thomas F ; Muller , Edward K. North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 27 . Thanks to ... Crosby 's work , the term ' Columbian exchange ' is now widely used ... Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( December 1965 ) . `` The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 88 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Potato '' , History Magazine Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred ( 2003 ) . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . p. 184 . Jump up ^ `` Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa '' Archived December 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Ohio State University Jump up ^ `` Maize Streak Virus - Resistant Transgenic Maize : an African solution to an African Problem '' , Scitizen , August 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` China 's Population : Readings and Maps '' , Columbia University , East Asian Curriculum Project Jump up ^ Riley , Gillian , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Tomato '' . The Oxford Companion to Italian Food . Oxford University Press . pp. 529 -- 530 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingham , Lizzie ( 2006 ) . `` Vindaloo : the Portuguese and the chilli pepper '' . Curry : A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988381 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : A History of the Tomato in Italy Pomodoro ! , David Gentilcore ( New York , NY : Columbia University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Francis , John , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Columbian Exchange -- Livestock '' . Iberia and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 303 -- 308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 421 - 9 . Jump up ^ This transfer reintroduced horses to the Americas , as the species had died out there prior to the development of the modern horse in Eurasia . ^ Jump up to : Palmié , Stephan ( 2011 ) . The Caribbean : A History of the Region and Its Peoples . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226645087 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox -- and other Deadly Eurasian Germs '' , Guns , Germs and Steel , PBS Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kent ME , Romanelli F ( February 2008 ) . `` Reexamining syphilis : an update on epidemiology , clinical manifestations , and management '' . Ann Pharmacother. 42 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 36 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1K086 . PMID 18212261 . ^ Jump up to : Farhi , D ; Dupin , N ( Sep -- Oct 2010 ) . `` Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient : facts and controversies '' . Clinics in dermatology. 28 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2010.03. 011 . PMID 20797514 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tara C. ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thanks Columbus ! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe '' . Quartz . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493 . Jump up ^ Franzen , C ( December 2008 ) . `` Syphilis in composers and musicians -- Mozart , Beethoven , Paganini , Schubert , Schumann , Smetana '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 27 ( 12 ) : 1151 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 008 - 0571 - x . PMID 18592279 . Jump up ^ A New Skeleton and an Old Debate About Syphilis ; The Atlantic ; Cari Romm ; February 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Case Closed ? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 . Feb. 2003 . p. 45 - 46 Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 . Feb. 2003 . p. 46 Jump up ^ Mann , Charles . 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . New York , New York : Vintage Books , 2011 . loc. 1094 and 1050 Jump up ^ Monardes , Nicholas . `` Of the Tabaco and of his Greate Vertues . '' Frampton , John trans , Wolf , Michael , ed . Taboacco.org . Accessed June 1 , 2017 http://archive.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html Jump up ^ Simberloff , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Introduced Species : The Threat to Biodiversity & What Can Be Done '' . American Institute of Biological Sciences : Bringing biology to informed decision making . Jump up ^ Fernández Pérez , Joaquin and Ignacio González Tascón ( eds . ) ( 1991 ) . La agricultura viajera . Barcelona , Spain : Lunwerg Editores , S.A. Jump up ^ Elusive Lager Yeast Found in Patagonia , Discovery News , August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hoddle , M.S. `` Quagga & Zebra Mussels '' . Center for Invasive Species Research , University of California , Riverside . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Columbian Exchange : Plants , Animals , and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby ( 2009 ) Worlds Together , Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman , Stephen Aron , Stephen Kotkin , et al . Foods that Changed the World by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine The Columbian Exchange video , study guide , analysis , and teaching guide Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-history Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Mythology / Religion Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas ‎ List of deities Native American religion Mesoamerican mythology Mesoamerican religion European colonization European colonization Population history Columbian Exchange Modern groups by country North America Canada Costa Rica Dominica El Salvador Greenland Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Indigenous American studies Indigenous languages Indigenous movements Indigenous art Artists Writers Category Portal Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Site Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Orwell Site Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. 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Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Dani Rodrik Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbian_Exchange&oldid=834508585 '' Categories : Age of Discovery Agricultural Revolution History of agriculture History of Europe History of globalization History of indigenous peoples of the Americas History of the Americas Horticulture and gardening Introduced species Invasive species Spanish colonization of the Americas Spain in the Age of Discovery History of the Atlantic Ocean Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of goods were traded on the columbian exchange	[ "The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. However, the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents.", "The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. However, the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents.", "The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. However, the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents.", "The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. However, the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents." ]	[ "plants", "animals", "human populations", "technology" ]
-7561953050028497273	European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases	European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases - Wikipedia European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Discipline Clinical microbiology and Infectious diseases Edited by Alex Van Belkum Publication details Former name ( s ) European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Publication history 1982 - present Publisher Springer Science + Business Media Frequency Monthly Open access Hybrid Impact factor ( 2013 ) 2.544 Standard abbreviations Bluebook ( alt1 alt2 ) ISO 4 ( alt ) NLM ( alt ) MathSciNet ( alt ) ISO 4 Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol . Infect . Dis . Indexing MIAR CODEN EJCDEU ISSN 0934 - 9723 ( print ) 1435 - 4373 ( web ) OCLC no . 17800606 Links Journal homepage Online access and archive The European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases is a monthly peer - reviewed medical journal covering clinical microbiology and infectious diseases . It was established in 1982 as the European Journal of Clinical Microbiology obtaining its current title in 1987 . The founding editor was Ilja Braveny . The editor - in - chief is Alex Van Belkum . It is published by Springer Science + Business Media . Contents 1 Abstracting and indexing 2 Further reading 3 References 4 External links Abstracting and indexing ( edit ) The journal is abstracted and indexed in : Academic OneFile Academic Search CAB Abstracts Chemical Abstracts Current Contents / Life Sciences Elsevier BIOBASE Embase Global Health Index Medicus / MEDLINE / PubMed International Bibliography of Periodical Literature Science Citation Index Expanded Scopus Tropical Diseases Bulletin According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 2.544 , ranking it 37th out of 72 journals in the category `` Infectious Diseases '' and 55th out of 119 journals in the category `` Microbiology '' . Further reading ( edit ) van Leeuwen , W ; van Belkum , A ( 2013 ) . `` European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Quality and quantity in 2013 '' . European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : Official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 32 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 2 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 012 - 1804 - 6 . PMID 23263838 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases '' . Ulrichsweb . ProQuest . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` CAS Source Index '' . Chemical Abstracts Service . American Chemical Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Master Journal List '' . Intellectual Property & Science . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology '' . NLM Catalog . National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Journals Ranked by Impact : Infectious Diseases '' . 2013 Journal Citation Reports . Web of Science ( Science ed . ) . Thomson Reuters. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journals Ranked by Impact : Microbiology '' . 2013 Journal Citation Reports . Web of Science ( Science ed . ) . Thomson Reuters. 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Journal_of_Clinical_Microbiology_%26_Infectious_Diseases&oldid=841597454 '' Categories : Microbiology journals Publications established in 1982 Springer Science + Business Media academic journals English - language journals Monthly journals Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with outdated impact factors from 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 20 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	european journal of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases abbreviation	[ "European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases \nDiscipline\nClinical microbiology and Infectious diseasesEdited by\nAlex Van BelkumPublication detailsFormer name(s)\nEuropean Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyPublication history\n1982-presentPublisher\nSpringer Science+Business Media Frequency\nMonthlyOpen access\nHybridImpact factor(2013)\n2.544Standard abbreviationsBluebook (alt1 · alt2) · ISO 4 (alt)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4\nEur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.IndexingMIARCODEN\nEJCDEUISSN\n0934-9723 (print)1435-4373 (web)OCLC no.\n17800606Links\nJournal homepage\nOnline access and archive\n" ]	[ "Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis." ]
-8640380466465695084	One-child policy	One - child policy - wikipedia One - child policy Jump to : navigation , search One - child policy A Chinese mother and son at a market in Jiayuguan , China Chinese 独生子女政策 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dúshēng zǐnǚ zhèngcè The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 . The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . According to the Chinese government , 400 million births were prevented . This claim has been called into question by Martin K. Whyte with claims that previous coercive family planning already accounted for much of the decline ; `` three - quarters of the decline in fertility since 1970 occurred before the launching of the one - child policy ; and most of the further decline in fertility since 1980 can be attributed to economic development . '' Countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , have had similar declines of fertility without a one - child policy . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China . On October 29 , 2015 , it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two - child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new law became effective on January 1 , 2016 , following its passage in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on December 27 , 2015 . China 's population since 1950 Population in China Year Million Change Change / year 1964 694.6 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1982 1008.2 313.6 + 17.42 2000 1265.8 257.6 + 14.31 1339.7 73.9 + 7.39 Source : Census of China Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Relaxation 3 Abolition 4 Administration 5 Effects 5.1 Fertility rates 5.2 Continuation of demographic transition 5.3 Disparity in sex ratio at birth 5.4 Education 5.5 Adoption 5.6 Twins 5.7 Quality of life for women 5.8 Healthcare improvements 5.9 `` Four - two - one '' problem 5.10 Unregistered children 5.11 Potential social problems 5.12 Birth tourism 6 Criticism 6.1 Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction 6.2 Unequal enforcement 6.3 Human rights violations 6.4 Effect on infanticide rates 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Birth rate in China During the period of Mao Zedong 's leadership in China , the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand . Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981 , and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976 . Until the 1960s , the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao 's belief that population growth empowered the country , preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China 's development . The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 . Beginning in 1970 , citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children . Although the fertility rate began to decline , the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club . While visiting Europe in 1979 , one of the top Chinese officials , Song Jian , read two influential books of the movement , The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival . With a group of mathematicians , Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million . A plan was prepared to reduce China 's population to the desired level by 2080 , with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering . In spite of some criticism inside the party , the plan ( also referred to as the Family Planning Policy ) was officially adopted in 1979 . The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources , as well as to alleviate social , economic , and environmental problems in China . The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18 , 1980 . History ( edit ) The one - child policy was originally designed to be a One - Generation Policy . It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied ; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions . The one - child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas . Beginning in 1980 , the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of `` practical difficulties '' ( such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman ) or when both parents are single children , and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well . In most areas , families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first - born is a daughter . Furthermore , families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability , mental illness , or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children . However , second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing ( usually 3 or 4 years ) . Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship . Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child . Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds . By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one - child policy 's existence . As of 2007 , only 35.9 % of the population were subjected to a strict one - child limit . 52.9 % were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter ; 9.6 % of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender ; and 1.6 % -- mainly Tibetans -- had no limit at all . The Danshan , Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005 . Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected , so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected . Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake . Similar exceptions had previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children . People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong , but at least for Guangdong residents , the one - child policy was also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad . In accordance with China 's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities , all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas , and three or four in rural areas . Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children . Because of couples such as these , as well as who simply pay a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of 2011 . Implementation ( edit ) The Family Planning Policy was enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the `` social child - raising fee '' , sometimes called a `` family planning fine '' in the West , which was collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants , in the year of the child 's birth . For instance , in Guangdong , the fee is between 3 and 6 annual incomes for incomes below the per capita income of the district , plus 1 to 2 times the annual income exceeding the average . Both members of the couple need to pay the fine . As part of the policy , women were required to have a contraceptive intrauterine device ( IUD ) surgically installed after having a first child , and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child . From 1980 to 2014 , 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 108 million were sterilized . Women who refused these procedures -- which many resented -- could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services . The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually , but only through surgery . In 2016 , following the abolition of the one - child policy , the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government . Relaxation ( edit ) In 2013 , Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that `` China 's population will not grow substantially in the short term '' . A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children , mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child . In November 2013 , following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , China announced the decision to relax the one - child policy . Under the new policy , families could have two children if one parent , rather than both parents , was an only child . This mainly applied to urban couples , since there were very few rural only children due to long - standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples . The coastal province of Zhejiang , one of China 's most affluent , became the first area to implement this `` relaxed policy '' in January 2014 . The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces , with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet . Under this policy , approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child ; however , only `` nearly one million '' couples applied to have a second child in 2014 , less than half the expected number of 2 million per year . By May 2014 , 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved . Officials of China 's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected , and that `` second - child policy '' would continue progressing with a good start . In 2016 , 433 births and 211 deaths were recorded in Wulipu , Hubei . The birth rate was 8.9 ‰ and death rate was 4.3 ‰ resulting in a natural population increase of 4.6 ‰ . In the results of a separate survey published by the Shayang County government , Wulipu 's population had increased from 48,044 to 48,132 during a survey period . 424 children were born during the survey period resulting in a birth rate of 8.82 ‰ . During the same period , 63 people died , resulting in death rate of 1.31 ‰ . Of the births in the survey , 406 ( 95.75 % ) were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . 312 ( 73.58 % ) of the births were the firstborn in the family . ( All of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . ) Among the firstborn children , 157 were female . 107 ( 25.24 % ) of the births were the second - born child in the family . 90 of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . Among the second - born children , 47 were female . Five ( 1.18 % ) of the births surveyed were neither the firstborn nor second - born child in the family . Four of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . Among the children born who were neither firstborn nor second - born , two were female . Abolition ( edit ) See also : Two - child policy § China In October 2015 , the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one - child policy , now allowing all families to have two children , citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party `` to improve the balanced development of population '' -- an apparent reference to the country 's female - to - male sex ratio -- and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The new law took effect on 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on 27 December 2015 . The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong : `` The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men , too many old people , and too few young people . They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one - child policy . And if people do n't start having more children , they 're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population . '' China 's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree ; the huge retiree community must be supported , and that will dampen future growth , according to Fong . Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children , the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue , as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that `` China will lose 67 million working - age people by 2030 , while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly . That could put immense pressure on the economy and government resources . '' The longer term outlook is also pessimistic , based on an estimate by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , revealed by Cai Fang , deputy director . `` By 2050 , one - third of the country will be aged 60 years or older , and there will be fewer workers supporting each retired person . '' Although many critics of China 's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy 's abolition , Amnesty International said that the move to the two - child policy would not end forced sterilizations , forced abortions , or government control over birth permits . Others also stated that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China . A reporter for CNN said , `` It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past . No , this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions ... The new policy , raising the limit to two children per couple , preserves the state 's role . '' The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit , as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated : `` Repealing the one - child policy may not spur a huge baby boom , however , in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy 's enforcement . Previous easings of the one - child policy have spurred fewer births than expected , and many people among China 's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal . '' The CNN reporter adds that China 's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate , saying , `` Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities , become more educated , and when women establish careers outside the home . '' Administration ( edit ) The one - child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981 . The Ministry of Health of the People 's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013 . The agency reports to the State Council . The policy was enforced at the provincial level through fines that were imposed based on the income of the family and other factors . `` Population and Family Planning Commissions '' existed at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . Effects ( edit ) Fertility rates ( edit ) China had small family by 1978 before start of one - child policy in 1979 According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one - child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one - child policy ; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one - child policy ; the one - child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates ; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates . According to the study , `` In general , very different views exist on how the one - child policy affected fertility : one group of studies argued that the one - child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China , while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China 's fertility decline . A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one - child policy accelerated the already - occurring drop in fertility for a few years , but in the longer term , economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China 's low fertility level . To put it more bluntly , China 's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development , even without the one - child policy , although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same . '' Continuation of demographic transition ( edit ) Further information : Demographics of China and Demographic transition The progression of China 's population pyramid , International Futures . The fertility rate in China continued its fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 ( already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s ) to 1.5 in 2010 . This is similar to demographic transition seen in Thailand , Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu which have undergone similar changes in fertility rates without a one - child policy . China 's one - child policy significantly accelerated the advent of an aging society , radically altered the structure of the population , and helped create an aging population . While the policy may have achieved the stated demographic goals of preventing an estimated 200 million or more births ( the official claim is 400 million ) , it produced many unintended and far - reaching consequences . These include a deficit of 40 million female babies , mostly as a direct consequence of illegal sex - selective abortions , and a population with an artificially large elderly demographic . Disparity in sex ratio at birth ( edit ) The sex ratio at birth in People 's Republic of China , males per 100 females , 1980 -- 2010 . Further information : Missing women of China The sex ratio of a newborn infant ( between male and female births ) in mainland China reached 117 : 100 , and stabilized between 2000 and 2013 , substantially higher than the natural baseline , which ranges between 103 : 100 and 107 : 100 . It had risen from 108 : 100 in 1981 -- at the boundary of the natural baseline -- to 111 : 100 in 1990 . According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission , there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020 , potentially leading to social instability , and courtship - motivated emigration . The disparity in the gender ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth , for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999 . Thus , a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy , whether it is a boy or a girl . If the first child is a girl , and they are able to have a second child , then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy . If a couple already has two or more boys , the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction . This demographic evidence indicates that while families highly value having male offspring , a secondary norm of having a girl or having some balance in the sexes of children often comes into play . Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found sex ratios of just 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families that already had two or more boys . A study by Anderson & Silver ( 1995 ) found a similar pattern among both Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province : a strong preference for girls in high parity births in families that had already borne two or more boys . This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was later also noted by Coale and Banister , who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males , it was also much more likely to engage in `` stopping behavior '' , i.e. , to stop having more children . The long - term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio . As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally , and this has led to social problems . `` Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls , the one - child policy is often cited as the cause of China 's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who wo n't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women , sex trafficking , other forms of crime or social unrest . '' The situation will not improve in the near future . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020 . Education ( edit ) According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , `` existing studies indicate either a modest or minimal effect of the fertility change induced by the one - child policy on children education '' . Adoption ( edit ) A roadside sign in rural Sichuan : `` It is forbidden to discriminate against , mistreat or abandon baby girls . '' The one - child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt , which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state - sponsored orphanages . However , in the 1980s and early 1990s , poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform . In the 1980s , adoptions accounted for half of the so - called `` missing girls '' . Through the 1980s , as the one - child policy came into force , parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities . Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption . A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls , and the proportion who were girls increased over time . In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30 , 2015 , Adam Pertman , president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency , indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries , particularly the United States , a trend which has been declining for some years . `` The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available , if you will , for five , seven years . China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that , today , rather than those young girls who used to be available -- primarily girls -- today , it 's older children , children with special needs , children in sibling groups . It 's very , very different . '' Twins ( edit ) Since there are no penalties for multiple births , it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins . According to a 2006 China Daily report , the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled . Quality of life for women ( edit ) The one - child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China . For thousands of years , girls have held a lower status in Chinese households . However , the one - child policy 's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well - being . As a result of being an only child , women have increased opportunity to receive an education , and support to get better jobs . One of the side effects of the one - child policy is to have liberated women from heavy duties in terms of taking care of many children and the family in the past ; instead women had a lot of spare time for themselves to pursue their career or hobbies . The other major `` side effect '' of the one child policy is that the traditional concepts of gender roles between men and women have weakened . Being one and the only `` chance '' the parents have , women are expected to compete with peer men for better educational resources or career opportunities . Especially in cities where one - child policy was much more regulated and enforced , expectations on women to succeed in life are no less than on men . Healthcare improvements ( edit ) It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy . At family planning offices , women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy 's success in two respects . First , the average Chinese household expends fewer resources , both in terms of time and money , on children , which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest . Second , since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age , there is an impetus to save money for the future . `` Four - two - one '' problem ( edit ) A government sign in Tangshan Township : `` For a prosperous , powerful nation and a happy family , please practice family planning . '' As the first generation of law - enforced only - children came of age for becoming parents themselves , one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents . Called the `` 4 - 2 - 1 Problem '' , this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support . If personal savings , pensions , or state welfare fail , most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance . If , for any reason , the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives , the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities . In response to such an issue , all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves : By 2007 , all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy ; Henan followed in 2011 . Unregistered children ( edit ) Further information : Heihaizi Heihaizi ( Chinese : 黑孩子 ; pinyin : hēiháizi ) or `` black child '' is a term denoting children born outside the one - child policy , or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system . Being excluded from the family register ( in effect , a birth certificate ) , they do not legally exist and as a result can not access most public services , such as education and health care , and do not receive protection under the law . Potential social problems ( edit ) See also : Shidu ( bereavement ) , a social phenomenon denoting the loss of an only child Some parents may over-indulge their only child . The media referred to the indulged children in one - child families as `` little emperors '' . Since the 1990s , some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation , as they have no siblings at home . No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged . With the first generation of children born under the policy ( which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s ) reaching adulthood , such worries were reduced . However , the `` little emperor syndrome '' and additional expressions , describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media , Chinese academia and popular discussions . Being over-indulged , lacking self - discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons . Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' . One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . '' The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children . According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme . It violates nature 's law . And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . '' Birth tourism ( edit ) Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas , a practice known as birth tourism . Many went to Hong Kong , which is exempt from the one - child policy . Likewise , a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages . Recently though , the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals . As a result , fees for delivering babies there have surged . As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered , mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America . As the United States practises birthright citizenship , all children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship . The closest US location from China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands , a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions . As of 2012 , the island was experiencing an upswing in Chinese births , since birth tourism there had become cheaper than to Hong Kong . This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well , wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US . Canada , compared to US , is less achievable as their government denies many visa requests . Criticism ( edit ) The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons , including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy , as well as concerns about negative social consequences . Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction ( edit ) The Chinese government , quoting Zhai Zhenwu , director of Renmin University 's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing , estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one - child policy as of 2011 , while some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level , according to CNN . Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one - child policy , but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before , stating that `` there are many different numbers out there but it does n't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births '' . This claim is disputed by Wang Feng , director of the Brookings - Tsinghua Center for Public Policy , and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that `` Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s '' , and `` Thailand does not have a one - child policy . '' China 's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy . According to a report by the US Embassy , scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market - based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective . In 1988 , Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility , arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period . Zeng contended that the `` big cooking pot '' system of the People 's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children . By the late 1980s , economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted . A long - term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province , in which the family planning law was suspended , suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished . A 2003 review of the policy - making process behind the adoption of the one - child policy shows that less intrusive options , including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births , were known but not fully considered by China 's political leaders . Unequal enforcement ( edit ) Corrupted government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines . Filmmaker Zhang Yimou had three children and was subsequently fined 7.48 million yuan ( $1.2 million ) . For example , between 2000 and 2005 , as many as 1,968 officials in central China 's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy , according to the provincial family planning commission ; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers , 24 political advisors , 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals . Some of the offending officials did not face penalties , although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to `` expose the celebrities and high - income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child '' . Also , people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment , although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child . Human Rights violations ( edit ) Further information : Human rights in China The one - child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one 's own proper family . According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights , `` Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children . '' According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one - child policy . According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages . The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort , usually by an injection of saline solution . A 1993 book by social scientist , Steven W. Mosher , reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy , or already in labour , were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth . According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent , John Taylor , China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforces the measure . In 2012 , Feng Jianmei , a villager from central China 's Shaanxi province was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child . Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired , while five others were sanctioned . In the past , China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies , but the government has backed away from such policies , as evidenced by China 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws . Recent research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China . Furthermore , in 2003 , China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license . The United Nations Population Fund 's ( UNFPA ) support for family planning in China , which has been associated with the One - Child policy in the United States , led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration , and again under George W. Bush 's presidency , citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to `` found a family '' was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009 , intending to `` work collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV / AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries '' . Effect on infanticide rates ( edit ) Sex - selected abortion , abandonment , and infanticide are illegal in China . Nevertheless , the United States Department of State , the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists . A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote , `` The ' one - child ' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called ' Missing Women ' , or the 100 million girls ' missing ' from the populations of China ( and other developing countries ) as a result of female infanticide , abandonment , and neglect '' . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex - selective abortion and abandonment of female infants : `` Multiple research studies have also found that sex - selective abortion -- where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby , and then aborts it if it 's a girl -- was widespread for years , particularly for second or subsequent children . Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s . China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005 , but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion . The abandonment , and killing , of baby girls has also been reported , though recent research studies say it has become rare , in part due to strict criminal prohibitions . '' Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California , Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s . In popular culture ( edit ) Ball , David ( 2002 ) . China Run . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 74322743 - 3 . A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one - child policy , only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given `` the wrong baby '' . The prevention of a state - imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy 's novel The Bear and the Dragon . The difficulties of implementing the one - child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan 's novel Frog ( 2009 ; English translation by Howard Goldblatt , 2015 ) . Avoiding the family - planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian 's novel The Dark Road ( translated by Flora Drew , 2013 ) . Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family 's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' ( translated by Helen Wang , 2015 ) . Xue , Xinran ( 2015 ) . Buy Me the Sky . Rider ( imprint ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 4471 - 7 . Tells the stories of the children brought up under China 's one - child policy and the effect that has had on their lives , families and ability to deal with life 's challenges . Fong , Mei ( 2016 ) . One Child : The Story of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544275393 . See also ( edit ) China portal Shidu ( bereavement ) , denoting the loss of an only child Two - child policy The Dying Rooms General : Abortion in China Demographics of China Human population planning List of countries and dependencies by population Human overpopulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whyte , Martin K. ; Wang , Feng ; Cai , Yong ( 2015 ) . `` Challenging Myths about China 's One - Child Policy '' ( PDF ) . The China Journal . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Amartya ( Jun 2012 ) . `` Population : Delusion and Reality '' ( PDF ) . Richard R Guzmán . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese Celebrate Their Roaring Economy , As They Struggle With Its Costs '' . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bergaglio , Maristella . `` Population Growth in China : The Basic Characteristics of China 's Demographic Transition '' ( PDF ) . Global geografia . IT . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators '' . Google Public Data Explorer . World Bank . 2009 - 07 - 01 . 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Retrieved 11 November 2008 . But heavy fines and exposures seemed to hardly stop the celebrities and rich people , as there are still many people , who can afford the heavy penalties , insist on having multiple kids , the Hunan commission spokesman said ... Three officials ... who were all found to have kept extramarital mistresses , were all convicted for charges such as embezzlement and taking bribes , but they were not punished for having more than one child . Jump up ^ `` China : Filmmaker Zhang Yimou fined $1 M for breach of one - child policy - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ chan , peggy ( 2005 ) . Cultures of the world China . New York : Marshall Cavendish International . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lynn P. ; Isaacs , Stephen L. ( Jan -- Feb 1993 ) . `` Human Rights and Reproductive Choice '' ( PDF ) . Studies in Family Planning . Population Council . 24 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2939211 . JSTOR 2939211 . PMID 8475521 . 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San Jose Mercury News . CA . Jump up ^ `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' , Paper republic . Further reading ( edit ) Better 10 Graves Than One Extra Birth : China 's Systemic Use of Coercion To Meet Population Quotas . Washington , DC : Laogai Research Foundation . 2004 . ISBN 1 - 931550 - 92 - 1 . Fong , Mei ( 2015 ) . One Child : The Past and Future of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544 - 27539 - X . Interview with Mei on her challenges writing the book . Hardee - Cleaveland , Karen ( 1988 ) . Family Planning in China : Recent Trends , Volume 3 . Center for International Research , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Goh , Esther C.L. ( 2011 ) . `` China 's One - Child Policy and Multiple Caregiving : raising little suns in Xiamen '' ( PDF ) . Journal of International and Global Studies . New York : Routledge . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2008 ) . Just One Child : Science and Policy in Deng 's China ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25339 - 1 . Johnson , Kay Ann ( 2016 ) . China 's Hidden Children : Abandonment , Adoption , and the Human Costs of the One - Child Policy . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226352510 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population policy in China . Family Planning in China `` Illegal births and legal abortions -- the case of China '' . Reprod Health . 2 : 5 . 2005 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4755 - 2 - 5 . PMC 1215519 . PMID 16095526 . 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An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-child_policy&oldid=837268375 '' Categories : One - child policy Birth control in China Human overpopulation Population ecology Political controversies in China 1978 introductions 1980 introductions 2015 disestablishments in China Cold War history of China Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing more detailed references Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Vague or ambiguous time from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the one child policy introduced in china	[ "Although the fertility rate began to decline, the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club. While visiting Europe in 1979, one of the top Chinese officials, Song Jian, read two influential books of the movement, The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival. With a group of mathematicians, Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million. A plan was prepared to reduce China's population to the desired level by 2080, with the one-child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering.[9] In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan (also referred to as the Family Planning Policy[10]) was officially adopted in 1979.[11][12][13] The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then-surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources,[14] as well as to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China.[15] The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18, 1980.[16]" ]	[ "September 18, 1980" ]
-2856298912574579428	List of most followed users on Instagram	List of most followed users on Instagram - wikipedia List of most followed users on Instagram Jump to : navigation , search This list of most followed users on Instagram contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of October 2017 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with more than 226 million followers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top users 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top users All - time The most followed accounts on Instagram . Rank Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 226 Social media platform United States 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 128 Musician and actress 3 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 114 4 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 112 Footballer Portugal 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 107 Musician United States 6 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 104 Musician and Actress 7 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 103 Reality TV personality 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 98.4 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 94.2 Actor , professional wrestler 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 92 Musician Canada 11 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 83.8 Model United States 12 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 83.5 Musician Trinidad and Tobago 13 . @ neymarjr Neymar 82.2 Footballer Brazil 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 81.7 Magazine United States 15 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 81 Footballer Argentina 16 . @ nike Nike 74.6 Sportswear Multinational corporation United States 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 72.1 Musician and actress 18 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 69.3 Reality TV personality 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 69.2 Musician and actress 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 67.6 Musician 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 61.2 Musician and actress 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 58.8 Reality TV personality 23 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 57.1 Lingerie Retailer 24 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 57.1 Musician Barbados 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 54.7 Comedian United States 26 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 53 Football club Spain 27 . @ fcbarcelona FC Barcelona 52.4 28 . @ theellenshow The Ellen Show 48.1 Comedian United States 29 . @ justintimberlake Justin Timberlake 46.2 Musician and actor 30 . @ zendaya Zendaya 44.7 Actress 31 . @ vindiesel Vin Diesel 44.1 Actor 32 . @ shakira Shakira 42.7 Musician Colombia 33 . @ 9gag 9GAG 42 Social media platform Hong Kong 34 . @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 40.6 Model and actress United Kingdom 35 . @ davidbeckham David Beckham 40.3 Footballer 36 . @ chrisbrownofficial Chris Brown 40.2 Musician United States 37 . @ emmawatson Emma Watson 40 Actress United Kingdom 38 . @ champagnepapi Drake 37.9 Musician Canada 39 . @ gigihadid Gigi Hadid 35.9 Model United States 40 . @ jamesrodriguez10 James Rodríguez 33.2 Footballer Colombia 41 . @ kingjames LeBron James 32.9 Basketballer United States 42 . @ garethbale11 Gareth Bale 31.4 Footballer United Kingdom 43 . @ zacefron Zac Efron 30.6 Actor United States 44 . @ adele Adele 30.2 Musician United Kingdom 45 . @ nikefootball Nike 30.2 Sportswear Multinational corporation United States 46 . @ maluma Maluma 28.7 Musician Colombia 47 . @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 28 Footballer Sweden 48 . @ nasa NASA 27.7 Government space agency United States 49 . @ vanessahudgens Vanessa Hudgens 27 Actress and musician 50 . @ ronaldinho Ronaldinho 26.6 Footballer Brazil As of October 4 , 2017 By country Rank Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 226 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 112 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 92 Musician 4 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 83.5 5 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 82.2 Footballer 6 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 81 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 57.1 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 53 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 42.7 Musician 10 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 42 Social media platform 11 . United Kingdom @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 40.6 Model 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 28 Footballer 13 . Uruguay @ luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 24.7 14 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 24.2 Clothing Retailer 15 . Germany @ adidasfootball Adidas 22.7 Sportswear Multinational corporation 16 . Indonesia @ ayutingting92 Ayu Ting Ting 22 Musician 17 . Ireland @ thenotoriousmma Conor McGregor 20.4 Mixed Martial Artist 18 . India @ deepikapadukone Deepika Padukone 19.8 Actress 19 . Italy @ gucci Gucci 17.8 Fashion line As of October 4 , 2017 See also List of most liked Instagram pictures List of most followed users on Twitter List of most subscribed users on YouTube List of most viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify References Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ selenagomez '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ arianagrande '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ cristiano '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ beyonce '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ taylorswift '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kimkardashian '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kyliejenner '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ therock '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ justinbieber '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kendalljenner '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ nickiminaj '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ neymarjr '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ natgeo '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ leomessi '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nike '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ mileycyrus '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ khloekardashian '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jlo '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ katyperry '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ddlovato '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kourtneykardash '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ victoriassecret '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ badgalriri '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kevinhart4real '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ realmadrid '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ fcbarcelona '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ theellenshow '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ justintimberlake '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ zendaya '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ vindiesel '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ shakira '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ 9gag '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ caradelevigne '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ davidbeckham '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ chrisbrownofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ emmawatson '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ champagnepapi '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ gigihadid '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jamesrodriguez10 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kingjames '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ garethbale11 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ zacefron '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ adele '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nikefootball '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ maluma '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ iamzlatanibrahimovic '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nasa '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ vanessahudgens '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ronaldinho '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ luissuarez9 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ adidasfootball '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ayutingting92 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ thenotoriousmma '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ deepikapadukone '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ gucci '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Graph Search EdgeRank Platform Payments Facebook like button Facebookcorewwwi. onion Facebook Live Facebook Zero Facebook Stories Other products Current Instagram followed users liked pictures Messenger M ( virtual assistant ) MSQRD Oculus Rift WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift FQL Hack HipHop for PHP Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Open Compute Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_followed_users_on_Instagram&oldid=804604204 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the highest number of followers on instagram	[ "\n\nRank\nAccount name\nOwner\nFollowers (millions)\nProfession\nCountry\n\n\n1.\n@instagram[2]\nInstagram\n226\nSocial media platform\n United States\n\n\n2.\n@selenagomez[3]\nSelena Gomez\n128\nMusician and actress\n\n\n3.\n@arianagrande[4]\nAriana Grande\n114\n\n\n4.\n@cristiano[5]\nCristiano Ronaldo\n112\nFootballer\n Portugal\n\n\n5.\n@beyonce[6]\nBeyoncé\n107\nMusician\n United States\n\n\n6.\n@taylorswift[7]\nTaylor Swift\n104\nMusician and Actress\n\n\n7.\n@kimkardashian[8]\nKim Kardashian\n103\nReality TV personality\n\n\n8.\n@kyliejenner[9]\nKylie Jenner\n98.4\n\n\n9.\n@therock[10]\nDwayne Johnson\n94.2\nActor, professional wrestler\n\n\n10.\n@justinbieber[11]\nJustin Bieber\n92\nMusician\n Canada\n\n\n11.\n@kendalljenner[12]\nKendall Jenner\n83.8\nModel\n United States\n\n\n12.\n@nickiminaj[13]\nNicki Minaj\n83.5\nMusician\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\n\n13.\n@neymarjr[14]\nNeymar\n82.2\nFootballer\n Brazil\n\n\n14.\n@natgeo[15]\nNational Geographic\n81.7\nMagazine\n United States\n\n\n15.\n@leomessi[16]\nLionel Messi\n81\nFootballer\n Argentina\n\n\n16.\n@nike[17]\nNike\n74.6\nSportswear Multinational corporation\n United States\n\n\n17.\n@mileycyrus[18]\nMiley Cyrus\n72.1\nMusician and actress\n\n\n18.\n@khloekardashian[19]\nKhloé Kardashian\n69.3\nReality TV personality\n\n\n19.\n@jlo[20]\nJennifer Lopez\n69.2\nMusician and actress\n\n\n20.\n@katyperry[21]\nKaty Perry\n67.6\nMusician\n\n\n21.\n@ddlovato[22]\nDemi Lovato\n61.2\nMusician and actress\n\n\n22.\n@kourtneykardash[23]\nKourtney Kardashian\n58.8\nReality TV personality\n\n\n23.\n@victoriassecret[24]\nVictoria's Secret\n57.1\nLingerie Retailer\n\n\n24.\n@badgalriri[25]\nRihanna\n57.1\nMusician\n Barbados\n\n\n25.\n@kevinhart4real[26]\nKevin Hart\n54.7\nComedian\n United States\n\n\n26.\n@realmadrid[27]\nReal Madrid C.F.\n53\nFootball club\n Spain\n\n\n27.\n@fcbarcelona[28]\nFC Barcelona\n52.4\n\n\n28.\n@theellenshow[29]\nThe Ellen Show\n48.1\nComedian\n United States\n\n\n29.\n@justintimberlake[30]\nJustin Timberlake\n46.2\nMusician and actor\n\n\n30.\n@zendaya[31]\nZendaya\n44.7\nActress\n\n\n31.\n@vindiesel[32]\nVin Diesel\n44.1\nActor\n\n\n32.\n@shakira[33]\nShakira\n42.7\nMusician\n Colombia\n\n\n33.\n@9gag[34]\n9GAG\n42\nSocial media platform\n Hong Kong\n\n\n34.\n@caradelevingne[35]\nCara Delevingne\n40.6\nModel and actress\n United Kingdom\n\n\n35.\n@davidbeckham[36]\nDavid Beckham\n40.3\nFootballer\n\n\n36.\n@chrisbrownofficial[37]\nChris Brown\n40.2\nMusician\n United States\n\n\n37.\n@emmawatson[38]\nEmma Watson\n40\nActress\n United Kingdom\n\n\n38.\n@champagnepapi[39]\nDrake\n37.9\nMusician\n Canada\n\n\n39.\n@gigihadid[40]\nGigi Hadid\n35.9\nModel\n United States\n\n\n40.\n@jamesrodriguez10[41]\nJames Rodríguez\n33.2\nFootballer\n Colombia\n\n\n41.\n@kingjames[42]\nLeBron James\n32.9\nBasketballer\n United States\n\n\n42.\n@garethbale11[43]\nGareth Bale\n31.4\nFootballer\n United Kingdom\n\n\n43.\n@zacefron[44]\nZac Efron\n30.6\nActor\n United States\n\n\n44.\n@adele[45]\nAdele\n30.2\nMusician\n United Kingdom\n\n\n45.\n@nikefootball[46]\nNike\n30.2\nSportswear Multinational corporation\n United States\n\n\n46.\n@maluma[47]\nMaluma\n28.7\nMusician\n Colombia\n\n\n47.\n@iamzlatanibrahimovic[48]\nZlatan Ibrahimović\n28\nFootballer\n Sweden\n\n\n48.\n@nasa[49]\nNASA\n27.7\nGovernment space agency\n United States\n\n\n49.\n@vanessahudgens[50]\nVanessa Hudgens\n27\nActress and musician\n\n\n50.\n@ronaldinho[51]\nRonaldinho\n26.6\nFootballer\n Brazil\n\n\n\nAs of October 4, 2017\n" ]	[ "Selena Gomez" ]
-370734373071863957	Pretty Little Liars (season 7)	Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Detective Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Dr. Elliott Rollins / Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Detective Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Lieutenant Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=802195051 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the new episode of pll coming out	[ "The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017.[2][3][4] The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform.[5] Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King.[6] The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino.[7] King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016.[8] On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.[9]" ]	[ "April 2017" ]
-938245881774982349	Filling station attendant	Filling station attendant - wikipedia Filling station attendant Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A filling station attendant , gas station attendant ( Africa and Canada ) , gas jockey ( US ) , or petrol butler ( Great Britain ) is a worker at a full - service filling station who performs services other than accepting payment . Tasks usually include pumping fuel , cleaning windshields , and checking vehicle oil levels . Prior to the introduction of self - starting vehicle engines , attendants would also start vehicle engines by manually turning the crankshaft with a hand crank . In the United States , gas jockeys were often tipped for their services , but this is now rare as full - service stations are uncommon except in the states New Jersey and Oregon ( counties with more than 40,000 residents ) , and the town of Huntington , New York , where retail customers are prohibited by law from pumping their own gasoline ( self - serve gas stations are banned ) . Filling station attendants are still employed at gas stations in many countries . South African stations , for example , generally offer only full - service . Stations in Indonesia often employ women as filling station attendants , many of whom wear uniforms designed to include the traditional hijab . In Egypt , attendants are employed at every station and tipping them is customary , cleaning windshields and checking tire pressure are their main tasks besides filling up . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Decline 1.2 Current status 1.2. 1 Brazil 2 See also 3 References History ( edit ) Further information : Filling station § History of filling stations Early filling stations were usually located at general stores , where gasoline would be put in buckets and funneled into vehicles . Most early stations were little more than a manually powered roadside pump operated by an attendant . Decline ( edit ) In the 1970s , two periods of gasoline shortages ( 1973 and 1979 ) caused higher fuel prices which in turn resulted in permanent closure of many full - service gas stations as consumers looked for pricing relief . Current status ( edit ) In most western countries today , full - service stations and their attendants are not common and are usually considered somewhat nostalgic . However , all stations in New Jersey offer only full service and `` mini service '' . In these states , attendants are required to pump gasoline because customers are barred by statutes from doing it themselves . New Jersey banned self - service gasoline in 1949 after lobbying by service station owners and Oregon did the same in 1951 . Proponents of the ban cite safety and jobs as reasons to keep the ban . However , In Oregon a law passed by the Legislature in May 2017 and signed into law by Gov. Kate Brown in June will allow Oregon counties with 40,000 residents or less to deviate and allow for customers to pump their own fuel between the hours of 6pm to 6am . Essentially after normal hours of operation . The new law went to effect January 1 , 2018 . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , self - service fuel filling is illegal , due to a federal law enacted in 2000 . The bill was proposed by Federal Deputy Aldo Rebelo , who claims it saved 300,000 fuel attendant jobs across the country . See also ( edit ) Fuel dispenser References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Gasoline '' . chevroncars.com . Jump up ^ Dave Brown ( 2006 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Old - style gas jockey still pumpin ' strong '' . The Ottawa Citizen . Jump up ^ `` Federal Law 9.956 / 2000 '' . Jump up ^ Aldo Rebelo ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Ministro Aldo Rebelo comenta artigo sobre baixo crescimento '' . Folha de S. Paulo . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filling_station_attendant&oldid=819043288 '' Categories : Filling stations Industrial occupations Occupations Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2013 North America - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did oregon ban self service gas stations	[ "In most western countries today, full-service stations and their attendants are not common and are usually considered somewhat nostalgic.[2] However, all stations in New Jersey offer only full service and \"mini service\". In these states, attendants are required to pump gasoline because customers are barred by statutes from doing it themselves. New Jersey banned self-service gasoline in 1949 after lobbying by service station owners and Oregon did the same in 1951. Proponents of the ban cite safety and jobs as reasons to keep the ban." ]	[ "1951" ]
4901552582547195618	2018 Commonwealth Games	2018 Commonwealth Games - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search This article documents a current event . Information may change rapidly as the event progresses , and initial news reports may be unreliable . The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) XXI Commonwealth Games Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games Host city Gold Coast , Queensland Country Australia Motto Share the Dream Nations participating 71 Commonwealth Teams Events 275 in 19 sports Opening ceremony 4 April Closing ceremony 15 April Officially opened by Charles , Prince of Wales Athlete 's Oath Karen Murphy Queen 's Baton Final Runner Sally Pearson Main venue Carrara Stadium Website GC2018.com < XX XXII > Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating nations Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot Festival 2018 CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018 , is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is currently being held in the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . The winning bid was announced in Basseterre , Saint Kitts , on 11 November 2011 . It is the fifth time Australia has hosted the Commonwealth Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Administration 3 Preparation 3.1 Venues 3.2 Athletes village 3.3 Transport 4 Participating teams 4.1 Number of athletes by team 5 Calendar 6 Sports 7 Opening ceremony 7.1 Parade of Nations 8 Medal table 9 Marketing 9.1 Motto 9.2 Emblem 9.3 Mascot 9.4 Medals 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Host selection Main article : Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games Countdown clock at Surfers Paradise On 22 August 2008 , the Premier of Queensland , Anna Bligh , officially launched Gold Coast City 's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018 . On 7 April 2009 , the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium . According to Mayor Ron Clarke , the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre . In the same article , Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government 's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government 's support for Australia 's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid . On 16 April 2009 , Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup . `` Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we 're successful as a nation , '' she said . However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen . On 3 June 2009 , Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia 's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . `` Should a bid proceed , Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018 , '' Bligh stated . `` Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , '' she said . `` Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair , Geoff Dixon , that study is now well advanced . '' On 15 March 2010 , it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A $11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid . The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government 's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association . On 31 March 2010 , the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games . In October 2011 , Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended . On 31 March 2010 , a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota . Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami , and is undergoing a major face lift . The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China . The Mattala International Airport , which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota . A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built , which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup . On 10 November 2011 , the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights . However , on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games . 2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Country Votes Gold Coast City Australia 43 Hambantota Sri Lanka 27 Administration In February 2012 , Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games is Kate Jones . Preparation Venues Main article : Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games Concept image for Carrara Stadium and Carrara Sport and Leisure Centre One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City 's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline . The vast majority of venues are located within 20 - minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood and are broadly grouped into three areas ; Central Gold Coast City , North Gold Coast City and South Gold Coast City . The only sports being held outside of Gold Coast City are track cycling and the preliminary rounds of Basketball which is being held in Brisbane and Cairns or Townsville respectively , along with the shooting which is being held in neighbouring Belmont . Athletes Village 2018 Commonwealth Games Village The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village provides accommodation and services to 6600 athletes and officials in a purpose built 1252 permanent dwellings : 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses at Southport , Gold Coast . Transport The Gold Coast light rail system , connects directly a number of the key games venues including the Gold Coast City Aquatic Centre , Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands . An extension to the system was announced in October 2015 , connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale . The extension opened in December 2017 , in time for the games . Participating teams There are 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games . Maldives were scheduled to participate , but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth . The Gambia returns to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018 . Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast ( hide ) Participating Commonwealth Games Associations : country name ( number of participants ) Anguilla ( 12 ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 18 ) Australia ( 474 ) ( host ) Bahamas ( 31 ) Bangladesh ( 26 ) Barbados ( 45 ) Belize ( 12 ) Bermuda ( 8 ) Botswana ( 27 ) British Virgin Islands ( 10 ) Brunei ( 8 ) Cameroon ( 41 ) Canada ( 282 ) Cayman Islands ( 22 ) Cook Islands ( 18 ) Cyprus ( 47 ) Dominica ( 13 ) England ( 396 ) Falkland Islands ( 15 ) Fiji ( 97 ) The Gambia ( 6 ) Ghana ( 71 ) Gibraltar ( 22 ) Grenada ( 15 ) Guernsey ( 31 ) Guyana ( 23 ) India ( 218 ) Isle of Man ( 32 ) Jamaica ( 115 ) Jersey ( 33 ) Kenya ( 138 ) Kiribati ( 16 ) Lesotho ( 20 ) Malawi ( 20 ) Malaysia ( 178 ) Malta ( 25 ) Mauritius ( 54 ) Montserrat ( 7 ) Mozambique ( 28 ) Namibia ( 28 ) Nauru ( 16 ) New Zealand ( 253 ) Nigeria ( 90 ) Niue ( 19 ) Norfolk Island ( 18 ) Northern Ireland ( 90 ) Pakistan ( 56 ) Papua New Guinea ( 56 ) Rwanda ( 17 ) Saint Helena ( 9 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 10 ) Saint Lucia ( 13 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 20 ) Samoa ( 38 ) Scotland ( 224 ) Seychelles ( 25 ) Sierra Leone ( 25 ) Singapore ( 60 ) Solomon Islands ( 14 ) South Africa ( 196 ) Sri Lanka ( 80 ) Swaziland ( 10 ) Tanzania ( 19 ) Tonga ( 13 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 51 ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( 9 ) Tuvalu ( 7 ) Uganda ( 70 ) Vanuatu ( 18 ) Wales ( 214 ) Zambia ( 38 ) Number of athletes by team ( show ) CGF Code Country Athletes AUS Australia 474 ENG England 396 CAN Canada 282 NZL New Zealand 253 SCO Scotland 224 IND India 218 WAL Wales 214 RSA South Africa 196 MAS Malaysia 178 KEN Kenya 138 JAM Jamaica 115 FIJ Fiji 97 NGR Nigeria 90 NIR Northern Ireland SRI Sri Lanka 80 GHA Ghana 71 UGA Uganda 70 SIN Singapore 60 PAK Pakistan 56 PNG Papua New Guinea MRI Mauritius 54 TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51 CYP Cyprus 47 BAR Barbados 45 CMR Cameroon 41 SAM Samoa 38 ZAM Zambia JEY Jersey 33 IOM Isle of Man 32 BAH Bahamas 31 GUE Guernsey MOZ Mozambique 28 NAM Namibia BOT Botswana 27 BAN Bangladesh 26 MLT Malta 25 SEY Seychelles SLE Sierra Leone GUY Guyana 23 CAY Cayman Islands 22 GIB Gibraltar LES Lesotho 20 MAW Malawi SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NIU Niue 19 TAN Tanzania ANT Antigua and Barbuda 18 COK Cook Islands NFI Norfolk Island VAN Vanuatu RWA Rwanda 17 KIR Kiribati 16 NRU Nauru FAI Falkland Islands 15 GRN Grenada SOL Solomon Islands 14 DMA Dominica 13 LCA Saint Lucia TGA Tonga AIA Anguilla 12 BIZ Belize IVB British Virgin Islands 10 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis SWZ Swaziland SHN Saint Helena 9 TCA Turks and Caicos Islands BER Bermuda 8 BRU Brunei MNT Montserrat 7 TUV Tuvalu GAM The Gambia 6 Calendar OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony April Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri 7 Sat 8 Sun 9 Mon 10 Tue 11 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sat 15 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 58 Badminton 5 6 Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing 16 16 Cycling Mountain biking Road cycling Track cycling 6 6 20 Diving 10 Gymnastics Artistic 5 5 14 Rhythmic 6 Hockey Lawn bowls 10 Netball Powerlifting Rugby sevens Shooting 19 Squash 5 Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50 Table tennis 9 Triathlon 5 Weightlifting 16 Wrestling 12 Daily medal events 19 17 22 31 33 26 15 24 27 44 17 275 Cumulative total 19 36 58 89 122 148 163 187 214 258 275 April 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun 9th Mon 10th Tue 11th Wed 12th Thu 13th Fri 14th Sat 15th Sun Total events Sports The current regulations state that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies , a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule . The current approved sports include the 10 core sports : athletics , badminton , boxing , hockey , lawn bowls , netball ( for women ) , rugby sevens , squash , swimming and weightlifting . Integrated disabled competitions are also scheduled for the Games in nine sports : swimming , athletics , cycling , table tennis , powerlifting and lawn bowls . Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon are being held , with the medals being added to the final tally for each nation . A record 38 para events are being contested at these games . On 8 March 2016 , beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport . The program is broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games , with the major changes being the dropping of judo , the reintroduction of basketball , the debut of women 's rugby sevens and beach volleyball . On 7 October 2016 , it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program , meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women . This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events . In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Aquatics Diving ( 10 ) ( details ) Swimming ( 50 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 58 ) ( details ) Badminton ( 6 ) ( details ) Basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 16 ) ( details ) Cycling ( details ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 20 ) Gymnastics ( details ) Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 6 ) Hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Lawn bowls ( 10 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) ( details ) Shooting ( 19 ) ( details ) Squash ( 5 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 14 ) ( details ) Triathlon ( 5 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 16 ) ( details ) Powerlifting ( 4 ) ( details ) Wrestling ( 12 ) ( details ) Opening ceremony Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast , Australia , between 20 : 00 and 22 : 40 AEST , on 4 April 2018 . Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children . The Head of the Commonwealth , Queen Elizabeth II , was represented by her son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Parade of nations Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations Following tradition , the host of the previous games , Scotland entered first , followed by the rest of the European countries competing . Following this , all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions . After the European countries entered , countries from Africa , the Americas , Asia , the Caribbean , and lastly Oceania marched in . The host nation of Australia entered last . Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country 's name . Medal table Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here . For the full table , click the link above . The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 41 34 34 109 England ( ENG ) 23 27 20 70 India ( IND ) 11 6 21 New Zealand ( NZL ) 9 10 7 26 5 South Africa ( RSA ) 8 5 5 18 6 Canada ( CAN ) 7 17 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 7 7 18 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 6 9 12 27 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 0 8 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 0 6 Total ( 32 CGAs ) 130 131 123 384 Marketing Borobi Motto The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games is `` Share the Dream '' . It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games , ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations . Emblem The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games is a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast , the host city of the games . Mascot Main article : Borobi ( mascot ) Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016 . Borobi is a blue koala , with indigenous markings on its body . The term `` borobi '' means koala in the Yugambeh language , spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas . Medals At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017 , the medals for the games were officially unveiled . Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo - Collins designed the medals , while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint . The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture . Furthermore Cockatoo - Collins mentioned , `` the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave , also symbolic of athletic achievement , The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark , Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated '' . Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter . The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams . See also Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay 2018 Asian Games 2018 European Championships 2019 Pan American Games 2019 European Games 2019 Pacific Games References Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast eyes 2018 Games bid with land swap '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bligh pushes bids for Games , World Cup '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast gets sole right to bid for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Brisbane Times . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Games bid up and running '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Commonwealth Games bid backed '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Degun , Tom ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Legacy benefits to Gold Coast of 2018 Commonwealth Games will be huge , says city 's Mayor '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Sri Lanka boasting of Games bid win '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate City Manual '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . December 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Coast wins 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , , Shannon . `` Mark Peters named as Games CEO '' . Gold Coast News , 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Palaszczuk , Annastacia ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Kate Jones appointed Minister for the Commonwealth Games '' ( Press release ) . Brisbane : Queensland Government . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting venues '' . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games Village '' . Embracing 2018 . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.getsetforthegames.com/athletes-village Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/its-not-a-big-sex-fest-aussie-boxer-kaye-scott-hits-back-at-athletes-village-party-claims/news-story/494cf439b416a47eb67967f08c99e23a Jump up ^ https://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/major-projects/commonwealth-games-village.html Jump up ^ https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/confidential/commonwealth-games-athletes-village-comes-to-life-on-instagram-as-competitors-make-themselves-at-home/news-story/695ee11f45e28231851d593e5cd6f0c1 Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5574213/A-look-inside-Commonwealth-Games-athletes-village-fully-stocked-225-000-condoms.html Jump up ^ `` Stage two of Gold Coast light rail on track for Commonwealth Games '' . Queensland Government . 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Maldives set to miss Gold Coast 2018 after resigning from Commonwealth '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gambia to compete at Gold Coast 2018 after readmitted as CGF member '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme '' . www.paralympic.org/ . International Paralympic Committee . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's rugby added to Commonwealth Games '' . www.sportsnet.ca/ . Rogers Media . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh , Scotland . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McKay , Duncan ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Gold Coast event starts with colourful opening ceremony '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Thomas ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Team Scotland release Gold Coast 2018 parade tartan '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Emblem '' . Jump up ^ Larkins , Damien ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Blue koala Borobi revealed as mascot for 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Crockford , Toby ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games medals revealed '' . Brisbane Times . Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal medal designs for Commonwealth Games at charity gala '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . External links Gold Coast 2018 official website Embracing 2018 official website Preceded by Glasgow Commonwealth Games Gold Coast XXI Commonwealth Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Birmingham Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth of Nations Head of the Commonwealth Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australia state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Queensland portal Australia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=835647903 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games 2018 Commonwealth Games 2018 in multi-sport events Sports competitions on the Gold Coast , Queensland Commonwealth Games in Australia 2018 in Australian sport April 2018 sports events in Oceania Current sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Current events from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 吴语中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the commonwealth games being held 2018	[ "The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018, is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is currently being held in the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, between 4 and 15 April 2018. The winning bid was announced in Basseterre, Saint Kitts, on 11 November 2011. It is the fifth time Australia has hosted the Commonwealth Games." ]	[ "Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia" ]
3745417575013632600	The Way I Live	The Way I Live - Wikipedia The Way I Live `` The Way I Live '' Single by Baby Boy da Prince featuring Lil Boosie from the album Across the Water Released September 20 , 2006 Recorded 2006 Genre Hip hop , Southern hip hop Length 5 : 27 Label Republic Records Songwriter ( s ) Baby Boy da Prince , Lil Boosie , Juan Xavier Matthews Producer ( s ) D - Weezy Baby Boy da Prince singles chronology `` The Way I Live '' ( 2006 ) `` Naw Meen '' ( 2007 ) `` The Way I Live '' ( 2007 ) `` Naw Meen '' ( 2007 ) Lil Boosie singles chronology `` Wipe Me Down '' ( 2007 ) Wipe Me Down 2007 `` The Way I Live '' ( 2007 ) The Way I Live2007 `` Independent '' ( 2007 ) Independent 2007 `` The Way I Live '' is a 2006 single from New Orleans , Louisiana rapper Baby Boy Da Prince , from his debut album Across the Water . It features Lil Boosie and was produced by D - Weezy . It peaked number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming a big commercial success . There are two versions , one featuring only Lil Boosie and one featuring only P. Town Moe . There was also a remix released entitled `` The Way We Live '' containing lyrics about the New Orleans Saints , making references towards various players . It received moderate airplay in the New Orleans and Mississippi regions . In addition , Alex Rodriguez uses the song as his entrance music . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 - 07 ) Peak position Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Boy Da Prince Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Boy Da Prince Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Baby Boy Da Prince -- The Way I Live '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Boosie Badazz Studio albums Youngest of da Camp For My Thugz Bad Azz Superbad : The Return of Boosie Bad Azz Incarcerated Touch Down 2 Cause Hell In My Feelings . ( Goin ' Thru It ) Out My Feelings . ( In My Past ) Thug Talk Collaboration albums Ghetto Stories Gangsta Musik Trill Entertainment Presents : Survival of the Fittest Trill Entertainment Presents : All or Nothing Singles `` Zoom '' `` Better Believe It '' Collaborative singles `` Wipe Me Down '' `` Show Da World '' Featured singles `` The Way I Live '' `` Independent '' `` Out Here Grindin '' Related articles Discography Trill Entertainment Bad Azz Entertainment This 2000s hip hop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Way_I_Live&oldid=788474259 '' Categories : 2006 singles Baby Boy da Prince songs Lil Boosie songs Republic Records singles Debut singles 2006 songs 2000s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 16 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings this is the way i live	[ "\"The Way I Live\" is a 2006 single from New Orleans, Louisiana rapper Baby Boy Da Prince, from his debut album Across the Water. It features Lil Boosie and was produced by D-Weezy. It peaked number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a big commercial success. There are two versions, one featuring only Lil Boosie and one featuring only P. Town Moe.\n" ]	[ "Baby Boy Da Prince" ]
8714709011630200180	History of the potato	History of the potato - wikipedia History of the potato Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) Potato ceramic from the Moche culture ( Larco Museum Collection ) . The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern - day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia between 8000 and 5000 BC . It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History by region 1.1 South America 1.2 Europe 1.3 Africa 1.4 Asia 1.5 North America 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History by region ( edit ) South America ( edit ) Cultivation of potatoes in South America may go back 10,000 years , yet the tubers do not preserve well in archaeological record , and there are problems with exact identification of those that are found . The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of Ancón ( central Peru ) , dating to 2500 BC . Potatoes dating to about 2000 BC have been found at Huaynuma , in the Casma Valley of Peru , and early potatoes dating to 800 - 500 BC were also uncovered at the Altiplano site of Chiripa on the east side of Lake Titicaca . In the Altiplano , potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca Empire , its predecessors , and its Spanish successor . Andean Indians prepared their potatoes in a variety of ways , such as mashed , baked boiled , and stewed in ways similar to modern day Europeans . The Andean Indians also prepared a dish called papas secas , which was a process that involved boiling , peeling , and chopping . These potatoes were then fermented in order to create toqosh : and ground to a pulp , soaked , and filtered into a starch referred to as almidón de papa . However , the cash crop of the Andean people was chuño : created by letting potatoes freeze overnight , then allowing them to thaw in the morning . Doing this repeatedly allowed for a softening of the potatoes . Farmers then extract the water from the potato , leaving it much lighter and smaller . This new creation was then prepared into a stew , and usually was an addition to a stew . The benefits of chuño are plentiful . Its primary benefit is that it can be stored for years without refrigeration , which came into use especially during years of famine or bad harvests . Secondly , this long shelf life allowed it to be the staple food for the Inca Armies , due to how well it traveled and maintained its flavor and longevity . The Spanish fed chuño to the silver miners who produced vast wealth in the 16th century for the Spanish government . Potato was the staple food of most Pre ‐ Columbian Mapuches , `` specially in the southern and coastal ( Mapuche ) territories where maize did not reach maturity '' . Europe ( edit ) Further information : Columbian exchange Sailors returning from the Andes to Spain with silver presumably brought maize and potatoes for their own food on the trip . Historians speculate that leftover tubers ( and maize ) were carried ashore and planted : `` We think that the potato arrived some years before the end of the 16th century , by two different ports of entry : the first , logically , in Spain around 1570 , and the second via the British Isles between 1588 and 1593 ... we find traces of the transport of potatoes travelling from the Canaries to Antwerp in 1567 ... we can say that the potato was introduced there ( the Canary islands ) from South America around 1562 ... the first written mention of the potato ( is ) ... a receipt for delivery dated 28 November 1567 between Las Palmas in the Grand Canaries and Antwerp . '' Europeans in South America were aware of the potato by the mid-16th century , but refused to eat the plant . In 1553 , in the book Crónica del Peru , Pedro Cieza de León mentions he saw it in Quito , Popayán and Pasto in 1538 . Basque fishermen from Spain used potatoes as ships ' stores for their voyages across the Atlantic in the 16th century , and introduced the tuber to western Ireland , where they landed to dry their cod . The English privateer Sir Francis Drake , returning from his circumnavigation , or Sir Walter Raleigh 's employee Thomas Harriot are commonly credited with introducing potatoes into England . In 1588 , botanist Carolus Clusius made a painting of what he called `` Papas Peruanorum '' from a specimen in the Low Countries ; in 1601 he reported that potatoes were in common use in northern Italy for animal fodder and for human consumption . The potato first spread in Europe for non-food purposes . It was first eaten on the continent at a Seville hospital in 1573 . After Philip II received potatoes from Peru , he sent harvested tubers to the pope , who sent them to the papal ambassador to the Netherlands because he was ill . Clusius indirectly received his tubers from the ambassador ; he planted them in Vienna , Frankfurt , and Leyden , and is the person who widely introduced the plant to Europe . It was grown for flowers by Rudolph Jakob Camerarius ( 1588 ) and others ; John Gerard added the first printed picture of the potato to Herball ( 1597 ) , although he thought that the plant was native to Virginia . The Spanish had an empire across Europe , and brought potatoes for their armies . Peasants along the way adopted the crop , which was less often pillaged by marauding armies than above - ground stores of grain . Across most of Northern Europe , where open fields prevailed , potatoes were strictly confined to small garden plots because field agriculture was strictly governed by custom that prescribed seasonal rhythms for plowing , sowing , harvesting and grazing animals on fallow and stubble . This meant that potatoes were barred from large - scale cultivation because the rules allowed only grain to be planted in the open fields . People feared that it was poisonous like other plants the potato was often grown with in herb gardens , and distrusted a plant , nicknamed `` the devil 's apples '' , that grew underground . In France and Germany government officials and noble landowners promoted the rapid conversion of fallow land into potato fields after 1750 . The potato thus became an important staple crop in northern Europe . Famines in the early 1770s contributed to its acceptance , as did government policies in several European countries and climate change during the Little Ice Age , when traditional crops in this region did not produce as reliably as before . At times and places when and where most other crops failed , potatoes could still typically be relied upon to contribute adequately to food supplies during colder years . Antoine Parmentier holding New World plants , François Dumont 1812 In France , at the end of the 16th century , the potato had been introduced to the Franche - Comté , the Vosges of Lorraine and Alsace . By the end of the 18th century it was written in the 1785 edition of Bon Jardinier : `` There is no vegetable about which so much has been written and so much enthusiasm has been shown ... The poor should be quite content with this foodstuff . '' It had widely replaced the turnip and rutabaga by the 19th century . French physician Antoine Parmentier studied the potato intensely and in Examen chymique des pommes de terres ( `` Chemical examination of potatoes '' ) ( Paris , 1774 ) showed their enormous nutritional value . King Louis XVI and his court eagerly promoted the new crop , with Queen Marie Antoinette even wearing a headdress of potato flowers at a fancy dress ball . The annual potato crop of France soared to 21 million hectoliters in 1815 and 117 million in 1840 , allowing a concomitant growth in population while avoiding the Malthusian trap . Although potatoes had become widely familiar in Russia by 1800 , they were confined to garden plots until the grain failure in 1838 -- 39 persuaded peasants and landlords in central and northern Russia to devote their fallow fields to raising potatoes . Potatoes yielded from two to four times more calories per acre than grain did , and eventually came to dominate the food supply in Eastern Europe . Boiled or baked potatoes were cheaper than rye bread , just as nutritious , and did not require a gristmill for grinding . On the other hand , cash - oriented landlords realised that grain was much easier to ship , store and sell , so both grain and potatoes coexisted . King Frederick the Great of Prussia , a potato proponent , inspects an early harvest . ( Robert Warthmüller , 1886 ) In the German lands , Frederick the Great , king of Prussia , strove successfully to overcome farmers ' skepticism about the potato , and in 1756 he issued an official proclamation mandating its cultivation . This Kartoffelbefehl ( potato order ) termed the unfamiliar tuber `` a very nutritious food supplement . '' Frederick was sometimes known as the Kartoffelkönig ( `` potato king '' ) . Throughout Europe , the most important new food in the 19th century was the potato , which had three major advantages over other foods for the consumer : its lower rate of spoilage , its bulk ( which easily satisfied hunger ) and its cheapness . The crop slowly spread across Europe , such that , for example , by 1845 it occupied one - third of Irish arable land . Potatoes comprised about 10 % of the caloric intake of Europeans . Along with several other foods that either originated in the Americas or were successfully grown or harvested there , potatoes sustained European populations . In Britain , the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century . It served as a cheap source of calories and nutrients that was easy for urban workers to cultivate on small backyard plots . Potatoes became popular in the north of England , where coal was readily available , so a potato - driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories . Marxist Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its `` historically revolutionary role '' . The Dutch potato - starch industry grew rapidly in the 19th century , especially under the leadership of entrepreneur Willem Albert Scholten ( 1819 -- 92 ) . In Ireland , the expansion of potato cultivation was due entirely to the landless labourers , renting tiny plots from landowners who were interested only in raising cattle or in producing grain for market . A single acre of potatoes and the milk of a single cow was enough to feed a whole Irish family a monotonous but nutritionally adequate diet for a healthy , vigorous ( and desperately poor ) rural population . Often even poor families grew enough extra potatoes to feed a pig that they could sell for cash . A lack of genetic diversity from the low number of varieties left the crop vulnerable to disease . In the early 1800s , a strain of potato blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) known as HERB - 1 began to spread in the Americas , especially Central and North America destroying many crops . The blight spread to Europe in the 1840s where , because of an extreme lack of genetic diversity , the potato crops were even more susceptible . In Northern Europe there were major crop losses lasting throughout the rest of the 19th century . Ireland in particular , because of the extreme dependence of the poor , especially western Ireland , on this single staple crop , was devastated by the blight 's arrival in 1845 . The Lumper potato , widely cultivated in western and southern Ireland before and during the Great Famine , was bland , wet and poorly resistant to the potato blight , but yielded large crops and usually provided adequate calories for peasants and labourers . Heavy dependence on this potato led to disaster when the blight quickly turned harvest - ready and newly harvested potatoes into a putrid mush . The Irish Famine in the western and southern parts of Ireland between 1845 and 1849 was a catastrophic failure in the food supply that led to approximately a million deaths from famine and ( especially ) diseases that attacked weakened bodies , and to massive emigration to Britain , the U.S. , Canada and elsewhere . During the famine years roughly one million Irish emigrated ; this tide was not turned until the 20th century , when Ireland 's population stood at less than half of the pre-famine level of 8 million . Africa ( edit ) It is generally believed that potatoes entered Africa with colonists , who consumed them as a vegetable rather than as a staple starch . Shipping records from 1567 show that the first place outside of Central and South America where potatoes were grown were the Canary Islands . As in other continents , despite its advantages as an anti-famine , high - elevation alternative to grain , potatoes were first resisted by local farmers who believed they were poisonous . As colonialists promoted them as a low - cost food , they were also a symbol of domination . In former European colonies of Africa , potatoes were initially consumed only occasionally , but increased production made them a staple in certain areas . Potatoes tended to become more popular in wartime due to their being able to be stored in the ground . It was well established as a crop by the mid-20th century and in present - day Africa they have become a vegetable or co-staple crop . In higher regions of Rwanda , potatoes have become a new staple food crop . Prior to the 1994 Rwandan genocide , consumption was as high as 153 to 200 kg per year -- higher than in any Western European country . Recently farmers have developed the potato as a cash crop after introducing several new varieties brought back by migrant laborers from Uganda and other varieties from Kenya . Asia ( edit ) The potato diffused widely after 1600 , becoming a major food resource in Europe and East Asia . Following its introduction into China toward the end of the Ming dynasty , the potato immediately became a delicacy of the imperial family . After the middle period of the Qianlong era ( 1735 -- 96 ) in the Qing dynasty , population increases and a subsequent need to increase grain yields coupled with greater peasant geographic mobility led to the rapid spread of potato cultivation throughout China , and it was acclimated to local natural conditions . Boomgaard ( 2003 ) looks at the adoption of various root and tuber crops in Indonesia throughout the colonial period and examines the chronology and reasons for progressive adoption of foreign crops : sweet potato , Irish potato , bengkuang ( yam beans ) , and cassava . Edward Terry mentioned the potato in his travel accounts of the banquet at Ajmer by Asaph Khan to Sir Thomas Roe , the British Ambassador in 1675 . It is the earliest mention in history of India . The vegetables gardens of Surat and Karnataka had potatoes as mentioned in Fyer 's travel record of 1675 . The Portuguese introduced potatoes , which they called ' Batata ' , to India in the early seventeenth century when they cultivated it along the western coast . British traders introduced potatoes to Bengal as a root crop , ' Alu ' . By the end of the 18th century , it was cultivated across northern hill areas of India . Potatoes were introduced to Tibet by the 19th century through the trade route from India . The potato was introduced to the Philippines during the late 16th century , and to Java and China during the 17th century . North America ( edit ) Potato harvest in Idaho , circa 1920 Early colonists in Virginia and the Carolinas may have grown potatoes from seeds or tubers from Spanish ships , but the earliest certain potato crop in North America was in Londonderry , New Hampshire in 1719 . The plants were from Ireland , so the crop became known as the `` Irish potato '' . Potatoes were planted in Idaho as early as 1838 ; by 1900 the state 's production exceeded a million bushels ( about 27,000 tonnes ) . Before 1910 , the crops were stored in barns or root cellars , but , by the 1920s , potato cellars or barns came into use . U.S. potato production has increased steadily ; two - thirds of the crop comes from Idaho , Washington , Oregon , Colorado , and Maine , and potato growers have strengthened their position in both domestic and foreign markets . By the 1960s , the Canadian Potato Research Centre in Fredericton , New Brunswick , was one of the top six potato research institutes in the world . Established in 1912 as a Dominion Experimental Station , the station began in the 1930s to concentrate on breeding new varieties of disease - resistant potatoes . In the 1950s -- 1960s , the growth of the French fry industry in New Brunswick led to a focus on developing varieties for the industry . By the 1970s , the station 's potato research was broader than ever before , but the station and its research programs had changed , as emphasis was placed on serving industry rather than potato farmers in general . Scientists at the station even began describing their work using engineering language rather than scientific prose . Potatoes are Canada 's most important vegetable crop ; they are grown commercially in all its provinces , led by Prince Edward Island . In modern times potatoes have grown in popularity due to their versatility and ability to be used for many different dishes of food . See also ( edit ) Food portal History portal Food history Highland Potato Famine European Potato Failure History of agriculture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spooner , DM ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping '' . PNAS. 102 ( 41 ) : 14694 -- 99 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0507400102 . PMC 1253605 . PMID 16203994 . ^ Jump up to : Office of International Affairs , Lost Crops of the Incas : Little - Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation ( 1989 ) online Jump up ^ David R. Harris , Gordon C. Hillman , Foraging and Farming : The Evolution of Plant Exploitation . Routledge , 2014 ISBN 1317598296 p496 Jump up ^ Martins - Farias 1976 ; Moseley 1975 Jump up ^ Ugent D. , S. Pozorski and T. Pozorski. 1982 . Archaeological potato tuber remains from the Casma Valley of Peru . Econ . Bot. 36 : 182 - 192 Jump up ^ Erickson 1977 : 6 Jump up ^ David R. Harris , Gordon C. Hillman , Foraging and Farming : The Evolution of Plant Exploitation . Routledge , 2014 ISBN 1317598296 p495 Jump up ^ Bengoa , José ( 2003 ) . Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur ( in Spanish ) . Santiago : Catalonia . pp. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 956 - 8303 - 02 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ames , Mercedes ; Spooner , David ( 2008 ) . `` DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato '' . American Journal of Botany. 95 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 257 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 95.2. 252 . PMID 21632349 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Histoires de légumes by M. Pitrat and C. Foury , Institut National de la recherche agronomique , 2003 , p. 164 ^ Jump up to : Ley , Willy ( February 1968 ) . `` The Devil 's Apples '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 118 -- 125 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Walter Raleigh -- American colonies '' . Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Reader , John . Propitious Esculent : The Potato in World History ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ McNeill William H ( 1999 ) . `` How the Potato Changed the World 's History '' . Social Research . 66 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm Abel ( 1986 ) . Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe : From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries . Taylor and Francis . ISBN 0 - 312 - 01465 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbus 's Contribution to World Population and Urbanization : A Natural Experiment Examining the Introduction of Potatoes '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University . Retrieved 8 January 2009 . Jump up ^ John Reader , Propitious Esculent : The Potato in World History ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Histoires de légumes '' by M. Pitrat and C. Foury , Institut National de la recherche agronomique , 2003 , p. 167 Jump up ^ von Bremzen , p. 322 Jump up ^ William L. Langer , `` American Foods and Europe 's Population Growth 1750 -- 1850 '' , Journal of Social History , 8 # 2 ( 1975 ) , pp. 51 -- 66 Jump up ^ John Komlos , `` The New World 's Contribution to Food Consumption During the Industrial Revolution . '' Journal of European Economic History 1998 27 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 82 . ISSN 0391 - 5115 Jump up ^ Dorien Knaap , The W.A. Scholtencompany : the first Dutch industrial multinational , Summary of dissertation , University of Groningen , 2004 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNeill William H ( 1948 ) . `` The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland '' . Journal of Modern History . 21 ( 3 ) : 218 -- 21 . doi : 10.1086 / 237272 . JSTOR 1876068 . Jump up ^ Maranzani , Barbara ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` After 168 Years , Potato Famine Mystery Solved '' . History.com . Jump up ^ Cormac Ó Gráda , Black ' 47 and Beyond : The Great Irish Famine in History , Economy , and Memory . ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Cormac Ó Gráda , et al. When the Potato Failed : Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis , 1845 -- 1850 . ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Cambridge World History of Food - Potatoes ( White ) '' . Cambridge.org. 10 June 1994 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarah C.P. Williams ( 15 May 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of the Potato -- ScienceNOW '' . sciencemag.org . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Vinod Chandra Srivastava ( 2008 ) . History of Agriculture in India , Up to C. 1200 A.D. Concept Publishing Company . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 521 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kemble , Joseph ( February 1997 ) . `` Containers and Weights of Commercial Fruits , Nuts , and Vegetables '' . The Alabama Cooperative Extension System . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Using 60 pounds per bushel , as given by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System Jump up ^ Steven Turner , and Heather Molyneaux , `` Agricultural Science , Potato Breeding and the Fredericton Experimental Station , 1912 -- 66 . '' Acadiensis 2004 33 ( 2 ) : 44 -- 67 . ISSN 0044 - 5851 Jump up ^ `` Potatoes in Canada '' . Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Salaman , Redcliffe N ; W. G Burton ; J. G Hawkes ( 1985 ) . The history and social influence of the potato . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521077835 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potato . How the Potato Changed the World The Secret History of the Potato ( hide ) Living things in culture Academic disciplines Anthrozoology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnoentomology Ethnoherpetology Ethnoichthyology Ethnolichenology Ethnomycology Ethnoornithology Ethnoprimatology Ethnozoology Groups Animals Arthropods Insects Topics Beekeeping Entomophagy Flea circus Insects in art Insects in literature Insects in medicine Insects in music Insects in mythology Insects in religion Sericulture Types Ant Bee Mythology Beetle Beetlewing Butterfly Cicada Cricket Dragonfly Flea Flea circus Fly Grasshopper Ladybird Louse Praying mantis Scarab Termite Wasp Woodworm Other Arthropods in film Crab Lobster Scorpion Spider Arachnophobia Tarantella Tick Molluscs Topics Conch Conchology Edible molluscs Pearl Seashell Sea silk Shell money Tyrian purple Types Cephalopods Octopus Scallop Shipworm Venus shell Vertebrates Amphibians Frog Salamander Toad Toadstone Birds Aviculture Birdwatching Bird conservation Birds in culture Cockfighting Falconry Game bird Pigeon racing Poultry Archaeopteryx Barnacle goose Eagle Fish Fishing History Fish farming Fishkeeping Recreational fishing Shark Attacks Jaws Mammals Topics Animal husbandry Fur farming Hunting In sport In professional wrestling Laboratory animal Livestock Pack animal Pet Service animal Working animal Types Bat Bear Baiting Hunting Teddy bear Cattle Deer Elephant Dolphin Fox Horse Riding Worship Leopard Lion Primate Gorilla Gorilla suit Monkey Orangutan Seal hunting Sheep Whale Whaling Whale watching Wolf Werewolf Reptiles Crocodile Attacks Farming Crocodile tears Dinosaur Crystal Palace Dinosaurs Jurassic Park Stegosaurus Triceratops Tyrannosaurus rex Dragon Lizard Snake Caduceus In the Bible Rod of Asclepius Snakebite Snake charming Symbolism Worship Turtle Bixi World Turtle Other phyla Coral Jellyfish Starfish Other Aesop 's Fables Animal epithet Animal husbandry In heraldry Lists of legendary creatures Man - eater Zodiac Plants Topics Agriculture History Botanical illustration Floral design Ikebana Gardening Herbalism Fictional plants Magical plants Mandrake Medicinal plants Pharmacognosy Plant epithet Sacred grove In India Sacred plants Bodhi Tree Lime tree Sacred lotus Sacred herb In mythology Barnacle tree Fig Trees Yggdrasil Types Crop Maize Potato Rice Sugarcane Wheat Flower Lily Rose Tulip Fungi Medicinal fungi Amanita muscaria Edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus Psilocybin mushroom Microbes Biological warfare Fermentation In food processing List of microbes Microbial art Microbes and Man Pathogen Protein production Bacteria Economic importance Tuberculosis Protist Virus Yeast Bread Beer Wine Related Anthropomorphism Fossil Legendary creature Lists of fictional species Parasitoid Template : Insects in culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_potato&oldid=842636954 '' Categories : History of the potato Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were potatoes first eaten in north america	[ "Early colonists in Virginia and the Carolinas may have grown potatoes from seeds or tubers from Spanish ships, but the earliest certain potato crop in North America was in Londonderry, New Hampshire in 1719. The plants were from Ireland, so the crop became known as the \"Irish potato\".[11] Potatoes were planted in Idaho as early as 1838; by 1900 the state's production exceeded a million bushels (about 27,000 tonnes[31]). Before 1910, the crops were stored in barns or root cellars, but, by the 1920s, potato cellars or barns came into use. U.S. potato production has increased steadily; two-thirds of the crop comes from Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, and Maine, and potato growers have strengthened their position in both domestic and foreign markets." ]	[ "in 1719" ]
-7542216974505079564	Feed Jake	Feed Jake - wikipedia Feed Jake `` Feed Jake '' Single by Pirates of the Mississippi from the album Pirates of the Mississippi Released February 25 , 1991 Format CD single , cassette single Genre Country Length 4 : 00 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Danny `` Bear '' Mayo Producer ( s ) Rich Alves , James Stroud Pirates of the Mississippi singles chronology `` Rollin ' Home '' ( 1990 ) `` Feed Jake '' ( 1991 ) `` Speak of the Devil '' ( 1991 ) `` Rollin ' Home '' ( 1990 ) `` Feed Jake '' ( 1991 ) `` Speak of the Devil '' ( 1991 ) `` Feed Jake '' is a song written by Danny `` Bear '' Mayo , and recorded by the American country music band Pirates of the Mississippi . It was released in February 1991 as the third single from the band 's self - titled debut album . The song is also the band 's highest chart peak , having reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts . Contents 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) `` Feed Jake '' is a mid-tempo accompanied mainly by guitar and synthesized strings . In the chorus , the male narrator reminisces on his childhood friend , a dog named Jake ( `` If I die before I wake / Feed Jake ... '' ) . The narrator also addresses societal stereotypes toward homeless people and homosexuals , of whom the latter are addressed in the final verse . Guitarist Rich Alves said of the song that it `` means something different to everyone who hears it . '' Music video ( edit ) Robert Deaton and George J. Flanigen IV , both of whom lead the film and video production team of Deaton Flanigen , directed the song 's music video , which was one of the first of its kind in the country music industry to not feature the artist at all . Most of the music video was filmed southwest of Nashville , Tennessee on Tennessee State Route 100 as well as on Highway 70 in White Bluff , Tennessee . It tells the song 's story through two men , who are childhood friends , as shown in flashbacks . Later on , one of the men is attending the other 's funeral , and the surviving man goes to meet his dog , which he and the deceased friend adopted together , at the cemetery . Upon its release , the music video was believed by some members of the gay community to have a gay theme ; the two men were said to be lovers , one of whom dies from AIDS at the end . Kimberly Lansing , then the executive producer of Deaton - Flanigen Productions , said that the video was `` not meant one way or another '' regarding the back story or the one man 's death . Lansing also said that the video is about returning home and not fitting in anymore . Additionally , because of the Persian Gulf War , some people have also assumed that the man 's death is war - related . Critical reception ( edit ) In the book The Encyclopedia of Country Music , Tom Roland wrote that the final verse , with its theme of tolerance towards homosexuals , showed a shift in political beliefs for the typically conservative country music audience . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Feed Jake '' debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 16 , 1991 . It spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts , peaking at number 15 . Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 12 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Other versions ( edit ) A live recording appeared on the band 's 1995 album Paradise for Giant Records . This version was produced by David Malloy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Mississippi ( Media notes ) . Pirates of the Mississippi . Capitol Records Nashville . 1990 . C2 - 94389 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Russell ( 4 July 1991 ) . `` '' Feed Jake '' video clip gives rise to questions `` . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( 6 April 1991 ) . `` Pirate Power : After a rough start , it 's smooth sailing for band '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inventive images on the increase '' . USA Today . 17 April 1991 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Kingsbury , Paul ; et al. ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Sourcebooks , Inc. p. 417 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517608 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1544 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 15 , 1991 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Mississippi Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Paradise ( CD booklet ) . Pirates of the Mississippi . Giant Records . 1995 . 24603 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Pirates of the Mississippi Studio albums Pirates of the Mississippi Walk the Plank A Street Man Named Desire Dream You Paradise Heaven and a Dixie Night Compilation albums The Best of Pirates of the Mississippi Notable singles `` Honky Tonk Blues '' `` Feed Jake '' `` Speak of the Devil '' `` Til I 'm Holding You Again '' `` Too Much '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feed_Jake&oldid=789217712 '' Categories : 1991 singles Music videos directed by Deaton - Flanigen Productions Pirates of the Mississippi songs Songs written by Danny Mayo Song recordings produced by James Stroud Capitol Records Nashville singles LGBT - related songs Song recordings produced by David Malloy 1991 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings the song if i die before i wake feed jake	[ "\"Feed Jake\" is a song written by Danny \"Bear\" Mayo, and recorded by the American country music band Pirates of the Mississippi. It was released in February 1991 as the third single from the band's self-titled debut album. The song is also the band's highest chart peak, having reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts.\n" ]	[ "Pirates of the Mississippi" ]
-8697673994348798469	Ides of March	Ides of March - wikipedia Ides of March Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the day in the Roman calendar . For events that occurred on 15 March , see 15 March . For the 2011 film directed by George Clooney , see The Ides of March ( film ) . For other uses , see Ides of March ( disambiguation ) . The Death of Caesar ( 1798 ) by Vincenzo Camuccini The Ides of March ( Latin : Idus Martiae , Late Latin : Idus Martii ) is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 15 March . It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts . In 44 BC , it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ides 1.1 Religious observances 2 Assassination of Caesar 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Ides ( edit ) The Romans did not number days of a month from the first to the last day . Instead , they counted back from three fixed points of the month : the Nones ( 5th or 7th , depending on the length of the month ) , the Ides ( 13th or 15th ) , and the Kalends ( 1st of the following month ) . The Ides occurred near the midpoint , on the 13th for most months , but on the 15th for March , May , July , and October . The Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon , reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar . On the earliest calendar , the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year . Religious observances ( edit ) Panel thought to depict the Mamuralia , from a mosaic of the months in which March is positioned at the beginning of the year ( first half of the 3rd century AD , from El Djem , Tunisia , in Roman Africa ) The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter , the Romans ' supreme deity . The Flamen Dialis , Jupiter 's high priest , led the `` Ides sheep '' ( ovis Idulius ) in procession along the Via Sacra to the arx , where it was sacrificed . In addition to the monthly sacrifice , the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna , a goddess of the year ( Latin annus ) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year . The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics , drinking , and revelry . One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March . This observance , which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos ritual , involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city . The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year . In the later Imperial period , the Ides began a `` holy week '' of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis , being the day Canna intrat ( `` The Reed enters '' ) , when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river . He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele , who was also known as the Magna Mater ( `` Great Mother '' ) ( narratives differ ) . A week later , on 22 March , the solemn commemmoration of Arbor intrat ( `` The Tree enters '' ) commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree . A college of priests , the dendrophoroi ( `` tree bearers '' ) annually cut down a tree , hung from it an image of Attis , and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations . The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius ( d . 54 AD ) . A three - day period of mourning followed , culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March , the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar . Assassination of Caesar ( edit ) Main article : Assassination of Julius Caesar Reverse side of a coin issued by Caesar 's assassin Brutus in the autumn of 42 BC , with the abbreviation EID MAR ( Eidibus Martiis -- on the Ides of March ) under a `` cap of freedom '' between two daggers In modern times , the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC . Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Senate . As many as 60 conspirators , led by Brutus and Cassius , were involved . According to Plutarch , a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March . On his way to the Theatre of Pompey , where he would be assassinated , Caesar passed the seer and joked , `` The Ides of March are come '' , implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled , to which the seer replied `` Aye , Caesar ; but not gone . '' This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to `` beware the Ides of March . '' The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies the `` seer '' as a haruspex named Spurinna . Caesar 's death was a closing event in the crisis of the Roman Republic , and triggered the civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian ( later known as Augustus ) . Writing under Augustus , Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege , since Caesar was also the Pontifex Maximus of Rome and a priest of Vesta . On the fourth anniversary of Caesar 's death in 40 BC , after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia , Octavian executed 300 senators and knights who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius , the brother of Mark Antony . The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar 's death . Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a religious sacrifice , noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the deified Julius . See also ( edit ) Julius Caesar , a play by William Shakespeare The Ides of March , a novel by Thornton Wilder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anscombe , Alfred ( 1908 ) . The Anglo - Saxon Computation of Historic Time in the Ninth Century ( PDF ) . British Numismatic Society . p. 396 . Jump up ^ `` Ides of March : What Is It ? Why Do We Still Observe It ? '' . 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Scullard , H.H. ( 1981 ) . Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic . Cornell University Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Scullard , H.H. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Scullard , H.H. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Lydus , John ( 6th century ) . De mensibus 4.36 . Other sources place it on 14 March . Jump up ^ Salzman , Michele Renee ( 1990 ) . On Roman Time : The Codex - Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity . University of California Press . pp. 124 & 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Fowler , William Warde ( 1908 ) . The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic . London . pp. 44 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Lancellotti , Maria Grazia ( 2002 ) . Attis , Between Myth and History : King , Priest , and God . Brill . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Lançon , Bertrand ( 2001 ) . Rome in Late Antiquity . Routledge . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Borgeaud , Philippe ( 2004 ) . Mother of the Gods : From Cybele to the Virgin Mary & Hochroth , Lysa ( Translator ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 51 , 90 , 123 , 164 . Jump up ^ Gary Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion : One Thousand Years of Religious History ( Routledge , 2012 ) , p. 88 ; Lancellotti , Attis , Between Myth and History , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Michele Renee Salzman , On Roman Time : The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity ( University of California Press , 1990 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Jaime Alvar , Romanising Oriental Gods : Myth , Salvation and Ethics in the Cults of Cybele , Isis and Mithras , translated by Richard Gordon ( Brill , 2008 ) , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Firmicus Maternus , De errore profanarum religionum , 27.1 ; Rabun Taylor , `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' , RES : Anthropology and Aesthetics 48 ( Autumn 2005 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Lydus , De Mensibus 4.59 ; Suetonius , Otho 8.3 ; Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Macrobius , Saturnalia 1.21. 10 ; Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 88 ; Salzman , On Roman Time , p. 168 ... ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Parallel Lives , Caesar 63 Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare , Julius Caesar , Act 1 , Scene II '' . The Literature Network . Jalic , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare , Julius Caesar , Act 3 , Scene I '' . The Literature Network . Jalic , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Divus Julius 81 . Jump up ^ `` Forum in Rome , '' Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Ovid , Fasti 3.697 -- 710 ; A.M. Keith , entry on `` Ovid , '' Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , p. 128 ; Geraldine Herbert - Brown , Ovid and the Fasti : An Historical Study ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1994 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Melissa Barden Dowling , Clemency and Cruelty in the Roman World ( University of Michigan Press , 2006 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 ; Arthur Keaveney , The Army in the Roman Revolution ( Routledge , 2007 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Augustus 15 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 48.14. 2 . External links ( edit ) Plutarch , The Parallel Lives , The Life of Julius Caesar Nicolaus of Damascus , Life of Augustus ( translated by Clayton M. Hall ) ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) 1970 1979 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Adaptations La morte di Cesare ( 1788 ) Shakespeare Writing `` Julius Caesar '' ( 1907 ) Caesar ( 1937 ) Die Ermordung Cäsars ( 1959 ) Dead Caesar ( 2007 ) The Karaoke King ( 2007 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) Quotes `` The dogs of war '' `` Et tu , Brute ? '' `` Friends , Romans , countrymen , lend me your ears '' `` Greek to me '' Music Julius Caesar ( overture , 1851 ) Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar 's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ides_of_March&oldid=842793598 '' Categories : Julius Caesar ( play ) Assassination of Julius Caesar March observances Shakespearean phrases Roman calendar Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what date is the ides of march 2015	[ "The Ides of March (Latin: Idus Martiae, Late Latin: Idus Martii)[1] is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 15 March. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts.[2] In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history." ]	[ "15 March" ]
-8610415155371570139	Strictly Come Dancing (series 1)	Strictly Come Dancing ( series 1 ) - wikipedia Strictly Come Dancing ( series 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strictly Come Dancing ( Series 1 ) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 9 Release Original network BBC One Original release 15 May ( 2004 - 05 - 15 ) -- 3 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 03 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Natasha Kaplinsky Professional winner Brendan Cole Season chronology Next → Series 2 Strictly Come Dancing began airing its first series on BBC One from 15 May 2004 . The series was presented by Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly . The judging panel was Craig Revel Horwood , Arlene Phillips , Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli . On 3 July 2004 , Natasha Kaplinsky and her partner , Brendan Cole were crowned series champions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Couples 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 3 Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series 4 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 5 Weekly scores and songs 5.1 Week 1 5.2 Week 2 5.3 Week 3 5.4 Week 4 5.5 Week 5 5.6 Week 6 : Quarter - final 5.7 Week 7 : Semi-final 5.8 Week 8 : Final 6 Dance chart 7 References Couples ( edit ) In the first series , there were eight celebrity contestants and in order of elimination , they were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Jason Wood Comedian & musical impersonator Kylie Jones Eliminated 1st on 22 May 2004 David Dickinson Television presenter Camilla Dallerup Eliminated 2nd on 29 May 2004 Verona Joseph Holby City actress Paul Killick Eliminated 3rd on 5 June 2004 Claire Sweeney Actress , singer & television presenter John Byrnes Eliminated 4th on 12 June 2004 Martin Offiah Former rugby league and union player Erin Boag Eliminated 5th on 19 June 2004 Lesley Garrett Classical crossover singer Anton du Beke Third Place on 26 June 2004 Christopher Parker EastEnders actor & television presenter Hanna Karttunen Second Place on 3 July 2004 Natasha Kaplinsky Television presenter Brendan Cole Winners on 3 July 2004 Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 7 8 Natasha & Brendan 27 31 58 26 35 37 31 + 36 = 67 36 + 35 = 71 36 + 31 + 35 = 102 Christopher & Hanna 19 23 42 19 28 15 22 + 15 = 37 21 + 16 = 37 24 + 17 + 22 = 63 Lesley & Anton 29 27 56 29 30 27 34 + 26 = 60 33 + 29 = 62 Martin & Erin 25 21 46 21 24 22 24 + 24 = 48 Claire & John 5 27 26 53 34 31 32 Verona & Paul 6 27 24 51 24 24 David & Camilla 7 16 21 37 20 Jason & Kylie 8 21 19 40 indicates the couple eliminated that week indicates the couple that was in the bottom two that week but not eliminated indicates the couple withdrew from the competition that week indicates the winning couple indicates the runner - up couple indicates the third - place couple Red text the lowest - scoring dance of the series Green text the highest - scoring dance of the series `` -- '' indicates the couple ( s ) did not dance that week Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 40 - points scale . Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average Natasha & Brendan 396 12 33.0 5 Claire & John 150 5 30.0 Lesley & Anton 264 9 29.3 6 Verona & Paul 99 24.8 5 Martin & Erin 161 7 23.0 6 Christopher & Hanna 241 12 20.1 7 8 Jason & Kylie 40 20.0 8 7 David & Camilla 57 19.0 Highest and lowest scoring performances of the series ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' scores are as follows : Dance Best dancer ( s ) Best score Worst dancer ( s ) Worst score Cha - Cha - Cha Natasha Kaplinsky Verona Joseph 27 David Dickinson 16 Foxtrot Natasha Kaplinsky 35 Martin Offiah 24 Jive Lesley Garrett 29 Christopher Parker 17 Paso Doble Natasha Kaplinsky 35 Christopher Parker 15 Quickstep Natasha Kaplinsky 36 David Dickinson 21 Rumba Natasha Kaplinsky 36 Christopher Parker 16 Samba Natasha Kaplinsky 37 Christopher Parker 15 Showdance Natasha Kaplinsky 35 Christopher Parker 22 Tango Claire Sweeney 34 David Dickinson 20 Waltz Natasha Kaplinsky 36 Jason Wood 21 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Couple Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Natasha & Brendan Samba ( 37 ) Jive ( 26 ) Chris & Hanna Foxtrot ( 28 ) Samba Paso Doble ( 15 ) Lesley & Anton Foxtrot ( 34 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 26 ) Martin & Erin Waltz ( 25 ) Rumba Jive ( 21 ) Claire & John Tango ( 34 ) Rumba ( 26 ) Verona & Paul Cha Cha Cha ( 27 ) Quickstep Jive Paso Doble ( 24 ) David & Camilla Quickstep ( 21 ) Cha - Cha - Cha ( 16 ) Jason & Kylie Waltz ( 21 ) Rumba ( 19 ) Weekly scores and songs ( edit ) Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores are given ( in parenthesis ) in this order from left to right : Craig Revel Horwood , Arlene Phillips , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Bruno Tonioli , Arlene Phillips , Len Goodman , Craig Revel Horwood Running order Couple Score Dance Music Natasha & Brendan 27 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 5 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Chain of Fools '' -- Aretha Franklin Lesley & Anton 29 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 6 ) Waltz `` He Was Beautiful '' -- Cleo Laine Christopher & Hanna 19 ( 4 , 4 , 7 , 4 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle Jason & Kylie 21 ( 5 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Commodores Verona & Paul 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Claire & John 27 ( 5 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Waltz `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers from Ghost David & Camilla 16 ( 4 , 4 , 6 , 2 ) Cha - Cha - Cha `` Sex Bomb '' -- Tom Jones Martin & Erin 25 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 5 ) Waltz `` Come Away With Me '' -- Norah Jones Week 2 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Natasha & Brendan 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` The Lady is a Tramp '' -- Frank Sinatra Safe Martin & Erin 21 ( 3 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Mariah Carey Safe Christopher & Hanna 23 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` You 're the One That I Want '' from Grease Safe Claire & John 26 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` Angels '' -- Robbie Williams Safe Verona & Paul 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' from Sweet Charity Safe Jason & Kylie 19 ( 2 , 5 , 7 , 5 ) Rumba `` Leave Right Now '' -- Will Young Eliminated David & Camilla 21 ( 3 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' from Follow the Fleet Bottom two Lesley & Anton 27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` You 'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine '' -- Lou Rawls Safe Week 3 ( edit ) This week 's show is filmed in the Blackpool Tower Ballroom . Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Verona & Paul 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Jive `` Proud Mary '' -- Tina Turner Safe Lesley & Anton 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Tango `` Sensation '' -- The Who Safe Martin & Erin 21 ( 5 , 5 , 5 , 6 ) Jive `` Great Balls of Fire '' -- Jerry Lee Lewis Safe David & Camilla 20 ( 4 , 6 , 5 , 5 ) Tango `` La Cumparsita '' -- Gerardo Matos Rodríguez Eliminated Christopher & Hanna 19 ( 5 , 4 , 5 , 5 ) Jive `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours Safe Claire & John 34 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 8 ) Tango `` Roxanne '' -- The Police Safe Natasha & Brendan 26 ( 7 , 7 , 5 , 7 ) Jive `` Jump , Jive and Wail '' -- Louis Prima Bottom two Week 4 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Claire & John 31 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` España cañí '' -- Pascual Marquina Narro Safe Christopher & Hanna 28 ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Flying Without Wings '' -- Westlife Safe Verona & Paul 24 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Paso Doble `` Boléro '' -- Maurice Ravel Eliminated Natasha & Brendan 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` The Girl from Ipanema '' -- Antônio Carlos Jobim Safe Lesley & Anton 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Paso Doble `` La Cumparsita '' -- Gerardo Matos Rodríguez Bottom two Martin & Erin 24 ( 6 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe Week 5 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Lesley & Anton 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Mas que Nada '' -- Jorge Ben Bottom two Martin & Erin 22 ( 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 ) Samba `` Crickets Sing for Anamaria '' -- Marcos Valle Safe Christopher & Hanna 15 ( 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 ) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Safe Claire & John 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' -- Ricky Martin Eliminated Natasha & Brendan 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Love Is in the Air '' -- John Paul Young Safe Week 6 : Quarter - final ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Martin & Erin 24 ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' -- Duke Ellington Eliminated 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha Cha Cha `` Smooth '' -- Santana Natasha & Brendan 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Libertango '' -- Ástor Piazzolla Safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Lionel Richie Christopher & Hanna 22 ( 5 , 6 , 5 , 6 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Safe 15 ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 3 ) Paso Doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Lesley & Anton 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' -- Frank Sinatra Bottom two 26 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha Cha Cha `` Spinning Around '' -- Kylie Minogue Week 7 : Semi-final ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Lesley & Anton 33 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` That Old Black Magic '' -- Sammy Davis Jr Third place 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Jive `` My Baby Just Cares for Me '' -- Nina Simone Natasha & Brendan 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Waltz `` With You I 'm Born Again '' -- Billy Preston and Syreeta Wright Safe 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso Doble `` O Fortuna '' -- Carl Orff Christopher & Hanna 21 ( 2 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Bottom two 16 ( 2 , 4 , 5 , 5 ) Rumba `` Careless Whisper '' -- George Michael Week 8 : Final ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Natasha & Brendan 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` The Lady is a Tramp '' -- Frank Sinatra Winner 31 ( 7 , 7 , 9 , 8 ) Samba `` Love Is in the Air '' -- John Paul Young 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Showdance `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Christopher & Hanna 24 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston Runner - up 17 ( 3 , 3 , 7 , 4 ) Jive `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours 22 ( 4 , 6 , 7 , 5 ) Showdance `` Fame '' -- Irene Cara Dance chart ( edit ) Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Couple 5 6 7 8 Natasha & Brendan Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Foxtrot Samba Tango Rumba Waltz Paso Doble Quickstep Samba Showdance Christopher & Hanna Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Foxtrot Samba Waltz Paso Doble Tango Rumba Waltz Jive Showdance Lesley & Anton Waltz Rumba Tango Paso Doble Samba Foxtrot Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Martin & Erin Waltz Rumba Jive Foxtrot Samba Quickstep Cha - Cha - Cha Claire & John Waltz Rumba Tango Paso Doble Samba Verona & Paul Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Jive Paso Doble David & Camilla Cha - Cha - Cha Quickstep Tango Jason & Kylie Waltz Rumba The dances performed during Series 1 were as follows : Week 1 : Cha Cha Cha or Waltz Week 2 : Quickstep or Rumba Week 3 : Tango or Jive Week 4 : Foxtrot or Paso Doble Week 5 : Samba Week 6 & 7 : Two unlearned dances Week 8 : Favourite ballroom , favourite Latin & Showdance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MAIN SOURCE FOR THIS ARTICLE : http://www.ultimatestrictly.com/ ( hide ) Strictly Come Dancing Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Christmas Specials Winners Celebrities Natasha Kaplinsky Jill Halfpenny Darren Gough Mark Ramprakash Alesha Dixon Tom Chambers Chris Hollins Kara Tointon Harry Judd Louis Smith Abbey Clancy Caroline Flack Jay McGuiness Ore Oduba Joe McFadden Professionals Brendan Cole Darren Bennett Lilia Kopylova Karen Hardy Matthew Cutler Camilla Dallerup Ola Jordan Artem Chigvintsev Aliona Vilani ( x2 ) Flavia Cacace Aljaž Skorjanec Pasha Kovalev Joanne Clifton Katya Jones Other professionals Erin Boag Dianne Buswell Nadiya Bychkova Karen Clifton Kevin Clifton Andrew Cuerden Amy Dowden Anton du Beke Brian Fortuna Anya Garnis Hanna Haarala Izabela Hannah Chloe Hewitt Hayley Holt Kylie Jones Neil Jones James Jordan Hanna Karttunen Paul Killick Natalie Lowe Oti Mabuse Tristan MacManus Janette Manrara Gorka Márquez Jared Murillo Hazel Newberry Giovanni Pernice Oksana Platero AJ Pritchard Kristina Rihanoff Gleb Savchenko Vincent Simone Katya Virshilas Ian Waite Trent Whiddon Robin Windsor Related It Takes Two Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_1)&oldid=815842475 '' Categories : Strictly Come Dancing series 2004 British television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from March 2015 Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the first ever strictly come dancing	[ "\n\nCelebrity\nKnown for\nProfessional partner\nStatus\n\n\nJason Wood\nComedian & musical impersonator\nKylie Jones\nEliminated 1st\non 22 May 2004\n\n\nDavid Dickinson\nTelevision presenter\nCamilla Dallerup\nEliminated 2nd\non 29 May 2004\n\n\nVerona Joseph\nHolby City actress\nPaul Killick\nEliminated 3rd\non 5 June 2004\n\n\nClaire Sweeney\nActress, singer & television presenter\nJohn Byrnes\nEliminated 4th\non 12 June 2004\n\n\nMartin Offiah\nFormer rugby league and union player\nErin Boag\nEliminated 5th\non 19 June 2004\n\n\nLesley Garrett\nClassical crossover singer\nAnton du Beke\n\nThird Place\non 26 June 2004\n\n\n\nChristopher Parker\nEastEnders actor & television presenter\nHanna Karttunen\n\nSecond Place\non 3 July 2004\n\n\n\nNatasha Kaplinsky\nTelevision presenter\nBrendan Cole\n\nWinners\non 3 July 2004\n\n\n", "\n\nCelebrity\nKnown for\nProfessional partner\nStatus\n\n\nJason Wood\nComedian & musical impersonator\nKylie Jones\nEliminated 1st\non 22 May 2004\n\n\nDavid Dickinson\nTelevision presenter\nCamilla Dallerup\nEliminated 2nd\non 29 May 2004\n\n\nVerona Joseph\nHolby City actress\nPaul Killick\nEliminated 3rd\non 5 June 2004\n\n\nClaire Sweeney\nActress, singer & television presenter\nJohn Byrnes\nEliminated 4th\non 12 June 2004\n\n\nMartin Offiah\nFormer rugby league and union player\nErin Boag\nEliminated 5th\non 19 June 2004\n\n\nLesley Garrett\nClassical crossover singer\nAnton du Beke\n\nThird Place\non 26 June 2004\n\n\n\nChristopher Parker\nEastEnders actor & television presenter\nHanna Karttunen\n\nSecond Place\non 3 July 2004\n\n\n\nNatasha Kaplinsky\nTelevision presenter\nBrendan Cole\n\nWinners\non 3 July 2004\n\n\n" ]	[ "Natasha Kaplinsky", "Brendan Cole" ]
6351154984861339712	Sunglasses at Night	Sunglasses at Night - wikipedia Sunglasses at Night Jump to : navigation , search `` Sunglasses at Night '' Single by Corey Hart from the album First Offense A-side `` Sunglasses at Night '' B - side `` At the Dance '' Released January 21 , 1984 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl Recorded London , 1983 Genre New wave synthpop Hard rock Length 5 : 20 ( LP version ) 3 : 53 ( 7 '' version ) Label EMI America ( U.S. ) Songwriter ( s ) Corey Hart Producer ( s ) Jon Astley Phil Chapman Corey Hart singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` Sunglasses at Night '' ( 1984 ) `` It Ai n't Enough '' ( 1983 ) `` She Got the Radio '' ( promo , Canada only ) `` Sunglasses at Night '' ( 1983 ) `` It Ai n't Enough '' ( 1983 ) `` Sunglasses at Night '' is a song by Canadian singer Corey Hart . It was released in January 1984 as the first single from his debut album , 1984 's First Offense , and became a hit single in the United States , rising to number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1984 . The song combines an unflagging synthesizer hook , characteristic arpeggio , rock guitar and cryptic lyrics . AllMusic has since described it as `` an instant classic with its distinctive melody and catchy chorus . '' According to co-producer Phil Chapman , the recording sessions for the album took place in a studio whose air conditioning / heating vents were directly above the mixing console . Air from the vents blew directly into the faces of the control room personnel , so they often wore sunglasses in order to protect their eyes . Hart , working on a new song , began to improvise lyrics that included the line `` I wear my sunglasses at night . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Peak positions 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of B ♭ minor in common time with a tempo of 127 beats per minute . Hart 's vocals span from F to A ♭ . Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Rob Quartly , shot at the Don Jail in Toronto , reflects the vision of a `` fashion '' police state , with scenes of Hart in a prison cell , without sunglasses , being strong - armed by police officers and paraded past various citizens wearing their regulation shades . Near the end of the video , Hart is taken to the office of a female police officer ( who releases Hart in the song 's end ) , played by Laurie Brown , who later became the host of The NewMusic as well as a VJ on MuchMusic . This video uses the shorter single version instead of the longer album version . `` Sunglasses At Night '' has most recently been featured in the Netflix series Stranger Things and also appears on the Sony Music soundtrack that features songs that were used in seasons 1 and 2 . Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 24 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 48 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Cash Box Top 100 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Cash Box 62 Cover versions ( edit ) Considered as one of the new wave influenced classics of the early 1980s the tune inspired several artists and remixers especially from Europe as there are : 2001 : Tiga feat . Zyntherius 2008 : VooDoo & Serano 2009 : Skepta 2010 : The Megas 2013 : Arsis , Blind Passengers 2015 : the Local Band 2016 : Bodybangers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simon Cantlon . `` First Offense '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Corey , Hart , . `` Corey Hart `` Sunglasses At Night '' Sheet Music in Bb Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Spot On Track - The Spotify Tracker '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Brown '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Corey Hart `` Sunglasses at Night '' official video Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Corey Hart -- Sunglasses at Night ( single ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Corey Hart -- Sunglasses at Night '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Corey Hart -- Sunglasses at Night '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending September 1 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ allmusic.com Jump up ^ `` Arsis - Unwelcome ( album review ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Corey Hart Albums First Offense ( 1984 ) Boy in the Box ( 1985 ) Fields of Fire ( 1986 ) Young Man Running ( 1988 ) Bang ! ( 1990 ) The Singles ( 1991 ) Attitude & Virtue ( 1992 ) Corey Hart ( 1996 ) Jade ( 1998 ) Singles `` Sunglasses at Night '' ( 1983 ) `` It Ai n't Enough '' ( 1984 ) `` Never Surrender '' ( 1985 ) `` Everything in My Heart '' ( 1985 ) Related articles Julie Masse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunglasses_at_Night&oldid=837391014 '' Categories : 1984 singles Corey Hart ( singer ) songs 1983 songs EMI America Records singles Juno Award for Video of the Year videos Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 14 : 44 . About Wikipedia	who wrote i wear my sunglasses at night	[ "\n\n\"Sunglasses at Night\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Corey Hart\n\n\nfrom the album First Offense\n\n\nA-side\n\"Sunglasses at Night\"\n\n\nB-side\n\"At the Dance\"\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 21, 1984\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\n7\" vinyl\n12\" vinyl\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\nLondon, 1983\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nNew wave\nsynthpop\nHard rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n5:20 (LP version)\n3:53 (7\" version)\n\n\nLabel\nEMI America (U.S.)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nCorey Hart\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nJon Astley\nPhil Chapman\n\n\n\n\n\nCorey Hart singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"String Module Error: Match not found\"\n(String Module Error: Match not found)\n\"Sunglasses at Night\"\n(1984)\n\"It Ain't Enough\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"She Got the Radio\" (promo, Canada only)\n\"Sunglasses at Night\"\n(1983)\n\"It Ain't Enough\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Corey Hart" ]
-6727442262702495906	Eiger	Eiger - wikipedia Eiger Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Eiger ( disambiguation ) . Eiger The north face of the Eiger Highest point Elevation 3,967 m ( 13,015 ft ) Prominence 362 m ( 1,188 ft ) Isolation 2.0 km ( 1.2 mi ) Parent peak Mönch Listing Great north faces of the Alps Alpine mountains above 3000 m Coordinates 46 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 8 ° 0 ′ 19 '' E / 46.57750 ° N 8.00528 ° E / 46.57750 ; 8.00528 Coordinates : 46 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 8 ° 0 ′ 19 '' E / 46.57750 ° N 8.00528 ° E / 46.57750 ; 8.00528 Naming Translation Ogre Geography Eiger Location in Switzerland Location Canton of Bern , Switzerland Parent range Bernese Alps Topo map Swisstopo 1229 Grindelwald Geology Mountain type Limestone Climbing First ascent 11 August 1858 Easiest route basic rock / snow / ice climb ( AD ) The Eiger is a 3,967 - metre ( 13,015 ft ) mountain of the Bernese Alps , overlooking Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland , just north of the main watershed and border with Valais . It is the easternmost peak of a ridge crest that extends across the Mönch to the Jungfrau at 4,158 m ( 13,642 ft ) , constituting one of the most emblematic sights of the Swiss Alps . While the northern side of the mountain rises more than 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) above the two valleys of Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen , the southern side faces the large glaciers of the Jungfrau - Aletsch area , the most glaciated region in the Alps . The most notable feature of the Eiger is its 1,800 - metre - high ( 5,900 ft ) north face of rock and ice , named Eigerwand or Nordwand , which is the biggest north face in the Alps . This huge face towers over the resort of Kleine Scheidegg at its base , on the homonymous pass connecting the two valleys . The first ascent of the Eiger was made by Swiss guides Christian Almer and Peter Bohren ( de ) and Irishman Charles Barrington , who climbed the west flank on August 11 , 1858 . The north face , considered amongst the most challenging and dangerous ascents , was first climbed in 1938 by an Austrian - German expedition . The Eiger has been highly publicized for the many tragedies involving climbing expeditions . Since 1935 , at least sixty - four climbers have died attempting the north face , earning it the German nickname Mordwand , literally `` murder ( ous ) wall '' -- a pun on its correct title of Nordwand ( North Wall ) . Although the summit of the Eiger can be reached by experienced climbers only , a railway tunnel runs inside the mountain , and two internal stations provide easy access to viewing - windows carved into the rock face . They are both part of the Jungfrau Railway line , running from Kleine Scheidegg to the Jungfraujoch , between the Mönch and the Jungfrau , at the highest railway station in Europe . The two stations within the Eiger are Eigerwand ( behind the north face ) and Eismeer ( behind the south face ) , at around 3,000 metres . Since 2016 the Eigerwand station is not regularly served anymore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geographic setting and description 3 North face 4 Climbing history 4.1 First ascent 4.2 Attempts on the north face 4.2. 1 1935 4.2. 2 1936 4.2. 3 1937 4.3 First ascent of the north face 4.4 Other routes 5 Climbs and attempts on the north face 5.1 1930s and 1940s 5.2 1950s 5.3 1960s 5.4 1970s 5.5 1980s 5.6 1990s 5.7 2000s 5.8 2010s 6 Panorama 7 Books and films 8 See also 9 References 10 Works cited 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Eiger is mentioned in records dating back to the 13th century , but there is no clear indication of how exactly the peak gained its name . The three mountains of the ridge are commonly referred to as the Virgin ( German : Jungfrau -- translates to `` virgin '' or `` maiden '' ) , the Monk ( Mönch ) , and the Ogre ( Eiger ; the standard German word for ogre is Oger ) . The name has been linked to the Latin term acer , meaning `` sharp '' or `` pointed '' . Geographic setting and description ( edit ) The Eiger and Mönch from Kleine Scheidegg The Eiger is located above the Lauterbrunnen Valley to the west and Grindelwald to the north in the Bernese Highlands of the canton of Bern . It forms a very renown mountain range of the Bernese Alps together with its two indispensable companions : the Jungfrau ( 4,158 m ( 13,642 ft ) ) about 5.6 kilometres ( 3.5 mi ) southwest of it and the `` protecting '' Mönch ( 4,107 m ( 13,474 ft ) ) about in the middle of them . The nearest settlements are Grindelwald , Lauterbrunnen ( 795 m ( 2,608 ft ) ) and Wengen ( 1,274 m ( 4,180 ft ) ) . The Eiger has three faces : north ( west ) , ( south ) west and east . The northeastern ridge from the summit to the Ostegg ( lit. : eastern corner , 2,709 m ( 8,888 ft ) ) , called Mittellegi , is the longest on the Eiger . The north face overlooks the gently raising Alpine meadow between Grindelwald ( 943 m ( 3,094 ft ) ) and Kleine Scheidegg ( 2,061 m ( 6,762 ft ) ) , a mountain railways junction and a pass , which can be reached from both sides , Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen / Wengen -- by foot or train . Politically , the Eiger belongs to the municipality of Grindelwald . The Kleine Scheidegg ( lit. : the small parting corner ) connects the Männlichen - Tschuggen range with the western ridge of the Eiger . The Eiger on the Siegfried Map The Eiger does not properly form part of the main chain of the Bernese Alps , which borders the canton of Valais and forms the watershed between the Rhine and the Rhône , but constitutes a huge limestone buttress , projecting from the crystalline basement of the Mönch across the Eigerjoch . Consequently , all sides of the Eiger feed finally the same river , namely the Lütschine . On the one hand , Eiger 's water is connected through the Weisse Lütschine ( the white one ) in the Lauterbrunnen Valley on the west side ( southwestern face of the Eiger ) , and through the Schwarze Lütschine ( the black one ) running through Grindelwald ( northwestern face ) , which meet each other in Zweilütschinen ( lit. : the two Lütschinen ) where they form the proper Lütschine . On the other hand , the east face is covered by the glacier called Ischmeer ( Bernese German for Ice Sea ) which forms one upper part of the fast retreating Lower Grindelwald Glacier . These glaciers ' water forms a short creek , which is also confusingly called the Weisse Lütschine , but enters the black one already in Grindelwald together with the water from the Upper Grindelwald Glacier . Therefore , all the water running down the Eiger converges at the northern foot of the Männlichen ( 2,342 m ( 7,684 ft ) ) in Zweilütschinen ( 654 m ( 2,146 ft ) ) , about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) northwest of the summit , where the Lütschine begins its northern course to Lake Brienz and the Aare ( 564 m ( 1,850 ft ) ) . Although the north face of the Eiger is almost free of ice , significant glaciers lie at the other sides of the mountain . The Eiger Glacier flows on the southwestern side of the Eiger , from the crest connecting it to the Mönch down to 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) , south of Eigergletscher railway station , and feeds the Weisse Lütschine through the Trümmelbach . On the east side , the Ischmeer -- well visible from the windows of Eismeer railway station -- flows eastwards from the same crest then turns to the north below the impressive wide Fiescherwand , the north face of the Fiescherhörner triple summit ( 4,049 m ( 13,284 ft ) ) down to about 1,600 m ( 5,200 ft ) of the Lower Grindelwald Glacier system . The massive composition of the Eiger , Mönch , and Jungfrau constitutes an emblematic sight of the Swiss Alps and is well visible from many places on the Swiss Plateau and the Jura Mountains in the northwest . The higher Finsteraarhorn ( 4,270 m ( 14,010 ft ) ) and Aletschhorn ( 4,190 m ( 13,750 ft ) ) , which are located about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) to the south , are generally less visible and situated in the middle of glaciers in less accessible areas . As opposed to the north side , the south and east sides of the range consist of large valley glaciers extending for up to 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , the largest ( beyond the Eiger drainage basin ) being those of Grand Aletsch , Fiesch , and Aar Glaciers , and is thus uninhabited . The whole area , the Jungfrau - Aletsch protected area , comprising the highest summits and largest glaciers of the Bernese Alps , was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . In July 2006 , a piece of the Eiger , amounting to approximately 700,000 cubic metres of rock , fell from the east face . As it had been noticeably cleaving for several weeks and fell into an uninhabited area , there were no injuries and no buildings were hit . North face ( edit ) North face `` Nordwand '' redirects here . For the related movie , see North Face ( film ) . `` Eigerwand '' redirects here . For the train station , see Eigerwand railway station . The Nordwand , German for `` north wall '' or `` north face , '' is the north face of the Eiger ( also known as the Eigernordwand : `` Eiger north wall '' or Eigerwand ) . It is one of the three great north faces of the Alps , along with the north faces of the Matterhorn and the Grandes Jorasses ( known as ' the Trilogy ' ) . It is about 1,800 m ( 5,900 ft ) tall and overlooks Kleine Scheidegg and Grindelwald . At 2,866 metres inside the mountain lies the Eigerwand railway station . The station is connected to the north face by a tunnel opening at the face , which has sometimes been used to rescue climbers . The Eiger Trail , at the base of the north face , runs from Eigergletscher to Alpiglen railway stations . It was first climbed on July 24 , 1938 by Andreas Heckmair , Ludwig Vörg , Heinrich Harrer and Fritz Kasparek , a German -- Austrian group . The group had originally consisted of two independent teams ; Harrer and Kasparek were joined on the face by Heckmair and Vörg , who had started their ascent a day later and had been helped by the fixed rope that the lead group had left across the Hinterstoisser Traverse . The two groups , led by the experienced Heckmair , cooperated on the more difficult later pitches , and finished the climb roped together as a single group of four . Close view of the north face from the west ridge A portion of the upper face is called `` The White Spider '' , as snow - filled cracks radiating from an ice - field resemble the legs of a spider . Harrer used this name for the title of his book about his successful climb , Die Weisse Spinne ( translated into English as The White Spider : The Classic Account of the Ascent of the Eiger ) . During the first successful ascent , the four men were caught in an avalanche as they climbed the Spider , but all had enough strength to resist being swept off the face . Since then , the north face has been climbed many times . Today it is regarded as a formidable challenge more because of the increased rockfall and diminishing ice - fields than because of its technical difficulties , which are exceeded by the 8,000 m peaks in the Himalaya and Karakoram . Climbers are increasingly electing to challenge the Eiger in winter , when the crumbling face is strengthened by ice . Since 1935 , at least sixty - four climbers have died attempting the north face , earning it the German nickname , Mordwand , or `` murderous wall '' , a play on the face 's German name Nordwand . Climbing History ( edit ) View from the railway station of Kleine Scheidegg While the summit was reached without much difficulty in 1858 by a complex route on the west flank , the battle to climb the north face has captivated the interest of climbers and non-climbers alike . Before it was successfully climbed , most of the attempts on the face ended tragically and the Bernese authorities even banned climbing it and threatened to fine any party that should attempt it again . But the enthusiasm which animated the young talented climbers from Austria and Germany finally vanquished its reputation of unclimbability when a party of four climbers successfully reached the summit in 1938 by what is known as the `` 1938 '' or `` Heckmair '' route . The climbers that attempted the north face could be easily watched through the telescopes from the Kleine Scheidegg , a pass between Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen , connected by rail . The contrast between the comfort and civilization of the railway station and the agonies of the young men slowly dying a short yet uncrossable distance away led to intensive coverage by the international media . After World War II , the north face was climbed twice in 1947 , first by a party of two French guides , Louis Lachenal and Lionel Terray , then by a Swiss party consisting of H. Germann , with Hans and Karl Schlunegger . First ascent ( edit ) The Eiger from the north side ( and Mönch behind ) The first ascent was made by the western flank on August 11 , 1858 by Charles Barrington with guides Christian Almer and Peter Bohren . They started at 3 : 00 a.m. from Wengen . Barrington describes the route much as it is followed today , staying close to the edge of the north face much of the way . They reached the summit at about noon , stayed for some 10 minutes and descended in about four hours . Barrington describes the reaching of the top , saying , `` the two guides kindly gave me the place of first man up . '' Their ascent was confirmed by observation of a flag left on the summit . According to Harrer 's The White Spider , Barrington was originally planning to make the first ascent of the Matterhorn , but his finances did not allow him to travel there as he was already staying in the Eiger region . Attempts on the north face ( edit ) 1935 ( edit ) In 1935 two young German climbers from Bavaria , Karl Mehringer and Max Sedlmeyer , arrived at Grindelwald to attempt to climb the face . They waited a long time for good weather and when the clouds finally cleared they started . The two climbers reached the height of the Eigerwand station and made their first bivouac . On the following day , because of the greater difficulties , they gained little height . On the third day they made hardly any vertical ground . That night a storm broke and the mountain was hidden in fog , and then it began to snow . Avalanches of snow began to sweep the face and the clouds closed over it . Two days later , there was a short moment when the clouds cleared and the mountain was visible for a while . The two men were glimpsed , now a little higher and about to bivouac for the fifth time . Then the fog came down again and hid the climbers . A few days later the weather finally cleared , revealing a completely white north face . The two climbers were found later frozen to death at 3,300 m , at a place now known as `` Death Bivouac '' . 1936 ( edit ) See also : 1936 Eiger North Face climbing disaster On the Hinterstoisser traverse The next year ten young climbers from Austria and Germany came to Grindelwald and camped at the foot of the mountain . Before their attempts started one of them was killed during a training climb , and the weather was so bad during that summer that , after waiting for a change and seeing none on the way , several members of the party gave up . Of the four that remained , two were Bavarians , Andreas Hinterstoisser and Toni Kurz , and two were Austrians , Willy Angerer and Edi Rainer ( sv ) . When the weather improved they made a preliminary exploration of the lowest part of the face . Hinterstoisser fell 37 metres ( 121 ft ) but was not injured . A few days later the four men finally began the ascent of the face . They climbed quickly , but on the next day , after their first bivouac , the weather changed ; clouds came down and hid the group to the observers . They did not resume the climb until the following day , when , during a break , the party was seen descending , but the climbers could be seen only intermittently from the ground . The group had no choice but to retreat , since Angerer had suffered serious injuries from falling rock . The party became stuck on the face when they could not recross the difficult Hinterstoisser Traverse , from which they had taken the rope they had first used to climb it . The weather then deteriorated for two days . They were ultimately swept away by an avalanche , which only Kurz survived , hanging on a rope . Three guides started on an extremely perilous rescue attempt . They failed to reach him but came within shouting distance and learned what had happened . Kurz explained the fate of his companions : one had fallen down the face , another was frozen above him , and the third had fractured his skull in falling and was hanging dead on the rope . In the morning the three guides came back , traversing the face from a hole near the Eigerwand station and risking their lives under incessant avalanches . Toni Kurz was still alive but almost helpless , with one hand and one arm completely frozen . Kurz hauled himself off the cliff after cutting loose the rope that bound him to his dead teammate below and climbed back onto the face . The guides were not able to pass an unclimbable overhang that separated them from Kurz . They managed to give him a rope long enough to reach them by tying two ropes together . While descending , Kurz could not get the knot to pass through his carabiner . He tried for hours to reach his rescuers who were only a few metres below him . Then he began to lose consciousness . One of the guides , climbing on another 's shoulders , was able to touch the tip of Kurz 's crampons with his ice - axe but could not reach higher . Kurz was unable to descend further and , completely exhausted , died slowly . 1937 ( edit ) An attempt was made in 1937 by Mathias Rebitsch ( de ) and Ludwig Vörg . Although the attempt was unsuccessful , they were nonetheless the first climbers who returned alive from a serious attempt on the face . They started the climb on 11 August and reached a high point of a few rope lengths above Death Bivouac . A storm then broke and after three days on the wall they had to retreat . This was the first successful withdrawal from a significant height on the wall . First ascent of the north face ( edit ) The Heckmair route The north face was first climbed on July 24 , 1938 by Anderl Heckmair , Ludwig Vörg , Heinrich Harrer and Fritz Kasparek in a German -- Austrian party . The party had originally consisted of two independent teams : Harrer ( who did not have a pair of crampons on the climb ) and Kasparek were joined on the face by Heckmair and Vörg , who had started their ascent a day later and had been helped by the fixed rope that the lead team had left across the Hinterstoisser Traverse . The two groups , led by the experienced Heckmair , decided to join their forces and roped together as a single group of four . Heckmair later wrote : `` We , the sons of the older Reich , united with our companions from the Eastern Border to march together to victory . '' The expedition was constantly threatened by snow avalanches and climbed as quickly as possible between the falls . On the third day a storm broke and the cold was intense . The four men were caught in an avalanche as they climbed `` the Spider , '' the snow - filled cracks radiating from an ice - field on the upper face , but all possessed sufficient strength to resist being swept off the face . The members successfully reached the summit at four o'clock in the afternoon . They were so exhausted that they only just had the strength to descend by the normal route through a raging blizzard . Other routes ( edit ) Painting of the Eiger by Maximilien de Meuron , early 19th century The north face on a clear summer day Rockfall onto the Lower Grindelwald Glacier valley 1857 : First attempt by Christian Almer , Christian Kaufmann , Ulrich Kaufmann ( fr ) guiding the Viennese alpinist Sigismund Porges . They did manage the first ascent of neighboring Mönch , while Porges has the second ascend of the Eiger in July 1861 with the guides Christian Michel , Hans and Peter Baumann . 1858 : First ascent , by the west flank , 11 August ( Christian Almer and Peter Bohren ( de ) guiding Charles Barrington ) . According to Harrer 's `` The White Spider , '' Barrington would have attempted the first Matterhorn ascent instead , but his finances did not allow him to travel there as he was already staying in the Eiger region . 1864 ( Jul 27 ) : Fourth ascent , and first ascent by a woman , Lucy Walker , who was part of a group of six guides ( including Christian Almer and Melchior Anderegg ) and five clients , including her brother Horace Walker 1871 : First ascent by the southwest ridge , 14 July ( Christian Almer , Christian Bohren , and Ulrich Almer guiding W.A.B. Coolidge and Meta Brevoort ) . 1890 : First ascent in winter , Ulrich Kaufmann ( fr ) and Christian Jossi guiding C.W. Mead and G.F. Woodroffe . 1921 : 10 September : First ascent via the Mittellegi ridge by Fritz Amatter , Samuel Brawand , Yuko Maki and Fritz Steuri . 1924 : First ski ascent and descent via the Eiger glacier by Englishman Arnold Lunn and the Swiss Fritz Amacher , Walter Amstutz and Willy Richardet . 1932 : First ascent of the northeast face ( `` Lauper route '' ) by Hans Lauper , Alfred Zürcher , Alexander Graven and Josef Knubel 1970 : First ski descent over the west flank , by Sylvain Saudan . 1986 : Welshman Eric Jones becomes the first person to BASE jump from the Eiger . 1991 : First ascent , Metanoia Route , North Face , solo , winter , without bolts , Jeff Lowe . 1992 : 18 July : Three BMG / UIAGM / IFMGA clients died in a fall down the West Flank : Willie Dunnachie ; Douglas Gaines ; and Phillip Davies . They had ascended the mountain via the Mittellegi Ridge . 2006 : 14 June : François Bon and Antoine Montant make the first speedflying descent of the Eiger . 2006 : 15 July : Approximately 700,000 cubic metres ( 20 million cubic feet ) of rock from the east side collapses . No injuries or damage were reported . 2015 : 23 July : A team of British Para-Climbers reached the summit via the West Flank Route . The team included John Churcher , the world 's first blind climber to summit the Eiger , sight guided by the team leader Mark McGowan . Colin Gourlay enabled the ascent of other team members , including Al Taylor who has multiple sclerosis , and the young autistic climber Jamie Owen from North Wales . The ascent was filmed by the adventure filmmakers , Euan Ryan & Willis Morris of Finalcrux Films . Climbs and attempts on the north face ( edit ) 1930s and 1940s ( edit ) 1934 : First attempt on the face , by Willy Beck , Kurt Löwinger and Georg Löwinger , reaching 2,900 m . 1935 : Attempt by the Germans Karl Mehringer and Max Sedlmeyer . They froze to death at 3,300 m , a place now known as `` Death Bivouac . '' 1936 : Four Austrian and German climbers , Andreas Hinterstoisser , Toni Kurz , Willy Angerer and Edi Rainer ( sv ) , died on the face in severe weather conditions during a retreat from Death Bivouac . 1938 : Alpine Journal editor Edward Lisle Strutt calls the face `` an obsession for the mentally deranged '' and `` the most imbecile variant since mountaineering first began . '' 1938 : First ascent of the north face by Anderl Heckmair , Heinrich Harrer , Fritz Kasparek and Ludwig Vörg , achieved in three days . 1947 ( July 14 -- 16 ) : Second ascent of the face by the Frenchmen Lionel Terray and Louis Lachenal . 1947 ( August 4 -- 5 ) : Third ascent by the Swiss climbers Hans Schlunegger ( de ) , Karl Schlunegger and Gottfried Jermann 1950s ( edit ) 1950 ( July 26 ) : Fourth ascent in one very long day with a bivouac on the summit by Leo Forstenlechner and Erich Wascak . They overtake Swiss climbers Jean Fuchs , Marcel Hamel , Raymond Monney and Robert Seiler , who achieve the fifth ascent on 27 July . 1957 : Two Italian ( Claudio Corti and Stefano Longhi ) and two German climbers ( Franz Meyer and Gunther Nothdurft ) encounter extreme difficulties in the higher part of the route , as Nothdurft becomes ill and Longhi , who is suffering from severe frostbite , falls near `` the Spider '' and can not be lifted by his companions . Corti ( who has been in turn hit by a falling stone ) becomes the first man rescued from the face from above in a famous 54 - man rescue action ( first undertaken by volunteer climbers and non-Swiss guides ) when German guide Alfred Hellepart is lowered from the summit on a steel cable by Ludwig Gramminger 's rescue system . Longhi is not so lucky , and dies of exposure before he can be rescued . Meyer and Nothdurft died in an avalanche on their descent of the Eiger 's west face after completing the 14th ascent of the north face ( they had left the injured Corti with all their provisions -- including a small tent -- and were trying to descend from the mountain and call rescue ) . The body of Longhi remained on the face for more than two years before being recovered . Claudio Corti , being the sole survivor , was quite wrongly castigated by some quarters of the international press , and was held responsible for the disappearance of the two German climbers Northdurft and Mayer ( Northdurft had already soloed to the Swallows Nest and back ) . He was accused of various dark deeds , even of pushing the Germans off the face . Corti actually thought he had done the first Italian ascent of the face until it was pointed out that he had finished the climb tied to the back of another climber . 1958 : Kurt Diemberger and Wolfgang Stefan make the thirteenth ascent . As the bodies of Nothdurft and Meyer were found later on the descent route from the Eiger -- both had been killed by an avalanche -- Diemberger and Stefan were finally awarded the 14th ascent of the face . 1959 : Adolf Derungs and Lucas Albrecht , two Swiss masons , climb the face with very primitive equipment . Derungs wore four shirts one on top of another and Albrecht carried an old overcoat as far as the Spider . Both students , brave to the point of rashness and very tough , descend by night by the west flank . Three years later , in 1962 , Derungs disappears while attempting a solo ascent of the north face . 1960s ( edit ) 1961 : 6 -- 12 March : First winter ascent of the face by Toni Kinshofer , Anderl Mannhardt ( de ) , Walter Almberger ( de ) and Toni Hiebeler ( de ) . 1961 : 30 August -- 2 September : First Czechoslovak ascent of the face by Radovan Kuchař ( cs ) and Zdeno Zibrín ( pl ) ( 19th overall ) . 1961 : 31 August -- 2 September : First Polish ascent of the face by Stanisław Biel ( pl ) and Jan Mostowski ( 20th overall ) . 1962 : Don Whillans climbing with Chris Bonington aborted his only attempt at the North face ( arriving ahead of a large rescue team ) to rescue Brian Nally , a British climber whose companion , Barry Brewster , had fallen and was badly injured on the Second Icefield . Brewster 's body eventually ' fell from the face ' and Nally was brought down to safety . 1962 : First all - Italian ascent of the face by Armando Aste , Pierlorenzo Acquistapace , Gildo Airoldi , Andrea Mellano , Romano Perego , and Franco Solina . 1962 : First American ascent of the face by John Harlin , with German Konrad Kirch . 1962 : First British ascent of the face , by Chris Bonington and Ian Clough . 1962 : Two young climbers finished the climb just after Clough and Bonington ( who overtook them ) ; their names were withheld to avert a flood of ascents of the Eiger 's north face . They were very young , their equipment was rudimentary , and the letter they left their parents galvanized police action ; the police were waiting for them on their return . 1963 : 2 -- 3 August : First solo ascent of the face by Michel Darbellay ( fr ) , in around 18 hours of climbing . 1963 : 15 August : Two Spanish climbers , Ernesto Navarro ( es ) and Alberto Rabadá ( es ) , die in a storm . 1963 : 27 -- 31 December : Three Swiss guides complete the first descent of the face , retrieving the bodies of Navarro and Rabadá from the `` White Spider . '' 1964 : 1 -- 3 September : German Daisy Voog becomes the first woman to reach the summit via the face ( with Werner Bittner ) . 1965 : August : Harry Stewart , Mitchell Millar ( UK ) Al & Tad Katzmarek ( Polish ) reach the Ramp , Stewart and Katzmarek cousins retreat , Millar solo to summit . 1966 : March 22 : After a fixed rope breaks , American John Harlin falls to his death while attempting a new route : the direttissima , or `` most direct '' route . His colleague , Scotsman Dougal Haston , joins the competing team of Siegfried Hupfauer ( de ) , Jörg Lehne ( de ) , Günter Strobel and Roland Votteler , and they go on to complete the first direttissima ( they reach the summit on 25 March , after one month 's siege ) . The new route is named the `` John Harlin Route '' in Harlin 's honour . 1968 : 28 -- 31 July : First ascent of the north pillar , by a Polish team : Krzysztof Cielecki , Tadeusz Łaukajtys , Ryszard Szafirski ( pl ) , Adam Zyzak . 1970s ( edit ) 1970 : Leo Dickinson , Eric Jones , Pete Minks and Cliff Phillips ( GB ) make the first complete film of the climb . 1971 : First Belgian ascent of the face by Renaat Van Malderen and Vincent de Waele . 1971 : Peter Siegert and Martin Biock are winched from above Death Bivouac to a helicopter , the first such successful rescue . 1973 : First All Female Ascent of the face by Wanda Rutkiewicz , Danuta Gellner - Wach and Stefania Egierszdorff . All Polish . 1974 : Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler climb the face in 10 hours . Chris Kopcznski and John Roskelley first all US team climb the face en route home from the Pamir Mountains . 1975 : Second winter and the first British winter ascent of the 1938 route by Joe Tasker and Dick Renshaw . This was the first Alpine Style ascent of the North Face in winter - completing the climb from bottom to top in one push . It was also the first time the face had been climbed in winter without recourse to fixed ropes . 1977 : First alpine - style ascent of the Eiger Direct ( Harlin Route ) by Alex MacIntyre ( UK ) and Tobin Sorenson ( US ) . 1977 : First Dutch ascent of the face by Ronald Naar and Bas Gresnigt . 1978 : First Polish winter ascent of the face by Andrzej Czok , Walenty Fiut ( pl ) , Janusz Skorek and Jan Wolf , the fastest winter ascent at that time . 1978 : First winter solo ascent by Tsuneo Hasegawa . 1980s ( edit ) 1981 : First British solo ascent of the face by Welsh climber Eric Jones , filmed by Leo Dickinson and released as Eiger Solo . 1981 : 25 August : Swiss guide Ueli Bühler ( de ) soloes the face in 8 hours and 30 minutes . 1982 : Slovene Franček Knez ( de ; sl ) soloes the face in 6 hours . 1982 First American winter ascent by Harry Kent and Keith Lober . 1983 : 21 March -- 2 April ( 13 days on the wall ) : First winter solo ascent and new route on the face ( the ideal direttissima ) by Slovak Pavel Pochylý ( sk ) . 1983 : 27 July : Austrian Thomas Bubendorfer ( de ) soloes the face without a rope in 4 hours and 50 minutes , almost halving Bühler 's time . 1984 : 21 July : Slovene Slavko ( Miroslav ) Svetičič . Classic route , solo climb in 8 hours . 1985 : French climber Christophe Profit ( de ) soloes the north face in the first solo winter ascent in 10 hours . 1987 : 11 -- 12 March : French climber Christophe Profit soloes the famous ' Trilogy ' of north faces ( the Eiger , the Matterhorn , and the Grandes Jorasses ) in one outing ( ' enchainement ' ) of 42 hours and in winter conditions . 1987 : Second British solo ascent of the face by Phil Thornhill . 1988 : Alison Hargreaves climbs the face while nearly six months ' pregnant . 1990s ( edit ) 1990 : 14 -- 15 January : Slavko Svetičič solo climbs the Harlin route in 26 hours , its first winter ascent . 1991 : Jeff Lowe solos Metanoia on the north face in winter without bolts . 1992 : 9 March : First female solo ascent by Catherine Destivelle ( France ) , in 17 hours . 1997 : Benedetto Salaroli , aged 72 , becomes the oldest man to ascend the face , climbing it in a single day with guides Ueli Buhler and Kobi Reichen . 2000s ( edit ) 2003 : 24 March : Christoph Hainz ( de ) breaks Bubendorfer 's record by ten minutes , climbing the face in 4 hours and 40 minutes . 2007 : 9 April : Christophe Profit guides the face for the tenth time . 2007 : 21 February : Ueli Steck ( Switzerland ) breaks Christoph Hainz 's record , soloing the face in 3 hours and 54 minutes . 2008 : 28 January : Swiss climbers Roger Schäli ( de ) and Simon Anthamatten set a new record for a team ascent ( of the Heckmair route ) climbing it in 6 hours and 50 minutes . 2008 : 13 February : Ueli Steck breaks his own record , soloing the face in 2 hours , 47 minutes and 33 seconds . 2008 : 23 February : Swiss climbers Daniel Arnold ( de ) and Stephan Ruoss better the team record ( Schäli and Anthamatten ) , climbing the Heckmair route in 6 hours , 10 minutes . 2008 : 31 May : Ueli Steck is presented with the inaugural Eiger Award . 2008 : 7 August : Dean Potter ( US ) free - solos Deep Blue Sea ( 5.12 + ) on the face , then BASE jumps from the top using an ultralight rig he wore during the climb . 2010s ( edit ) 2011 : 20 April : Daniel Arnold ( Switzerland ) solos the face in 2 hours 28 minutes , using the fixed ropes on the Hinterstoisser Traverse . Arnold was 19 minutes faster than Ueli Steck in 2008 , but Steck climbed the route entirely without aid and , unlike Arnold , completed the route in the official winter season . 2014 : 14 March : Mark Salamon solos the face the on classic - route - the first Hungarian climber to make any solo ascent of the North Face . 2015 : 29 August : Sasha DiGiulian becomes the first woman to free climb Magic Mushroom ( 7c+ ) , one of the most difficult routes on the north face of the Eiger . 2015 : 12 Nov : New team ascent record by Ueli Steck and Nicolas Hojac in 3 hours 46 minutes . 2015 : 17 Nov : Ueli Steck climbs the Heckmair Route in 2 hours 22 minutes 50.7 seconds . Panorama ( edit ) View from Männlichen : From left to right , Eiger , Mönch and Jungfrau . Books and Films ( edit ) The 1959 book The White Spider by Heinrich Harrer describes the first successful ascent of the Eiger north face . The 1972 novel The Eiger Sanction is an action / thriller novel by Rodney William Whitaker ( writing under the pseudonym Trevanian ) , based around the climbing of the Eiger . This was then made into a 1975 film starring Clint Eastwood and George Kennedy . The Eiger Sanction film crew included very experienced mountaineers ( e.g. , John Cleare , Dougal Haston , and Hamish MacInnes , see Summit , 52 , Spring 2010 ) as consultants , to ensure accuracy in the climbing footage , equipment and techniques . The 1982 book Eiger , Wall of Death by Arthur Roth is an historical account of first ascents of the north face . The 1982 book Traverse of The Gods by Bob Langley is a World War II spy thriller where a group escaping from Nazi Germany is trapped and the only possible exit route is via the Nordwand . Eiger Dreams , a collection of essays by Jon Krakauer , begins with an account of Krakauer 's own attempt to climb the north face . The IMAX film The Alps features John Harlin III 's climb up the north face in September 2005 . Harlin 's father , John Harlin II , set out 40 years earlier to attempt a direct route ( the direttissima ) up the 6,000 - foot ( 1,800 m ) face , the so - called `` John Harlin route '' . At 1300 m , his rope broke , and he fell to his death . Composer James Swearingen created a piece named Eiger : Journey to the Summit in his memory . The 2007 docu / drama film The Beckoning Silence featuring mountaineer Joe Simpson , recounting -- with filmed reconstructions -- the ill - fated 1936 expedition up the north face of the Eiger and how Heinrich Harrer 's book The White Spider inspired him to take up climbing . The film followed Simpson 's eponymous 2003 book . Those playing the parts of the original climbing team were Swiss mountain guides Roger Schäli ( Toni Kurz ) , Simon Anthamatten ( Andreas Hinterstoisser ) , Dres Abegglen ( Willy Angerer ) and Cyrille Berthod ( Edi Rainer ) . The documentary won an Emmy Award the subsequent year . The 2008 German historical fiction film Nordwand is based on the 1936 attempt to climb the Eiger north face . The film is about the two German climbers , Toni Kurz and Andreas Hinterstoisser , involved in a competition with an Austrian duo to be the first to scale the north face of Eiger . The 2010 documentary Eiger : Wall of Death by Steve Robinson . See also ( edit ) Mountains portal List of mountains of Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Retrieved from the Swisstopo topographic maps . The key col is the Nördliches Eigerjoch ( 3,605 m ) . Jump up ^ Retrieved from Google Earth . The nearest point of higher elevation is northeast of the Mönch . Jump up ^ Veneblas , Stephen ( 2014 ) . First Ascent . London : Hachette UK . ISBN 1554074037 . Jump up ^ Reinhold Messner , The Big Walls : From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Venables , Stephen ( 2006 - 08 - 27 ) . `` The Eiger is my kind of therapy '' . London : The Sunday Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 - Suisse sud - ouest '' ( Map ) . Eiger Mönch Jungfrau ( 2014 ed . ) . 1 : 200 000 . National Map 1 : 200'000 . Wabern , Switzerland : Federal Office of Topography -- swisstopo . ISBN 978 - 3 - 302 - 00003 - 9 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 -- via map.geo.admin.ch . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 2008 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Massive chunk falls from Swiss mountain '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Claire Eliane Engel , A History of Mountaineering in the Alps , 1950 Jump up ^ First ascent of the Eiger summitpost.org . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The north face of the Eiger mountainzone.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 04 Jump up ^ Alptraum der Alpen einestages.spiegel.de . Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Anker and Rainer Rettner , Chronology of the Eiger from 1252 to 2013 Jump up ^ Acro-base.com video Jump up ^ `` Ski - Gliding the Eiger '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Michael Hopkin . `` Eiger loses face in massive rockfall '' . BioEd Online . Jump up ^ From Strutt 's Presidential Valedictory Address , 1938 , in Alpine Journal , Vol . L , reprinted in Peaks , Passes and Glaciers , ed . Walt Unsworth , London : Allen Lane , 1981 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : The White Spider Jump up ^ `` Strange and Dangerous Dreams : the Fine Line between Adventure and Madness '' , Geoff Powter , 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Skoczylas , Adam ( 1962 ) . Stefano , we shall come tomorrow . London : Poets ' and Painters ' Press . p. 35 . ( the story about the 1957 rescue action ) Jump up ^ Claudio Corti ( 1928 - 2010 ) : A Life in the Shadow of the Eiger , article by Luca Signorelli . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : wspinanie.pl , Eiger part 3 , Polish ascents ( → 1961 Droga Klasyczna ) ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 ; earlier reference , see : `` Taternik '' No 3 - 4 / 1966 ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ wspinanie.pl , Eiger part 2 , routes , N Pillar / ridge ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ wspinanie.pl , Eiger part 3 , Polish ascents ( → 1968 ) N Pillar ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Scott , Doug ; Alex MacIntyre ( 2000 ) ( 1984 ) . Shisha Pangma : The Alpine Style First Ascent of the South - West Face . Seattle , WA , USA : The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 723 - 1 . Jump up ^ wspinanie.pl Eiger part 2 , routes ( Pochylý solo ) ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Christophe Profit Ten Times the Eiger North Face . Jump up ^ destivelle.com , Catherine Destivelle solo ascents , Eiger Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Available also in French Jump up ^ `` Ueli Steck speed record on Eiger Heckmair route '' . planetmountain.com . Jump up ^ `` Eiger Team Record Bested Again '' . alpinist.com . Jump up ^ Ueli Steck scales new heights with 2008 Eiger award Jump up ^ Melissa Thomasma , `` ' FreeBASE ' : Dean Potter on the Eiger Nordwand '' , Alpinist , August 13 , 2008 , accessed August 29 , 2008 , http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web08x/newswire-potter-eiger-freebase . ^ Jump up to : `` Eiger Speed Record - Dani Arnold '' , ukclimbing.com , 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Outdoor Athletes Sasha DiGiulian And Carlo Traversi Free Climb Magic Mushroom ... - LOS ANGELES , Aug. 29 , 2015 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ueli Steck on www.movescount.com '' Jump up ^ Roth , Arthur ( 1982 ) `` Eiger , wall of death '' . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01496 - 7 and ( 2000 ) Adventure Library . ISBN 1 - 885283 - 19 - 9 . Works cited ( edit ) Anker , Daniel ( 2000 ) . Eiger : The Vertical Arena . Seattle : The Mountaineers . Harrer , Heinrich ( 1959 ) . The White Spider : The History of the Eiger 's North Face ( in German ) ( 3rd ed . ) . London . Pagel , David ( 1999 ) . `` My Dinner with Anderl '' . Ascent . Golden , Colorado : AAC Press : 13 -- 26 . Simpson , Joe ( 2002 ) . The Beckoning Silence . London : Jonathan Cape Publishers . ISBN 0 - 09 - 942243 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eiger . The Eiger on Summitpost The Eiger on Peakware - photos The Eiger on Hikr The Eiger on Flickr Live webcam view of the Eiger north face New and Old Explorations of the Eiger , Photos & Video Ueli Steck wins inaugural Eiger Award 2008 Are you still here ? A bagman 's view of climbing the Eigerwand , by Charles Sherwood . Obituary of Anderl Heckmair , The Independent , Feb. 3 , 2005 West face of Eiger ( hide ) Jungfrau - Aletsch ( World Heritage Site ) Mountains Finsteraarhorn Aletschhorn Jungfrau Mönch Schreckhorn Lauteraarhorn Grosses Fiescherhorn Hinteres Fiescherhorn Grünhorn Gletscherhorn Eiger Ebnefluh Bietschhorn Grosses Wannenhorn Mittaghorn Nesthorn Wetterhorn Blüemlisalp Glaciers North side Kander Tschingel Lower Grindelwald Upper Grindelwald Unteraar Oberaar South side Lang Oberaletsch Aletsch Fiescher Lakes Oeschinen Märjelen BNF : cb13548780m ( data ) GND : 4013803 - 3 HDS : 8785 NDL : 00628062 VIAF : 248507068 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiger&oldid=843642770 '' Categories : Eiger Alpine three - thousanders Bernese Alps Great north faces of the Alps Mountains of the Alps Mountains of the canton of Bern Mountains of Switzerland Three - thousanders of Switzerland Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Interlanguage link template link number CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first person to climb north face of eiger	[ "The first ascent was made by the western flank on August 11, 1858 by Charles Barrington with guides Christian Almer and Peter Bohren. They started at 3:00 a.m. from Wengen. Barrington describes the route much as it is followed today, staying close to the edge of the north face much of the way. They reached the summit at about noon, stayed for some 10 minutes and descended in about four hours. Barrington describes the reaching of the top, saying, \"the two guides kindly gave me the place of first man up.\" Their ascent was confirmed by observation of a flag left on the summit. According to Harrer's The White Spider, Barrington was originally planning to make the first ascent of the Matterhorn, but his finances did not allow him to travel there as he was already staying in the Eiger region.[9]" ]	[ "Charles Barrington" ]
1951275916913748585	History of iPhone	History of iPhone - Wikipedia History of iPhone Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Newton MessagePad was an early handheld device manufactured by Apple in the mid-1990s . Some of its concepts and functions have been incorporated into the iPhone . Timeline of release years 2007 iPhone 2G 2008 iPhone 3G 2009 iPhone 3GS iPhone 4 2011 iPhone 4S 2012 iPhone 5 2013 iPhone 5S iPhone 5C 2014 iPhone 6 / 6 Plus 2015 iPhone 6S / 6S Plus 2016 iPhone SE iPhone 7 / 7 Plus 2017 iPhone 8 / 8 Plus iPhone X The history of iPhone began with a request from inventor Steve Jobs to Apple Inc. 's engineers , asking them to investigate the use of touchscreen devices and tablet computers ( which later came to fruition with the iPad ) . Many have noted the device 's similarities to Apple 's previous touch - screen portable device , the Newton MessagePad . Like the Newton , the iPhone is nearly all screen . Its form factor is credited to Apple 's Chief Design Officer , Jonathan Ive . In April 2003 , at the `` All Things Digital '' executive conference , Jobs expressed his belief that tablet PCs and traditional PDAs were not good choices as high - demand markets for Apple to enter , despite receiving many requests for Apple to create another PDA . He believed that cell phones were going to become important devices for portable information access , and that mobile phones needed to have excellent synchronization software . At that time , instead of focusing on a follow - up to their Newton PDA , Jobs had Apple focus on the iPod . Jobs also had Apple develop the iTunes software , which can be used to synchronize content with iPod devices . iTunes was released in January 2001 . On September 7 , 2005 , Apple and Motorola released the ROKR E1 , the first mobile phone to use iTunes . Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR , feeling that having to compromise with a non-Apple designer ( Motorola ) prevented Apple from designing the phone they wanted to make . In September 2006 , Apple discontinued support for the ROKR , and released a version of iTunes that included references to an as - yet unknown mobile phone that could display pictures and video . Ed Zander ( the CEO of Motorola at the time ) `` inspired '' Steve Jobs with Moto 's multimedia ( e.g. , iTunes ) + smartphone product concept . As a result , Apple gained a new product concept , called `` iPhone '' , while Motorola walked away with a limited version of iTunes for Rokr / Slvr . On January 9 , 2007 , Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention , receiving substantial media attention . Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year . On June 29 , 2007 , the first iPhone was released . On June 11 , 2007 , Apple announced at the Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference that the iPhone would support third - party applications using the Safari engine . Third parties would be able to create Web 2.0 applications , which users could access via the internet . Such applications appeared even before the release of the iPhone ; the first of these , called OneTrip , was a program meant to keep track of users ' shopping lists . On June 29 , 2007 , Apple released version 7.3 of iTunes to coincide with the release of iPhone . This release contains support for iPhone service activation and syncing . According to The Wall Street Journal , the iPhone is manufactured on contract in the Shenzhen factory of the Taiwanese company Hon Hai ( also known as Foxconn ) . Also , according to recent news , Apple will shortly begin outsourcing the manufacturing of iPhones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Connection to AT&T 1.1 Court cases 2 Advertising 3 Domain name 4 United States release 4.1 Outsized bills 4.2 Price drop outcry 4.3 iPhone 3G pricing model changes 5 European release 6 Southeast Asian releases 7 Australian release 8 New Zealand release 9 Canadian release 10 Non-exclusive deals 10.1 Verizon Wireless 11 World timeline 12 Activation and SIM lock bypassing 13 See also 14 References Connection to AT&T ( edit ) When Apple released the iPhone on January 9 , 2007 , it was sold only with AT&T ( formerly Cingular ) contracts in the United States . After 18 months of negotiations , Steve Jobs reached an agreement with the wireless division of AT&T to be the iPhone 's exclusive carrier . Consumers were unable to use any other carrier without unlocking their device . Apple retained control of the design , manufacturing and marketing of the iPhone . Since some customers were jailbreaking their iPhones to leave their network , AT&T began charging them a $175 early - termination fee for leaving before the end of their contract . Court cases ( edit ) iPhone series ( back ) Questions arose about the legality of Apple 's arrangement after the iPhone was released . Two class - action lawsuits were filed against the company in October 2007 : one in Federal court and the other in state court . According to the suits , Apple 's exclusive agreement with AT&T violated antitrust law . The state - court suit , filed by the law office of Damian R. Fernandez on behalf of California resident Timothy P. Smith , sought an injunction barring Apple from selling iPhones with a software lock and $200 million in damages . In Smith v. Apple Inc. , the plaintiffs said that Apple failed to disclose to purchasers its five - year agreement with AT&T when they bought iPhones with a two - year contract and cited the Sherman Act 's prohibition of monopolies . The second case was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . The plaintiff , Paul Holman , filed a complaint against Apple and AT&T Mobility that he could not switch carriers or change SIM cards without losing iPhone improvements to which he was entitled . Holman also cited a Sherman Act violation by the defendants . On July 8 , 2010 , the case was affirmed for class certification . On December 9 the court ordered a stay on the case , awaiting the Supreme Court 's decision in AT&T v. Concepcion ( disputed whether the state 's basic standards of fairness were met by a clause in AT&T 's contract limiting complaint resolution to arbitration ) . On April 27 , 2011 , the Supreme Court ruled that AT&T met the state 's fairness standards . Advertising ( edit ) See also : iPod advertising The first advertisement for iPhone , titled `` Hello '' , aired during the 79th Academy Awards on February 25 , 2007 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . On June 4 , 2007 , Apple released four advertisements announcing that iPhone would be released on June 29 , 2007 . Domain name ( edit ) On July 1 , 2007 , it was reported that Apple paid at least US $1 million to Michael Kovatch for the iPhone.com domain name , previously owned by Kovatch since 1995 . The URL now redirects to Apple 's iPhone page . United States release ( edit ) People waiting to buy the iPhone upon release in New York City , June 29 , 2007 On June 28 , 2007 , during an address to Apple employees , Steve Jobs announced that all full - time Apple employees and those part - time employees who had been with the company for at least one year would receive a free iPhone . Employees received their phones in July after the initial demand for iPhones subsided . Initially priced at US $499 and US $599 for the 4GB models and 8GB models respectively , the iPhone went on sale on June 29 , 2007 . Apple closed its stores at 2 : 00pm local time to prepare for the 6 : 00pm iPhone launch , while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide . In the US and some other countries , iPhones could only be acquired with a credit card , preventing completely anonymous purchases of iPhones . At the time , there was no way to opt out of the bundled AT&T data plan . At first , iPhones could not be added to an AT&T Business account , and any existing business account discounts could not be applied to an iPhone AT&T account . AT&T changed these restrictions in late January 2008 . The Associated Press also reported in 2007 that some users were unable to activate their phones because , according to AT&T , `` ( a ) high volume of activation requests ( was ) taxing the company 's computer servers . '' On Oct 29 , 2007 , the Usenet newsgroup misc. phone. mobile. iphone was created . Early estimates by technology analysts estimated sales of between 250,000 and 700,000 iPhones in the first weekend alone , with strong sales continuing after the initial weekend . As part of their quarterly earnings announcement , AT&T reported that 146,000 iPhones were activated in the first weekend . Though this figure does not include units that were purchased for resale on eBay or otherwise not activated until after the opening weekend , it is still less than most initial estimates . It is also estimated that 95 % of the units sold are the 8GB model . On January 11 , 2011 , Verizon announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4 . The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10 , 2011 . During Apple 's official unveiling of iPhone 4S on October 4 , 2011 , it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in the US on October 14 . Cricket Wireless announced on May 31 , 2012 that it would become the first prepaid carrier in the US to offer iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S , beginning June 22 , 2012 . A week later , Virgin Mobile USA became the second American prepaid carrier to offer iPhone 4 and 4S , announcing plans to release the phones on June 29 , 2012 . Due to T - Mobile USA 's inability to provide iPhone to customers raised its subscription churn rate , put the unit in an `` unsustainable position '' , and contributed to parent Deutsche Telekom 's decision to sell it to AT&T in March 2011 ; T - Mobile began offering iPhone on April 12 , 2013 . Media reports emerged in early August 2013 that announced that Apple would be launching its next iPhone model on September 10 , 2013 , but further details were not available . Brian Barrett , Managing Editor of the Gizmodo publication , speculated that either an upgraded version of iPhone 5 or a budget version would be released . Outsized bills ( edit ) Main article : 300 - page iPhone bill Stories of unexpected billing issues began to circulate in blogs and the technical press a little more than a month after iPhone 's heavily advertised and anticipated release . The 300 - page iPhone bill in a box received by iJustine on Saturday , August 11 , 2007 became the subject of a viral video , posted by the following Monday , which quickly became an Internet meme . This video clip brought the voluminous bills to the attention of the mass media . Ten days later , after the video had been viewed more than 3 million times on the Internet , and had received international news coverage , AT&T sent iPhone users a text message outlining changes in its billing practices . Price drop outcry ( edit ) On September 5 , 2007 , the 4GB model was discontinued , and the 8GB model price was cut by a third , from US $599 to US $399 . Those who had purchased an iPhone in the 14 - day period before the September 5 , 2007 announcement were eligible for a US $200 `` price protection '' rebate from Apple or AT&T . However , it was widely reported that some who bought between the June 29 , 2007 launch and the August 22 , 2007 price protection kick - in date complained that this was a larger - than - normal price drop for such a relatively short period and accused Apple of unfair pricing . In response to customer complaints , on September 6 , 2007 , Apple CEO Steve Jobs wrote in an open letter to iPhone customers that everyone who purchased an iPhone at the higher price `` and who is not receiving a rebate or other consideration '' , would receive a US $100 credit to be redeemed towards the purchase of any product sold in Apple 's retail or online stores . IPhone 3G pricing model changes ( edit ) With the July 11 , 2008 release of the iPhone 3G , Apple and AT&T changed the US pricing model from the previous generation . Following the de facto model for mobile phone service in the United States , AT&T would subsidize a sizable portion of the upfront cost for the iPhone 3G , followed by charging moderately higher monthly fees over a minimum two - year contract . European release ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2012 ) On November 9 , 2007 , the iPhone was officially launched in Europe , in the United Kingdom and Germany . In the UK , sales go through the UK O2 unit of Telefónica , while in Germany , it is offered through Deutsche Telekom 's T - Mobile division . As in the case of the previous launch in the US , customers lined up as much as a day in advance to obtain the much - anticipated phone . Apple occasionally produced a limited number of 4GB iPhones for German and UK markets , but they never reached end customers and were used as in - store demo units . Later most of the units were disposed of . The initial operating model of locking iPhone owners to one selected carrier has been controversial in Europe . In Germany , Vodafone , an operator competing with the operator that Apple had locked German iPhone sales to ( Deutsche Telekom 's T - Mobile division ) , brought a legal case claiming that the arrangement was against German law . On November 20 , 2007 , an interim court order resulted in sales of locked iPhones in Germany being temporarily stopped . The iPhone launch in France a few weeks later through the operator Orange faced the same legal issues . Other countries that will pose the same problems for the business model revolving around the sale of locked iPhones include Belgium , Italy , Finland , and Brazil . On December 1 , 2007 , Tušmobil , the Slovenian mobile operator , started selling `` unlocked '' iPhones without an official contract with Apple . The offer caused confusion between Apple Europe , local media , and local Apple representatives . On May 6 , 2008 , Telecom Italia announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Italy by the end of 2008 . It was estimated that it would probably be the second generation iPhone with 3G - UMTS capability . On May 27 , 2008 , TeliaSonera released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhones in Sweden , Norway , Denmark , Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia during 2008 . On June 4 , 2008 , Movistar announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Spain beginning on July 11 , 2008 . On August 22 , 2008 , Estonian mobile operator EMT started selling iPhones . On August 22 , 2008 , Vodafone Greece released iPhones in the Greek market . On September 26 , 2008 , Omnitel released iPhones in Lithuania . On November 7 , 2008 , T - Mobile released iPhones in Croatia . On September 29 , 2010 , Elisa released the iPhone 4 in Finland . Southeast asian releases ( edit ) SingTel ( in Singapore ) and Globe Telecom ( in the Philippines ) were the first two carriers to launch the iPhone in Southeast Asia . Both carriers launched the iPhone 3G in August 2008 . On March 20 , 2009 , Telkomsel became the first telecommunications company in Indonesia to offer the iPhone 3G with customizable plans for all Telkomsel customers . In the same month , Maxis of Malaysia and DiGi both launched the iPhone 3G . On October 2011 , StarHub launched the iPhone in Singapore . Smart Communications followed suit in December 2011 by launching the iPhone 4S in the Philippines . Smart Communications was the last telecommunications company to carry Apple 's iPhone in Southeast Asia . Australian release ( edit ) The iPhone 3G was released in Australia on July 11 , 2008 . New Zealand release ( edit ) The very first iPhone 3G model released on July 11 , 2008 was sold in Auckland , New Zealand to 22 - year - old student Jonny Gladwell at 12 : 01 am NZST . The iPhone 3G was only available to customers on the Vodafone network . There was criticism from some New Zealand customers when Vodafone announced pricing for the iPhone 3G , as Vodafone was the only network to offer this generation of iPhone . The first - generation iPhone was only available for sale in New Zealand through parallel import stores soon after it went on sale in the US . The original models available for sale in New Zealand were unlocked for use on the Vodafone network and could be used with any plan , including pre-paid plans . Subsequent launches of iPhone models in New Zealand have typically been a few weeks after the worldwide release . On November 8 , 2011 , Telecom announced that they would offer the iPhone 4S on their network , along with earlier models ( the iPhone 3GS and the iPhone 4 ) . Canadian release ( edit ) After months of high anticipation , the first iPhone to be released in Canada was the iPhone 3G. Rogers Wireless began offering 8 GB and 16 GB models on July 11 , 2008 . Facing a public backlash , Rogers dropped the price of its service plan from CA $ 100 to CA $30 per month . The iPhone 3GS , with the new iOS 3.0 operating system , was released in Canada by Rogers Wireless on June 19 , 2009 . Users who signed up for a 3 - year agreement with a data option could choose between a 16 GB device for CA $199 and a 32 GB device for CA $299 . Bell and Telus Mobility announced that they would release iPhone on November 4 and 5 , 2009 , respectively . Non-exclusive deals ( edit ) On May 6 , 2008 , Vodafone announced that they had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhone in Australia , the Czech Republic , Egypt , Greece , Italy , India , Portugal , New Zealand , South Africa , and Turkey . Subsequent announcements confirmed that Apple is moving away from exclusive one - carrier deals . Soon after Vodafone 's announcement , TIM announced that it would also be selling iPhone in Italy , on May 12 , 2008 , Optus confirmed that it would sell iPhone in Australia and SingTel confirmed that it would be selling iPhone in India through its Indian Joint Venture , Airtel . On June 4 , 2008 , SoftBank Mobile released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhone in Japan during 2008 . Russia 's second largest mobile operator , Beeline , announced on August 28 , 2008 that they signed a contract with Apple to sell iPhone on the Russian market by late 2008 . The deal was rumoured to be non-exclusive , according to unofficial statements made by MTS and MegaFon . MTS and MegaFon belong to the `` Russian Big Three '' , and were expected to release the iPhone 3G at the same time as Beeline . As predicted , MegaFon issued a press release regarding the iPhone 3G release on September 2 , 2008 . On November 14 , 2008 , Vodafone Egypt and Mobinil started selling the iPhone 3G in Egypt . iPhone 3G is priced at EG £ 3,800 and EG £ 4,600 for the 8 GB and 16 GB models respectively . Customers must also sign up for one of 3 service plans to use the phone . On September 28 , 2009 , Orange announced that they were going to become the second operator of the iPhone in the UK , indicating that an exclusive deal that O2 had established with Apple in 2007 had ended . Orange later announced that the iPhone would be released on November 10 , with pricing plans starting from £ 29.36 on contract and £ 440 for the 3GS 16GB on pay as you go . On the following day , Vodafone UK announced that they would be selling the iPhone by early 2010 , becoming the third UK network and Vodafone 's 11th country to offer the iPhone . Verizon Wireless ( edit ) There had been ongoing speculation in the United States that Apple might offer a CDMA - compatible iPhone for Verizon Wireless . This speculation increased on October 6 , 2010 , when The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin producing a CDMA - compatible iPhone , with such a model going on sale in early 2011 . On January 8 , 2011 , the Wall Street Journal confirmed that Verizon Wireless would , on January 11 , 2011 , officially announce the launch of a CDMA - based iPhone for use on their network . The date in which the Verizon iPhone would go on sale was unknown , though the two most recent iPhone releases were made available within weeks of their launch announcement . Verizon confirmed the announcement on January 11 , with an on - sale date of February 10 . On January 11 , 2011 , Verizon announced that they would start carrying a CDMA version of Apple 's iPhone 4 during February 2011 . Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3 . Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB . The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday , September 19 , in the United States ; it was the first GSM unlocked iPhone , which worked on AT&T and other GSM networks . World timeline ( edit ) The international release of iPhone has been staggered over several months . Today , the iPhone is available in most countries . Date Country Carrier ( s ) ( released date ) June 2007 United States ( 1 ) AT&T ( 2007 ) , Verizon ( February 2011 ) , Sprint ( October 2011 ) , C Spire Wireless ( Late 2011 ) , Cricket ( June 2012 ) , Virgin Mobile ( June 2012 ) , T - Mobile ( April 2013 ) , Boost Mobile ( November 2013 ) , U.S. Cellular ( November 2013 ) November 2007 United Kingdom † Germany France ‡ ( 4 ) O , 3 , T - Mobile , Orange , Vodafone , EE , Tesco Mobile § , Virgin Mobile ( November 2013 ) March 2008 Austria † Ireland ( 6 ) T - Mobile , O , Orange July 2008 Australia † Austria † Belgium ‡ Canada † Denmark Finland Hong Kong † ‡ Italy † ‡ Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway † ‡ Portugal † Spain Sweden Switzerland † ( 23 ) 3 , movistar , SingTel Optus , Orange ( Mobistar , One , Optimus ) , Rogers Communications ( Fido Solutions , Rogers Wireless ) , SoftBank , Swisscom , América Móvil ( Telcel ) , TIM , TeliaSonera ( NetCom ) , Telstra , T - Mobile , Vodafone August 2008 Argentina † Chile † Colombia † Czech Republic † ‡ Ecuador † El Salvador † Estonia Greece † ‡ Guatemala † Honduras Hungary India † Liechtenstein † Macau Paraguay Peru † Philippines Poland † Romania Singapore Slovakia † Uruguay † ( 45 ) 3 , América Móvil ( Claro , Comcel , Porta ) , Era , movistar , O , Orange , SingTel Bharti Airtel , Aircel , Globe , Smart - December 2011 , SingTel , Swisscom , TeliaSonera ( EMT ) , T - Mobile , Vodafone , Telenor September 2008 Brazil † ‡ Latvia Lithuania South Africa Turkey † ( 50 ) TIM , América Móvil ( Claro ) , TeliaSonera ( LMT , Omnitel ) , Turkcell , Vivo , Vodafone ( Vodacom ) , Oi October 2008 Luxembourg † Russia ‡ ( 52 ) Beeline , MegaFon , MTS November 2008 Croatia Egypt † ( 54 ) T - Mobile , Vodafone , Mobinil Later 2008 Botswana Cameroon Central African Republic Dominican Republic † Guinea Ivory Coast Jamaica Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mali Malta Mauritius Republic of Moldova Nicaragua † Niger Panama Réunion Taiwan † Qatar Senegal United States Virgin Islands Venezuela ( 79 ) América Móvil ( Claro , MiPhone ) , Chunghwa Telecom , movistar , Orange , Vodafone January 2009 Thailand ( 80 ) True Move February 2009 Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates ( 82 ) Mobily , Etisalat , du March 2009 Bulgaria Republic of Macedonia Indonesia † Malaysia ( 86 ) GLOBUL , T - Mobile , Telkomsel , Maxis October 2009 People 's Republic of China † ( 87 ) China Unicom November 2009 South Korea ( 88 ) KT December 2009 Guam Qatar Uganda Israel ( 92 ) GTA Teleguam , Vodafone , Orange , Pelephone , Cellcom March Viet Nam Armenia ( 94 ) Viettel Mobile , MobiFone , VinaPhone , Orange September Tunisia ( 95 ) Orange June 2011 Slovenia Trinidad & Tobago ( 97 ) Simobil ( now A1 ) , Telekom Slovenije , bmobile December 2013 Sri Lanka Dialog Axiata May 2014 Kosovo ( 98 ) IPKO October 2014 Serbia MTS , Telenor Serbia , Vip Mobile † iPhone offered by multiple carriers under contract from Apple ( country not carrier - exclusive ) ‡ iPhone offered without contract and without carrier lock § MVNO with O Activation and SIM lock bypassing ( edit ) This section may require copy editing . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : iPhone People outside an AT&T store offering to unlock iPhones for free . Each iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has been activated as a phone through AT&T or O2 . On July 3 , 2007 , Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked iPhone 's other features with jailbreaking . He published the software and offsets for others to use . On August 14 , 2007 , Gizmodo reported verification of a method to bypass iPhone 's SIM lock , allowing the phone to work freely with carriers other than AT&T . This method requires usage of a Turbo SIM card , costing approximately US $80 ; the method essentially tricks iPhone into believing that it is operating on the AT&T network , even when it is connected natively ( not in roaming mode ) to another carrier . Australian Personal Computer later published a ten - step guide to unlocking iPhone , using the Turbo SIM method . In mid-August , UniquePhones announced an unlocking service for iPhone , only to retract the service the following week after receiving a phone call from a lawyer representing AT&T . On August 24 , 2007 , George Hotz , a 17 - year - old hacker from Glen Rock , New Jersey , broke the lock that ties Apple 's iPhone to AT&T 's wireless network . He confirmed that he unlocked the phone and was using it on T - Mobile 's network . The hack opened up a realm of possibilities for overseas customers because iPhone was only sold in the US at the time . By unlocking it , Hotz opened up the phone to all kinds of phone networks across the world . Hotz posted the hack on his blog . The process is complicated and requires both disassembling iPhone and executing software commands on a personal computer . Hotz , along with four others across the world , reportedly spent about 500 hours unlocking the phone . Also on August 24 , 2007 , Engadget reported , by way of photos and a video clip , that they were called by the `` iPhoneSimFree '' team , who offered to show Engadget a demonstration of unlocking iPhone using a software - only method . Unlike Hotz 's hardware hack , the code in this hack was not made available to the general public . Sales of the unlock started on September 10 . These sales occurred through several resellers who were able to order `` keys '' from iPhoneSimFree , then pass the `` keys '' to customers , allowing the customers to use the software . On September 11 , after one day of sales , the iPhone Dev Team announced that they had created a working `` software unlock '' , and released it to the public for free . Utilizing the existing unlock requires some technical knowledge , although a simpler , GUI - based version was under construction . Two free , GUI - based unlocking programs that have been made available are AnySim and iUnlock Reloaded . On September 24 , 2007 Apple issued a warning that future updates could render unlocked iPhones unusable . On September 27 , 2007 , owners of unlocked iPhones who took advantage of the version 1.1. 1 update through iTunes reported that the update rendered the device virtually inoperable . There were also reports that the update even affected some iPhones that were not unlocked , and Engadget found that the firmware update had `` bricked '' unhacked iPhones as well . The firmware update relocks iPhones , but on October 11 iPhoneSIMFree announced that they had hacked the 1.1. 1 iPhone update , not only unlocking them but also unbricking those iPhones which were bricked by the update . On October 16 , 2007 , the iPhone Dev Team released AnySIM 1.1 , the free utility that unlocks iPhones . The updated version works on firmware version 1.1. 1 , but does n't fix baseband problems caused by updating an unlocked 1.0. 2 phone up to 1.1. 1 . On October 23 , 2007 , the iPhone Elite Dev - Team released Revirginizing Tool to rebuild the lock table in the seczone area to repair the damage done by the original anySIM 1.0 x unlockers so unlocked 1.0. 2 iPhones can upgrade to 1.1. 1 without bricking iPhone . The tool is unbricking the previously bricked iPhones . On November 21 , 2007 , T - Mobile announced that due to litigation commenced against them by their competitor Vodafone , which resulted in a preliminary injunction preventing T - Mobile from locking the SIM card to T - Mobile in Germany , it will sell the phone `` unlocked '' and will offer iPhone without a T - Mobile contract for € 999 ( US $1,478 ) at its shops to customers in Germany until the court renders a decision . By the end of November , Apple released another version of iPhone firmware , 1.1. 2 . This version does not have many new features but breaks unlocks . During Macworld ' 08 , on January 15 , Apple released the fifth version of iPhone firmware , 1.1. 3 ; this version repairs loopholes used by `` iPhone Hackers . '' The firmware , however , had been compromised prior to release and new security measures were quickly bypassed . On February 8 , 2008 , Geohot released the first full software unlock for the 1.1. 2 & 1.1. 3 OTB iPhones . For recent information see IPhone SIM unlocking . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Apple Inc. products References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter . Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update , Macworld , ( January 9 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Block , Ryan . Live from Macworld 2007 : Steve Jobs keynote , Engadget , ( January 9 , 2007 ) Retrieved February 1 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev . 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The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Newspapers . p . C1 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Internet message boards and blogs are buzzing with talk of paper iPhone bills dozens and even hundreds of pages long . Jump up ^ Ragan , Steve ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Thirty thousand text messages equal a forest killing 300 - page phone bill '' . Monsters and Critics . WotR Ltd . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . The box arrived last Saturday and inside it contained her first bill after she purchased Apple 's iPhone . Jump up ^ Martin , James A. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Sexy Portable Storage : The 300 - Page iPhone Bill '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Justine Ezarik , a graphic designer from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , posted a 1 - minute video on her blog that shows her opening up a 300 - page iPhone bill from AT&T -- which was mailed in a box . 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Ms. Ezarik , 23 , made a one - minute video that shows her flipping through the voluminous bill and posted it to YouTube and other video - sharing sites on Aug. 13 . The video has since been viewed more than three million times , Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T says `` No more 300 - page iPhone bills '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Surely due to the recent flurry over massively large iPhone bills , AT&T has begun sending text messages to its iPhone users assuring them that 50 , or 75 , or 300 + page iPhone bills will no longer be sent to their houses ( unless they want them ) . Jump up ^ Apple Inc . ( September 5 , 2007 ) . Apple Sets iPhone Price at 399 for this Holiday Season . Press release Retrieved September 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ; Stone , Brad ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` IPhone Owners Crying Foul Over Price Cut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . 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( hide ) iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV Apple Watch Series 2 Series 3 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_iPhone&oldid=809543802 '' Categories : IPhone Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with obsolete information from March 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from June 2017 All articles needing copy edit Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first iphone released in usa	[ "Initially priced at US $499 and US $599 for the 4GB models and 8GB models respectively, the iPhone went on sale on June 29, 2007. Apple closed its stores at 2:00pm local time to prepare for the 6:00pm iPhone launch, while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide.[38]" ]	[ "June 29, 2007" ]
-6589871068267706091	2022 Winter Olympics	2022 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2022 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Beijing 2022 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2022 Winter Paralympics . XXIV Olympic Winter Games Host city Beijing , China Motto Joyful Rendezvous Upon Pure Ice and Snow . Chinese : 纯洁的冰雪 , 激情的约会 Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 4 February Closing ceremony 20 February Stadium Beijing National Stadium Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 TBD 2026 > Summer < Tokyo 2020 Paris 2024 > Part of a series on 2022 Winter Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC COC BOCOWG The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIV Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Chinese : 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) , and commonly known as Beijing 2022 , is an international winter multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province , People 's Republic of China , from 4 to 20 February 2022 . These games will be the first Winter Olympic Games ever held in China . Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . With its previous hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics , Beijing will be the first city to have ever hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics ; there are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008 , as well as Beijing National Stadium as ceremonies venue . They will be the last of three consecutive Olympics being held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding 1.1 Host city election 2 Venues 2.1 Beijing cluster 2.2 Yanqing cluster 2.3 Zhangjiakou cluster 2.3. 1 Chongli 3 Transport 4 Budget 5 Sports 5.1 New events 6 Marketing 6.1 Branding 6.2 Mascot 7 Broadcasting 8 Concerns and controversies 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Bidding ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012 , with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013 . The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 , and selected three cities , Oslo ( Norway ) , Almaty ( Kazakhstan ) and Beijing ( China ) as the final candidate cities . Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process , citing the high costs or the lack of local support to host the Games . Oslo , which had been considered a frontrunner , withdrew its bid after the Norwegian parliament voted against an IOC - mandated government funding package . Public reception to the bid had been negative due to cost concerns , especially after the cost overruns of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , and an exposé by the Norwegian tabloid Verdens Gang that allegedly revealed hospitality demands made by the IOC . They included a cocktail reception with the royal family with drinks paid for by them or the organizing committee , the provision of road lanes exclusively for use by IOC members , and priority treatment at airports and hotels being used by IOC members . Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy , while Slate described them as being `` diva - like '' . Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Host city election ( edit ) 2022 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Beijing China 44 Almaty Kazakhstan 40 Venues ( edit ) Location of the three Beijing 2022 clusters In Beijing , five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre , the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center , which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics . Competitions for luge , bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing , northwest of Beijing , 90 kilometres ( 56 miles ) away from the city center , using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region . All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli , Zhangjiakou , 220 km ( 140 mi ) from downtown Beijing and 130 km ( 81 mi ) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area . The Big Air snowboarding events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District . Beijing cluster ( edit ) Olympic Green venues Beijing National Aquatics Center -- curling / 4,000 existing / renovated Beijing National Indoor Stadium -- ice hockey / 18,000 existing Beijing National Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies / 80,000 existing Beijing Olympic Village National Speed Skating Oval -- speed skating / 12,000 new China National Convention Center -- MPC / IBC / existing Other venues Capital Indoor Stadium -- figure skating , short track speed skating / 15,000 existing Wukesong Sports Centre -- ice hockey / 10,000 existing Shijingshan District -- snowboarding ( Big Air ) -- TBA new Yanqing cluster ( edit ) Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field -- alpine skiing 15,000 Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh , skeleton and Luge Track -- bobsleigh , luge , skeleton / 5,000 new Yanqing MMC : Media Center Yanqing Olympic Village / new Zhangjiakou cluster ( edit ) Chongli ( edit ) The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou , Hebei Province , will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics . The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan ( US $237.77 million ) in tourism during the 2015 -- 16 snow season for a 31.6 % growth over the previous season . In 2016 , it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists , an increase of 30 % from the previous season , during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid . The snow season lasted for five months from November , during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities , such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival . A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up , attracting the participation of 3,800 youths . All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events . Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) 15,000 Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field -- ski jumping , Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) 10,000 Hualindong Ski Resort -- biathlon 15,000 Genting Hotel -- Media Center Genting Snow Park -- snowboarding ( slopestyle , halfpipe ) , freestyle skiing 5,000 Taiwu Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( cross ) , freestyle skiing 10,000 Wanlong Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( parallel slalom ) 5,000 Zhangjiakou Olympic Village Transport ( edit ) The new Beijing - Zhangjiakou intercity railway will be built , starting from Beijing North Railway Station , and ending at Zhangjiakou South Railway Station . It will be built for speeds of up to 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) , and travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is estimated to be around 50 minutes . The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and is projected to have at least 24 lines by 2022 . There are also planned upgrades to expressway and highway networks . A new airport for Beijing and the region , provisionally named the Beijing Daxing International Airport , is due to open by 2019 . The airport will replace the Beijing Nanyuan Airport and operate together with the Beijing Capital International Airport . Budget ( edit ) The estimated budget for the games is US $3.9 billion , less than one - tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics . Sports ( edit ) The 2022 Winter Olympics are tentatively scheduled to include events in at least 15 sports . Alpine skiing ( details ) Biathlon ( details ) Bobsleigh ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( details ) Curling ( details ) Figure skating ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( details ) Ice hockey ( details ) Luge ( details ) Nordic combined ( details ) Short track speed skating ( details ) Skeleton ( details ) Ski jumping ( details ) Snowboarding ( details ) Speed skating ( details ) New events ( edit ) In October 2016 , the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) announced plans to begin sanctioning women 's competitions in Nordic combined , with a goal for the discipline to be contested at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing . In November 2017 , a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion : a ski jumping mixed team competition and men 's and women 's big air in freestyle skiing . The International Luge Federation ( FIL ) has proposed the addition of a total of six new events . This includes adding natural track luge ( men 's and women 's singles ) , a women 's doubles competition on the artificial track , and sprint events ( men , women , and doubles ) on the artificial track . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) has proposed the addition of synchronized skating as an event within the discipline of figure skating . They are also proposing a new short track speed skating team event . In biathlon , a single mixed relay has been proposed by the International Biathlon Union ( IBU ) to complement the four - person mixed relay which featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Also , a new team event has been proposed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The official emblem `` Winter Dream '' ( 冬梦 ) was unveiled on December 15 , 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center . The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character `` 冬 '' ( Winter ) inspired by winter snow , with a ribbon motif . The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier . The emblem also features the Olympic colors ( except black ) and the Chinese flag colors . The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot ( s ) for the 2022 Games will be unveiled in 2020 . Broadcasting ( edit ) In some countries , broadcast rights to the 2022 Winter Olympics are already agreed through existing long - term deals . In France and the United Kingdom , these are the first Games where Eurosport will be the main rightsholder ; the BBC will sub-license a limited amount of coverage on free - to - air television , as part of a deal in which the BBC sold the pay - TV rights to the 2018 and 2020 Games to Eurosport . Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( Rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport ( free - to - air rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK Latin America -- América Móvil MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Oceania -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- Eurosport , BBC In the United States , the Games will be broadcast once again by NBCUniversal properties as part of its multi-year agreement with the IOC . Super Bowl LVI ( the championship game of the National Football League 's 2021 season ) is provisionally scheduled for 6 February 2022 , meaning that the Super Bowl would occur during an ongoing Olympics for the first time in its history . Super Bowl games have frequently been among the most - watched television broadcasts in the United States annually . Under the NFL 's television contracts , rights to the Super Bowl rotate between the three networks CBS , Fox and NBC ; Super Bowl LVI is scheduled to be broadcast by CBS . Competition between these two major sporting events is expected to have an impact on viewership numbers . The last Super Bowl that was held during a Winter Olympic year , Super Bowl LII in 2018 , took place on the Sunday before the Games . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics Critics questioned the Beijing bid , citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports . Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences . The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned . Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system , and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction , and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow , is uncertain . The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31 % of its original size . See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2022 Winter Olympics . Asian Games celebrated in China 1990 Asian Games -- Beijing 2010 Asian Games -- Guangzhou 2022 Asian Games -- Hangzhou Olympics portal 2020s portal China portal Beijing portal Olympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Olympics -- Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics -- Beijing Paralympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Paralympics -- Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympics -- Beijing Universiade celebrated in China 2001 Summer Universiade -- Beijing 2009 Winter Universiade -- Harbin 2011 Summer Universiade -- Shenzhen Youth Olympic Games celebrated in China 2014 Summer Youth Olympics -- Nanjing Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Beijing to host 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Abend , Lisa ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . Time . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : What now for 2022 after Norway pulls out ? '' . BBC Sport. 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mathis - Lilley , Ben ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The IOC Demands That Helped Push Norway Out of Winter Olympic Bidding Are Hilarious '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reportedly made some ridiculous demands to help push Oslo out of 2022 Winter Olympics bidding '' . National Post . 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ IOC krever gratis sprit på stadion og cocktail-fest med Kongen Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mills , Chris ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` Here 's the 2022 Winter Olympics Venue , In The Middle of Winter '' . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing announces gym layout for 2022 Winter Olympics '' . People 's Daily Online . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit '' . Inside the Games . Jump up ^ insidethegames.biz . `` Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit '' . Jump up ^ `` 北京冬奥会新建场馆今年将全部开工 , 首钢单板大跳台赛后保留 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ gaiazhang . `` Beijing 2022 Games Ski Venue Receives Over 2 Million Tourists '' . Jump up ^ `` Beijing wo n't have a big budget for the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ `` FIS target Nordic Combined women 's competition at Beijing 2022 '' . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FIS Council Decisions from Autumn 2017 Meeting '' . www.fis-ski.com/ . FIS. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIL submits full package of events for Olympic bid '' . www.fil-luge.org/ . FIL. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1062269/exclusive-womens-nordic-combined-and-synchronised-skating-among-new-disciplines-proposed-for-beijing-2022 Jump up ^ `` Synchronized Skating has been proposed as a new `` event '' by the ISU `` . www.jurasynchro.com/ . Jura Synchro. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic logo unveiled '' . nbcsports.com . NBC Sports ) . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 - 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Matthew ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` IOC Award América Móvil 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In 2022 , Super Bowl and the Winter Olympics will compete for viewers '' . New York Post . 2018 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matt Schiavenza , `` A Winter Olympics in a City Without Snow '' , The Atlantic , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ Tom Phillips , `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' , The Guardian , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Scientists Question Environmental Impact of China 's Winter Olympics '' , New York Times , 9 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympic Games venues in China ' pose threat to Beijing nature reserve ' '' , South China Morning Post , 4 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics '' . birdingbeijing.com . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Beijing 2022 Beijing 2022 ( IOC ) Preceded by Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Beijing XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( 2022 ) Succeeded by TBD Venues of the 2022 Winter Olympics Beijing Cluster National Speed Skating Oval Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Aquatics Center Beijing National Indoor Stadium Wukesong Indoor Stadium Yanqing Cluster Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track Zhangjiakou Cluster Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center Genting Snow Park Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Winter_Olympics&oldid=834452035 '' Categories : 2022 Winter Olympics 2022 in Chinese sport 2022 in multi-sport events 2020s in Beijing Olympic Games in China Scheduled multi-sport events Sports competitions in Beijing Sport in Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics by year February 2022 sports events 2022 in winter sports Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the next country to host the winter olympics	[ "The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVème Jeux olympiques d'hiver;[1] Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, People's Republic of China, from 4 to 20 February 2022.[2]" ]	[ "People's Republic of China" ]
-7856526841607636298	Family Guy (season 16)	Family Guy ( season 16 ) - wikipedia Family Guy ( season 16 ) Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy ( season 16 ) Country of origin United States Release Original network Fox Original release October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 15 List of Family Guy episodes Family Guy 's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1 , 2017 . The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family , consisting of father Peter , mother Lois , daughter Meg , son Chris , baby Stewie and the family dog Brian , who reside in their hometown of Quahog . The executive producers for the sixteenth production season are Seth MacFarlane , Richard Appel , Alec Sulkin , Steve Callaghan , Danny Smith and Kara Vallow . Sulkin returns after a two - season absence as the new showrunner for the series , replacing previous showrunner Callaghan . Appel will continue to serve as showrunner alongside Sulkin . The season will feature guest appearances from Danny Trejo , Ian McKellen , Kristen Bell , Louis C.K. , Bill Maher , and Modern Family cast members Ty Burrell , Julie Bowen and Sofía Vergara . The season will also mark the final appearances of Adam West and Carrie Fisher following their deaths , as well as the show 's 300th episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Unscheduled episodes 3 References 4 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Family Guy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 290 `` Emmy - Winning Episode '' James Purdum Dominic Bianchi Peter Shin Aaron Lee October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) FACX06 2.80 Peter goes out of his way to earn an Emmy win after getting fed up with not being nominated . He tries to make Family Guy more like several Emmy - nominated television shows , including Modern Family and Transparent . 291 `` Foxx in the Men House '' Brian Iles Andrew Goldberg October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) EACX20 3.05 Peter meets a paramedic named Striker after being knocked unconscious . He later dumps Quagmire , Cleveland and Joe as friends , due to his friendship with Striker giving him inflated self - esteem . Later on , Peter comes to realize he does not have the strength to do the physical activities that Striker wants to do . 292 `` Nanny Goats '' Steve Robertson Tom Devanney October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) FACX02 2.54 Barbara hires a nanny for the Griffin family when she gets displeased with recent living arrangements for the kids . This enables Peter and Lois to reconnect with their love . 293 `` Follow the Money '' Mike Kim Kevin Biggins October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) EACX15 2.69 Chris receives a dollar for his birthday from Carter and loses it at the same time , only to realize it is a rare dollar . Chris and Carter begin an adventure to find the dollar , as it 's being passed by every citizen of Quahog . 294 5 `` Three Directors '' Joe Vaux Travis Bowe November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) EACX18 TBD The story of Peter 's firing from the brewery , as told in the styles of Quentin Tarantino , Wes Anderson , and Michael Bay . 295 6 `` The D in Apartment 23 '' TBA TBA November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) FACX03 TBD 296 7 `` Petey IV '' TBA TBA November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) FACX04 TBD 298 9 `` Do n't Be a Dickens at Christmas '' TBA TBA December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) FACX07 TBD Unscheduled episodes ( edit ) Production code Title Reference FACX01 `` Dog Bites Bear '' FACX10 `` Send in Stewie , Please '' FACX15 `` HTTPete '' FACX ? ? `` Doc Brown '' FACX ? ? `` Crimes and Meg 's Demeanor '' FACX ? ? `` V is for Mystery '' FACX ? ? `` Brian Dates a Bitch '' FACX ? ? `` Veteran Guy '' FACX ? ? `` Family Guy Through the Years '' FACX ? ? `` The Woof of Wall Street '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' The Gifted ' & ' Orville ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Snierson ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ian McKellen to guest on Family Guy '' . Ew.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Snierson ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kristen Bell , Louis C.K. to guest on Family Guy '' . Ew.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' Ten Days in the Valley ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjust down , ' 60 Minutes , ' AFV ' and NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Family Guy producer reveals details on Carrie Fisher 's final two episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003816253 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003851061 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003803650 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003844797 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003848125 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003848227 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003852729 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003852731 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003852736 at U.S. Copyright Records database . External links ( edit ) Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 16 `` Emmy - Winning Episode '' `` Foxx in the Men House '' `` Nanny Goats '' `` Follow the Money '' `` Three Directors '' `` The D in Apartment 23 '' Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Guy_(season_16)&oldid=809030519 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Family Guy seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new family guy season come out	[ "Family Guy's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017.[1]" ]	[ "October 1, 2017" ]
4784063740233103015	India–Pakistan border	India -- Pakistan border - wikipedia India -- Pakistan border The India -- Pakistan Border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states and the Pakistani four provinces . The border runs from the Line of Control ( LoC ) , which separates the Indian state of Kashmir from Pakistani - controlled Kashmir , in the north , to the Zero Point between the Indian state of Gujarat and the Sindh province of Pakistan , in the south . Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947 , the border , which divides Pakistan and India from each other , traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts . Since the independence of India and Pakistan ( see British India ) , the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country , and is one of the most complex borders in the world . The border 's total length is 2,900 km ( 1,800 mi ) , according to the figures given by the PBS ; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world , based on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011 . It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles . Contents 1 Working Boundary , Line of Control , and International Boundary 2 Border crossings 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Working boundary , Line of Control , and international boundary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The border between the two Nations is an internationally recognised frontier from Gujarat / Sindh only with exemption to the Line of Control that is not internationally accepted . The Kashmir disputed region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line , established after the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 , into two main parts and the de facto demarcation dividing Pakistan - administered Kashmir from Indian - administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972 . Between Pakistan and India lies the Pakistani territories of AJK & Gilgit - Baltistan and , also the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . On the other side where the internal borders of the Pakistan 's Punjab provincial border , is officially called the Working Boundary by Pakistan ( which is a recent term ) and international border by the Government of India . Working boundary : The line between Punjab Province of Pakistan along Sialkot and Indian controlled Kashmir . It is called a working boundary because on one side is an internationally recognised land ( Sialkot ) while on the other is a disputed territory . Line of Control ( LOC ) : Line of control is the boundary between the Pakistani Azad Kashmir and Indian Jammu and Kashmir . It was demarcated after the Simla pact in 1972 . International boundary : The demarcated line between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognised internationally . Sir Cyril Radcliffe Demarcated the land in 1947 . Border crossings ( edit ) Main articles : Designated border crossings of India , Borders of India , and Transport between India and Pakistan ICP Border crossings with designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP ) with immigration and customs facilities are : Attari at Wagah , Punjab , India , is the most famous and prominent border crossing point between India and Pakistan due to Wagah - Attari border ceremony . The crossing is located 32 kilometres from Amritsar and 24 kilometres from Lahore . Munabao : This village situated at Barmer district in Rajasthan , is famous for the railway station through which , the Thar Express connecting India with Pakistan runs . The crossing point had been closed after the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . In February 2006 it was reopened and since then the Thar Express operates from Bhagat Ki Kothi in Jodhpur India to Karachi , Pakistan . Other crossings Ganda Singh Wala border , Kasur District ( Pakistan side ) / Hussainiwala border , Punjab ( India side ) Sulaimanki , Punjab ( Pakistan side ) / Fazilka border , Okara District ( India side ) Longewala ( closed ) Gallery ( edit ) Baba Chamliyal Mela '' at Indo - Pak international Border , Ramgarh sector , 45 km from Jammu , where people from both the nations take part . Evening flag lowering ceremony at the Wagah border . Nighttime panorama of the border , stretching from the Arabian Sea to the foothills of the Himalayas The floodlit border zone between India and Pakistan has a distinctly orange hue in this astronaut photograph . Trucks on National Highway 1 ( India ) , waiting to cross Wagah border . Punjab Rangers at the Wagah border . Women personnel of BSF taking part in the ceremonial retreat at the India - Pakistan border at Wagah , 2010 . See also ( edit ) Borders of India Radcliffe Line Wagah border ceremony 2014 -- 15 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khan , MH ( 5 March 2006 ) . `` Back on track '' . Dawn News archives . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : PBS Release ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Border Jumpers The World 's Most Complex Borders : Pakistan / India '' . PBS . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ PHILIP WALKER ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Dangerous Borders '' . The Foreign Policy . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dailymail '' . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan Borderlands at Night '' . India - Pakistan Border at Night . NASA . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Annotated image from NASA Jump up ^ `` Radcliffe Line to divide India - Pakistan was formed this day : Read about it here '' . India Today . 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Indo - Pakistani border at Wikimedia Commons India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes Kulbhushan Jadhav 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 Indian Line of Control strike 2016 - present border skirmishes Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Borders of Pakistan Afghanistan barrier China India Iran Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India -- Pakistan_border&oldid = 863533287 '' Categories : India -- Pakistan border Borders of India Borders of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata India articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français हिन्दी Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் ไทย اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 11 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of border between india and pakistan in 1947	[ "Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947, the border, which divides Pakistan and India from each other, traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts.[2] Since the independence of India and Pakistan (see British India), the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country, and is one of the most complex borders in the world.[2] The border's total length is 2,900 km (1,800 mi),[2] according to the figures given by the PBS; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world, based on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011.[3] It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles.[4][5][6]\n" ]	[ "the Radcliffe line" ]
4906520138871011255	In Case You Didn't Know (Brett Young song)	In Case You Did n't Know ( Brett Young song ) - wikipedia In Case You Did n't Know ( Brett Young song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` In Case You Did n't Know '' Single by Brett Young from the album Brett Young Released January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Country Length 3 : 44 Label Republic Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Brett Young Trent Tomlinson Tyler Reeve Kyle Schlienger Producer ( s ) Dann Huff Brett Young singles chronology `` Sleep Without You '' ( 2016 ) `` In Case You Did n't Know '' ( 2017 ) `` Like I Loved You '' ( 2017 ) `` Sleep Without You '' ( 2016 ) `` In Case You Did n't Know '' ( 2017 ) `` Like I Loved You '' ( 2017 ) `` In Case You Did n't Know '' is a song recorded by American country pop singer Brett Young and co-written by Young , Trent Tomlinson , Tyler Reeve , and Kyle Schlienger . It was released to radio on January 9 , 2017 as the second single from his debut self - titled album ( 2017 ) . The song has been certified 2 × Platinum by the RIAA , the first song by Brett Young to receive a Platinum certification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) The song was written in 2015 during a working trip to Puerto Vallarta , Mexico . Young co-wrote the song at the retreat with Tyler Reeve , Kyle Schlienger and Trent Tomlinson . According to Young , the inspiration for the song came from a story told by Tomlinson about his mother : `` ( Tomlinson ) said when he was a kid , every time he would leave the house , his mom would stop him on his way out the door , and she 'd say , ' Trent , in case you did n't know , I love you , ' '' In 2017 , Young released a duet version of the song with Irish country / pop artist Una Healy . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first entered on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart at number 45 for the week of August 6 , 2016 after it was featured on The Highway in July 2016 , selling 9,000 copies that week . It also peaked at number two for a record sixteen consecutive weeks but it was kept out of the top spot by `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt . The song debuted on the Country Airplay chart at number 52 on December 24 , 2016 before its official release in January 2017 . It peaked at number 1 the week of June 10 , 2017 , making it Young 's first number one hit of his career . The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on May 23 , 2017 , and it has sold 988,000 copies in the United States as of December 2017 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Jennifer Rothlein and premiered on CMT , GAC and Vevo in 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 50 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 988,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one country singles of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one country singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Add Dates '' ( PDF ) . Country Aircheck ( 531 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Young Slows Things Down in Video for ' In Case You Did n't Know ' '' . Sounds Like Nashville . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Courtney ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Brett Young 's ' In Case You Did n't Know ' Hits Major Platinum Milestone '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Song 's the Thing at Celebration for Brett Young 's `` In Case You Did n't Know '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : July 26 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Brett Young -- In Case You Did n't Know '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Chart : December 19 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Young Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Young Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Young Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Young Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Young Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canada Year - End Country Airplay of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Brett Young -- In Case You Did n't Know '' . Music Canada . Preceded by `` I Be U Be '' by High Valley Billboard Canada Country number - one single June 10 -- 24 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Chills '' by James Barker Band Preceded by `` Hurricane '' by Luke Combs Billboard Country Airplay number - one single June 10 -- 17 , 2017 Succeeded by `` If I Told You '' by Darius Rucker ( hide ) Brett Young Studio albums Brett Young ( 2017 ) EPs Brett Young ( 2016 ) Singles `` Sleep Without You '' `` In Case You Did n't Know '' `` Like I Loved You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Case_You_Didn%27t_Know_(Brett_Young_song)&oldid=821101270 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2017 singles Brett Young ( singer ) songs Republic Nashville singles Songs written by Trent Tomlinson Song recordings produced by Dann Huff Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings this song in case you didn't know	[ "\"In Case You Didn't Know\" is a song recorded by American country pop singer Brett Young and co-written by Young, Trent Tomlinson, Tyler Reeve, and Kyle Schlienger. It was released to radio on January 9, 2017 as the second single from his debut self-titled album (2017).[2] The song has been certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA, the first song by Brett Young to receive a Platinum certification.[3]" ]	[ "Brett Young" ]
1571554053165614459	Milky Way	Milky Way - wikipedia Milky Way Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Galaxy . For other uses , see Milky Way ( disambiguation ) . spiral galaxy containing our Solar System Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way 's Galactic Center in the night sky above the Paranal Observatory ( the laser creates a guide - star for the telescope ) . Observation data Type Sb , Sbc , or SB ( rs ) bc ( barred spiral galaxy ) Diameter 100 -- 180 kly ( 31 -- 55 kpc ) Thickness of thin stellar disk ≈ 2 kly ( 0.6 kpc ) Number of stars 100 -- 400 billion ( 2.5 × 10 ± 1.5 × 10 ) Oldest known star ≥ 13.7 Gyr Mass 0.8 -- 1.5 × 10 M Angular momentum ≈ 7067100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 J s Sun 's distance to Galactic Center 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) Sun 's Galactic rotation period 240 Myr Spiral pattern rotation period 220 -- 360 Myr Bar pattern rotation period 100 -- 120 Myr Speed relative to CMB rest frame 631 ± 20 km / s Escape velocity at Sun 's position 550 km / s Dark matter density at Sun 's position 0.0088 M pc or 0.35 GeV cm See also : Galaxy , List of galaxies The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptive `` milky '' is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years ( ly ) . It is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of the Orion Arm , one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust . The stars in the innermost 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The galactic center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A * , likely a supermassive black hole . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which form part of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) as seen from an area not polluted by light ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way circling over ALMA . The Milky Way is visible from Earth as a hazy band of white light some 30 degrees wide arcing across the sky . Although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the light in this band originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where light from distant stars is blocked by interstellar dust . The area of the sky obscured by the Milky Way is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be seen . It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban or suburban location , but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below the horizon . `` The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness '' shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's Galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius ; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius . The band divides the night sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The Galactic plane is inclined by about 60 degrees to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the Galactic plane . The north Galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south Galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arc of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from approximately 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south on Earth 's surface , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky ( fish - eye mosaic shot at Paranal , Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downwards . Size and mass A photograph of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance . The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter , and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the continental United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . Schematic profile of the Milky Way . Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M . According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs ( kpc ) from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M . Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M . In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . The Milky Way may also contain perhaps ten billion white dwarfs , a billion neutron stars , and a hundred million black holes . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media Artist 's impression of how the Milky Way would look from different vantage points . From edge - on lines - of - sight , the ( peanut shell ) - shaped structure , not to be confused with the galaxy 's central bulge , is evident . Viewed from above , the central narrow bar that is responsible for this structure appears clearly , as would many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers first began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1960s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . However , confusion in the literature between the ( peanut shell ) - shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar , versus a possible bulge with an expected half - light radius of 0.5 kpc , abound . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms Further information : Spiral galaxy Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way , viewed from `` north '' of the galaxy . Stars generally move clockwise in this view . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Sagittarius - Carina Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km / s ( 470,000 ± 22,000 mph ). ( 1 ) Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies , including two of its largest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Virgo Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology The Origin of the Milky Way ( c. 1575 -- 1580 ) by Tintoretto Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In the Babylonian epic poem Enûma Eliš , the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk , the Babylonian national god , after slaying her . This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur , but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture , the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology , the Milky Way was formed after the trickster god Hermes suckled the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera , the queen of the gods , while she was asleep . When Hera awoke , she tore Heracles away from her breast and splattered her breast milk across the heavens . In another version of the story , Athena , the patron goddess of heroes , tricked Hera into suckling Heracles voluntarily , but he bit her nipple so hard that she flung him away , spraying milk everywhere . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Oort constants List of galaxies Galactic astronomy Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy ; however , this does not reflect a firm consensus in the astronomical community . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 001667 - 3 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . Jump up ^ These estimates are very uncertain , as most non-star objects are hard to detect ; for example , black hole estimates range from ten million to one billion . 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Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 419 ... 1K . doi : 10.1086 / 173453 . Jump up ^ Brown , William P. ( 2010 ) . The Seven Pillars of Creation : The Bible , Science , and the Ecology of Wonder . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973079 - 7 . Jump up ^ MacBeath , Alastair ( 1999 ) . Tiamat 's Brood : An Investigation Into the Dragons of Ancient Mesopotamia . Dragon 's Head . p. 41 . ISBN 9780952438755 . Jump up ^ James , E.O. ( 1963 ) . The Worship of the Skygod : A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo - European Religion . Jordan Lectures in Comparative religion . London , England : University of London . pp. 24 , 27f . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , W.G. ( 1964 ) . `` Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies '' . 27 ( 1 ) . London , England : University of London : 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Connie ( 2010 ) . Pioneers of Light and Sound . Compass Point Books . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 7565 - 4306 - 1 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Jon ( 2010 ) . Big Bang & Black Holes . CreateSpace . p. 163 . ISBN 1 - 4528 - 6552 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ; Weiner , Edmund , eds . ( March 30 , 1989 ) . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198611862 . See the entries for `` Milky Way '' and `` galaxy '' . ^ Jump up to : Leeming , David Adams ( 1998 ) . Mythology : The Voyage of the Hero ( Third ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511957 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Pache , Corinne Ondine ( 2010 ) . `` Hercules '' . In Gargarin , Michael ; Fantham , Elaine . Ancient Greece and Rome . 1 : Academy - Bible . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 400 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538839 - 8 . Jump up ^ Eratosthenes ( 1997 ) . Condos , Theony , ed . Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans : A Sourcebook Containing the Constellations of Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the Poetic Astronomy of Hyginus . Red Wheel / Weiser . ISBN 1890482935 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aristotle with W.D. Ross , ed. , The Works of Aristotle ... ( Oxford , England : Clarendon Press , 1931 ) , vol . III , Meteorologica , E.W. Webster , trans. , Book 1 , Part 8 , pp. 39 -- 40 Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . : `` ( 2 ) Anaxagoras , Democritus , and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 41 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` For it is natural to suppose that , if the motion of a single star excites a flame , that of all the stars should have a similar result , and especially in that region in which the stars are biggest and most numerous and nearest to one another . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 43 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` We have now explained the phenomena that occur in that part of the terrestrial world which is continuous with the motions of the heavens , namely , shooting - stars and the burning flame , comets and the milky way , these being the chief affections that appear in that region . '' ^ Jump up to : Montada , Josep Puig ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Ibn Bajja '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heidarzadeh , Tofigh ( 2008 ) . A history of physical theories of comets , from Aristotle to Whipple . Springer . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 8322 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Livingston , John W. ( 1971 ) . `` Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyyah : A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 91 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 103 ( 99 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 600445 . JSTOR 600445 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Jamil ( 1993 ) . Nasir al - Din al - Tusi 's Memoir on Astronomy ( al - Tadhkira fi ` ilm al - hay ' a ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Sidereus Nuncius ( Venice , ( Italy ) : Thomas Baglioni , 1610 ) , pages 15 and 16 . Archived March 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . English translation : Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos , trans. , The Sidereal Messenger ( London , England : Rivingtons , 1880 ) , pages 42 and 43 . Archived December 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Galileo Galilei '' . University of St. Andrews . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wright , An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe ... ( London , England : H. Chapelle , 1750 ) . On page 57 , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction , the stars in the constellations do n't collide because they are in orbit , so centrifugal force keeps them separated : `` ... centrifugal force , which not only preserves them in their orbits , but prevents them from rushing all together , by the common universal law of gravity , ... '' On page 48 , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring : `` ... the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space , without order or design , ... this phænomenon ( is ) no other than a certain effect arising from the observer 's situation , ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . September 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` ssr120_315 '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope , `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' , March 2008 , p. 36 -- 39 . Cristina Chiappini , The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way , American Scientist , November / December 2001 , pp. 506 -- 515 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related `` Cosmic View '' ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal GND : 4169926 - 9 SUDOC : 027831965 VIAF : 240859756 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milky_Way&oldid=843092311 '' Categories : Astronomical objects known since antiquity Barred spiral galaxies Milky Way Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Use mdy dates from March 2018 Good articles Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 147 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 41 . 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About Wikipedia	how many stars in our milky way galaxy	[ "\nMilky Way Galaxy\n\n\n\nThe Milky Way's Galactic Center in the night sky above the Paranal Observatory (the laser creates a guide-star for the telescope).\n\n\n\n\nObservation data\n\n\nType\nSb, Sbc, or SB(rs)bc[1][2] (barred spiral galaxy)\n\n\nDiameter\n100–180 kly (31–55 kpc)[3]\n\n\nThickness of thin stellar disk\n≈2 kly (0.6 kpc)[4][5]\n\n\nNumber of stars\n100–400 billion (2.5 × 1011 ± 1.5 × 1011)[6][7][8]\n\n\nOldest known star\n≥13.7 Gyr[9]\n\n\nMass\n0.8–1.5×1012 M☉[10][11][12][13]\n\n\nAngular momentum\n≈7067100000000000000♠1×1067 J s[14]\n\n\nSun's distance to Galactic Center\n26.4 ± 1.0 kly (8.09 ± 0.31 kpc)[15][16][17]\n\n\nSun's Galactic rotation period\n240 Myr[18]\n\n\nSpiral pattern rotation period\n220–360 Myr[19]\n\n\nBar pattern rotation period\n100–120 Myr[19]\n\n\nSpeed relative to CMB rest frame\n631 ± 20 km/s[20]\n\n\nEscape velocity at Sun's position\n550 km/s[13]\n\n\nDark matter density at Sun's position\n0.0088+0.0024\n−0.0018 M☉pc-3 or 0.35+0.08\n−0.07 GeV cm-3[13]\n\n\nSee also: Galaxy, List of galaxies\n\n" ]	[ "100–400 billion (2.5 × 1011 ± 1.5 × 1011)" ]
-4563236678978335545	William I, German Emperor	William I , German Emperor - wikipedia William I , German Emperor This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Wilhelm I '' redirects here . For other uses , see William I . Wilhelm I Portrait of Wilhelm I in 1884 German Emperor Reign 18 January 1871 -- 9 March 1888 Coronation 18 January 1871 , Versailles Predecessor Empire founded Successor Frederick III Chancellor Otto von Bismarck King of Prussia Reign 2 January 1861 -- 9 March 1888 Coronation 18 October 1861 Predecessor Frederick William IV Successor Frederick III Prime Ministers See list ( show ) Karl Anton , Prince of Hohenzollern Prince Adolf zu Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Otto von Bismarck Albrecht von Roon Holder of the Bundespräsidium of the North German Confederation In office 1 July 1867 -- 31 December 1870 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck 22 March 1797 Berlin , Prussia , Holy Roman Empire 9 March 1888 ( 1888 - 03 - 09 ) ( aged 90 ) Berlin , German Empire Burial Charlottenburg Palace , Berlin , German Empire Spouse Augusta of Saxe - Weimar Issue Frederick III , German Emperor Louise , Grand Duchess of Baden House Hohenzollern Father Frederick William III of Prussia Mother Louise of Mecklenburg - Strelitz Religion Lutheranism ( Prussian United ) Signature Prussian Royalty House of Hohenzollern William I Children Frederick III Louise , Grand Duchess of Baden William I , or in German Wilhelm I. ( full name : William Frederick Louis of Hohenzollern , German : Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern , 22 March 1797 -- 9 March 1888 ) , of the House of Hohenzollern was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and the first German Emperor from 18 January 1871 to his death , the first Head of State of a united Germany . Under the leadership of William and his Minister President Otto von Bismarck , Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire . Despite his long support of Bismarck as Minister President , William held strong reservations about some of Bismarck 's more reactionary policies , including his anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates . In contrast to the domineering Bismarck , William was described as polite , gentlemanly and , while a staunch conservative , more open to certain classical liberal ideas than his grandson Wilhelm II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and military career 2 King 3 German Emperor 3.1 Assassination attempts and Anti-Socialist laws 3.2 Later years and death 4 Issue 5 Religion 6 Titles , styles , honours and arms 6.1 Titles and styles 6.2 Full title as German Emperor 6.3 Honours 7 Ancestry 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life and military career ( edit ) Queen Louise of Prussia with her two eldest sons ( later King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia and the first German Emperor Wilhelm I ) , circa 1808 The future king and emperor was born William Frederick Louis of Prussia ( Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Preußen ) in the Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin on 22 March 1797 . As the second son of Louise of Mecklenburg - Strelitz and Prince Frederick William , himself son of King Frederick William II , William was not expected to ascend to the throne . His grandfather died the year he was born , at age 53 , in 1797 , and his father Frederick William III became king . He was educated from 1801 to 1809 by Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Delbrück ( de ) , who was also in charge of the education of William 's brother , the Crown Prince Frederick William . At age twelve , his father appointed him an officer in the Prussian army . William served in the army from 1814 onward . Like his father he fought against Napoleon I of France during the part of the Napoleonic Wars known in Germany as the Befreiungskriege ( `` Wars of Liberation '' , otherwise known as the War of the Sixth Coalition ) , and was reportedly a very brave soldier . He was made a captain ( Hauptmann ) and won the Iron Cross for his actions at Bar - sur - Aube . The war and the fight against France left a lifelong impression on him , and he had a long - standing antipathy towards the French . In 1815 , William was promoted to major and commanded a battalion of the 1 . Garderegiment . He fought under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battles of Ligny and Waterloo . He became a diplomat , engaging in diplomatic missions after 1815 . In 1816 , William became the commander of the Stettiner Gardelandwehrbataillon and in 1818 was promoted to Generalmajor . The next year , William was appointed inspector of the VII. and VIII . Army Corps . This made him a spokesman of the Prussian Army within the House of Hohenzollern . He argued in favour of a strong , well - trained and well - equipped army . In 1820 , William became commander of the 1 . Gardedivision and in 1825 was promoted to commanding general of the III . Army Corps . In 1829 , William married Princess Augusta von Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach after Princess Elisa Radziwill , his cousin whom he had been attracted to , was deemed an inappropriate match by his father . William had been forced to abandon the relationship with Elisa in 1826 . Augusta was the daughter of Grand Duke Karl Friedrich von Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach . Their marriage was outwardly stable , but not a very happy one . In 1840 his older brother became King of Prussia . Since he had no children , William was first in line to succeed him to the throne and thus was given the title Prinz von Preußen . Against his convictions but out of loyalty towards his brother , in 1847 William signed the bill setting up a Prussian parliament ( Vereinigter Landtag ) and took a seat in the upper chamber , the Herrenhaus . During the Revolutions of 1848 , William successfully crushed a revolt in Berlin that was aimed at his elder brother , King Frederick William IV . The use of cannon made him unpopular at the time and earned him the nickname Kartätschenprinz ( Prince of Grapeshot ) . Indeed , he had to flee to England for a while , disguised as a merchant . He returned and helped to put down an uprising in Baden , where he commanded the Prussian army . In October 1849 , he became governor - general of Rhineland and Westfalia , with a seat at the Kurfürstliches Schloss in Koblenz . During their time at Koblenz , William and his wife entertained liberal scholars like the historian Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker or August von Bethmann - Hollweg and Clemens Theodor Perthes ( de ) . William 's opposition to liberal ideas gradually softened . In 1854 , the prince was raised to the rank of a field - marshal and made governor of the federal fortress of Mainz . In 1857 Frederick William IV suffered a stroke and became mentally disabled for the rest of his life . In January 1858 , William became Prince Regent for his brother , initially only temporarily but after October on a permanent basis . Against the advice of his brother , William swore an oath of office on the Prussian constitution and promised to preserve it `` solid and inviolable '' . William appointed a liberal , Karl Anton von Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen as Minister President and thus initiated what became known as the `` New Era '' in Prussia , although there were conflicts between William and the liberal majority in the Landtag on matters of reforming the armed forces . King ( edit ) Coronation of William I as King of Prussia at Königsberg Castle in 1861 On 2 January 1861 Frederick William died and William ascended the throne as William I of Prussia . In July a student from Leipzig tried to assassinate William , but he was only lightly injured . Like Frederick I of Prussia , William travelled to Königsberg and there crowned himself at the Schlosskirche . William chose the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig , 18 October , for this event , which was the first Prussian crowning ceremony since 1701 and the only crowning of a German king in the 19th century . William refused to comply with his brother 's wish , expressed in Frederick William 's last will , that he should abrogate the constitution . William inherited a conflict between Frederick William and the liberal Landtag . He was considered to be politically neutral as he intervened less in politics than his brother . In 1862 the Landtag refused an increase in the military budget needed to pay for the already implemented reform of the army . This involved raising the peacetime army from 150,000 to 200,000 men and boost the annual number of new recruits from 40,000 to 63,000 . However , the truly controversial part was the plan to keep the length of military service ( raised in 1856 from two years ) at three years . When his request , backed by his Minister of War Albrecht von Roon was refused , William first considered abdicating , but his son , the Crown Prince , advised strongly against it . Then , on the advice of Roon , William appointed Otto von Bismarck to the office of Minister President in order to force through the proposals . According to the Prussian constitution , the Minister President was responsible solely to the king , not to the Landtag . Bismarck , a conservative Prussian Junker and loyal friend of the king , liked to see his working relationship with William as that of a vassal to his feudal superior . Nonetheless , it was Bismarck who effectively directed the politics , domestic as well as foreign ; on several occasions he gained William 's assent by threatening to resign . During his reign William was the commander - in - chief of the Prussian forces in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864 and the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 . After the latter was won by Prussia , William wanted to march on to Vienna and annex Austria but Bismarck and Crown Prince Frederick talked him out of it . Bismarck wanted to end the war quickly , so as to allow Prussia to ally with Austria if it needed to at a later date ; Frederick was also appalled by the casualties and wanted a speedy end to hostilities . During a heated discussion Bismarck threatened to resign if William continued to Vienna ; Bismarck got his way . In 1867 , the North German Confederation was created , as a federation ( federally organised state ) of the North German and Central German states . William became the bearer of the Bundespräsidium , the federal presidium . Not expressis verbis , but in function he was the head of state . Bismarck intentionally avoided a title such as Präsident as sounding too republican . William became also the constitutional Bundesfeldherr , the commander of all federal armed forces . Via treaties with the South German states , he became commander also of their armies in case of war . In 1870 , during the Franco - Prussian War , William was in command of all the German forces at the crucial Battle of Sedan . German Emperor ( edit ) William I is proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles , France ( painting by Anton von Werner ) . William I in a hussar 's uniform , in a painting by Emil Hünten During the Franco - Prussian War , the South German states joined the North German Confederation . The country was renamed Deutsches Reich ( the German Empire ) , and the title of Bundespräsidium was amended with the title Deutscher Kaiser ( German Emperor ) . This was decided on by the legislative organs , the Reichstag and Bundesrat , and William agreed to this on 18 December in the presence of a Reichstag delegation . The new constitution and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871 . William , however , hesitated to accept the constitutional title , as he feared that it would overshadow his own title of Prussian king . He also wanted it to be Kaiser von Deutschland ( `` Emperor of Germany '' ) , but Bismarck warned him that the South German princes might protest . William eventually -- though grudgingly -- relented , and on 18 January , in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles Palace , he was proclaimed Kaiser Wilhelm . The date was chosen as the coronation date of the first Prussian king in 1701 . In the national memory , 18 January became the day of the foundation of the Empire ( Reichsgründungstag ) , although it did not have a constitutional significance . In 1872 he arbitrated a boundary dispute between Great Britain and the United States , deciding in favor of the U.S. and placing the San Juan Islands of Washington State within U.S. national territory , thus ending the 12 - year bloodless Pig War . In his memoirs , Bismarck describes William as an old - fashioned , courteous , infallibly polite gentleman and a genuine Prussian officer , whose good common sense was occasionally undermined by `` female influences '' . This was a reference to William 's wife , who had been educated by , among others Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and was intellectually superior to her husband . She was also at times very outspoken in her opposition to official policies as she was a liberal . William , however , had long been strongly opposed to liberal ideas . Despite possessing considerable power as Kaiser , William left the task of governing mostly to his chancellor and limited himself to representation , embodying the dignity of the state and approving Bismarck 's policies . Assassination attempts and Anti-Socialist laws ( edit ) Caricature of William I by Thomas Nast which appeared in The Fight at Dame Europa 's School by Henry William Pullen On 11 May 1878 , a plumber named Emil Max Hödel failed in an assassination attempt on William in Berlin . Hödel used a revolver to shoot at the then 81 years old Emperor , while he and his daughter , Princess Louise of Prussia , paraded in their carriage on Unter den Linden . When the bullet missed , Hödel ran across the street and fired another round which also missed . In the commotion one of the individuals who tried to apprehend Hödel suffered severe internal injuries and died two days later . Hödel was seized immediately . He was tried , convicted , sentenced to death , and executed on 16 August 1878 . A second attempt to assassinate William I was made on 2 June 1878 by Dr. Karl Nobiling . As the Emperor drove past in an open carriage , the assassin fired two shots from a shotgun at him from the window of a house off the Unter den Linden . William was severely wounded and was rushed back to the palace . Nobiling shot himself in an attempt to commit suicide . While William survived this attack , the assassin died from his self - inflicted wound three months later . Despite the fact that Hödel had been expelled from the Social Democratic Party , his actions were used as a pretext by Bismarck to ban the party through the `` Anti-Socialist Law '' in October 1878 . To do this , Bismarck partnered with Ludwig Bamberger , a Liberal , who had written on the subject of Socialism , `` If I do n't want any chickens , then I must smash the eggs . '' No one in the Social - Democratic Party even knew of Karl Nobiling , but that is not to say that he was not politically motivated . These attempts on William 's life thus became the pretext for the institution of the Anti-Socialist Law , which was introduced by Bismarck 's government with the support of a majority in the Reichstag on 18 October 1878 , for the purpose of fighting the socialist and working - class movement . These laws deprived the Social Democratic Party of Germany of its legal status ; prohibited all organizations , workers ' mass organizations and the socialist and workers ' press ; decreed confiscation of socialist literature ; and subjected Social - Democrats to reprisals . The laws were extended every 2 -- 3 years . Despite the reprisals the Social Democratic Party increased its influence among the masses . Under pressure of the mass working - class movement the laws were repealed on 1 October 1890 . Later years and death ( edit ) Funeral procession of German Emperor William I , 1888 In August 1878 , Russian Tsar Alexander II , William 's nephew , wrote a letter ( known as Ohrfeigenbrief ) to him complaining about the treatment Russian interests had received at the Congress of Berlin . In response , William , his son the crown prince and his wife Augusta travelled to Russia ( against the advice of Bismarck ) to mend fences in face - to - face talks . However , by once again threatening to resign , Bismarck overcame the opposition of William to a closer alliance with Austria . In October , William agreed to the Zweibund between Germany and Austria - Hungary which was directed against Russia . Another assassination attempt failed on 18 September 1883 when William unveiled the Niederwalddenkmal in Rüdesheim . A group of anarchists had prepared an attack using dynamite which failed due to the wet weather . Despite the assassination attempts and William 's unpopular role in the 1848 uprising , he and his wife were very popular , especially in their later years . Many people considered them the personification of `` the old Prussia '' and liked their austere and simple lifestyle . William died on 9 March 1888 in Berlin after a short illness . He was buried on 16 March at the Mausoleum at Park Charlottenburg . To honour him a large number of memorials / statues were erected all over the country over the following years . The best - known among them are the Kyffhäuser monument ( 1890 -- 96 ) in Thuringia , the monument at Porta Westfalica ( 1896 ) and the mounted statue of William at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz ( 1897 ) . The statue next to the Stadtschloss , Berlin ( 1898 ) was melted down by the government of East Berlin in 1950 . From 1867 to 1918 more than 1,000 memorials to William I were constructed . Issue ( edit ) William and Augusta of Saxe - Weimar had two children : Frederick III , German Emperor and King of Prussia ( 18 October 1831 -- 15 June 1888 ) he married Victoria , Princess Royal on 25 January 1858 . They had eight children . Princess Louise of Prussia ( 3 December 1838 -- 23 April 1923 ) she married Prince Frederick of Baden on 20 September 1856 . They had three children . Religion ( edit ) Emperor William I was a Lutheran member of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia 's older Provinces . It was a United Protestant denomination , bringing together Reformed and Lutheran believers . Titles , styles , honours and arms ( edit ) William 's monogram Gold 10 Mark of William showing titles Titles and styles ( edit ) 22 March 1797 -- 2 January 1861 : His Royal Highness Prince William of Prussia 2 January 1861 -- 18 January 1871 : His Majesty The King of Prussia 18 January 1871 -- 9 March 1888 : His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor , King of Prussia Full title as German Emperor ( edit ) His Imperial and Royal Majesty William the First , by the Grace of God , German Emperor and King of Prussia ; Margrave of Brandenburg , Burgrave of Nuremberg , Count of Hohenzollern ; Sovereign and Supreme Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz ; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen ; Duke of Saxony , of Westphalia , of Angria , of Pomerania , Lüneburg , Holstein and Schleswig , of Magdeburg , of Bremen , of Guelders , Cleves , Jülich and Berg , Duke of the Wends and the Kassubes , of Crossen , Lauenburg and Mecklenburg ; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia ; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia ; Prince of Orange ; Prince of Rügen , of East Friesland , of Paderborn and Pyrmont , of Halberstadt , Münster , Minden , Osnabrück , Hildesheim , of Verden , Cammin , Fulda , Nassau and Moers ; Princely Count of Henneberg ; Count of Mark , of Ravensberg , of Hohenstein , Tecklenburg and Lingen , of Mansfeld , Sigmaringen and Veringen ; Lord of Frankfurt . Honours ( edit ) Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold in 1851 . Thailand Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri Ancestry ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( show ) Ancestors of William I , German Emperor 16 . Frederick William I of Prussia 8 . Prince Augustus William of Prussia 17 . Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 4 . Frederick William II of Prussia 18 . Ferdinand Albert II , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel 9 . Duchess Luise of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel 19 . Princess Antoinette of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel 2 . Frederick William III of Prussia 20 . Louis VIII , Landgrave of Hesse - Darmstadt 10 . Louis IX , Landgrave of Hesse - Darmstadt 21 . Countess Charlotte of Hanau - Lichtenberg 5 . Princess Frederica Louise of Hesse - Darmstadt 22 . Christian III , Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 11 . Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 23 . Countess Caroline of Nassau - Saarbrücken 1 . William I , German Emperor 24 . Adolphus Frederick II , Duke of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 12 . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 25 . Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg - Sondershausen 6 . Charles II , Grand Duke of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 26 . Ernest Frederick I , Duke of Saxe - Hildburghausen 13 . Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe - Hildburghausen 27 . Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach - Erbach 3 . Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 28 . Louis VIII , Landgrave of Hesse - Darmstadt ( = 20 ) 14 . Prince George William of Hesse - Darmstadt 29 . Countess Charlotte of Hanau - Lichtenberg ( = 21 ) 7 . Princess Frederica of Hesse - Darmstadt 30 . Count Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen - Dagsburg - Falkenburg 15 . Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen - Dagsburg - Falkenburg 31 . Countess Katharina Polyxena of Solms - Rödelheim See also ( edit ) Family tree of the German monarchs List of people from Berlin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber : Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 . Vol . III : Bismarck und das Reich . 3 . Auflage , W. Kohlhammer , Stuttgart 1988 , p. 657 . Jump up ^ Fulbrook , Mary ( 2004 ) . A Concise History of Germany , 2nd edition , 2004 , Cambridge University Press , p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ybarra , Thomas R. Wilhelm II . ( 1921 ) . The Kaiser 's Memoirs : Wilhelm II , Emperor Of Germany , 1888 -- 1918 . Harper And Brothers Publisher . ISBN 0 - 548 - 32330 - 5 ^ Jump up to : `` Biografie Wilhelm I ( German ) '' . Deutsches Historisches Museum . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Feldhahn , Ulrich ( 2011 ) . Die preußischen Könige und Kaiser ( German ) . Kunstverlag Josef Fink , Lindenberg . pp. 24 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89870 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` William I. of Germany '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 665 -- 667 . ^ Jump up to : Oster , Uwe A. `` Friedrich III . - Der 99 - Tage - Kaiser '' . Damals ( in German ) . Vol. 45 no . 3 / 2013 . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISSN 0011 - 5908 . Jump up ^ Munroe Smith ( 1898 ) . Bismarck and German Unity : A Historical Outline . Macmillan . pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Michael Kotulla : Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806 - 1918 . Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen . Vol. 1 : Gesamtdeutschland , Anhaltische Staaten und Baden , Berlin 2006 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber : Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 . Vol . III : Bismarck und das Reich . 3rd edition , W. Kohlhammer , Stuttgart 1988 , pp. 750 / 751 . Jump up ^ William Dawson ( 14 July 2017 ) . History of the German Empire . Merkaba Press . p. 355 . Jump up ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber : Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 . Vol . III : Bismarck und das Reich . 3rd edition , W. Kohlhammer , Stuttgart 1988 , pp. 751 - 753 . Jump up ^ Mike Vouri ( 2013 ) . The Pig War : Standoff at Griffin Bay . pp. 248 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Hödel , Max . article in : Meyers Konversations - Lexikon , 4 . Aufl. 1888 -- 1890 , Bd. 8 , S. 603 f. ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Wilhelm II , Emperor of Germany ( 1859 - 1941 ) '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rudolf Graf v. Stillfried : Die Titel und Wappen des preußischen Königshauses . Berlin 1875 . Jump up ^ Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer , Volume 1 / Ferdinand Veldekens Further reading ( edit ) Röhl John C.G. Young Wilhelm : The Kaiser 's Early Life , 1859 - 1888 ( 1998 ) online Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) Wilhelm Treue ( Hrsg . ) : Drei deutsche Kaiser . Wilhelm I. - Friedrich III . - Wilhelm II. ; ihr Leben und ihre Zeit ... Ploetz , Freiburg ( u. a . ) 1987 , ISBN 3 - 87640 - 192 - 5 . Dieter Leuthold ( Hrsg . ) : Ein Bremer `` rettet `` den Kaiser . Die Flucht des Prinzen Wilhelm im Jahre 1848 aus Berlin , nach den Erinnerungen von August Oelrichs . Hauschild Verlag , Bremen 1998 . Guntram Schulze - Wegener : Wilhelm I. Deutscher Kaiser , König von Preußen , Nationaler Mythos . Mittler , Hamburg 2015 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8132 - 0964 - 8 . Christian Schwochert : Kaiser Wilhelm I , Berlin 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5118 - 8283 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wilhelm I of Germany . Archontology.org -- William I Webpage of the House of Hohenzollern ( in German ) Works by or about William I , German Emperor in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Texts on Wikisource : Carl Schurz , Kaiser Wilhelm I , 1888 William I , German Emperor House of Hohenzollern Born : 22 March 1797 Died : 9 March 1888 German nobility Preceded by Frederick William IV King of Prussia 2 January 1861 -- 9 March 1888 Succeeded by Frederick III New creation Unification of Germany German Emperor 18 January 1871 -- 9 March 1888 Preceded by Christian IX of Denmark Duke of Saxe - Lauenburg 1864 -- 1876 Incorporated into the Prussian crown Vacant Treaty of Vienna Title last held by Frederick VII of Denmark Duke of Schleswig and Holstein 1864 -- 1888 Preceded by Adolphe of Luxembourg as Duke of Nassau Prince of Nassau 1866 -- 1888 Preceded by Frederick William of Hesse as Elector of Hesse Landgrave of Hesse Prince of Fulda 1866 -- 1888 Preceded by Karl Fellner as Elder Mayor of Frankfurt Lord of Frankfurt 1866 -- 1888 Preceded by George V of Hanover as King of Hanover Prince of East Friesland , Osnabrück , Hildesheim and Verden Count of Lingen and Tecklenburg 1866 -- 1888 Political offices Preceded by Francis Joseph I of Austria as President of the German Confederation President of the North German Confederation 1 July 1867 -- 18 January 1871 Confederation abolished German Empire proclaimed Monarchs of Prussia Duchy of Prussia ( 1525 -- 1701 ) Albert Albert Frederick John Sigismund George William Frederick William Frederick I Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) Frederick I Frederick William I Frederick II Frederick William II Frederick William III Frederick William IV William I Frederick III William II also Elector of Brandenburg ; also German Emperor Monarchs of Germany East Francia within the Carolingian Empire ( 843 -- 911 ) Louis the German Carloman Louis the Younger Charles the Fat Arnulf Louis the Child East Francia ( 911 -- 962 ) Conrad I Henry I Otto I Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire ( 962 -- 1806 ) Otto I Otto II Otto III Henry II Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Henry V Lothair II Conrad III Frederick I Henry VI Philip Otto IV Frederick II Conrad IV Rudolf I Adolf Albert I Henry VII Louis IV Charles IV Wenceslaus Rupert Sigismund Albert II Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Charles VII Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II Confederation of the Rhine ( 1806 -- 1813 ) Napoleon I German Confederation ( 1815 -- 1848 ) Francis I Ferdinand I German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) Archduke John of Austria ( Imperial Regent ) German Confederation ( 1850 -- 1866 ) Franz Joseph I North German Confederation ( 1867 -- 1871 ) William I German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) William I Frederick III William II Princes of Prussia The generations are numbered from the ascension of Frederick I as King in Prussia in 1701 . 1st generation Frederick William I 2nd generation Frederick Louis , Prince of Orange Frederick William , Prince of Orange Frederick II Prince Louis Charles William Prince Augustus William Prince Henry Prince Augustus Ferdinand 3rd generation Frederick William II Prince Henry Prince Emil Prince Henry Prince Christian Prince Louis Ferdinand Prince Paul Prince Augustus 4th generation Frederick William III Prince Louis Prince Henry Prince William 5th generation Frederick William III Frederick William IV William I Prince Charles Prince Ferdinand Prince Albert Frederick William II Prince Frederick Prince Charles Prince Tassilo Prince Adalbert Prince Tassilo Prince Waldemar 6th generation William I Frederick III Frederick William III Prince Frederick Charles Prince Albert Frederick William II Prince Alexander Prince George 7th generation Frederick III William II Prince Henry Prince Sigismund Prince Waldemar Friedrich Wilhelm III Prince Friedrich Leopold Prince Frederick Henry Albert Prince Joachim Albert Prince Friedrich Wilhelm 8th generation Wilhelm II Crown Prince Wilhelm Prince Eitel Friedrich Prince Adalbert Prince August Wilhelm Prince Oskar Prince Joachim Friedrich III Prince Waldemar Prince Sigismund Prince Henry Friedrich William III Prince Friedrich Sigismund Prince Frederick Charles Prince Frederick Leopold 9th generation Wilhelm II Prince Wilhelm Prince Louis Ferdinand Prince Hubertus Prince Frederick Prince Wilhelm Viktor Prince Alexander Ferdinand Prince Oskar Prince Burchard Prince Wilhelm - Karl Prince Karl Franz Frederick III Prince Alfred Frederick William III Prince Friedrich Karl 10th generation Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Prince Michael Prince Louis Ferdinand Prince Christian - Sigismund Prince Frederick Prince William Prince Rupert Prince Adalbert Prince Stephan Alexander Prince Wilhelm - Karl Prince Oskar Prince Franz Wilhelm Prince Friedrich Christian Prince Franz Friedrich 11th generation Prince Georg Friedrich Prince Christian Ludwig Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia Prince Alexander Prince Frederick Prince Christian Prince Frederick Nicholas Prince Oskar Prince Albert 12th generation Prince Carl Friedrich Prince Louis Ferdinand Prince Heinrich German Confederations ( 1806 -- 1871 ) Confederation of the Rhine 1806 -- 1813 Protector Napoleon I ( 1806 -- 1813 ) Prince primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg ( 1806 -- 1813 ) Eugène de Beauharnais ( 1813 ) German Confederation 1815 -- 1866 Presidents Francis I of Austria ( 1815 -- 1835 ) Ferdinand I of Austria ( 1835 -- 1848 ) Francis Joseph I of Austria ( 1850 -- 1866 ) Imperial regent Archduke Johann of Austria ( 1848 -- 1849 ) North German Confederation 1867 -- 1871 President Wilhelm I of Prussia ( 1867 -- 1871 ) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck ( 1867 -- 1871 ) List of German monarchs History of Germany House of Habsburg - Lorraine House of Hohenzollern Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament German reunification Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg Germany portal Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross 1813 Grand Cross Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher ( Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross ) Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg 1870 Grand Cross Albert of Saxony August Karl von Goeben Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel Helmuth Graf von Moltke the Elder Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia August Graf von Werder Kaiser Wilhelm I Frederick Francis II 1914 Grand Cross Kaiser Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg ( Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross ) Erich Ludendorff Prince Leopold of Bavaria August von Mackensen 1939 Grand Cross Hermann Göring VIAF : 121621349 LCCN : n80149385 ISNI : 0000 0001 1063 0020 GND : 118632884 SELIBR : 207087 SUDOC : 027764486 BNF : cb113442872 ( data ) NDL : 00795186 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_I,_German_Emperor&oldid=821802218 '' Categories : German emperors Kings of Prussia 1797 births 1888 deaths Colonel generals of Prussia Dukes of Saxe - Lauenburg Protestant monarchs Regents of Prussia German people of the Franco - Prussian War German Protestants House of Hohenzollern Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars People from Berlin Knights of the Garter Knights of the Golden Fleece Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle Knights of the Order of Saint John ( Bailiwick of Brandenburg ) Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I Grand Crosses of the Order of the Red Eagle Grand crosses of the Military Karl - Friedrich Merit Order Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Burials at the Charlottenburg Palace Park Mausoleum , Berlin German Calvinist and Reformed Christians 1860s in Prussia 1870s in Germany 1870s in Prussia 1880s in Germany 1880s in Prussia 19th - century German people 19th - century rulers in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using infobox royalty with unknown parameters Articles containing German - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with German - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Pages using authority control with parameters VIAF different on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was proclaimed the german emperor in 1871	[ "William I,[2] or in German Wilhelm I.[3] (full name: William Frederick Louis of Hohenzollern, German: Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern, 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), of the House of Hohenzollern was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and the first German Emperor from 18 January 1871 to his death, the first Head of State of a united Germany. Under the leadership of William and his Minister President Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. Despite his long support of Bismarck as Minister President, William held strong reservations about some of Bismarck's more reactionary policies, including his anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates. In contrast to the domineering Bismarck, William was described as polite, gentlemanly and, while a staunch conservative, more open to certain classical liberal ideas than his grandson Wilhelm II." ]	[ "William I" ]
-1459846057060340194	Internet Explorer	Internet Explorer - wikipedia Internet Explorer Jump to : navigation , search Internet Explorer Internet Explorer 11 running on Windows 10 Original author ( s ) Thomas Reardon Developer ( s ) Microsoft Initial release August 16 , 1995 ; 22 years ago ( 1995 - 08 - 16 ) Last release ( s ) Windows 11.0. 52 ( 11.192. 18920.0 ) ( February 13 , 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) ) ( ± ) Mac 5.2. 3 ( June 16 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 06 - 16 ) ) ( ± ) Unix 5.01 SP1 ( 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 ) ) ( ± ) Development status Discontinued but still maintained Operating system Windows , Mac OS X , Solaris , HP - UX Included with Windows 95 OSR1 and later Windows NT 4 and later Mac OS 8.1 through Mac OS X 10.2 Xbox 360 Xbox One Engines Trident , Chakra Platform IA - 32 , x64 , ARMv7 , IA - 64 , MIPS , Alpha , PowerPC , 68k , SPARC , PA - RISC Available in 95 languages Type Web browser Feed reader License Proprietary , requires a Windows license Website microsoft.com/ie Standard ( s ) HTML5 , CSS3 , WOFF , SVG , RSS , Atom , JPEG XR Internet Explorer versions : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Internet Explorer ( formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer , commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE ) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , starting in 1995 . It was first released as part of the add - on package Plus ! for Windows 95 that year . Later versions were available as free downloads , or in service packs , and included in the original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows . The browser is discontinued , but still maintained . Internet Explorer was one of the most widely used web browsers , attaining a peak of about 95 % usage share during 2002 and 2003 . This came after Microsoft used bundling to win the first browser war against Netscape , which was the dominant browser in the 1990s . Its usage share has since declined with the launch of Firefox ( 2004 ) and Google Chrome ( 2008 ) , and with the growing popularity of operating systems such as Android and iOS that do not run Internet Explorer . Estimates for Internet Explorer 's market share are about 3.2 % across all platforms or by StatCounter 's numbers ranked 6th , while on the only platform it 's ever had significant share ( i.e. excluding mobile , and not counting Xbox ) it 's ranked 3rd at 7.28 % , just after Firefox ( others place IE 2nd with 11.84 % just ahead of ) , as of January 2018 ( browser market share is notoriously difficult to calculate ) . Microsoft spent over US $100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s , with over 1,000 people working on it by 1999 . Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced , including an Xbox 360 version called Internet Explorer for Xbox and for platforms Microsoft no longer supports : Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX ( Solaris and HP - UX ) , and an embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer , later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile made for Windows Phone , Windows CE , and previously , based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile . On March 17 , 2015 , Microsoft announced that Microsoft Edge would replace Internet Explorer as the default browser on its Windows 10 devices . This effectively makes Internet Explorer 11 the last release . Internet Explorer , however , remains on Windows 10 primarily for enterprise purposes . Starting January 12 , 2016 , only Internet Explorer 11 is supported . Support varies based on the operating system 's technical capabilities and its support lifecycle . The browser has been scrutinized throughout its development for use of third - party technology ( such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic , used without royalty in early versions ) and security and privacy vulnerabilities , and the United States and the European Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the detriment of fair browser competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Internet Explorer 1 1.2 Internet Explorer 2 -- 10 1.3 Internet Explorer 11 1.4 End of life 2 Features 2.1 Standards support 2.2 Non-standard extensions 2.3 Favicon 2.4 Usability and accessibility 2.5 Cache 2.6 Group Policy 3 Architecture 4 Extensibility 5 Security 5.1 Security vulnerabilities 5.2 Vulnerability exploited in attacks on U.S. firms 5.3 Major vulnerability across versions 6 Market adoption and usage share 6.1 Industry adoption 7 Removal 8 Impersonation by malware 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Internet Explorer and Internet Explorer version history Internet Explorer 1 ( edit ) Internet Explorer 1 The Internet Explorer project was started in the summer of 1994 by Thomas Reardon , who , according to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review of 2003 , used source code from Spyglass , Inc . Mosaic , which was an early commercial web browser with formal ties to the pioneering National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) Mosaic browser . In late 1994 , Microsoft licensed Spyglass Mosaic for a quarterly fee plus a percentage of Microsoft 's non-Windows revenues for the software . Although bearing a name similar to NCSA Mosaic , Spyglass Mosaic had used the NCSA Mosaic source code sparingly . The first version , dubbed Microsoft Internet Explorer , made its debut on August 16 , 1995 . It was installed as part of the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Microsoft Plus ! for Windows 95 and Plus ! . The Internet Explorer team began with about six people in early development . Internet Explorer 1.5 was released several months later for Windows NT and added support for basic table rendering . By including it free of charge on their operating system , they did not have to pay royalties to Spyglass Inc , resulting in a lawsuit and a US $ 8 million settlement on January 22 , 1997 . Microsoft was sued by Synet Inc. in 1996 , over the trademark infringement . Internet Explorer 2 -- 10 ( edit ) Main articles : Internet Explorer 2 , Internet Explorer 3 , Internet Explorer 4 , Internet Explorer 5 , Internet Explorer 6 , Internet Explorer 7 , Internet Explorer 8 , Internet Explorer 9 , and Internet Explorer 10 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 ) Internet Explorer 11 ( edit ) Main article : Internet Explorer 11 Internet Explorer 11 is featured in a Windows 8.1 update which was released on October 17 , 2013 . It includes an incomplete mechanism for syncing tabs . It is a major update to its developer tools , enhanced scaling for high DPI screens , HTML5 prerender and prefetch , hardware - accelerated JPEG decoding , closed captioning , HTML5 full screen , and is the first Internet Explorer to support WebGL and Google 's protocol SPDY ( starting at v3 ) . This version of IE has features dedicated to Windows 8.1 , including cryptography ( WebCrypto ) , adaptive bitrate streaming ( Media Source Extensions ) and Encrypted Media Extensions . Internet Explorer 11 was made available for Windows 7 users to download on November 7 , 2013 , with Automatic Updates in the following weeks . Internet Explorer 11 's user agent string now identifies the agent as `` Trident '' ( the underlying layout engine ) instead of `` MSIE '' . It also announces compatibility with Gecko ( the layout engine of Firefox ) . Microsoft claimed that Internet Explorer 11 , running the WebKit SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark , was the fastest browser as of October 15 , 2013 . End of life ( edit ) Microsoft Edge , officially unveiled on January 21 , 2015 , has replaced Internet Explorer as the default browser on Windows 10 . Internet Explorer is still installed in Windows 10 in order to maintain compatibility with older websites and intranet sites that require ActiveX and other Microsoft legacy web technologies . According to Microsoft , development of new features for Internet Explorer has ceased . However , it will continue to be maintained as part of the support policy for the versions of Windows with which it is included . Features ( edit ) Page zoom as seen in IE9 Internet Explorer has been designed to view a broad range of web pages and provide certain features within the operating system , including Microsoft Update . During the heyday of the browser wars , Internet Explorer superseded Netscape only when it caught up technologically to support the progressive features of the time . Standards support ( edit ) Internet Explorer , using the Trident layout engine : Supports HTML 4.01 , HTML 5 , CSS Level 1 , Level 2 and Level 3 , XML 1.0 , and DOM Level 1 , with minor implementation gaps . Fully supports XSLT 1.0 as well as an obsolete Microsoft dialect of XSLT often referred to as WD - xsl , which was loosely based on the December 1998 W3C Working Draft of XSL . Support for XSLT 2.0 lies in the future : semi-official Microsoft bloggers have indicated that development is underway , but no dates have been announced . Almost full conformance to CSS 2.1 has been added in the Internet Explorer 8 release . The trident rendering engine in Internet Explorer 9 in 2011 , scored highest in the official W3C conformance test suite for CSS 2.1 of all major browsers . Supports XHTML in Internet Explorer 9 ( Trident version 5.0 ) . Prior versions can render XHTML documents authored with HTML compatibility principles and served with a text / html MIME - type . Supports a subset of SVG in Internet Explorer 9 ( Trident version 5.0 ) , excluding SMIL , SVG fonts and filters . Internet Explorer uses DOCTYPE sniffing to choose between standards mode and a `` quirks mode '' in which it deliberately mimicks nonstandard behaviours of old versions of MSIE for HTML and CSS rendering on screen ( Internet Explorer always uses standards mode for printing ) . It also provides its own dialect of ECMAScript called JScript . Internet Explorer was criticised by Tim Berners - Lee for its limited support for SVG which is promoted by W3C . Nonstandard extensions ( edit ) Internet Explorer has introduced an array of proprietary extensions to many of the standards , including HTML , CSS , and the DOM . This has resulted in a number of web pages that appear broken in standards - compliant web browsers and has introduced the need for a `` quirks mode '' to allow for rendering improper elements meant for Internet Explorer in these other browsers . Internet Explorer has introduced a number of extensions to the DOM that have been adopted by other browsers . These include the innerHTML property , which provides access to the HTML string within an element ; the XMLHttpRequest object , which allows the sending of HTTP request and receiving of HTTP response , and may be used to perform AJAX ; and the designMode attribute of the contentDocument object , which enables rich text editing of HTML documents . Some of these functionalities were not possible until the introduction of the W3C DOM methods . Its Ruby character extension to HTML is also accepted as a module in W3C XHTML 1.1 , though it is not found in all versions of W3C HTML . Microsoft submitted several other features of IE for consideration by the W3C for standardization . These include the ' behaviour ' CSS property , which connects the HTML elements with JScript behaviours ( known as HTML Components , HTC ) ; HTML + TIME profile , which adds timing and media synchronization support to HTML documents ( similar to the W3C XHTML + SMIL ) , and the VML vector graphics file format . However , all were rejected , at least in their original forms ; VML was subsequently combined with PGML ( proposed by Adobe and Sun ) , resulting in the W3C - approved SVG format , one of the few vector image formats being used on the web , which IE did not support until version 9 . Other non-standard behaviours include : support for vertical text , but in a syntax different from W3C CSS3 candidate recommendation , support for a variety of image effects and page transitions , which are not found in W3C CSS , support for obfuscated script code , in particular JScript. Encode . Support for embedding EOT fonts in web pages . Favicon ( edit ) Support for favicons was first added in Internet Explorer 5 . Internet Explorer supports favicons in PNG , static GIF and native Windows icon formats . In Windows Vista and later , Internet Explorer can display native Windows icons that have embedded PNG files . Usability and accessibility ( edit ) Internet Explorer makes use of the accessibility framework provided in Windows . Internet Explorer is also a user interface for FTP , with operations similar to that of Windows Explorer . Pop - up blocking and tabbed browsing were added respectively in Internet Explorer 6 and Internet Explorer 7 . Tabbed browsing can also be added to older versions by installing MSN Search Toolbar or Yahoo Toolbar . Cache ( edit ) Main articles : Temporary Internet Files and Index. dat Internet Explorer caches visited content in the Temporary Internet Files folder to allow quicker access ( or offline access ) to previously visited pages . The content is indexed in a database file , known as Index. dat . Multiple Index. dat files exist which index different content -- visited content , web feeds , visited URLs , cookies , etc . Prior to IE7 , clearing the cache used to clear the index but the files themselves were not reliably removed , posing a potential security and privacy risk . In IE7 and later , when the cache is cleared , the cache files are more reliably removed , and the index. dat file is overwritten with null bytes . Caching has been improved in IE9 . Group Policy ( edit ) Main article : Group Policy Internet Explorer is fully configurable using Group Policy . Administrators of Windows Server domains ( for domain - joined computers ) or the local computer can apply and enforce a variety of settings on computers that affect the user interface ( such as disabling menu items and individual configuration options ) , as well as underlying security features such as downloading of files , zone configuration , per - site settings , ActiveX control behaviour and others . Policy settings can be configured for each user and for each machine . Internet Explorer also supports Integrated Windows Authentication . Architecture ( edit ) The architecture of IE8 . Previous versions had a similar architecture , except that both tabs and the UI were within the same process . Consequently , each browser window could have only one `` tab process '' . Internet Explorer uses a componentized architecture built on the Component Object Model ( COM ) technology . It consists of several major components , each of which is contained in a separate Dynamic - link library ( DLL ) and exposes a set of COM programming interfaces hosted by the Internet Explorer main executable , iexplore. exe : WinInet. dll is the protocol handler for HTTP , HTTPS and FTP . It handles all network communication over these protocols . URLMon. dll is responsible for MIME - type handling and download of web content , and provides a thread - safe wrapper around WinInet. dll and other protocol implementations . MSHTML. dll houses the Trident rendering engine introduced in Internet Explorer 4 , which is responsible for displaying the pages on - screen and handling the Document Object Model of the web pages . MSHTML. dll parses the HTML / CSS file and creates the internal DOM tree representation of it . It also exposes a set of APIs for runtime inspection and modification of the DOM tree . The DOM tree is further processed by a layout engine which then renders the internal representation on screen . IEFrame. dll contains the user interface and window of IE in Internet Explorer 7 and above . ShDocVw. dll provides the navigation , local caching and history functionalities for the browser . BrowseUI. dll is responsible for rendering the browser user interface such as menus and toolbars . Internet Explorer does not include any native scripting functionality . Rather , MSHTML. dll exposes an API that permits a programmer to develop a scripting environment to be plugged - in and to access the DOM tree . Internet Explorer 8 includes the bindings for the Active Scripting engine , which is a part of Microsoft Windows and allows any language implemented as an Active Scripting module to be used for client - side scripting . By default , only the JScript and VBScript modules are provided ; third party implementations like ScreamingMonkey ( for ECMAScript 4 support ) can also be used . Microsoft also makes available the Microsoft Silverlight runtime ( not supported in Windows RT ) that allows CLI languages , including DLR - based dynamic languages like IronPython and IronRuby , to be used for client - side scripting . Internet Explorer 8 introduces some major architectural changes , called Loosely Coupled IE ( LCIE ) . LCIE separates the main window process ( frame process ) from the processes hosting the different web applications in different tabs ( tab processes ) . A frame process can create multiple tab processes , each of which can be of a different integrity level ; each tab process can host multiple web sites . The processes use asynchronous Inter-Process Communication to synchronize themselves . Generally , there will be a single frame process for all web sites . In Windows Vista with Protected Mode turned on , however , opening privileged content ( such as local HTML pages ) will create a new tab process as it will not be constrained by Protected Mode . Extensibility ( edit ) See also : Component Object Model and Browser Helper Object Internet Explorer exposes a set of Component Object Model ( COM ) interfaces that allows add - ons to extend the functionality of the browser . Extensibility is divided into two types : Browser extensibility and content extensibility . Browser extensibility involves adding context menu entries , toolbars , menu items or Browser Helper Objects ( BHO ) . BHOs are used to extend the feature set of the browser , whereas the other extensibility options are used to expose that feature in the user interface . Content extensibility adds support for non-native content formats . It allows Internet Explorer to handle new file formats and new protocols , e.g. WebM or SPDY . In addition , web pages can integrate widgets known as ActiveX controls which run on Windows only but have vast potentials to extend the content capabilities ; Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight are examples . Add - ons can be installed either locally , or directly by a web site . Since malicious add - ons can compromise the security of a system , Internet Explorer implements several safeguards . Internet Explorer 6 with Service Pack 2 and later feature an Add - on Manager for enabling or disabling individual add - ons , complemented by a `` No Add - Ons '' mode . Starting with Windows Vista , Internet Explorer and its BHOs run with restricted privileges and are isolated from the rest of the system . Internet Explorer 9 introduced a new component -- Add - on Performance Advisor . Add - on Performance Advisor shows a notification when one or more of installed add - ons exceed a pre-set performance threshold . The notification appears in the Notification Bar when the user launches the browser . Windows 8 and Windows RT introduce a Metro - style version of Internet Explorer that is entirely sandboxed and does not run add - ons at all . In addition , Windows RT can not download or install ActiveX controls at all ; although existing ones bundled with Windows RT still run in the traditional version of Internet Explorer . Internet Explorer itself can be hosted by other applications via a set of COM interfaces . This can be used to embed the browser functionality inside a computer program or create Internet Explorer shells . Security ( edit ) See also : Browser security Internet Explorer uses a zone - based security framework that groups sites based on certain conditions , including whether it is an Internet - or intranet - based site as well as a user - editable whitelist . Security restrictions are applied per zone ; all the sites in a zone are subject to the restrictions . Internet Explorer 6 SP2 onwards uses the Attachment Execution Service of Microsoft Windows to mark executable files downloaded from the Internet as being potentially unsafe . Accessing files marked as such will prompt the user to make an explicit trust decision to execute the file , as executables originating from the Internet can be potentially unsafe . This helps in preventing accidental installation of malware . Internet Explorer 7 introduced the phishing filter , that restricts access to phishing sites unless the user overrides the decision . With version 8 , it also blocks access to sites known to host malware . Downloads are also checked to see if they are known to be malware - infected . In Windows Vista , Internet Explorer by default runs in what is called Protected Mode , where the privileges of the browser itself are severely restricted -- it can not make any system - wide changes . One can optionally turn this mode off but this is not recommended . This also effectively restricts the privileges of any add - ons . As a result , even if the browser or any add - on is compromised , the damage the security breach can cause is limited . Patches and updates to the browser are released periodically and made available through the Windows Update service , as well as through Automatic Updates . Although security patches continue to be released for a range of platforms , most feature additions and security infrastructure improvements are only made available on operating systems which are in Microsoft 's mainstream support phase . On December 16 , 2008 , Trend Micro recommended users switch to rival browsers until an emergency patch was released to fix a potential security risk which `` could allow outside users to take control of a person 's computer and steal their passwords '' . Microsoft representatives countered this recommendation , claiming that `` 0.02 % of internet sites '' were affected by the flaw . A fix for the issue was released the following day with the Security Update for Internet Explorer KB960714 , on Microsoft Windows Update . In 2011 , a report by Accuvant , funded by Google , rated the security ( based on sandboxing ) of Internet Explorer worse than Google Chrome but better than Mozilla Firefox . A more recent browser security white paper comparing Google Chrome , Microsoft Edge , and Internet Explorer 11 by X41 D - Sec in 2017 came to similar conclusions , also based on sandboxing and support of legacy web technologies . Security vulnerabilities ( edit ) See also : Comparison of web browsers § Security and vulnerabilities Internet Explorer has been subjected to many security vulnerabilities and concerns : much of the spyware , adware , and computer viruses across the Internet are made possible by exploitable bugs and flaws in the security architecture of Internet Explorer , sometimes requiring nothing more than viewing of a malicious web page in order to install themselves . This is known as a `` drive - by install '' . There are also attempts to trick the user into installing malicious software by misrepresenting the software 's true purpose in the description section of an ActiveX security alert . A number of security flaws affecting IE originated not in the browser itself , but ActiveX - based add - ons used by it . Because the add - ons have the same privilege as IE , the flaws can be as critical as browser flaws . This has led to the ActiveX - based architecture being criticized for being fault - prone . By 2005 , some experts maintained that the dangers of ActiveX have been overstated and there were safeguards in place . In 2006 , new techniques using automated testing found more than a hundred vulnerabilities in standard Microsoft ActiveX components . Security features introduced in Internet Explorer 7 mitigated some of these vulnerabilities . Internet Explorer in 2008 , had a number of published security vulnerabilities . According to research done by security research firm Secunia , Microsoft did not respond as quickly as its competitors in fixing security holes and making patches available . The firm also reported 366 vulnerabilities in ActiveX controls , an increase from the prior year . According to an October 2010 report in The Register , researcher Chris Evans had detected a known security vulnerability which , then dating back to 2008 , had not been fixed for at least 600 days . Microsoft says that it had known about this vulnerability but it was of very low severity as the victim web site must be configured in a special way for this attack to be feasible at all . In December 2010 , researchers were able to bypass the `` Protected Mode '' feature in Internet Explorer . Vulnerability exploited in attacks on US firms ( edit ) Main article : Operation Aurora Browser Market Share Worldwide July 2017 Google Chrome Firefox Safari UC Browser Internet Explorer Opera No info In an advisory on January 14 , 2010 , Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a security hole , which had already been patched , in Internet Explorer . The vulnerability affected Internet Explorer 6 on Windows XP and Server 2003 , IE6 SP1 on Windows 2000 SP4 , IE7 on Windows Vista , XP , Server 2008 and Server 2003 , and IE8 on Windows 7 , Vista , XP , Server 2003 , and Server 2008 ( R2 ) . The German government warned users against using Internet Explorer and recommended switching to an alternative web browser , due to the major security hole described above that was exploited in Internet Explorer . The Australian and French Government issued a similar warning a few days later . Major vulnerability across versions ( edit ) On April 26 , 2014 , Microsoft issued a security advisory relating to CVE - 2014 - 1776 ( use - after - free vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11 ) , a vulnerability that could allow `` remote code execution '' in Internet Explorer versions 6 to 11 . On April 28 , 2014 , the United States Department of Homeland Security 's United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team ( US - CERT ) released an advisory stating that the vulnerability could result in `` the complete compromise '' of an affected system . US - CERT recommended reviewing Microsoft 's suggestions to mitigate an attack or using an alternate browser until the bug is fixed . The UK National Computer Emergency Response Team ( CERT - UK ) published an advisory announcing similar concerns and for users to take the additional step of ensuring their antivirus software is up - to - date . Symantec , a cyber security firm , confirmed that `` the vulnerability crashes Internet Explorer on Windows XP '' . The vulnerability was resolved on May 1 , 2014 , with a security update . Market adoption and usage share ( edit ) See also : History of Internet Explorer § Market adoption and usage share , and Usage share of web browsers Usage share of web browsers according to StatCounter Historical market share of Internet Explorer The adoption rate of Internet Explorer seems to be closely related to that of Microsoft Windows , as it is the default web browser that comes with Windows . Since the integration of Internet Explorer 2.0 with Windows 95 OSR 1 in 1996 , and especially after version 4.0 's release in 1997 , the adoption was greatly accelerated : from below 20 % in 1996 , to about 40 % in 1998 , and over 80 % in 2000 . This made Microsoft the winner in the infamous ' first browser war ' against Netscape . Netscape Navigator was the dominant browser during 1995 and until 1997 , but rapidly lost share to IE starting in 1998 , and eventually slipped behind in 1999 . The integration of IE with Windows led to a lawsuit by AOL , Netscape 's owner , accusing Microsoft of unfair competition . The infamous case was eventually won by AOL but by then it was too late , as Internet Explorer had already become the dominant browser . Internet Explorer peaked during 2002 and 2003 , with about 95 % share . Its first notable competitor after beating Netscape was Firefox from Mozilla , which itself was an offshoot from Netscape . Firefox 1.0 had surpassed Internet Explorer 5 in early 2005 , with Firefox 1.0 at roughly 8 percent market share . Approximate usage over time based on various usage share counters averaged for the year overall , or for the fourth quarter , or for the last month in the year depending on availability of reference . According to StatCounter Internet Explorer 's marketshare fell below 50 % in September 2010 . In May 2012 , it was announced that Google Chrome overtook Internet Explorer as the most used browser worldwide . Industry adoption ( edit ) Browser Helper Objects are also used by many search engine companies and third parties for creating add - ons that access their services , such as search engine toolbars . Because of the use of COM , it is possible to embed web - browsing functionality in third - party applications . Hence , there are a number of Internet Explorer shells , and a number of content - centric applications like RealPlayer also use Internet Explorer 's web browsing module for viewing web pages within the applications . Removal ( edit ) Main article : Removal of Internet Explorer While a major upgrade of Internet Explorer can be uninstalled in a traditional way if the user has saved the original application files for installation , the matter of uninstalling the version of the browser that has shipped with an operating system remains a controversial one . The idea of removing a stock install of Internet Explorer from a Windows system was proposed during the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case . One of Microsoft 's arguments during the trial was that removing Internet Explorer from Windows may result in system instability . Indeed , programs that depend on libraries installed by IE , including Windows help and support system , fail to function without IE . Before Windows Vista , it was not possible to run Windows Update without IE because the service used ActiveX technology , which no other web browser supports . Impersonation by malware ( edit ) The popularity of Internet Explorer has led to the appearance of malware abusing its name . On January 28 , 2011 , a fake Internet Explorer browser calling itself `` Internet Explorer -- Emergency Mode '' appeared . It closely resembles the real Internet Explorer , but has fewer buttons and no search bar . If a user launches any other browser such as Google Chrome , Mozilla Firefox , Opera , Safari or the real Internet Explorer , this browser will pop - up instead . It also displays a fake error message , claiming that the computer is infected with malware and Internet Explorer has entered Emergency Mode . It blocks access to legitimate sites such as Google if infected users try to access them . See also ( edit ) Microsoft portal Internet portal Software portal Bing Bar History of the web browser List of web browsers Month of bugs Web 2.0 Windows Filtering Platform Winsock Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since version 10 Jump up ^ In version 6 and earlier Jump up ^ In versions 7 , 8 , and 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cumulative security update for Internet Explorer : February 13 , 2018 '' . Support ( 18 ed . ) . Microsoft . 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Microsoft Edge Development . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 16 . The latest features and platform updates will only be available in Microsoft Edge . We will continue to deliver security updates to Internet Explorer 11 through its supported lifespan . To ensure consistent behavior across Windows versions , we will evaluate Internet Explorer 11 bugs for servicing on a case by case basis . Jump up ^ `` Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7 released in 95 languages '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Pre-Release Software License Terms : Internet Explorer 11 Developer Preview '' . microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's Internet Explorer losing browser share '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide StatCounter Global Stats '' . StatCounter Global Stats . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Victor : Software empire pays high price '' . CNET News . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The rise , fall , and rehabilitation of Internet Explorer '' . citeworld.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Maritz . `` U.S. Antitrust Case 98 - 1232 '' . justice.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . There is talk about how we get more $ 's from the 1000 + people we have working on browser related stuff ... Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is killing off the Internet Explorer brand '' . The Verge . Vox Media . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Microsoft Lifecycle Support policy for Internet Explorer ? '' . March 31 , 2016 . Compared with older versions of Internet Explorer , Internet Explorer 11 offers improved security Jump up ^ `` Stay up - to - date with Internet Explorer '' . Microsofts 's MSDN blog . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Explorer Support Lifecycle Policy FAQ '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Reardon , 34 '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Elstrom , Peter ( January 22 , 1997 ) . `` Microsoft 's $8 Million Goodbye to Spyglass '' . Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on June 29 , 1997 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thurrott , Paul ( January 22 , 1997 ) . `` Microsoft and Spyglass kiss and make up '' . Windows IT Pro . Penton . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memoirs From the Browser Wars '' . Ericsink.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Lemos , Robert ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` ActiveX security faces storm before calm '' . Security Focus . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Secunia 2008 Report '' ( PDF ) . Secunia . Jump up ^ Goodin , Dan ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Internet Explorer info leak festers for 2 years '' . San Francisco : The Register . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Naraine , Ryan ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Two - year - old data leakage flaw still haunts Internet Explorer '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers bypass Internet Explorer Protected Mode '' . December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Browsers Per Country , July 2017 '' . Statcounter. 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` New IE hole exploited in attacks on U.S. firms '' . CNET News . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Emery , Daniel ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` Germany issues Explorer warning '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fildes , Jonathan ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` France in fresh Explorer warning '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Emily Bourke for AM ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` Govt issues IE security warning '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martinez - Cabrera , Alejandro ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` The Technology Chronicles : France and Germany warn users not to use Internet Explorer '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Govan , Fiona ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` Germany warns against using Microsoft Internet Explorer '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CVE - 2014 - 1776 '' . Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures ( CVE ) . 2014 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Advisory 2963983 '' . Microsoft . April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finkle , Jim ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. , UK advise avoiding Internet Explorer until bug fixed '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Internet Explorer Use - After - Free Vulnerability Guidance '' . United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vulnerability Note VU # 222929 -- Microsoft Internet Explorer use - after - free vulnerability '' . Carnegie Mellon University . April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. : Stop using Internet Explorer until security holes are fixed '' . Chicago Tribune . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft warns of Internet Explorer flaw '' . BBC . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Bulletin MS14 - 021 -- Critical Security Update for Internet Explorer ( 2965111 ) '' . Microsoft Technet . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Market share for browsers , operating systems and search engines '' . marketshare.hitslink.com . Jump up ^ `` Market share for browsers , operating systems and search engines '' . marketshare.hitslink.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Borland , John . Browser wars : High price , huge rewards , ZDNet , April 15 , 2003 . Accessed June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TheCounter.com : The Full - Featured Web Counter with Graphic Reports and Detailed Information '' . Thecounter.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TheCounter.com : The Full - Featured Web Counter with Graphic Reports and Detailed Information '' . Thecounter.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CNN -- Behind the numbers : Browser market share -- October 8 , 1998 '' . Cnn.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Web Analytics Online Business Optimization by Omniture '' . Omniture.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldman , David ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Internet Explorer usage falls below 50 % '' . CNN . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IE Emergency Mode '' . im-infected.com . January 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bleeping Computer -- Fake IE Emergency Mode ( by fake AVG ) '' . January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Index DOT Html and Index DOT Css '' . Browser History : Windows Internet Explorer . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Hachamovitch , Dean ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Windows Vista & IE7 Beta 1 Available '' . IEBlog . Microsoft . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Wilson , Chris ( July 30 , 2005 ) . `` Standards and CSS in IE '' . IEBlog . Microsoft . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Graff , Scott ( October 7 , 2006 ) . `` IE7 Is Coming This Month '' . IEBlog . Microsoft . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . `` IE7 Platforms And Outlook Express '' . IEBlog . Microsoft . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . `` Gates Highlights Progress on Security , Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation '' . News Center . Microsoft . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Williams , Mary - Lynne ; MacNeil , Leslie ; Hall , Marty ( September 17 , 2010 ) . Hachamovitch , Dean , ed . `` User Experiences : Evolving the blue `` e '' `` . IEBlog . Microsoft . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Explorer . Wikinews has related news : France , Germany officials warn against using Internet Explorer Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Internet Explorer Official website Internet Explorer Architecture IE Leak Patterns -- Microsoft 's analysis of how webpages can cause memory leaks in Internet Explorer , and how developers can prevent them ( hide ) Internet Explorer Versions Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Other Mobile for Mac for UNIX IEs4Linux Overview History Add - ons Box model Browser Helper Object ( BHO ) Easter eggs Extensions Removal Shells Technologies Accelerator ActiveX Dynamic HTML HTA HTML Components favicon. ico HTML + TIME Index. dat JScript MHTML MSXML RSS Platform Smart tags Temporary Internet Files Vector Markup Language Web Slice WPAD XHR / XDomainRequest Software & engines Administration Kit Developer Tools Integrated Windows Authentication Tasman Trident Chakra Implementations Active Channel Active Desktop ActiveMovie Channel Definition Format (. cdf ) Comic Chat / Chat 2.0 DirectX Media Internet Mail and News Microsoft Java Virtual Machine ( MSJVM ) MSN Explorer MSN for Mac OS X NetMeeting NetShow Outlook Express Server Gated Cryptography ( SGC ) Spyglass Windows Address Book Windows Desktop Update Events First browser war Second browser war Download. ject Eolas v. Microsoft Sun v. Microsoft United States v. Microsoft Corp . People Tantek Çelik Thomas Reardon Dean Hachamovitch Scott Isaacs Inori Aizawa Category Commons Microsoft portal Internet portal Web browsers Comparison lightweight History List for Unix Timeline Usage share Features Ad filtering Augmented browsing Bookmarks Bookmarklet Live bookmark Smart Bookmarks Browser extension Browser security Browser synchronizer comparison Cookies Download manager Favicon Incremental search Plug - in Privacy mode Tabs Universal Edit Button Web standards Acid tests Cascading Style Sheets HTML HTML5 JavaScript MathML SVG WebGL XHTML Protocols HTTP HTTPS OCSP SPDY SSL / TLS WebSocket WPAD Related topics BrowserChoice.eu CRL iLoo Internet suite Man - in - the - browser Mobile Web Offline reader PAC Pwn2Own Rich Internet application Site - specific browser Widget World Wide Web XML ( hide ) Desktop Blink - based Brave Chrome Chromium Dragon Falkon Opera Sleipnir Slimjet SRWare Iron UC Browser Vivaldi Yandex Browser Sputnik SafeZone Whale Gecko - based AT&T Pogo Avant Camino Firefox Conkeror GNU IceCat IceDragon Swiftfox Swiftweasel TenFourFox Timberwolf Tor Browser Waterfox xB Browser Galeon Ghostzilla Goanna Basilisk Pale Moon K - Meleon Kazehakase Kirix Strata Lotus Symphony Lunascape Mozilla Beonex Communicator Classilla Netscape SeaMonkey Trident - based AOL Explorer Avant Deepnet Explorer GreenBrowser Internet Explorer Lunascape Maxthon MediaBrowser MenuBox NeoPlanet NetCaptor SlimBrowser SpaceTime UltraBrowser WebbIE ZAC Browser WebKit - based Arora Avant Dooble Epic Flock Fluid iCab Konqueror Lunascape Maxthon Midori OmniWeb Origyn Web Browser Otter Browser QtWeb rekonq Safari Shiira SlimBoat surf Torch Uzbl Epiphany WebPositive xombrero Text - based ELinks Emacs / W3 Line Mode Browser Links Lynx w3m Other abaco Amaya Arachne Arena Charon Dillo eww Gazelle HotJava IBM Home Page Reader IBrowse KidZui Microsoft Edge Mosaic Mothra NetPositive NetSurf Qihoo 360 Secure Browser Mobile Blink - based Android Browser Chromium Brave Chrome for Android Opera Mobile Silk Firefox Focus for Android Gecko - based Firefox for Android MicroB Minimo Waterfox WebKit - based BOLT Dolphin Browser Chrome for iOS Firefox for iOS Firefox Focus for iOS Maxthon Mercury Browser Nokia Browser for Symbian Opera Coast Rockmelt Safari Steel Other Blazer CM Browser Deepfish ibisBrowser Internet Explorer Mobile Iris Browser Konqueror Embedded Microsoft Edge NetFront Opera Mini Skweezer Skyfire Teashark ThunderHawk UC Browser Vision WinWAP Television and video game console Gecko - based Kylo Presto - based Internet Channel WebKit - based Google TV Nintendo 3DS Internet Browser Nintendo DS & DSi Browser NetFront Steam Overlay Wii U Internet Browser Other MSN TV Software no longer in development shown in italics Category Commons Internet portal Software portal Gopher A protocol for document search and retrieval on the Internet Active clients Free / open - source Arachne Classilla Conkeror ELinks Gnuzilla K - Meleon Kazehakase Line Mode Browser Lynx Mothra W3m Proprietary OmniWeb Discontinued clients Agora Amaya Arena AT&T Pogo Beonex Communicator Camino Cello Cyberjack Galeon GopherVR IBrowse Internet Explorer for Mac libwww Minimo Minuet Mosaic Mozilla Application Suite Netscape SlipKnot Songbird tkWWW UdiWWW xB Browser Previously supported Epiphany Firefox Flock Internet Explorer SeaMonkey Server software Bucktooth NetPresenz PyGopherd Squid Synchronet Search engines Jughead Veronica Wide area information server ( WAIS ) Content AllMusic CCSO Nameserver Gophermap Phlog Hosts SDF Public Access Unix System The WELL People John Goerzen Mark P. McCahill Gopher+ News aggregators Client software Standalone Akregator BlogBridge FeedDemon Feedreader Flipboard Genieo Google Currents Google Play Newsstand Liferea NetNewsWire NewsAccess Newsbeuter NewsFire QuiteRSS RSS Bandit RSSOwl Seesmic WebFetch Web browsers AOL Explorer Avant Browser Basilisk Camino iCab Flock Internet Explorer K - Meleon Kazehakase Maxthon Firefox GNOME Web Netscape Browser Netscape Navigator 9 OmniWeb Pale Moon Safari SeaMonkey Shiira Sleipnir Tencent Traveler Vivaldi Waterfox Email clients Apple Mail Claws Mail Gnus IBM Notes Microsoft Outlook Mozilla Thunderbird Netscape Messenger 9 Opera Mail Pegasus Mail The Bat ! Windows Live Mail Zimbra Web browser plugins Cooliris Sage Web apps or mobile apps Bloglines CommaFeed Cheetah News Daylife Digg Reader Drupal Feedbin Feedly FriendFeed Google News Google Reader iGoogle dotCMS Imooty.eu Magnolia My Yahoo ! News360 NewsBlur Newsknowledge Netvibes Pageflakes Planet Pulse Rojo.com Prismatic Spokeo The Old Reader Tiny Tiny RSS TweetDeck WebGUI Windows Live Personalized Experience winnowTag Media aggregators Podcatcher Adobe Media Player Akregator Amarok Flock iTunes Juice MediaMonkey Miro Rhythmbox Songbird Winamp Zune RSS + BitTorrent BitLord BitTorrent 6 Deluge Miro Opera Mail qBittorrent TorrentFlux Tribler μTorrent Vuze Related articles Comparison of feed aggregators History of Media aggregation RSS enclosure Italics indicate discontinued software . Timeline of web browsers General Comparison lightweight History List for Unix Usage share ( hide ) 1990s WorldWideWeb ( Nexus ) 1991 Line Mode Browser libwww Erwise MacWWW ( Samba ) MidasWWW tkWWW ViolaWWW AMosaic Arena Cello Emacs / W3 Lynx 2 NCSA Mosaic VMS Mosaic AirMosaic Internet in a Box ANT Fresco Argo IBM WebExplorer SlipKnot Minuet Navipress Mosaic / Mosaic Netscape / Netscape Navigator Spyglass Mosaic TCP / Connect II 1995 Agora ALynx AMSD Ariadna Cyberjack eWorld Web Browser Grail Internet Explorer 1 Internet Explorer 2 Netscape Navigator 2 NetShark OmniWeb HotJava UdiWWW WebShark Cyberdog Arachne AWeb IBrowse Amaya Internet Explorer 3 Netscape Navigator 3 Opera 2 Oracle PowerBrowser tcpCONNECT4 Voyager Netscape Communicator Internet Explorer 4 Opera 2.1 1998 NeoPlanet Mozilla Application Suite Opera 3 -- 3.21 1999 iCab Internet Explorer 5 Omniweb 3 Opera 3.5 -- 3.62 2000s 2000 Beonex Communicator Galeon K - Meleon MediaBrowser Netscape 6 Opera 4 -- 4.02 2001 iCab 2.5 Internet Explorer 6 Omniweb 4 Opera 5 -- 5.12 2002 Avant Browser 7 Camino Epiphany Netscape 7 Opera 6 -- 6.1 2003 GreenBrowser Maxthon Opera 7 -- 7.3 Safari SlimBrowser Avant Browser 9 Phoenix / Firebird / Firefox Opera 7.5 -- 7.55 2005 AOL Explorer Deepnet Explorer Firefox 1.5 Opera 8 -- 8.54 Safari 2 2006 Avant Browser 11 Firefox 2 Internet Explorer 7 Opera 9 -- 9.27 2007 Maxthon 2 Opera 9.5 -- 9.64 Safari 3 SeaMonkey 1.1 2008 Google Chrome Firefox 3 Netscape Browser Netscape Navigator 9 NetSurf 1.2 2009 Avant Browser 11.7 Google Chrome 2 -- 3 Firefox 3.5 Internet Explorer 8 Opera 10 -- 10.63 Pale Moon Safari 4 SeaMonkey 2.0 2010s Google Chrome 4 -- 8 Firefox 3.6 Lunascape 6.0. 1 Maxthon 3 NetSurf 2.5 Opera 11 -- 11.64 Safari 5 2011 Google Chrome 9 -- 16 Firefox 4 -- 9 Internet Explorer 9 Lunascape 6.5 Opera 12 -- 12.17 SeaMonkey 2.1 -- 2.4 Waterfox 2012 Google Chrome 17 -- 23 Firefox 10 -- 17 Internet Explorer 10 Lunascape 6.7 Maxthon 3.4 NetSurf 2.9 Safari 6 2013 Google Chrome 24 -- 31 Firefox 18 -- 26 Internet Explorer 11 Opera 15 -- 18 Safari 7 SeaMonkey 2.15 -- 2.22 2014 Google Chrome 32 -- 39 Firefox 27 -- 34 Lunascape 6.9 NetSurf 3.1 Opera 19 -- 26 Safari 8 SeaMonkey 2.23 -- 2.31 2015 Google Chrome 40 -- 47 Firefox 35 -- 43 Lunascape 6.10 -- 6.12 Microsoft Edge 20 , 25 Opera 27 -- 34 Safari 9 SeaMonkey 2.32 -- 2.39 Vivaldi 2016 Google Chrome 48 -- 55 Firefox 44 -- 50 Lunascape 6.13 -- 6.15 Microsoft Edge 38 Opera 35 -- 42 Safari 10 2017 Basilisk Brave Google Chrome 56 -- 63 Firefox 51 -- 57 Microsoft Edge 40 -- 41 Opera 43 -- 49 Safari 11 SeaMonkey 2.46 -- 2.49 Related topics 3D Markup Language for Web Aliweb ARPANET ASCII BITNET Browser wars CompuServe Elm Email File Transfer Protocol Gopher HTML HyperCard HyTelnet NCSA Telnet NLS Prodigy Teletext Telnet Usenet UUCP Videotex Viewdata Virtual Reality Markup Language Web page Whole Internet User 's Guide and Catalog World Wide Web X. 25 Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub Get Help Groove Music Magnifier Mail Messaging Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go Windows Story Remix WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process NT Vista CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax File Manager Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Photo Viewer Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Microsoft Store DVD Player Hover ! Mahjong Minesweeper VIAF : 177507367 LCCN : n96018990 GND : 4438485 - 3 BNF : cb125450815 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Explorer&oldid=825795489 '' Categories : Internet Explorer 1995 software FTP clients History of the Internet News aggregator software Proprietary software Windows components Windows web browsers Computer - related introductions in 1995 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from January 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the latest version of microsoft internet explorer	[ "On March 17, 2015, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Edge would replace Internet Explorer as the default browser on its Windows 10 devices. This effectively makes Internet Explorer 11 the last release. Internet Explorer, however, remains on Windows 10 primarily for enterprise purposes.[10] Starting January 12, 2016, only Internet Explorer 11 is supported.[11][12] Support varies based on the operating system's technical capabilities and its support lifecycle.[13]" ]	[ "Internet Explorer 11" ]
5209515645518416566	Double (basketball)	Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 and is the only person to average a triple - double for two consecutive seasons . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double - double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple - double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 841 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 811 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 741 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 706 7 Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 705 8 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 580 9 Robinson , David David Robinson * 543 10 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 520 11 Willis , Kevin Kevin Willis 488 12 Randolph , Zach Zach Randolph ^ 480 13 Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo * 469 14 Williams , Buck Buck Williams 459 15 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 440 16 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * 435 17 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 430 18 Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 427 19 Oakley , Charles Charles Oakley 426 20 Thorpe , Otis Otis Thorpe 411 Point - assist Rank Name Total Stockton , John John Stockton * 714 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 514 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 436 Paul , Chris Chris Paul * 408 5 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas 408 6 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd ^ 402 7 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 319 8 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 281 9 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Strickland , Rod Rod Strickland 271 11 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson 242 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * 242 13 Wall , John John Wall ^ 224 14 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 279 15 Marbury , Stephon Stephon Marbury 210 16 Miller , Andre Andre Miller 197 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 192 18 Porter , Terry Terry Porter 188 19 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 181 20 Davis , Baron Baron Davis 177 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second - and third - longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) `` Triple - double '' redirects here . For volleyball , see Triple - double ( volleyball ) . Oscar Robertson has the most NBA career triple - doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple - double over an entire season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple - doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only player to have recorded a perfect triple - double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . From the 2011 -- 12 to the 2016 -- 17 season , the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple - doubles , with an average of 57.33 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 22 games . Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple - doubles during that span , or 21.5 % of the 344 total triple - doubles . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , 25 triple - doubles have been recorded by players coming off the bench ; Detlef Schrempf recorded three with the Indiana Pacers . Triple - double leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders Rank Name Triple - doubles Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 181 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 138 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 107 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 104 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 73 7 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 59 8 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 43 9 Harden , James James Harden ^ 35 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 33 11 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 31 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 31 13 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 29 14 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 28 15 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 23 18 Green , Draymond Draymond Green ^ 22 19 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 21 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , Dolph Schayes ( Syracuse Nationals ) might have logged the league 's first triple - double on February 8 , 1951 , versus the New York Knicks . He had 18 points , 22 rebounds and 13 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook is the only player to achieve this feat twice , that too in consecutive seasons . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , and followed it up in 2017 -- 18 with averages of 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds , and 10.3 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple - double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Russell Westbrook 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 -- 18 7 Oscar Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 10 Oscar Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 11 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Russell Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 18 Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 -- 18 13 Magic Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 14 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 15 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 17 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 22 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : LeBron James recorded 9 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : Markelle Fultz ( Philadelphia 76ers ) , aged 19 years and 317 days , logged a triple - double on April 11 , 2018 , versus the Milwaukee Bucks . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) , holds the record for the fastest triple - double . On February 15 , 2018 , Jokić recorded the mark in 14 minutes and 33 seconds against the Milwaukee Bucks . The previous fastest triple - double had held for almost 63 years , as on February 20 , 1955 Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes , with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 -- 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 60 points , 10 rebounds , and 11 assists on January 30 , 2018 , against the Orlando Magic . The previous record was 57 points by Russell Westbrook . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Green also recorded five blocked shots in the game . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second - longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Donnie Butcher ( Detroit Pistons ) had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls ) had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only 13 times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott ( Detroit Pistons ) did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo and Nikola Jokić ( Denver at Milwaukee , February 15 , 2018 ) D'Angelo Russell and Kyle Lowry ( Brooklyn at Toronto , March 23 , 2018 ) Ben Simmons and LeBron James ( Cleveland at Philadelphia , April 6 , 2018 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU , 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon , 2016 -- present ) with 10 -- four in 2016 -- 17 and six in 2017 -- 18 . Consecutive triple - doubles : In Division I men 's play , David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . In women 's play , Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , Kim Rhock ( Mount St. Mary 's ) , Nicole Powell ( Stanford ) , Ashley Schrock ( Cleveland State ) , Claire Faucher ( Portland State ) , Brittney Griner ( Baylor ) , Ny Hammonds ( Charlotte ) , and Ionescu have accomplished this feat . Uniquely , Danielle Carson recorded three consecutive triple - doubles in the 1985 -- 86 season , becoming the only Division I player of either sex to do so . She began by recording 12 points , 10 , rebounds , and 12 assists against Akron on November 29 , 1985 . The following day , she recorded 20 points , 12 rebounds , and at least 20 assists against Kent State ( her exact assists total in that game is unknown ) . Finally , on December 2 against Cleveland State , Carson recorded 26 points , 15 rebounds , and 14 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) and Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon ) , each with six -- Carson in 1985 -- 86 and Ionescu in 2017 -- 18 . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : Men 's The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place 000000001959 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round 000000001979 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four 000000001979 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Grant , Gary Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round 000000001992 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 Cain , David David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Miller , Andre Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Aldrich , Cole Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round 000000002011 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Women 's In women 's basketball , the NCAA began keeping track of assists in 1985 , then blocks and steals in 1987 , so officially this has occurred 13 times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . All three triple - doubles that preceded the NCAA 's official inclusion of the relevant statistics are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Lander , Cassandra Cassandra Lander Arizona State 97 - 77 Georgia First round 000000001982 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1982 17 11 10 -- -- Donovan , Anne Anne Donovan Old Dominion 74 - 60 Penn State Elite Eight 000000001983 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1983 20 13 -- -- 12 Davis , Joni Joni Davis Missouri 82 - 92 LSU First round 000000001984 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1984 14 11 10 -- -- Meier , Katie Katie Meier Duke 70 - 55 Manhattan First round 000000001987 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1987 16 11 10 -- -- Jordan , Pauline Pauline Jordan UNLV 84 - 74 Colorado Second round 000000001989 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1989 22 17 -- -- 11 Henning , Sonja Sonja Henning Stanford 91 - 67 Cal State Fullerton Second round 000000001991 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1991 19 10 10 -- -- Johnson , Niesa Niesa Johnson Alabama 121 - 120 ( 4OT ) Duke Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1995 28 12 14 -- -- Henderson , Tracy Tracy Henderson Georgia 81 - 68 Louisville Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1995 14 13 -- -- 10 Penicheiro , Ticha Ticha Penicheiro Old Dominion 92 - 39 Saint Francis ( PA ) First round 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1998 22 -- 15 14 -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford 76 - 51 Weber State First round 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2002 20 11 10 -- -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford 77 - 55 Tulane Second round 000000002002 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2002 16 10 10 -- -- Haynie , Kristin Kristin Haynie Michigan State 76 - 64 Vanderbilt Sweet Sixteen 000000002005 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2005 16 10 10 -- -- Diggins , Skylar Skylar Diggins Notre Dame 80 -- 49 Maryland Elite Eight 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 13 10 10 -- -- Mosqueda - Lewis , Kaleena Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis Connecticut 91 -- 52 Saint Joseph 's Second round 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2014 20 10 10 -- -- Logic , Samantha Samantha Logic Iowa 66 -- 81 Baylor Sweet Sixteen 000000002015 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2015 13 10 14 -- -- Ionescu , Sabrina Sabrina Ionescu Oregon 88 -- 45 Seattle First round 000000002018 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2018 19 10 11 -- -- Others Kalara McFadyen of Memphis achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free - throw line . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola -- Chicago in 1989 . Only three other women have done so since , and Shakyla Hill 's quadruple - double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 000000001974 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 12 Yes ( OT ) Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 000000001986 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( Clyde Drexler did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Steele , Larry Larry Steele 000000001974 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Moore , Johnny Johnny Moore 000000001985 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 000000001985 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001986 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001996 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other men 's Basketball ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference NJCAA Francis , Steve Steve Francis 000000001997 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1997 Allegany College of Maryland Vincennes 24 10 11 10 -- -- French National League Lewis , Derrick Derrick Lewis 000000001990 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Rowe , Daren Daren Rowe 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Rubio , Ricky Ricky Rubio 000000002006 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano , Donbel Donbel Belano 000000001999 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Staten , Jamel Jamel Staten 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA ( Division I ) Hudson , Lester Lester Hudson 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Blackburn , Jermaine Jermaine Blackburn 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Benimon , Jerrelle Jerrelle Benimon 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Williams , Chris Chris Williams 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's Basketball ( edit ) Mostly accurate as of January 2018 . NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II , but not for Division III ; specifically , entering the 2017 -- 18 season , there have been a total of eight quadruple - doubles in Division III play , and one player , Suzy Venet of Mount Union ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , had two in her career , both in the 1996 -- 97 season . NAIA records are also incomplete . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Black , Debbie Debbie Black 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Brown , Edwina Edwina Brown 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Dimitrakou , Zoi Zoi Dimitrakou 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Kalmykova , Maria Maria Kalmykova 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Verameyenka , Anastasiya Anastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Meyers , Ann Ann Meyers 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Spencer , Jackie Jackie Spencer 000000001985 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1985 Louisville Cincinnati 14 12 14 10 -- NCAA Division I women Pettry , Veronica Veronica Pettry 000000001989 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Jones , Ramona Ramona Jones 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Tate , Sonja Sonja Tate 000000001993 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Hill , Shakyla Shakyla Hill 000000002018 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2018 Grambling State Alabama State 15 10 10 10 -- NCAA Division II women Watkins , Tereska Tereska Watkins 000000001997 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1997 Fort Valley State ? ? ? 12 12 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Esteves , Evita Evita Esteves 000000002004 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Purnell , Danna Danna Purnell 000000002007 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Williams , Latiqua Latiqua Williams 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- NAIA women Gonzales , Suzanne Suzanne Gonzales 000000001989 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1989 Southern Colorado Western State 13 12 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova , Alina Alina Iagupova 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Notes Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer 's quadruple - double to be official . Although the Metro Conference , then home to both teams involved in this game , kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984 -- 85 season , the NCAA did not . Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women 's basketball until 1985 -- 86 , and steals were not so recorded until 1987 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II , the NCAA does not consider her quadruple - double to be official for two reasons . First , the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , then as now home to both teams involved in this game , then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , and was not an NCAA conference until 1992 -- 93 . In addition , the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women 's basketball until 1992 -- 93 . Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) and Adlai Stevenson High School ( Lincolnshire , Illinois ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ; one of which was 1 assist shy of a quadruple double ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Erving , Julius Julius Erving 000000001979 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001987 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001992 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No Robinson , David David Robinson 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 000000001993 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Tinsley , Jamaal Jamaal Tinsley 000000002001 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby 000000002004 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002006 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum 000000002012 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Green , Draymond Draymond Green 000000002015 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - six against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second - quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 , and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 30 years , 343 days old . six - by - fives : Olajuwon is the only player to achieve this feat once in NBA history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . 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Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Minnesota Timberwolves Boxscore , December 30 , 1993 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers at Los Angeles Lakers Boxscore , February 22 , 1995 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves at Indiana Pacers Boxscore , November 16 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Houston Rockets Boxscore , December 3 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knicks at Utah Jazz Boxscore , December 10 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Denver Nuggets Boxscore , January 9 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz Boxscore , January 3 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Hornets vs. Portland Trail Blazers -- Box Score -- December 16 , 2012 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors vs. Boston Celtics -- Box Score -- December 11 , 2015 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . ( hide ) Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=841954812 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 06 : 13 . 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-6021527992958483684	List of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre characters	List of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre characters - wikipedia List of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre characters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2016 ) The Sawyers ( renamed the Hewitts in the 2003 reboot and its 2006 prequel ) are a large , Southern American family of cannibalistic butchers and serial killers in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise , who live in the Texas backwoods , where they abduct , torture , murder , and eat stranded motorists . The family uses booby traps and man - traps , such as bear traps and spike traps , to capture or kill victims . The family also owns a gas station , where they sell the meat from the victims as barbecue and chili . It has been confirmed in the crossover comic book series , Jason vs. Leatherface , that the Sawyer family did engage in inbreeding , something that was heavily implied in the third film . As seen in 1986 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , 1990 's Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , the 2003 remake , and the 2006 prequel , the family ( both Sawyer and Hewitt ) are fond of leaving bodies in mass body pits or mass graves in various parts of Texas . The inspiration for the family was real killer Ed Gein , whom the filmmakers also based Leatherface on . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Continuity A ( 1974 -- 1994 ) 1.2 Remake films continuity ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 1.3 Continuity B ( 1974 , 2013 -- 2017 ) 2 The Sawyer Family 2.1 Leatherface 2.2 Drayton Sawyer ( The Cook ) 2.3 Nubbins Sawyer ( The Hitchhiker ) 2.4 Grandpa Sawyer 2.5 `` Chop Top '' Sawyer 2.6 Grandma Sawyer 2.7 Edward `` Tex '' Sawyer 2.8 Tinker `` Tink '' Sawyer 2.9 Alfredo Sawyer 2.10 Anne Sawyer ( Mama ) 2.11 Babi Sawyer ( daughter ) 2.12 Vilmer Slaughter 2.13 Walter Edward Slaughter 2.14 Darla Slaughter 2.15 David `` Bear '' Sawyer 2.16 Boss Sawyer 2.17 Verna Carson 2.18 Loretta Sissy Sawyer 2.19 Heather Miller / Edith Rose Sawyer 3 The Hewitt Family 3.1 Thomas Brown Hewitt / Leatherface 3.2 The Butcher 3.3 Sheriff Hoyt / Charlie Hewitt Jr . 3.4 The Cook 3.5 Luda Mae Hewitt 3.6 Henrietta Hewitt 3.7 Monty Hewitt 3.8 Jedidiah Hewitt 3.9 Tea Lady Hewitt 3.10 Shiloh Hewitt 3.11 Zeke Hewitt 3.12 Adam Hewitt 3.13 Cal Hewitt 3.14 Cain Hewitt - Warner 3.15 Abel Hewitt , Jr . 3.16 Clem Hewitt 3.17 Lyle Hewitt 4 Other characters 5 Notes 6 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Continuity A ( 1974 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Character The Texas Chain Saw Massacre The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation 1986 Leatherface / Bubba `` Junior '' Sawyer Gunnar Hansen Bill Johnson R.A. Mihailoff Kane Hodder ( stunts ) Robert Jacks Grandfather Sawyer John Dugan Ken Evert ( corpse cameo ) Grayson Victor Schirmacher Drayton Sawyer Jim Siedow Nubbins Sawyer Edwin Neal Corpse puppet Sally Hardesty Marilyn Burns Marilyn Burns Franklin Hardesty Paul A. Partain ( corpse cameo ) Kirk William Vail Jerry Allen Danziger Pam Teri McMinn Robert `` Chop Top '' Sawyer Bill Moseley Lieutenant Boude `` Lefty '' Enright Dennis Hopper Vanita `` Stretch '' Brock Caroline Williams Edward `` Tex '' Sawyer Viggo Mortensen Michelle Kate Hodge Benny Ken Foree Vilmer Slaughter Matthew McConaughey Jennifer Renée Zellweger Remake films continuity ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Character The Texas Chainsaw Massacre The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning 2003 2006 Leatherface / Thomas Brown Hewitt Andrew Bryniarski Erin Jessica Biel Sheriff Winston Hoyt / Charlton `` Charlie '' Hewitt Jr . R. Lee Ermey Monty Hewitt Terrence Evans Luda Mae Hewitt Marietta Marich Chrissie Jordana Brewster Bailey Diora Baird Continuity b ( 1974 , 2013 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Character Leatherface The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Texas Chainsaw 3D 2017 2013 Leatherface / Jedidiah Sawyer Boris Kabakchiev ( young ) Sam Strike Gunnar Hansen Gunnar Hansen ( archival footage ) Sam McKinzie Dan Yeager Grandfather Sawyer Eduard Parsehyan John Dugan Drayton Sawyer Dimo Alexiev Jim Siedow Bill Moseley Nubbins Sawyer Hristo Milev ( young ) Dejan Angelov Edwin Neal Edwin Neal ( archival footage ) Sally Hardesty Marilyn Burns Marilyn Burns ( archival footage , Photograph , and Voiceover ) Franklin Hardesty Paul A. Partain Paul A. Partain ( archival footage ) Kirk William Vail William Vail ( archival footage ) Jerry Allen Danziger Allen Danziger ( archival footage ) Pam Teri McMinn Teri McMinn ( archival footage ) Heather Miller / Edith Rose Sawyer Alexandra Daddario Verna Carson née Sawyer Lili Taylor Marilyn Burns Mayor Burt Hartman Paul Rae Deputy Carl Hartman Scott Eastwood Ike James Bloor Bud Sam Coleman Clarice Jessica Madsen Nurse Elizabeth `` Lizzy '' White Vanessa Grasse Texas Ranger Hal Hartman Stephen Dorff Betty Hartman Lorina Kamurova Ted Hardesty Julian Kostov Note : A gray cell indicates character did not appear in that film . The original Sawyer family ; Leatherface ( Gunner Hansen ) , Drayton ( Jim Siedow ) , Nubbins ( Edwin Neal ) , Grandpa ( John Dugan ) and the dead Grandma from The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , 1974 The Sawyer family ( edit ) Leatherface ( edit ) Leatherface is an intellectually disabled serial killer who uses a chainsaw to kill his victims . He was portrayed by Gunnar Hansen in the original 1974 film , The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , Bill Johnson in 1986 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , R.A. Mihailoff in 1990 's Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Robert Jacks in 1994 's Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation , Andrew Bryniarski in the Platinum Dunes films : 2003 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and 2006 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning , Dan Yeager in 2013 's Texas Chainsaw 3D , and Sam Strike in 2017 's Leatherface . Leatherface is portrayed as being `` severely intellectually disabled and mentally disturbed , '' and often uses butchering tools , like meat hooks , to slaughter his victims . He lives with a family of fellow cannibals , who are often abusive and violent towards him . Despite this , Leatherface does what ever his family orders him to do . The character was loosely inspired by serial killer Ed Gein , who also wore the skin of his victims , cross dressed , and was possibly a cannibal . His name has been given differently in different films . Chop Top calls him `` Bubba '' in the second movie while in Texas Chainsaw 3D , his name is Jedidiah . In the third film , he is only referred to as Junior by his family . In the fourth film , Leatherface is called `` Leather '' by his relatives . Whereas many horror movie villains are sadistic or evil ; Leatherface is in fact intellectually disabled and most of the time is merely following the orders of his family . Hansen has stated that Leatherface is `` completely under the control of his family . He 'll do whatever they tell him to do . He 's a little bit afraid of them '' . Tobe Hooper has argued on the documentary , The Shocking Truth , that Leatherface is a ' big baby ' and kills in self - defense because he feels threatened , pointing out that , in the first film , Leatherface is actually frightened of all the new people entering his house . Leatherface is also mute , aside from making bizarre , baby - like gibberish and screams , which his family somehow understands . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 is a direct sequel to the 1974 film . Tobe Hooper said on The Shocking Truth that he wanted to expand on the dark comedy in the original film , an element that he felt no one truly picked up on . In this film , Leatherface develops a `` crush '' on one of his victims and , in one scene , skins off the face of her friend ( while alive ) and places it on her to hide her from the rest of his family . At the end of the film , he apparently dies in an explosion . Leatherface is later seen in Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III which is a follow - up to previous two films . Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , is the second sequel in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre film series . Leatherface is affectionately called `` Junior '' by the members of his family . The filmmakers attempted to make the series darker and grittier like the original , but interventions from the MPAA quashed their vision and had them tone it down and change the ending . An uncut version was released in 2003 . In this film , Leatherface is given a new family , including a daughter . A four issue comic series based on the film , entitled Leatherface , was also created . In this film , Leatherface appears much more aggressive and violent than in previous installments , a trait intentionally added , as it is explained on the audio commentary that Leatherface was in a childlike mode in the first two films and now he has reached the rebellious teen mode . Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation apparently takes place in its own continuity , although the original film is mentioned in the opening prologue , in the same prologue it also references the other sequel films , as `` two minor , yet apparently related inncidents '' . This is the lowest rated film of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre series . The film features Leatherface as a yelping , pizza - eating transvestite involved in an Illuminati conspiracy to provide society a source of horror and , again , with a different family . Leatherface ( who is referred to as `` Leather '' in the whole film ) is presented as a much more effeminate character than the previous two installments feature , which portrayed Leatherface as being attracted to women . In part 4 , Leatherface is reverted to his original self , a screaming mentally ill killer with an identity problem . He seems even more feminine than his character in the original film , wearing a female face mask and a Gein - like female skin suit , a woman 's dress , make - up , even painting his fingernails . Texas Chainsaw 3D is a direct sequel to the 1974 original film and starts immediately after Sally Hardesty 's escape . Sheriff Hooper arrives right after the extended Sawyer family gather to the house with shotguns , in which the sheriff demands Drayton , now revealed to be Leatherface 's father , hand over Leatherface . Drayton attempts to justify his and `` Jed 's '' actions by arguing that the characters from the first film were trespassing , but ultimately the family agrees to give him `` Jed '' , with Drayton scolding him for letting Sally escape . Just as they prepare to send Leatherface out to Sheriff Hooper , a group of townspeople led by Burt Hartman shoot up the house , killing nearly all of the Sawyer clan before burning the house down with a Molotov cocktail , killing all but `` Leatherface '' , his cousin , Loretta Sawyer , and her baby . Loretta , wounded via a gunshot , attempts to receive help from one of the townspeople , only to be killed and have her baby taken . Leatherface , who was believed to have died in the fire , was hidden and cared for by his aunt / mother , Verna Sawyer Carson . In the 2017 prequel , Leatherface , his background is explored further where he is the confirmed to be the product of incest between Drayton and Verna . He initially recoiled at his family 's crimes , but later agreed to participate . After helping his family kill Sheriff Hartman 's daughter he was taken to a mental institution where he was renamed Bud . When his mother came to visit him a riot broke out where he and several other patients escaped . Two patients held Jackson , his friend and fellow patient Jed who was called Bud , and a nurse named Elizabeth hostage until they could get to Mexico . During the flight everyone but Jackson and Elizabeth were killed . After Elizabeth sought help from another officer , Jackson was shot through his cheeks by Hartman , caught , and hung by a chain . Bud 's family rescued him , sewed his injured cheeks together , bound them with a muzzle , and had him kill Hartman and Elizabeth . He used the top half of Hartman 's face and the bottom half of Elizabeth 's to make his first mask . Drayton Sawyer ( the Cook ) ( edit ) Drayton Sawyer , is portrayed by Jim Siedow in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 where he served as the main antagonist and by Bill Moseley in Texas Chainsaw 3D . In all of his appearances , Drayton is an antagonist and appears to be the head of the Sawyer Family . He is the older brother of Leatherface and the rest of the family . A mentally unstable and murderous cannibal , Drayton , along with his family of fellow cannibals and serial killers , lives in the backwoods of Texas , preying upon travelers , whom he and his relatives capture and devour , selling some of their meat to unwary people as barbeque at his restaurant / gas station . He also gets mad at Leatherface for ruining the house . Drayton 's name was n't mentioned until the second film , the first simply referred to him as `` the Cook '' and `` the Old Man '' . Like his younger brother the Hitchhiker , Drayton seems to be suffering from a mental disorder , probably schizophrenia or multiple personalities , as he is seen enjoying the torture of his family 's victims , but at one point he flips personalities and is disgusted by the torment as his more empathic side surfaces . His personality disorder has been discussed by Tobe Hooper several times , like on the audio commentary for 1986 's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 . Drayton often bickers with the rest of his brothers and is abusive towards them . Although Drayton appears to be the head of the household , his brothers often mock and antagonize him and his authority . Drayton Sawyer made his debut appearance in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , in which he first appears as the mild - mannered , middle - aged proprietor of the Last Chance Gas Station , a rural Gulf Oil gas station and barbecue shop ( with an unnamed car door window washer as an employee ) , where a group of teenagers stop for fuel while passing through the area . He tells the teenagers that he has no gas for their van because he is supposedly waiting for the tanker truck to show up with fuel . When he learns that the teenagers destination is an abandoned house near his property , he casually advises the youths against going around there . Drayton 's malevolent nature is revealed later in the film , when he beats Sally Hardesty ( Marilyn Burns ) unconscious and captures her after she approaches him seeking help when her friends disappear and her brother Franklin ( Paul A. Partain ) is killed by Leatherface . Having been chased by Leatherface previously , she is highly hysterical after her shocking experience . Taking Sally to his home , Drayton torments her alongside his brothers , Leatherface ( Gunnar Hansen ) and the Hitchhiker ( Edwin Neal ) , before deciding to let the family patriarch , Grandpa ( John Dugan ) , kill her . When Grandpa proves too decrepit to kill Sally with a hammer , Drayton , the Hitchhiker and Leatherface attempt to aid him , but only succeed in losing grasp on Sally , who flees out a window . Drayton is the only one of the three active members of the family who does not pursue Sally , choosing instead to stay behind with Grandpa . The more humane side of Drayton is revealed during the so - called `` dinner scene '' when he states : `` I just ca n't take no pleasure in killing '' after the Hitchhiker accuses him of doing nothing but cooking for the family while he and Leatherface do all the killing , which explains why Drayton beat and captured Sally rather than killing her . In The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , Drayton reappears , now he and his family are living in an abandoned amusement park in Dallas ( called Texas Battle Land ) , due to the intense police investigation sparked by the events of the first film , with what remains of his family , Leatherface ( Bill Johnson ) , Chop Top ( Bill Moseley ) and Grandpa ( Ken Evert ) . Now a two - time award - winning chili cook selling his meat at a chilli cook - off ( dismissing the bones and teeth as peppercorns ) , Drayton appears far more unhinged than in the previous film , happily joining in on his family 's murderous frenzies , which previously disturbed him somewhat . In public , Drayton displays a folksy and happy personality , but alone with his family , he displays his deranged mental disease and is very abusive with them . Drayton presumably dies , off - screen , at the end of the film , when , during the fight between Leatherface and Lieutenant `` Lefty '' Enright ( Dennis Hopper ) , he is accidentally struck by Leatherface and the hand grenade he is holding ( planning to commit suicide and destroy the hideout with ) explodes prematurely . The only reference of Drayton made in Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III was when Sawyer brother Tinker gives a large chromed chainsaw he crafted to Leatherface as a gift , on the saw 's blade he engraved a quote of Drayton 's from the second film ( `` The saw is family '' ) . In Topps Comics ' 1995 comic miniseries Jason vs. Leatherface , Drayton , only identified by the name Cook Slaughter , appears as a main character . After Leatherface and the Hitchhiker bring Jason Voorhees , the main antagonist of the Friday the 13th franchise home , Drayton befriends him and inducts him in as an unofficial member of the Sawyer family . The comics expand on Drayton 's back story , revealing that , though he aspires to gain fame and fortune using his culinary skills in the city , he stays in the Texan backwoods due to a vow he made to his younger sister Velma on her deathbed , promising he would always look after her children , the Hitchhiker and Leatherface . The comics imply that he is both their father and uncle and they were merely adopted and treated by him as brothers : they suggest that Leatherface and Hitchhiker were born of incest between Drayton and Velma Sawyer as they refer to Velma as having been both their sister and mother . The comics also portray Drayton as much more apathetic and lax towards his relatives murdering of people , with him , at one point , stating that he wishes the Hitchhiker and Jason , who had just delivered to him a freshly killed couple , had brought him some children as well ( `` their meat 's so much more tender ... '' ) . At one point in the comics , Drayton even attacks Jason with a meat cleaver and helps dispose of his body , which the Sawyer brothers dump into a lake . Drayton is also seen wearing an apron which reads `` Kiss the Cook '' throughout the series . Bill Moseley , the actor who portrayed Chop Top , portrayed Drayton in the opening scene of Texas Chainsaw 3D . When Sheriff Hooper arrives at the Sawyer house from which Sally escaped earlier that day , Drayton comes out with a shotgun and tries justifying his family 's actions by arguing that the characters from the first film were trespassing . Drayton is accompanied by Grandpa , two older male relatives named Boss Sawyer and Bear Sawyer , four unidentified gunmen and a younger woman named Loretta , who holds a baby named Edith - Rose Sawyer . Boss tries convincing Drayton to give Leatherface , whose real name is Jedidiah , to Hooper . Drayton argues that Jed is family , but Boss retorts that `` the boy is simple , '' to which Bear agrees . Drayton gives in , and Boss informs Hooper that they are bringing out Jed . Drayton goes to Leatherface 's room and scolds him for attracting the police . Before he can be brought out , local residents of Newt led by Burt Hartman , arrive and burn down the house . Drayton is apparently shot to death . In 2012 , Edith - Rose , who survived , was adopted , and renamed Heather Miller , walks through the Sawyer cemetery at her grandma Verna 's house , and one of the gravestones has Drayton 's name on it . Nubbins Sawyer ( the Hitchhiker ) ( edit ) Nubbins Sawyer appears in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . Edwin Neal portrays him as a mentally unstable and murderous cannibal and grave robber ; he lives with his equally depraved family , the Sawyers , in the back roads of Texas , capturing , torturing , and feasting on unwary travelers . Though sadistic and violent , he is generally one of the least threatening characters in the movie , being not very intelligent , and behaving erratically . The character also has a bizarre speech impediment and a large port - wine stain birthmark on the right side of his face . His speech impediment came from the actor who portrayed him , Edwin Neal , who played the Hitchhiker as someone who suffered from schizophrenia . Nubbins first appears in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre walking along a road , where he is picked up by a group of friends traveling through the area , who feel sorry for him having to walk in the heat . The group ask him what he was doing out there and he tells them that he was `` over at the slaughterhouse '' where he and `` his brother '' and `` his grandfather '' used to work and shows them pictures of him and his family killing the cattle while telling them a story about how headcheese comes from the cows there when their heads are melted , all the while attempting to get them to drop him off at his home and even inviting them to dinner . The Hitchhiker soon begins acting erratically after being given back the photographs by the disgusted travelers , slashing his own hand with a pocket knife ; after Franklin Hardesty ( Paul A. Partain ) refuses to buy a picture he took of him , the Hitchhiker sets the photo on fire and slashes Franklin 's arm with a straight razor before being kicked out of the van . The Hitchhiker briefly chases after the van , kicking , yelling and smearing a bloody hand print on it , but soon relinquishes his attack on it . The film later identifies Nubbins as one of the brothers of the main villain of the film , Leatherface ( Gunnar Hansen ) and of Drayton Sawyer ( Jim Siedow ) , as well as one of the family members of a mentally unstable and murderous family of cannibals . It 's also revealed that he was the one responsible for the grave robbings mentioned at the beginning of the film . Together , they torment Sally Hardesty ( Marilyn Burns ) , Franklin 's sister whom Drayton had captured . Eventually deciding to kill Sally , Nubbins , Drayton and Leatherface are at first content to allow their highly regarded Grandpa ( John Dugan ) to do so , but when Grandpa proves unable to kill Sally with a hammer , Nubbins and his brothers become impatient and over-eager in trying to help him , Nubbins forgets to keep a hold on Sally , allowing her break free of their grasp and jump out a nearby window ; as Sally flees , Nubbins and Leatherface give chase to her , with the Hitchhiker catching up to her on a road . While slashing Sally with a knife , a 18 - wheeler fast approaches him . Not noticing this , he continues to try to kill Sally . He soon hears the honking of the truck but is too late to get out of the way as he watches in horror as the truck runs him over , killing him . Deleted scenes shows Nubbins ' corpse lying in the road , his dislodged jaw spewing blood . After the events of the film , Nubbins ' remains were gathered and turned into a mummified puppet , seen in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 . The corpse is treated as if he 's still alive , and is most often seen with his twin brother , Chop Top . Nubbins ' pouch contains a grenade , which Drayton uses to blow up the family 's lair after Lieutenant Lefty Enright infiltrates their home . In the Jason vs. Leatherface Topps Comics ' miniseries , the Hitchhiker ( bearing only a minor resemblance to his film counterpart ) appears as a main character . Encountering Jason Voorhees ( the main villain of the Friday the 13th franchise ) in the woods near the Sawyer house , the Hitchhiker , after seeing Jason non-lethally disarm Leatherface after a brief skirmish and decapitate a man he and Leatherface were chasing , befriends him and takes him home , where Jason is inducted as an unofficial member of the family by Drayton . After a fight happens between Jason and the family , the Hitchhiker `` kills '' Jason by bashing him in the head with a hammer . The miniseries expands upon the Hitchhiker 's character , revealing that he owns a pet dog named Sparky ( whom he killed by shooting in the head and treats as if it were still alive ) and that he creates furniture and sculptures out of corpses . The miniseries also showed the extent of the Hitchhiker 's abuse of Leatherface whom the Hitchhiker constantly bullies for little or no reason ( although he apparently respects Leatherface 's prowess at frightening and killing people , as he laments to Jason ) . The comics also hint that the Hitchhiker , as well as Leatherface , were born of incest , with Drayton 's younger sister Velma being implicated as being their sister and mother . The Hitchhiker is also seen driving a tow truck and working at the family gas station , where he sabotages motorists ' automobiles . He then informs his family and they attack the newly stranded people . The Hitchhiker 's bizarre birth mark also changes shape several times throughout the comics , at one point it takes the form of a swastika and a lightning bolt . After `` killing '' Jason , the Hitchhiker 's brother Drayton ( called Cook Slaughter in the comics ) implicates that the Hitchhiker killed his own cousin named Emery with a two - by - four after a losing a game of checkers , to which the hitchhiker replies `` He should n't have laughed at me '' . Grandpa Sawyer ( edit ) Grandpa Sawyer appears in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , and its sequel , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , portrayed by John Dugan and Ken Evert , respectively , and appears in more of the franchise than any other character besides Leatherface . He is a supercentenarian , a former butcher / slaughterman and , it is implied , a mass murderer . Director Tobe Hooper stated on the audio commentary for The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 that Grandpa is kept alive by drinking the blood of his family 's victims . Snippets of Grandfather 's history prior to the events of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre films occur throughout the series ; it is revealed that Grandfather was originally a worker at a slaughterhouse whose skills at killing and butchering cattle were unmatched . After new technology was implemented in abattoirs , Grandfather quit his job due to `` the shame '' . Grandfather later apparently settled down with the unnamed Grandma and began a family , the cannibalistic Sawyers ( how they became cannibalistic is never revealed , though it is implied that they resorted to cannibalism in order to survive starvation , because the family was already poor when Grandpa and the rest of his family quit working ) . In The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , the 124 - year - old Grandpa ( John Dugan ) appears as a somewhat minor character , initially thought to be already dead ; he is first seen briefly during Leatherface 's chase scene , Sally approaches him seeking help but assumes he is dead when she sees how old he is . Later after heroine Sally Hardesty ( Marilyn Burns ) is captured by his grandchildren , Drayton ( Jim Siedow ) , Leatherface ( Gunnar Hansen ) and the Hitchhiker ( Edwin Neal ) , Grandfather is taken from the second floor of the house and brought to her by them . Leatherface proceeds to slash Sally 's finger and forces it into Grandpa 's mouth , so he can suck her blood ( proving that he is , in fact , alive ) , an event that causes Sally to fall unconscious . Some time after Sally is awakened , Drayton , Leatherface and the Hitchhiker decide to allow Grandpa to end her life through the use of a hammer ; due to his advanced age , Grandpa is largely incapable of using the hammer efficiently and continues to drop it . The hassle that ensues with Grandfather 's continued dropping of the hammer and his grandchildren 's over-eagerness to help him allows Sally to break free of the Sawyer family and jump out a window , though he and Drayton do not attempt to follow her . Grandpa ( Ken Evert ) , now 137 years old , later appears in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , inhabiting an abandoned theme park named the `` Texas Battle Land '' with what remains of his family ; when the film 's heroine , Vanita `` Stretch '' Brock ( Caroline Williams ) , is captured by his grandson Chop Top ( Bill Moseley ) , Grandpa is brought forth to kill her ( in the same way he tried to do to Sally ) with help from Chop Top , unlike in the first film here he actually lands a hit though he succeeds in only causing a minor head wound to her with a sledgehammer ( and a second wound caused by an impatient Drayton ) . When Lieutenant William `` Lefty '' Hardesty Enright ( Dennis Hopper ) , the film 's male protagonist , engages in a chainsaw duel with Leatherface ( Bill Johnson ) , Grandfather attempts to aid his grandson by throwing a hammer at his opponent , only to hit Leatherface instead and subsequently fall to the floor ( which alludes the first film 's climax ) . Grandfather apparently meets his demise when a grenade , accidentally set off by an injured Drayton ( Jim Siedow ) , Lefty and Leatherface , detonates in close proximity to him . In Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , which has connections to The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , Grandfather appears only as a decayed corpse kept and treated as if he were alive by Leatherface ( R.A. Mihailoff ) and his new extended family who regularly pour blood into his mouth to `` feed '' him ; when one of the film 's protagonists , Benny ( Ken Foree ) , opens fire on the Sawyer house with an automatic rifle , Grandfather 's body takes several shots to the chest and one to the face , but the body is left for the most part intact . In the 1994 film , Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation , a character referred to as `` Grandfather '' ( Grayson Victor Schirmacher ) appears as a member of the Slaughter family . In Tobe Hooper 's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , Grandpa was also credited as `` Grandfather '' . In the 1991 Leatherface comics by Northstar Comics , which are based upon Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Grandfather appears , though he is portrayed as extremely different in this appearance than in others ; instead of the solitary and silent figure he is usually shown as , this version of Grandpa is depicted as a rambling old man with a habit of telling non-linear stories , he also seems to be much younger and more in shape than in the films ( he still seems to be much more sane and harmless than the rest of the family though ) and appears largely oblivious to his surroundings . It is also revealed by the character Mama that Grandfather is not biologically related to the featured version of the Sawyer family and that he was abandoned as a child and subsequently adopted into it . Grandfather appears throughout the 1995 Jason vs. Leatherface comic miniseries by Topps Comics ; also in the comics , a picture depicting a much younger Grandfather is found by Jason Voorhees in the attic of the Sawyer house . John Dugan reprised his role in Texas Chainsaw 3D , in which Grandfather is shown sitting inside the Sawyer house with his relatives as they are confronted by Sheriff Hooper . He is present when the residents of Newt burn down the Sawyer house and kill the family members inside . `` Chop Top '' Sawyer ( edit ) Chop Top is one of Leatherface 's many brothers . Chop Top also has the same bizarre birth mark as his twin brother Nubbins , except Chop Top 's is on the left side of his face . He appears in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 as one of the film 's villains and is portrayed by Bill Moseley . Chop Top is also in the habit of scratching around his metal plate with a heated clothes hanger ; he then eats the dead skin he has picked off . Both director Tobe Hooper and actor Bill Moseley state that if he scratches in the right spot , Chop Top will instantly `` get off '' . It is explained by Tobe Hooper that Chop Top was in Vietnam at the time of the first film . It is in Vietnam where Chop Top receives his head wound by a `` lucky gook with a machete '' . Chop Top has pale skin , like an albino . Tobe Hooper stated on the audio commentary for Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 that Chop Top 's character was originally that of the Hitchhiker , who had a metal plate grafted onto his skull after the events of the 1974 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and was referred to as `` Plate - Head '' , but the character later evolved into his twin , Chop Top . Chop Top is a deranged and sadistic individual who gleefully murders people when given the chance . He possesses a `` hippie '' - like mentality and view on the world around him , stating that `` music is his life '' and revealing that he is a fan of the bands Iron Butterfly and Humble Pie . Chop Top often remarks about Ho Chi Minh and napalm , as he is a Vietnam veteran , and he also talks about having flashbacks from the war . Chop Top adorns himself in a variety of tattered , multi-color clothing . In The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , Chop Top first appears alongside Leatherface ( Bill Johnson ) driving a pick up truck . Together they attack a pair of drunk high school motorists who are in a smaller car on a bridge . Chop Top and Leatherface kill the two men , not realizing that their attack on the drivers was being recorded at a radio station the two drunken teens had called using a car phone prior to the attack . When DJ Vanita `` Stretch '' Brock ( Caroline Williams ) plays the recording of Chop Top and Leatherface 's attack on the drivers over the radio , the two brothers break into the radio station with the intention of killing Stretch , but the brothers ' plan is not carried out . Leatherface , having become infatuated with Stretch , tricks Chop Top into believing he had killed her . When the two leave the station , they take an injured co-worker of Vanita 's with them . When Chop Top and brother Drayton ( Jim Siedow ) discover that Stretch is still alive after finding her in the Sawyer family 's home in an abandoned amusement park called the Texas Battle Land ( which Chop Top bought using government checks ) , the brothers hold her captive and decide to let the decrepit patriarch of the Sawyer family , Grandpa ( Ken Evert ) , kill her with Chop Top 's help . Vanita is saved when protagonist Lieutenant `` Lefty '' Enright ( Dennis Hopper ) arrives and engages Leatherface in a chainsaw duel . The battle between the Sawyers and Lefty reaches a climax when a hand grenade , accidentally set off by Drayton , explodes and kills Grandpa , Lefty , Drayton and possibly Leatherface , as well as presumably destroying the puppet - like corpse of the Hitchhiker . Narrowly escaping the grenade explosion , Chop Top follows Vanita to the top of the Matterhorn attraction in the Texas Battle Land , which the Sawyers converted into a shrine known as `` Chainsaw Heaven '' . Slashing Vanita and himself several times with a straight razor , Chop Top apparently meets his end when Vanita stumbles upon the mummified corpse of Great - Grandma Sawyer and tears a chainsaw out of the corpse 's abdomen . In the ensuing struggle , Chop Top is sent plummeting into the ruins of Texas Battle Land . Though Chop Top does not appear in the 1991 Leatherface by Northstar Comics , a reference to him is made through the use of his catchphrase `` Lick my plate ! '' , seen spray - painted on the side of Alfredo Sawyer 's Last Chance Gas Station . All American Massacre is an unreleased film directed by William Hooper , son of Tobe Hooper . The film was to serve as a prequel to the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre series . The film was to feature Chop Top who had been captured and placed into a psychiatric prison . Memories of how his family became killers and cannibals were to feature in the film , as he was interviewed by a tabloid television journalist . Bill Moseley portrays Chop Top in the film 's trailer . Grandma Sawyer ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grandma Sawyer died at an unspecified time before the first film 's events , although her obese corpse has been preserved by the family and was originally kept in the attic of the Sawyer ranch . Her corpse also appears in the comic book series , Jason vs. Leatherface . It is revealed in the audio commentary on The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , by Tobe Hooper , that she is in fact `` Great - Grandma Sawyer '' . First mentioned by Drayton in the second film , who states `` Oh Great Grandma in chainsaw heaven ! '' ; her skeletal corpse is later seen in chainsaw heaven - actually a macabre shrine hidden in the amusement park where the remaining Sawyers live in the second film . Edward `` Tex '' Sawyer ( edit ) A hitchhiking cowboy and brother of Leatherface , Edward ( simply referred to by the shortened name Eddie ) completely despises his real name - for unknown reasons - and prefers to be called `` Tex '' , and goes into a rage when referred to by his true name . Tex is also seen wearing a female 's cooking apron and painted fingernails , leading to the possibility that he is sexually ambiguous . Tex is portrayed as the most normal looking family member , which helps in his family 's capturing of victims , who believe Tex to be a regular person , however , when enraged Tex becomes highly psychotic . Film writer David J. Schow likened him to Norman Bates on the film 's audio commentary . In the rated and unrated versions , Tex is killed when set ablaze by survivalist Benny , after Tex attacks him with an ax . In the alternate ending , Tex is set on fire , but survives , and then is killed when Michelle pushes him into a spike trap . Tex ( never referred to as Eddie or Edward ) is portrayed as one of the more sane members of the family in the Leatherface comics , actually showing some level of remorse for his actions . Tex is killed in the comics by Michelle , who beats and disembowels him with the very knife he was planning to butcher her with . Co-star William Butler claims that his friend , fellow actor Viggo Mortensen 's characterization for Tex was as a sexually ambiguous killer who looked normal , but could snap at any moment . Tinker `` Tink '' Sawyer ( edit ) Another brother of Leatherface and easily one of the least sane members of the family , he has a transradial prosthesis hook in place of a right hand for unknown reasons and an affinity for machines , chrome and technology . As he goes by two different names his real name remains unknown . Tink often makes devices to assist his family in the slaughtering of people , he also drives a very large , suped up pick up truck , which is basically a monster truck . One of the devices Tech makes is an extra large chromed out chainsaw for his brother Leatherface , engraved on the blade , a sort - of tribute and reference to his late brother Drayton , the reference being a quote of Drayton 's from the second film ( `` The saw is family '' ) , another invention of Tink 's is a swinging sledgehammer machine which quickens the family 's slaughter methods , something brother Tex is grateful for ( as he personally dislikes the `` hit to the head business '' ) . Tech also calls one of the main characters , Benny , an African - American , a `` darkie '' , `` brotha '' and refers to him as `` dark meat '' , leading to the possibility that he is a racist . Tech also tries to discipline his brother Leatherface by throwing his brother 's walkman into the oven , however , this plan backfires when Leatherface forces Tech to retrieve it with his good hand . In both the rated and unrated versions as well as the alternate ending Tech is wounded , possibly fatally , when Benny opens fire on the families ' house with an automatic rifle , blasting two of Tink 's fingers off , as well as an ear . He appears to have died after the shooting , as he is heard saying to his brother Tex that he would be in Hell for breakfast . In the Leatherface comics , Tech is depicted as a former party loving hippie , like his brother Chop Top from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , and is fixated with classic rock music and a `` Chrome Machine God '' he believes controls everything . He also mentions taking quaaludes and hash and lush and the purest lysergic acid ever come from Hashbury . Tech is fatally injured in the comic by being shot repeatedly by Benny , later dying in Leatherface 's ( who admired Tech , who was his favorite brother ) arms . Like his brother Drayton Sawyer , Tech appears as the head of the family household , this role is also explained by writer David J. Schow on the audio commentary for the Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , in which he refers to Tech as the `` brains '' of the operation . He is portrayed by Joe Unger . Alfredo Sawyer ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Another brother of Leatherface , he appears to be highly demented and perverted and suffers from a speech impediment and heterochromia . He wears a tattered jumpsuit and drives an old pickup truck . Alfredo is also seen kissing a severed head , which implies that he has engaged in necrophilia . At the same time he kisses the head , he mentions that he had a girl in Tupelo , but that she had to `` go down below '' , implying that Alfredo has murdered women outside the state of Texas . He often rants and complains about having to clean up for his family , which includes tossing body parts into the bogs and swamps surrounding his family 's home , he also bickers with his brother Tex , who explains that after Alfredo lost his job at the local slaughterhouse , he became insane . In one of his bizarre rants , Alfredo refers to his brother Leatherface as `` stupid fuck - face '' . Alfredo also runs the Last Chance Gas Station , which he apparently inherited from his eldest brother Drayton , after his death in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 . In Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Alfredo serves as the film 's antagonist and is killed when , attacking Michelle with a sledgehammer in his pickup truck , she grabs his shotgun lying on the truck 's floor and blasts him , his last words being `` What are the chances a brainless bitch like you knows how to use that thing ? '' . It is revealed by his brother Tex , that Alfredo worked at the slaughterhouse , but like the rest of his family , he lost his job and went insane . The Leatherface comics depict Alfredo - drawn with an eye patch for unexplained reasons - as even more perverted , insane and dangerous than his film counterpart . Alfredo is killed in the comics ' final issue , being forced underwater and drowned by Michelle . Alfredo appears similar in character to his brothers the Hitchhiker and Chop Top , whom he was based on . Also in the Leatherface comics , Alfredo references his brother Chop Top , as Chop Top 's famous line `` Lick my plate ! '' is seen spray painted on Alfredo 's gas station . He is portrayed by Tom Everett . Anne Sawyer ( Mama ) ( edit ) The mother of Leatherface and the rest of the Sawyer brothers , Anne is a bitter , aged woman who uses a wheelchair full - time and also has an electronic voice box , possibly from a tracheotomy . When Benny begins to blast the families ' house with an automatic rifle , Anne dies after taking several shots to the chest as Tech watches on in horror . Anne 's role is expanded upon in the Leatherface comics , which depict her as a stereotypical kindly old woman , capable of speaking under her own power and is also shown to be more dangerous than in the film . She 's never referred to by name in the film , being called simply `` Mama , '' instead . Mama meets her demise in the comics when her face is smashed in by Benny , who she was holding at gun point , using his automatic rifle . In the film , Anne mentions that she neutered herself and Grandfather . She is portrayed by Miriam Byrd - Nethery . Babi Sawyer ( daughter ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Babi is Leatherface 's daughter , apparently conceived from the rape of one of his victims . Babi carries around a dead infant doll , which she refers to as `` Sally '' . In both the rated and unrated versions , her fate is unrevealed . In an alternate ending , she 's seen at the end in the back of the Sheriff 's car , probably arrested , however , her hands were n't cuffed . In the comics based on the film , no reference is made to Babi being Leatherface 's child , with her appearing to be just another one of his relatives , possibly Leatherface , Tex , Tink , and Alfredo 's younger sister . She is portrayed by Jennifer Banko . Vilmer Slaughter ( edit ) Vilmer Slaughter , played by Matthew McConaughey , features as a fictional character and main antagonist in the 1994 film Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation . Vilmer is a rage - filled , psychopathic sadist and head of a family of serial killers , which includes two brothers : the excitable Walter Slaughter and the chainsaw - wielding transvestite Leather ( unlike the other films in the franchise , The Next Generation does not call this character `` Leatherface '' ) . Vilmer is accompanied by his lover Darla , a married woman who , while independently minded , often suffers abuse at his hands . Vilmer and his family live in an old dilapidated farmhouse . Vilmer drives around in an unidentified rural Texas town in his tow truck hunting down fresh victims to bring back to his house . He wears a leg brace due to unspecified injury ; according to Walter , he has been shot and run over several times throughout his life . Vilmer primarily uses a Buck knife , but his leg brace itself can also be used as a weapon . Darla claims that Vilmer is part of a longstanding murderous conspiracy , the Illuminati . He is killed by a low - flying airplane while he and Leather chase a would - be victim . Vilmer displays characteristics seen elsewhere among the murderous families in the franchise . Like the Hitchhiker in the first film and Chop Top in the second , he practices self mutilation ; like Leatherface in the third film , he wears a leg brace , although Vilmer 's is a custom - built mechanical leg brace made from a hodgepodge of hoses , metal rods , and electrical devices , controlled by several television remote controls he keeps in his pocket . Walter Edward Slaughter ( edit ) Walter Edward Slaughter appeared in Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation . He was portrayed by Joe Stevens . In the 1994 film Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation , a character named Walter Edward Slaughter appears . A relative of the Slaughter family , Walter , like them , is an agent for a powerful shady government organization who has the family forcibly employed for the purpose of terrorizing society . His fate in the film is left ambiguous , as his head is bashed with a hammer by the increasingly unstable Vilmer Slaughter and he does not appear again , leading to the possibility the attack could have killed him , or at least incapacitated him . Despite his somewhat stereotypical redneck appearance and general insanity , Walter Edward Slaughter ( who is nicknamed W.E. by Vilmer and Darla ) is depicted as being fairly educated and highly cultured , continually quoting famous historical figures and works of literature , even while torturing people . He often bickers with Vilmer 's wife Darla , stating that before she entered the family , it was Walter who `` put things together '' , referring to the murders . Walter appears to own a gas station / country store and an old pickup truck . Walter also favors a cattle prod while torturing people , and his brother Leatherface for that matter . During dinner , Walter is seen talking to his mute Grandfather about the decline of family values . According to the original 1974 film 's art director Robert A. Burns on the audio commentary for the special edition DVD , that the gas station / barbeque stand owned by Jim Siedow 's character the Old Man , was named `` W.E. Slaughter 's '' by Tobe Hooper and Kim Henkel as a joke . Darla Slaughter ( edit ) Leatherface 's sister - in - law and Vilmer 's apparent wife who appears in Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation . She routinely suffers abuse and domestic violence at Vilmer 's hands . Darla is one of the more sane members of the Slaughter family . She works as a local real estate agent with her office inside a small trailer near her home and frequently contacts Vilmer and his brother Walter over the telephone to tip them off as well as assist them with tracking down and capturing or killing would - be victims that pass by her office . She appears highly disgruntled under Rothman and Vilmer 's control and is hinted at once having a normal life , making references to another husband living elsewhere . She also informs a group of teens ( her family would later capture ) that she had breast implants . After Walter ' W.E. ' Slaughter comes to her office to assist her in kidnapping a fleeing hostage named Jenny , Darla admits to owning a gun . In the movie , Darla also speculates that her lover Vilmer is from outer space and that either Vilmer or his employers has implanted a device in her head which will kill her . Darla is also the one who explains the Sawyers ' backstory to their captive Jenny , telling her that the family belong to a secret group , which has been assassinating people for hundreds of years , including John F. Kennedy . She is portrayed by Tonie Perensky . David `` bear '' Sawyer ( edit ) Bear Sawyer appears in the opening scene of Texas Chainsaw 3D , portrayed by David Bell . He stands with a shotgun alongside Boss Sawyer inside the Sawyer house when Sheriff Hooper arrives . He agrees with Boss ' suggestion that they should just give Jedidiah ( Leatherface ) to the sheriff . He even comments that Leatherface is retarded . He is burned to death by the residents of Newt led by Burt Hartman , along with other relatives in the house . Boss Sawyer ( edit ) A member of the Sawyer family who appears in the beginning of Texas Chainsaw 3D portrayed by Gunnar Hansen , who portrayed Leatherface in the first film . Boss sits inside the Sawyer house with a shotgun when Sheriff Hooper arrives to arrest Leatherface . Boss tries to convince Drayton that they should just give up Leatherface . When Drayton argues that he is family , Boss retorts that Leatherface is `` simple '' and not right `` for a Sawyer . '' Drayton gives in , and Boss yells out to Hooper that they are bringing him out and asks that `` Jed gets a good lawyer . '' Before they can bring out Jedidiah , however , residents of Newt led by Burt Hartman arrive and burn the Sawyer house to the ground , killing Boss and other relatives . Verna Carson ( edit ) Verna Carson Sawyer is the mother of Loretta Sawyer and grandmother of Edith Rose Sawyer aka Heather Miller . She is portrayed by Marilyn Burns , who also portrayed heroine Sally Hardesty in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and Lil Taylor in leatherface Loretta sissy Sawyer ( edit ) Loretta Sawyer is the birth mother of Edith Rose Sawyer / Heather Miller . She is portrayed by Dodie L. Brown in Texas Chainsaw 3D . Heather Miller / Edith Rose Sawyer ( edit ) Heather Miller is the main protagonist in Texas Chainsaw 3D and also the long lost cousin of Jed Sawyer / Leatherface . She is portrayed by Alexandra Daddario . On August 19 , 1973 , she is shown as a baby when the townspeople of Newt , Texas led by Burt Hartman against the sheriff 's horror shoot out the house killing nearly all the Sawyers and burn down their house with a Molotov cocktail . Killing all but `` Leatherface '' , Loretta Sawyer and her illegitimate baby ( Edith Sawyer ) who managed to sneak out , Loretta shot and dying is found by one of the townspeople who takes baby Edith for his own and immediately kills Loretta with a kick to the head . Verna dies , leaving her vast estate to Edith Sawyer , now `` Heather Miller '' who she tracked down years before but decided would be safer away from Newt , Texas . Heather , angry at her abusive adoptive parents , decides to go to Newt with her friends and discover her history . Heather enters the mansion and starts looking around , until Leatherface comes out and kills her friends . He chases Heather all the way to a carnival . She is captured by Burt Hartman ( now the mayor ) and used as bait for Leatherface . When he finds her , he discovers Heather is his cousin thanks to a mark on her chest in the shape of the Sawyer family 's symbol and immediately tries to save her from Burt Hartman 's vendetta . He is caught and beaten brutally by Burt Hartman and Ollie ( another one of the men that killed his family ) . Knowing that Hartman and company will surely kill her to protect their secrets , and traumatized by her experiences thus far , Heather decides that she owes allegiance to Leatherface as her last remaining family , and she saves him by hurling him a chainsaw , which he uses to kill their mutual enemies . Later , they return to the Sawyer home , where Heather reads the letter left by Verna stating the mansion and all the money is hers . Verna warns her about the danger of being a Sawyer and asks her to take care of `` Jed '' ( Leatherface ) , who will protect her in return . In a post-credits scene , Heather 's abusive adoptive parents , come to the house in an attempt to weasel her inheritance . They wait by the door until Leatherface comes out with his chainsaw to kill them . The Hewitt family ( edit ) Thomas Brown Hewitt / Leatherface ( edit ) In the remake series , Leatherface is named Thomas and lives with his adoptive family , the murderous Hewitts , he is portrayed by Andrew Bryniarski . In this series his family never refers to him as Leatherface , but by his real name . He is also seen taking off his skin masks , which never happened in the original series . His face is revealed to be disfigured by a facial disease . His remake family , the Hewitts , includes his mother Luda Mae , his uncle Monty , his older brother / `` uncle '' Sheriff Hoyt , and three other members , whose roles have never been explained , like his apparent sister Henrietta , the Tea Lady , a morbidly obese , older woman obsessed with tea , who lives with Henrietta in a small trailer on the Hewitt property and a possible nephew named Jedidiah , a little boy who does not take part in his family 's evil exploits . In this series , Leatherface is more of a sadistic serial killer who wants revenge on teenagers than a childlike man under his family 's control , which the original series portrayed him as . Leatherface / Thomas and his family use torture murder and cannibalism as their modus operandi . The Hewitts also live in a different home than the Sawyers , who lived on a farm , whereas the Hewitts live on an old plantation . Also , the young children and babies taken from victims are kept by Henrietta and the Tea Lady , who raise them up as Hewitts . In the comics based on this series by Wildstorm , Leatherface has two more cousins , the demented Ezekial `` Zeke '' Hewitt and his simple minded , childlike brother Shiloh Hewitt . In The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning , Leatherface 's first known murder is that of his abusive boss , however this murder is different from others he will later commit , as this murder was a crime of passion , but it is Leatherface 's psychotic brother / uncle Sheriff Hoyt who later introduces Leatherface and the rest of his family to the art of murder , which according to the end of Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning , claims the lives of thirty - three people . Unlike the first four films he is not shown as a cross dresser . The butcher ( edit ) An unnamed character ( simply called `` The Butcher '' ) similar to the Hitchhiker in both mannerisms and appearance appears in the one - shot comic book The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : Cut ! by Wildstorm , which takes place in the remake continuity of the films . A member of the Hewitt family and brother to Leatherface and an unnamed , Drayton Sawyer-esque character ( simply called `` The Cook '' ) , the Hitchhiker look - alike utilizes a sledge hammer and bolt stunner as his weapons . In the comic , the character terrorizes and murders two members of a group of teenagers seeking to make an amateur film about the Hewitt family murders , and near the end of it , aids his siblings in slaughtering the film project 's director in a manner similar to livestock . Sheriff Hoyt / Charlie Hewitt Jr. ( edit ) Charlton `` Charlie '' Hewitt , Jr. , a.k.a. Sheriff Winston Hoyt appears as Leatherface 's foster brother in the 2003 remake of the 1974 film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and its prequel The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning . He is portrayed by Golden Globe nominee Ronald Lee Ermey . A POW during the Korean War , Charlie Hewitt is forced into cannibalism to survive , as rations are extremely scarce . Each week , someone has to be killed and eaten . Charlie apparently grows to like the taste of human flesh and later introduces the grisly practice to his family , the Hewitts , who also start to like the taste of human meat . Charlie , armed with a shotgun , shoots and kills the local sheriff , Winston Hoyt , at point - blank range during the sheriff 's attempt to apprehend his adopted brother , Thomas for murdering his boss at the meat factory . Charlie then takes on the identity of the murdered sheriff , who was the last member of law enforcement left in Travis County , as evidenced by his immediate statement : `` Shit . I just killed the whole fuckin ' sheriff 's department . '' He uses this new identity to lure teenagers off the road where they meet Leatherface and his family to be killed and eaten . As he guides his family 's killing spree , Charlie / Hoyt himself becomes a serial killer and begins to use torture murder as he and his family capture victims they have hatred for . Hoyt is arguably one of the driving forces behind Leatherface 's cannibalism and murders , assuring Thomas that the butchery of human beings is no different from the slaughterhouse : `` Meat is meat , and bone is bone '' . Later , Hoyt is present during Leatherface 's first chainsaw murder , urging him to go forward and cheering him on at the same time . A gruff , perverse , foul mouthed , mean - spirited bully , who often uses false arrest and police brutality ( usually with his police baton ) on young adults , whom Hoyt hates and looks at as dope smoking , hippie protesters , Hoyt not only makes no effort to conceal his contempt for everyone around him , he seems to revel in it . For example , when he is called to investigate the suicide of a young girl in the first film , he leers at the corpse and cracks jokes about his predilection for `` copping a feel '' on dead female bodies . He 's killed in the remake when the only survivor , Erin runs him over repeatedly in his own police car while escaping from the Hewitts . Hoyt , like the rest of his relatives , has a sick sense of family pride and a strong hatred of outsiders . Apparently , either due to the complicated relationship between Hoyt and Leatherface , or the fact that Hoyt does not accept him as a `` true '' brother because of them not being biologically related , Hoyt views Leatherface as his nephew rather than his brother . In the Texas Chainsaw Massacre comics , Hoyt refers to himself as `` Uncle Charlie '' and encourages a young Leatherface 's murderous impulses , `` Uncle '' Charlie even shoots and kills a bully who Leatherface recently attacked and was skinning / flaying alive , after the bully assaulted Leatherface earlier at a swimming hole . Father Charlie 's only criticism being that Thomas needs to `` learn how to fix ' em proper '' , Charlie then takes the body and dumps it in a lake . In the prequel , Hoyt refers to Leatherface as his nephew , as does the real sheriff , though both Hoyt and Leatherface view Luda Mae as their mother , and Monty as their uncle . Also , it is revealed in the deleted and additional scenes with audio commentary on the prequel , that Hoyt was supposed to be the Uncle figure in Leatherface 's life . Charlie / Hoyt is apparently named after his father , as his mother Luda Mae refers to him as `` Junior '' , and his father , Charlie Sr. , is implied at being a farmer , as Hoyt quotes him as saying that `` if you want to be a good farmer , you have to keep your livestock clean , a clean goat is a happy goat '' . Hoyt also appears in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre comics and is the main character in the comic `` Hoyt by himself '' which reveals more about his time in the war revealing that during a mission he was captured by a man named Sergeant Chow ( the main villain of the book ) . Chow locks Hewitt up in a POW camp and feeds him the remains of several dead prisoners there , causing his addiction to human meat . One day Hewitt kills Chow with the bone of one of the prisoners he ate before using his shotgun to escape the camp , he goes defunct and returns home to the Hewitt house where he convinces his family who are too poor to buy any food to commit to homicidal cannibalism . In Avatar Press ' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre comics , set between the events of the first film and The Beginning , Hoyt regularly appeared , most often having unwary travelers venture to the Hewitt home where he and family would butcher them . Hoyt is depicted as exceedingly sadistic in the comics , regularly mocking and torturing victims to the point of mutilating them , justifying his actions under a `` they got what they deserved '' - esque pretense , as shown when he forces an escaped convict and drug dealer to snort cleaning chemicals . Of note , the Avatar Press comics have Hoyt referred to by the name Junior by his family . In the Wildstorm comics , a character very similar to Hoyt appears ; he is named `` Hank '' and is a murderous slaughterhouse worker . When a cameraman and newswoman came to interview him and other butchers about the murderers , he gave them a graphic tour of the slaughterhouse , showing them various animals being killed and how the meat was rendered . Later , when one of their crew went missing , the two went back inside only for Hank to reappear and attack them . After knocking them both out with a cattle - prod , Hank proceeded to torture and ultimately murder the cameraman in the same exact way that the animals were prepared ( by slitting the throat and letting the blood drain , and then tossing him into a vat of scalding hot water before ' rendering ' the meat ) while the newswoman watched . The newswoman managed to escape , with Hank in hot pursuit . He was stopped dead in his tracks by FBI Agent Baines , the uncle of Pepper ( one of Leatherface 's victims from the remake film ) . Believing Hank to be responsible for his niece 's death , Baines managed to find a stray chainsaw and engaged the slaughterman in a chainsaw duel . Although Baines was wounded by Hank 's weapon , Baines gained the upper hand and managed to dismember and ultimately kill Hank . Although Hank is never identified as Hoyt , he did bear a strong resemblance to the character , leading some to believe that he was in fact the sheriff from the remake films . When artist Wes Craig was asked , he responded by saying while he would n't confirm whether or not Hank was Hoyt , that the similarity between the two characters was indeed intentional . `` I do n't really want to say if that was Hoyt or not , it might have been him , might have been his twin , who knows ( okay I know but I 'm not telling ) . But yes it was supposed to look like Hoyt '' said Craig . The Cook ( edit ) A character very similar to Drayton Sawyer , in both appearance and mannerisms , appears in the Wildstorm comics continuation of the remake series , though his specialty is not chili , but ribs . He is referred to as The Cook ( real name unknown ) , and is one of the modern members of the Hewitt family . He lives in the Hewitt household in Travis County with Leatherface and an unnamed butcher . As his title suggests , he specializes in food preparation and often attends the annual `` Meatfest '' event . At Meatfest , the Cook offers guests a sampling of his `` Texas beef ribs '' , which are presumably made from people , not cattle . In the comic `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : Cut ! '' , which took place in 2007 , the Cook met an amateur film maker named Mike who wanted to make a movie based on the famous Hewitt murders of 1973 . The Cook invited Mike and his three colleagues to the Hewitt house though they were unaware that he was actually one of the cannibal family members . The Cook 's family members , the Butcher and Leatherface killed the four film enthusiasts whereupon they were taken into the family slaughter room . The Cook was last seen attending Meatfest ' 08 , once again serving up his special ribs . Luda Mae Hewitt ( edit ) Luda Mae Hewitt appeared in the 2003 remake and its prequel , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning . She was portrayed by Marietta Marich . She is the head of the Hewitt family and the main antagonist of the remake continuity . Luda Mae Hewitt is the matriarch of the Hewitt family and the mother of Sheriff Hoyt . She found the young baby who would later become Leatherface abandoned in a dumpster , and took him in to raise him as her son , naming him Thomas Brown Hewitt . Luda Mae runs a local butcher shop in Texas , selling meat from the people her son Hoyt captures and her adoptive son Thomas kills and cuts up , and is the first member of Leatherface 's family that the teenaged protagonists meet in the first film . Unlike in the original 1974 film , in which Leatherface 's family was somewhat abusive to him , Luda Mae is fiercely protective of him . Part of her hatred towards the teenagers is due to the abuse that her deformed , mute , intellectually disabled son suffered as a child at the hands of bullies . On the commentary for the DVD release the writers revealed a cut plotline that , prior to the prequel 's continuity , involved Leatherface 's abusive father locking him in a woodshack for three years . Once her husband dies , Luda Mae vows that she had stood by long enough and decides to look after her son and take responsibility for his shortcomings . Though Luda Mae states that she `` never had a little girl '' , she appears very close to the character of Henrietta , leading to the possibility that she is her mother , or at the very least related . She also appears very close to the obese character of the Tea Lady . Like the other members of her clan , Luda Mae has a deranged sense of family pride . Marich has commented that `` Luda Mae is the matriarch of what I like to call the ' killer brood ' . I always make up a personal history of characters I play , so I suspect that Luda Mae was a homeless young woman who had to make her own way during the Depression . When she finds Thomas , she takes him home , even though he 's disfigured and hideously ugly , and protects him as much as possible from the cruel people he encounters and the world at large . That 's her main purpose , and the only reason Luda Mae sticks around '' . In the prequel , she , with the rest of the Hewitt family , are discovered to be cannibals , something only implied in the first film . Like the mother of real killer Ed Gein ( whom Thomas is based on ) , Luda Mae appears to have religious fanatic beliefs , which are seen when the Hewitts inform a captive that their murders are redemption for the victims ' sins , and when Luda Mae demands that Hoyt say grace before every meal . Luda Mae is also seen still wearing her wedding ring . Luda Mae is a prominent character in Wildstorm Comics 's continuation of the movies . With the family exposed after the events of the first film , the comics finds the Hewitt family living in a series of tunnels in the sewers of Travis County . In the comics Luda Mae has become , perhaps in light of Sheriff Hoyt 's death , more of a leader figure to the family than she was in the films . She exhibits more depravity as well ( at one point snapping a victim 's neck to prepare dinner ) but still believes what she does is necessary for her family 's survival , and that outsiders do n't understand what she 's been through and have no right to judge her . Luda Mae also appears in the one - shot The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : About a Boy . Taking place in Leatherface 's teenage years , the story has a concerned teacher named Mr. Hanson meeting with Luda Mae . Hanson tells her about evidence of Thomas ' various problems , such as disturbing drawings in his notebooks and skins made from animals he has caught and killed himself . Throughout the conversation , Luda Mae remains apathetic , stating that `` There 's nothing wrong with my boy '' . When the frustrated teacher threatens to contact the city about Thomas , Luda Mae retaliates , bashing in the teacher 's head with a shovel and killing him , once again proclaiming that there was nothing wrong with her son . Henrietta Hewitt ( edit ) The apparent daughter of the Tea Lady , though her exact relationship to the Hewitt Family is unknown . Prior to the events of the 1973 Texas Chainsaw Massacre in the 2003 remake , Henrietta lived in a trailer with her corpulent tea - drinking mother ( name unknown ) not far from the Hewitt residence . In the 2003 movie Henrietta adopted / stole an infant from a woman who committed suicide , but the child was later rescued by Erin Hardesty . Henrietta appears as a sickly , homely girl in a dirty house coat and slippers . In the Wildstorm comics , Henrietta along with her mother the Tea Lady , drugged and raped FBI agent Henkel . It was her hope that Henkel would leave her pregnant . Henrietta is present when a grenade explodes in her family 's secret hideout . She is not present in the novelization of the 2003 remake , but instead her character has been replaced by the Tea Lady , whose name is revealed to be Henrietta . She is portrayed by Heather Kafka . Monty Hewitt ( edit ) Monty Hewitt is Luda Mae Hewitt 's brother and the uncle of Leatherface and Sheriff Hoyt . He is featured in the 2003 remake and its prequel . Monty is portrayed by Terrence Evans in both movies . Monty Hewitt ( also known as Old Monty ) appears as a bitter , lecherous old man with two amputated legs , who permanently uses a wheelchair . After Sheriff Hoyt kills a biker 's girlfriend , the biker seeks revenge on the Hewitts and attacks Monty by shooting him in the leg with a . 357 magnum . As a bit of impromptu `` surgery '' , Hoyt orders Leatherface to remove the wounded leg with his chainsaw . Leatherface accidentally nicks Monty 's second leg , so Hoyt tells him to remove that as well to lower the risk of infection , and for `` balance '' . Before his accident , Monty worked as a tow truck driver , which is seen in the prequel . Old Monty has an unnamed pet dog and is the third member of Leatherface 's family to meet the stranded teenagers in the first film who eventually become Leatherface 's victims ( the first being Luda Mae and the second being Jedidiah Hewitt ) and he is the one to first summon the killer by repeatedly tapping his cane against the floor . His exact role in the family is still unclear , with various people on the film speculating that he is either Luda Mae 's husband or brother ( or both ) , though Luda Mae and her children act like it is her brother . In The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) Monty shows he has hardly any interest in killing innocent people and also claims he wants nothing to do with it . Yet later on Monty seems to have become a lot more bitter and hateful towards outsiders . It is also implied in the films and comics , that over time Monty became more of a sexual predator / paraphiliac as his family 's killing spree began to increase . In the novelization of the 2003 remake , Old Monty is presented as Thomas Hewitt 's father and Luda Mae 's husband , the nature of his leg injury is also different from the one shown in the 2006 prequel , in the novel , a young Leatherface chops his abusive father 's legs off with a cleaver , however it states in the novel that Monty sees his son 's actions as the proudest moment of his raising of the boy . In The Texas Chainsaw Massacre comics by Avatar Press , set between the events of the remake and prequel , Monty appears as a prominent character ; the Avatar Press comics depict Monty as somewhat more depraved and vicious then the films , with the 2006 miniseries The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Grind having him strangle a girl to death and later attempt to rape the girl 's foster sister , who escapes by punching Monty in the head repeatedly after freeing herself from the restraints he has her in . Jedidiah Hewitt ( edit ) The youngest and most sane member of the murderous Hewitt family . Jedidiah is also the grandson of Luda Mae Hewitt and the brother of Leatherface / Thomas Hewitt . He is also Sheriff Hoyt 's son . Though he was witness to the atrocities committed by his elder family members , Jedidiah had yet to develop the sense of depraved family pride that governed the actions of his kindred . In the 2003 film Jedidiah helps Erin and Morgan escape the Hewitt 's home . His one known act of violence was in the Wildstorm comics , when in defense of his grandmother , Jedidiah stabbed FBI agent Hooper through the chest , then split his head open with a meat cleaver after the agent tried to arrest Luda Mae and the rest of Jedidiah 's family . It is stated on the audio commentary for the remake that Jedidiah was supposed to be the child of one of the Hewitts ' victims . This may be supported by the fact that he does not appear in the prequel , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning , although this could simply be a result of his age , as he appears quite young even at the time of the first film , and the prequel is set during the Vietnam War . In the novelization of the remake , Leatherface murders his nephew with his chainsaw after Jedidiah helps Erin escape the family . This was omitted from the film since it was considered to be too violent . He is portrayed by David Dorfman . Tea Lady Hewitt ( edit ) She is Luda Mae 's younger sister . Almost nothing is known about her , including her real name . The Tea Lady ( so named due to her fondness , and seeming obsession , with tea ) is morbidly obese and lived in a trailer with her daughter Henrietta not far from the Hewitt household . In 1973 , the Tea Lady had a brief encounter with Erin Hardesty , which ended with the two women drink spiking the girl with drugged tea . The Tea Lady also has a good relationship with the Hewitts , Henrietta and Luda Mae are very close friends , leading to the possibility that they are related . In the Wildstorm comics , the Tea Lady appears more deranged than she was in the movies . The Wildstorm comics also portray the Tea Lady as suffering from a type of dementia , as she is seemingly unaware of the actions of those around her . Though she bears witness to the Hewitt family 's macabre actions , she neither condones nor condemns them . Along with Henrietta , the Tea Lady drugged and raped FBI Agent Henkel . The Tea Lady was also present when a hand grenade belonging to another federal agent named Baines exploded in the Hewitt 's secret underground grotto . The Tea Lady was very close to the blast , but it remains unknown whether or not she survived the explosion . In the novelization of the 2003 remake , the Tea Lady is named Henrietta and lives by herself , she is also presented as Leatherface 's older sister . She is portrayed by Kathy Lamkin . Shiloh Hewitt ( edit ) Shiloh Hewitt is the brother to Ezekiel `` Zeke '' Hewitt and a cousin to Leatherface . He appears in the Wildstorm Comics as a distant member of the family . He also appears to be mentally deficient , possibly due to inbreeding . He and his brother try to capture victims with his cousins , and also steal a vehicle that Leatherface hides in . He and Zeke later are present when the FBI infiltrates the Hewitt Family 's hideout beneath the sewers . During the fight , a grenade is thrown at him and his brother and he throws himself on it , blowing him to shreds . Zeke Hewitt ( edit ) Ezekiel `` Zeke '' Hewitt is the brother of Shiloh and a cousin to Leatherface . He appears in the Wildstorm Comics as a distant member of the family . He is smarter than his brother , but still lacks sanity . He is a cannibal and very vicious to the victims of his family . With his brother , Zeke kidnaps several victims and drives a truck that Leatherface hides in . During the infiltration by the FBI , Zeke is killed by a grenade that his brother tried to cover . Adam Hewitt ( edit ) Adam is Henrietta 's husband and cousin , though dead , he is the mentioned in the Wildstorm Comic `` Cain and Abel '' as the father of her sons , Cain Hewitt , Jr. and Abel Hewitt , Jr . There is no mention to how he died , only that he would have loved to meet his children . Cal Hewitt ( edit ) Cal Hewitt is the uncle to Cain and Abel Hewitt , and a cousin to Leatherface . He is shown in the comic , `` Cain and Abel '' helping Abel Hewitt , Jr. hunt and kill Humans for their meat . He is shown to be vicious and remorseless , even going so far as to rape a victim in front of his nephew . He is later killed by the police . Cain Hewitt - Warner ( edit ) The twin brother to Abel Hewitt , Jr. and a nephew / cousin to Leatherface . He appears in the comics `` Cain and Abel '' being the son of Henrietta and Adam Hewitt . In the comics , Henrietta left to find food for her children , but was caught in some trouble and she lost him . He was found and adopted by a normal family who renamed him Cain Warner . However , as he grew , he had a type of shared feeling with his twin brother , when hunting and doing other things . He eventually grew up to become a police officer , but after finding out who his family were and that he had a brother , he rejoined the family . Abel Hewitt , Jr. ( edit ) Abel was the twin brother to Cain Hewitt - Warner , the son of Henrietta Hewitt , and a nephew / cousin to Leatherface . He appears in the comics `` Cain and Abel '' being the son of Henrietta and Adam Hewitt . In the comics , Henrietta left to find food for her children , but was caught in some trouble and she lost Cain . Abel grew up with a shared feeling with his brother , especially during hunting . He was taught how to become a killer by his uncle Cal Hewitt . Eventually , he was found by his brother to be hiding out with the family and convinced him to rejoin the family . He later had a child with his cousin and named him Cain Hewitt III . Clem Hewitt ( edit ) Clem Hewitt is an older member of the Hewitt Family , possibly another son of Luda - Mae Hewitt . He appears in the Wildstorm Comics . Lyle Hewitt ( edit ) Lyle is a member of the Hewitt Family and a cousin to Leatherface . He appears in the Wildstorm Comics . Other characters ( edit ) Sally Hardesty -- After driving with her friends and wheelchair - bound brother to see if a family grave was tampered with after a series of grave robbings , the young motorists run out of gas by an old farmhouse in rural Texas where they become prey for the cannibalistic Sawyer family . Sally was the only survivor of the original film . The character returned for a cameo in the fourth film where she is seen alive , being wheeled through a hospital on a gurney . However , the credits listed her as `` Anonymous '' . The character 's reappearance is often seen as confusing , as it is already established in the third film 's intro speech that `` she died in a private health care facility in 1977 . '' She is portrayed by Marilyn Burns in both films . The man pushing Sally on her gurney is Paul A. Partain , who played Sally 's brother Franklin who was killed in the first film , and whose corpse is shown in the second . Franklin Hardesty -- After driving with his sister , Sally , and their friends to see if a family funeral plot was tampered with after a series of grave robbings , the wheelchair - bound Franklin and the other motorists run out of gas by an old farmhouse in rural Texas only to become prey for the crazed Sawyer clan . Unlike his sister , the only survivor , Franklin is killed in the first movie . However , his skeleton has been kept by the Sawyer family for 12 years and reappears in the second movie when it is discovered by his uncle , Lieutenant `` Lefty '' Enright . He is portrayed by Paul A. Partain . Jerry -- Sally 's boyfriend in the 1974 film . He is the owner and driver of the groups van . When he goes into the Sawyer house to look for Kirk and Pam , Jerry finds Pam trapped in a freezer . Leatherface appears and hits Jerry in the head with a hatchet . Kirk -- Pam 's boyfriend and Sally 's friend . Kirk and Pam decide to go to a creek Franklin told them about , but it has dried up . Kirk then decides to go into the Sawyer house , thinking that they could give them gas in exchange for a guitar . While in the house , Leatherface bashes his head in with a large hammer . Pam -- Kirk 's girlfriend and Sally 's friend . Pam shows an interest in horoscopes , and is somewhat superstitious . Pam and Kirk , after discovering a creek they intended to swim in dried up , discover the Sawyer house . After Kirk goes in and does n't go out , Pam ventures in . She discovers furniture made out of skeletons and begins screaming , attracting the attention of Leatherface . Leatherface impales her on a hook and cuts Kirk 's corpse to pieces in front of her . Jerry later discovers her locked in a freezer , barely alive ; Leatherface kills him and stuffs her back in . Vanita `` Stretch '' Brock -- The main character in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , where she appears as a disk jockey at a radio station . The Sawyers intended to kill her , but Leatherface fell in love with her in the process . She escapes the Sawyer family in time for their hide out to explode ( thanks to Drayton ) which supposedly kills the family . Chop Top follows her and horribly attacks her wielding a straight razor until she grabs a chainsaw and attacks him with it , knocking him over an edge down into the abandoned theme park ( where the family lived ) . In Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Vanita makes a cameo appearance as a news reporter , her identity being confirmed in DVD commentary . Actress Caroline Williams mentions on the Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 audio commentary , that in Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Stretch has taken up Lefty 's job of tracking down the family in revenge for their crimes . She is portrayed by Caroline Williams in both movies . Lieutenant Boude `` Lefty '' Enright -- The righteous and moral male hero of the second film . Lefty is the uncle of Sally and Franklin and appears as an aging former Texas Ranger . He turns vigilante when local law enforcement fail to investigate the Sawyer family . He , in a way , was the one who was responsible for the death of the Sawyers . After he shoved a chainsaw through Leatherface 's abdomen , Leatherface accidentally hit Drayton , who was holding a primed grenade . The grenade explodes , apparently killing Lefty and everyone else except Vanita and Chop Top . Although Leatherface appears to have survived as he returns in other films , though they are considered either loosely direct or alternate sequels to the first and the second films , as several characters besides Leatherface return in the other sequel films , as noted on the audio commentary for The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 & Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III . He is portrayed by Dennis Hopper . Michelle -- The main female protagonist of Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III . College student Michelle , while en route to California with her boyfriend Ryan to return a car to her father in Florida , encounters Leatherface and his deranged family . With help from Benny , Michelle escapes from the family 's swamp home , but not before she is tortured by the Sawyer clan , who murders her friend Ryan . She is portrayed by Kate Hodge . Benny -- An African - American ex-Marine and survivalist , Benny appears in Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III . After his jeep crashes into Michelle and Ryan 's car , who were fleeing from Leatherface 's family , Benny aids the two in trying to escape , successfully killing several members of the family . He appears very skilled at shooting his assault rifle and hand to hand combat . In the film , Benny , along with Michelle , survives and escapes , though in the alternate ending and Leatherface comics , he is murdered by Leatherface . He is portrayed by Ken Foree . Sara -- A young girl who appears in Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III . She had been travelling through Texas with her sisters and ended up getting trapped in the Sawyer family 's territory after stopping to assist a man that they believed had been run over . Sara 's sisters are quickly killed off and she is left alone , and evades the Sawyers but is unable to escape the swamp because they watch the roads . A week later , she meets Benny , and helps him escape from Leatherface , but she herself is killed by Leatherface and her remains are dumped into a bog . She is portrayed by Toni Hudson . Jennifer -- The main female protagonist of Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation , Jennifer and her friends encounter Leatherface and his family after ending up in a car accident on prom night . Spending the bulk of the film trying to escape from the family , Jennifer is eventually saved by the enigmatic Agent Rothman . The unrated edition DVD of the film reveals somewhat more on Jennifer , showing that she is routinely abused by her stepfather . She is portrayed by Renée Zellweger . Erin -- Erin was the protagonist , and sole survivor of the remake . She passes through Texas - with four friends - on her way to a Lynyrd Skynyrd concert when she encounters the Hewitt family . She is responsible for chopping off Leatherface 's right arm with a meat cleaver and killing Sheriff Hoyt by running him over with his car . The novelization states that her last name is ' Hardesty ' , a reference to the heroine of the 1974 original . It is revealed in Wildstorm 's comic continuation of the 2003 remake , that after Erin escaped the Hewitts , she was placed in a mental hospital by proper authorities . She is portrayed by Jessica Biel . Pepper -- Pepper is a character from the 2003 remake , and the second to die . She was a hitchiker who they picked up while passing through Mexico , and she immediately took a liking to Andy . She , Erin , and Morgan are later tormented by Sheriff Hoyt / Charlie Hewitt . When the sheriff forces Morgan to reeanact the death of a hitchhiker , pepper pressures Morgan to shoot him , while Erin begs him not to . When Hoyt takes Morgan and the van 's key , Erin and Pepper attempt to hot wire it . They successfully do so , but the tire rolls out , and Pepper and Erin are attacked by Leatherface . Pepper gets out of the car and tries to run away , but Leatherface slashes her back and cuts her in half with his chainsaw . She is portrayed by Erica Leerhsen . Morgan -- Morgan is a character from the 2003 remake , and the fourth and last to die . He , and his friends are passing through Texas on their way to a Lynyrd Skynyrd concert when they encounter the Hewitt family . Erin , and Morgan are tormented by Sheriff Hoyt / Charlie Hewitt , who forces him to reenact the death of a hitchhiker . He is pressured by Pepper and Erin to shoot the sheriff , but when he pulls the trigger , he realizes the gun was empty , and Sheriff Hoyt drives him to the Hewitt house and brutally beats him along the way . He is later rescued by Erin , and the two hide in a shack pursued by Leatherface . When Leatherface attacks Erin , Morgan attempts to save her , but Leatherface hangs him on a chandelier by his hand cuffs , and slashes his crotch . He is portrayed by Jonathan Tucker . Andy -- Andy is a character from the 2003 remake and the third to die . He and his friends are passing through Mexico , on their way to a Lynyrd Skynyrd concert , when they pick up a hitchiker named Pepper , who immediately takes a liking to Andy . While in Texas , Kemper goes missing , and Andy and Erin go to the Hewitt house to search for him . There they are attacked by Leatherface and Erin escapes , however , Andy 's leg is cut off and he is brought to the basement and left hanging on a meat hook . He is later found by Erin , and after several unsuccessful attempts to help him , he begs her to stab him to end his suffering . He is portrayed by Mike Vogel . Kemper -- Kemper is a character from the 2003 remake , and the first to die . He and his friends are passing through Texas , on their way to a Lynyrd Skynyrd concert , when they pick up a distraught hitchhiker who commits suicide in their van . Kemper , and his girlfriend Erin , go to the Hewitt 's house in search of the Sheriff , although only Erin is allowed inside . When Kemper enters to look for her , Leatherface finds him and kills him with a sledgehammer . Leatherface then cuts off Kemper 's face and wears it as a mask . He is portrayed by Eric Balfour . Chrissie -- Chrissie is the main protagonist of the prequel to the remake . After she and her friends get into an auto accident while on their way to re-enlist in the army for the Vietnam War , they become captives of the Hewitt family . She risks her life many times to save her friends but eventually the Hewitts capture her . She manages to escape from them but unfortunately Leatherface / Thomas kills her in the back seat of a car . Chrissie is the only protagonist / heroine in the TCM movies not to have survived . She is portrayed by Jordana Brewster . Bailey -- Bailey is a character in the prequel to the 2003 remake . She is revealed as Dean 's girlfriend . After meeting Sheriff Hoyt and Leatheface , she tries to escape in a truck . But Leatherface strikes her with a tire iron . She is captured like the others ( except Chrissie ) and is tied up to a bed . Chrissie finds her and tries to rescue her but is caught by Sheriff Hoyt. Bailey , Chrissie , and Dean appear at the dinner table . Her boyfriend is out cold and her tongue is cut out & Leatherface later slits her throat as Chrissie screams in terror . She is portrayed by Diora Baird . Dean -- Dean is a character from the prequel . He is the younger brother of Eric and the boyfriend of Bailey . It said on his draft card that he was born on June 22 , 1951 in Lubbock , Texas . He and Eric get tied up by Hoyt . Hoyt thinks Eric is Dean , but after seeing his brother in pain , Dean reveals himself and is assaulted by Hoyt . Later , Chrissie finds him outside the Hewitt house . She goes in to rescue Eric and Bailey , even though Dean tells her not to . He is shown out cold at the dinner table and does not witness his girlfriend ' violent death . He wakes up and assaults Hoyt the same way he did . He later finds Chrissie in the slaughterhouse and also Leatherface who nearly kills her . He distracts him long enough to save Chrissie , but not long enough to save his own life . He is portrayed by Taylor Handley . Eric -- Eric is the boyfriend of Chrissie and the brother of Dean . He gets captured by Hoyt and so does his brother . Hoyt believes Eric is Dean and puts a cellophane over his head . Dean then admits that the draft card ( in which Hoyt found before capturing them ) was his and then shoves up a knife into Eric 's mouth making him cough up blood , but it allows him to breathe . He is later captured by Leatherface and is brought into the basement . Leatherface straps him onto a wooden table . He turns his head from left to right repeatedly and then cuts off all of his nerves in his arm . Chrissie then finds Eric and is horrified to see his arm . Eric convinces her to go , but she refuses . Chrissie hears Leatherface coming and hides under the table . Luckily , Leatherface does n't see her . Leatherface then grabs his chainsaw and deeply impales Eric through his stomach . The chainsaw goes through the table nearly going through Chrissie and Eric 's blood splatters all over Chrissie . After being killed , Leatherface cuts off Eric 's face and wears it as presumably his first ever human mask and this is witnessed by the petrified Chrissie . He is portrayed by Matt Bomer . Ryan -- Ryan was Heather Miller 's boyfriend in the Texas Chainsaw 3D . He , along with his friends Nikki , Kenny and Darryl , decide to travel to Texas with Heather to collect her inheritance . It is known that Ryan and Nikki are having an affair behind Heather 's back , but he is persistent in keeping her away so as not to ruin his relationship with Heather , something he does n't follow through well . While they think Heather is exploring , Ryan and Nikki have sex in the barn . While trying to escape Leatheface , he slashes a tire to the van and the van flips over , killing Ryan on impact . He is portrayed by Trey Songz . Nikki -- Nikki was the best friend of Heather and the girlfriend of Kenny . She tags along with Heather , Ryan , Kenny and Darryl to Texas to collect Heather 's inheritance . Unknown to both Heather and Kenny , she has been having a sexual affair with Ryan . Though he tries to rebuff her advances , she eventually seduces him into a barn to have sex . Their moment is put to a halt when they hear Heather 's screams . The group are soon encountered by Leatherface and attempt to run away with Heather . Nikki is later left for dead at Leatherface 's house and put in a freezer . While Officer Marvin is investigating the homestead , Nikki pops out of the freezer ( similar to Pam from the original film ) , which startles Marvin and he shoots her in the head by accident . She is portrayed by Tania Raymonde . Kenny -- Kenny is the boyfriend of Nikki and the best friend of Ryan . He comes along on the roadtrip with the others to see Heather 's new mansion . He is an aspiring cook who is learning to become a chef . While he is making dinner for the others , he finds Leatherface 's secret room in the cellar , along with Darryl 's belongings . As Kenny investigates the room , Leatherface pops out and chases him upstairs . He begins to slip and Leatherface stabs him in the back with a hook and drags him downstairs . He later hangs Kenny on a hook and Kenny tries to fight back , but Leatherface revs up his chainsaw and cuts Kenny in half . He is portrayed by Keram Malicki - Sanchez . Darryl -- Darryl is a hitchhiker who gets a ride from Heather and her friends to see her mansion . While the others go get food at a market , Darryl stays behind and begins to loot around the house , stealing jewelry and trying to find Verna Carson 's corpse in the cellar . Darryl tries to open the metal door in the cellar , but it is locked , so he walks away and continues to steal more belongings . As Darryl turns around , Leatherface hits him over the head with a sledgehammer and bludgeons him several times . He is portrayed by Shaun Sipos . Burt Hartman -- Hartman is the main antagonist in Texas Chainsaw 3D , one of the first to not be a member of Leatherface 's family . When Leatherface was about to be taken in , Hartman took the law into his own hands and led a lynch mob , seemingly killing all the Saywers . He and the rest of the mob where hailed as heroes , and Burt becomes the Mayor . Unknown to him , Leatherface survived and fled to his grandmother 's house and the baby , Edith , was raised by the Miller family under the name Heather . Decades later , when Heather inherits her grandmothers mansion , Leatherface turns up . It is n't long before word gets out that Leatherface is still alive and Heather is a Sawyer , so Hartman takes his vendetta out on her . He has her abducted and taken to a slaughterhouse , where Leatherface eventually turns up . Heather sides with her cousin and Leatherface personally fights Hartman until he forces him into a meat grinder . He is portrayed by Paul Rae . Carl Hartman -- A police officer and the son of Burt Hartman . Carl is first seen flirting with Heather . When Leatherface is chasing Heather through the carnival , Carl manages to stop Leatherface and make him flee . Carl takes Heather to the police station for questioning , but leaves to search for Leatherface . After she is revealed to be a Sawyer , he ties her up in the old slaughterhouse , and Burt orders him to leave . He is portrayed by Scott Eastwood . Hal Hartman -- A crazed Texas Ranger who seeks vengeance against the Sawyers for killing his daughter and the father of Burt Hartman who appears in Leatherface . Having sent Jedediah Sawyer to a mental institution as revenge , Hartman discover that a group of inmates , including Jedediah , have escaped . Hartman and Deputy Sorells pursue the escaped inmates and kidnapped nurse Lizzie White . After capturing one , Clarice , Hartman executed her . Hartman also shoots Jackson in the face , disfiguring him . Having chased Jackson and Lizzie to the Sawyer home , Hartman reveals Jackson is , in fact , Jedediah . The other Sawyers burst in and capture Hartman , and have Jedediah vivisection Hartman with a chainsaw . He is portrayed by Stephen Dorf . Agent Rothman -- A member ( or possibly the leader ) of a powerful government organization or cult referred to as the `` Illuminati '' . Rothman appears in Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation as the evil boss of the Slaughter family . After discovering that Leatherface and his family are `` breaking the rules '' he has set for them , Rothman decides to shut them down , ordering Vilmer to be assassinated and rescuing Jenny from him . In a brief scene of the film , Rothman is depicted as having intricate patterned carvings and large piercings on his body , which are shown as he torments Jenny while the Slaughter have dinner . He is portrayed by James Gale . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leatherface and Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . Thunder Mall . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Gein - The Texas Chainsaw Massacre - The True Story '' . Chasing the Frog . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Foster , Richard ( March 27 , 2001 ) . `` Call Him Mr. Leatherface '' . Richmond.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Gregory , David ( Director and Writer ) ( 2000 ) . Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Shocking Truth ( Documentary ) . Blue Underground . Jump up ^ `` Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Review '' . Joblo.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 4 '' . Joblo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Parcellin , Chris ( October 31 , 2000 ) . `` Return of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . FilmThreat . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Tobe Hooper ( Director ) ( 1974 ) . The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( DVD ) . United States : Bryanston Distributing Company . ^ Jump up to : Tobe Hooper ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Cannon Films Inc . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Collins ( w ) , Steve Montano ( i ) . `` Goin ' South '' Jason vs. Leatherface 1 ( 1995 ) , Topps Comics ^ Jump up to : Nancy Collins ( w ) , Steve Montano ( i ) . `` A Day in the Life ... '' Jason vs. Leatherface 2 ( 1995 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ http://www.texaschainsawmassacre.net/TCM/TCM.html , Tim Harden - [email protected] - . `` Tobe Hooper Shooting a Van Scene '' . texaschainsawmassacre.net . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Burr ( Director ) ( 1990 ) . Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : Kim Henkel ( Director ) ( 1994 ) . Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation ( DVD ) . United States : Columbia Pictures . Jump up ^ Mort Castle ( w ) . `` Reach Out of the Darkness '' Leatherface 3 : 21 / 1 ( October 1991 ) , Northstar Comics Jump up ^ Nancy Collins ( w ) . `` A Day in the Life ... '' Jason vs. Leatherface 2 : 29 / All ( November 1995 ) , Topps Comics ^ Jump up to : Gregory , David ( Director and Writer ) ( 2000 ) . Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Shocking Truth ( Documentary ) . Blue Underground . Jump up ^ Mort Castle ( w ) . `` Leatherface '' Leatherface 1 ( May 1991 ) , Northstar Comics Jump up ^ Will Pfeifer ( w ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : Cut ! 1 ( 2007 ) , Wildstorm ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Liebesman ( Director ) ( 2006 ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Marcus Nispel ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ The Texas Chainsaw Massacre commentary ^ Jump up to : `` The art of writing and making films : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning '' . The Writing Studio . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning ( w ) , Joel Gomez ( p ) , Troy Hobbs ( i ) . `` About a Boy '' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 1 ( 2007 - 07 - 18 ) , Wildstorm Jump up ^ Brian Pulido ( w ) , Daniel HDR ( p ) , Bob Koya , Elvis Moura and Newton Barbosa ( i ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Grind 3 ( June 2006 ) , Avatar Press Jump up ^ Nispel , Marcus ( Director ) ( 2003 - 10 - 17 ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Liebesman , Jonathan ( Director ) ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) Jaworzyn , Stefan ( 2004 ) . The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Companion . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 660 - 4 . The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Films The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Texas Chainsaw 3D Leatherface Characters Characters Leatherface Sally Hardesty Miscellaneous Chain Saw Confidential Comics Texas Chainsaw House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre_characters&oldid=864842628 '' Categories : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Fictional characters from Texas Horror film characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2016 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 20 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the killer's name in texas chainsaw massacre	[ "\n\nCharacter\n\nLeatherface\n\nThe Texas Chain Saw Massacre\n\nTexas Chainsaw 3D\n\n\n2017\n\n1974\n\n2013\n\n\nLeatherface /Jedidiah Sawyer\n\nBoris Kabakchiev (young)Sam Strike\n\nGunnar Hansen\n\nGunnar Hansen(archival footage)Sam McKinzieDan Yeager\n\n\nGrandfather Sawyer\n\nEduard Parsehyan\n\nJohn Dugan\n\n\nDrayton Sawyer\n\nDimo Alexiev\n\nJim Siedow\n\nBill Moseley\n\n\nNubbins Sawyer\n\nHristo Milev (young)Dejan Angelov\n\nEdwin Neal\n\nEdwin Neal(archival footage)\n\n\nSally Hardesty\n\n\n\nMarilyn Burns\n\nMarilyn Burns(archival footage, Photograph, and Voiceover)\n\n\nFranklin Hardesty\n\n\n\nPaul A. Partain\n\nPaul A. Partain(archival footage)\n\n\nKirk\n\n\n\nWilliam Vail\n\nWilliam Vail(archival footage)\n\n\nJerry\n\n\n\nAllen Danziger\n\nAllen Danziger(archival footage)\n\n\nPam\n\n\n\nTeri McMinn\n\nTeri McMinn(archival footage)\n\n\nHeather Miller / Edith Rose Sawyer\n\n\n\nAlexandra Daddario\n\n\nVerna Carson née Sawyer\n\nLili Taylor\n\n\n\nMarilyn Burns\n\n\nMayor Burt Hartman\n\n\n\nPaul Rae\n\n\nDeputy Carl Hartman\n\n\n\nScott Eastwood\n\n\nIke\n\nJames Bloor\n\n\n\n\nBud\n\nSam Coleman\n\n\n\n\nClarice\n\nJessica Madsen\n\n\n\n\nNurse Elizabeth \"Lizzy\" White\n\nVanessa Grasse\n\n\n\n\nTexas Ranger Hal Hartman\n\nStephen Dorff\n\n\n\n\nBetty Hartman\n\nLorina Kamurova\n\n\n\n\nTed Hardesty\n\nJulian Kostov\n\n\n" ]	[ "Jedidiah Sawyer" ]
-3185193334828450771	List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress	List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress - wikipedia List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress This article is part of a series on the Indian National Congress About Presidents History Election history Committees All India Central Election Pradesh Working Frontals Mahila Minority Students Youth Trade The Indian National Congress ( INC ) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India . The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party 's relationship with the general public , developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms . The President of the All India Congress Committee , and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party ( INC ) as a whole , is known as the Congress President . Since the party was established in 1885 , 60 people have served as president . The first , Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December . The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi . The president of INC at the time of India 's independence was J.B. Kripalani . Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas , Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president . There are six members of Nehru -- Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents . Contents 1 History 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) During 1885 -- 1933 , the presidency had a term of 1 year only . Traditionally , the post rotated between prominent members of the party , successive terms for the same person being frowned upon . During Jawaharlal Nehru 's premiership , he rarely held the Presidency of INC , even though he was always head of the Legislative Party . Indira Gandhi however , institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969 . Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice . Narasimha Rao too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister 's posts . Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out . But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership , he did n't hold the two posts together . During 2000 -- 09 , INC did not host a conference for the first time in history . In 2004 , when the INC was voted back into power , Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister , not to be the president of the party . Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party , having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017 . Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President . Presidents ( edit ) No . Name of President Picture Life span Year of Presidency Place of Conference Womesh Chandra Banerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1885 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1886 Calcutta Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 -- 1906 1887 Madras George Yule 1829 -- 1892 1888 Allahabad 5 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1889 Bombay 6 Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 -- 1915 1890 Calcutta 7 Anandacharlu August 1843 -- 1908 1891 Nagpur 8 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1892 Allahabad 9 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1893 Lahore 10 Alfred Webb 1834 -- 1908 1894 Madras 11 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 -- 1925 1895 Poona 12 Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 -- 1902 1896 Calcutta 13 C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 -- 1934 1897 Amravati 14 Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 -- 1906 1898 Madras 15 Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 -- 1909 1899 Lucknow 16 N.G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 -- 1923 1900 Lahore 17 Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 -- 1936 1901 Calcutta 18 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 -- 1917 1902 Ahmedabad 19 Lalmohan Ghosh 1848 -- 1909 1903 Madras 20 Henry Cotton 1845 -- 1915 1904 Bombay 21 Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 -- 1915 1905 Benares 22 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1906 Calcutta 23 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1907 Surat 24 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1908 Madras 25 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1909 Lahore 26 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1910 Allahabad 27 Bishan Narayan Dar 1864 -- 1916 1911 Calcutta 28 Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857 -- 1921 1912 Bankipore 29 Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ? -- 1919 1913 Karachi 30 Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859 -- 1924 1914 Madras 31 Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 -- 1928 1915 Bombay 32 Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850 -- 1922 1916 Lucknow 33 Annie Besant 1 October 1847 -- 1933 1917 Calcutta 34 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1918 Delhi 35 Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 -- 1933 1918 Bombay ( Special Session ) 36 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar 37 Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 -- 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta ( Special Session ) 38 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 -- 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur 39 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das ( President ) Hakim Ajmal Khan ( Acting President ) 1863 -- 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad 40 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 -- 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya 41 Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 -- 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada 42 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi ( Special Session ) 43 Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 -- 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum 44 Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 -- 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur 45 S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11 , 1874 -- 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati 46 Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 -- 10 May 1936 1927 Madras 47 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta 48 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore 49 Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 -- 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi 50 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1932 Delhi 51 Nellie Sengupta 1886 -- 1973 1933 Calcutta 52 Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 -- 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay 53 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow 54 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Faizpur 55 Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura 56 Subhas Chandra Bose ( resigned ) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session . 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1939 Tripuri near Jabalpur 57 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1940 -- 46 Ramgarh 58 J.B. Kripalani 1888 -- 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut 59 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 -- 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur 60 Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 -- 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik 61 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi 62 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad 63 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta 64 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1955 Avadi 65 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1956 Amritsar 66 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1957 Indore 67 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1958 Gauhati 68 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1959 Nagpur 69 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi ( Special Session ) 70 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore 71 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar 72 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna 73 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar 74 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur 75 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur 76 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad 77 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad 78 Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 -- 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay 79 Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 -- 26 December 1999 1972 -- 74 Calcutta 80 Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 -- 1996 1975 -- 77 Chandigarh 81 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1978 -- 83 Delhi 82 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta 83 Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 -- 21 May 1991 1985 -- 91 Bombay 84 P.V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 -- 23 December 2004 1992 -- 96 Tirupati 85 Sitaram Kesri November 1919 -- 24 October 2000 1996 -- 98 Calcutta 86 Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 1998 -- 2017 Calcutta 87 Rahul Gandhi 19 June 1970 2017 - Present Delhi See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sonia Gandhi ( Indian politician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Official Indian National Congress website Indian National Congress Seva Dal Minority Congress Mahila Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Congress Karma Parishad Congress core group Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC , RCC & TCC ) Andaman & Nicobar TCC Andhra Arunachal Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Chandigarh TCC Dadra & Nagar Haveli TCC Daman & Diu TCC Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai RCC Nagaland Odisha Puducherry PCC Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijaya Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=853475600 '' Categories : Presidents of the Indian National Congress 1885 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 01 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who was first president of the indian national congress	[ "Since the party was established in 1885, 60 people have served as president. The first, Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December. The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi. The president of INC at the time of India's independence was J. B. Kripalani. Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas, Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president. There are six members of Nehru–Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents.\n" ]	[ "Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee" ]
-2669026149402664924	UCC-1 financing statement	UCC - 1 financing statement - wikipedia UCC - 1 financing statement Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A UCC - 1 financing statement ( an abbreviation for Uniform Commercial Code - 1 ) is a legal form that a creditor files to give notice that it has or may have an interest in the personal property of a debtor ( a person who owes a debt to the creditor as typically specified in the agreement creating the debt ) . This form is filed in order to `` perfect '' a creditor 's security interest by giving public notice that there is a right to take possession of and sell certain assets for repayment of a specific debt with a certain priority . Such notices of sale are often found in the local newspapers . Once the form has been filed , the creditor establishes a relative priority with other creditors of the debtor . This process is also called `` perfecting the security interest '' in the property , and this type of loan is a secured loan . A financing statement may also be filed in the real estate records by a lessor of fixtures to establish the priority of the lessor 's rights against a holder of a mortgage or other lien on the real property . The creditor 's rights against the debtor and the lessor 's rights against the lessee are based on the credit documents and the lease , respectively , and not the financing statement . Pursuant to the standards set forth in the UCC , at 9 - 503 and 9 - 504 , the financing statement need only contain three pieces of information : the debtor 's name and address the creditor 's name and address an indication of the collateral , `` whether or not it is specific , if it reasonably identifies what is described . '' ( UCC 9 - 108 ) The financing statement is generally filed with the office of the state secretary of state , in the state where the debtor is located - for an individual , the state where the debtor resides , for most kinds of business organizations the state of incorporation or organization . Many states have a state agency that operates under the secretary of state , which is tasked with overseeing business organizations and activities , including receipt of financing statements . However , an exception exists if the collateral is something that is tied to a particular piece of real property , such as timber , mineral rights , or fixtures . In that case , the filing must be made in the county where the property is located , usually in the recording office or county court , because that is where third parties are most likely to search for such record . In the case of a loan secured by personal property collateral , the filing of a financing statement gives notice of a lien against the property so that other lenders or buyers of the personal property will know of the security interest . In the case of a filing of a financing statement by a lessor of fixtures , the filing of the financing statement gives notice of the lessor 's interests to others who acquire an interest in the real property and related fixtures . The financing statement does not create a lien nor does it create any additional rights against a lessee in favor of a lessor , the filing of a financing statement just gives notice of whatever rights the creditor or lessor have under their loan documents or lease , respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.findlegalforms.com/articles/form-encyclopedia/what-is-a-ucc1-financing-statement Jump up ^ http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/glossaryu/g/ucc1statement.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UCC-1_financing_statement&oldid=803697764 '' Categories : Uniform Commercial Code Legal terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 02 : 00 . About Wikipedia	where do you file a ucc-1 financing statement	[ "The financing statement is generally filed with the office of the state secretary of state, in the state where the debtor is located - for an individual, the state where the debtor resides, for most kinds of business organizations the state of incorporation or organization. Many states have a state agency that operates under the secretary of state, which is tasked with overseeing business organizations and activities, including receipt of financing statements. However, an exception exists if the collateral is something that is tied to a particular piece of real property, such as timber, mineral rights, or fixtures. In that case, the filing must be made in the county where the property is located, usually in the recording office or county court, because that is where third parties are most likely to search for such record." ]	[ "office of the state secretary of state" ]
7341501523618263200	Trinidad and Tobago passport	Trinidad and Tobago passport - wikipedia Trinidad and Tobago passport Trinidad and Tobago passport Passport cover of Trinidad and Tobago passport Identification page of passport ( 2011 ) Date first issued January 2007 ( Machine - readable passport ) Issued by Trinidad and Tobago Type of document Passport Purpose Identification Eligibility requirements Trinidad and Tobago citizenship Expiration 10 years ( adults ) 5 years ( children under 16 ) Trinidad and Tobago passports are issued to citizens of Trinidad and Tobago for international travel ; allowing the passport bearer to travel to foreign countries in accordance to stipulated visa requirements . All Trinidad and Tobago passports are issued through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and are valid for a period of ten ( 10 ) years for adults , and five ( 5 ) years for children under 16 . The passport is a CARICOM passport as Trinidad and Tobago is a member of the Caribbean Community . In 2007 , a new machine - readable passport was launched by the government of Trinidad and Tobago to replace the existing passport . The new passport features the Caribbean Community logo along with many changes to the images adorned on it . Pre-2007 passport Colonial times British passport According to the May 2018 Visa Restrictions Index , the Trinidad and Tobago passport was ranked 27th ( globally ) in travel freedom and visa - free access . The Trinidad and Tobago passport also ranks 4th among CARICOM passport holders that enjoy travel freedom and visa - free access . Security features of current passport One can apply for a Trinidad and Tobago passport if you are a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago by either : ( 1 ) Birth , and you did not relinquish your citizenship prior to July 29 , 1988 . Registration or Naturalisation ( through approval of the Minister of National Security ) . Descent ( you were born outside Trinidad & Tobago , to a parent who was a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago ( by birth ) at the time of your birth ) . Adoption ( you were adopted by a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago in Trinidad and Tobago ) . Contents 1 Contents of Trinidad and Tobago passport 1.1 Front page 1.2 Last page 2 Visa requirements 3 Oath of Citizenship 4 See also 5 References Contents of Trinidad and Tobago passport ( edit ) Front page ( edit ) Personal Data Page of a Trinidadian passport The front page of the Trinidad and Tobago passport contains the following information : REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PASSPORT Model number ( e.g. 2015 ) Passport number The following printed material : This passport is the property of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . Alteration , addition or mutilation of entries is prohibited by law . Any unofficial change will render the passport invalid . Last page ( edit ) On the last page of the Trinidad and Tobago passport , the following statement is printed : REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago hereby requests all those whom it may concern to permit the citizen of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago named herein to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford the said citizen such lawful assistance and protection as may be necessary . Visa requirements ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Trinidad and Tobago . Effective 28 May 2015 , Trinidad and Tobago citizens gained visa - free access to Schengen Area . As a result , the Trinidad and Tobago passport gives visa free or visa on arrival access to 147 countries and territories . Oath of citizenship ( edit ) Persons who obtained Trinidad and Tobago citizenship through naturalization and are eligible in obtaining a Trinidad and Tobago passport must take the Oath of Allegiance . The Oath of Citizenship or officially Oath of Allegiance , is a statement recited by individuals wishing to become citizens of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . Individuals who wish to become a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago do so through the Ministry of National Security 's Citizenship and Immigration Section . The Oath of Allegiance is a mandatory step to becoming a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago . The Oath is preceded by an interview with a Chief Immigration Officer who determines whether an individual qualifies for Trinidad and Tobago citizenship . Following the Oath , an individual receives his or her Certificate of Citizenship confirming Trinidad and Tobago citizenship . The Oath of Allegiance is different from that of the National Pledge , which is recited by citizens of Trinidad and Tobago as an expression of loyalty to the Republic . The Oath of Allegiance is a legally binding contract intended to complete the process of obtaining Trinidad and Tobago citizenship . It also outlines the responsibilities of being a Trinidad and Tobago citizen as expressed by the laws of the nation . Its current form is as follows : I , state your full name , do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Trinidad and Tobago and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Trinidad and Tobago and fulfil my duties as a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago . So help me God . See also ( edit ) Caribbean passport CARICOM passport Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://immigration.gov.tt/Services/Passport.aspx Jump up ^ https://henleyglobal.com/files/download/hvri/HP_Visa_Restrictions_Index_170301.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.caracas.msz.gov.pl/en/news/visa_exemption_for_traveling_to_poland?channel=www Jump up ^ `` Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/1.50.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/Cit_foreignresidentDetail/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/gortt/wcm/connect/gortt+web+content/TTConnect/Citizen/Role/AForeignResident/MigratingtoTandT/Application+for+Citizenship Jump up ^ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,LEGISLATION,,TTO,3ae6b4d028,0.html Jump up ^ http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/1.50.pdf Reason for the updated passports Passports not being collected Trouble with extending passports Delay in new passport appts Passports Africa Central CEMAC Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo , Republic of the Equatorial Guinea Gabon Angola Congo , Democratic Republic of the São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Somaliland South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Western Mauritania Saint Helena ECOWAS Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Anguilla British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands CARICOM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Dominica Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Costa Rica Panama CARICOM Belize Central America - 4 El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua North Bermuda Canada Greenland France ( Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) Mexico United States Iroquois League South Chile Venezuela Andean Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru CARICOM Guyana Suriname Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong ( SAR , BN ( O ) ) Macao Japan Korea , North Korea , South Mongolia Taiwan South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Abkhazia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kurdistan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Other Europe Abkhazia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Guernsey Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kazakhstan Kosovo Liechtenstein Macedonia Malta , Sovereign Military Order of Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Norway Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Switzerland Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia Aboriginal Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia , Federated States of Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu International organizations Defunct passports Passport types International organizations European Union laissez - passer International Committee of the Red Cross Interpol United Nations laissez - passer Defunct British Indian Empire Czechoslovakia East Germany Korean Empire Nansen ( refugee ) Mandatory Palestine Rhodesia Soviet Union UNMIK Travel Document Yugoslavia Types Biometric Camouflage Diplomatic Fake Fantasy passport Hajj Horse Internal International Machine - readable Pet Travel document alien refugee stateless person World Notes A ) Includes Crown dependencies , British Overseas Territories , and former British plantations , crown colonies , colonies , protectorates , protected states , mandates , trust territories and other British possessions . B) The Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union , but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union ; the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey , and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves ( unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status ) , are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union . C ) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union . Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . 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Special administrative regions of China The Soviet Union was a transcontinental country located in Eurasia Commons List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago_passport&oldid=851984891 '' Categories : Passports by country Government of Trinidad and Tobago Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Hrvatski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what nationality are you if you are from trinidad and tobago	[ "The Oath of Citizenship or officially Oath of Allegiance, is a statement recited by individuals wishing to become citizens of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Individuals who wish to become a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago do so through the Ministry of National Security's Citizenship and Immigration Section. The Oath of Allegiance is a mandatory step to becoming a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago.[5]\n" ]	[ "the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago" ]
9135016299804978294	History of Oklahoma	History of Oklahoma - wikipedia History of Oklahoma Flag of Oklahoma The history of Oklahoma refers to the history of the state of Oklahoma and the land that the state now occupies . Areas of Oklahoma east of its panhandle were acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , while the Panhandle was not acquired until the U.S. land acquisitions following the Mexican -- American War . Most of Oklahoma was set aside as Indian Territory before the Civil War . It was opened for general settlement around 1890 -- the `` Sooners '' were settlers who jumped the gun . Statehood came to the poor ranching and farming state in Oklahoma , but soon oil was discovered and new wealth poured in . Historians David Baird and Danney Goble have searched for the essence of the historical experiences of the people of Oklahoma . They find that , `` The shared experiences of Oklahoma 's people over time speak of optimism , innovation , perseverance , entrepreneurialism , common sense , collective courage , and simple decency . Those , not victimization , were the core values . '' Contents 1 Before statehood 1.1 Before AD 1500 1.1. 1 The Caddoan Mississippi Culture 1.1. 2 Wichita Plains Culture 1.1. 3 Kiowa - Apache Culture 1.2 Louisiana ( New France ) 1.3 Louisiana Purchase and Arkansas Territory 1.4 The Adams -- Onís Treaty and New Spain 1.5 The Indian Relocation 1.6 Republic of Texas and Kansas Territory 1.7 Civil War 1.8 Post-Civil War Period 1.9 The Land Run of 1889 2 Oklahoma and Indian Territories 2.1 Land Runs ( 1891 -- 1895 ) 3 Statehood 3.1 The Sequoyah Constitutional Convention and statehood attempt 3.2 Murray 's Proposal 4 After statehood 4.1 Oil 4.2 Prosperous 1920s 4.3 African Americans 4.3. 1 List of surviving all - Black towns in Oklahoma 4.4 Socialists 4.5 Impeachment of Governor Walton 4.6 Great Depression 4.7 Dust Bowl 5 World War II 6 After World War II 6.1 Aeronautical Economic Focus 6.2 Oil and Gas Economic Focus 6.3 HVAC Manufacturing Economic Focus 6.4 Oklahoma City Bombing 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links Before statehood ( edit ) Idealized depiction a dryline Topographically , Oklahoma is situated between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed . The western part of the state is subjected to extended periods of drought and high winds in the region may then generate Dust storms . The eastern part of the state is humid subtropical climate zone . The Dry line , an imaginary line that separates moist air from an eastern body of water and dry desert air from the west , usually bisects the state and is arguably an important factor in pre-historic settlement , with agrarian tribes settling in the eastern part of the state and Hunter - gatherer tribes settling in the western part of the state . Before AD 1500 ( edit ) Caddoan Languages People have lived in what is now Oklahoma as long as the oldest known documented Paleo - Indian cultures in the field of archaeology / anthropology . From the earliest known projectile points of the Clovis Culture to the highly advanced Folsom and breaking off down into the lesser known cultures whose artifacts and kill sites have been well documented all over the state ( Dalton , Midland , HellGap , Alberta / Scottsbluff , Calf Creek ) , humans were present and very active in what is now today known as the State of Oklahoma . The first recorded European to enter the region was Spanish Conquistador Hernando de Soto , who encountered many cultures of Caddoan languages - speakers , including the Caddo , Wichita , Pawnee , and Kichai peoples . The Caddoan Mississippi culture ( edit ) Main articles : Mississippian culture and Caddoan Mississippian culture Spiro Mounds on the Arkansas River in eastern Oklahoma . Between AD 800 and 1450 , much of the midwestern and southeastern US ( including the eastern part of what is now Oklahoma ) was home to a group of dynamic cultural communities that are generally known as the Mississippian culture . These cultures were agrarian , their communities often built ceremonial platform and burial mounds , and trade between communities was based on river travel . There were multiple chiefdoms that never controlled large areas or lasted more than a few hundred years . The Caddoan Mississippian culture appears to have emerged from earlier groups of Woodland period groups , the Fourche Maline and Mossy Grove culture peoples who were living in the area around 200 BC to 800 AD . By 800 AD early Caddoan society had begun to coalesce into one of the earlier Mississippian cultures . Some villages began to gain prominence as ritual centers , with elite residences and platform mound constructions . The mounds were arranged around open plazas , which were usually kept swept clean and were often used for ceremonial occasions . The Caddoan homeland was on the geographical and cultural edge of the Mississippian world and had similarities to both Mississippian Culture and Plains Traditions . The Caddoan communities were not as large as other eastern and southern Mississippian communities , they were not fortified , and they did not establish large , complex chiefdoms ; with the possible exception of the Spiro Mounds on the Arkansas River . As complex religious and social ideas developed , some people and family lineages gained prominence over others . This hierarchical structure is marked in the archaeological record by the appearance of large tombs with exotic grave offerings of obvious symbols of authority and prestige , such as those found in the `` Great Mortuary '' at Spiro . Wichita Plains culture ( edit ) The Great Plains Archaeologists believe that ancestors of the Wichita people occupied the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years . These early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture . Southern Plains villagers flourished throughout central and western Oklahoma from 900 to 1400 . About AD 900 , on terraces above the Washita and South Canadian Rivers in Oklahoma , farming villages began to appear . The inhabitants of these villages grew corn , beans , squash , marsh elder , and tobacco . They hunted deer , rabbit , turkey , and increasingly bison , and caught fish and collected mussels in the rivers . These villagers lived in rectangular thatched houses . They became numerous , with villages of up to 20 houses spaced every two or so miles along the rivers . By 1500 , Apache groups had also begun moving into formerly Wichita areas of Oklahoma . However , it appears that the two people co-existed in the region for some time . In addition to Apache influence , the Wichita of southwestern Oklahoma appear to have had regular trade contact with tribes in current Texas and New Mexico . Kiowa - Apache culture ( edit ) The Coronado Expedition 1540 -- 1542 In historic times , the Kiowa and Apache have a history that is closely related . Both were hunter gatherers who used dogs to carry their belongings as they hunted from place to place . Both migrated from Canada to the Southwest around the time Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest and introduced the horse into the environment . And both tribes adapted their cultures to include the horse . Distribution of Tanoan languages before European contact . The pueblo languages are at the left ; the nomadic Kiowa at right However , linguistically , they are quite different . The Apache are a Southern Athabaskan group that traditionally live on the Southern Plains of North America . The Kiowa are part of a Tanoan group located in the Pueblos of New Mexico . The Kiowa language is part of the Kiowa - Tanoan language family . Tanoan languages are those that were spoken in the Jemez , Piro , Tiwa , and Tewa pueblos of New Mexico . Linguists who study the history of languages , however , believe that Kiowa split from Tanoan branch over 3,000 years ago and moved to the far north . Apachean tribes ca . 18th century : WA -- Western Apache , N -- Navajo , Ch -- Chiricahua , M -- Mescalero , J -- Jicarilla , L -- Lipan , Pl -- Plains Apache The Kiowa and Apache adopted many of the same lifestyle traits , but remained ethnically distinct . Rather than learning each other 's language , they communicated using Plains Indian Sign Language . The Kiowa and Plains Apache lived in the plains adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the Red River drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma . The Kiowas had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on the Northern Plains . They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and a chieftain who was considered to be the leader of the entire tribe . There were warrior societies and religious societies that made up the Kiowa society . Historically , the Apache culture seems to have been similar to the Pueblo peoples of the area . However , once the Spanish exercised their power over the area , traditional trade patterns between the tribes was disrupted and the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks . The Pueblo became subsistence laborers ; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors . The Apache quickly acquired horses , improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements . Louisiana ( new France ) ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana ( New France ) Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow . In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle claimed all of the Mississippi River and its tributaries for the Kingdom of France . As such , the land that would become Oklahoma was under French control from 1682 -- 1763 as part of the territory of Louisiana ( New France ) . Colonization efforts primarily occurred in the northern aspects ( e.g. , Illinois ) and the Mississippi River valley ; Oklahoma would be untouched by French colonial efforts . At the conclusion of the Seven Years ' War and its North American counterpart , the French and Indian War , France was forced to cede the eastern part of the territory in 1763 to the British as part of the Treaty of Paris . France had already ceded the entire territory to the Kingdom of Spain in 1762 in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ; the transfer to Spain was not publicly announced until 1764 . Spain , which ceded Spanish Florida to the British in the Treaty of Paris in order to regain its colonies in Havana and Manila , did not contest British authority over the eastern part of French Louisiana as it desired the western portion that was adjacent to its colony of New Spain . Spanish colonization efforts focused on New Orleans and its surroundings , and so Oklahoma remained free from European settlement during Spanish rule . In 1800 , France regained sovereignty of the western territory of Louisiana in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . But , strained by obligations in Europe , Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the territory to the United States . Louisiana Purchase and Arkansas Territory ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana Purchase The modern United States , with Louisiana Purchase overlay ( in green ) With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , the United States acquired France 's 828,000 square mile claim to the watersheds of the Mississippi River ( west of the river ) and Missouri River . The purchase encompassed all or part of 15 current U.S. states ) ( including all of Oklahoma ) and parts of two Canadian provinces . Out of the Louisiana Purchase , Louisiana Territory and Orleans Territory were organized . Orleans Territory became the state of Louisiana in 1812 , and Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory to avoid confusion . Arkansas Territory was created out of the southern part of Missouri Territory in 1819 . The border was established at parallel 36 ° 30 ' north with the exception of the Missouri Bootheel . Arkansas Territory thus included all of the present state of Oklahoma south of this latitude . When Missouri achieved statehood in 1821 , the territorial lands not included within the state 's boundaries effectively became an unorganized territory . On November 15 , 1824 , the westernmost portion of Arkansas Territory was removed and included with the unorganized territory to the north , and a second westernmost portion was removed on May 6 , 1828 , reducing Arkansas Territory to the extent of the present state of Arkansas . This new western border of Arkansas was originally intended to follow the western border of Missouri due south to the Red River . However , during negotiations with the Choctaw in 1820 , Andrew Jackson unknowingly ceded more of Arkansas Territory to them than was realized . Then in 1824 , after further negotiations , the Choctaw agreed to move farther west , but only by `` 100 paces '' of the garrison on Belle Point . This resulted in the bend in the Arkansas / Oklahoma border at Fort Smith , Arkansas . The Adams -- Onís Treaty and new Spain ( edit ) Main articles : Adams -- Onís Treaty and New Spain US 1822 The Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 was between the United States and Spain . Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the U.S. , the U.S. gave fringe areas in the West to Spain , and the boundary was established between the U.S. and New Spain . The new boundary was to be the Sabine River north from the Gulf of Mexico to the 32nd parallel north , then due north to the Red River , west along the Red River to the 100th meridian west , due north to the Arkansas River , west to its headwaters , north to the 42nd parallel north , and finally west along that parallel to the Pacific Ocean . Informally this was called the `` Step Boundary '' , although its step - like shape was not apparent for several decades . This is because the source of the Arkansas , which was believed to be near the 42nd parallel , is actually hundreds of miles south of that latitude , a fact that was not known until John C. Frémont discovered it in the 1840s . The Adams -- Onís Treaty thus delineated the southern ( Red River ) and primary western ( 100th meridian west ) borders of the future state of Oklahoma . It was also by this treaty that the land comprising the Oklahoma Panhandle was separated from the rest of the future state and ceded to the Spanish government . The Indian relocation ( edit ) Main articles : Indian removal and Indian Removal Act Routes to Indian Territory taken by the Five Civilized Tribes , often known as the Trail of Tears . In the early history of the United States as a nation , a challenging issue was the management of frontier settlement in the traditional lands of the Native Americans . One approach to obtain land in or near the established states was to relocate tribes to unsettled territory further west . In 1820 ( Treaty of Doak 's Stand ) and 1825 ( Treaty of Washington City ) , the Choctaw were given lands in the Arkansas Territory ( including in the current state of Oklahoma ) in exchange for part of their homeland , primarily in the state of Mississippi . This approach became more formalized in 1830 via the passage of the Indian Removal Act . This act gave President Andrew Jackson the power to negotiate treaties for removal with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River . The treaty called for the Indians to give up their eastern land for land in the west . Those who wished to stay behind were required to assimilate and become citizens in their state . For the tribes that agreed to Jackson 's terms , the removal was peaceful , however those who resisted were eventually forced to leave . Part of what became Oklahoma was designated as the home for the relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes ; it was `` at the time the only available location where the Indians would not be in the way of white expansion . '' Later the area would be referred to as Indian Country or Canadian Indian Territory . The goal was to provide ample lands for the relocation of Native Americans in the eastern states who did not wish to assimilate . The Choctaw was the first of the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' to be removed from the southeastern United States . In September 1830 , Choctaws in Mississippi agreed to terms of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and prepared to move west . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831 , although the term is also used in reference to the Cherokee removal in 1838 - 39 . The Creek refused to relocate and signed a treaty in March 1832 to open up a large portion of their land in exchange for protection of ownership of their remaining lands . The United States failed to protect the Creeks , and in 1837 , they were militarily removed without ever signing a treaty . The Chickasaw saw the relocation as inevitable and signed a treaty in 1832 which included protection until their move . The Chickasaws were forced to move early as a result of white settlers and the War Department 's refusal to protect the Indian 's lands . In 1833 , a small group of Seminoles signed a relocation treaty . However , the treaty was declared illegitimate by a majority of the tribe . The result was the Second Seminole War ( 1835 -- 42 ) and Third Seminole War ( 1855 - 58 ) . Those that survived the wars eventually were paid to move west . The Treaty of New Echota of 1835 gave the Cherokees living in the state of Georgia two years to move west , or they would be forced to move . At the end of the two years only 2,000 Cherokees had migrated westward and 16,000 remained on their lands . The U.S. sent 7,000 soldiers to force the Cherokee to move without the time to gather their belongings . This march westward is known as the Trail of Tears , in which 4,000 Cherokee died . Republic of Texas and Kansas Territory ( edit ) Main articles : Republic of Texas and Kansas Territory The Republic of Texas . In 1821 , New Spain gained its independence and became the short - lived Mexican Empire , followed by the Mexican Republic in 1824 . Thus Mexico was the new owner of the lands to the south and west of the U.S. Territories . Texas , a province within Mexico , declared its independence from Mexico in 1836 following the Texas Revolution . The Republic of Texas existed as a separate country from 1836 to 1845 . Texas was annexed as a state into the United States in 1845 , and the Mexican -- American War followed from 1846 -- 1848 . The war was concluded by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , in which the U.S. received the lands contentiously claimed from Mexico by Texas ( including the Oklahoma Panhandle ) , as well as lands west of the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean ( the Mexican Cession ) . Statehood for Texas was politically charged , as it added another `` slave state '' to the Union , and the conditions for its statehood were not resolved until the Compromise of 1850 . One of the conditions was that to be admitted as a slave state , Texas had to set its northern border at parallel 36 ° 30 ' north as per the Missouri Compromise . In addition to relinquishing claims on lands north of this parallel , Texas also had to give up its claim to parts of what is now New Mexico east of the Rio Grande , however in exchange the U.S. assumed Texas ' $10 million debt . On May 30 , 1854 , the Kansas and Nebraska Territories were established from the Indian Territory . The southern boundary of the Kansas Territory was set at the 37th parallel north , establishing the northern border of the future state of Oklahoma . This also resulted in an unassigned strip of land existing between Kansas 's southern border and the northern border of the Texas Panhandle at 36 ° 30 ' north , a neutral strip or `` No Man 's Land '' that eventually became the Oklahoma Panhandle . Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : American Civil War and Indian Territory in the American Civil War In 1860 , the Indian Territory had a population of 55,000 Indians , 8,400 black slaves owned by Indians , and 3000 whites . In 1861 , as the American Civil War began , Texas forces moved north and the United States withdrew its military forces from the territory . Confederate Commissioner Albert Pike signed formal treaties of alliance with all the major tribes , and the territories sent a delegate to the Confederate Congress in Richmond . However , there were minority factions who opposed the Confederacy , with the result that a small - scale Civil War raged inside the territory . A force of Union troops and loyal Indians invaded Indian Territory and won a strategic victory at Honey Springs on July 17 , 1863 . By late summer 1863 , Union forces controlled Fort Smith in neighboring Arkansas , and Confederate hopes for retaining control of the territory collapsed . Many pro-Confederate Cherokee , Creek , and Seminole Indians fled south , becoming refugees among the Chickasaw and Choctaws . However , Confederate Brigadier General Stand Watie , a Cherokee , captured Union supplies and kept the insurgency active . Watie was the last Confederate general to give up ; he surrendered on June 23 , 1865 . During the Civil War , Congress passed a statute ( still in effect ) that gave the President the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is `` in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and , by proclamation , to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe . '' ( 25 USC Sec. 72 ) Post-civil War period ( edit ) In 1866 the federal government forced the tribes that had allied with the Confederacy into new Reconstruction Treaties . Most of the land in central and western Indian Territory was ceded to the government . Some of the land was given to other tribes , but the central part , the so - called Unassigned Lands , remained with the government . Another concession allowed railroads to cross Indian lands . Furthermore , the practice of slavery was outlawed . Some nations were integrated racially with their slaves , but other nations were extremely hostile to the former slaves and wanted them exiled from their territory . It was also during this time that the policy of the federal government gradually shifted from Indian removal and relocation to one of assimilation . In the 1870s , a movement began by whites and blacks wanting to settle the government lands in the Indian Territory under the Homestead Act of 1862 . They referred to the Unassigned Lands as Oklahoma and to themselves as `` Boomers '' . In 1884 , in United States v. Payne , the United States District Court in Topeka , Kansas , ruled that settling on the lands ceded to the government by the Indians under the 1866 treaties was not a crime . The government at first resisted , but Congress soon enacted laws authorizing settlement . In the 1880s , early settlers of the state 's very sparsely populated Panhandle region tried to form the Cimarron Territory but lost a lawsuit against the federal government . This prompted a judge in Paris , Texas , to unintentionally create a moniker for the area . `` That is land that can be owned by no man '' , the judge said , and after that the panhandle was referred to as No Man 's Land until statehood arrived decades later . Congress passed the Dawes Act , or General Allotment Act , in 1887 requiring the government to negotiate agreements with the tribes to divide Indian lands into individual holdings . Under the allotment system , tribal lands left over would be surveyed for settlement by non-Indians . Following settlement , many whites accused Republican officials of giving preferential treatment to ex-slaves in land disputes . The land Run of 1889 ( edit ) Main articles : Land run and Land Run of 1889 Photo of one of Oklahoma 's land runs Map of Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) 1889 . Britannica 9th ed . The United States entered into two new treaties with the Creeks and the Seminoles . Under these treaties , tribes would sell at least part of their land in Oklahoma to the U.S. to settle other Indian tribes and freemen . This land would be widely called the Unassigned Lands or Oklahoma Country in the 1880s due to it remaining uninhabited for over a decade . In 1879 , part - Cherokee Elias C. Boudinot argued that these Unassigned Lands be open for settlement because the title to these lands belonged to the United States and `` whatever may have been the desire or intention of the United States Government in 1866 to locate Indians and negroes upon these lands , it is certain that no such desire or intention exists in 1879 . The Negro since that date , has become a citizen of the United States , and Congress has recently enacted laws which practically forbid the removal of any more Indians into the Territory '' . On March 23 , 1889 , President Benjamin Harrison signed legislation which opened up the two million acres ( 8,000 km2 ) of the Unassigned Lands for settlement on April 22 , 1889 . It was to be the first of many land runs , but later land openings were conducted by means of a lottery because of widespread cheating -- some of the settlers were called Sooners because they had already staked their land claims before the land was officially opened for settlement . Oklahoma and Indian territories ( edit ) Main articles : Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Oklahoma and Indian Territory , 1890s Indian Territory ( lands owned by the Five Civilized Tribes and other Indian tribes from east of the Mississippi River ) and Oklahoma Territory ( lands set aside to relocate Plains Indians and other Midwestern tribes , as well as the recently settled `` Unassigned Lands '' and the Neutral Strip ) were formally constituted by Congress on May 2 , 1890 in the Oklahoma Organic Act . An Organic Act is a statute used by the U.S. Congress to create organized incorporated territories in anticipation of them being admitted to the Union as state ( s ) . The following 16 years saw Congress pass several laws whose purpose was to join Oklahoma and Indian territories into a single State of Oklahoma . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma in the 1890s . Land runs ( 1891 -- 1895 ) ( edit ) In 1893 , the government purchased the rights to settle the Cherokee Outlet , or Cherokee Strip , from the Cherokee Nation . The Cherokee Outlet was part of the lands ceded to the government in the 1866 treaty , but the Cherokees retained access to the area and had leased it to several Chicago meat - packing plants for huge cattle ranches . The Cherokee Strip was opened to settlement by land run in 1893 . Also in 1893 Congress set up the Dawes Commission to negotiate agreements with each of the Five Civilized Tribes for the allotment of tribal lands to individual Indians . Finally , the Curtis Act of 1898 abolished tribal jurisdiction over all of Indian Territory . Angie Debo 's landmark work , And Still the Waters Run : The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes ( 1940 ) , detailed how the allotment policy of the Dawes Commission and the Curtis Act of 1898 was systematically manipulated to deprive the Native Americans of their lands and resources . In the words of historian Ellen Fitzpatrick , Debo 's book `` advanced a crushing analysis of the corruption , moral depravity , and criminal activity that underlay white administration and execution of the allotment policy . '' Oklahoma is best known to the rest of the world for its frontier history , famously represented in the 1943 Broadway hit musical Oklahoma ! and its 1955 cinema version . The musical is based on Lynn Riggs ' 1931 play , Green Grow the Lilacs . It is set in Oklahoma Territory outside the town of Claremore in 1906 . Statehood ( edit ) In 1902 , the leaders of Indian Territory sought to become their own state , to be named Sequoyah . They held a convention in Eufaula , consisting of representatives from the Cherokee , Choctaw , Chickasaw , Muscogee ( Creek ) , and Seminole tribes , known as the Five Civilized Tribes . They met again next year to establish a constitutional convention . The Sequoyah constitutional convention and statehood attempt ( edit ) Main articles : State of Sequoyah and Sequoyah Constitutional Convention The Sequoyah Constitutional Convention met in Muskogee , on August 21 , 1905 . General Pleasant Porter , Principal Chief of the Muscogee Creek Nation , was selected as president of the convention . The elected delegates decided that the executive officers of the Five Civilized Tribes would also be appointed as vice-presidents : William Charles Rogers , Principal Chief of the Cherokees ; William H. Murray , appointed by Chickasaw Governor Douglas H. Johnston to represent the Chickasaws ; Chief Green McCurtain of the Choctaws ; Chief John Brown of the Seminoles ; and Charles N. Haskell , selected to represent the Creeks ( as General Porter had been elected President ) . The convention drafted the constitution , established an organizational plan for a government , outlined proposed county designations in the new state , and elected delegates to go to the United States Congress to petition for statehood . If this had happened , the Sequoyah would have been the first state to have a Native American majority population . The convention 's proposals were overwhelmingly endorsed by the residents of Indian Territory in a referendum election in 1905 . The U.S. government , however , reacted coolly to the idea of Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory becoming separate states ; they preferred to have them share a singular state . Murray 's proposal ( edit ) Oklahoma statehood proclamation , 16 November 1907 Cartoonist 's rendering of Theodore Roosevelt 's initial reaction to the Oklahoma Constitution . Murray , known for his eccentricities and political astuteness , foresaw this possibility prior to the constitutional convention . When Johnston asked Murray to represent the Chickasaw Nation during Sequoyah 's attempt at statehood , Murray predicted the plan would not succeed in Washington , D.C. . He suggested that if the attempt failed , the Indian Territory should work with the Oklahoma Territory to become one state . President Theodore Roosevelt and Congress turned down the Indian Territory proposal . Seeing an opportunity for statehood , Murray and Haskell proposed another convention for the combined territories to be named Oklahoma . In 1906 , the Oklahoma Enabling Act was passed by the U.S. Congress and approved by President Roosevelt . The act established several specific requirements for the proposed constitution . Using the constitution from the Sequoyah convention as a basis ( and the majority ) of the new state constitution , Haskell and Murray returned to Washington with the proposal for statehood . On November 16 , 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt signed the proclamation establishing Oklahoma as the nation 's 46th state . After statehood ( edit ) The early years of statehood were marked with political activity . In 1910 , the Democrats moved the capital to Oklahoma City , three years before the Oklahoma Organic Act allowed , in order to move away from the Republican hotbed of Guthrie . Socialism became a growing force among struggling farmers , and Oklahoma grew to have the largest Socialist population in the United States at the time , with the Socialist vote doubling in every election until the American entry into World War I in 1917 . However , the war drove food prices up , allowing the farmers to prosper , and the movement faded away . By the 1920s , the Republican Party , taking advantage of rifts within the Democratic Party , gained control in the state . The economy continued to improve , in the areas of cattle ranching , cotton , wheat , and especially , oil . Throughout the 1920s , new oil fields were continually discovered and Oklahoma produced over 1.8 billion barrels of petroleum , valued at over 3.5 million dollars for the decade . Oil ( edit ) Gushers brought in many of Oklahoma 's early oil fields -- this one on February 21 , 1922 , near Okemah . Although the first oil well in the United States was completed July 1850 in the old Cherokee Nation near Salina , it was in the early 20th century the oil business really began to get underway . Huge pools of underground oil were discovered in places like Glenpool near Tulsa . Many whites flooded into the state to make money . Many of the `` old money '' elite families of Oklahoma can date their rise to this time . Throughout the 1920s , new oil fields were continually discovered and Oklahoma produced over 1.8 billion barrels of petroleum , valued at over 3.5 million dollars for the decade . In 1920 the spectacular Osage County oil field was opened , followed in 1926 by the Greater Seminole Oil Field . When the Great Depression Oklahoma and Texas oil was flooding the market and prices fell to pennies a gallon . In 1931 Governor William H. Murray , acting with characteristic decisiveness , used the National Guard to shut down all of Oklahoma 's oil wells in an effort to stabilize prices . National policy became using the Texas Railroad Commission to set allotments in Texas , which raised prices as well for Oklahoma crude . Prosperous 1920s ( edit ) The prosperity of the 1920s can be seen in the surviving architecture from the period , such as the Tulsa mansion which was converted into the Philbrook Museum of Art or the art deco architecture of downtown Tulsa . African Americans ( edit ) See also : Tulsa race riot For Oklahoma , the early quarter of the 20th century was politically turbulent . Many different groups had flooded into the state ; `` black towns '' , or towns made of groups of African Americans choosing to live separately from whites , sprouted all over the state , while most of the state abided by the Jim Crow laws within each individual city , racially separating people with a bias against any non-white `` race '' . Greenwood , a neighborhood in Northern Tulsa , was known as Black Wall Street because of the vibrant business , cultural , and religious community there . The area was destroyed in the 1921 Tulsa race riot , one of the United States ' deadliest race riots . While many all - black towns sprang up in the early days of Oklahoma , many have disappeared . The table below lists 13 such towns that have survived to the present . List of surviving all - Black towns in Oklahoma ( edit ) Town Name County 2010 Census Population Notes Boley Okfuskee 1,184 39.6 % black alone in 2010 Brooksville Pottawatomie 63 20.0 % black alone in 2010 Clearview Okfuskee 48 75 % black alone in 2010 Grayson Okmulgee 59 53 % African American alone in 2010 Langston Logan 1,724 93.2 % black alone in 2010 Lima Seminole 53 34.0 % African American alone in 2010 Redbird Wagoner 137 67.9 % black alone in 2010 Rentiesville McIntosh 128 50.0 % black alone in 2010 Summit Muskogee 139 75.5 % African American alone in 2010 Taft Muskogee 250 82.0 % African American alone in 2010 Tatums Carter 151 79.5 % black alone in 2010 Tullahassee Wagoner 106 63.2 % black alone in 2010 Vernon McIntosh N.A. Unincorporated community Socialists ( edit ) The Oklahoma Socialist Party achieved a large degree of success in this era ( the small party had its highest per - capita membership in Oklahoma at this time with 12,000 dues - paying members in 1914 ) , including the publication of dozens of party newspapers and the election of several hundred local elected officials . Much of their success came from their willingness to reach out to Black and American Indian voters ( they were the only party to continue to resist Jim Crow laws ) , and their willingness to alter traditional Marxist ideology when it made sense to do so ( the biggest changes were the party 's support of widespread small - scale land ownership , and their willingness to use religion positively to preach the `` Socialist gospel '' ) . The state party also delivered presidential candidate Eugene Debs some of his highest vote counts in the nation . The party was later crushed into virtual non-existence during the `` white terror '' that followed the ultra-repressive environment following the Green Corn Rebellion and the World War I era paranoia against anyone who spoke against the war or capitalism . The Industrial Workers of the World tried to gain headway during this period but achieved little success . Impeachment of governor Walton ( edit ) Disgruntled Oklahoma farmers and laborers handed left - wing Democrat Jack C. Walton an easy election victory in 1922 as governor . One scandal followed another -- Walton 's questionable administrative practices included payroll padding , jailhouse pardons , removal of college administrators , and an enormous increase in the governor 's salary . The conservative elements successfully petitioned for a special legislative recall session . To regain the initiative , Walton retaliated by attacking Oklahoma 's Ku Klux Klan with a ban on parades , declaration of martial law , and employment of outsiders to ' keep the peace . ' He declared martial law in the entire state and tried to call out the National Guard to block the legislature from holding the special session . That failed , and legislators charged Walton with corruption , impeached him , and removed him from office in 1923 . Great Depression ( edit ) Poor mother and children during the Great Depression . Elm Grove , Oklahoma The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s . Times were especially hard in 1930 -- 33 , as the prices of oil and farm products plunged , while debts remained high . Many banks and businesses went bankrupt . The Depression was made much worse for parts of the state by the Dust Bowl conditions . Farmers were hit the hardest and many relocated to the cities and established poor communities known as Hoovervilles . It also initiated a mass migration to California of `` Okies '' ( to use the disparaging term common in California ) in search of a better life , an image that would be popularized in American culture by John Steinbeck 's novel , The Grapes of Wrath . The book , with photographs by Dorothea Lange , and songs of Woody Guthrie tales of woe from the era . The negative images of the `` Okie '' as a sort of rootless migrant laborer living in a near - animal state of scrounging for food greatly offended many Oklahomans . These works often mix the experiences of former sharecroppers of the western American South with those of the exodusters fleeing the fierce dust storms of the High Plains . Although they primarily feature the extremely destitute , the vast majority of the people , both staying in and fleeing from Oklahoma , suffered great poverty in the Depression years . Grapes of Wrath was a powerful but simplistic view of the complex conditions in rural Oklahoma , and fails to mention the great majority of people remained in Oklahoma . The federal Agricultural Adjustment Act paid them to reduce production ; prices rose and the distress was over , Dust Bowl ( edit ) Main article : Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl ravaged the Oklahoma Panhandle and nearby areas in the 1930s . Short - term drought and long - term poor agricultural practices led to the Dust Bowl , when massive dust storms blew away the soil from large tracts of arable land and deposited it on nearby farms or even far - distant locations . The resulting crop failures forced many small farmers to flee the state altogether . Although the most persistent dust storms primarily affected the Panhandle , much of the state experienced occasional dusters , intermittent severe drought , and occasional searing heat . Towns such as Alva , Altus , and Poteau each recorded temperatures of 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) during the epic summer of 1936 . World War II ( edit ) The economy was clearly recovering by 1940 , as farm and cattle prices rose . So did the price of oil . Massive Federal spending on infrastructure during the Depression was also beginning to show payoffs . Even before World War II broke out , the Oklahoma industrial economy saw increased demand for its products . The Federal government created such defense - related facilities as the Oklahoma Ordnance Works near Pryor , Oklahoma and the Douglas Aircraft plant adjacent to the Tulsa Municipal Airport . Numerous air bases dotted the map of Oklahoma . ( See Oklahoma World War II Army Airfields ) . Robert S. Kerr , governor 1943 -- 46 was an oilman who supported the New Deal and used his network of connections in Washington to secure federal money . Oklahoma built and expanded numerous army and navy installations and air bases , which in turn brought thousands of well - paid jobs . Kerr went on to become a powerful Senator ( 1949 -- 63 ) who watched out for the state 's interests and especially for the oil and gas industry . Oklahoma consistently rated among the top 10 states in war - bond sales , as it used showmanship , the spirit of competition , house - to - house solicitations , and direct appeals to big business to mobilize patriotism , state pride , and the need to save some of the high wages that could not be spent because of rationing and shortages . The bond drives enlisted schoolchildren , housewives and retired men , giving everyone a sense of direct participation in the war effort . After World War II ( edit ) The term `` Okie '' in recent years has taken on a new meaning in the past few decades , with many Oklahomans ( both former and present ) wearing the label as a badge of honor ( as a symbol of the Okie survivor attitude ) . Others ( mostly alive during the Dust Bowl era ) still see the term negatively because they see the `` Okie '' migrants as quitters and transplants to the West Coast . Major trends in Oklahoma history after the Depression era included the rise again of tribal sovereignty ( including the issuance of tribal automobile license plates , and the opening of tribal smoke shops , casinos , grocery stores , and other commercial enterprises ) , the rapid growth of suburban Oklahoma City and Tulsa , the drop in population in Western Oklahoma , the oil boom of the 1980s and the oil bust of the 1990s . In recent years , major efforts have been made by state and local leaders to revive Oklahoma 's small towns and population centers , which had seen major decline following the oil bust . But Oklahoma City and Tulsa remain economically active in their effort to diversify as the state focuses more into medical research , health , finance , and manufacturing . Aeronautical economic focus ( edit ) Excluding governmental and education sectors , the largest single employers in the state tend to be in the aeronautical sector . The building of Tinker Air Force Base and the FAA 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City , and American Airlines Engineering center , Maintenance Facility and Data Center in Tulsa provide the state with a comparative advantage in the Aeronautical sector of the economy . AAR Corporation has operations in both Oklahoma City and Tulsa , and The Boeing Company and Pratt & Whitney are building a regional presence next to Tinker AFB . The state has a significant military ( Air Force ) presence with bases in Enid , Oklahoma ( Vance Air Force Base ) and Altus , Oklahoma ( Altus Air Force Base ) , in addition to Tinker AFB in Oklahoma City . Additionally , Tinker houses the Navy 's Strategic Communications Wing One . For Aeronautical education and training , Tulsa hosts the Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology that offers training in aviation and aircraft maintenance . Oklahoma University and Oklahoma State University both offer aviation programs . The FAA 's Academy is responsible for training Air Traffic Controllers . Oil and gas economic focus ( edit ) The oil and natural gas industry has historically been a dominant factor in the state 's economy , second only to agriculture . The Tulsa Metropolitan Area has been home to more traditional oil companies such as ONEOK , Williams Companies , Helmerich & Payne , Magellan Midstream Partners with significant presence from ConocoPhillips . Oklahoma City is home to energy companies such as Devon Energy , Chesapeake Energy , OGE Energy , SandRidge Energy , Continental Resources . Duncan , Oklahoma is the birthplace of Halliburton Corporation . Significant research and education is done in the field by the Oklahoma University 's Mewbourne College of Earth and Energy . HVAC manufacturing economic focus ( edit ) The state has a surprisingly large concentration of companies that manufacture products that heat and cool buildings ( HVAC ) . Among the companies in Tulsa are AAON ( the former John Zink Company ) . In Oklahoma City are International Environmental , ClimateMaster , and Climate Control ( subsidiaries of LSB Industries ) . Also , Governair and Temptrol ( subsidiaries of CES Group ) and York Unitary division of Johnson Controls have a major presence in the Oklahoma City metro . Also , Oklahoma State University has a major research effort in developing the Geothermal heat pump , and is headquarters for the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association . Oklahoma State University -- Okmulgee is known in the industry for its Air Conditioning Technology programs . Oklahoma City bombing ( edit ) Main articles : Oklahoma City bombing and Oklahoma City National Memorial On April 19 , 1995 , in the Oklahoma City bombing , Gulf War veteran Timothy McVeigh bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building , killing 168 people , including 19 children . Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were the convicted perpetrators of the attack , although many believe others were involved . Timothy McVeigh was later sentenced to death by lethal injection , while his partner , Terry Nichols , who was convicted of 161 counts of first degree murder received life in prison without the possibility of parole . It is said that McVeigh stayed at the El Siesta motel , a small town motel on US 64 in Vian , Oklahoma . See also ( edit ) History portal North America portal United States portal Oklahoma portal Main article : Historical outline of Oklahoma History of the South Central United States Aboriginal title in the United States Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma Timeline of Oklahoma City timelines Timeline of Oklahoma City Timeline of Tulsa , Oklahoma Further reading ( edit ) Baird , W. David , and Danney Goble . The Story of Oklahoma ( 2nd ed. 1994 ) , 511 pages , high school textbook Baird , W. David , and Danney Goble . Oklahoma : A History ( 2008 ) 342 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3910 - 4 , university textbook by leading scholars excerpts Castro , J. Justin , `` Amazing Grace : The Influence of Christianity in Nineteenth - Century Oklahoma Ozark Music and Society '' , Chronicles of Oklahoma , ( Winter 2008 -- 2009 ) , 86 # 4 pp 446 -- 68 . Dale , Edward Everett , and Morris L. Wardell . History of Oklahoma ( 1948 ) , 574 pp ; standard scholarly history ( https://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-oklahoma-by-edward-everett-dale-morris-l-wardell.jsp online edition from Questia Gibson , Arrell Morgan . Oklahoma : A History of Five Centuries ( 1981 ) excerpt and text search Goble , Danney . Progressive Oklahoma : The Making of a New Kind of State ( 1979 ) Goins , Charles Robert et al. Historical Atlas of Oklahoma ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Gregory , James N. American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture ( 1991 ) excerpt and text search Hall , Ryan , `` Struggle and Survival in Sallisaw : Revisiting John Steinbeck 's Oklahoma '' , Agricultural History , ( 2012 ) 86 # 3 pp 33 -- 56 ; actual responses of hard - hit farmers Lowitt , Richard , `` Farm Crisis in Oklahoma , Part 1 '' , Chronicles of Oklahoma , 89 ( Fall 2011 ) , 338 -- 63 . Reese , Linda Williams . Women of Oklahoma , 1890 -- 1920 , ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Smith , Michael M. , `` Latinos in Oklahoma : A History of Four and a Half Centuries '' , Chronicles of Oklahoma , 87 ( Summer 2009 ) , 186 -- 223 . Wickett , Murray R. Contested Territory : Whites , Native Americans , and African Americans in Oklahoma 1865 -- 1907 ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search References ( edit ) Jump up ^ W. David Baird ; Danney Goble ( 2011 ) . Oklahoma : A History : A History . University of Oklahoma Press . p. xii . ISBN 9780806182957 . Jump up ^ `` A Tapestry of Time and Terrain '' . USGS. April 17 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Caddo Fundamentals : Mississippi World . Texas Beyond History . University of Texas at Austin , College of Liberal Arts '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tejas - Caddo Fundamentals - Caddo Timeline '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caddo Fundamentals , Idib Jump up ^ Schlesier , Karl H. Plains Indians , 500 - 1500 AD : The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 : 347 -- 348 . ^ Jump up to : Drass , Richard R. , `` Southern Plains Village Complexes in Oklahoma . '' Oklahoma Archeological Survey . 1998 -- 2001 . Accessed March 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/D/Richard.R.Drass-1/Washita.html , accessed July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Drass RR & TG Baugh ( 1997 ) , The Wheeler Phase and cultural continuity in the Southern Plains . Plains Anthropologist 42 : 183 - 204 . Jump up ^ `` Plateaus and Canyonlands : Kiowa . Texas Beyond History . University of Texas at Austin , College of Liberal Arts '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B.R. Kracht , Oklahoma Historical Society Jump up ^ Cordell , Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples . St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 89599 - 038 - 5 . p. 151 Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States got their Shapes . HarperCollins . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143138 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian removal '' . PBS . Retrieved June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Klos , George ( 1995 ) . `` Blacks and the SeminolexRemoval Debate , 1821 -- 1835 '' . In Colburn , David R. ; Landers , Jane L. The African American Heritage of Florida . University Press of Florida . pp. 128 -- 156 . ISBN 0813013321 . Jump up ^ Baird , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . Library of Congress 73 - 80708 . Jump up ^ Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Len Green . `` Choctaw Removal was really a `` Trail of Tears '' `` . Bishinik , mboucher , University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . eds . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War ( 2000 ) pp. 1031 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` Act of Congress , R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5 , 1862 , ch. 135 , Sec. 1 , 12 Stat. 528 '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Seminole , 1866 '' . Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties Volume II , Treaties . Oklahoma State University . Retrieved June 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Creek , 1866 '' . Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties Volume II , Treaties . Oklahoma State University . Retrieved June 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Unassigned Lands '' . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved June 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Elias Boudinot 1879 Map of Indian Territory '' . Tulsa Genealogical Society . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ And Still the Waters Run : The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1940 ; new edition , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1984 ) , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04615 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ellen Fitzpatrick , History 's Memory : Writing America 's Past , 1880 -- 1980 ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01605 - X , p. 133 , excerpt available online at Google Books . Jump up ^ Broadway - The American Musical : Oklahoma . Educational Broadcasting Corporation . 2004 . PBS . Retrieved : September 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Dianna Everett . `` Enabling Act ( 1906 ) . '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baird and Goble , The Story of Oklahoma , ( 1994 ) p. 346 Jump up ^ Baird and Goble , The Story of Oklahoma , ( 1994 ) p. 366 Jump up ^ Baird and Goble , The Story of Oklahoma , ( 1994 ) p. 366ff Jump up ^ Brad L. Duren , `` ' Klanspiracy ' or Despotism ? The Rise and Fall of Governor Jack Walton , Featuring W.D. McBee '' , Chronicles of Oklahoma 2002 -- 03 80 ( 4 ) : 468 - 485 Jump up ^ Ryan Hall , `` Struggle and Survival in Sallisaw : Revisiting John Steinbeck 's Oklahoma '' , Agricultural History ( 2012 ) 86 # 3 pp 33 - 56 . Jump up ^ Ann Hodges Morgan , Robert S. Kerr : The Senate Years ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Carol H. Welsh , `` ' Back The Attack ' : The Sale Of War Bonds In Oklahoma '' , Chronicles of Oklahoma ( 1983 ) 61 # 3 pp 226 - 245 Jump up ^ `` What is IGSHPA ? '' . Igshpa.okstate.edu . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1941 ) , `` Chronology '' , Oklahoma : a Guide to the Sooner State , American Guide Series , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press External links ( edit ) Oklahoma Online Atlas The Official Web Site of Oklahoma USDA Oklahoma State Facts Oklahoma Tourism Official Website Photos and books about Oklahoma , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - European Exploration Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Oklahoma Oral History Research Program History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) State of Oklahoma Oklahoma City ( capital ) Topics History Government Governor ( List ) Symbols People Geography Earthquakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Sports Tourist attractions Unassigned Lands Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arklatex Central Cherokee Outlet Cross Timbers Four State Area Flint Hills Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma City Metro Ouachita Mountains The Ozarks Panhandle South Central Southwestern Texoma Tulsa Metro Western Largest cities Ardmore Bartlesville Bixby Broken Arrow Del City Duncan Edmond Enid Lawton Midwest City Muskogee Moore Norman Oklahoma City Owasso Ponca City Shawnee Stillwater Tulsa Yukon Counties Adair Alfalfa Atoka Beaver Beckham Blaine Bryan Caddo Canadian Carter Cherokee Choctaw Cimarron Cleveland Coal Comanche Cotton Craig Creek Custer Delaware Dewey Ellis Garfield Garvin Grady Grant Greer Harmon Harper Haskell Hughes Jackson Jefferson Johnston Kay Kingfisher Kiowa Latimer Le Flore Lincoln Logan Love Major Marshall Mayes McClain McCurtain McIntosh Murray Muskogee Noble Nowata Okfuskee Oklahoma Okmulgee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Payne Pittsburg Pontotoc Pottawatomie Pushmataha Roger Mills Rogers Seminole Sequoyah Stephens Texas Tillman Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washita Woods Woodward Years in Oklahoma ( 1907 -- present ) 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Oklahoma&oldid=866203782 '' Categories : History of Oklahoma History of the Southern United States by state History of the United States by state Oklahoma Territory Indian Territory Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Norsk Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 23 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which culture established the first villages in oklahoma	[ "People have lived in what is now Oklahoma as long as the oldest known documented Paleo-Indian cultures in the field of archaeology/anthropology. From the earliest known projectile points of the Clovis Culture to the highly advanced Folsom and breaking off down into the lesser known cultures whose artifacts and kill sites have been well documented all over the state (Dalton, Midland, HellGap, Alberta/Scottsbluff, Calf Creek), humans were present and very active in what is now today known as the State of Oklahoma.\n" ]	[ "Paleo-Indian" ]
8145042856169504763	History of the Pittsburgh Pirates	History of the Pittsburgh Pirates - wikipedia History of the Pittsburgh Pirates The following is a history of the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 19th century 1.2 1901 -- 1945 1.3 1946 -- 1957 1.4 1958 -- 1969 1.5 1970 -- 1979 and `` The Family '' 1.5. 1 1970 -- 1973 1.5. 2 1974 -- 1978 1.5. 3 1979 1.6 1980 -- 1985 Galbreaths looking to sell 1.7 1986 -- 1996 : The Leyland era 1.8 1996 -- 2010 : The Dark Ages 1.8. 1 2001 -- 2007 : A new ballpark 1.8. 2 2008 -- 2010 : Nutting takes over 1.9 2011 -- present : Clint Hurdle era 1.9. 1 2011 -- 2012 : Late season collapses 1.9. 2 2013 -- 2015 : Return to the Playoffs 2 References 3 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) Professional baseball has been played in the Pittsburgh area since 1876 . The teams of the era were `` independents '' , barnstorming throughout the region and not affiliated with any organized league , though they did have salaries and were run as business organizations . In 1882 , the strongest team in the area joined the American Association as a founding member . Their various home fields in the 19th century were in a then - separate city called Allegheny City , across the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh . The team was listed as `` Allegheny '' in the standings , and was sometimes called the `` Alleghenys '' ( not the `` Alleghenies '' ) in the same generic way that teams from Boston , New York , and Chicago were sometimes called the `` Bostons '' , the `` New Yorks '' , and the `` Chicagos '' , in the sports writing style of that era . After five mediocre seasons in the A.A. , Pittsburgh became the first A.A. team to switch to the older National League in 1887 . At this time , the team renamed itself the Pittsburgh Alleghenys , although Allegheny remained a separate city until it was annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 . At that time , owner - manager Horace Phillips sold the team to Dennis McKnight ; Phillips stayed on as manager . In those early days , the club benefited three times from mergers with defunct clubs . The A.A. club picked up a number of players from a defunct Columbus , Ohio , team in 1885 . The Alleghenys were severely crippled during the 1890 season , when nearly all of their stars jumped to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the Players ' League . With a decimated roster , the team experienced what is still the worst season in franchise history , going 23 -- 113 . The battle nearly ruined McKnight , and he was forced to return his franchise to the league . However , almost immediately after this , McKnight joined the backers of the Burghers as a minority owner , which then repurchased the Pittsburgh National League franchise and rechartered it under a different corporate name . They were thus able to legally recover the services of most of the players who had jumped to the upstart league a year earlier . The new owners also signed highly regarded second baseman Lou Bierbauer , who had previously played with the AA 's Philadelphia Athletics . The Athletics failed to include him on their reserve list , and the Alleghenys picked him up . Nonetheless , this led to loud protests by the Athletics , and in an official complaint , an AA official claimed the Alleghenys ' actions were `` piratical '' . This incident ( which is discussed at some length in The Beer and Whisky League , by David Nemec , 1994 ) quickly accelerated into a schism between the leagues that contributed to the demise of the A.A. Although the Alleghenys were never found guilty of wrongdoing , they made sport of being denounced for being `` piratical '' by renaming themselves `` the Pirates '' for the 1891 season . The nickname was first acknowledged on the team 's uniforms in 1912 . After the 1899 season , the Pirates made what is arguably the best player transaction in franchise history when they picked up nearly all of the star players from the Louisville Colonels . Louisville owner Barney Dreyfuss had been told that the Colonels were slated for elimination when the N.L. contracted from 12 to 8 teams . He secretly purchased a half - interest in the Pirates , then after the season sent nearly all of the Colonels ' stars up the Ohio River to Pittsburgh . Since the transaction occurred before the Colonels officially folded , it was structured as a trade ; the Pirates sent four relatively unknown players to Louisville . Despite their nickname , the Pirates at least waited until after the season to pull off this blockbuster trade . This is unlike what happened in 1899 to the Cleveland Spiders and , to a lesser extent , the Baltimore Orioles , who were also part of two - team ownerships . Dreyfuss later bought full control of the team and kept it until his death in 1932 . 1901 -- 1945 ( edit ) Bolstered by former Colonels shortstop Honus Wagner ( who was born and raised in the Pittsburgh area ) and player / manager Fred Clarke , the Pirates completely dominated the National League , in part because they lost few star players to the rival American League . However , owing to injuries to their starting pitchers , they lost the first modern World Series ever played , in 1903 , to Boston . Deacon Phillippe pitched five complete games , winning three of them , but it was not enough . With largely the same star players , the Pirates would continue to be a strong team over the next few years , and won their first World Series title in 1909 , defeating the Detroit Tigers in seven games . The same year , the club opened Forbes Field , which would be its home stadium for the next 61 years . The 1909 Pirates in a poster celebrating their National League pennant . Frank Chance of the Chicago Cubs and John McGraw of the New York Giants , two teams the Pirates beat for the pennant , are being made to walk the plank . The Pirates originally played in Recreation , Union , and Exposition Parks , all in what was then Allegheny City . Allegheny City was annexed by Pittsburgh in December 1907 . Accordingly , the Pirates did not play their first major league game in Pittsburgh until 1908 -- over 25 years after their founding . The decline of Honus Wagner , considered by many to be the greatest shortstop ever , led to a number of losing seasons , culminating in a disastrous 51 -- 103 record in 1917 ; however , veteran outfielder Max Carey and young players Pie Traynor and Kiki Cuyler , along with a remarkably deep pitching staff , brought the Pirates back into the spotlight . The Pirates recovered from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win the 1925 World Series over the Washington Senators , and reached the 1927 World Series before being swept by the New York Yankees , who at that time had built the most dominant team in baseball . The 1927 season was the first for the sharp - hitting combination of brothers Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner , who along with shortstop Arky Vaughan ensured that the Pirates had plenty of Hall of Fame - caliber position players through 1941 . However , the Pirates ' crushing defeats in 1927 and 1938 ( when they lost the pennant to the Chicago Cubs in the final days of the season ) were tremendous setbacks . 1946 -- 1957 ( edit ) The post-World War II years were not kind to the Pirates , despite the presence of a genuine star in Ralph Kiner , who led or co-led the National League in home runs for seven consecutive seasons ( 1946 through 1952 ) . Kiner would be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1975 . In 1946 , the long era of ownership by the Barney Dreyfuss family came to an end when it sold the team to a syndicate that was led by Indianapolis businessman Frank McKinney ; the group also included entertainer Bing Crosby , Pittsburgh attorney Thomas Johnson , and Columbus , Ohio - based real estate tycoon John W. Galbreath . The new owners seemingly scored a coup when they purchased veteran slugger Hank Greenberg from the Detroit Tigers for the 1947 season . The Hall - of - Fame - bound Greenberg , then 36 , had led the American League in home runs ( 44 ) and runs batted in ( 127 ) in 1946 , his first full season after almost five years in military service . But a contentious relationship with the Detroit front office ended his 12 - year career with the Tigers after a . 319 batting average , 306 homers and 1,528 hits . 1953 Bowman Color baseball card of Ralph Kiner . Kiner led the NL in home runs for seven straight seasons ( 1946 -- 1952 ) , although he shared the HR title on three occasions . With Greenberg a fearsome , right - handed power hitter , the Pirates ' new ownership decided to make Forbes Field a more inviting home run destination . They reduced the previously - cavernous dimensions of the left field and left - center - field section of the park by 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) by moving the bullpens to the base of the old left field wall , behind a new fence that was 335 feet ( 102 m ) from home plate down the left - field line . The shorter porch was immediately dubbed `` Greenberg Gardens '' in honor of the former Tiger . As events turned out , however , Greenberg 's playing career was winding down rapidly . He played only 125 games for the 1947 Pirates , hit 25 home runs ( 18 at Forbes Field ) , batted only . 249 , and then retired from the game . Kiner -- who , as rookie , had led the National League in homers with 23 playing in the old Forbes Field -- became the beneficiary of the new left - field configuration , which was quickly renamed `` Kiner 's Korner . '' He slugged 51 home runs in 1947 , then followed with seasons of 40 , 54 , 47 , 42 and 37 blasts to lead the NL , sharing the home run title with Johnny Mize ( 1947 -- 1948 ) and Hank Sauer ( 1952 ) . While attendance figures at Forbes Field rose to among the top in the NL , the team built around Kiner placed in the first division only once -- in 1948 -- and in 1952 compiled one of the worst records in major league history , winning 42 and losing 112 games (. 273 ) and finishing 541⁄2 games out of first place . The new ownership group reorganized during 1950 , when Galbreath , Crosby and Johnson bought out McKinney 's investment , and Galbreath became majority owner . His family would control the destiny of the Pirates for the next 35 years . Galbreath 's first major move , the hiring of Branch Rickey as general manager after the 1950 campaign , was initially a great disappointment to Pittsburgh fans . Rickey had invented the farm system with the Cardinals and broken the baseball color line with the Dodgers , building dynasties with each club . In Pittsburgh , though , he purged the roster of its higher - salaried veterans ( including Kiner in 1953 ) and flooded the team with young players . Many of those youngsters faltered , but those who fulfilled Rickey 's faith in them -- pitchers Vern Law , Bob Friend and Elroy Face , shortstop Dick Groat , second baseman Bill Mazeroski , and especially outfielder Roberto Clemente , drafted from Brooklyn after his only minor league season ( 1954 ) -- would form the nucleus of the Pirates ' 1960 championship club . Moreover , as in St. Louis and Brooklyn , Rickey put into place one of baseball 's most successful farm and scouting systems , keeping the Pirates competitive into the late 1970s . However , all this was not evident when Rickey ( then 73 ) retired due to ill health in 1955 , with the Pirates still struggling to escape the NL basement . `` Kiner 's Korner '' , meanwhile , was demolished in 1954 , restoring Forbes Field to its previous , pitching - friendly contour . 1958 -- 1969 ( edit ) The 1948 team was the only postwar Pirates squad with a winning record until 1958 , Danny Murtaugh 's first full season as manager . Murtaugh is widely credited with inventing the concept of the closer by frequently playing Face late in close games . The 1960 team featured eight All - Stars , but was widely predicted to lose the World Series to a powerful New York Yankees team . In one of the most memorable World Series in history , the Pirates were defeated by ten or more runs in three games , won three close games , then recovered from a 7 -- 4 deficit late in Game 7 eventually to win on a walk - off home run by Mazeroski , a second baseman better known for defensive wizardry . The 1960 Pirates were the only team between 1945 and 2001 to have not succumbed to the so - called `` Ex-Cubs Factor '' in the postseason . They also became the first team to win a World Series on a home run , a feat later achieved by the Toronto Blue Jays in 1993 , although Joe Carter 's home run came in Game 6 of the 1993 Series . Mazeroski 's homer remains the only walk - off home run in Game 7 of a World Series . The 1960s would continue with extremely solid defensive play by Bill Mazeroski and the great offensive and defensive abilities of Clemente , baseball 's first Puerto Rican superstar . Clemente was regarded as one of the game 's best all - time hitters , and possessed a tremendous arm in right field . Although not the first black - Hispanic baseball player ( an honor belonging to Minnie Miñoso ) , Clemente 's charisma and leadership in humanitarian causes made him an icon across the continent . During his playing career , Clemente was often overlooked , but today many consider him to have been one of the greatest right fielders in baseball history . Even with Roberto Clemente , however , the Pirates struggled to post winning marks from 1961 to 1964 , and Murtaugh was replaced by Harry Walker in 1965 . With Walker , a renowned batting coach , at the helm , and the hitting of Clemente , Matty Alou , Manny Mota and others , the Bucs fielded contending , 90 + win teams in both 1965 and 1966 , with Clemente claiming the National League MVP Award in the latter year . However , Pittsburgh had no answer for the pitching of the Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants , and finished third both seasons . In 1967 , they fell back to . 500 , and did not contend through the rest of the 1960s . 1970 -- 1979 and `` the family '' ( edit ) Aerial view of Three Rivers Stadium . 1970 -- 1973 ( edit ) Slugger Willie Stargell became a fixture in the Pittsburgh lineup in the late 1960s , and the Pirates returned to prominence in 1970 . Murtaugh returned as manager and the Pirates ' home field , Forbes Field , was demolished in favor of the multi-purpose Three Rivers Stadium . In 1970 , the Pirates won their first of five National League East division titles over the next seven years , and won their fourth World Series in 1971 behind a . 414 Series batting average by Clemente . They also thought they had a genuine superstar pitcher ( historically rare for the Pirates ) in Steve Blass , who pitched two masterful games in the World Series against Baltimore and had excellent seasons in 1968 and 1972 . On September 1 , 1971 , the Pirates made Major League Baseball history by fielding the first all - black / minority starting lineup : second baseman Rennie Stennett , center fielder Gene Clines , right fielder Roberto Clemente , left fielder Willie Stargell , catcher Manny Sanguillén , third baseman Dave Cash , first baseman Al Oliver , shortstop Jackie Hernández , and pitcher Dock Ellis . Manager Danny Murtaugh had never hesitated using minority players in the lineup , but even the players took notice when he posted the lineup that day . Blass later recalled , `` The thing I remember about it , when he was interviewed afterwards , Murtaugh said , ' I put the nine best athletes out there . The best nine I put out there tonight happened to be black . No big deal . Next question . ' '' The sports world was stunned and saddened when Clemente died in a plane crash on December 31 , 1972 , while accompanying a shipment of relief supplies to the victims of an earthquake in Nicaragua . Tom Walker , then - Montreal Expos pitcher and future father of Pirates second baseman Neil Walker , offered to join Clemente that day but Clemente insisted that he stay home . Thus , Roberto Clemente had an influence on the 2013 playoff run . He had reached a milestone by rapping his 3,000 th career hit , a stand - up double off Jon Matlack of the New York Mets on September 30 , 1972 , in what would prove to be his last regular - season at - bat . The Baseball Hall of Fame waived its usual waiting requirement and inducted Clemente immediately . Pittsburgh would erect a statue and name a bridge and park near the stadium after him , as well as a street in the Oakland neighborhood near the former site of Forbes Field . In 1973 , Blass suffered a mysterious decline in his pitching abilities , posting a 9.85 ERA . To this day , pitchers who suddenly lose the ability to throw strikes are said to have `` Steve Blass disease . '' Blass retired soon after ; he has since , for almost two decades , been one of the Pirates ' radio and TV announcers . 1974 -- 1978 ( edit ) The Pirates made the playoffs in 1974 and 1975 , but lost the National League Championship Series to the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds , respectively . The speedy Omar Moreno and the power - hitting Dave Parker joined Stargell in the lineup during this period . After the 1976 season , in which the Bucs finished in second place behind the cross-state Philadelphia Phillies , Danny Murtaugh died . The Pirates struck a trade with the Oakland Athletics in which catcher Manny Sanguillén was sent to Oakland for manager Chuck Tanner . The Pirates would finish second to the Phillies once again in 1977 , with Parker winning a batting title . It was also in 1977 that the Pirates began wearing yellow and black uniforms with pillbox caps . Stargell would award teammates with `` Stargell Stars '' on their caps for excellent plays on the field . The following year , the Pirates turned the end of the 1978 season into an impromptu race for the NL East , as they tried to chase down the collapsing Phillies , who ultimately won the division , only to fall short during the final home stand of the season ( ironically against the Phillies ) . Despite this , Parker won another batting title and was named National League MVP to go with it . 1979 ( edit ) Main article : 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates season Adopting the popular song `` We Are Family '' by the Philadelphia disco group Sister Sledge as their theme song , the 1979 Pirates held off the Montreal Expos to claim the pennant . `` We Are Family '' was elevated from theme song to anthem status ( and is still nearly synonymous with the ' 79 Pirates ) , with fans chanting `` Fam - a-lee ! '' from the stands . The Pirates faced the Baltimore Orioles again in the World Series , which ( like 1971 ) they won in seven games , on October 17 , 1979 . During the 1979 championship season , a Pirate player was designated as Most Valuable Player in every available category : All - Star Game MVP ( Dave Parker ) , NL Championship Series MVP ( Willie Stargell ) , World Series MVP ( Willie Stargell ) , and National League MVP ( Willie Stargell , shared with Keith Hernandez of the Cardinals ) . 1980 -- 1985 Galbreaths looking to sell ( edit ) After three world titles and six division titles since 1948 the Galbreaths began listening to offers to sell the franchise . Edward J. Lewis of Oxford Development and Edward J. DeBartolo , Sr. made a serious offer to purchase the team in early 1981 . Both the city of New Orleans , Louisiana and Tampa , Florida put packages together to attempt to lure the team out of Pittsburgh . 1986 -- 1996 : the Leyland era ( edit ) After the 1979 World Series , the Pirates entered a period of decline , steadily declining until they were regarded as the worst team in baseball during the mid-1980s . After the Pittsburgh Drug Trials and a league worst finish in 1985 , the Galbreath family sold the franchise to the Pittsburgh Associates , a consortium of area businesses determined to keep the team from relocating . Jim Leyland took over as manager in 1986 , and under his guidance the Pirates gradually climbed out of the cellar . They featured young and exciting players such as the `` outfield of dreams '' Bobby Bonilla , Barry Bonds , and Andy Van Slyke ; infielders Jay Bell , Steve Buechele , Sid Bream , and José Lind ; catcher Mike LaValliere , and pitchers Doug Drabek , John Smiley , and Stan Belinda . As a rookie in 1982 , Johnny Ray played in every game and was named the Rookie of the Year by the Sporting News . In 1988 , the young team finished 85 -- 75 and seemed ready to compete for a pennant . However , the 1989 season was a major setback , with injuries depleting the squad and leading to a fifth - place finish . Among the low points of the season was a game against rival Philadelphia Phillies in Philadelphia on June 8 , 1989 , where the Pirates became the first team in major - league history to score 10 runs in the first inning and nevertheless lose the game . Pirates broadcaster ( and former pitcher ) Jim Rooker famously vowed that if the team blew the lead , he would walk home from Philadelphia -- a vow he fulfilled after the season while raising money for charity . Pirates clinch the Division Title in St. Louis , 1990 . The Pirates would win the first three NL East titles of the 1990s , but failed to advance to the World Series each time . In both 1991 and 1992 , they lost closely contested League Championship Series to the Atlanta Braves . Main articles : 1990 National League Championship Series , 1991 National League Championship Series , and 1992 National League Championship Series 1996 -- 2010 : the dark ages ( edit ) After the 1992 season , the front office set out to rebuild the team , giving up several high - payroll players in favor of a younger crew . The Pirates were unable to produce a winning season until 2013 , accumulating a 20 - year losing streak -- the longest in any of the four major professional North American sports leagues . The closest the Pirates had come to fielding a winning team during that period was the 1997 team , which finished second in the NL Central despite having a losing record and a payroll of $9 million . The 1997 team was eliminated from playoff contention during the season 's final week . In 2012 , they finished in 4th place with a 79 -- 83 record and were not eliminated until late September . The 2013 team became the first Pirates team since 1992 to secure a winning season . 2001 -- 2007 : a new ballpark ( edit ) PNC Park opened in 2001 . In 2001 , the Pirates opened a new stadium , PNC Park , featuring a simple concept and strategic usage of the Pittsburgh skyline . General manager Dave Littlefield was installed July 13 , 2001 , midway through the 2001 season , and began overhauling the team to comply with owner Kevin McClatchy 's dictum to drastically reduce the payroll . Enigmatic but talented third baseman Aramis Ramírez was traded to the Chicago Cubs in 2003 for a fairly minimal return under pressure to dump his $6 million salary for 2004 , and he proceeded to become a star for the Cubs . Brian Giles was one of the National League 's best hitters for several years , but he and his $9 million salary were also traded in 2003 to the San Diego Padres for youngsters Óliver Pérez , Jason Bay , and Cory Stewart . Pirate fans found this trade much more palatable in the short run , as Pérez led the majors in strikeouts per inning and Bay won the Rookie of the Year Award in 2004 , while Giles put up a subpar season by his standards . After the 2004 season , Jason Kendall went to the Oakland Athletics in a cross-exchange of high - salary players . Illustrating the Pirates ' rebuilding efforts , at the close of the 2005 season , the team fielded the youngest roster in baseball , with an average age of 26.6 years . During the course of the season , 14 players were called up from its Triple - A affiliate . On September 6 , manager Lloyd McClendon was fired after 5 losing seasons . On October 11 , Jim Tracy was hired as the new manager . The 2006 season got off to a slow start with the Pirates losing their first six games . The Bucs stood at an abysmal 30 -- 60 mark by the time they hosted the All Star Game at PNC Park . During the second half of the season , however , the Pirates made a successful turnaround and finished the second half with a 37 -- 35 record . This is the first time the Pirates have finished the second half of the season with a winning record since 1992 . Third baseman Freddy Sanchez won the National League batting title for the 2006 season with an average of . 344 . The 2007 season was a year of transition for the Pirates . Robert Nutting replaced McClatchy as majority owner , becoming the sixth majority owner in Pirates history . On July 6 , 2007 , Kevin McClatchy announced he was stepping down as the Pirates CEO at the end of the 2007 season . On September 7 , 2007 , Nutting fired general manager Dave Littlefield . 2008 -- 2010 : Nutting takes over ( edit ) The Pittsburgh Pirates began to shape their organizational management team late in the 2007 season . On September 13 , Frank Coonelly , chief labor counsel for Major League Baseball , was introduced as the team 's new president . On September 25 , 2007 , the Pirates announced the hiring of Neal Huntington , formerly a scout in the Cleveland Indians organization , as the team 's new general manager . On October 5 , 2007 , Jim Tracy was fired by the Pirates , leaving them with another search for a manager . Torey Lovullo had originally been named as a leading candidate for the position , but his name was gradually replaced by others in the minor league ranks , one being Ottawa Lynx manager John Russell , who eventually was named the new manager November 5 , 2007 . He had originally been the third base coach under previous manager Lloyd McClendon from 2003 to 2005 until he was fired by the previous General Manager Dave Littlefield . A Pirates - Nationals game in 2010 As the Pirates once again failed to produce a winning record , the team began another round of rebuilding . Prior to the trade deadline , the Pirates made several deals that sent several accomplished veterans to other franchises . On July 26 , the Pirates traded left fielder Xavier Nady and pitcher Dámaso Marte to the New York Yankees in return for José Tábata , Ross Ohlendorf , Dan McCutchen , and Jeff Karstens . Karstens began his career with the Pirates at 2 -- 0 and came within 4 outs of pitching the first perfect game in franchise history on August 6 , 2008 . On July 31 , Jason Bay was traded to the Boston Red Sox in a three - team deal that sent Manny Ramírez to the Los Angeles Dodgers and Andy LaRoche and Bryan Morris to the Pirates from the Dodgers and Brandon Moss and Craig Hansen to the Pirates from the Red Sox . On November 24 , the Pirates signed Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel as undrafted free agents , making them the first Indian citizens to sign a contract with any American professional sports team . Both men are pitchers , who were first spotted in the `` Million Dollar Arm '' contest organized in India by J.B. Bernstein earlier in 2008 . Trading away players for prospects continued in 2009 , as the team 's only 2008 All - Star Nate McLouth was traded to the Atlanta Braves for prospects Jeff Locke , Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández . On June 30 , the team dealt Nyjer Morgan and Sean Burnett to the Washington Nationals , as well as sending utility player Eric Hinske to the New York Yankees . This upset some Pirates players , including Adam LaRoche and Jack Wilson , who questioned the direction of the team . LaRoche was later traded to the Red Sox in exchange for minor leaguers Hunter Strickland and Argenis Díaz . On July 29 , Wilson was traded to the Seattle Mariners in exchange for shortstop Ronny Cedeño and Minor League players Jeff Clement , Aaron Pribanic , Brett Lorin , and Nathan Adcock . The same day , the Pirates traded Sanchez to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for Tim Alderson . On September 7 , the Pittsburgh Pirates were defeated by the Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 . The loss was the Pirates ' 82nd of the year , and it clinched for them the longest streak of consecutive losing seasons in any North American professional sport . 2011 -- present : Clint Hurdle era ( edit ) On November 14 , 2010 , after a disastrous 2010 season , which saw 105 losses , the Pirates hired a new manager in Clint Hurdle . Hurdle was a part of the Colorado Rockies 2007 NL Pennant and was the hitting coach for the American League Champion Texas Rangers during the 2010 season . Although the losing streak would continue for two more seasons , the Pirates began to show signs of success . By 2012 it seemed the Pirates were on pace to break the streak , but unfortunately a second late season collapse resulted in the 20th consecutive losing season . The team had added free agent pitcher Francisco Liriano but his arrival to the team was delayed by a broken non-throwing arm . The Pirates entered the 2013 MLB All Star Game with a record of 56 - 37 and had sent four all stars ( Andrew McCutchen , Jason Grilli , Pedro Álvarez , and Jeff Locke ) . The Pirates finished the season 94 - 68 and clinched a wild card berth . They eventually were eliminated by the NL champion St. Louis Cardinals . McCutchen received the NL MVP and Pedro Alvarez was tied for the NL Leader in home runs . 2011 -- 2012 : late season collapses ( edit ) Kevin Correia , June 2012 The 2011 season had a promising start , as the Pirates were above . 500 at the All - Star Break for the first time since 1992 . The Pirates also sent three players to the 2011 Major League Baseball All - Star Game with the selections of starting pitcher Kevin Correia , closer Joel Hanrahan and center fielder Andrew McCutchen . On July 15 , and again on July 18 , the Pirates moved into first place of the NL Central . This marked the first two times that the Pirates were in first place this late in the season since 1997 . The last day they were in first was July 25 . The Bucs split four games with the Braves on July 25 to July 28 . After this they lost 10 games in a row and never recovered . Starting in late July rumblings of `` America 's Team '' began to surface , with ESPN television picking up two of their games for their nightly baseball telecast . The Pirates acquired two former all - stars through the trade market during the Trade Deadline on July 31 : First baseman Derrek Lee from the Orioles and outfielder Ryan Ludwick from the Padres . On July 26 , a questionable call at home plate led to a 19 - inning loss against the Atlanta Braves . The Pirates then won only one game from that point to August 8 , including a season - high 10 - game losing streak in that span . Despite a promising season , with a loss to the St. Louis Cardinals on September 14 , 2011 , the team lost its 82nd game of the season , ensuring a 19 - year losing season streak . In 2012 , the Pirates aggressively pursued and acquired Yankees pitcher A.J. Burnett to bolster their starting pitching staff . During the first few months of the season , team pitching held up very well , but the offense was sluggish . However , the bats began to pick up in June as many of the players began to dramatically improve offensively . By the time July hit , the Pirates had soared to first place in the NL Central at the All Star break -- the first time the Bucs entered the break at first place since the `` Freak Show '' team of 1997 . Andrew McCutchen would lead the majors in batting average and the `` Power of Zoltan '' ( reference to a character scene in the movie Dude , Where 's My Car ? ) began to sweep PNC Park and the city of Pittsburgh . The Pirates were 63 -- 47 on August 8 , but a stunning disintegration left the team scuffling down the stretch , effectively eliminating them from the NL Central race and the Wild card race . On September 28 , the Pirates were no - hit by Cincinnati Reds pitcher Homer Bailey ; the loss was their 81st of the season , ensuring their 20th consecutive non-winning season . They lost their 82nd game on September 30 , clinching their 20th consecutive losing season , extending the longest such streak in North American sports history . They are also the only Major League Baseball team to be 16 games over . 500 after 2⁄3 of the season complete and finish with a losing record . The 82nd loss came 4 -- 3 to the Cincinnati Reds at PNC Park on September 30 , with the Reds scoring twice in the ninth inning off of All - Star closer Joel Hanrahan . 2013 -- 2015 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) After two consecutive seasons of late season collapses , Huntington and Hurdle were determined to be aggressive in free agency , adding players and veteran leadership that would stave off another Pittsburgh Pirates collapse in 2013 . In the offseason , the team agreed with veteran catcher Russell Martin on a two - year , $17 million deal . Martin , while providing decent offensive numbers , was considered to be a major defensive upgrade over the previous year 's platoon of Rod Barajas and Michael McKenry . In 2012 , Barajas and McKenry had combined to throw out 19 of 173 baserunners , for a caught stealing percentage of 11 % , while Russell Martin held a career caught stealing percentage of 30.25 % entering the 2013 season . On December 26 , 2012 , the Pirates traded established closer Joel Hanrahan and infielder Brock Holt to the Boston Red Sox for reliever Mark Melancon , and prospects Jerry Sands , Iván DeJesús Jr. , and Stolmy Pimentel . With this move , the Pirates re-signed setup man Jason Grilli to a two - year deal worth $4.5 million , to become the new Pirates closer . Melancon , who was under - valued after a miserable , injury - riddled 2012 season , replaced Grilli as the Pirates setup man . The trade wound up leaning strongly in favor of the Pirates , as Grilli and Melancon would anchor the so - called `` Shark Tank '' bullpen as one of the best bullpens in MLB as well as both being selected to the All - Star Game , while Hanrahan wound up only playing in nine games for the Red Sox before suffering an injury to his pitching arm and requiring Tommy John surgery just as his contract was getting ready to expire at the end of the season . Ultimately , Hanrahan would never pitch in the Majors again . On February 8 , 2013 , the Pirates finalized a two - year , $12.75 million deal with starting pitcher Francisco Liriano . The deal had been delayed two months because Liriano had broken his non-throwing arm in December 2012 , and had refused to take a physical . Though the Pirates made no trades before the July 31 deadline , they would make some moves to shore up their lineup for a potential playoff run , acquiring Marlon Byrd and John Buck from the New York Mets on August 27 , 2013 and trading with the Minnesota Twins for Justin Morneau on August 31 , 2013 . On September 3 , 2013 , the Pirates defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 4 - 3 in Milwaukee to win their 81st game of the season , clinching their first non-losing season since 1992 . Then , following a four - game losing streak , the Pirates defeated the Texas Rangers 1 - 0 on September 9 for their 82nd win , clinching their first winning season in 21 years . 14 days later , due to a combination of a Pirates win and a Nationals ' loss to the St. Louis Cardinals , the Pirates headed to postseason play for the first time in twenty - one seasons . By finishing the season with a three - game sweep of the Cincinnati Reds , their chief competition for the NL Wild Card , the Pirates hosted and won their first home playoff game since 1992 in the National League Wild Card Game on October 1 , 2013 with a score of 6 - 2 . That victory put the Pirates into the National League Division Series against the St. Louis Cardinals . On October 3 , 2013 , the Cardinals rode a 7 - run inning to a 9 - 1 win over the Pirates . The Pirates evened the series with a 7 - 1 victory on in Game 2 on October 4 , tying the series heading into Game 3 . The Pirates then took a 2 - 1 Series lead by defeating the Cardinals in dramatic fashion at PNC Park 5 - 3 before dropping the remaining two games to the Cardinals by scores of 2 - 1 and 6 - 1 , thereby being eliminated from further post-season play . In 2014 , the Pirates made the National League Wild Card game but lost at home to the eventual World Series champions , the San Francisco Giants by a score of 8 - 0 . Brandon Crawford hit a grand slam while the Pirates could not recover and were once again denied a playoff series win . In 2015 , the Pirates finished with the second best record in baseball at 98 - 64 , however , despite many injuries to key players , the division rival St. Louis Cardinals had the best record in baseball at 100 - 62 , winning the NL Central division . The 98 - win season was good enough to ensure another home Wild Card game , this time hosting the 97 - win Chicago Cubs . The eventual 2015 NL Cy Young winner , Jake Arrieta , pitched dominantly for the Cubs , hurling a complete game shutout , handing the Pirates a 4 - 0 loss . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Pirates BaseballLibrary.com ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates official team history , part 1 '' . Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Purdy , Dennis ( 2006 ) . The Team - by - Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball . New York City : Workman . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3943 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kovacevic , Dejan ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` St. Louis trumps Pirates ' rally , 4 -- 3 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Why is our baseball team called the Pirates ? Pittsburgh City Paper , August 14 , 2003 . Jump up ^ DeValeria , Dennis and Jeanne Burke , Honus Wagner : A Biography . Pittsburgh , University of Pittsburgh Press , 1995 , p. 177 Jump up ^ retrosheet Jump up ^ Perrotto , John ( August 14 , 2006 ) . `` Baseball Plog '' . Beaver County Times . Jump up ^ `` Honoring First All - Minority Lineup '' . New York Times . September 17 , 2006 . p . Sports p. 2 . Jump up ^ Remembering The All - Black Lineup `` Bruce Markusen 's Cooperstown Confidential . Bruce.mlblogs.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Blass : The Baseball Biography Project '' . Bioproj.sabr.org . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oYBIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3370%2C606836 Jump up ^ Sam Smith ( 1985 - 09 - 29 ) . `` A Future As Black As Coal '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Royals make history with loss after 10 first - inning runs '' . ESPN . August 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Paul ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` The 10 - run trail '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Langosch , Jenifer ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` Bucs ' loss to Cubs a historic one '' . pirates.com . MLB.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Caple . `` Pittsburgh 's gem rates the best '' . ESPN Page2 . Jump up ^ Dejan Kovacevic ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates ' McClatchy to step down as CEO later this year '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Dejan Kovacevic ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates fire GM Littlefield ; interim replacement is Graham '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Paul Meyer ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates to make it official today : Coonelly is club 's new president '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Paul Meyer ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates hire Huntington as general manager '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ http://www.timesonline.com/site/printerFriendly.cfm?brd=2305&dept_id=478568&newsid=18893313 Jump up ^ `` Former Pirates third - base coach succeeds Tracy as manager '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Biertempfel , Rob ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Bucs ' Karstens dominates Arizona , 2 -- 0 -- Pittsburgh Tribune - Review '' . Pittsburghlive.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jenifer Langosch / MLB.com ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` Indian hurlers ' inking opens new market pirates.com : News '' . Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kovacevic , Dejan ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Pirates trade McLouth to Atlanta '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Pirates question timing of trades '' . ESPN . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Bucs send elder LaRoche to Red Sox '' . Pirates.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Bucs get top pitching prospect for Sanchez '' . Pirates.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Biertempfel , Rob ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Correia becomes Pirates ' third All - Star '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Morton stops Reds to help Pirates assume 1st in Central '' . ESPN . July 19 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates are talk of baseball with captivating run '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Hanrahan has surgeries , including Tommy John '' . The Province . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Ben ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Pirates Sign Francisco Liriano : MLB Rumors '' . MLBTradeRumors.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kruth , Cash ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) . `` MLB.com Gameday MLB.com : Gameday '' . Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Morneau energized by joining first - place Pirates pirates.com : News '' . Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com. 2013 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schlueter , Roger . `` MLB Notebook : No. 81 is special for Pirates pirates.com : News '' . Pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates secure first winning season since 1992 with 1 - 0 win over Rangers '' . post-gazette.com . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` MLB Recap -- Cincinnati Reds at Pittsburgh Pirates -- Oct 01 , 2013 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Pirates vs. St. Louis Cardinals -- Recap -- October 03 , 2013 -- ESPN Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Pirates vs. St. Louis Cardinals -- Recap -- October 04 , 2013 -- ESPN Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/mlb/playoffs/2014/matchup/_/teams/sfo-pit Jump up ^ http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=351007123 External links ( edit ) Post-Gazette interactive history graph Histories of teams in Major League Baseball American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals ( Part I II III IV ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Relocated teams Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) Boston Braves ( 1870 -- 1953 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 53 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 54 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 65 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 67 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Defunct teams New York Mutuals ( 1876 ) Athletic of Philadelphia ( 1876 ) Hartford Dark Blues ( 1875 -- 76 ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1876 -- 77 ) Louisville Grays ( 1876 -- 77 ) Indianapolis Blues ( 1878 ) Milwaukee Grays ( 1878 ) Syracuse Stars ( 1878 ) Cincinnati Red Stockings ( 1876 -- 79 ) Cincinnati Stars ( 1880 ) Worcester Worcesters ( 1880 -- 82 ) Providence Grays ( 1878 -- 85 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1879 -- 85 ) Cleveland Blues ( 1879 -- 84 ) Troy Trojans ( 1879 -- 82 ) St. Louis Maroons ( 1885 -- 86 ) Kansas City Cowboys ( 1886 ) Detroit Wolverines ( 1881 -- 88 ) Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1887 -- 89 ) Washington Nationals ( 1886 -- 89 ) Cleveland Spiders ( 1887 -- 99 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 -- 99 ) Louisville Colonels ( 1892 -- 99 ) Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) Pittsburgh Pirates Established in 1882 Formerly the Pittsburgh Alleghenys Based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks All articles Ballparks Exposition Park Recreation Park Exposition Park Forbes Field Three Rivers Stadium PNC Park Spring training Whittington Park Riverside Park Fogel Field Barrs Field Rickwood Field Whittington Park Perris Hill Park Tech Field Perris Hill Park McCulloch Park Perris Hill Park Flamingo Field Gilmore Field Gran Stadium Jaycee Park Terry Park Pirate City / LECOM Park Culture Pirate Parrot Great Pierogi Race Green Weenie `` Black and Yellow '' Zoltan Bob Prince Bob Gessner Vince Lascheid In the Name of the Law Angels in the Outfield The Odd Couple `` We Are Family '' The Natural The Winning Season Chasing 3000 Dude , Where 's My Car ? Million Dollar Arm No No : A Dockumentary Lore Pittsburgh Allegheny Pirates ' lore Wagner donates uniforms Lou Bierbauer Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Pittsburgh Stars Homer in the Gloamin ' 1960 Game 7 1985 drug trials Francisco Cabrera game NL Wild Card Games 2013 2014 2015 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Philadelphia Phillies Minors AAA Indianapolis Indians AA Altoona Curve A Adv . Bradenton Marauders West Virginia Power Short A West Virginia Black Bears Rookie Adv . Bristol Pirates Rookie GCL Pirates DSL Pirates 1 DSL Pirates 2 All - time Minor league affiliate history World Series Championships ( 5 ) 1909 1925 1960 1971 1979 League pennants ( 9 ) American Association none National League 1901 1902 1903 1909 1925 1927 1960 1971 1979 Division titles ( 9 ) East 1970 1971 1972 1979 1990 1991 1992 Central none Wild Card berths ( 3 ) 2013 2014 2015 Media AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh KDKA - FM Pirates Radio Network Steve Blass Joe Block Greg Brown Bob Walk John Wehner Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Pittsburgh_Pirates&oldid=825597545 '' Categories : Pittsburgh Pirates History of Major League Baseball by team Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the original name of the pittsburgh pirates	[ "Professional baseball has been played in the Pittsburgh area since 1876. The teams of the era were \"independents\", barnstorming throughout the region and not affiliated with any organized league, though they did have salaries and were run as business organizations.[1] In 1882, the strongest team in the area joined the American Association as a founding member. Their various home fields in the 19th century were in a then-separate city called Allegheny City, across the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh. The team was listed as \"Allegheny\" in the standings, and was sometimes called the \"Alleghenys\" (not the \"Alleghenies\") in the same generic way that teams from Boston, New York, and Chicago were sometimes called the \"Bostons\", the \"New Yorks\", and the \"Chicagos\", in the sports writing style of that era. After five mediocre seasons in the A.A., Pittsburgh became the first A.A. team to switch to the older National League in 1887. At this time, the team renamed itself the Pittsburgh Alleghenys,[2] although Allegheny remained a separate city until it was annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907. At that time, owner-manager Horace Phillips sold the team to Dennis McKnight; Phillips stayed on as manager.[3]" ]	[ "Allegheny" ]
5162866072133636188	All-time Olympic Games medal table	All - time Olympic Games medal table - wikipedia All - time Olympic Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The all - time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018 , including Summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , and a combined total of both , is tabulated below . These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as official Games . The IOC itself does not publish all - time tables , and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games . This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database . The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database . Usually , a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . When different codes are displayed for different years , medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code ( such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands ) or simple change of country name ( such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka ) . As the medals are attributed to each NOC , not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC , such as before independence of that country ( see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams ) . Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist . The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors . World map showing nations that have won Summer Olympic medals . World map showing nations that have won Winter Olympic medals . Contents 1 NOCs with medals 2 NOCs without medals 3 Variations 3.1 Early Olympics 3.2 Alpinism and aeronautics 3.3 Germany 3.4 Russia and the Soviet Union 4 Notes 4.1 Obsolete nations notes 4.2 Name changes notes 4.3 Participation notes 4.4 Disputed participation notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links NOCs with medals ( edit ) The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee , but can be displayed as sorted by any other column , such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals . To sort by gold , silver , and then bronze , sort first by the bronze column , then the silver , and then the gold . The table does not include revoked medals ( e.g. due to doping ) . Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account . Not an official country Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Afghanistan ( AFG ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Algeria ( ALG ) 13 5 8 17 0 0 0 0 16 5 8 17 Argentina ( ARG ) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74 Armenia ( ARM ) 6 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 6 6 14 Australasia ( ANZ ) 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Australia ( AUS ) 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512 Austria ( AUT ) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43 Bahamas ( BAH ) 16 6 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 6 14 Bahrain ( BRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Barbados ( BAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Belarus ( BLR ) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96 Belgium ( BEL ) 26 40 53 55 148 21 6 47 41 55 58 154 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 Bohemia ( BOH ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana ( BOT ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Brazil ( BRA ) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128 British West Indies ( BWI ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 20 51 87 80 218 20 6 40 52 89 83 224 Burundi ( BDI ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon ( CMR ) 14 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Canada ( CAN ) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501 Chile ( CHI ) 23 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 7 13 China ( CHN ) 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608 Colombia ( COL ) 19 5 9 14 28 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28 Costa Rica ( CRC ) 15 6 0 0 0 0 21 Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Croatia ( CRO ) 7 11 10 12 33 8 6 11 15 15 16 13 44 Cuba ( CUB ) 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 16 49 49 45 143 16 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168 Denmark ( DEN ) 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 0 41 45 75 75 195 Djibouti ( DJI ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 Ecuador ( ECU ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Egypt ( EGY ) 22 7 10 15 32 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32 Eritrea ( ERI ) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Estonia ( EST ) 12 9 9 16 34 10 7 22 13 11 17 41 Ethiopia ( ETH ) 13 22 11 20 53 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53 Fiji ( FIJ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470 France ( FRA ) 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248 276 316 840 Gabon ( GAB ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Georgia ( GEO ) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33 Germany ( GER ) 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 28 54 36 118 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519 West Germany ( FRG ) 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243 Ghana ( GHA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Great Britain ( GBR ) 28 263 295 291 849 23 11 16 31 51 274 299 307 880 Greece ( GRE ) 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116 Grenada ( GRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Guatemala ( GUA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Haiti ( HAI ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 26 175 147 169 491 23 7 49 176 149 173 498 Iceland ( ISL ) 20 0 18 0 0 0 0 38 0 India ( IND ) 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28 Indonesia ( INA ) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32 Iran ( IRI ) 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69 Iraq ( IRQ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Ireland ( IRL ) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31 Israel ( ISR ) 16 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 7 9 Italy ( ITA ) 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 22 35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77 Japan ( JPN ) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497 Jordan ( JOR ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 8 13 16 23 31 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 14 31 38 33 102 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102 Kosovo ( KOS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Korea ( PRK ) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 19 16 17 23 56 South Korea ( KOR ) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337 Kuwait ( KUW ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 11 11 5 19 11 0 8 22 15 9 27 Lebanon ( LIB ) 17 0 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 17 0 0 0 0 19 6 10 36 6 10 Lithuania ( LTU ) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 23 0 9 0 0 32 0 Macedonia ( MKD ) 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Malaysia ( MAS ) 13 0 7 11 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 11 Mauritius ( MRI ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Mexico ( MEX ) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69 Moldova ( MDA ) 6 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 5 Mongolia ( MGL ) 13 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 10 14 26 Montenegro ( MNE ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Morocco ( MAR ) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Namibia ( NAM ) 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Netherlands ( NED ) 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415 Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 39 46 28 46 120 Niger ( NIG ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) 16 10 12 25 0 0 0 0 17 10 12 25 Norway ( NOR ) 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520 Pakistan ( PAK ) 17 10 0 0 0 0 20 10 Panama ( PAN ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Paraguay ( PAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Peru ( PER ) 18 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Philippines ( PHI ) 21 0 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 10 Poland ( POL ) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306 Portugal ( POR ) 24 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 8 12 24 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 18 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 6 9 Qatar ( QAT ) 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Romania ( ROU ) 21 89 95 122 306 21 0 0 42 89 95 123 307 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russian Empire ( RU1 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204 Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Samoa ( SAM ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Senegal ( SEN ) 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 6 6 15 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 15 Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 17 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) 6 9 12 7 28 7 8 13 12 16 8 36 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 5 8 10 23 8 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40 South Africa ( RSA ) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86 Spain ( ESP ) 23 45 64 41 150 20 0 43 46 64 44 154 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sudan ( SUD ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Suriname ( SUR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652 Switzerland ( SUI ) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345 Syria ( SYR ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24 Tajikistan ( TJK ) 6 0 0 0 0 10 Tanzania ( TAN ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Thailand ( THA ) 16 9 8 16 33 0 0 0 0 20 9 8 16 33 Togo ( TOG ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Tonga ( TGA ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 17 6 11 19 0 0 0 0 20 6 11 19 Tunisia ( TUN ) 14 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 13 Turkey ( TUR ) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) 6 35 30 56 121 7 8 13 38 31 60 129 United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 United States ( USA ) 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,827 Uruguay ( URU ) 21 6 10 0 0 0 0 22 6 10 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 6 8 6 17 31 7 0 0 13 9 6 17 32 Venezuela ( VEN ) 18 10 15 0 0 0 0 22 10 15 Vietnam ( VIE ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Virgin Islands ( ISV ) 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 34 28 34 32 94 Zambia ( ZAM ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 13 8 0 0 0 0 14 8 Unified Team ( EUN ) 45 38 29 112 9 6 8 23 54 44 37 135 Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Mixed team ( ZZX ) 8 5 17 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 17 Totals 28 5,115 5,080 5,482 15,677 23 1,060 1,058 1,050 3,168 51 6,175 6,138 6,532 18,845 The sum total of gold , silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons : Some sports ( such as boxing , judo , taekwondo and wrestling ) award or have previously awarded two bronze medals per competition . Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event . If this tie is for gold or silver , there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event . Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded . Some early events , such as cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics had only two entrants . Retroactively awarding gold , silver and bronze medals for the 1896 and 1900 games results in some anomalies , such as the 100 metre freestyle swimming event in 1896 where no surviving records distinguish the places of those who finished between 3rd and 10th position . NOCs without medals ( edit ) After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees have yet to win an Olympic medal . Seven historic National Olympic Committees and the Refugee Olympic Team are also included in this list . Team ( IOC code ) No Summer No Winter No Games Albania ( ALB ) 8 12 American Samoa ( ASA ) 8 9 Andorra ( AND ) 11 12 23 Angola ( ANG ) 9 0 9 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) 10 0 10 Aruba ( ARU ) 8 0 8 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 0 9 Belize ( BIZ ) 12 0 12 Benin ( BEN ) 11 0 11 Bhutan ( BHU ) 9 0 9 Bolivia ( BOL ) 14 6 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 7 7 14 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 9 11 Brunei ( BRU ) 5 0 5 Burkina Faso ( BUR ) 9 0 9 Cambodia ( CAM ) 9 0 9 Cape Verde ( CPV ) 6 0 6 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 10 12 Central African Republic ( CAF ) 10 0 10 Chad ( CHA ) 12 0 12 Comoros ( COM ) 6 0 6 Congo ( CGO ) 12 0 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo ( COD ) 10 0 10 Cook Islands ( COK ) 8 0 8 Dominica ( DMA ) 6 7 El Salvador ( ESA ) 11 0 11 Equatorial Guinea ( GEQ ) 9 0 9 The Gambia ( GAM ) 9 0 9 Guam ( GUM ) 8 9 Guinea ( GUI ) 11 0 11 Guinea - Bissau ( GBS ) 6 0 6 Honduras ( HON ) 11 12 Kiribati ( KIR ) 0 Korea ( COR ) 0 Laos ( LAO ) 9 0 9 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 0 11 Liberia ( LBR ) 12 0 12 Libya ( LBA ) 10 0 10 Madagascar ( MAD ) 12 14 Malawi ( MAW ) 10 0 10 Maldives ( MDV ) 8 0 8 Mali ( MLI ) 13 0 13 Malta ( MLT ) 16 18 Marshall Islands ( MHL ) 0 Mauritania ( MTN ) 9 0 9 Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) 5 0 5 Monaco ( MON ) 20 10 30 Myanmar ( MYA ) 17 0 17 Nauru ( NRU ) 6 0 6 Nepal ( NEP ) 13 17 Nicaragua ( NCA ) 12 0 12 Oman ( OMA ) 9 0 9 Palau ( PLW ) 5 0 5 Palestine ( PLE ) 6 0 6 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 10 0 10 Rwanda ( RWA ) 9 0 9 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 6 0 6 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 6 0 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( VIN ) 8 0 8 San Marino ( SMR ) 14 10 24 São Tomé and Príncipe ( STP ) 6 0 6 Seychelles ( SEY ) 9 0 9 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 11 0 11 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 9 Somalia ( SOM ) 9 0 9 South Sudan ( SSD ) 0 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 10 11 East Timor ( TLS ) 6 Turkmenistan ( TKM ) 6 0 6 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 8 0 8 Yemen ( YEM ) 7 0 7 North Borneo ( NBO ) 0 Malaya ( MAL ) 0 Republic of China ( ROC ) 0 Saar ( SAA ) 0 North Yemen ( YAR ) 0 South Yemen ( YMD ) 0 Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) 0 ^ Tejbir Bura was the first and only Nepalese person to receive an Olympic gold medal . During the 1924 Winter Olympic closing ceremony , the IOC awarded a gold medal in alpinism for the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition , which recognized 21 mountaineers , including the first athletes to be awarded medals posthumously , seven Indian sherpas who were killed in an avalanche on the third and last attempt to summit . Variations ( edit ) The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee . Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently . Early Olympics ( edit ) For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC . Only one of these cases concerns a medal . A gold medal that is officially added to France 's total is given to Luxembourg . Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics . France is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals . In the table above these medals are listed under the United States . Furthermore , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals . Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic . This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics . In addition , some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables . Alpinism and aeronautics ( edit ) From 1924 through 1936 , the IOC on several occasions awarded gold medals for feats of alpinism and aeronautics that occurred in the preceding four - year Olympiad . In 1924 , 1932 and 1936 , gold medals were awarded to 25 mountaineers from six nations for expeditions in the Himalayas and the Matterhorn . In 1936 , a gold medal was awarded to Hermann Schreiber of Switzerland for crossing the Alps in a glider in 1935 , the first time that had been done . Some sources include these IOC awards of gold medals in the overall count . Germany ( edit ) Germany has competed under five different designations , including as two separate teams at several Games . Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams . The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams , when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Germany ( GER ) 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) ( GDR ) 25 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46 578 587 589 1754 Russia and the Soviet Union ( edit ) The Russian Federation , the Russian Empire and the Olympic Athletes from Russia are often combined outside of IOC sources . The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992 . Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 , OAR ) 9 150 128 156 434 7 49 44 44 137 16 199 172 200 571 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 , OAR ) Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 19 590 485 481 1556 17 136 107 111 354 36 726 592 592 1910 Notes ( edit ) Obsolete nations notes ( edit ) → , Australasia ( ANZ ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia ( AUS ) and New Zealand ( NZL ) . They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games . → → , Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) after World War I , athletes from Bohemia ( BOH ) ( now part of the present - day Czech Republic ) competed in 1900 , 1908 , and 1912 Games . Czechoslovakia competed in 1920 -- 1992 , from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic ( CZE ) and Slovakia ( SVK ) . → , , Athletes from Barbados ( BAR ) , Jamaica ( JAM ) , and Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) competed as the British West Indies ( BWI ) at the 1960 Games . The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 -- 1962 , so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964 . , , , → Germany ( GER ) competed 1896 -- 1952 and from 1992 . Due to the partition of Germany after World War II , Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games -- Germany ( GER ) and the Saar ( SAA ) . The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957 , and Saar athletes then competed for Germany . East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team , as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted `` provisional '' recognition by the IOC in 1955 . For the Games of 1956 -- 1964 , Germany participated as a United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany . Retrospectively , the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team . After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968 , East Germany ( GDR ) and West Germany ( FRG ) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games . , → Athletes from Malaya ( MAL ) and North Borneo ( NBO ) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games , prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ( MAS ) in 1963 . The Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) , an autonomous country within the Netherlands ( NED ) , competed 1952 -- 2008 . The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee 's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . → → → Russian Empire ( RU1 ) participated at the 1900 , 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union ( URS ) competed from 1952 to 1988 . Unified Team ( EUN ) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Russian Federation ( RUS ) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 ( Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia ) , 1994 or 1996 . , , Serbia ( SRB , 1912 , 2006 - current ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 . Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1920 - 1992 Winter ) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( officially the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) in five Games ( 1920 -- 1936 ) before the Second World War . They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games ( 1948 -- 1992 Winter ) . This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia . Some ex-Yugoslavian nations ( Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) have competed as independent teams since 1992 . Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations . Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed . Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team . The combined team Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2004 - 2006 ) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro . They competed as Yugoslavia from ( YUG , 1996 -- 2002 ) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games . Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008 . , → Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990 , North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in 1984 and 1988 , and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic ( YMD ) at the 1988 Games . After forming united republic Yemen ( YEM ) has participated since 1992 . → , The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932 , 1936 , and 1948 Games and was representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) . After the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) and Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) have participated as separate teams . Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together , which was common in early Games ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes . , , Special codes used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC . At the 1992 Summer Olympics fifty eight athletes from former Yugoslavia competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) . At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2014 Winter Olympics three athletes from India competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2018 Winter Olympics one hundred sixty eight athletes from Russia competed as Olympics Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . Name changes notes ( edit ) Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras ( HBR ) in 1968 and 1972 . Benin was known as Dahomey ( DAH ) in 1972 . Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta ( VOL ) in 1972 . After the Chinese Civil War , Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956 , 1960 , 1972 and 1976 ( winter ) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games . In 1979 , the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC , a compromise that was acceptable for the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games . The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984 . Participation of the Republic of China , representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) , in 1932 , 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan 's total participation count . The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire ( ZAI ) between 1984 and 1996 . Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988 . Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) between 1960 and 1968 . Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1896 -- 1920 ) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1924 -- present ) , both of which used the name `` Great Britain '' and the country code GBR . Prior to Ghana 's independence in 1957 , Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games . Prior to Guyana 's independence in 1966 , British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964 . Totals of Hong Kong ( HKG ) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee , designated as `` Hong Kong '' from 1952 -- 1996 and `` Hong Kong , China '' since 2000 . Myanmar was known as Burma ( BIR ) between 1948 and 1988 . Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996 . Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon ( CEY ) between 1948 and 1972 . Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964 , the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games . Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games , but had participated as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) during those Games . Prior to Zimbabwe 's independence in 1980 , Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia ( RHO ) in 1928 , 1960 , and 1964 Games . Participation notes ( edit ) Brunei 's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official , but no competing athletes . This participation is not counted in Brunei 's participation total . Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but neither athlete competed , so this participation is not counted in Djibouti 's participation total . Liberia 's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott . This participation is not counted in Liberia 's participation total . Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games , but then withdrew from competition . This participation is not counted in Libya 's participation total . Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error . Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC , so this participation is not counted in Suriname 's participation total . India 's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association 's suspension . On February 11 , 2014 , the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India 's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward . Does not include the participation of Timor - Leste 's and Netherlands Antilles 's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . Disputed participation notes ( edit ) The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud , a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia , competed for the nation in 1896 . Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz , a Chilean diplomat and athlete , competed for the nation in 1896 . Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti . Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Haiti 's participation total . Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran . Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Iran 's participation total . Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru . Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Peru 's participation total . Enrico Brusoni 's gold medal in the Cycling Men 's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee as well as the IOC as being won in a 1900 Summer Olympics event , although some sources state it was unofficial . Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics . However , medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC . Michel Théato , a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games , was born in Luxembourg . The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France . The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship . Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race ( that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey ) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian - American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States ; each won a gold medal . In 2012 , Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22 , 1905 , and that Hansen , who was registered as an `` alien '' as late as 1925 , probably never received American citizenship . The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians . In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC 's medal database . Bob Fowler , an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games , was a native Newfoundlander , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals . Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC . In 2009 , historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917 . See also ( edit ) All - time Paralympic Games medal table All - time Youth Olympic Games medal table Olympic medal table List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event References ( edit ) ^ `` Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Alpinism , Open '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Bob Fowler '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` What Events are Olympic ? '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Alpinism , Open ( 1932 ) '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Alpinism , Open ( 1936 ) '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Aeronautics at the 1936 Summer Olympics '' . OlyMADMen . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . ^ `` Germany '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally '' . Olympics Universe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Timeline : Olympic Powers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed . ^ `` Russian Federation '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Russia '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Alexander Picolin jr . `` Statistics ( choose Ewige Tabellen ) '' . Olympiastatistik.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's Points Race '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ `` Paris 1900 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . NOCs : 24 Athletes : 997 ( 22 women , 975 men ) Events : 95 The IOC website affirms a total of 95 medal events , which has been the recommendation of Olympic historian Bill Mallon regarding events that should be considered `` Olympic '' . ^ `` Italy - Olympic Summer Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ `` Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Arts & Culture Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie '' . NRK . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` USA - guld 1904 var Norges '' . Svenska Dagbladet . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` Norges OL - historie skrives på nytt '' . Nettavisen . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement -- Italy . books.google.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ `` Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) All - time medal counts are compiled by various sources , often adding up related results for Russia , Germany , Serbia , Czech Republic etc . OlympiaStatistik.de ( 2006 ) NBC Historical Medals -- vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 , 2010 ) Historical Medals - london2012.com ( Summer Games , not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012 ) All - time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps Olympanalyt.com - medals by countries Sources International Olympic Committee medal database Official Olympic Reports Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic Games medal winners Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - 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time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco - Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross ‐ country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5 - a-side Football 7 - a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis World Championships or World Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women Cycling BMX Cyclo - cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian Games Show Jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Luge natural Modern pentathlon Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers constructors Roller hockey men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men 's sprint women women 's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table&oldid=842152486 '' Categories : Medal tables at multi-sport events Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medals Olympics - 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About Wikipedia	who has the most medals in the olympic games	[ "\n\n\nSummer Games\nWinter Games\nCombined Total\n\n\nTeam (IOC code)\n\n№\n\n\n01 !\n\n\n02 !\n\n\n03 !\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n№\n\n\n01 !\n\n\n02 !\n\n\n03 !\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n№\n\n\n01 !\n\n\n02 !\n\n\n03 !\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n\n Afghanistan (AFG)\n14\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Algeria (ALG)\n13\n5\n4\n8\n17\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n16\n5\n4\n8\n17\n\n\n Argentina (ARG)\n24\n21\n25\n28\n74\n19\n0\n0\n0\n0\n43\n21\n25\n28\n74\n\n\n Armenia (ARM)\n6\n2\n6\n6\n14\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n2\n6\n6\n14\n\n\n Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]\n2\n3\n4\n5\n12\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n3\n4\n5\n12\n\n\n Australia (AUS) [AUS] [Z]\n26\n147\n163\n187\n497\n19\n5\n5\n5\n15\n45\n152\n168\n192\n512\n\n\n Austria (AUT)\n27\n18\n33\n36\n87\n23\n64\n81\n87\n232\n50\n82\n114\n123\n319\n\n\n Azerbaijan (AZE)\n6\n7\n11\n25\n43\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n7\n11\n25\n43\n\n\n Bahamas (BAH)\n16\n6\n2\n6\n14\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n16\n6\n2\n6\n14\n\n\n Bahrain (BRN)\n9\n2\n1\n0\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n2\n1\n0\n3\n\n\n Barbados (BAR) [BAR]\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Belarus (BLR)\n6\n12\n27\n39\n78\n7\n8\n5\n5\n18\n13\n20\n32\n44\n96\n\n\n Belgium (BEL)\n26\n40\n53\n55\n148\n21\n1\n2\n3\n6\n47\n41\n55\n58\n154\n\n\n Bermuda (BER)\n18\n0\n0\n1\n1\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Bohemia (BOH) [BOH] [Z]\n3\n0\n1\n3\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n0\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n Botswana (BOT)\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Brazil (BRA)\n22\n30\n36\n62\n128\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n30\n30\n36\n62\n128\n\n\n British West Indies (BWI) [BWI]\n1\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Bulgaria (BUL) [H]\n20\n51\n87\n80\n218\n20\n1\n2\n3\n6\n40\n52\n89\n83\n224\n\n\n Burundi (BDI)\n6\n1\n1\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n Cameroon (CMR)\n14\n3\n1\n2\n6\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n3\n1\n2\n6\n\n\n Canada (CAN)\n26\n64\n102\n136\n302\n23\n73\n64\n62\n199\n49\n137\n166\n198\n501\n\n\n Chile (CHI) [I]\n23\n2\n7\n4\n13\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n40\n2\n7\n4\n13\n\n\n China (CHN) [CHN]\n10\n224\n167\n155\n546\n11\n13\n28\n21\n62\n21\n237\n195\n176\n608\n\n\n Colombia (COL)\n19\n5\n9\n14\n28\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n5\n9\n14\n28\n\n\n Costa Rica (CRC)\n15\n1\n1\n2\n4\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n1\n1\n2\n4\n\n\n Ivory Coast (CIV) [CIV]\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Croatia (CRO)\n7\n11\n10\n12\n33\n8\n4\n6\n1\n11\n15\n15\n16\n13\n44\n\n\n Cuba (CUB) [Z]\n20\n78\n68\n79\n225\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n78\n68\n79\n225\n\n\n Cyprus (CYP)\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n11\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Czech Republic (CZE) [CZE]\n6\n15\n17\n24\n56\n7\n9\n11\n11\n31\n13\n24\n28\n35\n87\n\n\n Czechoslovakia (TCH) [TCH]\n16\n49\n49\n45\n143\n16\n2\n8\n15\n25\n32\n51\n57\n60\n168\n\n\n Denmark (DEN) [Z]\n27\n45\n74\n75\n194\n14\n0\n1\n0\n1\n41\n45\n75\n75\n195\n\n\n Djibouti (DJI) [B]\n8\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n8\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Dominican Republic (DOM)\n14\n3\n2\n2\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n3\n2\n2\n7\n\n\n Ecuador (ECU)\n14\n1\n1\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n Egypt (EGY) [EGY] [Z]\n22\n7\n10\n15\n32\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n23\n7\n10\n15\n32\n\n\n Eritrea (ERI)\n5\n0\n0\n1\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Estonia (EST)\n12\n9\n9\n16\n34\n10\n4\n2\n1\n7\n22\n13\n11\n17\n41\n\n\n Ethiopia (ETH)\n13\n22\n11\n20\n53\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n22\n11\n20\n53\n\n\n Fiji (FIJ)\n14\n1\n0\n0\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n Finland (FIN)\n25\n101\n85\n117\n303\n23\n43\n63\n61\n167\n48\n144\n148\n178\n470\n\n\n France (FRA) [O] [P] [Z]\n28\n212\n241\n263\n716\n23\n36\n35\n53\n124\n51\n248\n276\n316\n840\n\n\n Gabon (GAB)\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Georgia (GEO)\n6\n8\n8\n17\n33\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n8\n8\n17\n33\n\n\n Germany (GER) [GER] [Z]\n16\n191\n194\n230\n615\n12\n92\n88\n60\n240\n28\n283\n282\n290\n855\n\n\n United Team of Germany (EUA) [EUA]\n3\n28\n54\n36\n118\n3\n8\n6\n5\n19\n6\n36\n60\n41\n137\n\n\n East Germany (GDR) [GDR]\n5\n153\n129\n127\n409\n6\n39\n36\n35\n110\n11\n192\n165\n162\n519\n\n\n West Germany (FRG) [FRG]\n5\n56\n67\n81\n204\n6\n11\n15\n13\n39\n11\n67\n82\n94\n243\n\n\n Ghana (GHA) [GHA]\n14\n0\n1\n3\n4\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n16\n0\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n Great Britain (GBR) [GBR] [Z]\n28\n263\n295\n291\n849\n23\n11\n4\n16\n31\n51\n274\n299\n307\n880\n\n\n Greece (GRE) [Z]\n28\n33\n43\n40\n116\n19\n0\n0\n0\n0\n47\n33\n43\n40\n116\n\n\n Grenada (GRN)\n9\n1\n1\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n Guatemala (GUA)\n14\n0\n1\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Guyana (GUY) [GUY]\n17\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Haiti (HAI) [J]\n15\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Hong Kong (HKG) [HKG]\n16\n1\n1\n1\n3\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Hungary (HUN)\n26\n175\n147\n169\n491\n23\n1\n2\n4\n7\n49\n176\n149\n173\n498\n\n\n Iceland (ISL)\n20\n0\n2\n2\n4\n18\n0\n0\n0\n0\n38\n0\n2\n2\n4\n\n\n India (IND) [F]\n24\n9\n7\n12\n28\n10\n0\n0\n0\n0\n34\n9\n7\n12\n28\n\n\n Indonesia (INA)\n15\n7\n13\n12\n32\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n7\n13\n12\n32\n\n\n Iran (IRI) [K]\n16\n19\n22\n28\n69\n11\n0\n0\n0\n0\n27\n19\n22\n28\n69\n\n\n Iraq (IRQ)\n14\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Ireland (IRL)\n21\n9\n10\n12\n31\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n28\n9\n10\n12\n31\n\n\n Israel (ISR)\n16\n1\n1\n7\n9\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n23\n1\n1\n7\n9\n\n\n Italy (ITA) [M] [S]\n27\n206\n178\n193\n577\n23\n40\n36\n48\n124\n50\n246\n214\n241\n701\n\n\n Jamaica (JAM) [JAM]\n17\n22\n35\n20\n77\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n25\n22\n35\n20\n77\n\n\n Japan (JPN)\n22\n142\n135\n162\n439\n21\n14\n22\n22\n58\n43\n156\n157\n184\n497\n\n\n Jordan (JOR)\n10\n1\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n Kazakhstan (KAZ)\n6\n15\n20\n27\n62\n7\n1\n3\n4\n8\n13\n16\n23\n31\n70\n\n\n Kenya (KEN)\n14\n31\n38\n33\n102\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n18\n31\n38\n33\n102\n\n\n Kosovo (KOS)\n1\n1\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n North Korea (PRK)\n10\n16\n16\n22\n54\n9\n0\n1\n1\n2\n19\n16\n17\n23\n56\n\n\n South Korea (KOR)\n17\n90\n87\n90\n267\n18\n31\n25\n14\n70\n35\n121\n112\n104\n337\n\n\n Kuwait (KUW)\n12\n0\n0\n2\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)\n6\n0\n1\n3\n4\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n1\n3\n4\n\n\n Latvia (LAT)\n11\n3\n11\n5\n19\n11\n0\n4\n4\n8\n22\n3\n15\n9\n27\n\n\n Lebanon (LIB)\n17\n0\n2\n2\n4\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n34\n0\n2\n2\n4\n\n\n Liechtenstein (LIE)\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n19\n2\n2\n6\n10\n36\n2\n2\n6\n10\n\n\n Lithuania (LTU)\n9\n6\n7\n12\n25\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n18\n6\n7\n12\n25\n\n\n Luxembourg (LUX) [O]\n23\n1\n1\n0\n2\n9\n0\n2\n0\n2\n32\n1\n3\n0\n4\n\n\n Macedonia (MKD)\n6\n0\n0\n1\n1\n6\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Malaysia (MAS) [MAS]\n13\n0\n7\n4\n11\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n0\n7\n4\n11\n\n\n Mauritius (MRI)\n9\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Mexico (MEX)\n23\n13\n24\n32\n69\n9\n0\n0\n0\n0\n32\n13\n24\n32\n69\n\n\n Moldova (MDA)\n6\n0\n2\n3\n5\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n2\n3\n5\n\n\n Mongolia (MGL)\n13\n2\n10\n14\n26\n14\n0\n0\n0\n0\n27\n2\n10\n14\n26\n\n\n Montenegro (MNE)\n3\n0\n1\n0\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n6\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Morocco (MAR)\n14\n6\n5\n12\n23\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n21\n6\n5\n12\n23\n\n\n Mozambique (MOZ)\n10\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Namibia (NAM)\n7\n0\n4\n0\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n7\n0\n4\n0\n4\n\n\n Netherlands (NED) [Z]\n26\n85\n92\n108\n285\n21\n45\n44\n41\n130\n47\n130\n136\n149\n415\n\n\n Netherlands Antilles (AHO) [AHO] [I]\n13\n0\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n New Zealand (NZL) [NZL]\n23\n46\n27\n44\n117\n16\n0\n1\n2\n3\n39\n46\n28\n46\n120\n\n\n Niger (NIG)\n12\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Nigeria (NGR)\n16\n3\n10\n12\n25\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n3\n10\n12\n25\n\n\n Norway (NOR) [Q]\n25\n56\n49\n47\n152\n23\n132\n125\n111\n368\n48\n188\n174\n158\n520\n\n\n Pakistan (PAK)\n17\n3\n3\n4\n10\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n3\n3\n4\n10\n\n\n Panama (PAN)\n17\n1\n0\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n1\n0\n2\n3\n\n\n Paraguay (PAR)\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Peru (PER) [L]\n18\n1\n3\n0\n4\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n1\n3\n0\n4\n\n\n Philippines (PHI)\n21\n0\n3\n7\n10\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n0\n3\n7\n10\n\n\n Poland (POL)\n21\n68\n83\n133\n284\n23\n7\n7\n8\n22\n44\n75\n90\n141\n306\n\n\n Portugal (POR)\n24\n4\n8\n12\n24\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n32\n4\n8\n12\n24\n\n\n Puerto Rico (PUR)\n18\n1\n2\n6\n9\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n25\n1\n2\n6\n9\n\n\n Qatar (QAT)\n9\n0\n1\n4\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n1\n4\n5\n\n\n Romania (ROU)\n21\n89\n95\n122\n306\n21\n0\n0\n1\n1\n42\n89\n95\n123\n307\n\n\n Russia (RUS) [RUS]\n6\n149\n124\n153\n426\n6\n47\n38\n35\n120\n12\n196\n162\n188\n546\n\n\n Russian Empire (RU1) [RU1]\n3\n1\n4\n3\n8\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n1\n4\n3\n8\n\n\n Soviet Union (URS) [URS]\n9\n395\n319\n296\n1,010\n9\n78\n57\n59\n194\n18\n473\n376\n355\n1,204\n\n\n Saudi Arabia (KSA)\n11\n0\n1\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n11\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n Samoa (SAM)\n9\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Senegal (SEN)\n14\n0\n1\n0\n1\n5\n0\n0\n0\n0\n19\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Serbia (SRB) [SRB]\n4\n3\n6\n6\n15\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n7\n3\n6\n6\n15\n\n\n Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) [SCG]\n1\n0\n2\n0\n2\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n2\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Singapore (SIN)\n16\n1\n2\n2\n5\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n1\n2\n2\n5\n\n\n Slovakia (SVK) [SVK]\n6\n9\n12\n7\n28\n7\n3\n4\n1\n8\n13\n12\n16\n8\n36\n\n\n Slovenia (SLO)\n7\n5\n8\n10\n23\n8\n2\n5\n10\n17\n15\n7\n13\n20\n40\n\n\n South Africa (RSA)\n19\n26\n31\n29\n86\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n26\n31\n29\n86\n\n\n Spain (ESP) [Z]\n23\n45\n64\n41\n150\n20\n1\n0\n3\n4\n43\n46\n64\n44\n154\n\n\n Sri Lanka (SRI) [SRI]\n17\n0\n2\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n17\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Sudan (SUD)\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Suriname (SUR) [E]\n12\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Sweden (SWE) [Z]\n27\n145\n170\n179\n494\n23\n57\n46\n55\n158\n50\n202\n216\n234\n652\n\n\n Switzerland (SUI)\n28\n50\n75\n67\n192\n23\n55\n46\n52\n153\n51\n105\n121\n119\n345\n\n\n Syria (SYR)\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Chinese Taipei (TPE) [TPE] [TPE2]\n14\n5\n7\n12\n24\n12\n0\n0\n0\n0\n26\n5\n7\n12\n24\n\n\n Tajikistan (TJK)\n6\n1\n1\n2\n4\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n10\n1\n1\n2\n4\n\n\n Tanzania (TAN) [TAN]\n13\n0\n2\n0\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n2\n0\n2\n\n\n Thailand (THA)\n16\n9\n8\n16\n33\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n9\n8\n16\n33\n\n\n Togo (TOG)\n10\n0\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n12\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Tonga (TGA)\n9\n0\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n11\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) [TRI]\n17\n2\n6\n11\n19\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n20\n2\n6\n11\n19\n\n\n Tunisia (TUN)\n14\n4\n2\n7\n13\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n4\n2\n7\n13\n\n\n Turkey (TUR)\n22\n39\n24\n28\n91\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n39\n39\n24\n28\n91\n\n\n Uganda (UGA)\n15\n2\n3\n2\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n2\n3\n2\n7\n\n\n Ukraine (UKR)\n6\n35\n30\n56\n121\n7\n3\n1\n4\n8\n13\n38\n31\n60\n129\n\n\n United Arab Emirates (UAE)\n9\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n9\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n United States (USA) [P] [Q] [R] [Z]\n27\n1,022\n795\n705\n2,522\n23\n105\n110\n90\n305\n50\n1,127\n905\n795\n2,827\n\n\n Uruguay (URU)\n21\n2\n2\n6\n10\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n22\n2\n2\n6\n10\n\n\n Uzbekistan (UZB)\n6\n8\n6\n17\n31\n7\n1\n0\n0\n1\n13\n9\n6\n17\n32\n\n\n Venezuela (VEN)\n18\n2\n3\n10\n15\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n22\n2\n3\n10\n15\n\n\n Vietnam (VIE)\n15\n1\n3\n0\n4\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n15\n1\n3\n0\n4\n\n\n Virgin Islands (ISV)\n12\n0\n1\n0\n1\n7\n0\n0\n0\n0\n19\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n Yugoslavia (YUG) [YUG]\n18\n28\n31\n31\n90\n16\n0\n3\n1\n4\n34\n28\n34\n32\n94\n\n\n Zambia (ZAM) [ZAM]\n13\n0\n1\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n13\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n Zimbabwe (ZIM) [ZIM]\n13\n3\n4\n1\n8\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n14\n3\n4\n1\n8\n\n\n Unified Team (EUN) [EUN]\n1\n45\n38\n29\n112\n1\n9\n6\n8\n23\n2\n54\n44\n37\n135\n\n\n Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) [IOA]\n3\n1\n0\n1\n2\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) [IOP]\n1\n0\n1\n2\n3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n\n Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) [OAR]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n2\n6\n9\n17\n1\n2\n6\n9\n17\n\n\n Mixed team (ZZX) [ZZX]\n3\n8\n5\n4\n17\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n8\n5\n4\n17\n\n\nTotals\n28\n5,115\n5,080\n5,482\n15,677\n23\n1,060\n1,058\n1,050\n3,168\n51\n6,175\n6,138\n6,532\n18,845\n\n" ]	[ "United States" ]
6880505448839355547	How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)	How Sweet it Is ( to Be Loved by You ) - wikipedia How Sweet it Is ( to Be Loved by You ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' Single by Marvin Gaye from the album How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You B - side `` Forever '' Released November 4 , 1964 Format 7 '' single Recorded Hitsville U.S.A. ( Studio A ) ; July 24 , 1964 Genre Soul , pop rock Length 2 : 57 Label Tamla Songwriter ( s ) Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Producer ( s ) Brian Holland , Lamont Dozier Marvin Gaye singles chronology `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' ( 1964 ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be Doggone '' ( 1965 ) `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' ( 1964 ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be Doggone '' ( 1965 ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' Single by James Taylor from the album Gorilla B - side `` Sarah Maria '' Released June 1975 Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Folk rock , soft rock Length 3 : 33 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Producer ( s ) Russ Titelman , Lenny Waronker James Taylor singles chronology `` Walking Man '' ( 1974 ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Mexico '' ( 1975 ) `` Walking Man '' ( 1974 ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Mexico '' ( 1975 ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' is a 1964 song written by the Motown songwriting team of Holland -- Dozier -- Holland and first recorded by American soul singer Marvin Gaye . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marvin Gaye ( 1964 ) 2 Chart history 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable later versions 3.1 Junior Walker & the All Stars ( 1966 ) 3.2 James Taylor ( 1975 ) 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Marvin Gaye ( 1964 ) ( edit ) Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier , Marvin Gaye released the song as a single in September 1964 . It peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in January 1965 and No. 4 on Billboard 's R&B Singles chart . Up to that point , it was Gaye 's most successful single with record sales exceeding 900,000 copies . The song 's personnel includes Marvin Gaye on lead vocals , The Andantes on background vocals , and The Funk Brothers on various instruments , including piano and percussion . Gaye also released a German - language version of the song entitled `` Wie Schön Das Ist '' . Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny described the song as a `` radiant pop confection , '' noting that it was unusual for Gaye in being a `` straightforward love song '' that does n't reflect Gaye 's usual demons . Anekny commented on the soulfulness of the song , and particularly noted the piano riff . Gaye 's recording has been subsequently released on many greatest hits albums . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 - 65 ) Peak position UK 49 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 100 Notable later versions ( edit ) Since Marvin Gaye 's original 1964 release , `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' has been recorded by artists in an array of genres including soul , pop , gospel , folk , and country . Junior Walker & the All Stars ( 1966 ) ( edit ) In 1966 , Junior Walker & the All Stars released the song as a single , which reached No. 3 on the R&B Singles chart and No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . According to Jason Ankeny of AllMusic , this version makes up in grit what it lacks in Gaye 's grace , increasing the `` celebratory '' feel of the song . Ankeny described the version as `` a rollicking floor - shaker fueled by his smoldering saxophone . '' The drums are played by James Graves ( 1941 - 1967 ) . James Taylor ( 1975 ) ( edit ) James Taylor included his version of `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' on his 1975 album Gorilla and also as the lead single from the album . Taylor 's 1975 single has been the most successful remake of the song to date , hitting No. 1 on the Easy Listening chart and No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In addition to James Taylor on lead vocals and guitar , other personnel include Carly Simon on harmony vocals , David Sanborn on saxophone , Clarence McDonald on piano , Fender Rhodes electric piano and possibly ARP String Ensemble , Lee Sklar on bass and both Jim Keltner and Russ Kunkel on drums with Kunkel doubling on tambourine . Author Ian Halperin believes that the song was included on Gorilla as a tribute to Simon , who was then his wife . It was produced by Lenny Waronker and Russ Titelman . After his success with `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) , '' Taylor continued to record R&B hits applying his soft rock approach . Rolling Stone Magazine critic Bud Scoppa described Taylor 's version as `` a relaxed rendition '' and considered it to be Taylor 's way of acknowledging Gaye as a source of inspiration for Taylor 's romantic point of view at the time . Music critic Robert Christgau regarded Taylor 's version as a `` desecration of Marvin Gaye . '' Taylor biographer Timothy White described it as `` music for the park on Sunday . '' Taylor 's version has been released on many live and compilation albums . These include the compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) , Classic Songs ( 1990 ) , The Best of James Taylor ( 2003 ) and The Essential James Taylor ( 2013 ) . Live versions have been included on Live and Live at the Beacon Theater . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia KMR 35 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary New Zealand 30 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 124 Canada RPM Top Singles 17 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Cash Box 98 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 26 - The Soul Reformation : Phase two , the Motown story . ( Part 5 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , J. `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , January 30 , 1965 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1965 / Top 100 Songs of 1965 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Talevski , Nick ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door '' . Omnibus Press . Retrieved 20 August 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , W. `` Gorilla '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : White , T. ( 2009 ) . Long Ago and Far Away . Omnibus Press . pp. 233 -- 235 . ISBN 9780857120069 . ^ Jump up to : Halperin , I. ( 2003 ) . Fire and Rain : The James Taylor Story . Citadel . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 978 0806523484 . Jump up ^ Scoppa , B. ( July 17 , 1975 ) . `` Gorilla '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Christgau , R. `` James Taylor '' . robertchristgau.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , W. `` Greatest Hits '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Woodstra , C. `` Classic Songs '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jurek , T . `` The Best of James Taylor '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Collar , M. `` The Essential James Taylor '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 16 / 75 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1975 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` At Seventeen '' by Janis Ian Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( James Taylor version ) August 23 , 1975 Succeeded by `` Fallin ' in Love '' by Hamilton , Joe Frank & Reynolds Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Brian Holland Lamont Dozier Eddie Holland Songs 1962 `` Dearest One '' `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Darling , I Hum Our Song '' 1963 `` Leaving Here '' `` Locking Up My Heart '' `` What Goes Up Must Come Down '' / `` Come on Home '' `` Tie a String Around Your Finger '' `` Come and Get These Memories '' / `` Jealous Lover '' `` You Lost the Sweetest Boy '' `` Heat Wave '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` ( He Wo n't Be True ) Little Girl Blue '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Too Hurt to Cry , Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye '' / `` Come on Home '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' / `` Standing at the Crossroads of Love '' `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' `` Quicksand '' / `` Darling I Hum Our Song '' `` Live Wire '' / `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Run , Run , Run '' / `` I 'm Giving You Your Freedom '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` A Tear from a Woman 's Eyes '' `` My Lady Bug Stay Away from That Beatle '' `` Like a Nightmare '' / `` If You Were Mine '' `` In My Lonely Room '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` Guarantee for a Lifetime '' `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' / `` Call on Me '' `` Candy to Me '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Baby Love '' / `` Ask Any Girl '' `` Come See About Me '' / ( You 're Gone But ) Always in My Heart '' `` Without the One You Love ( Life 's Not Worth While ) '' / `` Love has Gone '' `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` Where Did You Go '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' / `` I 'm in Love Again '' `` You 've Been a Long Time Coming '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Nowhere to Run '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' / `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Love ( Makes Me Do Foolish Things ) '' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' / `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Something About You '' `` Take Me in Your Arms ( Rock Me a Little While ) '' `` Darling Baby '' `` There 's a Ghost in My House '' 1966 `` ( I 'm a ) Roadrunner '' `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' `` Ask any Man '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` There 's No Love Left '' `` Shake Me , Wake Me ( When It 's Over ) '' / `` Just as Long as You Need Me '' `` Helpless '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Call on Me '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' / `` He 's All I Got '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Like Everything About You '' `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' `` Nothing but Soul '' `` Love 's Gone Bad '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' / `` Until You Love Someone '' `` Stay in My Lonely Arms '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` I Wanna Mother You , Smother You With Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` Remove This Doubt '' `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' / Since You 've Been Gone '' `` I 'm Ready for Love '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` Heaven Must Have Sent You '' 1967 `` Just One Last Look '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' / There 's No Stopping Us Now '' `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Jimmy Mack '' / `` Third Finger , Left Hand '' `` Bernadette '' / `` I Got a Feeling '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` The Happening '' / `` All I Know About You '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` 7 - Rooms of Gloom '' / `` I 'll Turn to Stone '' `` I Understand My Man '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' / `` I 'll Take Care of You '' `` Reflections '' / `` Going Down for the Third Time '' `` One Way Out '' `` You Keep Me Running Away '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` I Got a Feeling '' `` In and Out of Love '' / `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' 1968 `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` I 'm in a Different World '' 1969 `` We 've Got a Way Out Love '' `` Crumbs off the Table '' 1970 `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` ( You 've Got Me ) Dangling on a String '' `` Everything 's Tuesday '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Westbound # 9 '' 1972 `` The Day I Found Myself '' `` Do n't Leave Me Starvin ' for Your Love '' `` Why Ca n't We Be Lovers '' 1973 `` You 're Gonna Need Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' 1976 `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' 1982 `` We Can Never Light That Old Flame Again '' Related topics Motown Hot Wax Records Invictus Records List of songs written by Holland , Dozier and Holland James Taylor Studio albums James Taylor Sweet Baby James Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon One Man Dog Walking Man Gorilla In the Pocket JT Flag Dad Loves His Work That 's Why I 'm Here Never Die Young New Moon Shine Hourglass October Road Covers Before This World Live albums Live / Best Live One Man Band Amchitka Live at the Troubadour Holiday albums James Taylor : A Christmas Album James Taylor at Christmas Compilation albums Greatest Hits Classic Songs Greatest Hits Volume 2 The Best of James Taylor Video albums Live at the Beacon Theatre Extended plays Other Covers Singles `` Carolina in My Mind '' `` Knocking ' Round the Zoo '' `` Sweet Baby James '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` Country Road '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Long Ago and Far Away '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight '' `` One Man Parade '' `` Hymn '' `` Mockingbird ( with Carly Simon ) `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` Mexico '' `` Shower the People '' `` Woman 's Gotta Have It '' `` Handy Man '' `` Your Smiling Face '' `` Honey Do n't Leave L.A. '' `` Devoted to You '' ( with Carly Simon ) `` Up on the Roof '' `` Her Town Too '' `` Hard Times `` Everyday '' `` It 's Growing '' Other songs `` Night Owl `` Something in the Way She Moves '' `` Sunny Skies '' `` Steamroller Blues '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' `` Highway Song '' `` Bartender 's Blues '' `` Secret O ' Life '' `` Millworker '' `` Summer 's Here '' Related articles Discography James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine Working Vote for Change Tour Troubadour Reunion Tour Carly Simon Ben Taylor Sally Taylor Kate Taylor Livingston Taylor Alex Taylor Isaac M. Taylor Two - Lane Blacktop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Sweet_It_Is_(To_Be_Loved_by_You)&oldid=798244501 '' Categories : 1964 singles 1965 singles 1975 singles Marvin Gaye songs James Taylor songs Tamla Records singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Junior Walker songs 1964 songs Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier Song recordings produced by Brian Holland Song recordings produced by Lenny Waronker Song recordings produced by Russ Titelman Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	song how sweet it is to be loved by you lyrics	[ "\"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)\" is a 1964 song written by the Motown songwriting team of Holland–Dozier–Holland and first recorded by American soul singer Marvin Gaye." ]	[ "Marvin Gaye" ]
-7986184963282498922	History of nuclear weapons	History of nuclear weapons - wikipedia History of nuclear weapons A nuclear fireball lights up the night in the United States nuclear test Upshot - Knothole Badger on April 18 , 1953 . Nuclear weapons Background History Warfare Design Testing Delivery Yield Effects and estimated megadeaths of explosions Winter Workers Ethics Arsenals Arms race Espionage Proliferation Disarmament Terrorism Opposition Nuclear - armed states NPT recognized United States Russia United Kingdom France China Others India Israel ( undeclared ) Pakistan North Korea Former Canada South Africa Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions . Building on scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s , the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II , in what was called the Manhattan Project , to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project . In August 1945 , two fission bombs were dropped on Japan , standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat . The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project , and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as `` hydrogen bombs '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physics and politics in the 1930s and 1940s 2 From Los Alamos to Hiroshima 3 Soviet atomic bomb project 4 American developments after World War II 5 The first thermonuclear weapons 6 Deterrence and brinkmanship 7 Weapons improvement 8 Emergence of the anti-nuclear movement 9 Cuban Missile Crisis 10 Initial proliferation 11 Cold War 12 Cost 13 Second nuclear age 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Physics and Politics in the 1930s and 1940s ( edit ) See also : History of physics § 20th century : birth of modern physics In nuclear fission , the nucleus of a fissile atom ( in this case , enriched uranium ) absorbs a thermal neutron , becomes unstable and splits into two new atoms , releasing some energy and between one and three new neutrons , which can perpetuate the process . In the first decades of the 20th century , physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms . In 1898 , Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende , an ore of uranium , contained a substance -- which they named radium -- that emitted large amounts of radioactivity . Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements . Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy , waiting to be harnessed . H.G. Wells was inspired to write about atomic weapons in a 1914 novel , The World Set Free , which appeared shortly before the First World War . In a 1924 article , Winston Churchill speculated about the possible military implications : `` Might not a bomb no bigger than an orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings -- nay to concentrate the force of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke ? '' In January 1933 , Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and it quickly became unsafe for Jewish scientists to remain in the country . Leó Szilárd fled to London where he proposed , and in 1934 patented , the idea of a nuclear chain reaction via neutrons . The patent also introduced the term critical mass to describe the minimum amount of material required to sustain the chain reaction and its potential to cause an explosion . ( British patent 630,726 . ) He subsequently assigned the patent to the British Admiralty so that it could be covered by the Official Secrets Act . In a very real sense , Szilárd was the father of the atomic bomb academically . Also in 1934 , Irène and Frédéric Joliot - Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles ; Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons . In December 1938 , Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting that they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons . Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch correctly interpreted these results as being due to the splitting of the uranium atom . ( Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13 , 1939 . ) They gave the process the name `` fission '' because of its similarity to the splitting of a cell into two new cells . Even before it was published , news of Meitner 's and Frisch 's interpretation crossed the Atlantic . Scientists at Columbia University decided to replicate the experiment and on January 25 , 1939 , conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States in the basement of Pupin Hall . The following year , they identified the active component of uranium as being the rare isotope uranium - 235 . Uranium appears in nature primarily in two isotopes : uranium - 238 and uranium - 235 . When the nucleus of uranium - 235 absorbs a neutron , it undergoes nuclear fission , releasing energy and , on average , 2.5 neutrons . Because uranium - 235 releases more neutrons than it absorbs , it can support a chain reaction and so is described as fissile . Uranium - 238 , on the other hand , is not fissile as it does not normally undergo fission when it absorbs a neutron . By the time Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939 , beginning World War II , many of Europe 's top scientists had already fled the imminent conflict . Physicists on both sides were well aware of the possibility of utilizing nuclear fission as a weapon , but no one was quite sure how it could be done . In August 1939 , concerned that Germany might have its own project to develop fission - based weapons , Albert Einstein signed a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him of the threat . Roosevelt responded by setting up the Uranium Committee under Lyman James Briggs but , with little initial funding ( $6,000 ) , progress was slow . It was not until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December , 1941 , that the U.S. decided to commit the necessary resources . Organized research first began in Britain as part of the Tube Alloys project . The Maud Committee was set up following the work of Frisch and Rudolf Peierls who calculated uranium - 235 's critical mass and found it to be much smaller than previously thought which meant that a deliverable bomb should be possible . In the February 1940 Frisch -- Peierls memorandum they stated that : `` The energy liberated in the explosion of such a super-bomb ... will , for an instant , produce a temperature comparable to that of the interior of the sun . The blast from such an explosion would destroy life in a wide area . The size of this area is difficult to estimate , but it will probably cover the centre of a big city . '' Edgar Sengier , a director of Shinkolobwe Mine in the Congo which produced by far the highest quality uranium ore in the world , had become aware of uranium 's possible use in a bomb . In late 1940 , fearing that it might be seized by the Germans , he shipped the mine 's entire stockpile of ore to a warehouse on Staten Island . For 18 months British research outpaced the American but by mid-1942 , it became apparent that the industrial effort required was beyond Britain 's already stretched wartime economy . In September 1942 , General Leslie Groves was appointed to lead the U.S. project which became known as the Manhattan Project . Two of his first acts were to obtain authorization to assign the highest priority AAA rating on necessary procurements , and to order the purchase of all 1,250 tons of the Shinkolobwe ore . The Tube Alloys project was quickly overtaken by the U.S. effort and after Roosevelt and Churchill signed the Quebec Agreement in 1943 , it was relocated and amalgamated into the Manhattan Project . From Los Alamos to Hiroshima ( edit ) Main article : Manhattan Project UC Berkeley physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer led the Allied scientific effort at Los Alamos . Proportions of uranium - 238 ( blue ) and uranium - 235 ( red ) found naturally versus grades that are enriched by separating the two isotopes atom - by - atom using various methods that all require a massive investment in time and money . With a scientific team led by J. Robert Oppenheimer , the Manhattan project brought together some of the top scientific minds of the day , including many exiles from Europe , with the production power of American industry for the goal of producing fission - based explosive devices before Germany . Britain and the U.S. agreed to pool their resources and information for the project , but the other Allied power , the Soviet Union ( USSR ) , was not informed . The U.S. made an unprecedented investment in the project which at the time was the largest industrial enterprise ever seen , spread across more than 30 sites in the U.S. and Canada . Scientific development was centralized in a secret laboratory at Los Alamos . For a fission weapon to operate , there must be sufficient fissile material to support a chain reaction , a critical mass . To separate the fissile uranium - 235 isotope from the non-fissile uranium - 238 , two methods were developed which took advantage of the fact that uranium - 238 has a slightly greater atomic mass : electromagnetic separation and gaseous diffusion . Another secret site was erected at rural Oak Ridge , Tennessee , for the large - scale production and purification of the rare isotope , which required considerable investment . At the time , K - 25 , one of the Oak Ridge facilities , was the world 's largest factory under one roof . The Oak Ridge site employed tens of thousands of people at its peak , most of whom had no idea what they were working on . Electromagnetic U separation plant at Oak Ridge , Tenn . Massive new physics machines were assembled at secret installations around the United States for the production of enriched uranium and plutonium . Although uranium - 238 can not be used for the initial stage of an atomic bomb , when it absorbs a neutron , it becomes uranium - 239 which decays into neptunium - 239 , and finally the relatively stable plutonium - 239 , an element that does not exist naturally on Earth , but is fissile like uranium - 235 . After Fermi achieved the world 's first sustained and controlled nuclear chain reaction with the creation of the first atomic pile , massive reactors were secretly constructed at what is now known as Hanford Site to transform uranium - 238 into plutonium for a bomb . The simplest form of nuclear weapon is a gun - type fission weapon , where a sub-critical mass would be shot at another sub-critical mass . The result would be a super-critical mass and an uncontrolled chain reaction that would create the desired explosion . The weapons envisaged in 1942 were the two gun - type weapons , Little Boy ( uranium ) and Thin Man ( plutonium ) , and the Fat Man plutonium implosion bomb . In early 1943 Oppenheimer determined that two projects should proceed forwards : the Thin Man project ( plutonium gun ) and the Fat Man project ( plutonium implosion ) . The plutonium gun was to receive the bulk of the research effort , as it was the project with the most uncertainty involved . It was assumed that the uranium gun - type bomb could then be adapted from it . In December 1943 the British mission of 19 scientists arrived in Los Alamos . Hans Bethe became head of the Theoretical Division . The two fission bomb assembly methods . In April 1944 it was found by Emilio Segrè that the plutonium - 239 produced by the Hanford reactors had too high a level of background neutron radiation , and underwent spontaneous fission to a very small extent , due to the unexpected presence of plutonium - 240 impurities . If such plutonium were used in a gun - type design , the chain reaction would start in the split second before the critical mass was fully assembled , blowing the weapon apart with a much lower yield than expected , in what is known as a fizzle . As a result , development of Fat Man was given high priority . Chemical explosives were used to implode a sub-critical sphere of plutonium , thus increasing its density and making it into a critical mass . The difficulties with implosion centered on the problem of making the chemical explosives deliver a perfectly uniform shock wave upon the plutonium sphere -- if it were even slightly asymmetric , the weapon would fizzle . This problem was solved by the use of explosive lenses which would focus the blast waves inside the imploding sphere , akin to the way in which an optical lens focuses light rays . After D - Day , General Groves ordered a team of scientists to follow eastward - moving victorious Allied troops into Europe to assess the status of the German nuclear program ( and to prevent the westward - moving Soviets from gaining any materials or scientific manpower ) . They concluded that , while Germany had an atomic bomb program headed by Werner Heisenberg , the government had not made a significant investment in the project , and it had been nowhere near success . Similarly , Japan 's efforts at developing a nuclear weapon were starved of resources . The Japanese navy lost interest when a committee led by Yoshio Nishina concluded in 1943 that `` it would probably be difficult even for the United States to realize the application of atomic power during the war '' . Historians claim to have found a rough schematic showing a Nazi nuclear bomb . In March 1945 , a German scientific team was directed by the physicist Kurt Diebner to develop a primitive nuclear device in Ohrdruf , Thuringia . Last ditch research was conducted in an experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch . On April 12 , after Roosevelt 's death , Vice-President Harry S. Truman assumed the presidency . At the time of the unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8 , 1945 , the Manhattan Project was still months away from producing a working weapon . Because of the difficulties in making a working plutonium bomb , it was decided that there should be a test of the weapon . On July 16 , 1945 , in the desert north of Alamogordo , New Mexico , the first nuclear test took place , code - named `` Trinity '' , using a device nicknamed `` the gadget . '' The test , a plutonium implosion type device , released energy equivalent to 19 kilotons of TNT , far more powerful than any weapon ever used before . The news of the test 's success was rushed to Truman at the Potsdam Conference , where Churchill was briefed and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin was informed of the new weapon . On July 26 , the Potsdam Declaration was issued containing an ultimatum for Japan : either surrender or suffer `` complete and utter destruction '' , although nuclear weapons were not mentioned . The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed tens of thousand Japanese combatants and non-combatants and destroyed dozens of military bases and supply depots as well as hundreds ( or thousands ) of factories . After hearing arguments from scientists and military officers over the possible use of nuclear weapons against Japan ( though some recommended using them as demonstrations in unpopulated areas , most recommended using them against built up targets , a euphemistic term for populated cities ) , Truman ordered the use of the weapons on Japanese cities , hoping it would send a strong message that would end in the capitulation of the Japanese leadership and avoid a lengthy invasion of the islands . On May 10 -- 11 , 1945 , the Target Committee at Los Alamos , led by Oppenheimer , recommended Kyoto , Hiroshima , Yokohama , and Kokura as possible targets . Concerns about Kyoto 's cultural heritage led to it being replaced by Nagasaki . Hiroshima : burns from the intense thermal effect of the atomic bomb . On August 6 , 1945 , a uranium - based weapon , Little Boy , was detonated above the Japanese city of Hiroshima , and three days later , a plutonium - based weapon , Fat Man , was detonated above the Japanese city of Nagasaki . To date , Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two instances of nuclear weapons being used in combat . The atomic raids killed at least one hundred thousand Japanese civilians and military personnel outright , with the heat , radiation , and blast effects . Many tens of thousands would later die of radiation sickness and related cancers . Truman promised a `` rain of ruin '' if Japan did not surrender immediately , threatening to systematically eliminate their ability to wage war . On August 15 , Emperor Hirohito announced Japan 's surrender . Soviet atomic bomb project ( edit ) Main article : Soviet atomic bomb project The Soviet Union was not invited to share in the new weapons developed by the United States and the other Allies . During the war , information had been pouring in from a number of volunteer spies involved with the Manhattan Project ( known in Soviet cables under the code - name of Enormoz ) , and the Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov was carefully watching the Allied weapons development . It came as no surprise to Stalin when Truman had informed him at the Potsdam conference that he had a `` powerful new weapon . '' Truman was shocked at Stalin 's lack of interest . The Soviet spies in the U.S. project were all volunteers and none were Soviet citizens . One of the most valuable , Klaus Fuchs , was a German émigré theoretical physicist who had been part of the early British nuclear efforts and the UK mission to Los Alamos . Fuchs had been intimately involved in the development of the implosion weapon , and passed on detailed cross-sections of the Trinity device to his Soviet contacts . Other Los Alamos spies -- none of whom knew each other -- included Theodore Hall and David Greenglass . The information was kept but not acted upon , as the Soviet Union was still too busy fighting the war in Europe to devote resources to this new project . In the years immediately after World War II , the issue of who should control atomic weapons became a major international point of contention . Many of the Los Alamos scientists who had built the bomb began to call for `` international control of atomic energy , '' often calling for either control by transnational organizations or the purposeful distribution of weapons information to all superpowers , but due to a deep distrust of the intentions of the Soviet Union , both in postwar Europe and in general , the policy - makers of the United States worked to attempt to secure an American nuclear monopoly . A half - hearted plan for international control was proposed at the newly formed United Nations by Bernard Baruch ( The Baruch Plan ) , but it was clear both to American commentators -- and to the Soviets -- that it was an attempt primarily to stymie Soviet nuclear efforts . The Soviets vetoed the plan , effectively ending any immediate postwar negotiations on atomic energy , and made overtures towards banning the use of atomic weapons in general . The Soviets had put their full industrial might and manpower into the development of their own atomic weapons . The initial problem for the Soviets was primarily one of resources -- they had not scouted out uranium resources in the Soviet Union and the U.S. had made deals to monopolise the largest known ( and high purity ) reserves in the Belgian Congo . The USSR used penal labour to mine the old deposits in Czechoslovakia -- now an area under their control -- and searched for other domestic deposits ( which were eventually found ) . Two days after the bombing of Nagasaki , the U.S. government released an official technical history of the Manhattan Project , authored by Princeton physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth , known colloquially as the Smyth Report . The sanitized summary of the wartime effort focused primarily on the production facilities and scale of investment , written in part to justify the wartime expenditure to the American public . The Soviet program , under the suspicious watch of former NKVD chief Lavrenty Beria ( a participant and victor in Stalin 's Great Purge of the 1930s ) , would use the Report as a blueprint , seeking to duplicate as much as possible the American effort . The `` secret cities '' used for the Soviet equivalents of Hanford and Oak Ridge literally vanished from the maps for decades to come . At the Soviet equivalent of Los Alamos , Arzamas - 16 , physicist Yuli Khariton led the scientific effort to develop the weapon . Beria distrusted his scientists , however , and he distrusted the carefully collected espionage information . As such , Beria assigned multiple teams of scientists to the same task without informing each team of the other 's existence . If they arrived at different conclusions , Beria would bring them together for the first time and have them debate with their newfound counterparts . Beria used the espionage information as a way to double - check the progress of his scientists , and in his effort for duplication of the American project even rejected more efficient bomb designs in favor of ones that more closely mimicked the tried - and - true Fat Man bomb used by the U.S. against Nagasaki . Working under a stubborn and scientifically ignorant administrator , the Soviet scientists struggled on . On August 29 , 1949 , the effort brought its results , when the USSR tested its first fission bomb , dubbed `` Joe - 1 '' by the U.S. , years ahead of American predictions . The news of the first Soviet bomb was announced to the world first by the United States , which had detected the nuclear fallout it generated from its test site in Kazakhstan . The loss of the American monopoly on nuclear weapons marked the first tit - for - tat of the nuclear arms race . The response in the U.S. was one of apprehension , fear , and scapegoating , which would lead eventually into the Red - baiting tactics of McCarthyism . Yet recent information from unclassified Venona intercepts and the opening of the KGB archives after the fall of the Soviet Union show that the USSR had useful spies that helped their program , although none were identified by McCarthy . Before this , though , President Truman announced a decision to begin a crash program that would develop a far more powerful weapon than those the U.S. used against Japan : the hydrogen bomb . American developments after World War II ( edit ) In 1946 Congress established the civilian Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) to take over the development of nuclear weapons from the military , and to develop nuclear power . The AEC made use of many private companies in processing uranium and thorium and in other urgent tasks related to the development of bombs . Many of these companies had very lax safety measures and employees were sometimes exposed to radiation levels far above what was allowed then or now . In 1974 , the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program ( FUSRAP ) of the Army Corps of Engineers was set up to deal with contaminated sites left over from these operations . The first thermonuclear weapons ( edit ) Main article : History of the Teller - Ulam design Hungarian physicist Edward Teller toiled for years trying to discover a way to make a fusion bomb . The notion of using a fission weapon to ignite a process of nuclear fusion can be dated back to 1942 . At the first major theoretical conference on the development of an atomic bomb hosted by J. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California , Berkeley , participant Edward Teller directed the majority of the discussion towards Enrico Fermi 's idea of a `` Super '' bomb that would use the same reactions that powered the Sun itself . It was thought at the time that a fission weapon would be quite simple to develop and that perhaps work on a hydrogen bomb ( thermonuclear weapon ) would be possible to complete before the end of the Second World War . However , in reality the problem of a regular atomic bomb was large enough to preoccupy the scientists for the next few years , much less the more speculative `` Super '' bomb . Only Teller continued working on the project -- against the will of project leaders Oppenheimer and Hans Bethe . After the atomic bombings of Japan , many scientists at Los Alamos rebelled against the notion of creating a weapon thousands of times more powerful than the first atomic bombs . For the scientists the question was in part technical -- the weapon design was still quite uncertain and unworkable -- and in part moral : such a weapon , they argued , could only be used against large civilian populations , and could thus only be used as a weapon of genocide . Many scientists , such as Bethe , urged that the United States should not develop such weapons and set an example towards the Soviet Union . Promoters of the weapon , including Teller , Ernest Lawrence , and Luis Alvarez , argued that such a development was inevitable , and to deny such protection to the people of the United States -- especially when the Soviet Union was likely to create such a weapon themselves -- was itself an immoral and unwise act . Oppenheimer , who was now head of the General Advisory Committee of the successor to the Manhattan Project , the Atomic Energy Commission , presided over a recommendation against the development of the weapon . The reasons were in part because the success of the technology seemed limited at the time ( and not worth the investment of resources to confirm whether this was so ) , and because Oppenheimer believed that the atomic forces of the United States would be more effective if they consisted of many large fission weapons ( of which multiple bombs could be dropped on the same targets ) rather than the large and unwieldy super bombs , for which there was a relatively limited number of targets of sufficient size to warrant such a development . What is more , if such weapons were developed by both superpowers , they would be more effective against the U.S. than against the USSR , as the U.S. had far more regions of dense industrial and civilian activity as targets for large weapons than the Soviet Union . The `` Mike '' shot in 1952 inaugurated the age of fusion weapons . In the end , President Truman made the final decision , looking for a proper response to the first Soviet atomic bomb test in 1949 . On January 31 , 1950 , Truman announced a crash program to develop the hydrogen ( fusion ) bomb . At this point , however , the exact mechanism was still not known : the classical hydrogen bomb , whereby the heat of the fission bomb would be used to ignite the fusion material , seemed highly unworkable . However , an insight by Los Alamos mathematician Stanislaw Ulam showed that the fission bomb and the fusion fuel could be in separate parts of the bomb , and that radiation of the fission bomb could first work in a way to compress the fusion material before igniting it . Teller pushed the notion further , and used the results of the boosted - fission `` George '' test ( a boosted - fission device using a small amount of fusion fuel to boost the yield of a fission bomb ) to confirm the fusion of heavy hydrogen elements before preparing for their first true multi-stage , Teller - Ulam hydrogen bomb test . Many scientists , initially against the weapon , such as Oppenheimer and Bethe , changed their previous opinions , seeing the development as being unstoppable . The first fusion bomb was tested by the United States in Operation Ivy on November 1 , 1952 , on Elugelab Island in the Enewetak ( or Eniwetok ) Atoll of the Marshall Islands , code - named `` Mike . '' Mike used liquid deuterium as its fusion fuel and a large fission weapon as its trigger . The device was a prototype design and not a deliverable weapon : standing over 20 ft ( 6 m ) high and weighing at least 140,000 lb ( 64 t ) ( its refrigeration equipment added an additional 24,000 lb ( 11,000 kg ) as well ) , it could not have been dropped from even the largest planes . Its explosion yielded energy equivalent to 10.4 megatons of TNT -- over 450 times the power of the bomb dropped onto Nagasaki -- and obliterated Elugelab , leaving an underwater crater 6240 ft ( 1.9 km ) wide and 164 ft ( 50 m ) deep where the island had once been . Truman had initially tried to create a media blackout about the test -- hoping it would not become an issue in the upcoming presidential election -- but on January 7 , 1953 , Truman announced the development of the hydrogen bomb to the world as hints and speculations of it were already beginning to emerge in the press . Not to be outdone , the Soviet Union exploded its first thermonuclear device , designed by the physicist Andrei Sakharov , on August 12 , 1953 , labeled `` Joe - 4 '' by the West . This created concern within the U.S. government and military , because , unlike Mike , the Soviet device was a deliverable weapon , which the U.S. did not yet have . This first device though was arguably not a true hydrogen bomb , and could only reach explosive yields in the hundreds of kilotons ( never reaching the megaton range of a staged weapon ) . Still , it was a powerful propaganda tool for the Soviet Union , and the technical differences were fairly oblique to the American public and politicians . Following the Mike blast by less than a year , Joe - 4 seemed to validate claims that the bombs were inevitable and vindicate those who had supported the development of the fusion program . Coming during the height of McCarthyism , the effect was pronounced on the security hearings in early 1954 , which revoked former Los Alamos director Robert Oppenheimer 's security clearance on the grounds that he was unreliable , had not supported the American hydrogen bomb program , and had made long - standing left - wing ties in the 1930s . Edward Teller participated in the hearing as the only major scientist to testify against Oppenheimer , resulting in his virtual expulsion from the physics community . On March 1 , 1954 , the U.S. detonated its first practical thermonuclear weapon ( which used isotopes of lithium as its fusion fuel ) , known as the `` Shrimp '' device of the Castle Bravo test , at Bikini Atoll , Marshall Islands . The device yielded 15 megatons , more than twice its expected yield , and became the worst radiological disaster in U.S. history . The combination of the unexpectedly large blast and poor weather conditions caused a cloud of radioactive nuclear fallout to contaminate over 7,000 square miles ( 18,000 km ) . 239 Marshall Island natives and 28 Americans were exposed to significant amounts of radiation , resulting in elevated levels of cancer and birth defects in the years to come . The crew of the Japanese tuna - fishing boat Lucky Dragon 5 , who had been fishing just outside the exclusion zone , returned to port suffering from radiation sickness and skin burns ; one crew member was terminally ill . Efforts were made to recover the cargo of contaminated fish but at least two large tuna were probably sold and eaten . A further 75 tons of tuna caught between March and December were found to be unfit for human consumption . When the crew member died and the full results of the contamination were made public by the U.S. , Japanese concerns were reignited about the hazards of radiation . The hydrogen bomb age had a profound effect on the thoughts of nuclear war in the popular and military mind . With only fission bombs , nuclear war was something that possibly could be limited . Dropped by planes and only able to destroy the most built up areas of major cities , it was possible for many to look at fission bombs as a technological extension of large - scale conventional bombing -- such as the extensive firebombing of German and Japanese cities during World War II . Proponents brushed aside as grave exaggeration claims that such weapons could lead to worldwide death or harm . Even in the decades before fission weapons , there had been speculation about the possibility for human beings to end all life on the planet , either by accident or purposeful maliciousness -- but technology had not provided the capacity for such action . The great power of hydrogen bombs made worldwide annihilation possible . The Castle Bravo incident itself raised a number of questions about the survivability of a nuclear war . Government scientists in both the U.S. and the USSR had insisted that fusion weapons , unlike fission weapons , were cleaner , as fusion reactions did not produce the dangerously radioactive by - products of fission reactions . While technically true , this hid a more gruesome point : the last stage of a multi-staged hydrogen bomb often used the neutrons produced by the fusion reactions to induce fissioning in a jacket of natural uranium , and provided around half of the yield of the device itself . This fission stage made fusion weapons considerably more dirty than they were made out to be . This was evident in the towering cloud of deadly fallout that followed the Bravo test . When the Soviet Union tested its first megaton device in 1955 , the possibility of a limited nuclear war seemed even more remote in the public and political mind . Even cities and countries that were not direct targets would suffer fallout contamination . Extremely harmful fission products would disperse via normal weather patterns and embed in soil and water around the planet . Speculation began to run towards what fallout and dust from a full - scale nuclear exchange would do to the world as a whole , rather than just cities and countries directly involved . In this way , the fate of the world was now tied to the fate of the bomb - wielding superpowers . Deterrence and brinkmanship ( edit ) Main articles : Nuclear testing , Nuclear strategy , and Nuclear warfare November 1951 nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site , from Operation Buster , with a yield of 21 kilotons . It was the first U.S. nuclear field exercise conducted on land ; troops shown are 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) from the blast . Throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s the U.S. and the USSR both endeavored , in a tit - for - tat approach , to prevent the other power from acquiring nuclear supremacy . This had massive political and cultural effects during the Cold War . The first atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were large , custom - made devices , requiring highly trained personnel for their arming and deployment . They could be dropped only from the largest bomber planes -- at the time the B - 29 Superfortress -- and each plane could only carry a single bomb in its hold . The first hydrogen bombs were similarly massive and complicated . This ratio of one plane to one bomb was still fairly impressive in comparison with conventional , non-nuclear weapons , but against other nuclear - armed countries it was considered a grave danger . In the immediate postwar years , the U.S. expended much effort on making the bombs `` G.I. - proof '' -- capable of being used and deployed by members of the U.S. Army , rather than Nobel Prize -- winning scientists . In the 1950s , the U.S. undertook a nuclear testing program to improve the nuclear arsenal . Starting in 1951 , the Nevada Test Site ( in the Nevada desert ) became the primary location for all U.S. nuclear testing ( in the USSR , Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan served a similar role ) . Tests were divided into two primary categories : `` weapons related '' ( verifying that a new weapon worked or looking at exactly how it worked ) and `` weapons effects '' ( looking at how weapons behaved under various conditions or how structures behaved when subjected to weapons ) . In the beginning , almost all nuclear tests were either atmospheric ( conducted above ground , in the atmosphere ) or underwater ( such as some of the tests done in the Marshall Islands ) . Testing was used as a sign of both national and technological strength , but also raised questions about the safety of the tests , which released nuclear fallout into the atmosphere ( most dramatically with the Castle Bravo test in 1954 , but in more limited amounts with almost all atmospheric nuclear testing ) . Because testing was seen as a sign of technological development ( the ability to design usable weapons without some form of testing was considered dubious ) , halts on testing were often called for as stand - ins for halts in the nuclear arms race itself , and many prominent scientists and statesmen lobbied for a ban on nuclear testing . In 1958 , the U.S. , USSR , and the United Kingdom ( a new nuclear power ) declared a temporary testing moratorium for both political and health reasons , but by 1961 the Soviet Union had broken the moratorium and both the USSR and the U.S. began testing with great frequency . As a show of political strength , the Soviet Union tested the largest - ever nuclear weapon in October 1961 , the massive Tsar Bomba , which was tested in a reduced state with a yield of around 50 megatons -- in its full state it was estimated to have been around 100 Mt . The weapon was largely impractical for actual military use , but was hot enough to induce third - degree burns at a distance of 62 mi ( 100 km ) away . In its full , dirty , design it would have increased the amount of worldwide fallout since 1945 by 25 % . In 1963 , all nuclear and many non-nuclear states signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty , pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere , underwater , or in outer space . The treaty permitted underground tests . Most tests were considerably more modest , and worked for direct technical purposes as well as their potential political overtones . Weapons improvements took on two primary forms . One was an increase in efficiency and power , and within only a few years fission bombs were developed that were many times more powerful than the ones created during World War II . The other was a program of miniaturization , reducing the size of the nuclear weapons . Smaller bombs meant that bombers could carry more of them , and also that they could be carried on the new generation of rockets in development in the 1950s and 1960s . U.S. rocket science received a large boost in the postwar years , largely with the help of engineers acquired from the Nazi rocketry program . These included scientists such as Wernher von Braun , who had helped design the V - 2 rockets the Nazis launched across the English Channel . An American program , Project Paperclip , had endeavored to move German scientists into American hands ( and away from Soviet hands ) and put them to work for the U.S. Weapons improvement ( edit ) The introduction of nuclear - tipped rockets , like the MGR - 1 Honest John , reflected a change in both nuclear technology and strategy . Long - range bomber aircraft , such as the B - 52 Stratofortress , allowed deployment of a wide range of strategic nuclear weapons . Early nuclear - tipped rockets -- such as the MGR - 1 Honest John , first deployed by the U.S. in 1953 -- were surface - to - surface missiles with relatively short ranges ( around 15 mi / 25 km maximum ) and yields around twice the size of the first fission weapons . The limited range meant they could only be used in certain types of military situations . U.S. rockets could not , for example , threaten Moscow with an immediate strike , and could only be used as tactical weapons ( that is , for small - scale military situations ) . Strategic weapons -- weapons that could threaten an entire country -- relied , for the time being , on long - range bombers that could penetrate deep into enemy territory . In the U.S. , this requirement led , in 1946 , to creation of the Strategic Air Command -- a system of bombers headed by General Curtis LeMay ( who previously presided over the firebombing of Japan during WWII ) . In operations like Chrome Dome , SAC kept nuclear - armed planes in the air 24 hours a day , ready for an order to attack Moscow . These technological possibilities enabled nuclear strategy to develop a logic considerably different from previous military thinking . Because the threat of nuclear warfare was so awful , it was first thought that it might make any war of the future impossible . President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' in the early years of the Cold War was a message to the USSR , saying that if the Red Army attempted to invade the parts of Europe not given to the Eastern bloc during the Potsdam Conference ( such as West Germany ) , nuclear weapons would be used against the Soviet troops and potentially the Soviet leaders . With the development of more rapid - response technologies ( such as rockets and long - range bombers ) , this policy began to shift . If the Soviet Union also had nuclear weapons and a policy of `` massive retaliation '' was carried out , it was reasoned , then any Soviet forces not killed in the initial attack , or launched while the attack was ongoing , would be able to serve their own form of nuclear retaliation against the U.S. Recognizing that this was an undesirable outcome , military officers and game theorists at the RAND think tank developed a nuclear warfare strategy that was eventually called Mutually Assured Destruction ( MAD ) . MAD divided potential nuclear war into two stages : first strike and second strike . First strike meant the first use of nuclear weapons by one nuclear - equipped nation against another nuclear - equipped nation . If the attacking nation did not prevent the attacked nation from a nuclear response , the attacked nation would respond with a second strike against the attacking nation . In this situation , whether the U.S. first attacked the USSR or the USSR first attacked the U.S. , the end result would be that both nations would be damaged to the point of utter social collapse . According to game theory , because starting a nuclear war was suicidal , no logical country would shoot first . However , if a country could launch a first strike that utterly destroyed the target country 's ability to respond , that might give that country the confidence to initiate a nuclear war . The object of a country operating by the MAD doctrine is to deny the opposing country this first strike capability . MAD played on two seemingly opposed modes of thought : cold logic and emotional fear . The English phrase MAD was often known by , `` nuclear deterrence , '' was translated by the French as `` dissuasion , '' and `` terrorization '' by the Soviets . This apparent paradox of nuclear war was summed up by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill as `` the worse things get , the better they are '' -- the greater the threat of mutual destruction , the safer the world would be . This philosophy made a number of technological and political demands on participating nations . For one thing , it said that it should always be assumed that an enemy nation may be trying to acquire first strike capability , which must always be avoided . In American politics this translated into demands to avoid `` bomber gaps '' and `` missile gaps '' where the Soviet Union could potentially outshoot the Americans . It also encouraged the production of thousands of nuclear weapons by both the U.S. and the USSR , far more than needed to simply destroy the major civilian and military infrastructures of the opposing country . These policies and strategies were satirized in the 1964 Stanley Kubrick film Dr. Strangelove , in which the Soviets , unable to keep up with the US 's first strike capability , instead plan for MAD by building a Doomsday Machine , and thus , after a ( literally ) mad US General orders a nuclear attack on the USSR , the end of the world is brought about . With early warning systems , it was thought that the strikes of nuclear war would come from dark rooms filled with computers , not the battlefield of the wars of old . The policy also encouraged the development of the first early warning systems . Conventional war , even at its fastest , was fought over days and weeks . With long - range bombers , from the start of a nuclear attack to its conclusion was mere hours . Rockets could reduce a conflict to minutes . Planners reasoned that conventional command and control systems could not adequately react to a nuclear attack , so great lengths were taken to develop computer systems that could look for enemy attacks and direct rapid responses . The U.S. poured massive funding into development of SAGE , a system that could track and intercept enemy bomber aircraft using information from remote radar stations . It was the first computer system to feature real - time processing , multiplexing , and display devices . It was the first general computing machine , and a direct predecessor of modern computers . Emergence of the anti-nuclear movement ( edit ) Main article : History of the anti-nuclear movement Women Strike for Peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of World War II quickly followed the 1945 Trinity nuclear test , and the Little Boy device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 . Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT , the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people . Subsequently , the world 's nuclear weapons stockpiles grew . Operation Crossroads was a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in the summer of 1946 . Its purpose was to test the effect of nuclear weapons on naval ships . To prepare the Bikini atoll for the nuclear tests , Bikini 's native residents were evicted from their homes and resettled on smaller , uninhabited islands where they were unable to sustain themselves . National leaders debated the impact of nuclear weapons on domestic and foreign policy . Also involved in the debate about nuclear weapons policy was the scientific community , through professional associations such as the Federation of Atomic Scientists and the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs . Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when a Hydrogen bomb test in the Pacific contaminated the crew of the Japanese fishing boat Lucky Dragon . One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later . The incident caused widespread concern around the world and `` provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries '' . The anti-nuclear weapons movement grew rapidly because for many people the atomic bomb `` encapsulated the very worst direction in which society was moving '' . Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified `` Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs '' . Japanese opposition to the Pacific nuclear weapons tests was widespread , and `` an estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons '' . The Russell -- Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on July 9 , 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War . It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict . The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists , including Albert Einstein , who signed it just days before his death on April 18 , 1955 . A few days after the release , philanthropist Cyrus S. Eaton offered to sponsor a conference -- called for in the manifesto -- in Pugwash , Nova Scotia , Eaton 's birthplace . This conference was to be the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , held in July 1957 . In the United Kingdom , the first Aldermaston March organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament took place at Easter 1958 , when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square , London , to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire , England , to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons . The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four - day marches . In 1959 , a letter in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was the start of a successful campaign to stop the Atomic Energy Commission dumping radioactive waste in the sea 19 kilometres from Boston . On November 1 , 1961 , at the height of the Cold War , about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons . It was the largest national women 's peace protest of the 20th century . In 1958 , Linus Pauling and his wife presented the United Nations with the petition signed by more than 11,000 scientists calling for an end to nuclear - weapon testing . The `` Baby Tooth Survey , '' headed by Dr Louise Reiss , demonstrated conclusively in 1961 that above - ground nuclear testing posed significant public health risks in the form of radioactive fallout spread primarily via milk from cows that had ingested contaminated grass . Public pressure and the research results subsequently led to a moratorium on above - ground nuclear weapons testing , followed by the Partial Test Ban Treaty , signed in 1963 by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev . Cuban missile Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Cuban Missile Crisis U-2 photographs revealed that the Soviet Union was stationing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba in 1962 , beginning the Cuban Missile Crisis . Submarine - launched ballistic missiles with multiple warheads made defending against nuclear attack impractical . Bombers and short - range rockets were not reliable : planes could be shot down , and earlier nuclear missiles could cover only a limited range -- for example , the first Soviet rockets ' range limited them to targets in Europe . However , by the 1960s , both the United States and the Soviet Union had developed intercontinental ballistic missiles , which could be launched from extremely remote areas far away from their target . They had also developed submarine - launched ballistic missiles , which had less range but could be launched from submarines very close to the target without any radar warning . This made any national protection from nuclear missiles increasingly impractical . The military realities made for a precarious diplomatic situation . The international politics of brinkmanship led leaders to exclaim their willingness to participate in a nuclear war rather than concede any advantage to their opponents , feeding public fears that their generation may be the last . Civil defense programs undertaken by both superpowers , exemplified by the construction of fallout shelters and urging civilians about the survivability of nuclear war , did little to ease public concerns . The climax of brinksmanship came in early 1962 , when an American U-2 spy plane photographed a series of launch sites for medium - range ballistic missiles being constructed on the island of Cuba , just off the coast of the southern United States , beginning what became known as the Cuban Missile Crisis . The U.S. administration of John F. Kennedy concluded that the Soviet Union , then led by Nikita Khrushchev , was planning to station Soviet nuclear missiles on the island , which was under the control of communist Fidel Castro . On October 22 , Kennedy announced the discoveries in a televised address . He announced a naval blockade around Cuba that would turn back Soviet nuclear shipments , and warned that the military was prepared `` for any eventualities . '' The missiles had 2,400 mile ( 4,000 km ) range , and would allow the Soviet Union to quickly destroy many major American cities on the Eastern Seaboard if a nuclear war began . The leaders of the two superpowers stood nose to nose , seemingly poised over the beginnings of a third world war . Khrushchev 's ambitions for putting the weapons on the island were motivated in part by the fact that the U.S. had stationed similar weapons in Britain , Italy , and nearby Turkey , and had previously attempted to sponsor an invasion of Cuba the year before in the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . On October 26 , Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy offering to withdraw all missiles if Kennedy committed to a policy of no future invasions of Cuba . Khrushchev worded the threat of assured destruction eloquently : `` You and I should not now pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied a knot of war , because the harder you and I pull , the tighter the knot will become . And a time may come when this knot is tied so tight that the person who tied it is no longer capable of untying it , and then the knot will have to be cut . What that would mean I need not explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly what dreaded forces our two countries possess . '' A day later , however , the Soviets sent another message , this time demanding that the U.S. remove its missiles from Turkey before any missiles were withdrawn from Cuba . On the same day , a U-2 plane was shot down over Cuba and another almost intercepted over the Soviet Union , as Soviet merchant ships neared the quarantine zone . Kennedy responded by accepting the first deal publicly , and sending his brother Robert to the Soviet embassy to accept the second deal privately . On October 28 , the Soviet ships stopped at the quarantine line and , after some hesitation , turned back towards the Soviet Union . Khrushchev announced that he had ordered the removal of all missiles in Cuba , and U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk was moved to comment , `` We went eyeball to eyeball , and the other fellow just blinked . '' The Crisis was later seen as the closest the U.S. and the USSR ever came to nuclear war and had been narrowly averted by last - minute compromise by both superpowers . Fears of communication difficulties led to the installment of the first hotline , a direct link between the superpowers that allowed them to more easily discuss future military activities and political maneuverings . It had been made clear that missiles , bombers , submarines , and computerized firing systems made escalating any situation to Armageddon far more easy than anybody desired . After stepping so close to the brink , both the U.S. and the USSR worked to reduce their nuclear tensions in the years immediately following . The most immediate culmination of this work was the signing of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 , in which the U.S. and USSR agreed to no longer test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere , underwater , or in outer space . Testing underground continued , allowing for further weapons development , but the worldwide fallout risks were purposefully reduced , and the era of using massive nuclear tests as a form of saber rattling ended . In December 1979 , NATO decided to deploy cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe in response to Soviet deployment of intermediate range mobile missiles , and in the early 1980s , a `` dangerous Soviet - US nuclear confrontation '' arose . In New York on June 12 , 1982 , one million people gathered to protest about nuclear weapons , and to support the second UN Special Session on Disarmament . As the nuclear abolitionist movement grew , there were many protests at the Nevada Test Site . For example , on February 6 , 1987 , nearly 2,000 demonstrators , including six members of Congress , protested against nuclear weapons testing and more than 400 people were arrested . Four of the significant groups organizing this renewal of anti-nuclear activism were Greenpeace , The American Peace Test , The Western Shoshone , and Nevada Desert Experience . There have been at least four major false alarms , the most recent in 1995 , that resulted in the activation of nuclear attack early warning protocols . They include the accidental loading of a training tape into the American early - warning computers ; a computer chip failure that appeared to show a random number of attacking missiles ; a rare alignment of the Sun , the U.S. missile fields and a Soviet early - warning satellite that caused it to confuse high - altitude clouds with missile launches ; the launch of a Norwegian research rocket resulted in President Yeltsin activating his nuclear briefcase for the first time . Initial proliferation ( edit ) In the fifties and sixties , three more countries joined the `` nuclear club . '' The United Kingdom had been an integral part of the Manhattan Project following the Quebec Agreement in 1943 . The passing of the McMahon Act by the United States in 1946 unilaterally broke this partnership and prevented the passage of any further information to the United Kingdom . The British Government , under Clement Attlee , determined that a British Bomb was essential . Because of British involvement in the Manhattan Project , Britain had extensive knowledge in some areas , but not in others . An improved version of ' Fat Man ' was developed , and on 26 February 1952 , Prime Minister Winston Churchill announced that the United Kingdom also had an atomic bomb and a successful test took place on 3 October 1952 . At first these were free - fall bombs , intended for use by the V Force of jet bombers . A Vickers Valiant dropped the first UK nuclear weapon on 11 October 1956 at Maralinga , South Australia . Later came a missile , Blue Steel , intended for carriage by the V Force bombers , and then the Blue Streak medium - range ballistic missile ( later canceled ) . Anglo - American cooperation on nuclear weapons was restored by the 1958 US - UK Mutual Defence Agreement . As a result of this and the Polaris Sales Agreement , the United Kingdom has bought United States designs for submarine missiles and fitted its own warheads . It retains full independent control over the use of the missiles . It no longer possesses any free - fall bombs . France had been heavily involved in nuclear research before World War II through the work of the Joliot - Curies . This was discontinued after the war because of the instability of the Fourth Republic and lack of finances . However , in the 1950s , France launched a civil nuclear research program , which produced plutonium as a byproduct . In 1956 , France formed a secret Committee for the Military Applications of Atomic Energy and a development program for delivery vehicles . With the return of Charles de Gaulle to the French presidency in 1958 , final decisions to build a bomb were made , which led to a successful test in 1960 . Since then , France has developed and maintained its own nuclear deterrent independent of NATO . In 1951 , China and the Soviet Union signed an agreement whereby China supplied uranium ore in exchange for technical assistance in producing nuclear weapons . In 1953 , China established a research program under the guise of civilian nuclear energy . Throughout the 1950s the Soviet Union provided large amounts of equipment . But as the relations between the two countries worsened the Soviets reduced the amount of assistance and , in 1959 , refused to donate a bomb for copying purposes . Despite this , the Chinese made rapid progress and tested an atomic bomb on October 16 , 1964 , at Lop Nur . They tested a nuclear missile on October 25 , 1966 , and a hydrogen bomb on June 14 , 1967 . Chinese nuclear warheads were produced from 1968 and thermonuclear warheads from 1974 . It is also thought that Chinese warheads have been successfully miniaturised from 2200 kg to 700 kg through the use of designs obtained by espionage from the United States . The current number of warheads is unknown , but as of 2017 it is thought to be in the low hundreds . China is the only nuclear weapons state to have guaranteed the non-first use of nuclear weapons . Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War ICBMs , like the American Minuteman missile , allowed nations to deliver nuclear weapons thousands of miles away with relative ease . On 12 December 1982 , 30,000 women held hands around the 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) perimeter of the RAF Greenham Common base , in protest against the decision to site American cruise missiles there . After World War II , the balance of power between the Eastern and Western blocs and the fear of global destruction prevented the further military use of atomic bombs . This fear was even a central part of Cold War strategy , referred to as the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction . So important was this balance to international political stability that a treaty , the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( or ABM treaty ) , was signed by the U.S. and the USSR in 1972 to curtail the development of defenses against nuclear weapons and the ballistic missiles that carry them . This doctrine resulted in a large increase in the number of nuclear weapons , as each side sought to ensure it possessed the firepower to destroy the opposition in all possible scenarios . Early delivery systems for nuclear devices were primarily bombers like the United States B - 29 Superfortress and Convair B - 36 , and later the B - 52 Stratofortress . Ballistic missile systems , based on Wernher von Braun 's World War II designs ( specifically the V - 2 rocket ) , were developed by both United States and Soviet Union teams ( in the case of the U.S. , effort was directed by the German scientists and engineers although the Soviet Union also made extensive use of captured German scientists , engineers , and technical data ) . These systems were used to launch satellites , such as Sputnik , and to propel the Space Race , but they were primarily developed to create Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ( ICBMs ) that could deliver nuclear weapons anywhere on the globe . Development of these systems continued throughout the Cold War -- though plans and treaties , beginning with the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty ( SALT I ) , restricted deployment of these systems until , after the fall of the Soviet Union , system development essentially halted , and many weapons were disabled and destroyed . On January 27 , 1967 , more than 60 nations signed the Outer Space Treaty , banning nuclear weapons in space . There have been a number of potential nuclear disasters . Following air accidents U.S. nuclear weapons have been lost near Atlantic City , New Jersey ( 1957 ) ; Savannah , Georgia ( 1958 ) ( see Tybee Bomb ) ; Goldsboro , North Carolina ( 1961 ) ; off the coast of Okinawa ( 1965 ) ; in the sea near Palomares , Spain ( 1966 ) ( see 1966 Palomares B - 52 crash ) ; and near Thule , Greenland ( 1968 ) ( see 1968 Thule Air Base B - 52 crash ) . Most of the lost weapons were recovered , the Spanish device after three months ' effort by the DSV Alvin and DSV Aluminaut . The Soviet Union was less forthcoming about such incidents , but the environmental group Greenpeace believes that there are around forty non-U.S. nuclear devices that have been lost and not recovered , compared to eleven lost by America , mostly in submarine disasters . The U.S. has tried to recover Soviet devices , notably in the 1974 Project Azorian using the specialist salvage vessel Hughes Glomar Explorer to raise a Soviet submarine . After news leaked out about this boondoggle , the CIA would coin a favorite phrase for refusing to disclose sensitive information , called glomarization : We can neither confirm nor deny the existence of the information requested but , hypothetically , if such data were to exist , the subject matter would be classified , and could not be disclosed . The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 essentially ended the Cold War . However , the end of the Cold War failed to end the threat of nuclear weapon use , although global fears of nuclear war reduced substantially . In a major move of symbolic de-escalation , Boris Yeltsin , on January 26 , 1992 , announced that Russia planned to stop targeting United States cities with nuclear weapons . Cost ( edit ) The designing , testing , producing , deploying , and defending against nuclear weapons is one of the largest expenditures for the nations which possess nuclear weapons . In the United States during the Cold War years , between `` one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II ( was ) devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure . '' According to a retrospective Brookings Institution study published in 1998 by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , the total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . For comparison , the total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The entire public debt in 1998 was therefore equal to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . Second nuclear age ( edit ) See also : List of states with nuclear weapons The second nuclear age can be regarded as proliferation of nuclear weapons among lesser powers and for reasons other than the American - Soviet - Chinese rivalry . India embarked relatively early on a program aimed at nuclear weapons capability , but apparently accelerated this after the Sino - Indian War of 1962 . India 's first atomic - test explosion was in 1974 with Smiling Buddha , which it described as a `` peaceful nuclear explosion . '' After the collapse of Eastern Military High Command and the disintegration of Pakistan as a result of the 1971 Winter war , Bhutto of Pakistan launched scientific research on nuclear weapons . The Indian test caused Pakistan to spur its programme , and the ISI conducted successful espionage operations in the Netherlands , while also developing the programme indigenously . India tested fission and perhaps fusion devices in 1998 , and Pakistan successfully tested fission devices that same year , raising concerns that they would use nuclear weapons on each other . All of the former Soviet bloc countries with nuclear weapons ( Belarus , Ukraine , and Kazakhstan ) returned their warheads to Russia by 1996 . South Africa also had an active program to develop uranium - based nuclear weapons , but dismantled its nuclear weapon program in the 1990s . Experts do not believe it actually tested such a weapon , though it later claimed it constructed several crude devices that it eventually dismantled . In the late 1970s American spy satellites detected a `` brief , intense , double flash of light near the southern tip of Africa . '' Known as the Vela Incident , it was speculated to have been a South African or possibly Israeli nuclear weapons test , though some feel that it may have been caused by natural events or a detector malfunction . Israel is widely believed to possess an arsenal of up to several hundred nuclear warheads , but this has never been officially confirmed or denied ( though the existence of their Dimona nuclear facility was confirmed by Mordechai Vanunu in 1986 ) . In January 2004 , Dr A.Q. Khan of Pakistan 's programme confessed to having been a key mover in `` proliferation activities '' , seen as part of an international proliferation network of materials , knowledge , and machines from Pakistan to Libya , Iran , and North Korea . North Korea announced in 2003 that it had several nuclear explosives . The first claimed detonation was the 2006 North Korean nuclear test , conducted on October 9 , 2006 . On May 25 , 2009 , North Korea continued nuclear testing , violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 . A third test was conducted on 13 February 2013 , two tests were conducted in 2016 in January and September , followed by test a year later in September 2017 . See also ( edit ) The Atomic Age -- Wikipedia book International Day against Nuclear Tests List of nuclear weapons List of nuclear weapons tests National Response Scenario Number One Nuclear weapon design Project - 706 Psychic numbing # Nuclear denial disorder Ranged weapon The Bomb Timeline of nuclear weapons development Weapon of mass destruction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Kent Alkon ( 2006 ) . Winston Churchill 's Imagination . Associated University Presse . pp. 156 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5632 - 4 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael F. L'Annunziata ( 23 August 2007 ) . Radioactivity : Introduction and History . Elsevier . pp. 240 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 054888 - 3 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle ( On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons ) , Naturwissenschaften Volume 27 , Number 1 , 11 -- 15 ( 1939 ) . The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser - Wilhelm - Institut für Chemie , Berlin - Dahlem . Received December 22 , 1938 . Jump up ^ O.R. Frisch Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment , Nature , Volume 143 , Number 3616 , 276 -- 276 ( 18 February 1939 ) Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The paper is dated 17 January 1939 . The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939 ; see Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 263 and 268 ( Simon and Schuster , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Lise Meitner and O.R. Frisch Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons : a New Type of Nuclear Reaction , Nature , Volume 143 , Number 3615 , 239 -- 240 ( 11 February 1939 ) . The paper is dated January 16 , 1939 . Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute , Academy of Sciences , Stockholm . Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics , University of Copenhagen . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 268 ( Simon and Schuster , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ H.L. Anderson , E.T. Booth , J.R. Dunning , E. Fermi , G.N. Glasoe , and F.G. Slack The Fission of Uranium , Phys. Rev. Volume 55 , Number 5 , 511 -- 512 ( 1839 ) . Institutional citation : Pupin Physics Laboratories , Columbia University , New York , New York . Received February 16 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 267 -- 270 ( Simon and Schuster , 1886 ) . Jump up ^ `` Early American Work on Fission '' . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Alice Calaprice ; Trevor Lipscombe ( 2005 ) . Albert Einstein : a biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33080 - 3 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Lucas Herrera ( 2006 ) . Technology and International Transformation : The Railroad , the Atom Bomb , and the Politics of Technological Change . SUNY Press . pp. 179 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6868 - 5 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Christoph Laucht ( 18 May 2012 ) . Elemental Germans : Klaus Fuchs , Rudolf Peierls and the Making of British Nuclear Culture 1939 -- 59 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 22295 - 4 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leslie R. Groves ( 1983 ) . Now It Can Be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . Da Capo Press . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 4822 - 8 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Best ( 15 November 2006 ) . Churchill and War . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 206 -- . 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Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Falk ( 1982 ) . Global Fission : The Battle Over Nuclear Power , Oxford University Press , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Linus Pauling ( October 10 , 1963 ) . `` Notes by Linus Pauling . October 10 , 1963 '' . Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Forgotten Years of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement , 1975 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Schell . The Spirit of June 12 The Nation , July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1982 -- A Million People March in New York City . Archived 2010 - 06 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 438 Protesters are Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site . Jump up ^ Forden , Geoffrey . `` False Alarms on the Nuclear Front '' . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapons -- France Nuclear Forces . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Nuclear Tests Allegedly Cause 750,000 Deaths '' Epoch Times . March 30 , 2009 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Eric Heginbotham ; Michael S. Chase ; Jacob L. Heim ; Bonny Lin , Mark R. Cozad , Lyle J. Morris , Christopher P. Twomey , Forrest E. Morgan , Michael Nixon , Cristina L. Garafola , Samuel K. Berkowitz ( 6 March 2017 ) . China 's Evolving Nuclear Deterrent : Major Drivers and Issues for the United States . Rand Corporation . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 9646 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Neither Confirm Nor Deny '' . Radiolab . Radiolab , WNYC. 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Steven I. ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 51 ( 6 ) : 33 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Stephen I. ; Bruce G. Blair ; Thomas S. Blanton ; William Burr ; Steven M. Kosiak ; Arjun Makhijani ; Robert S. Norris ; Kevin O'Neill ; John E. Pike ; William J. Weida ( 1998 ) . Atomic audit : the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940 . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0815777748 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables Jump up ^ `` The peak U.S. inventory was around 35,000 nuclear weapons . The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0295982120 . Jump up ^ Von Wielligh , N. & von Wielligh - Steyn , L. ( 2015 ) . The Bomb -- South Africa 's Nuclear Weapons Programme . Pretoria : Litera . Jump up ^ CNS -- South Africa 's Nuclear Weapons Program : An Annotated Chronology , 1969 -- 1994 Archived 2001 - 09 - 27 at the Library of Congress Web Archives . Jump up ^ I seek your pardon , The Guardian 5 Feb 2004 References ( edit ) The first nuclear programs Gregg Herken , Brotherhood of the Bomb : The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer , Ernest Lawrence , and Edward Teller ( New York : Henry Holt & Co. , 2002 ) . ( 2 ) David Holloway , Stalin and the Bomb : The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939 -- 1956 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1995 ) . Richard Rhodes , Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb ( New York : Simon and Schuster , 1995 ) . Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( New York : Simon and Schuster , 1986 ) . Henry DeWolf Smyth , Atomic Energy for Military Purposes ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1945 ) . ( Smyth Report ) ( 3 ) Mark Walker , German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power , 1939 -- 1949 ( London : Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) . Nuclear weapons and energy in culture Spencer Weart , Nuclear Fear : A History of Images , ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1988 ) ; The Rise of Nuclear Fear , ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2012 ) . Nuclear arsenals and capabilities Chuck Hansen , U.S. Nuclear Weapons : The Secret History , ( Arlington , TX : Aerofax , 1988 ) . Chuck Hansen , The Swords of Armageddon : U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945 , ( Sunnyvale , CA : Chukelea Publications , 1995 ) . ( 4 ) Stephen Schwartz , ed. , Atomic Audit : The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 ( Brookings Institution Press , 1998 ) . ( 5 ) Second nuclear age Colin S. Gray , The Second Nuclear Age , ( Lynne Rienner Publishers , 1999 ) , ( 6 ) Paul Bracken , The Second Nuclear Age , Foreign Affairs , January / February 2000 , ( 7 ) Further reading ( edit ) `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , October 12 , 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . External links ( edit ) Timeline of atomic age events Federation of American Scientists -- Worldwide Nuclear Forces Guide The Genesis of the Atomic Bomb - Nuclear Weapons Archive -- includes the nuclear weapon histories of many countries NDRC Nuclear Notebook : Nuclear pursuits -- `` Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists '' . Comparative table of the histories and arsenals of the five NPT - designated nuclear powers as of 1993 . NuclearFiles.org Timeline - from Atomic Discovery to the 2000s ( decade ) NuclearFiles.org A comprehensive history of nuclear weapons , including Pre , During , and Post Cold War Nevada Desert Experience Nevada Desert Experience Western States Legal Foundation Western States Legal Foundation Ariel E. Levite , `` Heading for the Fourth Nuclear Age '' , Proliferation Papers , Paris , Ifri , Winter 2009 The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History ( United States ) -- located in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; a Smithsonian Affiliate Museum Time - Lapse Map of All 2053 Nuclear Explosions on Planet Earth ( 7 Countries , 1945 -- 1998 ) -- Video ( 14 : 25 ) . History of Nuclear Proliferation For more on the history of nuclear proliferation see the Woodrow Wilson Center 's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project website . 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e-Azam University Administrators Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq Zahid Ali Akbar Khan Rahimuddin Khan Ghulam Ishaq Khan Mubashir Hassan Scientists Munir Ahmad Khan Abdul Qadeer Khan Abdus Salam Riazuddin Ishfaq Ahmad Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui Samar Mubarakmand Iqbal Hussain Qureshi Muneer Ahmad Rashid Masud Ahmad Asghar Qadir Noor Muhammad Butt Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi Władysław Turowicz Ghulam Dastagir Alam See also : Nuclear power in Pakistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_nuclear_weapons&oldid=846137084 '' Categories : Nuclear weapons Nuclear history Nuclear warfare Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template other archives All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français עברית 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who came up with the idea of an atomic bomb	[ "In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and it quickly became unsafe for Jewish scientists to remain in the country. Leó Szilárd fled to London where he proposed, and in 1934 patented, the idea of a nuclear chain reaction via neutrons. The patent also introduced the term critical mass to describe the minimum amount of material required to sustain the chain reaction and its potential to cause an explosion. (British patent 630,726.) He subsequently assigned the patent to the British Admiralty so that it could be covered by the Official Secrets Act.[2] In a very real sense, Szilárd was the father of the atomic bomb academically. Also in 1934, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles; Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons." ]	[ "Leó Szilárd" ]
-3645371611311949315	Fifty Shades of Grey	Fifty Shades of Grey - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For its film adaptation , see Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) . For the novel series , see Fifty Shades trilogy . Fifty Shades of Grey 2012 paperback cover Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Series Fifty Shades trilogy Genre Erotic romance Published 20 June 2011 ( Vintage Books ) Media type Print ( Hardcover , paperback ) Pages 514 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61213 - 028 - 6 OCLC 780307033 Followed by Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E.L. James , originally a Twilight fanfiction with Christian Grey a non-vampire Edward Cullen and Anastasia Steele as a wan , gamine Bella Swan . It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage / discipline , dominance / submission , and sadism / masochism ( BDSM ) . Originally self - published as an ebook and a print - on - demand , publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 . Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 . It has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical reception of the book , however , has tended towards the negative , with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor . Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced a film adaptation , which was released on 13 February 2015 and also received generally unfavourable reviews . The second and third volumes of the trilogy , Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , were published in 2012 . Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian , a version of Fifty Shades of Grey being told from Christian 's point of view , was published in June 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background and publication 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Controversy 3.3 Censorship 4 Media 4.1 Film adaptation 4.2 Film soundtrack 4.3 Classical album 4.4 Parodies 4.4. 1 In print 4.4. 2 In film 4.4. 3 Online 4.4. 4 On stage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is a 21 - year - old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver , Washington . Her best friend is Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , who writes for the college newspaper . Due to an illness , Kate is unable to interview 27 - year - old Christian Grey , a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur , and asks Ana to take her place . Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating . As a result , she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian 's office believing it went poorly . Ana does not expect to meet Christian again , but he appears at the hardware store where she works . While he purchases various items including cable ties , masking tape , and rope , Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him . Christian gives Ana his phone number . Later , Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend , José Rodriguez . The next day José , Kate , and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the Heathman Hotel , where Christian is staying . Christian asks Ana out for coffee and asks if she 's dating anyone , specifically José . Ana replies that she is not dating anyone . During the conversation , Ana learns that Christian is also single , but he says he is not romantic . Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive enough for Christian . Later , Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles , which stuns her . Later that night , Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian , who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state . Ana goes outside to get some fresh air , and José attempts to kiss her , but he is stopped by Christian 's arrival . Ana leaves with Christian , but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian 's brother , Elliot . Later , Ana wakes to find herself in Christian 's hotel room , where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself . Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her . He initially says that Ana will first have to fill out paperwork , but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator . Ana goes on a date with Christian , on which he takes her in his helicopter , Charlie Tango , to his apartment . Once there , Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together , which Ana agrees to sign . He also mentions other paperwork , but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear . There , Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission , and there will be no romantic relationship , only a sexual one . The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him . At this point , Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and agrees to take her virginity without making her sign the contract . The two then have sex . The following morning , Ana and Christian again have sex . His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting , having previously thought Christian was homosexual , because he was never seen with a woman . Christian later takes Ana out to eat , and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother 's friends , Elena Lincoln , and that his previous dominant / submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility . Christian also reveals that in his first dominant / submissive relationship he was the submissive . Christian and Ana plan to meet again , and he takes Ana home , where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex . Over the next few days , Ana receives several packages from Christian . These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract ; to communicate with him , since she has never previously owned a computer ; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant / submissive contract . She and Christian email each other , with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract , such as only eating foods from a specific list . Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature . Because of these feelings , Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation , where he is a guest speaker . During this time , Ana agrees to sign the dominant / submissive contract . Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract , and they go over Ana 's hard and soft limits . Christian spanks Ana for the first time , and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused . This confusion is exacerbated by Christian 's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family . The two continue with the arrangement without Ana 's having yet signed the contract . After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) , Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian . The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be . Christian fulfils Ana 's request , beating her with a belt , and Ana realises they are incompatible . Devastated , she leaves Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate . Background and publication ( edit ) E.L. James in 2012 The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan - fiction websites under the pen name `` Snowqueen 's Icedragon '' . The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer 's characters in Twilight , Edward Cullen and Bella Swan . After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material , James removed the story from the fan - fiction websites and published it on her own website , FiftyShades.com . Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece , with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele and removed it from her website before publication . Meyer commented on the series , saying `` that 's really not my genre , not my thing ... Good on her -- she 's doing well . That 's great ! '' This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts . The first , titled Fifty Shades of Grey , was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers ' Coffee Shop , a virtual publisher based in Australia . The second volume , Fifty Shades Darker , was released in September 2011 ; and the third , Fifty Shades Freed , followed in January 2012 . The Writers ' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity , but sales of the novel were boosted by word - of - mouth recommendation . The book 's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed `` Mommy Porn '' by some news agencies . The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women . By the release of the final volume in January 2012 , news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica , attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices . Due to the heightened interest in the series , the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012 . The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature . Many other erotic works quickly became best - sellers following Fifty Shade 's success , while other popular works , such as Anne Rice 's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy , have been reissued ( this time without pseudonyms ) to meet the higher demand . On 1 August 2012 , Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined , making E.L. James its best - selling author , replacing J.K. Rowling , though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey 's sales of 60 million copies . Reception ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , including those of the United Kingdom and the United States . The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 and has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical response ( edit ) It has received mixed to negative reviews , with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work . Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Bronte devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was `` the definition of a page - turner '' , noting that the book was both `` troubling and intriguing '' . A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , and that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' although it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor . Earlier , in April 2012 , when E.L. James was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Most Influential People in the World '' , Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy 's fan fiction beginnings . Controversy ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses BDSM with abuse and presents it as a pathology to be overcome , as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques . Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity , injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically . In 2012 , the year after the book was published , injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50 % from 2010 ( the year before the book was published ) . This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other `` kinky '' sexual fetishes attempting what they had read in the book . There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is part of the book . Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter , `` The story line is presented as a romance ; however , the underlying theme is that bondage , dominance , and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable . '' The feminist anti-pornography organisation Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence . By contrast , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience , '' and `` dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple 's relationship is not BDSM at all , but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship . In 2013 , social scientist Professor Amy E. Bonomi published a study wherein the books were read by multiple professionals and assessed for characteristics of intimate partner violence , or IPV , using the CDC 's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence . The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature , including stalking , intimidation , and isolation . The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC 's definition , including Christian 's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana 's ability to consent , and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman , including constant perceived threat , stressful managing , and altered identity . A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series , compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels . The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder , having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and / or engaged in stalking behaviour , engaging in binge drinking in the last month , and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24 . The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these `` problems '' were drawn to the series , or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context . The study 's lead researcher contends that the books romanticise dangerous behaviour and `` perpetuate dangerous abuse standards . '' The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied , and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it , having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation . At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' Censorship ( edit ) In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . Media ( edit ) Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson were cast in the roles of Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and although popular at the box office , critical reactions were mixed to negative . Film Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack E.L. James announced the film 's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015 . Prior to the soundtrack 's release , the first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on 24 December 2014 . On 7 January 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released . Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack 's third single , `` Salted Wound '' , on 27 January 2015 . Classical album ( edit ) An album of songs selected by E.L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album , and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012 . A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to `` those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades '' . Parodies ( edit ) The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print , in film , online , and on stage . In November 2012 , Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey : A XXX Adaptation , a pornographic film based on the novel , citing copyright and trademark infringement . Smash Pictures , the porn producer , later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight - based form , but later capitulated and stopped production of their film . In print ( edit ) Amazon.com lists over 50 book parodies , e.g. : Fifty Shades of Oy Vey ( 2013 ) by E.L. Jamesbergstein Fifty Shames of Earl Grey ( 2012 ) by Fanny Merkin ( a.k.a. Andrew Shaffer ) In film ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Black ( 2016 ) Online ( edit ) Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey , Ivy league MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction , a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon . On stage ( edit ) Stage productions include : 50 Shades ! The Musical Parody Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal 2010s portal Novels portal Pornography portal Maestra , a 2016 novel frequently compared to Fifty Shades of Grey BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah . `` Holy crow ! Fifty Shades Of Grey is crazy similar to its Twilight origin story '' . News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Shifts ' 50 Shades ' Release Date to February 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Boog , Jason ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Media bistro . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out '' . MTV . 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ' 50 Shades of Grey , ' a Self - Published E-Book , Is the Future of Publishing . Lizzie Shurnick . The Daily Beast. 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bestseller Success Stories that Started Out as Self - Published Books . Ronald H. Balsom. 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Discreetly Digital , Erotic Novel Sets American Women Abuzz '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Goudreau , Jenna ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Will Fifty Shades of Grey Make ' Mommy Porn ' The Next Big Thing ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James reveals real - life secrets to her readers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewak , Doree ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` The hot sex text '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Erotic novel 50 Shades of Grey unites gals , unnerves some guys '' . Fox News . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennett - Smith , Meredith ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey : What is the appeal ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman . Fifty Shades of Gray Hits a Sales Milestone . The New York Times . 27 February 2014 . page C3 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Sales Hit 100 Million . Andy Lewis . The Hollywood Reporter. 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publishing world is turned on by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . USA Today . 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Meredith , Charlotte ( 1 August 2012 ) , `` Fifty Shades of Grey becomes the bestselling book of all time '' , Daily Express , UK Jump up ^ `` EL James ' Fifty Shades of Grey tops New York Times list '' . UK : BBC . 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Erotic book Fifty Shades of Grey becomes UK bestseller '' . UK : BBC . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex Stedman . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Spinoff ' Grey ' Stolen From Publisher ( Report ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Release Date Pushed Back to February 13 , 2015 -- Just in Time for Valentine 's Day ! '' . E ! Online . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` She 's Fit to Be Tied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kornbluth , Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message '' . CNN . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Mommy porn ? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sorich , Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Christine ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Osterheldt , Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Napier , Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial '' . Metro News Canada . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty shades of retrograde '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Influential People in the World : 2012 '' . Time . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Five Things Wrong with This Year 's ' Time 100 ' '' . The Atlantic Wire . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Velvet , Lady . ( 14 February 2015 ) ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A Dominatrix 's View ( Guest Column ) . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Is n't A Movie About BDSM , And That 's A Problem . Huffingtonpost.com ( 16 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher . `` Sex Toy Injuries Surged after ' Fifty Shades of Grey 's was Published '' . The Washington Post . 10 February Jump up ^ Fifty Shades of Grey is an ' assault on marriage ' , say bishops . CatholicHerald.co.uk ( 12 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop : Seeing ' 50 Shades of Grey ' is a sin . Azcentral.com ( 13 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey - and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 February Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Walton , Nicole L. ( September 2013 ) . `` '' Double crap ! '' Abuse and harmed identity in Fifty Shades of Grey `` . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 22 ( 9 ) : 733 -- 744 . PMID 23931257 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2013.4344 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Is Fifty Shades triumphant for women ? Or further entrapping them ? '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Nemeth , Julianna M. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Anderson , Melissa L. ; Snyder , Anastasia ; Dotto , Irma ( August 2014 ) . `` Fiction or not ? Fifty Shades is associated with health risks in adolescent and young adult females '' . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 23 ( 9 ) : 720 -- 728 . PMID 25144515 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2014.4782 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades : Exploring the Sexual Revolution '' . Newsweek Special Issue / Topix Media Lab Special # 13 . New York , NY : Topix Media Lab : Page 13 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reading ' Fifty Shades ' linked to unhealthy behaviors '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Classical Album Coming in August '' , Billboard.com , 7 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Charts Top 5 Classical Music Albums '' . Classicalite . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodstein , Jack ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Music Review : Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 18 things you do n't know about Fifty Shades of Grey : The Parody Books Keep Coming '' . CBS News . 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachel Kramer Bussel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` In the wake of 50 Shades of Grey , what 's even better than sex ? Ridiculous sex '' . Salon.com . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Jump up ^ Jamesbergstein , E.L. ( 2013 ) . Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody . Jump up ^ Merkin , Fanny ; Shaffer , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Fifty Shames of Earl Grey : A Parody . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82199 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Peter ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Business students steam up spreadsheets with ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' treatment '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ Webster , Andy ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` If a Book Annoys You , Ridicule It in Song : ' 50 Shades ! The Musical ' Parodies That Erotic Best Seller '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official author page ( hide ) Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L. James Novels Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey&oldid=807929770 '' Categories : 2011 British novels BDSM literature British erotic novels British novels adapted into films British romance novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Self - published books Fifty Shades Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did fifty shades of grey take place	[ "Anastasia \"Ana\" Steele is a 21-year-old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver, Washington. Her best friend is Katherine \"Kate\" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper. Due to an illness, Kate is unable to interview 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur, and asks Ana to take her place. Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating. As a result, she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian's office believing it went poorly. Ana does not expect to meet Christian again, but he appears at the hardware store where she works. While he purchases various items including cable ties, masking tape, and rope, Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him. Christian gives Ana his phone number. Later, Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend, José Rodriguez." ]	[ "Vancouver, Washington" ]
-5169027661663180248	Party leaders of the United States Senate	Party leaders of the United States Senate - wikipedia Party leaders of the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Current leaders Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Party Leaders of the U.S. Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate . These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate , and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate . They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses , the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference . By rule , the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate . The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate , and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party . The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current floor leaders 2 History 3 List of party leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Current floor leaders ( edit ) The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans , 47 Democrats , and 2 independents , both of whom caucus with the Democrats . The current leaders are long - time Senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer ( D ) from New York . The current Assistant Leaders / Whips are long - time Senators John Cornyn ( R ) from Texas and Dick Durbin ( D ) from Illinois . History ( edit ) The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority . John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana . While the title was not official , he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 ( and in turn , the first Senate Democratic Leader ) , while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus . In 1925 the majority ( at the time ) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first ( official ) Majority Leader , although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first ( unofficial ) Senate Majority Leader . The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate . The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate ( the Vice President ) is absent . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior ( longest - serving ) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis ; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party . Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline , the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role . For these reasons , it is the Majority Leader who , in practice , manages the Senate . This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills . List of party leaders ( edit ) The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920 . The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 . Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip 63rd May 28 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1915 J. Hamilton Lewis None Democratic ← Majority None None 64th March 4 , 1915 -- December 6 , 1915 December 6 , 1915 -- December 13 , 1915 James Wadsworth December 13 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1917 Charles Curtis 65th March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1919 66th March 4 , 1919 -- April 27 , 1920 Peter Gerry Republican Majority → Henry Cabot Lodge Unofficial April 27 , 1920 -- March 4 , 1921 Oscar Underwood 67th March 4 , 1921 -- March 4 , 1923 68th March 4 , 1923 -- December 3 , 1923 December 3 , 1923 -- November 9 , 1924 Joseph Taylor Robinson November 9 , 1924 -- March 4 , 1925 Charles Curtis Acting Wesley Jones Acting 69th March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1927 Charles Curtis Wesley Jones 70th March 4 , 1927 -- March 4 , 1929 71st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1931 Morris Sheppard James E. Watson Simeon Fess 72nd March 4 , 1931 -- March 4 , 1933 73rd March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1935 J. Hamilton Lewis Democratic ← Majority Charles L. McNary Felix Hebert 74th January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1937 None 75th January 3 , 1937 -- July 14 , 1937 July 22 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 Alben W. Barkley 76th January 3 , 1939 -- April 9 , 1939 April 9 , 1939 -- January 3 , 1940 Sherman Minton January 3 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Warren Austin Acting 77th January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1943 J. Lister Hill Charles L. McNary 78th January 3 , 1943 -- February 25 , 1944 Kenneth Wherry February 25 , 1944 -- January 3 , 1945 Wallace H. White Jr . Acting 79th January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1947 Wallace H. White Jr . 80th January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Scott W. Lucas Republican Majority → 81st January 3 , 1949 -- January 3 , 1951 Francis Myers Scott W. Lucas Democratic ← Majority Kenneth S. Wherry Leverett Saltonstall 82nd January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson Ernest McFarland January 3 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 Styles Bridges 83rd January 3 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1953 Earle Clements Lyndon B. Johnson Republican Majority → Robert A. Taft August 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1955 William F. Knowland 84th January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1957 Democratic ← Majority 85th January 3 , 1957 -- January 3 , 1959 Mike Mansfield Everett Dirksen 86th January 3 , 1959 -- January 3 , 1961 Everett Dirksen Thomas Kuchel 87th January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1963 Hubert Humphrey Mike Mansfield 88th January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 89th January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Russell B. Long 90th January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1969 91st January 3 , 1969 -- September 7 , 1969 Ted Kennedy Hugh Scott September 24 , 1969 -- January 3 , 1971 Hugh Scott Robert Griffin 92nd January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1973 Robert Byrd 93rd January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1975 94th January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1977 95th January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1979 Alan Cranston Robert Byrd Howard Baker Ted Stevens 96th January 3 , 1979 -- November 1 , 1979 November 1 , 1979 -- March 5 , 1980 Ted Stevens Acting March 5 , 1980 -- January 3 , 1981 Howard Baker 97th January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1983 Republican Majority → 98th January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1985 99th January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1987 Bob Dole Alan Simpson 100th January 3 , 1987 -- January 3 , 1989 Democratic ← Majority 101st January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1991 George Mitchell 102nd January 3 , 1991 -- January 3 , 1993 Wendell H. Ford 103rd January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 104th January 3 , 1995 -- June 12 , 1996 Tom Daschle Republican Majority → Trent Lott June 12 , 1996 -- January 3 , 1997 Trent Lott Don Nickles 105th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 1999 106th January 3 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2001 Harry Reid 107th January 3 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2001 Democratic ← Majority January 20 , 2001 -- June 6 , 2001 Republican Majority → June 6 , 2001 -- January 3 , 2003 Democratic ← Majority 108th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican Majority → Bill Frist Mitch McConnell 109th January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Dick Durbin Harry Reid 110th January 3 , 2007 -- December 18 , 2007 Democratic ← Majority Mitch McConnell Trent Lott December 19 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2009 Jon Kyl 111th January 3 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2011 112th January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2013 113th January 3 , 2013 -- January 3 , 2015 John Cornyn 114th January 3 , 2015 -- January 3 , 2017 Republican Majority → 115th January 3 , 2017 -- January 3 , 2019 Chuck Schumer Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip See also ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives President pro tempore of the United States Senate Vice President of the United States ( President of the United States Senate ) Party divisions of United States Congresses List of political parties in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No Republican whips were appointed from 1935 to 1944 since only 17 Republicans were in the Senate following the landslide reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 . Accordingly , the minutes of the Republican Conference for the period state : `` On motion of Senator Hastings , duly seconded and carried , it was agreed that no Assistant Leader or Whip be elected but that the chairman be authorized to appoint Senators from time to time to assist him in taking charge of the interests of the minority . '' A note attached to the conference minutes added : `` The chairman of the conference , Senator McNary , apparently appointed Senator Austin of Vermont as assistant leader in 1943 and 1944 , until the conference adopted Rules of Organization . '' Source : Party Whips Archived 2010 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , via Senate.gov Jump up ^ Democrats remained in control after November 25 , 2002 , despite a Republican majority resulting from Jim Talent 's special election victory in Missouri . There was no reorganization as the Senate was no longer in session . Party Division in the Senate , 1789 -- present , via Senate.gov External links ( edit ) Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips , via Senate.gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority Current leadership of the United States Senate President : Mike Pence ( R ) President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) Minority ( Democratic ) Mitch McConnell ( Leader ) John Cornyn ( Whip ) John Thune ( Conference Chair ) John Barrasso ( Policy Committee Chair ) Roy Blunt ( Conference Vice Chair ) Cory Gardner ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Mike Lee ( Steering Committee Chair ) Mike Crapo ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Chuck Schumer ( Leader and Caucus Chair ) Dick Durbin ( Whip ) Patty Murray ( Assistant Leader ) Debbie Stabenow ( Policy Committee Chair ) Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren ( Caucus Vice Chair ) Amy Klobuchar ( Steering Committee Chair ) Bernie Sanders ( Outreach Committee Chair ) Joe Manchin ( Policy Committee Vice Chair ) Tammy Baldwin ( Caucus Secretary ) Chris Van Hollen ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Jeff Merkley ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Patrick Leahy ( Senate President pro tempore emeritus ) United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the republican whip in the senate	[ "\n\nCong-\nress\nDates\nDemocratic Whip\nDemocratic Leader\nMajority\nRepublican Leader\nRepublican Whip\n\n\n63rd\nMay 28, 1913 –\nMarch 4, 1915\nJ. Hamilton Lewis\nNone\nDemocratic\n← Majority\nNone\nNone\n\n\n64th\nMarch 4, 1915 –\nDecember 6, 1915\n\n\nDecember 6, 1915 –\nDecember 13, 1915\nJames Wadsworth\n\n\nDecember 13, 1915 –\nMarch 4, 1917\nCharles Curtis\n\n\n65th\nMarch 4, 1917 –\nMarch 4, 1919\n\n\n66th\nMarch 4, 1919 –\nApril 27, 1920\nPeter Gerry\nRepublican\nMajority →\nHenry Cabot Lodge\nUnofficial\n\n\nApril 27, 1920 –\nMarch 4, 1921\nOscar Underwood\n\n\n67th\nMarch 4, 1921 –\nMarch 4, 1923\n\n\n68th\nMarch 4, 1923 –\nDecember 3, 1923\n\n\nDecember 3, 1923 –\nNovember 9, 1924\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\n\n\nNovember 9, 1924 –\nMarch 4, 1925\nCharles Curtis\nActing\nWesley Jones\nActing\n\n\n69th\nMarch 4, 1925 –\nMarch 4, 1927\nCharles Curtis\nWesley Jones\n\n\n70th\nMarch 4, 1927 –\nMarch 4, 1929\n\n\n71st\nMarch 4, 1929 –\nMarch 4, 1931\nMorris Sheppard\nJames E. Watson\nSimeon Fess\n\n\n72nd\nMarch 4, 1931 –\nMarch 4, 1933\n\n\n73rd\nMarch 4, 1933 –\nJanuary 3, 1935\nJ. Hamilton Lewis\nDemocratic\n← Majority\nCharles L. McNary\nFelix Hebert\n\n\n74th\nJanuary 3, 1935 –\nJanuary 3, 1937\nNone[Note 1]\n\n\n75th\nJanuary 3, 1937 –\nJuly 14, 1937\n\n\nJuly 22, 1937 –\nJanuary 3, 1939\nAlben W. Barkley\n\n\n76th\nJanuary 3, 1939 –\nApril 9, 1939\n\n\nApril 9, 1939 –\nJanuary 3, 1940\nSherman Minton\n\n\nJanuary 3, 1940 –\nJanuary 3, 1941\nWarren Austin\nActing\n\n\n77th\nJanuary 3, 1941 –\nJanuary 3, 1943\nJ. Lister Hill\nCharles L. McNary\n\n\n78th\nJanuary 3, 1943 –\nFebruary 25, 1944\nKenneth Wherry\n\n\nFebruary 25, 1944 –\nJanuary 3, 1945\nWallace H. White Jr.\nActing\n\n\n79th\nJanuary 3, 1945 –\nJanuary 3, 1947\nWallace H. White Jr.\n\n\n80th\nJanuary 3, 1947 –\nJanuary 3, 1949\nScott W. Lucas\nRepublican\nMajority →\n\n\n81st\nJanuary 3, 1949 –\nJanuary 3, 1951\nFrancis Myers\nScott W. Lucas\nDemocratic\n← Majority\nKenneth S. Wherry\nLeverett Saltonstall\n\n\n82nd\nJanuary 3, 1951 –\nJanuary 3, 1952\nLyndon B. Johnson\nErnest McFarland\n\n\nJanuary 3, 1952 –\nJanuary 3, 1953\nStyles Bridges\n\n\n83rd\nJanuary 3, 1953 –\nJuly 31, 1953\nEarle Clements\nLyndon B. Johnson\nRepublican\nMajority →\nRobert A. Taft\n\n\nAugust 3, 1953 –\nJanuary 3, 1955\nWilliam F. Knowland\n\n\n84th\nJanuary 3, 1955 –\nJanuary 3, 1957\nDemocratic\n← Majority\n\n\n85th\nJanuary 3, 1957 –\nJanuary 3, 1959\nMike Mansfield\nEverett Dirksen\n\n\n86th\nJanuary 3, 1959 –\nJanuary 3, 1961\nEverett Dirksen\nThomas Kuchel\n\n\n87th\nJanuary 3, 1961 –\nJanuary 3, 1963\nHubert Humphrey\nMike Mansfield\n\n\n88th\nJanuary 3, 1963 –\nJanuary 3, 1965\n\n\n89th\nJanuary 3, 1965 –\nJanuary 3, 1967\nRussell B. Long\n\n\n90th\nJanuary 3, 1967 –\nJanuary 3, 1969\n\n\n91st\nJanuary 3, 1969 –\nSeptember 7, 1969\nTed Kennedy\nHugh Scott\n\n\nSeptember 24, 1969 –\nJanuary 3, 1971\nHugh Scott\nRobert Griffin\n\n\n92nd\nJanuary 3, 1971 –\nJanuary 3, 1973\nRobert Byrd\n\n\n93rd\nJanuary 3, 1973 –\nJanuary 3, 1975\n\n\n94th\nJanuary 3, 1975 –\nJanuary 3, 1977\n\n\n95th\nJanuary 3, 1977 –\nJanuary 3, 1979\nAlan Cranston\nRobert Byrd\nHoward Baker\nTed Stevens\n\n\n96th\nJanuary 3, 1979 –\nNovember 1, 1979\n\n\nNovember 1, 1979 –\nMarch 5, 1980\nTed Stevens\nActing\n\n\nMarch 5, 1980 –\nJanuary 3, 1981\nHoward Baker\n\n\n97th\nJanuary 3, 1981 –\nJanuary 3, 1983\nRepublican\nMajority →\n\n\n98th\nJanuary 3, 1983 –\nJanuary 3, 1985\n\n\n99th\nJanuary 3, 1985 –\nJanuary 3, 1987\nBob Dole\nAlan Simpson\n\n\n100th\nJanuary 3, 1987 –\nJanuary 3, 1989\nDemocratic\n← Majority\n\n\n101st\nJanuary 3, 1989 –\nJanuary 3, 1991\nGeorge Mitchell\n\n\n102nd\nJanuary 3, 1991 –\nJanuary 3, 1993\nWendell H. Ford\n\n\n103rd\nJanuary 3, 1993 –\nJanuary 3, 1995\n\n\n104th\nJanuary 3, 1995 –\nJune 12, 1996\nTom Daschle\nRepublican\nMajority →\nTrent Lott\n\n\nJune 12, 1996 –\nJanuary 3, 1997\nTrent Lott\nDon Nickles\n\n\n105th\nJanuary 3, 1997 –\nJanuary 3, 1999\n\n\n106th\nJanuary 3, 1999 –\nJanuary 3, 2001\nHarry Reid\n\n\n107th\nJanuary 3, 2001 –\nJanuary 20, 2001\nDemocratic\n← Majority\n\n\nJanuary 20, 2001 –\nJune 6, 2001\nRepublican\nMajority →\n\n\nJune 6, 2001 –\nJanuary 3, 2003[Note 2]\nDemocratic\n← Majority\n\n\n108th\nJanuary 3, 2003 –\nJanuary 3, 2005\nRepublican\nMajority →\nBill Frist\nMitch McConnell\n\n\n109th\nJanuary 3, 2005 –\nJanuary 3, 2007\nDick Durbin\nHarry Reid\n\n\n110th\nJanuary 3, 2007 –\nDecember 18, 2007\nDemocratic\n← Majority\nMitch McConnell\nTrent Lott\n\n\nDecember 19, 2007 –\nJanuary 3, 2009\nJon Kyl\n\n\n111th\nJanuary 3, 2009 –\nJanuary 3, 2011\n\n\n112th\nJanuary 3, 2011 –\nJanuary 3, 2013\n\n\n113th\nJanuary 3, 2013 –\nJanuary 3, 2015\nJohn Cornyn\n\n\n114th\nJanuary 3, 2015 –\nJanuary 3, 2017\nRepublican\nMajority →\n\n\n115th\nJanuary 3, 2017 –\nJanuary 3, 2019\nChuck Schumer\n\n\nCong-\nress\nDates\nDemocratic Whip\nDemocratic Leader\nMajority\nRepublican Leader\nRepublican Whip\n\n" ]	[ "John Cornyn" ]
4178480253348178438	History of time in the United States	History of time in the United States - wikipedia History of time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search 1913 Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone . The history of standard time in the United States began November 18 , 1883 , when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones . Before then , time of day was a local matter , and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time , maintained by some well - known clock ( for example , on a church steeple or in a jeweler 's window ) . The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all . Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel . Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19 , 1918 , also known as the Calder Act ( 15 USC 260 ) . The act also established daylight saving time , itself a contentious idea . Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919 , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . It was re-established nationally early in World War II , and was continuously observed until the end of the war . After the war its use varied among states and localities . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance . The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries . In subsequent years , the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation ( DOT ) , modified ( several times ) the beginning date of daylight time , and renamed the three westernmost time zones . Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur . DOT issues press releases when these changes are made . Generally , time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward . Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later ( by the clock ) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east . If they do so , the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west ; the accumulation of such changes results in the long - term westward trend . The process is not inexorable , however , since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable . Furthermore , under the law , the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the `` convenience of commerce '' . Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion , although most such proposals have been accepted . Contents ( hide ) 1 War Time 1918 and 1942 2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966 3 DST 1966 4 DST 2007 5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links War time 1918 and 1942 ( edit ) `` War Time '' redirects here . This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act , not a general period of war . Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918 . The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year , during World War I. DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto , but standard time in time zones remained in law , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) having the authority over time zone boundaries . Daylight time became a local matter . During World War II , Congress enacted the War Time Act ( 56 Stat. 9 ) on January 20 , 1942 . Year - round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9 , 1942 , again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources . This remained in effect until after the end of the war . The Amendment to the War Time Act ( 59 Stat. 537 ) , enacted September 25 , 1945 , ended DST as of September 30 , 1945 . During this period , the official designation War Time was used for year - round DST . For example , Eastern War Time ( EWT ) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period . Daylight saving time 1945 to 1966 ( edit ) From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST . States and cities were free to observe DST or not , and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September . In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October . The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not , and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip ( e.g. , bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville , West Virginia , and Steubenville , Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles ) . In summer 1960 April -- October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and states east and north of there . In Minnesota , Iowa , Missouri , Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there , some areas had it and some did not . Except for California and Nevada , which had April - Sept Daylight Time , 99 % of the rest of the country used Standard Time year - round . ( The Official Guide says `` State law prohibits the observance of `` Daylight Saving '' time in Kentucky but Anchorage , Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29 , inclusive. `` ) In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States . DST 1966 ( edit ) The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13 , 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October , effective in 1967 . The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST effective in 1966 . Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law , provided that it exempted the entire state , and Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Indiana , and Michigan chose to do so . However , Alaska , Indiana , and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST . The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone . Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone ; however , that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST , leaving Arizona ( with the exception of the Navajo Nation ) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST . On July 8 , 1986 , President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) . The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987 . DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October . While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST , they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law ( 15 USC 260a ( b ) ) from increasing a state 's time spent on DST , unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation . In response to the 1973 energy crisis , DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975 , commencing on the first Sunday in January ( January 6 ) in the former year and the last Sunday in February ( February 23 ) in the latter . The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months . In 1976 , the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act . DST 2007 ( edit ) Starting March 11 , 2007 , DST was extended another four to five weeks , from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November . The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton ( R - MI ) and Edward Markey ( D - MA ) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November , but Senators Jeff Bingaman ( D - NM ) and Pete Domenici ( R - NM ) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry . Proponents claimed that the extension would save `` the equivalent of '' 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil per day , but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s , the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by . Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits . There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects , if any , might be . Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock , late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox . Because of this , the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise , especially in the month of March . In addition , the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November , as this is very often ( 6 out of every 7 years ) the Sunday after Thanksgiving . This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports , and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day . If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted , the entire United States , with the exception of the states that exempted themselves , would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November , which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6 , 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem , North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones . Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time ( edit ) Key to colors future date 2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November 1st Sunday April last Sunday October last Sunday April last Sunday October Year Begins ( local ) Ends ( local ) Notes 2020 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2019 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2018 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2017 Sun March 12 02 : 00 Sun November 5 02 : 00 2016 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 2015 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2014 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2013 Sun March 10 02 : 00 Sun November 3 02 : 00 2012 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 2011 Sun March 13 02 : 00 Sun November 6 02 : 00 Sun March 14 02 : 00 Sun November 7 02 : 00 2009 Sun March 8 02 : 00 Sun November 1 02 : 00 2008 Sun March 9 02 : 00 Sun November 2 02 : 00 2007 Sun March 11 02 : 00 Sun November 4 02 : 00 Energy Policy Act of 2005 2006 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 All of Indiana now on DST 2005 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 2003 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 2002 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 2000 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1999 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1998 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Sun April 6 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1995 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 4 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1991 Sun April 7 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Sun April 1 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 2 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Sun April 3 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Sun April 5 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 1986 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1985 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 1984 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02 : 00 1982 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 1981 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1980 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 1979 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 1978 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1977 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 1976 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Sun February 23 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Michigan exempted , began DST Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun January 6 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Emergency Daylight Time Act Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon ( Mountain time zone ) began DST Sun February 3 02 : 00 1973 Sun April 29 02 : 00 Sun October 28 02 : 00 All of Michigan now on DST 1972 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 1971 Sun April 25 02 : 00 Sun October 31 02 : 00 Indiana ( Eastern time zone ) opts out 1970 Sun April 26 02 : 00 Sun October 25 02 : 00 1969 Sun April 27 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST 1968 Sun April 28 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 Arizona and Michigan opt out 1967 Sun April 30 02 : 00 Sun October 29 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 Alaska , Hawaii , Indiana and territories opt out 1966 Sun April 24 02 : 00 Sun October 30 02 : 00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 required states that used DST in 1966 to conform to last Sunday in April to last Sunday in October 1946 -- 65 Local decision , various dates 1945 Sun September 30 02 : 00 War Time ends 1944 War Time all year Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02 : 00 -- Sat April 1 02 : 00 Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02 : 00 1943 War Time all year 1942 Mon February 9 02 : 00 War Time begins year round 1920 -- 41 Local decision , various dates 1919 Sun March 30 02 : 00 Sun October 26 02 : 00 War Time ends 1918 Sun March 31 02 : 00 Sun October 27 02 : 00 War Time begins summer only See also ( edit ) Time in the United States Time in Indiana Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States statutes at large : containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations . Government Printing Office . 1999 . p. 599 . Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S. , United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : A Time - Change Timeline , National Public Radio , March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight - saving law , Pub. L. 66 -- 40 , 41 Stat. 280 , enacted August 20 , 1919 Jump up ^ 24 / 7 : A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , June 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time : Early adoption in law Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce . Morning Edition , National Public Radio , 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona References ( edit ) Prerau , David . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time ( Thunder 's Mouth Press ; ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 ) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time . External links ( edit ) U.S. Navy time zone page Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 U.S. Law 15USC260 - 267 History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time History of DST in Arizona A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards 1918 and 1942 Acts Indiana Time Zone Article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=833737559 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States History of science and technology in the United States Time in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did daylight saving start in the us	[ "Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19, 1918, also known as the Calder Act (15 USC 260).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea." ]	[ "March 19, 1918" ]
-6210286184135653375	Abu Dhabi Grand Prix	Abu Dhabi Grand Prix - wikipedia Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Jump to : navigation , search Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Yas Marina Circuit ( 2009 -- present ) Race information Number of times held 9 First held 2009 Most wins ( drivers ) Lewis Hamilton ( 3 ) Sebastian Vettel ( 3 ) Most wins ( constructors ) Mercedes ( 4 ) Circuit length 5.554 km ( 3.451 mi ) Race length 305.470 km ( 189.810 mi ) Laps 55 Last race ( 2017 ) Pole position Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 1 : 36.231 Podium 1 . V. Bottas Mercedes 1 : 34 : 14.063 2 . L. Hamilton Mercedes + 3.899 3 . S. Vettel Ferrari + 19.333 Fastest lap Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 1 : 40.650 The Abu Dhabi Grand Prix ( Arabic : سباق جائزة أبوظبي الكبرى ‎ ) is a Formula One motor race . It was announced in early 2007 at the Abu Dhabi F1 Festival in the United Arab Emirates . The first race took place on 1 November 2009 , held at the Hermann Tilke designed Yas Marina Circuit . On 25 June 2008 the FIA announced the provisional 2009 Formula One calendar including the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix as the 19th and final race of the season on 15 November . On 5 November 2008 , however , it was announced that the race would be held as the season finale on 1 November , two weeks before the initially planned date , as the 17th and final race . The inaugural race was Formula One 's first ever day -- night race , starting at 17 : 00 local time . Floodlights used to illuminate the circuit were switched on from the start of the event to ensure a seamless transition from daylight to darkness . Subsequent Abu Dhabi Grands Prix have also been day -- night races . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Inaugural Grand Prix ( 2009 ) 1.3 2010 1.4 2011 1.5 2012 1.6 2013 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Circuit 3 Sponsors 4 Winners 4.1 Repeat winners ( drivers ) 4.2 Repeat winners ( constructors ) 4.3 By year 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Formula 1 first came to Abu Dhabi in 2007 in the guise of the first ever Formula One Festival . Announced in January 2007 , the event which took place on 3 February 2007 was free , and the largest gathering of current Formula One cars and drivers outside of a Grand Prix . At the festival it was announced that Abu Dhabi had won the rights to host a Grand Prix from 2009 until 2016 . Later that year , Etihad Airways negotiated a three - year deal for them to become sponsors of the Grand Prix . Inaugural Grand Prix ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix For the 2009 season , the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was added to the schedule . It was provisionally announced as being held on 15 November 2009 , as the 19th and final Grand Prix of the season . Both the Canadian Grand Prix and French Grand Prix were later removed from the provisional schedule , and as a result the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was moved to 1 November 2009 where it would become the last of 17 meetings . In August 2009 , it was announced that the start time would be 1700 local time ( 1300 UTC ) , and that the race would be floodlit . The inaugural race was won by Sebastian Vettel for Red Bull Racing . Main article : 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix For the 2010 season , the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on the Yas Marina Circuit , for the weekend of 12 , 13 , 14 November 2010 . The first race in Abu Dhabi in 2009 was a dead rubber as both the championships had been sealed in Brazil . This time around however , the Drivers ' Championship was decided in Abu Dhabi for the first time . With championship leader Fernando Alonso losing out and Sebastian Vettel completing his second victory on this track , the young German driver subsequently sealed the world championship . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix The 2011 Grand Prix was the 18th and penultimate race of the 2011 FIA Formula One World Championship , and took place on 13 November . The race was won by Lewis Hamilton in a McLaren - Mercedes . Second was Fernando Alonso in a Ferrari , with Jenson Button coming third in a McLaren - Mercedes . Sebastian Vettel , in a Red Bull - Renault , had been in pole position , but retired after a puncture in the first lap whilst going round the second corner . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Championship leader Sebastian Vettel finished the race in 3rd position after starting from the pitlane , due to his disqualification from qualifying due to not having enough fuel to return to parc fermé . His main championship rival Fernando Alonso finished 2nd behind the Finnish driver Kimi Räikkönen , who won for the first time after his return to Formula One earlier in 2012 . 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Red Bull Racing celebrated their double fourth ( Drivers ' Champion and Constructors ' Champion ) in Abu Dhabi . David Coulthard performed some more doughnuts on the helipad of the Burj Al Arab luxury hotel in Dubai , 210 metres above ground level . Red Bull clinched their fourth consecutive Constructors ' Championship in India and Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers ' title for the fourth year in a row . 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix The 2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix took place on 23 November and was the concluding race of the 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship . Double points were awarded for the race , which was won by Lewis Hamilton , securing his second Drivers ' Championship . 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix The 2015 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on 29 November 2015 . The race was won by Nico Rosberg making it three wins in a row with Lewis Hamilton and Kimi Räikkönen completing the podium . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix The 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on 27 November 2016 . The race was won by Lewis Hamilton making it four wins in a row with Nico Rosberg and Sebastian Vettel completing the podium with Nico Rosberg securing his first Drivers ' Championship . 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix The 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on 26 November 2017 . The race was won by Valtteri Bottas , with Lewis Hamilton in second and Sebastian Vettel completing the podium . Circuit ( edit ) Main article : Yas Marina Circuit The Yas Marina Circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke and is located on Yas Island -- a 2,550 hectares ( 25.5 km ) island on the east coast of Abu Dhabi -- and the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was the first major event to take place on the circuit . Sponsors ( edit ) Etihad Airways has been the title sponsor of the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since its inception . Winners ( edit ) Repeat winners ( Drivers ) ( edit ) Drivers in bold have competed in the Formula One championship in the current season . Number of wins Driver Years Sebastian Vettel 2009 , 2010 , 2013 Lewis Hamilton 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Repeat winners ( Constructors ) ( edit ) Teams in bold have competed in the Formula One championship in the current season . Number of wins Constructor Years Mercedes 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Red Bull 2009 , 2010 , 2013 By year ( edit ) Year Driver Constructor Report 2017 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes Report 2016 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2015 Nico Rosberg Mercedes Report 2014 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2013 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Report 2012 Kimi Räikkönen Lotus - Renault Report 2011 Lewis Hamilton McLaren - Mercedes Report Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Report 2009 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Report References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yas Marina Circuit construction progressing '' . gulfnews.com. 29 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Motor Sport Council -- Decisions '' . fia.com. 29 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi confirms 5 pm race start '' . autosport.com. 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown underway in Abu Dhabi '' . Formula One . 1 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` F1 Festival coming to Abu Dhabi '' . Formula One . 22 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi line - up taking shape '' . Formula One . 30 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi gets Grand Prix for 2009 '' . Formula One . 3 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi ' on track ' with Grand Prix Circuit construction '' . AME Info. 16 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Etihad Airways to sponsor Abu Dhabi Grand Prix '' . Formula One . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi to stage 2009 F1 finale '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIA wants French GP clarification '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canada dropped from F1 calendar '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` China moves to April as FIA issues revised 2009 calendar '' . Formula One . 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Holt , Sarah ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` F1 fight to have day -- night climax '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vettel wins as Hamilton drops out '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Red Bull celebrate titles with doughnuts in Dubai '' . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIA confirms revised calendar for 2014 '' . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Grand Prix '' . Yas Marina Circuit . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . Formula 1 Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Abu Dhabi Grand Prix pole position to Lewis Hamilton https://web.archive.org/web/20070304102303/http://www.ameinfo.com/109577.html http://www.huliq.com/9352/abu-dhabi-to-host-formula-1-grand-prix-in-2009 http://www.formula1.com/news/5604.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7473748.stm ( hide ) Formula One Grands Prix 2017 season Australian Chinese Bahrain Russian Spanish Monaco Canadian Azerbaijan Austrian British Hungarian Belgian Italian Singapore Malaysian Japanese United States Mexican Brazilian Abu Dhabi Future French ( returning , 2018 ) , German ( returning , 2018 ) Former Argentine Caesars Palace Dallas Detroit Dutch European Indian Indianapolis 500 Korean Luxembourg Moroccan Pacific Pescara Portuguese San Marino South African Swedish Swiss Turkish United States West Proposed America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix&oldid=812300743 '' Categories : Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Formula One Grands Prix National Grands Prix Recurring sporting events established in 2009 2009 establishments in the United Arab Emirates Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 04 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many laps in abu dhabi grand prix	[ "\n Abu Dhabi Grand Prix\n\nYas Marina Circuit\n(2009–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nRace information\n\n\nNumber of times held\n9\n\n\nFirst held\n2009\n\n\nMost wins (drivers)\n Lewis Hamilton (3)\n Sebastian Vettel (3)\n\n\nMost wins (constructors)\n Mercedes (4)\n\n\nCircuit length\n5.554 km (3.451 mi)\n\n\nRace length\n305.470 km (189.810 mi)\n\n\nLaps\n55\n\n\nLast race (2017)\n\n\nPole position\n\n\n\n\n\n Valtteri Bottas\nMercedes\n1:36.231\n\n\n\n\n\nPodium\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. V. Bottas\nMercedes\n1:34:14.063\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. L. Hamilton\nMercedes\n+3.899\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. S. Vettel\nFerrari\n+19.333\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFastest lap\n\n\n\n\n\n Valtteri Bottas\nMercedes\n1:40.650\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "55" ]
2535906436408185692	2022 Winter Olympics	2022 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2022 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Beijing 2022 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2022 Winter Paralympics . XXIV Olympic Winter Games Host city Beijing , China Motto Joyful Rendezvous Upon Pure Ice and Snow . Chinese : 纯洁的冰雪 , 激情的约会 Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 4 February ( 47 months from now ) Closing ceremony 20 February Officially opened by President of the People 's Republic of China ( expected ) Stadium Beijing National Stadium Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 TBD 2026 > Summer < Tokyo 2020 Paris 2024 > Part of a series on 2022 Winter Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC COC BOCOWG The 2022 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIV Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Chinese : 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) , and commonly known as Beijing 2022 , is an international multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province , China , from 4 to 20 February 2022 . They will be the first Winter Olympics to be held in China , and the last of three consecutive Olympics being held in East Asia . With its previous hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics , Beijing is the first city that has ever hosted both the Summer and the Winter Olympic Games , and overtook Vancouver as the most populous city to ever host the Winter Olympics . The estimated budget for the games is $3.9 billion , less than one - tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding 1.1 Host city election 2 Venues 2.1 Beijing cluster 2.2 Yanqing cluster 2.3 Zhangjiakou cluster 2.3. 1 Chongli 3 Transport 4 Sports 4.1 New events 4.2 Possible additional sports 5 Branding 5.1 Emblem 5.2 Mascot 6 Broadcasting 7 Concerns and controversies 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Bidding ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012 , with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013 . The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014 , and selected three cities , Oslo ( Norway ) , Almaty ( Kazakhstan ) and Beijing ( China ) as the final candidate cities . Oslo withdrew its bid on 1 October 2014 , leaving Almaty and Beijing as the two remaining candidates . Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Host city election ( edit ) 2022 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Beijing China 44 Almaty Kazakhstan 40 Venues ( edit ) Location of the three Beijing 2022 clusters The Beijing Olympic Games Bidding Committee unveiled the venue plan for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games on 20 February 2014 : five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre , the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center , which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics . Competitions for luge , bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing , northwest of Beijing , 90 kilometres ( 56 miles ) away from the city center , using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region . All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli , Zhangjiakou , 220 km ( 140 mi ) from downtown Beijing and 130 km ( 81 mi ) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area . Later , on 12 June 2017 , the IOC _́ s Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission has praised the city plans to hold the Snowboarding Big Air events in a new area of urban development located in the Shijingshan District . Beijing cluster ( edit ) Olympic Green venues Beijing National Aquatics Center -- curling / 4,000 existing / renovated Beijing National Indoor Stadium -- ice hockey / 18,000 existing Beijing National Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies / 80,000 existing Beijing Olympic Village National Speed Skating Oval -- speed skating / 12,000 new China National Convention Center -- MPC / IBC / existing Other venues Capital Indoor Stadium -- figure skating , short track speed skating / 15,000 existing Wukesong Sports Centre -- ice hockey / 10,000 existing Shijingshan District - snowboarding ( Big Air ) - TBA temporary Yanqing cluster ( edit ) Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field -- alpine skiing 15,000 Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh , skeleton and Luge Track -- bobsleigh , luge , skeleton / 5,000 new Yanqing MMC : Media Center Yanqing Olympic Village / new Zhangjiakou cluster ( edit ) Chongli ( edit ) The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou , Hebei Province , will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics . The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan ( 237.77 million U.S. dollars ) in tourism during the 2015 -- 16 snow season for a 31.6 % growth over the previous season . In 2016 , it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists , an increase of 30 % from the previous season , during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid . The snow season lasted for five months from November , during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities , such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival . A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up , attracting the participation of 3,800 youths . All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events . Kuyangshu Biathlon Field -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) 15,000 Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field -- ski jumping , Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) 10,000 Hualindong Ski Resort -- biathlon 15,000 Genting Hotel -- Media Center Genting Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( slopestyle , halfpipe ) , freestyle skiing 5,000 Taiwu Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( cross ) , freestyle skiing 10,000 Wanlong Ski Resort -- snowboarding ( parallel slalom ) 5,000 Zhangjiakou Olympic Village Transport ( edit ) The new Beijing - Zhangjiakou intercity railway will be built , starting from Beijing North Railway Station , and ending at Zhangjiakou South Railway Station . It will be built for speeds up to 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) , and travel from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is estimated to take 50 minutes . The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and projected to have at least 24 lines by 2022 . Expressway and highway networks are also expected to be upgraded . A new second airport for Beijing and the region , tentatively known as Beijing Daxing International Airport , is expected to open by 2019 . Sports ( edit ) The 2022 Winter Olympics are tentatively scheduled to include events in at least 15 sports . Alpine skiing ( details ) Biathlon ( details ) Bobsleigh ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( details ) Curling ( details ) Figure skating ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( details ) Ice hockey ( details ) Luge ( details ) Nordic combined ( details ) Short track speed skating ( details ) Skeleton ( details ) Ski jumping ( details ) Snowboarding ( details ) Speed skating ( details ) New events ( edit ) In October 2016 , the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) announced plans to begin sanctioning women 's competitions in nordic combined , with a goal for the discipline to be contested at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing . In November 2017 , a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion : a ski jumping mixed team competition and men 's and women 's big air in freestyle skiing . The International Luge Federation ( FIL ) has proposed the addition of seven new events . This includes adding natural track luge ( men 's and women 's singles ) , a women 's doubles competition on the artificial track and sprint events for singles and doubles for both genders on the artificial track . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) has proposed the addition of synchronized skating as an event within the discipline of figure skating . Possible additional sports ( edit ) A delegation from the Chinese Olympic Committee visited the 2017 Bandy World Championship and held talks with FIB President Boris Skrynnik about the possibility of including bandy in 2022 . The matches could then be hosted at Olympic Sports Centre , a 36,000 capacity stadium . Telemark skiing is also in the running to be added to the 2022 Olympic programme , with hopes to see the Parallel Sprint and / or Sprint event ( s ) hosted . Branding ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem `` Winter Dream '' ( 冬梦 ) was unveiled on December 15 , 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center . The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character `` 冬 '' ( Winter ) inspired by winter snow , with a ribbon motif . The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier . The emblem also features the Olympic colors ( except black ) and the Chinese flag colors . The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo . Mascot ( edit ) To be unveiled in 2020 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Broadcast rights to the 2022 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals . In France and the United Kingdom , the 2022 Winter Olympics will be the first where Eurosport will be the main rightsholder ; the BBC will sub-license a limited amount of coverage on free - to - air television , as part of a deal that saw the BBC sell the pay - TV rights to the 2018 and 2020 Games to Eurosport . Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( Rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport ( free - to - air rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK Latin America -- América Móvil MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Oceania -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBC United Kingdom -- Eurosport , BBC Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process , citing the high costs or the lack of local support to host the 2022 games , leaving Almaty and Beijing as the only candidate cities by 1 October 2014 . The decision to bid for the Olympics was controversial in China ( and outside ) because Beijing itself , and especially some of the proposed outdoor venues , do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports . Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences . The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned . Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system , and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction , and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow , is uncertain . The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31 % of its original size . See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2022 Winter Olympics . Asian Games celebrated in China 1990 Asian Games - Beijing 2010 Asian Games - Guangzhou 2022 Asian Games - Hangzhou Olympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Olympics - Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics - Beijing Paralympic Games celebrated in China 2008 Summer Paralympics - Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympics - Beijing Universiade celebrated in China 2001 Summer Universiade - Beijing 2009 Winter Universiade - Harbin 2011 Summer Universiade - Shenzhen Youth Olympic Games celebrated in China 2014 Summer Youth Olympics - Nanjing Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Olympics portal 2020s portal China portal Beijing portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Beijing to host 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing wo n't have a big budget for the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mills , Chris ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` Here 's the 2022 Winter Olympics Venue , In The Middle of Winter '' . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing announces gym layout for 2022 Winter Olympics '' . People 's Daily Online . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ insidethegames.biz . `` Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit '' . Jump up ^ insidethegames.biz . `` Beijing 2022 Coordination Commission chair praises plans for snowboard big air after venue visit '' . Jump up ^ gaiazhang . `` Beijing 2022 Games Ski Venue Receives Over 2 Million Tourists '' . Jump up ^ `` FIS target Nordic Combined women 's competition at Beijing 2022 '' . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FIS Council Decisions from Autumn 2017 Meeting '' . www.fis-ski.com/ . FIS. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIL submits full package of events for Olympic bid '' . www.fil-luge.org/ . FIL. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Synchronized Skating has been proposed as a new `` event '' by the ISU `` . www.jurasynchro.com/ . Jura Synchro. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Bandy has chances to be included into 2022 Winter Olympics - FIB President Jump up ^ `` Racing for the Rings : Telemark Skiing Looks for Olympic Inclusion '' . vnews.com . Valley News . 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic logo unveiled '' . nbcsports.com . NBC Sports ) . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 - 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Matthew ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` IOC Award América Móvil 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Latin America '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Abend , Lisa ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics '' . time.com . Time ( magazine ) . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Schiavenza , `` A Winter Olympics in a City Without Snow '' , The Atlantic , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ Tom Phillips , `` Beijing promises to overcome lack of snow for 2022 Winter Olympics '' , The Guardian , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Scientists Question Environmental Impact of China 's Winter Olympics '' , New York Times , 9 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympic Games venues in China ' pose threat to Beijing nature reserve ' '' , South China Morning Post , 4 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics '' . birdingbeijing.com . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Beijing 2022 Beijing 2022 ( IOC ) Preceded by Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Beijing XXIV Olympic Winter Games ( 2022 ) Succeeded by TBD Venues of the 2022 Winter Olympics Beijing Cluster National Speed Skating Oval Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Aquatics Center Beijing National Indoor Stadium Wukesong Indoor Stadium Yanqing Cluster Xiaohaituo Alpine Skiing Field Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track Zhangjiakou Cluster Kuyangshu Biathlon Field Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field Hualindong Ski Resort Genting Ski Resort Taiwu Ski Resort Wanlong Ski Resort Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Winter_Olympics&oldid=828127027 '' Categories : 2022 Winter Olympics 2022 in Chinese sport 2022 in multi-sport events 2020s in Beijing Olympic Games in China Scheduled multi-sport events Sports competitions in Beijing Sport in Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics by year February 2022 sports events 2022 in winter sports Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 18 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where will the winter olympics be held in 2022	[ "The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVème Jeux olympiques d'hiver;[1] Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international multi-sport event that will take place in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, China, from 4 to 20 February 2022.[2]" ]	[ "in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, China" ]
-7301233711046677907	Phineas and Ferb	Phineas and Ferb - Wikipedia Phineas and Ferb Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television show . For the soundtrack album , see Phineas and Ferb ( soundtrack ) . For the video game , see Phineas and Ferb ( video game ) . Phineas and Ferb Genre Comedy Musical Created by Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Directed by Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Zac Moncrief Robert F. Hughes Jay Lender Sue Perrotto Kim Roberson Voices of Vincent Martella Thomas Sangster Ashley Tisdale Dee Bradley Baker Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Caroline Rhea Richard O'Brien Alyson Stoner Mitchel Musso Maulik Pancholy Bobby Gaylor Olivia Olson Kelly Hu Ariel Winter Opening theme `` Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day '' ( variation ) by Bowling for Soup Composer ( s ) Danny Jacob Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 222 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Povenmire Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Producer ( s ) Robert F. Hughes Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation Distributor Disney - ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney XD Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release August 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 ) -- June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) Chronology Followed by O.W.C.A. Files Related shows Take Two with Phineas and Ferb External links http://disneychannel.disney.com/phineas-and-ferb Official Website Phineas and Ferb is an American animated musical comedy television series . Originally broadcast as a one - episode preview on August 17 , 2007 and again previewed on September 28 , 2007 , the series officially premiered on February 1 , 2008 on Disney Channel , and follows Phineas Flynn and his British stepbrother Ferb Fletcher on summer vacation . Every day , the boys embark on some grand new project , which annoys their controlling sister , Candace , who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas ' mother , Linda Flynn - Fletcher , and less frequently to Ferb 's father , Lawrence Fletcher . The series follows a standard plot system ; running gags occur every episode , and the b - plot almost always features Phineas and Ferb 's pet platypus Perry the Platypus working as a spy ( named `` Agent P '' ) for OWCA ( the Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) , to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness . Sometimes , other villains scoff at his level of evil . The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys ' project just before Candace can show it to their mother . This usually leaves Candace very frustrated . Creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh had previously worked together on Fox 's The Simpsons and Nickelodeon 's Rocko 's Modern Life . The creators also voice two of the main B - plot characters : Major Monogram and Dr. Doofenshmirtz . Phineas and Ferb was conceived after Povenmire sketched a triangular boy -- the prototype for Phineas -- in a restaurant . Povenmire and Marsh developed the series concept together and pitched it to networks for 16 years before securing a run on Disney Channel . The series is also known for some of its memorable songs , which have appeared in almost every episode since the first - season `` Flop Starz '' . Disney 's managers particularly enjoyed the episode 's song , `` Gitchee , Gitchee Goo '' , and requested that a song appear in each subsequent episode . The show 's creators write and record each number , and vary musical tempo depending on each song 's dramatic use . The music has earned the series a total of four Emmy nominations : in 2008 for the main title theme and for the song `` I Ai n't Got Rhythm '' from the episode `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' , and then in 2010 for the song `` Come Home Perry '' from the episode `` Oh , There You Are , Perry '' as well as one for its score . The series has also been popular with adults . On August 25 , 2011 , the show was picked up for a fourth season along with a possible spin - off show and a feature film on the Disney Channel . Disney Channel officially announced on November 9 , 2011 that the fourth season was picked up with new episodes rolling out starting December 7 , 2012 . It is now the longest running Disney Channel Original Series , beating Kim Possible 's 5 years and 3 months , and is also the longest running Disney XD Original Series . On February 15 , 2014 , it was announced that production of the show had been completed and no new episodes had been ordered , and that the show would go on an indefinite hiatus . However , new episodes started airing on Disney XD in June 2014 , and on Disney Channel in the summer of 2014 . On May 7 , 2015 , Disney officially announced that the series has wrapped up after four seasons , and the final hour - long episode titled `` Phineas and Ferb : Last Day of Summer '' would premiere on June 12 , 2015 on Disney XD , simulcast on Disney Channel . A 73 - hour marathon of the show would begin on Disney XD on June 9 , 2015 . The series officially ended on June 12 , 2015 on Disney Channel and Disney XD . It was also announced that a stand - alone hour - long special titled `` O.W.C.A. Files '' would be released the following Fall . The special officially premiered on Disney XD on November 9 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Characters 4 Music 5 Origins 5.1 Early inspirations 5.2 Conception 5.3 Pitching and pickup 6 Production 6.1 Writing style 6.2 Visual aspects and animation 6.3 Cast 7 Reception and achievements 7.1 Reviews 7.2 Ratings 7.3 Marketing and merchandise 7.4 Homages 7.5 Awards and nominations 8 Films 8.1 Television film 8.2 Theatrical film 9 Crossovers 9.1 Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel 9.2 Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars 9.3 Milo Murphy 's Law crossover 10 Phineas and Ferb : The Best LIVE Tour Ever 11 Spin - off 12 References 13 External links Plot Povenmire drew inspiration for the show from his boyhood in Mobile , Alabama . The show follows the adventures of stepbrothers Phineas Flynn ( Vincent Martella ) and Ferb Fletcher ( Thomas Sangster ) , who live in the fictional city of Danville , in a ( never specified ) Tri-State area , as they seek ways to occupy their time during their summer vacation . Often these adventures involve elaborate , life - sized and ostensibly dangerous construction projects . Phineas 's older sister , Candace Flynn ( Ashley Tisdale ) , has two obsessions : `` busting '' Phineas and Ferb 's schemes and ideas , and winning the attention of a boy named Jeremy ( Mitchel Musso ) . Meanwhile , the boys ' pet platypus , Perry , acts as a secret agent for an all - animal government organization called the O.W.C.A. ( `` Organization Without a Cool Acronym '' ) , fighting Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz . Much of the series ' humor relies on running gags used in almost every episode , with slight variation . Most episodes follow a pattern : Some incident gives Phineas an idea for a project , and he announces , `` Hey Ferb , I know what we 're gon na do today ! '' Meanwhile , Perry slips away , using one of many hidden tunnels , to a secret underground base . Phineas ( or occasionally another character ) remarks , `` Hey , where 's Perry ? '' Major Monogram briefs Perry ( whom he calls `` Agent P '' ) on his mission ; this sometimes amounts to nothing more than `` Doctor Doofenshmirtz is up to something ; find out what it is , and put a stop to it ! '' Candace sees what the boys are doing , and resolves to tell her Mom to `` bust them '' . Perry breaks into the skyscraper office of Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. ( complete with its own easy listening jingle , and variations depending on location and time ) . Doofenshmirtz traps Perry and explains his current evil plan . Perry escapes the trap and they battle . Phineas and Ferb complete their project . Mom gets home and Candace thinks that , at last , Mom will see what the boys have been up to and believe her . But just as Mom is about to step into the back yard , all evidence vanishes , usually as a side effect of Doofenshmirtz 's device . Doofenshmirtz , foiled again , cries out , `` Curse you , Perry the Platypus ! '' Other running gags : An adult asks Phineas if he is rather young to be performing some complex activities ; he responds , `` Yes , yes , I am '' . This is often parodied . Doofenshmirtz 's names for his contraptions all have the same suffix , `` - inator '' , as in Shrinkinator , Giant Dog Biscuit - inator , `` Eradicate Rodney 's - Inator '' , etc . Eventually he starts calling them `` inators '' as a generic term . Doofenshmirtz has a daughter , Vanessa , who generally finds his work boring , but sometimes tries to prove to her mother that he is evil . Like Candace , she always fails . Ferb rarely speaks more than once in an episode . Garden gnomes are often seen or used as plot points . Isabella , who has a crush on Phineas , comes into the backyard and asks , `` Whatcha doin ' ? '' in a distinctive singsong tone . She does n't like it when other characters ( besides Phineas ) say that line . For example , in `` Suddenly Suzy '' , after both Suzy and Candace speak that line , Isabella grumbles `` Uh , hello ! ? '' and `` Do I even need to be here ? '' , respectively . Aspects of the show 's humor are aimed at adults , including its frequent pop - cultural references . Co-creator Dan Povenmire , who had previously worked on Family Guy , sought to create a less raunchy show that would make similar use of comic timing , metahumor , humorous blank stares , wordplay and breaking the fourth wall . Povenmire describes the show as a combination of Family Guy and SpongeBob SquarePants . Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , the other co-creator , said the show was not created just for kids ; he simply did not exclude them as an audience . Episodes Main article : List of Phineas and Ferb episodes Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 47 26 August 17 , 2007 February 18 , 2009 65 39 February 19 , 2009 February 11 , 2011 62 35 March 4 , 2011 November 30 , 2012 Television Film August 5 , 2011 48 33 December 7 , 2012 June 12 , 2015 O.W.C.A. Files November 9 , 2015 Characters Main article : List of Phineas and Ferb characters A platypus was included in the series due to its interesting appearance . The series ' main characters live in a blended family , a premise the creators considered underused in children 's programming and which reflected Marsh 's own upbringing . Marsh considers explaining the family background `` not important to the kids ' lives . They are a great blended family and that 's all we need to know . '' The choice of a platypus as the boys ' pet was similarly inspired by media underuse , as well as to exploit the animal 's striking appearance . The platypus also gives them freedom to `` make stuff up '' since `` no one knows very much about them . '' An additional reason for choosing a platypus allowed them to own that `` mental real estate '' , so that if a person thinks `` platypus '' , they 'll associate it with `` Agent P '' , just as an ogre is now commonly associated with Shrek . Marsh called the characters `` cool , edgy and clever without ( ... ) being mean - spirited . '' Animation director Rob Hughes is said to have noted that `` in all the other shows every character is either stupid or a jerk , but there are no stupid characters or jerks in this one . '' Music Main article : List of Phineas and Ferb songs `` Every episode since ( Flop Starz ) has a song in it . It 's not always the characters singing onscreen -- they do n't break into song just to advance the plot . The music does n't come out of nowhere , sometimes it 's just a montage over action . We 've done every genre known to man : ABBA , Broadway show tunes , 16th - century madrigals '' Dan Povenmire on the songs . Phineas and Ferb follows structural conventions Povenmire and Marsh developed while writing Rocko 's Modern Life , whereby each episode features `` a song or a musical number , plus a big action / chase scene '' . Both creators had musical backgrounds , as Povenmire performed rock and roll in his college years and Marsh 's grandfather was the bandleader Les Brown . The creators ' original pitch to Disney emphasized Perry 's signature `` secret agent theme '' and the song `` Gitchee Gitchee Goo '' from the episode `` Flop Starz '' . Disney 's managers enjoyed the songs and asked Povenmire and Marsh to write one for each episode . The songs span many genres , from 16th - century madrigals to Broadway show tunes . Each is written in an intensive session during episode production : a concept , score , and lyrics are developed quite quickly . Together , Marsh and Povenmire can `` write a song about almost anything '' and in only one hour at most . After they finish writing the song , Povenmire and Marsh sing it over the answering machine of series composer Danny Jacob on Friday nights . By the following Monday , the song is fully produced . The title sequence music , originally named ' Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day ' and performed by the American group Bowling for Soup , was nominated for an Emmy award in 2008 . The creators originally wrote a slower number , more like a `` classic Disney song '' , but the network felt changes were needed to appeal to modern children and commissioned a rock version which made the final cut . A season 2 clip show broadcast in October 2009 focused on the music of Phineas and Ferb , featuring a viewer - voted top - 10 of songs from the series ; the end result was the `` Phineas and Ferb 's Musical Cliptastic Countdown . '' This clip show had a sequel , called the `` Phineas and Ferb Musical Cliptastic Countdown Hosted by Kelly Osbourne '' . Kelly Osbourne hosted the special in live form , while Dr. Doofenshmirtz and Major Monogram were animated . It aired on June 28 , 2013 . Origins Phineas and Ferb co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh in 2009 . Early inspirations Dan Povenmire attributes the show 's genesis to growing up in Mobile , Alabama , where his mother told him never to waste a day of summer . To occupy himself , Povenmire undertook projects such as hole - digging and home movie - making . Povenmire recalled , `` My mom let me drape black material all the way across one end of our living room to use as a space field . I would hang little models of spaceships for these little movies I made with a Super 8 camera . '' He was an artistic prodigy and displayed his very detailed drawings at art shows . Meanwhile , Marsh grew up in a large , blended family . As with Povenmire , Marsh spent his summers exploring and taking part in several activities in order to have fun . Conception Drawn on butcher paper , this first drawing of Phineas began a rapid growth of characters and the outline of the artistic style . While attending the University of Southern California , Povenmire started a daily comic strip called Life Is a Fish , and received money from the merchandise that was designed based on his series . Povenmire eventually dropped out and started drawing people on street corners to make a living , until he was finally called by Tommy Chong to work on a short bit of animation in the film Far Out Man . Povenmire began to take up animation professionally , working on shows such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Marsh had become a vice president of sales and marketing for a computer company , until he `` freaked out '' and decided to quit . His friend helped him put together a portfolio and go into the animation business . Povenmire and Marsh eventually started working across from each other as layout artists on The Simpsons . The two bonded over mutual tastes in humor and music , becoming fast friends . They continued their working relationship as a writing team on the Nickelodeon series Rocko 's Modern Life , where they conceived the idea for their own series . While eating dinner at a Wild Thyme restaurant in South Pasadena , California , Povenmire drew a quick sketch of a `` triangle kid '' on butcher paper . He tore it out and called Marsh that night to report , `` Hey , I think we have our show . '' The triangle doodle sparked rapid development of characters and designs . Povenmire decided that his sketch `` looked like a Phineas '' , and named Ferb after a friend who `` owns more tools than anyone in the world . '' The creators based their character designs on angular shapes in homage to MGM / Warner Bros. animator / director Tex Avery , adding geometric shapes to the backgrounds for continuity . Pitching and pickup Disney Channel was the first network to give the series a chance , though initially declined when Dan Povenmire originally pitched it to them . Their early attempts to pitch the show failed and , though they remained committed to the concept , Povenmire and Marsh began to drift apart after their work on Rocko 's . Marsh moved to London and worked on shows including Postman Pat and Bounty Hamster . Povenmire began working on the primetime Fox series Family Guy , as well as Nickelodeon series SpongeBob SquarePants , always carrying a Phineas and Ferb portfolio for convenient pitching to networks like Cartoon Network and Fox Kids . These networks passed on the show , believing the series ' premise was too complex to succeed . Povenmire persisted and later pitched the series to Nickelodeon , where it was considered by high - level executives but rejected again as too complicated . Then , after 16 years of trying , Povenmire landed a pitch with Disney . The network did not immediately accept the show , but told Povenmire they would keep the packet . Povenmire assumed this meant an end to negotiations , aware that the phrase usually `` means they throw it in the trash later . '' Disney then surprised him by accepting . Said Povenmire , `` Disney was the first to say , ' Let 's see if you can do it in 11 minutes . ' We did it in the pilot and they said , ' Let 's see if you can do it for 26 episodes . ' '' Povenmire was initially worried that his work on Family Guy ( an adult show known for its lowbrow humor ) would concern Disney , which markets primarily towards families . However , the Disney Channel 's Senior Vice President of Original Series , Adam Bonnett , was a Family Guy fan who appreciated Povenmire 's connection to the show and received his pitch well . In 2006 , after the Disney Channel accepted the show , Povenmire and Marsh turned their attention to the company 's overseas executives . Instead of a normal script , the two drew out storyboards and played them in a reel . Povenmire voiced over the reel with his dialogue and added sound effects . This novel approach secured the executives ' support . Production Writing style The show uses four major writers to devise story ideas according to `` strict guidelines '' , such as that the boys ' schemes never appear to be `` magical . '' Stories are reviewed at weekly sessions on a Monday , then simultaneously scripted and storyboarded . A very rough design is built before the storyboard , featuring little more than suggested scenes and dialogue , is drafted ; the writers then gather for a `` play - by - play '' walkthrough of the storyboard in front of the whole crew , whose reactions to the jokes are assessed before rewrites are made . The writers as well include running gags in every episode , which are generally lines spoken by characters . Almost every episode is set into two eleven - minute segments . Visual aspects and Animation The stages of development for a scene during the opening theme , from the original draft ( top ) to the final design ( bottom ) . The top appears briefly in the Season 1 theme . Rough Draft Studios in South Korea , Wang Film Productions in Taiwan , and Synergy Animation and Hong Ying Animation in Shanghai animate the series in 2D Animation using the software packages Toon Boom . Povenmire undertakes the bulk of production direction , along with Zac Moncrief and Robert Hughes . The series adopts artistic features from animator Tex Avery , such as geometric shapes integrated into characters , objects , and backgrounds . Dan Povenmire said of this inclusion , `` There 's a little bit of Tex Avery in there - he had that very graphic style ( in his later cartoons ) . '' Triangles are featured as an easter egg in the background of every episode , sometimes in trees or buildings . Bright colors are also a prominent element of the animation . Marsh elaborates , `` The idea at the end of the day was candy . One of the things that I think works so well is that the characters are so bright and candy - colored and our backgrounds are a much more realistic depiction of the world : the soft green of the grass , the natural woods for the fence . In order for all the stuff that they do to work , their world needs to be grounded in reality . '' The designers sought to keep their characters visually simple , so that kids `` would easily be able to draw ( them ) themselves . '' Characters were also crafted to be recognizable from a distance , a technique the creators say is based on Matt Groening 's goal of making characters recognizable by silhouette . Cast Phineas and Ferb are voiced by Vincent Martella and Thomas Sangster , respectively . Sangster was one of many British actors cast ; Marsh lived in the United Kingdom for seven years , and developed a fondness for the British . The rest of the cast includes Ashley Tisdale as their sister , Candace ; Bobby Gaylor as Buford van Stomm , who has a tendency to bully but is kept distracted by being included in the adventures ; Maulik Pancholy as Baljeet Tjinder , a very intelligent boy who would be Buford 's main victim but who is almost friends with him due to the adventures ; Dee Bradley Baker as Perry the Platypus and just plain Perry , as Phineas calls him ; Caroline Rhea as Linda Flynn - Fletcher , who is Phineas and Candace 's mother , and stepmother to Ferb ; Jack McBrayer as Irving who admires Phineas and Ferb , and creator of the Phineas and Ferb Fansite ; Kelly Hu as Candace 's best friend , Stacy ; creators Dan Povenmire as Dr. Doofenshmirtz and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh as Major Monogram , respectively ; Olivia Olson as Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's not - really - evil daughter Vanessa ; Tyler Mann as Carl , Major Monogram 's goofy super genius intern ; Alyson Stoner as Isabella Garcia - Shapiro , a sweet girl who leads the Fireside Girls and has a crush on Phineas ( it is revealed that Isabella 's family is `` Mexican Jewish '' and lives across the street from the Flynn - Fletchers ) ; Mitchel Musso as Jeremy , Candace 's crush then later her boyfriend . Madison Pettis also stars as Adyson Sweetwater ; The show 's casting organization is responsible for selecting most of the voice actors and actresses , choosing actors such as Vincent Martella and Mitchel Musso for major roles based on perceived popularity with target demographics . Povenmire and Marsh select guest stars , casting people that they `` really want to work with '' . They also solicit guest roles from actors they feel would lend an interesting presence to the show . Guest stars have included pop culture figures like Damian Lewis , boxer Evander Holyfield , film stars Cloris Leachman and Ben Stiller , and pop singer Kelly Clarkson . Povenmire and Marsh have also solicited several stars of The Rocky Horror Picture Show to make guest appearances Tim Curry and Barry Bostwick , while creator Richard O'Brien voices Lawrence , Ferb 's father and Candace and Phineas 's stepfather . In addition , guest stars have also included the likes of Tina Fey , Seth MacFarlane , David Mitchell , Jaret Reddick , Clay Aiken , Chaka Khan , and Kevin Smith . O'Brien's participation eventually became regular , as he was cast to play Lawrence Fletcher , the children 's father , who appears in about half of the episodes in the show . Reception and achievements Reviews The show has received generally positive reviews . The New York Times commented favorably , describing the show as `` Family Guy with an espionage subplot and a big dose of magical realism '' . It considered the pop - culture references ubiquitous `` but ( placed ) with such skill that it seems smart , not cheap . '' Whitney Matheson wrote in her USA Today blog `` Pop Candy '' that the series was an achievement in children 's programming . Matheson applauded the writing and called it `` an animated version of Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose . '' Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show 's humor and plot , giving it four out of five stars . The Seattle Times wrote that the story of the show was `` valiant '' and that the main characters of Phineas and Ferb were `` young heroes '' . Variety noted the show 's appeal to all ages with its `` sense of wit and irreverence . '' Similar reviews have emphasized the series ' popularity with adults ; Elastic Pops Rebecca Wright wrote , in a review for the volume one DVD , `` As an adult , I really enjoyed watching this Phineas and Ferb DVD , and I think it is one that the whole family can enjoy . '' Wright also called the series ' `` irreverent style '' reminiscent of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . Wired 's Matt Blum has stated in reviews on the series that he `` can stand to watch just about anything with ( his ) kids , but he actually looks forward to watching Phineas and Ferb with them . '' Notable adult celebrities who have openly considered themselves fans of the series include Bob Eubanks , Anthony LaPaglia , Ben Stiller , Chaka Khan , Jeff Sullivan and Jake Gyllenhaal . Among the negative reviews is one that charges the series with a lack of originality . Maxie Zeus of Toon Zone argued that the show is `` derivative , but obviously so , and shorn of even the best features of what has been stolen . '' Zeus took issue with the writing , feeling that certain jokes and conventions were `` ripped - off '' from other shows . Kevin McDonough of Sun Coast Today criticized the show for its plot complexity , constant action , and `` characters ( that ) can do just about anything . '' McDonough stated that `` it 's never clear whether P&F are intended to entertain children or are merely a reflection of grown - up animators engaged in a juvenile lark . '' Marylin Moss of The Hollywood Reporter described Phineas and Ferb as `` Pretty mindless but kids of all ages might find a humorous moment in it . '' Moss called the plot lines redundant but did praise the music styles and guest stars . Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz gave a positive assessment for Phineas and Ferb in their 2016 book titled TV ( The Book ) , stating that `` In television , formula often seems to come from a lack of imagination ... Phineas and Ferb though , managed at the same time to be wildly imaginative and slavishly formulaic , using its repetitive structure not as a crutch , but as a sturdy framework on which it could hang all kinds of fantastic new ideas . '' They further added that `` the characters ' awareness of that formula , and any deviations from it , quickly became one of the show 's most fertile sources of humor . '' Ratings The first episode , `` Rollercoaster '' , garnered a total of 10.8 million viewers when aired as a preview on August 17 , 2007 , holding onto more than half the record - setting audience of its lead - in , High School Musical 2 . When Phineas and Ferb officially debuted in February the next year , it proved cable 's number one watched animated series premiere by `` tweens '' . Throughout the first quarter that followed , it peaked as the top - rated animated series for ages 6 -- 10 and 9 -- 14 , also becoming number three animated series for all of cable television for viewers age 6 -- 10 . By the time the commissioning of the second season was announced in May 2008 , the series had become a top - rated program in the 6 -- 11 and 9 -- 14 age groups . The Disney Channel 's airing of `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted '' was watched by 3.7 million viewers . The episodes `` Perry Lays an Egg '' and `` Gaming the System '' on Disney Channel achieved the most views by ages 6 -- 11 and 9 -- 14 of any channel in that night 's time slot . This achievement propelled the series to the number one animated telecast that week for the target demographics . On June 7 , 2009 , Disney announced that the show had become the number one primetime animated television show for the demographics 6 - 10 and 9 - 14 . The premiere of `` Phineas and Ferb 's Christmas Vacation '' garnered 2.62 million viewers during its debut on Disney XD , the most watched telecast in the channel 's history ( including Toon Disney ) and the number three program of the night in all demographics . It received 5.2 million viewers for its debut on Disney Channel . It was the highest rated episode of the series to date and 5th highest for the week . The premiere of `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' garnered 3.862 million viewers , was watched by 22 % of kids 2 -- 11 , 13 % of teens , 5 % of households , and 3 % of adults 18 -- 49 , also being the # 1 program on that night and it was 25th for the week in viewership . On Disney XD , the episode ranked in the channel 's top 3 telecasts of the year in viewers with 1.32 million , and Boys 6 -- 11 with 365,000 , with a 2.9 rating . The hour telecast on August 2 , 2010 is currently the Emmy - winning animated series ' No. 2 telecast of all time on Disney XD in Total Viewers , in kids 6 -- 14 with 677,000 and a 1.9 rating , Boys 6 -- 14 with 435,000 and a 2.3 rating , and kids 6 -- 11 with 542,000 and a 2.2 rating , Boys 6 -- 11 and Boys 9 -- 14 235,000 with a 1.9 rating , behind only December 2009 's `` Phineas and Ferb 's Christmas Vacation '' . Marketing and merchandise Disney has licensed a number of products from the show , including plush toys of characters Perry , Ferb , Phineas , and Candace . Disney released several T - shirts for the show and launched a `` Make your own T - shirt '' program on its Disney website . Authors have novelized several episodes . Two season one DVDs , entitled The Fast and the Phineas and The Daze of Summer , have been released ; the discs include episodes never broadcast in America . A third DVD was released on October 5 , 2010 , called A Very Perry Christmas . Some reviewers were displeased that the discs covered selected episodes rather than providing box sets of whole series , but noted that Disney does not generally release full - season DVD sets . In 2009 , Disney licensed a Nintendo DS game , titled like the show , Phineas and Ferb . The game 's story follows the title characters as they try to build a roller coaster to stop boredom over the summer ( in reference to the show 's pilot episode ) . The player controls Phineas , Ferb and occasionally Agent P ( Perry the Platypus ) . Phineas scavenges for spare parts for the rollercoaster while Ferb fixes various objects around town , gaining access to new areas as a result . Ferb can also construct new parts of the rollercoaster and its vehicle - themed carts . Each activity features a short mini-game . The game was well received and garners a 76.67 % on GameRankings . A sequel entitled Phineas and Ferb : Ride Again was released on September 14 , 2010 . Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh have also announced that there is a Phineas and Ferb Wii game in development . It was later confirmed that this game would be a video game adaptation of the TV movie , also available for Nintendo DS and PlayStation 3 . In 2012 , Disney opened an interactive game based on the series in Epcot , titled Agent P 's World Showcase Adventure , which centered around Perry and Dr. Doofenshmirtz , based on the previous attraction Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure . Disney has been focusing on the development of their `` Infinity '' system . Also in 2012 , Disney Mobile launched a mobile game titled Where 's My Perry ? for iOS and Android . It was based on Disney 's popular Where 's My Water ? game , using similar physics . In this game , Agent P is trying to get into O.W.C.A. headquarters but the transport tubes are out , so he needs water for the backup underground hydrogenerators . If you struggle or get stuck , Major Monogram and Carl will offer encouragement while Doofenshmirtz will taunt him . Phineas and Ferb never appear in the game except in the opening splash screen . The game was expanded to include levels featuring Doofenshmirtz and other animal agents . The game has a 4.0 rating on iTunes , but has not been updated in more than a year . In 2013 , Disney commissioned Majesco Entertainment to create the newest Phineas and Ferb video game , which released in August 2013 , entitled Phineas and Ferb : Quest for Cool Stuff , which is available on Xbox 360 , Wii U , Wii , Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS . Homages The United Kingdom Disney Channel has aired a series entitled Oscar and Michael 's Phineas and Ferb Fan Club Show in homage to the animated series . The show features two boys who attempt to be like Phineas and Ferb by taking part in adventures to alleviate boredom . The series aims at educating kids and promoting activity and creativity . It entered its second season on April 10 , 2009 . The television series Psych has made references to Phineas and Ferb in its sixth season . In the episode `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader , '' main character Shawn Spencer ( portrayed by James Roday ) states that he learned his British accent from the granddad on Phineas and Ferb ( he tells this to guest star Malcolm McDowell , who also happens to voice the granddad ) . And in `` The Amazing Psych Man & Tap - Man , Issue # 2 , '' Shawn once again name - drops the series , stating : `` I 'm missing a Phineas and Ferb marathon . Perry the Platypus . He 's a real platypus . '' Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee Result 2008 British Academy Children 's Awards Best International Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Main Title Theme Music `` Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day '' Nominated Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics `` I Ai n't Got Rhythm '' ( Episode : `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together ! '' ) Nominated 2009 Annie Awards Best Animated Television Program Phineas and Ferb Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards Best International Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Short - Format Animated Program `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' Nominated Pulcinella Awards Best TV Series for Kids Phineas and Ferb Won Special Mention : Best Flash Animation Phineas and Ferb Won Annie Awards Best Writing in a Television Production `` Nerds of a Feather '' Nominated Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Writing in Animation Phineas and Ferb Won Outstanding Original Song -- Children 's and Animation `` Come Home Perry '' ( Episode : `` Oh , There You Are , Perry '' ) Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition Danny Jacob Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Live Action and Animation Robert Poole II , Robbi Smith , and Roy Braverman Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated 2011 Children 's Representatives Ceremony ( Israel ) Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Won Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Jill Daniels ( Episode : `` Wizard Of Odd '' ) Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Brian Woods ( Episode : `` Wizard Of Odd '' ) Won 2012 Cynopsis Kids ! magination Awards Best Tween Series Phineas and Ferb Won Best Tween Special / TV Movie `` Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension '' Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Jill Daniels ( Episode : `` Doof Dynasty '' ) Won Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Dan Povenmire ( Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension '' ) Nominated Outstanding Short - Format Animated Program `` The Doonkleberry Imperative '' Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote - Television Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Short - Format Animated Program `` Thanks But No Thanks '' Nominated 2015 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program `` Phineas and Ferb Save Summer '' Nominated 2016 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program `` Last Day of Summer '' Nominated 1. ^ A Academy of Television Arts & Sciences announced that they would not present the award to either nominee in the category . 2. ^ B Shared with Back at the Barnyard . Films Television film Main article : Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension On March 3 , 2010 , a Disney press release announced a made - for - television film , based on Phineas and Ferb entitled Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension . It aired on the Disney Channel on August 5 , 2011 . The film concerned Phineas and Ferb accidentally helping Dr. Doofenshmirtz with an invention of his , which takes them to a parallel dimension . There , Perry reveals his double life as a secret agent to them , and , to save their friends from an alternative Dr. Doofenshmirtz , who is far more devious and threatening than his prime counterpart , they team up with their alternate dimension selves to stop him . Theatrical film On January 11 , 2011 , Disney Channels Worldwide chief Gary Marsh announced that a feature film based on Phineas and Ferb was in development by Tron : Legacy producer Sean Bailey . As of September 6 , 2011 , Dan and Swampy had finished writing the script . In October 2011 , the film , tentatively titled simply Phineas and Ferb , was given the release date of July 26 , 2013 by Walt Disney Pictures , a slot previously occupied by Thor : The Dark World . On October 27 , 2011 , it was announced that Michael Arndt , who had written Little Miss Sunshine and Toy Story 3 , had been hired to write the draft for the film . The project will now be produced by Mandeville Films . In October 2012 , Disney moved the release date to 2014 , and in August 2013 , the film was removed from its schedule . This led to speculation that it was cancelled , but Swampy Marsh confirmed via Twitter that the film was just on hold . On July 12 , 2015 , it was confirmed that a form of the script of the film was completed . As of March 2018 , there has been no more word on the film 's development . Crossovers Phineas and Ferb : mission Marvel Main article : Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel In 2012 , it was announced that a crossover between Phineas and Ferb and Marvel Entertainment , would air in the summer of 2013 , titled Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel . It features Marvel Comics superheroes Iron Man , Spider - Man , the Hulk and Thor and the villains the Red Skull , Whiplash , Venom and M.O.D.O.K. . It is the first major animated crossover between Marvel and Disney since the acquisition of Marvel Entertainment by Disney in 2009 . Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars Main article : Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars In July 2013 , the producers announced a Phineas and Ferb / Star Wars crossover which was used as a sidebar to the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The special aired on July 26 , 2014 . Milo Murphy 's Law crossover Co-creator Dan Povenmire has said that he would like to do a crossover with his and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh 's follow - up show , Milo Murphy 's Law , which takes place in the same universe as Phineas and Ferb . On July 21 , 2017 , it was announced that the crossover is planned to be broadcast in 2018 . Before this crossover airs , a character from Phineas and Ferb , Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , cameoed at the end of the episode `` Fungus Among Us '' . Phineas and Ferb : the best live Tour Ever Phineas and Ferb : The Best LIVE Tour Ever was a touring two - act stage of the TV show . A projection system played video in the same style as the TV show on the rear of the stage ; the characters were first introduced there in their cartoon forms , but then used a backyard slide that continued into a physical slide out of which the live cast members emerged into the real world . The performers wore prosthetics to make their characters resemble their cartoon counterparts -- mostly head pieces , but a full body suit in the cases of Buford and Perry . The 2011 - 2012 season of the tour began on August 21 , 2011 in Lakeland , Florida and ended on April 22 , 2012 in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The 2012 - 2013 season began on August 23 , 2012 in Wheeling , West Virginia and ran until February 18 , 2013 in Chattanooga , Tennessee . Spin - off Main article : Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Disney produced a live - action talk show where the two characters ( as cartoons ) interview celebrities , similarly to Space Ghost Coast to Coast , which began airing in December 2010 as a two - minute talk - show format , featuring real - life celebrities such as Tony Hawk , Randy Jackson , Neil Patrick Harris , Seth Rogen , Taylor Swift , Andy Samberg , Tom Bergeron , Emma Roberts , Jack Black , Regis Philbin , Howie Mandel , David Beckham and Guy Fieri . 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Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dulce María y `` Grachi '' , ganadores del Kids ' Choice Awards `` . Milenio.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Nominees / Winners '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cynopsis Kids marketing awards for best kids TV shows and marketing and PR programs '' . Cynopsis.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Nominees / Winners '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ TVLine , Team ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Bang , Horror Story , Parks and Rec , Good Wife , The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TVLine , Team ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Nominees '' . TVLine . TVLine Media , LLC . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Primetime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Animated Program '' . Television Academy . July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fujimori , Sachi . `` For Montvale Boy , It Was All Worth the Tux '' . California Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Disney Channel & Disney XD Present Programming Plans for 2010 - 11 '' . TVBytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Planning Phineas and Ferb Feature Film '' . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) . `` ' Phineas and Ferb ' reinvent the essence of Disney Channel charm in kid - friendly TV movie '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Official : Disney 's ' Lone Ranger ' Sets May 31 , 2013 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ SZeitchik , Steven ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Phineas and Ferb ' gets the ' Toy Story ' treatment '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Disney 's Marvel Movie Moves : Iron Man 3 , Thor 2 Going 3D , Ant - Man Dated For 2015 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas And Ferb Off Disney 's Release Schedule '' . Deadline . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` swampy marsh on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jim Hill Media '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Phineas And Ferb ' And Marvel 's Favorite Super Heroes Team Up For Animated Movie '' . Allyourtv.com. 2012 - 07 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt . `` First Animated Disney -- Marvel Crossover Announced -- And It 's Phineas and Ferb ! GeekDad '' . Wired.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : ' Phineas and Ferb ' Heads to ' Star Wars ' Universe in Special Episode '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Phineas and Ferb 's ' ' Star Wars ' Special Lands Premiere Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb Finale , ' Last Day of Summer ' , May Not Be as Final as We Think '' . The Huffington Post . 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : Disney XD Sets ' Milo Murphy 's Law ' and ' Phineas and Ferb ' Crossover ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Phineas and Ferb : The Best Live Tour Ever ! ' coming to Columbus '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Disney 's Phineas and Ferb LIVE ! '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Disney XD orders ' Tron : Legacy ' toon '' . Variety . External links Find more aboutPhineas and Ferbat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Phineas and Ferb on IMDb Phineas and Ferb at the Big Cartoon DataBase Phineas and Ferb at TV.com Phineas and Ferb at TV Guide 2000s portal 2010s portal Cartoon portal Disney portal Television in the United States portal Phineas and Ferb Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Candace Flynn Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons Episodes `` Rollercoaster '' `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' `` Are You My Mummy ? '' `` Flop Starz '' `` Raging Bully '' `` It 's About Time ! '' `` Jerk De Soleil '' `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' `` Wizard of Odd '' Specials `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension - The Video Game Disney Channel All Star Party Disney Universe Quest for Cool Stuff Disney Infinity Films Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Other Songs Soundtrack Take Two with Phineas and Ferb episodes Milo Murphy 's Law Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Disney XD original programming Current Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! 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( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Kirby Buckets ( 2014 -- 17 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas Works by Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh TV series Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 - 2015 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 - 2011 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2016 - present ) Films Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phineas_and_Ferb&oldid=831992540 '' Categories : Phineas and Ferb 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comedy television series 2007 American television series debuts 2010s American animated television series 2010s American comedy television series 2015 American television series endings American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated musical television series Animated duos Cartoons animated with Toon Boom Disney Channel shows Disney XD shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Flash cartoons Television series about siblings Television series about vacationing Television series by Disney Television Animation Television series created by Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Television shows set in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 05 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first episode of phineas and ferb air	[ "Phineas and Ferb is an American animated musical comedy television series. Originally broadcast as a one-episode preview on August 17, 2007 and again previewed on September 28, 2007, the series officially premiered on February 1, 2008 on Disney Channel, and follows Phineas Flynn and his British stepbrother Ferb Fletcher[1] on summer vacation. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project, which annoys their controlling sister, Candace, who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas' mother, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, and less frequently to Ferb's father, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follows a standard plot system; running gags occur every episode, and the b-plot almost always features Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus Perry the Platypus working as a spy (named \"Agent P\") for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym), to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness. Sometimes, other villains scoff at his level of evil. The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys' project just before Candace can show it to their mother. This usually leaves Candace very frustrated.", "Phineas and Ferb is an American animated musical comedy television series. Originally broadcast as a one-episode preview on August 17, 2007 and again previewed on September 28, 2007, the series officially premiered on February 1, 2008 on Disney Channel, and follows Phineas Flynn and his British stepbrother Ferb Fletcher[1] on summer vacation. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project, which annoys their controlling sister, Candace, who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas' mother, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, and less frequently to Ferb's father, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follows a standard plot system; running gags occur every episode, and the b-plot almost always features Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus Perry the Platypus working as a spy (named \"Agent P\") for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym), to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness. Sometimes, other villains scoff at his level of evil. The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys' project just before Candace can show it to their mother. This usually leaves Candace very frustrated.", "Phineas and Ferb is an American animated musical comedy television series. Originally broadcast as a one-episode preview on August 17, 2007 and again previewed on September 28, 2007, the series officially premiered on February 1, 2008 on Disney Channel, and follows Phineas Flynn and his British stepbrother Ferb Fletcher[1] on summer vacation. Every day, the boys embark on some grand new project, which annoys their controlling sister, Candace, who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas' mother, Linda Flynn-Fletcher, and less frequently to Ferb's father, Lawrence Fletcher. The series follows a standard plot system; running gags occur every episode, and the b-plot almost always features Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus Perry the Platypus working as a spy (named \"Agent P\") for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym), to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness. Sometimes, other villains scoff at his level of evil. The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys' project just before Candace can show it to their mother. This usually leaves Candace very frustrated." ]	[ "one-episode preview on August 17, 2007", "again previewed on September 28, 2007", "officially premiered on February 1, 2008" ]
-3959909878713433361	Battle of Fort Sumter	Battle of Fort Sumter - wikipedia Battle of Fort Sumter Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 0 Operations in Charleston Harbor ( April 1861 ) Fort Sumter Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter ( April 12 -- 13 , 1861 ) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston , South Carolina by the Confederate States Army , and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army that started the American Civil War . Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states , South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor . On December 26 , 1860 , Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to Fort Sumter , a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor . An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9 , 1861 . South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter . During the early months of 1861 , the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege . In March , Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard , the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army , was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston . Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter . Conditions in the fort , growing ever dire due to shortages of men , food , and supplies , deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns . The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths . Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Secession 1.2 The Forts of Charleston 1.3 President Buchanan and the Star of the West 1.4 Preparations for war 1.5 Decisions for war 2 Bombardment 3 Surrender 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 5 Footnotes 5.1 Citations 5.2 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Secession On December 20 , 1860 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln 's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and , by February 1861 , six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession . On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery , Alabama . A February peace conference met in Washington , D.C. , but failed to resolve the crisis . The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy . The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it . The forts of Charleston Several forts had been constructed in Charleston 's harbor , including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie , which were not among the sites seized initially . Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest -- it was the site of fortifications since 1776 -- and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison . However , it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor , and its defenses against land - based attacks were feeble ; during the crisis , the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled . When the garrison began clearing away the dunes , the papers objected . Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions . A native of Kentucky , he was a protégé of Winfield Scott , the general in chief of the Army , and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison 's previous commander , Col. John L. Gardner , who was nearing retirement . Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort ( then called Fort Sullivan ) during the American Revolutionary War . Throughout the fall , South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable . As tensions mounted , the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege , to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city . In contrast to Moultrie , Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and , though unfinished , was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world . In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed , but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier , who functioned as a lighthouse keeper , and a small party of civilian construction workers . Under the cover of darkness on December 26 , six days after South Carolina declared its secession , Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie , ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned , and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter . President Buchanan and the Star of the West Maj . Robert Anderson South Carolina authorities considered Anderson 's move to be a breach of faith . Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises . Buchanan , a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat , had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens , promising that he would not `` immediately '' occupy it . From Major Anderson 's standpoint , he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another . He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11 , written by Major General Don Carlos Buell , Assistant Adjutant General of the Army , approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd : ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor , and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity . The smallness of your force will not permit you , perhaps , to occupy more than one of the three forts , but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility , and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance . You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act . Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal . President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson 's move to Sumter , unaware of the authorization Anderson had received . Nevertheless , he refused Pickens 's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor . Since the garrison 's supplies were limited , Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies , small arms , and 200 soldiers . The original intent was to send the Navy sloop - of - war USS Brooklyn , but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles . Instead , it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship , Star of the West , which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates . As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9 , 1861 , it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island , which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel , among them William Stewart Simkins , who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time . Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw . Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire , but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement . In a letter delivered January 31 , 1861 , Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because , `` I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina . '' Preparations for War Fort Sumter before the battle Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860 -- 61 . Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited . The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could . Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns , operated by 650 officers and men , but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861 . Anderson 's garrison consisted of just 85 men , primarily made up of two small artillery companies : Company E , 1st U.S. Artillery , commanded by Capt . Abner Doubleday , and Company H , commanded by Capt . Truman Seymour . There were six other officers present : Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford , First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H , First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery , and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt . John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts , but they reported to their headquarters in Washington , not directly to Anderson . The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates , eight musicians , and 43 noncombatant workmen . By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns , but they had insufficient men to operate them all . The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions , or casemates . The second level of casemates was unoccupied . The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates , on the upper level ( the parapet or barbette positions ) , and on the center parade field . Unfortunately for the defenders , the original mission of the fort -- harbor defense -- meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic , with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault . Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard In March , Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston ; on March 1 , President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy , specifically to take command of the siege . Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders , whose food was running low . He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia , training them to operate the guns they manned . Ironically , Major Anderson had been Beauregard 's artillery instructor at West Point ; the two had been especially close , and Beauregard had become Anderson 's assistant after graduation . Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities . Beauregard , a trained military engineer , built - up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter . Fort Moultrie had three 8 - inch Columbiads , two 8 - inch howitzers , five 32 - pound smoothbores , and four 24 - pounders . Outside of Moultrie were five 10 - inch mortars , two 32 - pounders , two 24 - pounders , and a 9 - inch Dahlgren smoothbore . The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42 - pounders and two 32 - pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding . Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24 - pounder and four 10 - inch mortars . At Cummings Point on Morris Island , the Confederates had emplaced seven 10 - inch mortars , two 42 - pounders , an English Blakely rifled cannon , and three 8 - inch Columbiads , the latter in the so - called Iron Battery , protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars . About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort , if necessary , including the local militia , young boys and older men . Decisions for War On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president . He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter . A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola , Florida , where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification -- Fort Pickens . Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts , and how . They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result . Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy . After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February , there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery , Alabama . South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states ' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state 's secession as an independent commonwealth . This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations -- including Forts Sumter and Pickens -- should be obtained . President Davis , like his counterpart in Washington , preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor . Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states , whose allegiance was undetermined ; before Lincoln 's inauguration on March 4 , five states had voted against secession , including Virginia , and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia 's loyalty . The South sent delegations to Washington , D.C. , and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . However , Secretary of State William H. Seward , who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons -- as a gesture of good will -- engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . On April 4 , as the supply situation on Sumter became critical , President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition , to be commanded by former naval captain ( and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) Gustavus V. Fox , who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West . Fox 's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only , and if he was opposed by the Confederates , to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men . This time , Maj . Anderson was informed of the impending expedition , although the arrival date was not revealed to him . On April 6 , Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that `` an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only , and that if such attempt be not resisted , no effort to throw in men , arms , or ammunition will be made without further notice , ( except ) in case of an attack on the fort . '' Lincoln 's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina , not the new Confederate government , which Lincoln did not recognize . Pickens consulted with Beauregard , the local Confederate commander . Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter 's surrender , and if it did not , to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived . The Confederate cabinet , meeting in Montgomery , endorsed Davis 's order on April 9 . Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision : he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack `` will lose us every friend at the North . You will only strike a hornet 's nest ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death . It is unnecessary . It puts us in the wrong . It is fatal . '' Beauregard dispatched aides -- Col. James Chesnut , Col. James A. Chisholm , and Capt . Stephen D. Lee -- to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum . Anderson refused , although he reportedly commented , `` I shall await the first shot , and if you do not batter us to pieces , we shall be starved out in a few days . '' The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard . At 1 a.m. on April 12 , the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard : `` If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter , and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter , we will abstain from opening fire upon you . '' After consulting with his senior officers , Maj . Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon , April 15 , unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies . Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply , which he handed to Anderson at 3 : 20 a.m. : `` Sir : by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard , commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States , we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time . '' Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat , shook hands with each one , and said `` If we never meet in this world again , God grant that we may meet in the next . '' Bombardment Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort . Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries . Ships from Fox 's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12 . Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic , most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m. , and one of the two warships , USS Powhatan , never did arrive . Unbeknownst to Fox , it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida . As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies , the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back . Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships . The next day , heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13 . Although Sumter was a masonry fort , there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters . The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot ( cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace ) , starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells . At 7 p.m. on April 12 , a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night . They slept fitfully , concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort . During the darkness , the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour . The following morning , the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings . By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire . The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine , where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored . The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety , but two - thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed . He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea , but the tide kept floating them back together into groups , some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds . He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing , but the Confederates did the same , firing the hot shots almost exclusively . Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees . When the fort had to pause its firing , the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort 's aid . Surrender Fort Sumter Flag Wikisource has original text related to this article : Major Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender The fort 's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13 , raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender . Col. Louis Wigfall , a former U.S. senator , had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment . He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island , waving a white handkerchief from his sword , dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan 's Island . Meeting with Major Anderson , he said , `` You have defended your flag nobly , Sir . You have done all that it is possible to do , and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight . On what terms , Major Anderson , will you evacuate this fort ? '' Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said `` evacuate , '' not `` surrender . '' He was low on ammunition , fires were burning out of control , and his men were hungry and exhausted . Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor , enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man , Anderson agreed to a truce at 2 : 00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated . The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2 : 30 p.m. , April 13 . No one from either side was killed during the bombardment . During the 100 - gun salute to the U.S. flag -- Anderson 's one condition for withdrawal -- a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark , mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway , and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew ; these were the first military fatalities of the war . The salute was stopped at fifty shots . Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion . Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston , where Galloway died a few days later ; Fielding was released after six weeks . The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer , the Isabel , where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox 's relief ship Baltic , resting outside the harbor bar . Our Banner in the Sky ( 1861 ) by Frederic Edwin Church Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North , where it became a widely known symbol of the battle , and rallying point for supporters of the Union . This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky , described as a `` symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes . '' A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers . Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender Aftermath The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War . Following the surrender , Northerners rallied behind Lincoln 's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly . There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves . Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses . For example , Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote , `` Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade '' , and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote , `` Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states . '' The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive . The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy . The ensuing war lasted four years , effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse . Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 . Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was president of the university before the war began . Tributes Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office . The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering . It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time . The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells . The state tree of South Carolina , the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities . This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each . The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps . Footnotes Citations ^ Jump up to : Welcher , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORT SUMPTER FALLEN . '' . nytimes.com. April 15 , 1861 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 235 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 25 , 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 29 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 1 -- 2 , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 110 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 121 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 155 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher & Eicher , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 212 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 225 -- 31 , 249 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 133 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ward , Burns & Burns 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 256 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Daily Globe Oct 20 , 1884 p. 4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 . p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved Oct 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets , 3,400 rifles , over 1,000 pistols , and a few artillery pieces including five 24 - pound field howitzers . Jump up ^ When asked about that offer , Abraham Lincoln commented , `` A state for a fort is no bad business . '' Jump up ^ Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot , when Ruffin did not actually do so . References Buchanan , James ( 1911 ) . The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Private Correspondence . Burton , E. Milby ( 1970 ) . The Siege of Charleston 1861 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 345 - 8 . Cooper , William J. ( September 11 , 2012 ) . We Have the War Upon Us : The Onset of the Civil War , November 1860 - April 1861 . New York City , NY : Vintage . ISBN 9780307960887 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Brother against Brother : The War Begins . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4700 - 2 . Detzer , David ( 2001 ) . Allegiance : Fort Sumter , Charleston , and the Beginning of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100641 - 5 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. ; Eicher , David J ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. ( 1998 ) . The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York City , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Ripley , Warren ( 1992 ) . Wilcox , Arthur M. , ed . War 's First Death Accidental . The Civil War at Charleston ( 16th ed . ) . Charleston , SC : Evening - Post Publishing Co . OCLC 636046368 . Ward , Geoffrey ; Burns , Ken ; Burns , Ric ( 1990 ) . The Civil War , an Illustrated History . New York City , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Welcher , Frank J. ( 1989 ) . The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington , ID : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Online resources National Park Service battle description Further reading Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War Chesnut , Mary , Diary of Mary Chesnut . Fairfax , VA : D. Appleton and Company , 1905 . OCLC 287696932 . Doubleday , Abner . Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860 -- 61 . New York : Harper and Brothers , 1876 . OCLC 1320168 , E'book Harris , W.A. ( 1862 ) . The record of Fort Sumter , from its occupation by Major Anderson , to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens . South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office . , E'book Hatcher , Richard W . `` The Problem in Charleston Harbor : Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War . '' Hallowed Ground Magazine ( Civil War Trust ) , Winter 2010 . Hendrickson , Robert . Sumter : The First Day of the Civil War . New York : Promontory Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 095 - 7 . Klein , Maury . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War : New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Sumter . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who fired the first shot in the us civil war	[ "At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Lt. Henry S. Farley, acting upon the command of Capt. George S. James,[45][46] fired a single 10-inch mortar round from Fort Johnson. (James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor, a noted Virginia secessionist, who declined, saying, \"I could not fire the first gun of the war.\") The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, the floating battery, and Cummings Point. Under orders from Beauregard, the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor, with 2 minutes between each shot; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition, which he calculated would last for only 48 hours. Edmund Ruffin, another noted Virginia secessionist, had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war, and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round, a 64-pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point. The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston's residents (including diarist Mary Chesnut), who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort.[47][N 3]" ]	[ "Lt. Henry S. Farley" ]
5839117696038471438	Sinai Peninsula	Sinai Peninsula - wikipedia Sinai Peninsula Jump to : navigation , search `` Sinai '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sinai ( disambiguation ) . Relief map of the Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai ( / ˈsaɪnaɪ / ; Arabic : سيناء ‎ Sīnāʼ ; Egyptian Arabic : سينا ‎ Sīna , IPA : ( ˈsiːnæ ) ; Hebrew : סִינַי ‬ Sinai ; Coptic : ⲥⲓⲛⲁ ) is a peninsula in Egypt , the only part of the country located in Asia . It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south , and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa . Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people . Administratively , the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates : the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate . Three other governorates span the Suez Canal , crossing into African Egypt : Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal , Ismailia Governorate in the center , and Port Said Governorate in the north . The Sinai Peninsula has been a part of Egypt from the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( c. 3100 BC ) . This comes in stark contrast to the region north of it , the Levant ( present - day territories of Syria , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel and Palestine ) , which , due largely to its strategic geopolitical location and cultural convergences , has historically been the centre of conflict between Egypt and various states of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor . In periods of foreign occupation , the Sinai was , like the rest of Egypt , also occupied and controlled by foreign empires , in more recent history the Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1867 ) and the United Kingdom ( 1882 -- 1956 ) . Israel invaded and occupied Sinai during the Suez Crisis ( known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression due to the simultaneous coordinated attack by the UK , France and Israel ) of 1956 , and during the Six - Day War of 1967 . On 6 October 1973 , Egypt launched the Yom Kippur War to retake the peninsula , which was the site of fierce fighting between Egyptian and Israeli forces . By 1982 , as a result of the Israel -- Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979 , Israel had withdrawn from all of the Sinai Peninsula except the contentious territory of Taba , which was returned after a ruling by a commission of arbitration in 1989 . Today , Sinai has become a tourist destination due to its natural setting , rich coral reefs , and biblical history . Mount Sinai is one of the most religiously significant places in the Abrahamic faiths . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 History 3.1 Ancient Egypt 3.2 Assyrian Period 3.3 Achaemenid Persian Period 3.4 Hellenistic Period 3.5 Roman and Byzantine Periods 3.6 Early Muslim Period 3.7 Ayyubid Period 3.8 Mamluk and Ottoman Periods 3.9 British control 3.10 Wars with Israel ( 1948 , 56 , 67 , 67 -- 70 , 73 ) 3.11 1979 Peace Treaty with Israel and aftermath 3.12 Early 21st Century security issues 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) Mount Sinai ( Gabal Musa ) The name Sinai may have been derived from the ancient moon - god Sin or from the Hebrew word Seneh ( Hebrew : סֶ֫נֶּה ‎ Senneh ) The peninsula acquired the name due to the assumption that a mountain near Saint Catherine 's Monastery is the Biblical Mount Sinai . However this assumption is contested . In addition to its formal name , Egyptians also refer to it as Arḍ ul - Fairūz ( أرض الفيروز `` the land of turquoise '' ) . The ancient Egyptians called it Ta Mefkat , or `` land of turquoise '' . Geography ( edit ) Image from Gemini 11 spacecraft , featuring part of Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula in the foreground and the Levant in the background Sinai is triangular in shape , with northern shore lying on the southern Mediterranean Sea , and southwest and southeast shores on Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea . It is linked to the African continent by the Isthmus of Suez , 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) wide strip of land , containing the Suez Canal . The eastern isthmus , linking it to the Asian mainland , is around 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) wide . The peninsula 's eastern shore separates the Arabian plate from the African plate . The southernmost tip is the Ras Muhammad National Park . Most of the Sinai Peninsula is divided among the two governorates of Egypt : South Sinai ( Ganub Sina ) and North Sinai ( Shamal Sina ) . Together , they comprise around 60,000 square kilometres ( 23,000 sq mi ) and have a population ( January 2013 ) of 597,000 . Three more governates span the Suez Canal , crossing into African Egypt : Suez ( el - Sewais ) is on the southern end of the Suez Canal , Ismailia ( el - Isma'ileyyah ) in the centre , and Port Said in the north . The largest city of Sinai is Arish , capital of the North Sinai , with around 160,000 residents . Other larger settlements include Sharm el - Sheikh and El - Tor , on the southern coast . Inland Sinai is arid , mountainous and sparsely populated , the largest settlements being Saint Catherine and Nekhel . Climate ( edit ) Sinai is one of the coldest provinces in Egypt because of its high altitudes and mountainous topographies . Winter temperatures in some of Sinai 's cities and towns reach − 16 ° C ( 3 ° F ) . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sinai Peninsula in hieroglyphs Biau Bj3w `` Mining country '' Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Sinai was called Mafkat or `` country of turquoise '' by the ancient Egyptians From the time of the First Dynasty or before , the Egyptians mined turquoise in Sinai at two locations , now called by their Egyptian Arabic names Wadi Magharah and Serabit El Khadim . The mines were worked intermittently and on a seasonal basis for thousands of years . Modern attempts to exploit the deposits have been unprofitable . These may be the first historically attested mines . Assyrian Period ( edit ) Achaemenid Persian period ( edit ) At the end of the time of Darius I , the Great ( 521 -- 486 BCE ) Sinai was part of the Persian province of Abar - Nahra , which means `` beyond the river ( Euphrates ) . Cambyses successfully managed the crossing of the hostile Sinai Desert , traditionally Egypt 's first and strongest line of defence , and brought the Egyptians under Psamtik III , son and successor of Ahmose , to battle at Pelusium . The Egyptians lost and retired to Memphis ; the city fell to the Persian control and the Pharaoh was carried off in captivity to Susa in mainland Persia . Hellenistic Period ( edit ) Roman and byzantine periods ( edit ) St. Catherine 's Monastery is the oldest working Christian monastery in the world and the most popular tourist attraction on the peninsula . After the death of the last Nabatean king , Rabbel II Soter , in 106 , the Roman emperor Trajan faced practically no resistance and conquered the kingdom on 22 March 106 . With this conquest , the Roman Empire went on to control all shores of the Mediterranean Sea . The Sinai Peninsula became part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . Saint Catherine 's Monastery on the foot of Mount Sinai was constructed by order of the Emperor Justinian between 527 and 565 . Most of the Sinai Peninsula became part of the province of Palaestina Salutaris in the 6th century . Early Muslim Period ( edit ) Ayyubid period ( edit ) During the Crusades it was under control of Fatimid Caliphate . Later , Saladin abolished the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and took this region under his control too . It was the military route from Cairo to Damascus during the Crusades . Mamluk and Ottoman periods ( edit ) The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517 , when the Ottoman Sultan , Selim the Grim , defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al - Raydaniyya , and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire . From then until 1906 , Sinai was administered by the Ottoman provincial government of the Pashalik of Egypt , even following the establishment of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty 's rule over the rest of Egypt in 1805 . The wilderness of Sinai , 1862 British control ( edit ) In 1906 , the Ottoman Porte formally transferred administration of Sinai to the Egyptian government , which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the United Kingdom , who had occupied and largely controlled Egypt since 1882 . The border imposed by the British runs in an almost straight line from Rafah on the Mediterranean shore to Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba . This line has served as the eastern border of Egypt ever since . Wars with Israel ( 1948 , 56 , 67 , 67 -- 70 , 73 ) ( edit ) Canadian and Panamanian UNEF UN peacekeepers in Sinai , 1974 At the beginning of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Egyptian forces entered the former British Mandate of Palestine from Sinai to support Palestinian and other Arab forces against the newly declared State of Israel . For a period during the war , Israeli forces entered the north - eastern corner of Sinai . With the exception of Palestine 's Gaza Strip , which came under the administration of the All - Palestine Government , the western frontier of the former Mandate of Palestine became the Egyptian -- Israeli frontier under the 1949 Armistice Agreement . In 1958 , the Gaza Strip came under direct Egyptian military administration , though it was governed separately from Sinai , and was never annexed by Egypt . The Egyptian government maintained that Egyptian administration would be terminated upon the end of the conflict with Israel . In 1956 , Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal , a waterway marking the boundary between Egyptian territory in Africa and the Sinai Peninsula . Thereafter , Israeli ships were prohibited from using the Canal , owing to the state of war between the two states . Egypt also prohibited ships from using Egyptian territorial waters on the eastern side of the peninsula to travel to and from Israel , effectively imposing a blockade on the Israeli port of Eilat . Subsequently , in what is known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression , Israeli forces , aided by Britain , and France ( which sought to reverse the nationalisation and regain control over the Suez Canal ) , invaded Sinai and occupied much of the peninsula within a few days . Several months later Israel withdrew its forces from Sinai , following strong pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union . Thereafter , the United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) was stationed in Sinai to prevent any further conflict in the Sinai . In 1967 , Egypt reinforced its military presence in Sinai and on 16 May ordered the UNEF out of Sinai with immediate effect . Secretary - General U Thant eventually complied and ordered the withdrawal without Security Council authorisation . In the course of the Six - Day War that broke out shortly thereafter , Israel captured the entire Sinai Peninsula , and Gaza Strip from Egypt , the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) from Jordan ( which it had ruled since 1949 ) , and the Golan Heights from Syria . The Suez Canal , the east bank of which was now occupied by Israel , was closed . Israel commenced efforts at large scale Israeli settlement in the peninsula . Following the Israeli conquest of Sinai , Egypt launched the War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) aimed at forcing Israel to withdraw from Egyptian territory . The war saw protracted conflict in the Suez Canal Zone , ranging from limited to large scale combat . Israeli shelling of the cities of Port Said , Ismailia , and Suez on the west bank of the canal , led to high civilian casualties ( including the virtual destruction of Suez ) , and contributed to the flight of 700,000 Egyptian internal refugees . Ultimately , the war concluded in 1970 with no change in the front line . On 6 October 1973 , Egypt commenced Operation Badr to retake the Sinai , while Syria launched a simultaneous operation to retake the Golan Heights , thereby beginning the Yom Kippur War ( known in Egypt as the October War ) . Egyptian engineering forces built pontoon bridges to cross the Suez Canal , and stormed the Bar - Lev Line , Israel 's defensive line along the canal . Though the Egyptians maintained control of most of the east bank of the Canal , in the later stages of the war , the Israeli military crossed the southern section of Canal , cutting off the Egyptian 3rd Army , and occupied a section of the west bank . The war ended following a mutually agreed - upon ceasefire . After the war , as part of the subsequent Sinai Disengagement Agreements , Israel withdrew from the Canal , with Egypt agreeing to permit passage of Israeli ships . The canal was reopened in 1975 , with President Sadat leading the first convoy through the canal aboard an Egyptian destroyer . 1979 peace treaty with Israel and aftermath ( edit ) Egypt - Israel border . Looking north from the Eilat Mountains In 1979 , Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the entirety of Sinai . Israel subsequently withdrew in several stages , ending in 1982 . The Israeli pull - out involved dismantling almost all Israeli settlements , including the settlement of Yamit in north - eastern Sinai . The exception was the coastal city of Sharm el - Sheikh , which the Israelis had founded as Ofira during the period of their occupation . The Treaty allows monitoring of Sinai by the Multinational Force and Observers , and limits the number of Egyptian military forces in the peninsula . Early 21st century Security issues ( edit ) Since the early 2000s , Sinai has been the site of several terror attacks against tourists , the majority of whom are Egyptian . Investigations have shown that these were mainly motivated by a resentment of the poverty faced by many Bedouin in the area . Attacking the tourist industry was viewed as a method of damaging the industry so that the government would pay more attention to their situation . ( See 2004 Sinai bombings , 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings and 2006 Dahab bombings ) . Since the 2011 Egyptian Revolution , unrest has become more prevalent in the area including the 2012 Egyptian - Israeli border attack in which 16 Egyptian soldiers were killed by militants . ( See Sinai insurgency ) . Also on the rise are kidnappings of refugees . According to Meron Estifanos , Eritrean refugees are often kidnapped by Bedouin in the northern Sinai , tortured , raped , and only released after receiving a large ransom . Under President el - Sisi , Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip , including the dismantling of tunnels between Gaza and Sinai . Demographics ( edit ) Two young Bedouins making bread in the desert The two governorates of North and South Sinai have a total population of 597,000 ( January 2013 ) . This figure rises to 1,400,000 by including Western Sinai , the parts of the Port Said , Ismailia and Suez Governorates lying east of the Suez Canal . Port Said alone has a population of roughly 500,000 people ( January 2013 ) . Portions of the populations of Ismailia and Suez live in west Sinai , while the rest live on the western side of the Suez Canal . Population of Sinai has largely consisted of desert - dwelling Bedouins with their colourful traditional costumes and significant culture . Large numbers of Egyptians from the Nile Valley and Delta moved to the area to work in tourism , but development adversely affected the native Bedouin population . In order to help alleviate their problems , various NGOs began to operate in the region , including the Makhad Trust , a UK charity that assists the Bedouin in developing a sustainable income while protecting Sinai 's natural environment , heritage and culture . Economy ( edit ) Dahab in Southern Sinai is a popular beach and diving resort See also : Tourism in Egypt Since the Israeli -- Egyptian peace treaty , Sinai 's scenic spots ( including coral reefs offshore ) and religious structures have become important to the tourism industry . The most popular tourist destination in Sinai are Mount Sinai ( Jabal Musa ) and St Catherine 's Monastery , which is considered to be the oldest working Christian monastery in the world , and the beach resorts of Sharm el - Sheikh , Dahab , Nuweiba and Taba . Most tourists arrive at Sharm el - Sheikh International Airport , through Eilat , Israel and the Taba Border Crossing , by road from Cairo or by ferry from Aqaba in Jordan . See also ( edit ) Isthmus of Suez Operation Eagle Multinational Force and Observers Negev Bedouin Natural places Desert of Paran Mitla Pass Manmade structures Biblical Mount Sinai Nawamis Wildlife Sinai leopard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Sinai '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Define Sinayi '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sinai Peninsula ( peninsula , Egypt ) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sinai , Mount '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ See Biblical Mount Sinai for a fuller discussion . Jump up ^ `` Étude de la turquoise : de ses traitements et imitations '' Archived 15 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , thesis by Claire Salanne , Université de Nantes , 2009 . Jump up ^ Homberg , Catherine and Martina Bachmann , Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform Since the Mesozoic , The Geological Society of London , 2010 , p 65 ISBN 978 - 1862393066 ^ Jump up to : Ned Greenwood ( 1 January 2010 ) . The Sinai : A Physical Geography . University of Texas Press . pp. 4 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77909 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : The translation `` mining country '' is not certain , see also Rainer Hannig : Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch - Deutsch : ( 2800 - 950 v. Chr . ) . p. 1135 . Jump up ^ http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=8;t=008397 Jump up ^ Joseph Davidovits and Ralph Davidovits ( 2007 ) . `` Why Djoser 's blue Egyptian faience tiles are not blue ? Manufacturing Djoser 's faience tiles at temperatures as low as 250 ° C ? '' . In Jean Claude Goyon , Christine Cardin . Proceedings of the ninth International Congress of Egyptologists ( PDF ) . 1 . Louvain / Paris / Dudley . p. 375 . Jump up ^ Iranchamber Jump up ^ Schürer , Emil ; Millar , Fergus ; Vermes , Geza ( 26 March 2015 ) . The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ : . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 50161 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jane : Petra And the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans . I.B. Tauris 2001 , ISBN 1860645089 , p. 73 - 74 ( online copy , p. 73 , at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Rogan , Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim , eds . The War for Palestine : Rewriting the History of 1948 . 2nd edition . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , p. 99 , 2007 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Avi ( 2001 ) . Israel and the Arab Coalition . In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim ( eds . ) . The War for Palestine ( pp. 97 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79476 - 3 Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/egypt-nationalizes-the-suez-canal Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt Seizes Suez Canal '' . BBC . 26 July 1956 . Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians , his response to this development was a model of moderation . His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping . The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were , indeed , closed to all Israeli ships Jump up ^ Spencer , Tucker . Encyclopedia or the Arab - Israeli Conflict . p. 175 . Jump up ^ `` War of Attrition '' . Jump up ^ Serene Assir ( 23 July 2005 ) . `` Shock in Sharm '' . Al - Ahram Weekly . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Meron Stefanos on the torture houses in north Sinai Jump up ^ Sound of Torture documentary Jump up ^ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/egypt-sinai-gaza-tunnels-sanctions-sisi-terrorist.html# Jump up ^ Leonard , William R. and Michael H. Crawford , The Human Biology of Pastoral Populations , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , p. 67 ISBN 978 - 0521780162 Further reading ( edit ) Gardner , Ann . `` At Home in South Sinai '' . Nomadic Peoples 2000 . Vol. 4 , Iss. 2 ; pp. 48 -- 67 . Detailed account of Bedouin women H.J.L. Beadnell ( May 1926 ) . `` Central Sinai '' . Geographical Journal . 67 ( 5 ) : 385 -- 398 . doi : 10.2307 / 1782203 . JSTOR 1782203 . C.W. Wilson ( 1873 ) . `` Recent Surveys in Sinai and Palestine '' . Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London . 43 : 206 -- 240 . doi : 10.2307 / 1798627 . JSTOR 1798627 . Jacobs , Jessica ( 2006 ) . `` Tourist Places and Negotiating Modernity : European Women and Romance Tourism in the Sinai '' . In Minca , Claudio ; Oakes , Tim . Travels in Paradox : Remapping Tourism . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2876 - 5 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Teague , Matthew ; Moyer , Matt ( March 2009 ) . `` The Sinai 's Separate Peace '' . National Geographic Magazine . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . 215 ( 3 ) : 99 -- 121 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jarvis , C.S. , Yesterday and To - day in Sinai ( Edinburgh / London : W. Blackwood & Sons , 1931 ) . New terrorist challenges in the Sinai peninsula , prominent jihadists organisations , Strategic Impact ( 52 ) , issue : 3 / 2014 , pp. 39 - 47 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinai Peninsula . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sinai Peninsula . Guide to Sinai , covering background information on history , flora , fauna , desert , Bedouin , safaris and geology of Sinai Sinai Local Magazine The Complete Guide To : The Sinai , The Independent , 15 March 2008 . Sinai in ancient Egypt Broadcasting videos from Sinai Images of the Sinai Desert IRIN humanitarian news : EU grant to tackle rural poverty in South Sinai Sinai trekking and safari : route maps and photo archive Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters Non-humans Allâh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) Ghilman & Wildan Houri Zaqqum Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinns Iblīs the Devil Ifrit Marid Qareen Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Is - ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūṫ ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua ( companion and successor of Musa ) People of Prophets Mentioned evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'aun ( Pharaoh of Moses ) Hāmān Jâlûṫ ( Goliath ) Qarun / Korah ( cousin of Musa / Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abu Lahab Specified good ones Zechariah 's wife Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Women of Moses Moses ' mother Sister Wife Sister - in - law Isaac 's mother Zayd Non-specified good ones Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud , mother of Sulayman ) Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam , wife of Imran ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub , mother of Yūsuf ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Implied Asiya bint Muzahim / Bithiah ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya ( vizier and successor of Sulayman ) Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Benyamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb ( companion of Yusha ' ) Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleikha ( wife of al - Aziz ) Groups Mentioned Aş - ḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş - ḥāb as - Sabṫ ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Aş - ḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of Yathrib or Medina Folk of Dawud Folk of Lut Folk of Musa and Harun Nation of Nuh Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' / Sheba Quraysh Thamûd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣ - ḥâb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ajam Ar - Rûm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banî Isrâ'îl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'ṫafikāṫ ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ - ḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yûnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayṫ ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣ - ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kâfirûn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munafiqun ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kiṫāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Mubārakah ( `` The Land The Blessed '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Land The Holy '' ) In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāṫ al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāṫ Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Monument the Sacred '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place - of - Prostration The Farthest '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Al - Injîl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ân ( The book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrâhîm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) Aṫ - Ṫawrâṫ ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mûsâ ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabûr ( The Psalms of David ) Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Lāt Manāṫ ' Uzza Jibt and Taghut Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Implied The event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) VIAF : 162783451 GND : 4104369 - 8 NDL : 00628596 Coordinates : 29 ° 30 ′ N 33 ° 50 ′ E / 29.500 ° N 33.833 ° E / 29.500 ; 33.833 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinai_Peninsula&oldid=821819256 '' Categories : Sinai Peninsula Peninsulas of Asia Peninsulas of Egypt Geography of Western Asia Landforms of the Middle East Landforms of Western Asia North Sinai Governorate South Sinai Governorate Biblical places History of Israel History of the Middle East Landforms of the Red Sea Suez Canal Western Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Egyptian Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what nation is in possession of the sinai peninsula today	[ "The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (/ˈsaɪnaɪ/;[1][2] Arabic: سيناء‎ Sīnāʼ ; Egyptian Arabic: سينا‎ Sīna, IPA: [ˈsiːnæ]; Hebrew: סִינַי‬ Sinai; Coptic: ⲥⲓⲛⲁ) is a peninsula in Egypt, the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north." ]	[ "Egypt" ]
8864807106497997993	Antivirus software	Antivirus software - wikipedia Antivirus software Jump to : navigation , search For medications concerning biological viruses , see Antiviral . This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Security by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data - centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Intrusion prevention system Mobile secure gateway ClamTk , an open source antivirus based on the ClamAV antivirus engine , originally developed by Tomasz Kojm in 2001 . Antivirus or anti-virus software ( often abbreviated as AV ) , sometimes known as anti-malware software , is computer software used to prevent , detect and remove malicious software . Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses , hence the name . However , with the proliferation of other kinds of malware , antivirus software started to provide protection from other computer threats . In particular , modern antivirus software can protect from : malicious browser helper objects ( BHOs ) , browser hijackers , ransomware , keyloggers , backdoors , rootkits , trojan horses , worms , malicious LSPs , dialers , fraudtools , adware and spyware . Some products also include protection from other computer threats , such as infected and malicious URLs , spam , scam and phishing attacks , online identity ( privacy ) , online banking attacks , social engineering techniques , advanced persistent threat ( APT ) and botnet DDoS attacks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1949 -- 1980 period ( pre-antivirus days ) 1.2 1980 -- 1990 period ( early days ) 1.3 1990 -- 2000 period ( emergence of the antivirus industry ) 1.4 2000 -- 2005 period 1.5 2005 to 2014 period 1.6 2014 to present ( rise of next - gen ) 2 Identification methods 2.1 Signature - based detection 2.2 Heuristics 2.3 Rootkit detection 2.4 Real - time protection 3 Issues of concern 3.1 Unexpected renewal costs 3.2 Rogue security applications 3.3 Problems caused by false positives 3.4 System and interoperability related issues 3.5 Effectiveness 3.6 New viruses 3.7 Rootkits 3.8 Damaged files 3.9 Firmware issues 4 Performance and other drawbacks 5 Alternative solutions 5.1 Hardware and network firewall 5.2 Cloud antivirus 5.3 Online scanning 5.4 Specialist tools 6 Usage and risks 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of notable computer viruses and worms 1949 -- 1980 period ( pre-antivirus days ) ( edit ) Although the roots of the computer virus date back as early as 1949 , when the Hungarian scientist John von Neumann published the `` Theory of self - reproducing automata '' , the first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and was dubbed the `` Creeper virus '' . This computer virus infected Digital Equipment Corporation 's ( DEC ) PDP - 10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system . The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by Ray Tomlinson and known as `` The Reaper '' . Some people consider `` The Reaper '' the first antivirus software ever written -- it may be the case , but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus . The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses . The first known that appeared `` in the wild '' was `` Elk Cloner '' , in 1981 , which infected Apple II computers . In 1983 , the term `` computer virus '' was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the term `` computer virus '' to describe a program that : `` affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a ( possibly evolved ) copy of itself . '' ( note that a more recent , and precise , definition of computer virus has been given by the Hungarian security researcher Péter Szőr : `` a code that recursively replicates a possibly evolved copy of itself '' ) The first IBM PC compatible `` in the wild '' computer virus , and one of the first real widespread infections , was `` Brain '' in 1986 . From then , the number of viruses has grown exponentially . Most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self - reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code . That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming and created viruses that manipulated or even destroyed data on infected computers . Before internet connectivity was widespread , computer viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks . Antivirus software came into use , but was updated relatively infrequently . During this time , virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy disks and hard disks . However , as internet usage became common , viruses began to spread online . 1980 -- 1990 period ( early days ) ( edit ) There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product . Possibly , the first publicly documented removal of an `` in the wild '' computer virus ( i.e. the `` Vienna virus '' ) was performed by Bernd Fix in 1987 . In 1987 , Andreas Lüning and Kai Figge , who founded G Data Software in 1985 , released their first antivirus product for the Atari ST platform . In 1987 , the Ultimate Virus Killer ( UVK ) was also released . This was the de facto industry standard virus killer for the Atari ST and Atari Falcon , the last version of which ( version 9.0 ) was released in April 2004 . In 1987 , in the United States , John McAfee founded the McAfee company ( now part of Intel Security ) and , at the end of that year , he released the first version of VirusScan . Also in 1987 ( in Czechoslovakia ) , Peter Paško , Rudolf Hrubý , and Miroslav Trnka created the first version of NOD antivirus . In 1987 , Fred Cohen wrote that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible computer viruses . Finally , at the end of 1987 , the first two heuristic antivirus utilities were released : Flushot Plus by Ross Greenberg and Anti4us by Erwin Lanting . In his O'Reilly book , Malicious Mobile Code : Virus Protection for Windows , Roger Grimes described Flushot Plus as `` the first holistic program to fight MMC ( malicious mobile code ) . '' However , the kind of heuristic used by early AV engines was totally different from those used today . The first product with a heuristic engine resembling modern ones was F - PROT in 1991 . Early heuristic engines were based on dividing the binary in different sections : data section , code section ( in a legitimate binary , it usually starts always from the same location ) . Indeed , the initial viruses re-organized the layout of the sections , or overrode the initial portion of section in order to jump to the very end of the file where malicious code was located -- only going back to resume execution of the original code . This was a very specific pattern , not used at the time by any legitimate software , which represented an elegant heuristic to catch suspicious code . Other kinds of more advanced heuristics were later added , such as suspicious section names , incorrect header size , regular expressions , and partial pattern in - memory matching . In 1988 , the growth of antivirus companies continued . In Germany , Tjark Auerbach founded Avira ( H + BEDV at the time ) and released the first version of AntiVir ( named `` Luke Filewalker '' at the time ) . In Bulgaria , Dr. Vesselin Bontchev released his first freeware antivirus program ( he later joined FRISK Software ) . Also Frans Veldman released the first version of ThunderByte Antivirus , also known as TBAV ( he sold his company to Norman Safeground in 1998 ) . In Czechoslovakia , Pavel Baudiš and Eduard Kučera started avast ! ( at the time ALWIL Software ) and released their first version of avast ! antivirus . In June 1988 , in South Korea , Dr. Ahn Cheol - Soo released its first antivirus software , called V1 ( he founded AhnLab later in 1995 ) . Finally , in the Autumn 1988 , in United Kingdom , Alan Solomon founded S&S International and created his Dr. Solomon 's Anti-Virus Toolkit ( although he launched it commercially only in 1991 -- in 1998 Dr. Solomon 's company was acquired by McAfee ) . In November 1988 a professor at the Panamerican University in Mexico City named Alejandro E. Carriles copyrighted the first antivirus software in Mexico under the name `` Byte Matabichos '' ( Byte Bugkiller ) to help solve the rampant virus infestation among students . Also in 1988 , a mailing list named VIRUS - L was started on the BITNET / EARN network where new viruses and the possibilities of detecting and eliminating viruses were discussed . Some members of this mailing list were : Alan Solomon , Eugene Kaspersky ( Kaspersky Lab ) , Friðrik Skúlason ( FRISK Software ) , John McAfee ( McAfee ) , Luis Corrons ( Panda Security ) , Mikko Hyppönen ( F - Secure ) , Péter Szőr , Tjark Auerbach ( Avira ) and Dr. Vesselin Bontchev ( FRISK Software ) . In 1989 , in Iceland , Friðrik Skúlason created the first version of F - PROT Anti-Virus back in 1989 ( he founded FRISK Software only in 1993 ) . In the meanwhile , in United States , Symantec ( founded by Gary Hendrix in 1982 ) launched its first Symantec antivirus for Macintosh ( SAM ) . SAM 2.0 , released March 1990 , incorporated technology allowing users to easily update SAM to intercept and eliminate new viruses , including many that did n't exist at the time of the program 's release . In the end of the 1980s , in United Kingdom , Jan Hruska and Peter Lammer founded the security firm Sophos and began producing their first antivirus and encryption products . In the same period , in Hungary , also VirusBuster was founded ( which has recently being incorporated by Sophos ) . 1990 -- 2000 period ( emergence of the antivirus industry ) ( edit ) In 1990 , in Spain , Mikel Urizarbarrena founded Panda Security ( Panda Software at the time ) . In Hungary , the security researcher Péter Szőr released the first version of Pasteur antivirus . In Italy , Gianfranco Tonello created the first version of VirIT eXplorer antivirus ( he founded TG Soft one year later ) . In 1990 , the Computer Antivirus Research Organization ( CARO ) was founded . In 1991 , CARO released the `` Virus Naming Scheme '' , originally written by Friðrik Skúlason and Vesselin Bontchev . Although this naming scheme is now outdated , it remains the only existing standard that most computer security companies and researchers ever attempted to adopt . CARO members includes : Alan Solomon , Costin Raiu , Dmitry Gryaznov , Eugene Kaspersky , Friðrik Skúlason , Igor Muttik , Mikko Hyppönen , Morton Swimmer , Nick FitzGerald , Padgett Peterson , Peter Ferrie , Righard Zwienenberg and Dr. Vesselin Bontchev . In 1991 , in the United States , Symantec released the first version of Norton AntiVirus . In the same year , in the Czech Republic , Jan Gritzbach and Tomáš Hofer founded AVG Technologies ( Grisoft at the time ) , although they released the first version of their Anti-Virus Guard ( AVG ) only in 1992 . On the other hand , in Finland , F - Secure ( founded in 1988 by Petri Allas and Risto Siilasmaa -- with the name of Data Fellows ) released the first version of their antivirus product . F - Secure claims to be the first antivirus firm to establish a presence on the World Wide Web . In 1991 , the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research ( EICAR ) was founded to further antivirus research and improve development of antivirus software . In 1992 , in Russia , Igor Danilov released the first version of SpiderWeb , which later became Dr. Web . In 1994 , AV - TEST reported that there were 28,613 unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) in their database . Over time other companies were founded . In 1996 , in Romania , Bitdefender was founded and released the first version of Anti-Virus eXpert ( AVX ) . In 1997 , in Russia , Eugene Kaspersky and Natalia Kaspersky co-founded security firm Kaspersky Lab . In 1996 , there was also the first `` in the wild '' Linux virus , known as `` Staog '' . In 1999 , AV - TEST reported that there were 98,428 unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) in their database . 2000 -- 2005 period ( edit ) In 2000 , Rainer Link and Howard Fuhs started the first open source antivirus engine , called OpenAntivirus Project . In 2001 , Tomasz Kojm released the first version of ClamAV , the first ever open source antivirus engine to be commercialised . In 2007 , ClamAV was bought by Sourcefire , which in turn was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2013 . In 2002 , in United Kingdom , Morten Lund and Theis Søndergaard co-founded the antivirus firm BullGuard . In 2005 , AV - TEST reported that there were 333,425 unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) in their database . 2005 to 2014 period ( edit ) In 2007 , AV - TEST reported a number of 5,490,960 new unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) only for that year . In 2012 and 2013 , antivirus firms reported a new malware samples range from 300,000 to over 500,000 per day . Over the years it has become necessary for antivirus software to use several different strategies ( e.g. specific email and network protection or low level modules ) and detection algorithms , as well as to check an increasing variety of files , rather than just executables , for several reasons : Powerful macros used in word processor applications , such as Microsoft Word , presented a risk . Virus writers could use the macros to write viruses embedded within documents . This meant that computers could now also be at risk from infection by opening documents with hidden attached macros . The possibility of embedding executable objects inside otherwise non-executable file formats can make opening those files a risk . Later email programs , in particular Microsoft 's Outlook Express and Outlook , were vulnerable to viruses embedded in the email body itself . A user 's computer could be infected by just opening or previewing a message . In 2005 , F - Secure was the first security firm that developed an Anti-Rootkit technology , called BlackLight . Given the consideration that most of the people is nowadays connected to the Internet round - the - clock , in 2008 , Jon Oberheide first proposed a Cloud - based antivirus design . In February 2008 McAfee Labs added the industry - first cloud - based anti-malware functionality to VirusScan under Artemis name . It was tested by AV - Comparatives in February 2008 and officially unveiled in August 2008 in McAfee VirusScan . Cloud AV created problems for comparative testing of security software -- part of the AV definitions was out of testers control ( on constantly updated AV company servers ) thus making results non-repeatable . As a result , Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organisation ( AMTSO ) started working on methodology of testing cloud products which was adopted on May 7 , 2009 . In 2011 , AVG introduced a similar cloud service , called Protective Cloud Technology . 2014 to present ( rise of next - gen ) ( edit ) More recently , following the 2014 release of the APT 1 report from Mandiant , the industry has seen a shift towards signature-less approaches to the problem capable of detecting and mitigating zero - day attacks . Numerous approaches to address these new forms of threats have appeared , including behavioral detection , artificial intelligence , machine learning , and cloud - based file detonation . According to Gartner , it is expected the rise of new entrants , such Carbon Black , Cylance and Crowdstrike will force EPP incumbents into a new phase of innovation and acquisition . One method from Bromium involves micro-virtualization to protect desktops from malicious code execution initiated by the end user . Another approach from SentinelOne and Carbon Black focuses on behavioral detection by building a full context around every process execution path in real time , while Cylance leverages an artificial intelligence model based on machine learning . Increasingly , these signature-less approaches have been defined by the media and analyst firms as `` next - generation '' antivirus and are seeing rapid market adoption as certified antivirus replacement technologies by firms such as Coalfire and DirectDefense . In response , traditional antivirus vendors such as Trend Micro , Symantec and Sophos have responded by incorporating `` next - gen '' offerings into their portfolios as analyst firms such as Forrester and Gartner have called traditional signature - based antivirus `` ineffective '' and `` outdated '' . Identification methods ( edit ) One of the few solid theoretical results in the study of computer viruses is Frederick B. Cohen 's 1987 demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses . However , using different layers of defense , a good detection rate may be achieved . There are several methods which antivirus engine can use to identify malware : Sandbox detection : is a particular behavioural - based detection technique that , instead of detecting the behavioural fingerprint at run time , it executes the programs in a virtual environment , logging what actions the program performs . Depending on the actions logged , the antivirus engine can determine if the program is malicious or not . If not , then , the program is executed in the real environment . Albeit this technique has shown to be quite effective , given its heaviness and slowness , it is rarely used in end - user antivirus solutions . Data mining techniques : are one of the latest approach applied in malware detection . Data mining and machine learning algorithms are used to try to classify the behaviour of a file ( as either malicious or benign ) given a series of file features , that are extracted from the file itself . Signature - based detection ( edit ) Traditional antivirus software relies heavily upon signatures to identify malware . Substantially , when a malware arrives in the hands of an antivirus firm , it is analysed by malware researchers or by dynamic analysis systems . Then , once it is determined to be a malware , a proper signature of the file is extracted and added to the signatures database of the antivirus software . Although the signature - based approach can effectively contain malware outbreaks , malware authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing `` oligomorphic '' , `` polymorphic '' and , more recently , `` metamorphic '' viruses , which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise , so as to not match virus signatures in the dictionary . Heuristics ( edit ) Many viruses start as a single infection and through either mutation or refinements by other attackers , can grow into dozens of slightly different strains , called variants . Generic detection refers to the detection and removal of multiple threats using a single virus definition . For example , the Vundo trojan has several family members , depending on the antivirus vendor 's classification . Symantec classifies members of the Vundo family into two distinct categories , Trojan. Vundo and Trojan. Vundo. B . While it may be advantageous to identify a specific virus , it can be quicker to detect a virus family through a generic signature or through an inexact match to an existing signature . Virus researchers find common areas that all viruses in a family share uniquely and can thus create a single generic signature . These signatures often contain non-contiguous code , using wildcard characters where differences lie . These wildcards allow the scanner to detect viruses even if they are padded with extra , meaningless code . A detection that uses this method is said to be `` heuristic detection . '' Rootkit detection ( edit ) Main article : Rootkit Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits . A rootkit is a type of malware designed to gain administrative - level control over a computer system without being detected . Rootkits can change how the operating system functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective . Rootkits are also difficult to remove , in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system . Real - time protection ( edit ) Real - time protection , on - access scanning , background guard , resident shield , autoprotect , and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus , anti-spyware , and other anti-malware programs . This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses , spyware , adware , and other malicious objects in ' real - time ' , in other words while data loaded into the computer 's active memory : when inserting a CD , opening an email , or browsing the web , or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed . Issues of concern ( edit ) Unexpected renewal costs ( edit ) Some commercial antivirus software end - user license agreements include a clause that the subscription will be automatically renewed , and the purchaser 's credit card automatically billed , at the renewal time without explicit approval . For example , McAfee requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription while BitDefender sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal . Norton AntiVirus also renews subscriptions automatically by default . Rogue Security applications ( edit ) Main article : Rogue security software Some apparent antivirus programs are actually malware masquerading as legitimate software , such as WinFixer , MS Antivirus , and Mac Defender . Problems caused by false positives ( edit ) A `` false positive '' or `` false alarm '' is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware . When this happens , it can cause serious problems . For example , if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files , as is common on Microsoft Windows antivirus applications , a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows operating system or some applications unusable . Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken . For example , in May 2007 a faulty virus signature issued by Symantec mistakenly removed essential operating system files , leaving thousands of PCs unable to boot . Also in May 2007 , the executable file required by Pegasus Mail on Windows was falsely detected by Norton AntiVirus as being a Trojan and it was automatically removed , preventing Pegasus Mail from running . Norton AntiVirus had falsely identified three releases of Pegasus Mail as malware , and would delete the Pegasus Mail installer file when that happened . In response to this Pegasus Mail stated : `` On the basis that Norton / Symantec has done this for every one of the last three releases of Pegasus Mail , we can only condemn this product as too flawed to use , and recommend in the strongest terms that our users cease using it in favour of alternative , less buggy anti-virus packages . '' In April 2010 , McAfee VirusScan detected svchost. exe , a normal Windows binary , as a virus on machines running Windows XP with Service Pack 3 , causing a reboot loop and loss of all network access . In December 2010 , a faulty update on the AVG anti-virus suite damaged 64 - bit versions of Windows 7 , rendering it unable to boot , due to an endless boot loop created . In October 2011 , Microsoft Security Essentials ( MSE ) removed the Google Chrome web browser , rival to Microsoft 's own Internet Explorer . MSE flagged Chrome as a Zbot banking trojan . In September 2012 , Sophos ' anti-virus suite identified various update - mechanisms , including its own , as malware . If it was configured to automatically delete detected files , Sophos Antivirus could render itself unable to update , required manual intervention to fix the problem . In September 2017 , the Google Play Protect anti-virus started identifying Motorola 's G4 bluetooth application as malware , causing bluetooth functionality to become disabled . System and interoperability related issues ( edit ) Running ( the real - time protection of ) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts . However , using a concept called multiscanning , several companies ( including G Data Software and Microsoft ) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently . It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers . Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update . Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade , e.g. when upgrading to a newer version of Windows `` in place '' -- without erasing the previous version of Windows . Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process . The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software . For example , TrueCrypt , a disk encryption program , states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly . Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the Steam platform . Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like SSL VPN remote access and network access control products . These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications which require that an up - to - date antivirus is installed and running . If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment , whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library , the user will be unable to connect . Effectiveness ( edit ) Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year , particularly against unknown or zero day attacks . The computer magazine c 't found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40 -- 50 % in 2006 to 20 -- 30 % in 2007 . At that time , the only exception was the NOD32 antivirus , which managed a detection rate of 68 % . According to the ZeuS tracker website the average detection rate for all variants of the well - known ZeuS trojan is as low as 40 % . The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors . Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present . The viruses of the day , written by amateurs , exhibited destructive behavior or pop - ups . Modern viruses are often written by professionals , financed by criminal organizations . In 2008 , Eva Chen , CEO of Trend Micro , stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are -- and so has been misleading customers -- for years . Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provide 100 % virus detection . The best ones provided as high as 99.9 % detection for simulated real - world situations , while the lowest provided 91.1 % in tests conducted in August 2013 . Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well , identifying benign files as malware . Although methodologies may differ , some notable independent quality testing agencies include AV - Comparatives , ICSA Labs , West Coast Labs , Virus Bulletin , AV - TEST and other members of the Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization . New viruses ( edit ) Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses , even those that use non-signature - based methods that should detect new viruses . The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild . Some new viruses , particularly ransomware , use polymorphic code to avoid detection by virus scanners . Jerome Segura , a security analyst with ParetoLogic , explained : `` It 's something that they miss a lot of the time because this type of ( ransomware virus ) comes from sites that use a polymorphism , which means they basically randomize the file they send you and it gets by well - known antivirus products very easily . I 've seen people firsthand getting infected , having all the pop - ups and yet they have antivirus software running and it 's not detecting anything . It actually can be pretty hard to get rid of , as well , and you 're never really sure if it 's really gone . When we see something like that usually we advise to reinstall the operating system or reinstall backups . '' A proof of concept virus has used the Graphics Processing Unit ( GPU ) to avoid detection from anti-virus software . The potential success of this involves bypassing the CPU in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware . Rootkits ( edit ) Detecting rootkits is a major challenge for anti-virus programs . Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the task manager . Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the operating system and tamper with antivirus programs . Damaged files ( edit ) If a file has been infected by a computer virus , anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection , but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state . In such circumstances , damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or shadow copies ( this is also true for ransomware ) ; installed software that is damaged requires re-installation ( however , see System File Checker ) . Firmware issues ( edit ) Active anti-virus software can interfere with a firmware update process . Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code . This is a major concern , as an infected BIOS could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed . Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the motherboard BIOS from infection . In 2014 , security researchers discovered that USB devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code ( dubbed `` BadUSB '' ) , which anti-virus software can not detect or prevent . The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up . Performance and other drawbacks ( edit ) Antivirus software has some drawbacks , first of which that it can impact a computer 's performance . Furthermore , inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer , considering themselves to be invulnerable , and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with . An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach . If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection , it must be fine - tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious ( false positive ) . Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files , creating a potential avenue of attack . The UK and US intelligence agencies , GCHQ and the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , respectively , have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users . Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system , which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks . Additionally anti-virus software is `` years behind security - conscious client - side applications like browsers or document readers '' , according to Joxean Koret , a researcher with Coseinc , a Singapore - based information security consultancy . Alternative solutions ( edit ) The command - line virus scanner of Clam AV 0.95. 2 , an open source antivirus originally developed by Tomasz Kojm in 2001 . Here running a virus signature definition update , scanning a file and identifying a Trojan . Installed antivirus solutions , running on individual computers , although the most used , is only one method of guarding against malware . Other alternative solutions are also used , including : Unified Threat Management ( UTM ) , hardware and network firewalls , Cloud - based antivirus and on - line scanners . Hardware and network firewall ( edit ) Network firewalls prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system . However , they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything . They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or network , and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain TCP / IP ports . A firewall is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system . Cloud antivirus ( edit ) Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer , while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider 's infrastructure . One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines . This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV . CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a network cloud where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates . Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues . CloudAV can also perform `` retrospective detection , '' whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed . Finally , CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves . Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are Panda Cloud Antivirus , Crowdstrike , Cb Defense and Immunet . Comodo group has also produced cloud - based anti-virus . Online scanning ( edit ) Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer , critical areas only , local disks , folders or files . Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats . One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer . Specialist Tools ( edit ) The command - line rkhunter scanner , an engine to scan for Linux rootkits . Here running the tool on Ubuntu . Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or certain types of infection . Examples include Trend Micro 's Rootkit Buster , and rkhunter for the detection of rootkits , Avira 's AntiVir Removal Tool , PCTools Threat Removal Tool , and AVG 's Anti-Virus Free 2011 . A rescue disk that is bootable , such as a CD or USB storage device , can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system , in order to remove infections while they are dormant . A bootable antivirus disk can be useful when , for example , the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software . Examples of some of these bootable disks include the Avira AntiVir Rescue System , PCTools Alternate Operating System Scanner , and AVG Rescue CD . The AVG Rescue CD software can also be installed onto a USB storage device , that is bootable on newer computers . Usage and risks ( edit ) According to an FBI survey , major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents . 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Bibliography ( edit ) Szor , Peter ( 2005 ) , The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense , Addison - Wesley , ISBN 0 - 321 - 30454 - 3 External links ( edit ) Malware topics Infectious malware Computer virus Comparison of computer viruses Computer worm List of computer worms Timeline of computer viruses and worms Concealment Trojan horse Rootkit Backdoor Zombie computer Man - in - the - middle Man - in - the - browser Man - in - the - mobile Clickjacking Malware for profit Privacy - invasive software Adware Spyware Botnet Keystroke logging Form grabbing Web threats Fraudulent dialer Malbot Scareware Rogue security software Ransomware Crimeware By operating system Linux malware Palm OS viruses Mobile malware Macro virus Classic Mac OS viruses MacOS malware iOS malware Android malware Protection Anti-keylogger Antivirus software Browser security Internet security Mobile security Network security Defensive computing Firewall Intrusion detection system Data loss prevention software Countermeasures Computer and network surveillance Operation : Bot Roast Honeypot Antivirus software Companies Major Agnitum Avast Software AVG Technologies Avira Bitdefender Comodo Dr. Web ESET F - Secure Kaspersky McAfee Microsoft Panda Quick Heal Qihoo 360 Sophos Symantec Trend Micro Minor AhnLab Cisco Check Point ClamWin Fortinet FRISK G Data Intego Kingsoft Lavasoft Malwarebytes TrustPort VirusBlokAda Webroot ZoneAlarm Products Desktop , server AhnLab V3 Internet Security Avast Antivirus AVG Avira Internet Security Bitdefender ClamWin Clam AntiVirus Comodo Antivirus Comodo Internet Security Dr. Web ESET NOD32 F - Secure F - PROT Fortinet G Data Kaspersky Anti-Virus Kaspersky Internet Security Mac Internet Security Malwarebytes ' Anti-Malware McAfee VirusScan Microsoft Security Essentials Windows Defender Panda 360 Safeguard Sophos Symantec Endpoint Protection Immunet Element Anti-Virus Norton AntiVirus Norton Internet Security Spyware Doctor VirusBarrier Trend Micro Internet Security TrustPort Vba32 AntiVirus ZoneAlarm Mobile , tablet AhnLab Mobile Security Avast Antivirus AVG AntiVirus Avira Free Android Security Bitdefender Mobile Security CM Security Comodo Mobile Security Dr. Web Mobile Security Suite ESET Mobile Security F - Secure Mobile Security G Data Internet Security Lookout Mobile Security McAfee Mobile Security FireAMP Mobile Trend Micro Mobile Security TrustPort Mobile Security VirusBarrier Related Comparison of antivirus software Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&oldid=815231931 '' Categories : Antivirus software Utility software types Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles prone to spam from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 56 . 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-2570898863006415906	Monument Avenue	Monument Avenue - wikipedia Monument Avenue Jump to : navigation , search Monument Avenue Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Virginia Landmarks Register Richmond City Historic District Jefferson Davis monument on Monument Avenue , Richmond , Virginia Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Location Bounded by Grace and Birch Sts. , Park Ave. , and Roseneath Rd. ; Roughly , Franklin St. from Roseneath Rd. to Cleveland St. , Richmond , Virginia Coordinates 37 ° 33 ′ 30 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 04 '' W / 37.55833 ° N 77.46778 ° W / 37.55833 ; - 77.46778 Coordinates : 37 ° 33 ′ 30 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 04 '' W / 37.55833 ° N 77.46778 ° W / 37.55833 ; - 77.46778 Architect Pope , John Russell ; Et al . Architectural style Georgian , Other , Gothic Revival NRHP reference # 70000883 VLR # 127 - 0174 Significant dates Added to NRHP February 16 , 1970 Designated NHLD December 9 , 1997 Designated VLR December 2 , 1969 , December 12 , 1989 Monument Avenue is an avenue in Richmond , Virginia with a tree - lined grassy mall dividing the east - and westbound traffic and is punctuated by statues memorializing Virginian Confederate participants of the American Civil War , including Robert E. Lee , J.E.B. Stuart , Jefferson Davis , Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson , and Matthew Fontaine Maury . There is also a monument to Arthur Ashe , a Richmond native and international tennis star who was African - American . The first monument , a statue of Robert E. Lee , was erected in 1890 . Between 1900 and 1925 , Monument Avenue greatly expanded with architecturally significant houses , churches and apartment buildings . Monument Avenue is the site of several annual events , particularly in the spring , including an annual Monument Avenue 10K race . At various times ( such as Robert E. Lee 's birthday and Confederate History Month ) the Sons of Confederate Veterans gather along Monument Avenue in period military costumes . Monument Avenue is also the site of `` Easter on Parade , '' another spring tradition during which many Richmonders stroll the avenue wearing Easter bonnets and other finery . `` Monument Avenue Historic District '' includes the part of Monument Avenue begins at the termination of West Franklin Street at Stuart Circle in the east extending westward for some fourteen blocks to Roseneath Avenue in the west , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark District . In 2007 , the American Planning Association named Monument Avenue one of the 10 Great Streets in the country . The APA said Monument Avenue was selected for its historic architecture , urban form , quality residential and religious architecture , diversity of land uses , public art and integration of multiple modes of transportation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Monuments 2.1 J.E.B. Stuart 2.2 Robert E. Lee Monument 2.3 Jefferson Davis Memorial 2.4 Stonewall Jackson Monument 2.5 Matthew Fontaine Maury Monument 2.6 Arthur Ashe Monument 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Monument Avenue was conceived during a site search for a memorial statue of General Robert E. Lee after Lee 's death in 1870 . Richmond citizens had been wanting to erect statues for three Virginians who had helped defend the city ( two of whom were killed in the defense ) . City plans as early as 1887 show the proposed site , a circle of land , just past the end of West Franklin Street , a premier downtown residential avenue . The land was owned by a wealthy Richmonder , Otway C. Allen . The plan for the statue included building a grand avenue extending west lined with trees along a central grassy median . The plan shows building plots which Allen intended to sell to developers and those wishing to build houses on the new grand avenue . On May 29 , 1890 , crowds were estimated at 100,000 to view the unveiling of the first monument , to Robert E. Lee . Confederate Parade on Monument Ave , Richmond , Virginia It would take about 10 years for wealthy Richmonders and speculative developers to start buying the lots and building houses along the avenue , but in the years between 1900 and 1925 Monument Avenue exploded with architecturally significant houses , churches and apartment buildings . The architects who built on Monument Avenue practiced in the region and nationally , and included the firms of John Russell Pope , William Bottomley , Duncan Lee , Marcellus Wright , Claude Howell , Henry Baskervill , D. Wiley Anderson and Albert Huntt . Speculative builders such as W.J. Payne , Harvey C. Brown and the Davis Brothers bought lots and built many houses to sell to those not designing with an architect . The street was originally , and continues to be , a favored living area for Richmond 's upper class . It ( especially the Fan District section ) is lined with enormous mansions from the end of the gilded age . The Museum District part of Monument Avenue includes a combination of such houses ( especially in the 3100 block ) , apartment buildings and smaller single - family houses . West of Interstate 195 , Monument Avenue becomes a more commonplace suburban avenue . Through the decades the avenue has had its ups and downs . As early as 1910 , but mostly during the 1950s and ' 60s , many of the large houses were subdivided into apartments , or interior rooms and carriage houses were let to boarders . A few houses were demolished to make way for parking lots or building expansions , and several modern additions were tucked between earlier existing buildings . But protections put in place by the city by designating Monument Avenue as an Old and Historic Neighborhood have helped maintain the integrity of the neighborhood . In 1969 a group was incorporated called The Residents and Associates for the Preservation of Monument Avenue , led by Zayde Rennolds Dotts ( Mrs. Walter Dotts , Jr . ) , granddaughter of Beulah and John Kerr Branch , who had commissioned a house on Monument Avenue in 1914 by the firm of John Russell Pope . In 1970 the group changed its name to the Monument Avenue Preservation Society ( MAPS ) . In August 2017 , following violence linked to far right white supremacist groups in Charlottesville , VA , Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney announced that the city 's Monument Avenue commission would include potential removal of the confederate statues as an option for dealing with the issues raised by statues glorifying the legacy of the south . Monuments ( edit ) External video Monument Avenue ( 5 : 34 ) , C ‐ SPAN Robert E. Lee Monument -- equestrian sculpture by Antonin Mercié ; unveiled May 29 , 1890 J.E.B. Stuart -- equestrian sculpture by Frederick Moynihan ; unveiled May 30 , 1907 Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America -- sculpted by Edward Valentine ; unveiled June 3 , 1907 Stonewall Jackson -- equestrian sculpture by Frederick William Sievers ; unveiled October 11 , 1919 Matthew Fontaine Maury , oceanographer -- sculpted by Frederick William Sievers ; unveiled November 11 , 1929 Arthur Ashe , tennis player -- sculpted by Paul DiPasquale ; unveiled July 10 , 1996 J.E.B. Stuart statue on Monument Avenue , Richmond , VA , unveiled May 30 , 1907 J.E.B. Stuart ( edit ) Starting from the east the first from downtown is traffic circle known as Stuart Circle after the termination of West Franklin Street and the beginning of Monument Avenue and cross street of Lombardy . In Stuart Circle is the J.E.B. Stuart Monument , an equestrian bronze statue sitting atop a granite base . The statue which was sculpted by Fred Moynihan of New York was the second monument unveiled on Monument Ave in 1907 and was inspired of the British General Outram sculpture in Calcutta . Stuart is turned in the saddle facing east while the horse faces north . The horses stance has been viewed as being awkward by many Virginians . Plans for the sculpture was first discussed publicly as early as 1875 , however the competition was not done held until 1903 . Fitzhugh Lee again chaired the selection committee , as he had for the Lee Monument . The site location was chosen in 1904 as Stuart was one of the two whom died helping to defend the city that citizens had been wanting to memorialize in a house nearby . At the same time plans for the third Davis Monument was being planned further west at Monument Ave and Cedar Street . The dual unveiling drew large crowds even larger than the Lee unveiling . Crowds were estimated between 80,000 - 200,000 which included 18,000 veteran attendees who camped out for the week . Robert E. Lee Monument ( edit ) Main article : Robert E. Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia ) One block west of Stuart Circle is the big traffic circle of Lee Circle . The Robert E. Lee Monument was the first and is the largest of the street 's monuments . Jefferson Davis Memorial ( edit ) Four blocks to the west of Lee Circle is a tall central column surrounded by a Doric colonnade of the impressive Davis Memorial unveiled in 1907 . The United Daughters of the Confederacy ( UDC ) had been appealing to include a Jefferson Davis memorial and in 1904 the first addition to the plan was made . UDC chose the site as it had been the former location of Star Fort , the innermost westward protection for Richmond . The defenses is also marked by a cannon just to the east of Davis Memorial . Stonewall Jackson Monument ( edit ) Three blocks west of Davis Memorial is the equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson located at corner of Monument Ave and Boulevard . Matthew Fontaine Maury Monument ( edit ) Maury Monument Matthew Fontaine Maury Monument The `` Pathfinder of the Seas '' monument of Matthew Fontaine Maury is located on Monument Avenue at Belmont Avenue , closest to the Arthur Ashe monument . The Maury monument is not a Confederate war monument per se , demonstrating little indication of his role in the Confederate war , which included serving as chief of sea coast , river and harbor defenses and acquiring ships and supplies for the Confederacy through his work in the Confederate Secret Service in Europe , mainly in Ireland , France and England . When the Sons of Confederate Veterans celebrate Confederate History Month or Lee - Jackson Day by parading in period military costumes from east to west on Monument Avenue , they make a turn before they get to the Maury monument , a further indication that Commander Maury 's monument is not a Civil War monument . Most of the Confederate veterans were gone when Monument Avenue turned to the sciences with the 1929 statue to Maury . In 1915 the Matthew Fontaine Maury Association was founded with the purpose of erecting a monument to Maury though serious fundraising did not happen until after the end of the First World War . Eventually the United Daughters of the Confederacy joined in the fundraising , the State Virginia and the City of Richmond each donated $1,000 , and even President Wilson , a native Virginian , joined the Association . The committee selected Richmond sculptor Frederick William Sievers , the author of many Lost Cause memorials , to produce the work and he created the `` most allegorical of Richmond 's monuments . '' The monument was unveiled as part of an Armistice Day celebration on November 11 , 1929 . The figure of Maury faces eastward , toward the Atlantic Ocean that the `` Pathfinder of the Seas '' charted . He holds in his left hand a pencil and compass and in his right hand a copy of his charts . Beside his left foot is his book , Physical Geography of the Sea , as well as a Bible , indicating the central role that faith played in Maury 's life . A globe of the Earth is tilted slightly on its axis behind his head . It represents both land and sea , and the woman standing calmly is a representation of Mother Nature between the land and sea . Around the base of the globe are depictions of people clinging to a sinking boat in bad weather representing the dangers of the sea with a woman in the center , and on the right ( north ) side of the globe there is a farmer , boy and a dog representing Maury 's work promoting land weather service , which dates back further than 1853 . Maury attended the International Meteorological Organization in Brussels , Belgium on August 23 , 1853 , where Maury , leading the way for this conference with his ideas of land and sea weather predictions and representing the United States , promoted his ideas of safety on both land and at sea to many nations which agreed to follow his ideas . Every maritime nation had its ships reporting to Maury at the National ( later Naval ) Observatory in Washington D.C. These elements represent Maury 's work with atmospheric science , to the benefit of all mankind and their enterprises on land and on the sea . Weather warnings and reports had been dreams of Maury during his lifetime up until when he died and he was successful in his work . He thought of the ships at sea as `` a thousand temples of science for all of humanity '' and believed these brought men and nations closer together in a common self - protection against storms and deaths . There are fish , dolphins , jellyfish and birds around the monument 's perimeter . Arthur Ashe Monument ( edit ) Arthur Ashe Monument The decision to place the statue of Arthur Ashe by Paul DiPasquale on Monument Avenue was controversial . Detractors pointed to a lack of correlation between the Richmond native tennis star and Confederate leaders . Some residents thought the monument should be placed at the Arthur Ashe Athletic Center instead . The monument became a focal point of racial tensions in the city around the times of its commission and its unveiling . Many of the city 's majority African American residents cited Ashe 's distinguished place in the modern history of the city as a reason for inclusion , while some residents and other parties rejected it as inappropriate for Monument Avenue , which until 1996 contained only statues of men with a relationship to the Confederate States of America . The controversy over the statue may have also been driven by design and placement choices . Ashe 's statue is much smaller than those of most of the Confederate leaders and is the farthest from downtown Richmond , situated just outside the city 's Fan district . See also ( edit ) List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia List of works by Antonin Mercié National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond , Virginia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Landmarks Register '' . Virginia Department of Historic Resources . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monument Avenue Historic District '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Monument Avenue Preservation Zone '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Inventory - Nomination Form . VA DHR . December 2 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Richmond Approves Monument to Ashe , New York Times , Retrieved on July 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ Venture Richmond Jump up ^ `` Monument Avenue Preservation Zone '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Inventory - Nomination Form . VA DHR . December 2 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Monument Avenue Jump up ^ Richmond 's own ' Great Street ' - News - inRich.com Jump up ^ Boritt & Holzer , The Confederate Image : Prints of the Lost Cause Jump up ^ `` Preservationist Zayde R. Dotts dies '' . Richmond Times Distpatch , Sept 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Times - Dispatch , MARK ROBINSON Richmond . `` Mayor Stoney : Commission to consider removal of Confederate statues on Richmond 's Monument Ave . '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Monument Avenue '' . C - SPAN . November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarah S. Driggs ( August 1997 ) . `` Monument Avenue Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmark Nomination . US Department of the Interior , National Park Services . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Sarah S. Driggs ( August 1997 ) . p. 46 Jump up ^ Robert A. Carter and Jennifer W. Murdock ( August 2006 ) . `` Robert E. Lee Monument '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination . VA Department of Historic Resources , Sec : 7 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ DuPriest , James E. , Jr. and Douglas O. Tice , Jr. , Monument & Boulevard : Richmond ; s Grand Avenues , A Richmond Discoveries Publication , Richmond , VA 1996 p. 19 Jump up ^ DuPriest , James E. , Jr. and Douglas O. Tice , Jr. , Monument & Boulevard : Richmond ; s Grand Avenues , A Richmond Discoveries Publication , Richmond , VA 1996 p. 20 Jump up ^ DuPriest 1996 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ DuPriest 1996 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Richmond Approves Monument to Ashe , New York Times , Retrieved on July 28 , 2007 Further reading ( edit ) Driggs , Sarah Shields ; Richard Guy Wilson ; Robert P. Winthrop ( 2001 ) . Richmond 's Monument Avenue . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . Williams , Frances Leigh ( 1963 ) . Matthew Fontaine Maury Scientist of the Sea . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . DuPriest , James E. , Jr. ; Douglas O. Tice ( 1996 ) . Monument & Boulevard : Richmond 's Grand Avenues . Richmond Discoveries . ISBN 0 - 941087 - 03 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . VA - 1322 , `` Monument Avenue '' Review of Driggs , Wilson , Winthrop book Monument Avenue Internet Repository Richmond , Virginia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Photograph . Robert E. Lee , Equestrian Intersection of Monument and Allen Avenue , early 1890s Through the Lens of Time , VCU Libraries ( hide ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Lists by county Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax County Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin County Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle Of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond County Roanoke County Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Lists by city Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monument_Avenue&oldid=802172444 '' Categories : Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Virginia Georgian Revival architecture in Virginia Gothic Revival architecture in Virginia Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia Historic district contributing properties in Virginia Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Monuments and memorials to Jefferson Davis Monuments and memorials to Robert E. Lee National Historic Landmarks in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Richmond , Virginia Transportation in Richmond , Virginia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 12 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were the statues on monument avenue built	[ "Monument Avenue is an avenue in Richmond, Virginia with a tree-lined grassy mall dividing the east- and westbound traffic and is punctuated by statues memorializing Virginian Confederate participants of the American Civil War, including Robert E. Lee, J.E.B. Stuart, Jefferson Davis, Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson, and Matthew Fontaine Maury. There is also a monument to Arthur Ashe, a Richmond native and international tennis star who was African-American. The first monument, a statue of Robert E. Lee, was erected in 1890. Between 1900 and 1925, Monument Avenue greatly expanded with architecturally significant houses, churches and apartment buildings.[4]" ]	[ "1890. Between 1900 and 1925" ]
-7997556073325385642	Mandalay Bay	Mandalay Bay - wikipedia Mandalay Bay Mandalay Bay Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3950 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date March 2 , 1999 ; 19 years ago ( March 2 , 1999 ) Theme Tropical No. of rooms 3,209 Total gaming space 135,000 sq ft ( 12,500 m ) Permanent shows Michael Jackson : One Signature attractions Mandalay Bay Convention Center Mandalay Bay Events Center Shark Reef House of Blues Mandalay Beach Notable restaurants Aureole Alain Ducasse Rivea Charlie Palmer Steak Fleur by Hubert Keller Kumi Lupo Red Square RM Seafood Stripsteak Border Grill Las Vegas Casino type Land - based Owner MGM Resorts International Renovated in 2002 , 2007 Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Website mandalaybay.com Mandalay Bay is a 43 - story luxury resort and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International . One of the property 's towers operates as the Delano ; the Four Seasons Hotel is independently operated within the Mandalay Bay tower , occupying five floors ( 35 -- 39 ) . Mandalay Bay has 3,209 hotel rooms , 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 square feet ( 12,500 m ) . Adjacent to the hotel is the 2,000,000 square feet ( 190,000 m ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center and the 12,000 - seat Mandalay Bay Events Center . The Mandalay Bay Tram connects the resort to its sister properties , Excalibur and Luxor , all three of which were constructed by Circus Circus Enterprises before its sale to MGM . Contents 1 History 1.1 2017 shooting 2 Hotels 2.1 Penthouse suites 2.2 Four Seasons Hotel 2.3 Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) 3 Attractions 3.1 Shows 3.2 Mandalay Beach 3.3 Mandalay Bay Events Center 3.4 Mandalay Bay Convention Center 3.5 The Shoppes at Mandalay Place 4 Restaurants 4.1 Bars and lounges 5 Media references 5.1 Film and television 5.2 Music 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) View from Mandalay Bay hotel looking north ( 2014 ) In 1995 , Circus Circus Enterprises bought the Hacienda for $80 million and an adjacent 74 - acre ( 30 ha ) site for $73 million . They closed the Hacienda on December 1 , 1996 , and imploded it a month later on New Year 's Eve . Plans for the tropical - themed `` Project Paradise '' were revealed the same day , with an estimated budget of $800 million to $1 billion . In February 1998 the project was renamed Mandalay Bay to evoke the exotic tropical romanticism of the poem `` Mandalay '' . Problems arose during construction because of excessive and uneven settling of the soil beneath the building ; the core of the building sank by 17 inches ( 430 mm ) , while one of the wings had settled by only 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . Rumors about the severity of the issues depressed Circus Circus 's stock price . The problem was solved by installing 536 micropiles ( 200 - foot - long metal pipes filled with grout , each capped with a hydraulic jack ) below the building , at an estimated cost of $8 million to $10 million . The resort opened on March 2 , 1999 , with grand opening festivities that included the Blues Brothers ( Dan Aykroyd , James Belushi , and John Goodman ) leading a procession of 200 motorcycles to Mandalay Bay 's front doors , and a concert by Bob Dylan at the House of Blues . In June 1999 , Circus Circus changed its name to Mandalay Resort Group . Construction of a major convention center at Mandalay Bay was begun in June 2001 , with its opening originally set for the summer of 2002 . After a delay in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Mandalay Bay Convention Center opened in January 2003 . With 1.5 million square feet ( 140,000 m ) of space , it was the fifth largest convention center in the nation . On May 23 , 2002 , the Mandalay Resort Group announced a second 1,122 - room hotel tower , with a cost of at least $200 million . Construction began on the project in September 2002 . The name of the tower , THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , was revealed in October 2003 . The tower opened on December 17 , 2003 . In February 2005 , Mandalay Resort Group was sold to MGM Mirage ( later MGM Resorts International ) , who currently owns the resort . The acquisition was finalized on April 25 , 2005 . 2017 shooting ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Las Vegas shooting On October 1 , 2017 , gunman Stephen Paddock opened fire on the Route 91 Harvest , a country music festival , from a room on the 32nd floor of the hotel , killing 58 and wounding 546 . The shooting ended when Paddock committed suicide before Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers reached the hotel room . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in modern U.S. history . The shooting brought attention to a legal device called a bump - fire stock , which is used to mimic an automatic weapon . Automatic weapons are restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . Hotels ( edit ) Penthouse suites ( edit ) The gold coloring of the hotel is a result of gold leaf used on the windows . Levels 40 - 42 ( numbered as floors 60 -- 62 ) are designed as penthouse suites , with a penthouse lounge on level 62 for guests staying in the penthouses . Level 43 ( numbered as 64 ) is the Foundation Room , a restaurant and bar . Four Seasons hotel ( edit ) Five floors ( floors 35 -- 39 ) of the main hotel building are occupied by the five - star and AAA Five - Diamond Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) ( edit ) Main article : Delano Las Vegas The resort 's second tower , with 45 stories and 1,117 suites , previously operated as THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , now operates as Delano Las Vegas . Each suite is at least 750 square feet ( 70 m ) . Attractions ( edit ) Shows ( edit ) A production of the classic Broadway musical Chicago debuted at Mandalay Bay 's 1999 grand opening and ran for one year . Storm , an original production show featuring Latin music , ran from April 2001 to July 2002 . Mamma Mia ! was a long - running stage production at the resort from 2003 to 2009 . The show was replaced with Disney 's The Lion King , which opened on May 15 , 2009 . Its run ended in 2011 to make way for Michael Jackson : One , by Cirque du Soleil , which opened May 2013 . Another popular attraction is the House of Blues , a venue for live music and a restaurant , with a capacity of approximately 1,800 . On the top floor of the hotel is the House of Blues Foundation Room , featuring a dining room , private dining rooms , and a balcony looking down the Las Vegas Strip . Mandalay Beach ( edit ) Mandalay Bay pool . Mandalay Beach is an 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) pool area with three heated pools , a wave pool with connecting pool for small children , and a lazy river that features a small waterfall . The wave pool features 1.6 million gallons of water and waves in 90 - second intervals with heights ranging anywhere from two to four feet . Consequently , it has a strict 48 '' height requirement . The European - style pool , called Moorea , features its own private bar as well as the allowance of female guests to bathe topless . As a result , Moorea is separated from the rest of the pool by smoked glass windows and an over-21 requirement . There are also two restaurants at the Beach . The pool area won the Las Vegas Review Journal 's Reader 's `` Best Pool of Las Vegas '' award for seven years in a row . One pool remains open throughout the winter months . In keeping with the resort 's tropical theme , it features a saltwater aquarium , the Shark Reef Aquarium , which contains the third largest tank in North America . Shark Reef Aquarium contains numerous other exhibits , including two tunnel - shaped , walk - through aquariums . Mandalay Bay events center ( edit ) Main article : Mandalay Bay Events Center The Mandalay Bay Events Center , a 12,000 - seat arena , hosts major events including concerts , boxing matches , and Ultimate Fighting Championship events . It has played host to the Latin Grammy Awards several times , and the Miss Universe pageant . Mandalay Bay convention center ( edit ) Main article : Mandalay Bay Convention Center This 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) facility is one of the largest privately owned convention centers in the world . It has several ballrooms ranging in size up to 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) , and can support up to 75 breakout sessions . The Shoppes at Mandalay Place ( edit ) The Shoppes at Mandalay Place is a 310 - foot ( 94 m ) - long retail sky bridge . Restaurants ( edit ) There are 24 restaurants at the resort . Michael Mina , Alain Ducasse , Rick Moonen , Charlie Palmer , Hubert Keller , Wolfgang Puck , Mary Sue Milliken and Susan Feniger are all associated with restaurants on the property . Aureole Bayside Buffet Beach Bar & Grill Burger Bar Border Grill Charlie Palmer Steak Citizens ( Formerly Red , White , and Blue ) Fleur Foundation Room Boardwalk Pizza & Pasta ( Formerly Wolf Grill ) House of Blues at Crossroads House of Blues Restaurant Hussong 's Cantina Lupo Mizuya Alain Ducasse Mix Noodle Shop Orchid Raffles Café Restaurant RM Rx Boiler Room Red Square Ri Ra Irish Pub RM Seafood Seabreeze Slice of Vegas Michael Mina Stripsteak 3940 Coffee + Tea Della 's Kitchen Franklin Sports Book Grill Verandah at Four Seasons Starbucks -- 2 locations Bars and lounges ( edit ) Evening Call Eyecandy Lounge Foundation Room Franklin Mix Lounge O.N.E. Oasis Bar Orchid Lounge Sports Book Lounge Media references ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Play It to the Bone 2000 Ocean 's Eleven 2001 -- Foreground shot when the ' pinch ' knocks out power Las Vegas 2003 -- 2005 -- was the interior of the fictional Montecito casino Fear Factor 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation 2006 -- 2008 -- From opening credits as a symbol of Las Vegas . Rocky Balboa 2006 Ocean 's Thirteen 2007 Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List 2007 The Hangover 2009 -- various background shots . Wisin & Yandel -- Te Siento ( promotional video ) . Top Chef 2009 -- Bryan Voltaggio used the resort for his inspiration for his dish . The Amazing Race 15 2009 -- Team members had to rappel down the building . What Happens in Vegas 2008 -- The group heads off to Las Vegas . Defiance 2012 -- supplementary material states that it was converted into a for - profit prison Modern Family 2014 -- setting of the episode `` Las Vegas '' Dominion 2014 -- establishing shot of the city in the pilot episode shows it to be battle - damaged and outside the fortified protective wall Music ( edit ) `` Me and My Monkey '' , from the album Escapology by Robbie Williams , 2002 `` No Beef '' Afrojack & Steve Aoki ( featuring Miss Palmer ) 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mandalay Bay Fact Sheet '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Circus Circus buys hotel , land in Las Vegas '' . Dallas Morning News . March 7 , 1995 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Hacienda goes quietly into night '' . Las Vegas Sun . December 2 , 1996 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Historic Hacienda hotel is now history '' . UPI . January 1 , 1997 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( January 1 , 1997 ) . `` Circus Circus creating Paradise on south Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Ward , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Rough Guide to Las Vegas ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 20 . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 890 - 8 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Gary ( August 20 , 1998 ) . `` Mandalay Bay settling halted '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Mandalay Bay foundation to get a boost '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Richards , T.D. ; Kartofilis , D. ( February 17 , 2006 ) . `` Micropile Underpinning of the Mandalay Bay Hotel & Casino '' ( PDF ) . Nicholson Construction Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , Grace ( February 25 , 2000 ) . `` Mandalay sues insurer over sinking costs '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Robert ( March 2 , 1999 ) . `` Public eyes new $1 billion resort ; Wall Street watches for the numbers '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( March 4 , 1999 ) . `` Bono enlivens Dylan 's House of Blues show '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gary ( June 18 , 1999 ) . `` Circus Circus holders clear name change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strow , David ( April 27 , 2001 ) . `` Mandalay Bay plans mammoth center '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road work to tie up traffic '' . Las Vegas Sun . June 11 , 2001 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Convention center opening pushed to January 2003 '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 16 , 2001 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First convention at new venue showcases pool , spa industry '' . Las Vegas Sun . January 6 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( January 4 , 2003 ) . `` Drawing on business travelers '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( May 24 , 2002 ) . `` Mandalay building all - suite tower '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Company finalizes name for new tower '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 15 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scherzer , Barbara ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` New tower , THEhotel , opens at Strip resort '' . Las Vegas Business Press -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` At least 50 dead , more than 400 injured after shooting at Las Vegas Strip music festival '' . KSNV . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Darran ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police officers describe storming gunman 's room '' . CNN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ POV - MHotel Reviews ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Penthouse Suite Mandalay Bay '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Guest rooms and suites '' . Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . June 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago ' toddles into Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . March 3 , 1999 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskevich , Michael ( February 27 , 2000 ) . `` ' Chicago ' to close after impressive showing on Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Maddox , Kate ( April 10 , 2001 ) . `` Yet another ' Storm ' warning '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Joe ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` Taking the wind out of ' Storm 's sails '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( July 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' Storm ' to end Mandalay Bay run July 28 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Delaney , Joe ( August 1 , 2002 ) . `` Short - term future clouded at Mandalay Bay Theatre '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( February 18 , 2003 ) . `` '' Mamma Mia ! '' makes big splash on opening weekend `` . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Arseniuk , Melissa ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` After six years , curtain closes for ' Mamma Mia ! ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cirque : Michael Jackson show to debut at Mandalay Bay in 2013 '' . Las Vegas Weekly . April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Pool '' . 2006 Best of Las Vegas survey . Las Vegas Review Journal . 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stapells , Cathy ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Escada , Gucci , Dior , oh my ! ; Vegas takes shopping to a new level '' . The Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` The Shoppes at Mandalay Place '' . Mandalay Bay . 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino , Las Vegas '' . Mandalay Bay . Jump up ^ `` 2046 Map '' . Defiance . Syfy . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed The Drew Resorts World Las Vegas Cancelled Casinos never opened Craig Ranch Station Crown Las Vegas Echelon Place Las Vegas Plaza Santa Fe Valley Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Resorts World Las Vegas The Drew Grand Central Hotel Cancelled Craig Ranch Station Crown Las Vegas Echelon Place Las Vegas Plaza Santa Fe Valley Former Aladdin Algiers Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron The Drew Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting 2018 Stanley Cup Finals Strip Gaming Area MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Maryland MGM National Harbor Massachusetts MGM Springfield Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&oldid=856405727 '' Categories : 1999 establishments in Nevada Casino hotels Casinos completed in 1999 Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Darts venues Hotel buildings completed in 1999 Hotels established in 1999 Las Vegas Strip Mandalay Resort Group MGM Resorts International Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Mandalay Bay Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who owns mandalay bay hotel in las vegas nevada	[ "Mandalay Bay\n\n Location \nParadise, Nevada, U.S. Address \n3950 South Las Vegas BoulevardOpening date\nMarch 2, 1999; 19 years ago (March 2, 1999)Theme\nTropicalNo. of rooms\n3,209Total gaming space\n135,000 sq ft (12,500 m2)Permanent shows\nMichael Jackson: OneSignature attractions\nMandalay Bay Convention CenterMandalay Bay Events CenterShark ReefHouse of BluesMandalay BeachNotable restaurants\nAureoleAlain Ducasse RiveaCharlie Palmer SteakFleur by Hubert KellerKumiLupoRed SquareRM SeafoodStripsteakBorder Grill Las VegasCasino type\nLand-basedOwner\nMGM Resorts InternationalRenovated in\n2002, 2007Coordinates\n36°5′30″N 115°10′29″W / 36.09167°N 115.17472°W / 36.09167; -115.17472Coordinates: 36°5′30″N 115°10′29″W / 36.09167°N 115.17472°W / 36.09167; -115.17472Website\nmandalaybay.com" ]	[ "MGM Resorts International" ]
-1181974440494608905	Post box	Post box - wikipedia Post box For other uses , see Mailbox . Postbox of the Russian Post in Moscow . A British Lamp Box post box of the 1940 pattern at Denvilles , Havant , Hampshire . A post box ( British English ; also written postbox ) , also known as a collection box , mailbox , letter box or drop box ( American English ) is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a country 's postal service . The term post box can also refer to a private letter box for incoming mail . Contents 1 History of post boxes 1.1 Europe 1.2 Asia 1.3 North America 2 Types of post boxes 3 Clearance 4 Terrorism and political vandalism 4.1 Scotland 4.2 The Troubles 4.3 United States 5 Colours 6 Symbols 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References and sources 9.1 Notes 9.2 Sources 10 External links History of post boxes ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) In 1653 , the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in and around Paris . By 1829 , post boxes were in use throughout France . The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842 . A post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain . It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum . In the British Isles , the first red pillar post boxes were erected in Guernsey in 1852 . Roadside wall boxes first appeared in 1857 as a cheaper alternative to pillar boxes , especially in rural districts . In 1853 the first pillar box in the United Kingdom was installed at Botchergate , Carlisle . In 1856 , Richard Redgrave of the Department of Science and Art designed an ornate pillar box for use in London and other large cities . In 1859 the design was improved , and this became the first National Standard pillar box . Green was adopted as the standard colour for the early Victorian post boxes . Between 1866 and 1879 the hexagonal Penfold post box became the standard design for pillar boxes and it was during this period that red was first adopted as the standard colour . The first boxes to be painted red were in London in July 1874 , although it would be nearly 10 years before all the boxes had been repainted . In 2012 to celebrate Olympic gold medals for Team GB , selected boxes are painted gold . One has been vandalised briefly with graffiti . One has been painted in the ' wrong ' town . The first public letter boxes ( post boxes ) in Russia appeared in 1848 in St. Petersburg . They were made of wood and iron . Because these boxes were lightweight and easy to steal , they disappeared frequently ; later boxes were made of cast iron and could weigh up to 45 kilograms . First Paris street letter box from c. 1850 . French wall box of the 1977 pattern now on display at the Colne Valley Postal History Museum , Essex . A Dutch `` Post-NL '' postbox in orange at different heights . Modern postbox in Estonia . Modern postbox in Poland . Asia ( edit ) The post box arrived in the late 19th century Hong Kong and were made of wood . In the 1890s , metal pillar box appeared in Hong Kong and remained in use until the late 1990s . From the 1890s to 1997 the boxes were painted red and after 1997 were painted green . A public ( though unconventional ) post box in Japan shaped as tea caddy . Singapore AA style sheet metal mail box in Hong Kong . Japanese post box at the Osaka Central Post Office . post boxes in Taipei , Taiwan . North america ( edit ) The United States Post Office Department began installing public mail collection boxes in the 1850s outside post offices and on street corners in large Eastern cities . U.S. collection boxes were initially designed to be hung or supported , and were mounted on support pillars , lamp - posts , telegraph poles , or even the sides of buildings . By the 1880s , these pillar boxes were made of heavy cast iron to deter theft or vandalism . As mail volume grew , the Post Office Department gradually replaced pillar mailboxes with larger free - standing models , though many of the pillar boxes continued in service as late as the 1960s . The four - footed , free - standing U.S. Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894 , following the successful use of such designs in Canada , and quickly became a fixture on U.S. city street corners . Unlike Canadian mailboxes , which were painted red , U.S. mail collection boxes were originally painted in red or green . Beginning in 1909 , all mail collection boxes were painted a dark green to avoid confusion with emergency and fire equipment . Dark green gave way to olive drab green after World War I , when the U.S. Army donated a large supply of olive drab green paint to the Post Office . Olive drab green subsequently became the standard color for all U.S. mail collection boxes until 1955 . On 4 July 1955 , Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield announced that the Post Office would begin painting all mail collection boxes in red , white , and blue to make them easily identifiable . Subsequently , the Post Office began painting mail collection boxes in red and blue , with white lettering . In 1971 the United States Postal Service changed mail collection boxes to the current USPS Dark Blue with contrasting lettering . The coming of the automobile also influenced U.S. mailbox design , and in the late 1930s , an extension chute or `` snorkel '' to drive - up curbside collection boxes was adopted . USPS `` Snorkel '' collection boxes for drive - through access . A USPS collection box in Venice , Los Angeles in 2018 using the old olive green USPS coloring scheme formerly used between World War I and 1955 . Post box in Markham , Ontario , Canada Types of post boxes ( edit ) Varieties of post boxes ( for outgoing mail ) include : Lamp box Pillar box Wall box Ludlow wall box Some postal operators have different types of post boxes for different types of mail , such as , regular post , air mail and express mail , for local addresses ( defined by a range of postal codes ) and out - of - town addresses , or for post bearing postage stamps and post bearing a postage meter indicator . Some countries have different coloured post boxes ; in countries such as Australia , Portugal , and Russia , the colour indicates which type of mail a box is to be used for , such as 1st and 2nd class post . However , in Germany and parts of Sweden , because of postal deregulation , the different colours are for the different postal services . Other nations use a particular colour to indicate common political or historical ties . Post boxes or mailboxes located outdoors are designed to keep mail secure and protected from weather . Some boxes have a rounded or slanted top or a down turned entry slot to protect mail from rain or snow . Locks are fitted for security , so mail can be retrieved only by official postal employees , and the box will ordinarily be constructed so as to resist damage from vandalism , forcible entry , or other causes . Bright colours are often used to increase visibility and prevent accidents and injuries . Entry openings are designed to allow the free deposit of mail , yet prevent retrieval via the access slot by unauthorised persons . A British pillar box with two apertures , one for stamped , and the other for franked , mail A wooden wall box in Burlington House , London . British Royal Mail GR VI Cast Iron Wall Post Box in Clackmannan , Scotland and still in use Clearance ( edit ) Post boxes are emptied ( `` cleared '' ) at times usually listed on a plate fixed to the box . In urban areas , this might be once or twice a day . Busy boxes might be cleared more frequently to avoid overflowing , and also to spread the work for the sorters . Extra clearances are made in the period leading up to Christmas , to prevent boxes becoming clogged with mail . Since 2005 , most Royal Mail post boxes have had the time of only the last collection of the day shown on the box , with no indication of whether the box is cleared at other times earlier in the day . Royal Mail say they needed to increase the type size of the wording on the plate to help those with poor sight , and so there was not enough room to list all collection times throughout the day . Some post boxes may indicate the next collection time by a metal ' tab ' or dial that can be changed while the box is open . The tab displays a day or number , each number corresponding to a different time shown on the plate . Some boxes have been used as a dumping ground for used hypodermic needles . In such cases staff are issued with protective equipment . Terrorism and political vandalism ( edit ) The surviving Manchester pillar box from the 1996 bomb Scotland ( edit ) In 1952 , a number of post boxes were attacked in Scotland in a dispute over the regnal number adopted by Queen Elizabeth II , which was displayed as the EIIR cypher on the boxes . This included at least one which was damaged in Edinburgh with a home made explosive device . The compromise was to put the Scottish crown on Scottish pillar boxes , without any reference to the particular reigning monarch . One such example can still be seen today in Hong Kong at Statue Square . The troubles ( edit ) Irish Republicans painting a Royal Mail postbox in Derry for the Green Post-Box Campaign in 2008 During 1939 a number of bombs were put in post boxes by the IRA as part of their S - Plan campaign . When the Provisional IRA blew up the Arndale shopping centre in the 1996 Manchester bombing one of the few things to survive unscathed was a Victorian pillar box dating from 1887 ( a type A Jubilee pillar ) . In Northern Ireland several red Royal Mail post boxes were painted green by Irish Republicans in early 2009 , in order to resemble An Post 's post boxes in the Republic of Ireland . United States ( edit ) Nearly 7,000 USPS collection boxes were removed following the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks in which letters containing anthrax spores were placed in public collection boxes . Since that time , a decrease in first - class mail volume and the onset of online bill payment processing has resulted in lower demand for collection box service in the U.S. Colours ( edit ) Colors of post boxes for standard mailings . Please help Colours for post boxes Red Argentina Australia Bahamas Barbados Belgium Canada Denmark ( Post Danmark ) Gibraltar Greece ( express post ) Greenland Hungary Iceland India Isle of Man Israel Italy ( domestic post ) South Korea Japan Jersey Macau Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Monaco Netherlands -- surviving heritage and PTT boxes New Zealand Norway ( national and international mail ) Pakistan Poland Portugal Romania Spain ( express mail ) South Africa Sri Lanka Taiwan ( airmail and prompt delivery ) Thailand United Kingdom Yellow Algeria Australia ( Express Post ) Austria Bosnia - Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ( red before 1960 ) Finland ( 2nd class ) France Germany ( Deutsche Post ) Greece ( regular & international mail ) Iran Lithuania Malaysia ( Express Post ) Montenegro Morocco Norway ( local mail ) Russia ( 1st Class ) Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain ( regular mail ) Sweden ( national and international mail ) Switzerland ( & Liechtenstein ) Tunisia Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Vietnam Blue Belarus Finland ( 1st class ) Faroe Islands Germany ( many private postal companies ) Guernsey Alderney Dominican Republic Sark Italy ( Air Mail only ) United Kingdom ( Air Mail -- 1933 -- 1940 ) Portugal ( 1st Class ( Blue Mail ) only ) Sweden ( local mail ) Russia United States Green China Hong Kong ( red before 1997 ) Taiwan ( regular mail ) Ireland Some heritage boxes in the United Kingdom , notably Stoke on Trent , Rochester & Scunthorpe Orange Czech Republic Estonia Indonesia Netherlands ( TNT N.V. / PostNL ( red before 2006 ) ) White San Marino Singapore Gray Philippines Gold United Kingdom ( only for 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold medal winners ) Symbols ( edit ) Swedish Royal Post Irish Post & Telegraphs `` P&T '' logo Australia -- a styled red letter `` P '' on a white circle , `` P '' standing for `` Post '' . Canada -- a combination of a bird wing and an aircraft wing in a red circle and flanked by the words Canada Post / Postes Canada . Previously the words Canada , Canada Post , or Canada Post Corporation ) were used on post boxes . Until the early 1970s , post boxes had the words `` Royal Mail '' and the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada . Continental Europe -- most designs include a Post horn , like those used by postmen to announce their arrival . In Germany the post horn is the only element indicating post services . France -- the arrow - shaped logo of La Poste . Greece -- Hellenic Post use the head of god Hermes wearing a winged petasos ( summer hat ) as their logo . Hermes was usually portrayed as the messenger of the gods Netherlands -- an orange triangle with `` postnl '' and a royal crown in it . Ireland -- from 1922 the Irish harp entwined with the letters `` SE '' for Saorstát Éireann , then `` P&T '' Gaelic script for Post and Telegraphs and from 1984 An Post with their wavy lines logo , often on the door as a raised casting . Russia -- logo of Russian Post ( Почта России ) written white on blue and black on yellow 1st class mail boxes . Japan -- a `` T '' with bar above it ( 〒 ) . United Kingdom -- all post boxes display the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch at the time of manufacture . Exceptions are the Anonymous pillar boxes of 1879 -- 1887 , where the cypher was omitted , and all boxes for use in Scotland manufactured after 1952 ( including replicas of the 1866 Penfold design ) which show the Queen 's Crown of Scotland instead of the Royal Cypher for Elizabeth II . Private boxes emptied by Royal Mail do not have to carry a cypher . Royal Mail post boxes manufactured since 1994 carry the wording `` Royal Mail '' , normally above the aperture ( lamp boxes ) or on the door ( pillar boxes ) . Before this date all post boxes , with the exception of the Anonymous pillar boxes , carried the wording `` Post Office '' . United States -- the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) eagle logo , except that boxes for Express Mail use the USPS Express Mail logo . Gallery ( edit ) Pillar box in Bruges , Belgium Post box at Dubrovnik Airport , Croatia A Czech post box Post boxes in Fåborg , Denmark A post box in Funningur , Faroe Islands Post boxes in Heinola , Finland . Orange 2nd class postbox is very common , blue 1st class mailboxes only at selected places . Post box in Galápagos Islands , 1983 French Post Box at Dinard -- Pleurtuit -- Saint - Malo Airport German mail box with an old Post horn with arrows ( stylized lightning bolts ) from the Deutsche Bundespost , on the top sign the new post horn from Deutsche Post AG A postbox of one of the many private mail companies in Germany , this one PIN in Berlin A Guernsey Post type C double aperture pillar box Post box in Budapest , Hungary Post box in Reykjavík , Iceland Post box of Indian Postal Service VR pillar box in Kilkenny , Ireland , painted green with obvious door repair Irish lamp box erected by An Post Italian domestic post box King Edward VII pillar box in Birgu , Malta Modern MaltaPost post box in Mellieħa , Malta Post box in Kraków , Poland A post box in San Marino Post box in Bratislava , Slovakia A GR Lamp Box at Cape Agulhas , the most southern post box in Africa Swedish post box Post box in Lützelflüh - Goldbach , Switzerland A Ukrainian post box in the city of Dnipro , Ukraine A standardized Brazilian post box , in Belo Horizonte in Al Satwa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates Post box incorporated into a Type K4 telephone kiosk , introduced in 1927 . 10 survive in the UK of this design by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott which also incorporates two stamp vending machines . This red telephone box is in Warrington , Cheshire , England A Victorian wall box of the Second National Standard type dating from 1859 , in Brough , Derbyshire , England A Victorian hexagonal red post box of the Penfold type manufactured in 1866 outside King 's College , Cambridge ( not the original location for this box ) . One of the 150 post boxes erected during the uncrowned reign of Edward VIII Soviet postbox in Bukhara , Uzbekistan Large square pillar box ( type A wall box freestanding ) in Gloddaeth Street , Llandudno , Wales This VR pillar box originally installed in Guernsey in 1852 / 3 on the recommendation of Anthony Trollope and is one of the oldest still in use . See also ( edit ) General Post Office Post-office box , used for incoming mail Stamp vending machine , often attached to post boxes 2012 Olympics gold post boxes in the United Kingdom References and sources ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ken . `` Before the Penny Black '' . Ken Lawrence . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Batcow , Stan ( 2 December 2001 ) . `` The Post Boxes of Blackpool , England '' . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Hampel , Tadeusz ( 1993 ) . Encyklopedia filatelistyki . Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN . p. 509 . ISBN 83 - 01 - 11373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Putting history on an envelope '' . BBC NewsSouth West Wales . London . 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . The earliest known surviving posting slot was placed in the wall of Wakefield Post Office in Yorkshire in 1809 Jump up ^ `` BBC Slaithwaite gets the stamp of approval ! '' . BBC . 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Barford , Vanessa ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` Are there places more British than the UK ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` History of British Letter Boxes -- Part 1 : Victorian Letter Boxes '' . Paul Wicks . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessica Ennis gold postbox in Sheffield vandalised '' . BBC . 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . A postbox that was painted gold in Jessica Ennis 's home city of Sheffield , to celebrate her Olympic triumph , has been vandalised . ^ Jump up to : `` Laura Trott golden postbox painted in Harlow by mistake '' . BBC . 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . The Royal Mail has promised to paint a postbox in Olympic cycle champion Laura Trott 's home town gold , after first painting one in the wrong place . Jump up ^ `` Hongkong Post to cover royal cyphers on 59 historic post-boxes to ' avoid confusion ' -- Hong Kong Free Press HKFP '' . hongkongfp.com. 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Allison ( 20 March 2006 ) . `` Postal Collection Mailboxes '' . National Postal Museum . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shaman , Tony . `` Antique Street Letterboxes '' . Antique67.com . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation , History in a Box : Red Forever ! , Civilisation.ca . http://www.civilisations.ca/cpm/histbox/canad_e.htm Jump up ^ U.S. Post Office Bulletin 19867 , 9 August 1955 ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Allison ; Pope , Nancy ( 28 April 2006 ) . `` Orr & Painter mailbox '' . Postal Collection Mailboxes . National Postal Museum . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Service v. Lost Key Rewards , Inc. , U.S. Patent and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board , Opposition No. 91185802 ( 15 November 2010 ) . Retrieved 23 January 2012 Jump up ^ Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation , Colour , A Postal Symbol , Civilisation.ca . http://www.civilisations.ca/cpm/histbox/couleu_e.htm ^ Jump up to : Glancey , Jonathan ( 16 January 2007 ) . `` Classics of everyday design No 6 '' . theblog , The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Allison ( 29 April 2006 ) . `` Street collection box damaged September 11 , 2001 '' . Postal Collection Mailboxes . National Postal Museum . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Victorian post box in Brecon -- made in the Black Country '' . Black Country Bugle. 28 June 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to preserve red post boxes '' . BBC UK News . BBC . 3 October 2002 . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ William , Earle ( 29 April 1975 ) . `` Secured mailbox '' . USPTO Database . USPTO . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to post box collections : Collection Tabs '' . Postwatch.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Used needles found in post boxes '' . BBC . 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Postal workers in Derby are being warned to take care after a rise in the number of used syringes being found in post boxes . Jump up ^ `` Somerset postal workers given gloves to protect against needles '' . BBC . 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Protective gloves are issued to postal workers emptying a Somerset postbox used by drug addicts to dump needles . Jump up ^ Quinn , Louise ( 4 February 2009 ) . `` Green postbox row MLA told to say sorry '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anger over green postboxes '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing red on green postboxes '' . Derry Journal . 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ All Royal Mail / GPO post boxes were painted BS 538 Post Office Red between 1874 and 1969 . With the introduction of the K8 Telephone kiosk in 1969 , a new `` red '' colour was adopted for GPO street furniture , designated BS 539 Post Haste Red . After British Telecom and Royal Mail were split by the British Government , BT continued to use BS539 exclusively , whilst Royal Mail use both BS538 and BS539 in a seemingly random way . Prior to 1859 there was no standard colour although there is a document in the BPMA archive indicating that optionally , the lettering and Royal cypher could be picked out in white or black . In 1859 , a bronze green colour became standard until 1874 . It took ten years for every box to be repainted during this period ) . Jump up ^ In 2012 UK post boxes mostly in the hometowns of Team GB gold medal winners in the 2012 Summer Olympics were painted gold . Jump up ^ `` PIN MAIL AG '' . pin-group.net . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Farrugia , Jean ( 1969 ) . The letter box : a history of Post Office pillar and wall boxes . Fontwell : Centaur Press . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 900000 - 14 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Post boxes . Look up post box in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the blue boxes at the post office	[ "[15] In 1971 the United States Postal Service changed mail collection boxes to the current USPS Dark Blue with contrasting lettering.[12][15][16] The coming of the automobile also influenced U.S. mailbox design, and in the late 1930s, an extension chute or \"snorkel\" to drive-up curbside collection boxes was adopted.[11]\n" ]	[ "mail collection boxes" ]
5419453618046995649	Severino Montano	Severino Montano - wikipedia Severino Montano This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Severino Montano on a 2015 stamp of the Philippines Severino Montano ( 1915 in Laoag , Ilocos Norte -- 12 December 1980 ) is considered as one of the Titans of Philippine Theater . He was a playwright , director , actor and theater organizer with an output of one novel , 150 poems and 50 plays in his 65 - year lifetime . Through the foundation of the Arena Theater , Montano institutionalized `` legitimate theater '' in the Philippines . He also have lifetime achievement award as part of National Artist of the Philippines . Academically , Montano started his tutelage under a British mentor , Marie Leslie Prising , when he was thirteen . He studied at the University of the Philippines . She took Montano under her wing and endowed him with Western literature , the theater and Shakespeare . He was part of the UP Stage when he studied in the University of the Philippines . Then a scholarship took him to the famous `` English 47 '' or `` Workshop 47 '' playwriting workshops of George Pierce Baker at Yale University and guided by Broadway names and international personalities like Komissarjevsky of the famous Moscow Art Theater . He was conferred a Master of Fine Arts degree in playwriting and production by Yale University . In 1946 , he went to London to become a student of economist Harold Laski of the London School of Economics . Not long after , he was offered a teaching job at the American University in Washington , D.C. There , he finished his M.A. in Economic and Ph. D. in management and public administration , at the same time leading a playwriting - drama program as professor , playwright and play director . In 1950 , 1952 , 1962 and 1963 , The Rockefeller Foundation extended him a world travel grant to visit cultural and art centers in 98 cities in Europe , the Middle East , South Asia , India , China and Japan . When he reurned to the Philippines , he already had 16 major plays to his credit . As Dean of Instruction of the Philippine Normal College , Montano organized the Arena Theater `` to bring drama to the masses '' . He used his own money , about a thousand pesos , to start the Arena Theater , a theater - in - the - round . Due to the PNC being unable to fund the theater , Montano volunteered his services `` to plan for a self - financing national drama program that would serve the grass - roots , the barrios of the Philippines '' . In 1953 , the theater opened with three one - act plays and broke all records of all performances in Philippine theater history . The roving troupe took theater to near and far - flung barrios in 47 provinces across the country . Four of his plays became tour staples : the full - length The Love of Leonor Rivera and three one - act plays , Parting at Calamba , The Ladies and the Senador and Sabina . The Arena Theater also began a graduate program for the training of playwrights , directors , technicians , actors and designers . The program was also extended to include a four - year undergraduate curriculum . He trained and directed a new generation of dramatist including Rolando S. Tinio and Behn Cervantes . The Arena Theater Playwriting Contest also led to the discovery of Wilfrido Nolledo , Jesus T. Peralta and Estrella Alfon . His awards include the Kalinangan Award from the city of Manila ( 1968 ) , the Presidential Award for Merit in Drama and Theater ( 1961 ) , the Citizen 's Committee for Mass Media Award ( 1967 and 1968 ) , the Pamulinawen Award ( 1981 ) , and the National Artist Award ( 2001 ) . The last two awards were given posthumously . His published works include The Love of Leonor Rivera ( poetic tragedy in two - parts ) , My Morning Star ( poetic historical tragedy in three - parts ) , But Not My Sons Any Longer ( poetic tragedy in two - parts ) , Gabriela Silang ( poetic historical tragedy in three - parts ) , The Merry Wives of Manila ( comedy of manners in three - parts ) , Sabina ( tragedy ) , The Ladies and the Senador ( satirical comedy ) and Parting at Calamba ( historical drama ) . He died on December 12 , 1980 , at the age of 65 . Aims of the Arena Theater ( edit ) `` What we want to do at the Arena Theater is not to become professionals overnight , but to develop a professional approach , and grow into professionalism with time , experience and hard work as our legitimate passport towards that goal . In the meanwhile , we want to develop technicians and train playwrights , actors , directors , costume designers , lighting technicians and business - minded artists who will know how to get into production profitably . At the Arena we also realize the importance that drama plays in personal adjustments . We understand the psychological value of role playing , and the tremendous influence dramatic art may have in developing the character of the individual and his relationship to a social group . We aim to reach other areas of the country through our student teachers who comes from all over the Philippines to work with us . '' See also ( edit ) Jose Y . Dalisay Jr . Wilfrido Ma . Guerrero Rene Villanueva Sumalee Montano External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051754/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/theater/montano.php https://web.archive.org/web/20080116151805/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/articles.php?artcl_Id=279 http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=53&a=9990&sid=528116fed9897b859a13a02e083227eb http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2005/dec/26/yehey/life/20051226lif3.html http://www.opnet.ops.gov.ph/speech-2001june13a.htm National Artists of the Philippines Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas Architecture 1973 Juan Nakpil 1976 Pablo Antonio 1990 Leandro Locsin 2003 Ildefonso P. Santos Jr . 2014 Jose Maria Zaragosa Cinema 1982 Gerardo de León 1991 Ishmael Bernal 1997 Lino Brocka 2003 Eddie Romero 2006 Fernando Poe Jr . 2009 Manuel Conde Dance 1973 Francisca R. Aquino 1976 Leonor Orosa 1988 Lucrecia Reyes 2006 Ramon Obusan 2014 Alice Reyes Fashion 2006 Ramon Valera Historical literature 1997 Carlos Quirino Literature 1973 Jose Garcia Villa 1973 Amado V. Hernandez 1976 Nick Joaquin 1982 Carlos P. Romulo 1990 Francisco Arcellana 1990 N.V.M. Gonzalez 1992 Rolando Tinio 1999 Edith Tiempo 2001 F. Sionil José 2003 Virgilio S. Almario 2003 Alejandro Roces 2006 Bienvenido Lumbera 2009 Lazaro Francisco 2014 Cirilo F. Bautista Music 1973 Antonio Molina 1976 Jovita Fuentes 1987 Atang de la Rama 1988 Antonio Buenaventura 1988 Lucrecia Kasilag 1991 Lucio D. San Pedro 1997 Levi Celerio 1997 Felipe de Leon 1997 José Maceda 1999 Ernani Cuenco 1999 Andrea Veneracion 2014 Ramon Santos 2014 Francisco Feliciano Theater and films 1976 Lamberto V. Avellana 1997 Wilfrido Ma . Guerrero 1997 Rolando Tinio 1999 Daisy Avellana 2001 Severino Montano 2003 Salvador Bernal Visual arts 1972 Fernando Amorsolo 1973 Botong Francisco 1973 Guillermo Tolentino 1976 Napoleon Abueva 1976 Victorio C. Edades 1981 Vicente Manansala 1990 Cesar Legaspi 1991 Hernando R. Ocampo 1997 Arturo R. Luz 1999 J. Elizalde Navarro 2001 Ang Kiukok 2003 José T. Joya 2006 BenCab Cabrera 2006 Abdulmari Asia Imao 2009 Federico Aguilar Alcuaz 2014 Francisco Coching National Commission for Culture and the Arts Cultural Center of the Philippines National Arts Center ISNI : 0000 0000 6338 0101 LCCN : n82028171 VIAF : 35791662 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severino_Montano&oldid=830817029 '' Categories : 1915 births 1980 deaths People from Laoag Ilocano people Filipino dramatists and playwrights National Artists of the Philippines Yale University alumni Alumni of the London School of Economics 20th - century dramatists and playwrights University of the Philippines alumni Filipino male stage actors American University alumni Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2010 All articles lacking sources Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 03 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the proponent of the arena theater	[ "Severino Montano (1915 in Laoag, Ilocos Norte – 12 December 1980) is considered as one of the Titans of Philippine Theater.[by whom?] He was a playwright, director, actor and theater organizer with an output of one novel, 150 poems and 50 plays in his 65-year lifetime. Through the foundation of the Arena Theater, Montano institutionalized “legitimate theater” in the Philippines. He also have lifetime achievement award as part of National Artist of the Philippines.\n" ]	[ "Severino Montano" ]
7992170711337834995	Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag	Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Jump to : navigation , search Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Ashraf Ismail Jean Guesdon Producer ( s ) Sylvain Trottier Writer ( s ) Darby McDevitt Corey May Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Sarah Schachner Freedom Cry : Olivier Deriviere Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 29 , 2013 ( show ) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 WW : October 29 , 2013 Wii U NA : October 29 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 PlayStation 4 NA : November 15 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Windows NA : November 19 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Xbox One WW : November 22 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received and was one of the best - selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength . It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other . Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres . His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo . When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority . Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull . A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA . Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 . `` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 . `` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 . `` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date . It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year Edition , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released only on the Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and PC . It includes all available downloadable content . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PS3 ) 88 ( X360 ) 86 % ( WIIU ) 87 % ( PS4 ) 85.31 % ( XONE ) 81.00 % ( PC ) 86.67 % Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 84 / 100 ( PC ) 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received positive reviews , with critics generally praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 87.62 % and 88 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 85.74 % and 86 / 100 , the Wii U version 87.00 % and 86 / 100 , the PlayStation 4 version 85.31 % and 83 / 100 , the Xbox One version 81.00 % and the PC version 86.67 % and 86 / 100 . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . '' The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals . The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions also had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging . One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 . However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . ( show ) List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref . 2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry does n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Why Pirates ? Assassin 's Creed IV 's Developers Explain The New Setting '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical . '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed III Was Disappointing . How Does Black Flag Stack Up ? '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Composer Sarah Schachner On Assassin 's Creed Unity 's Soundtrack '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' . Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『アサシンクリード 4 ブラックフラッグ』発売日が 11 月 28 日に決定 4 本のトレーラーも公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uplay Store - Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Gold Edition Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Delayed On PC . Again . But This Time It 's OK . '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed always launches last on PC '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Assassin _́ s Creed IV Black Flag and Uplay Passport '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft ditches Uplay Passport after Assassin 's Creed 4 furore '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® IV Black Flag Season Pass '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- FREEDOM CRY DLC RELEASE DATE & STORY '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- BLACKBEARD 'S WRATH DLC '' . UbiBlog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Ubisoft releases Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Guild of Rogues DLC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox One '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Greg ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review -- Pirate this Game ! '' . The Escapist . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : 70 - 61 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Assassin 's Creed Games '' . IGN . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking The Entire Assassin 's Creed Series '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed sales down 60 % year - on - year , Battlefield 4 down 69 % on Battlefield 3 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 sales slump attributed to next - gen launch '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` November NPD : PS4 is ' top - selling ' console , Xbox One is ' fastest - selling ' ( Update : Nintendo boasts big numbers , too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eric ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Ships 10 Million Copies '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Winner 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2013 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tan , Nicholas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Best Action - Adventure Game 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Best Publisher 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Adventure Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Sequel of Sequels '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Games of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplatform Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplayer Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Technical Graphics '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 multiplatform game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 action game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 competitive game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day One '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ admin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Nominations '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards Video -- Winners Montage '' . GameTrailers . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Action Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Escapist Awards -- Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . p. 1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . p. 6 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Official Xbox Magazine 's 2013 Awards : Categories , Genres , and Platforms -- Best Action Game '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` The OXM 2013 Game of the Year '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Writers Guild Awards Videogame Nominees Announced '' . Writers Guild of America , West . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Joystick 2014 Awards Nominee 's Revealed '' . Lazy Gamers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2014 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeffrey . `` PETA : It 's ' disgraceful ' for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag to ' glorify ' whaling '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke . `` PETA Condemns Assassin 's Creed 4 's Whaling as `` Disgraceful '' `` . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` PETA Attacks Assassin 's Creed 4 For Including Whaling UPDATE : Ubisoft Responds '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . External links ( edit ) Official website Video games portal 2010s portal Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Related Prince of Persia Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag&oldid=801989008 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer and single - player video games Naval video games Nintendo Network games Open world video games Parkour video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Stealth video games Video game prequels Video games about pirates Video games about slavery Video games developed in Bulgaria Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in Italy Video games set in Canada Video games set in Cuba Video games set in Florida Video games set in Haiti Video games set in Jamaica Video games set in Martinique Video games set in Montreal Video games set in Panama Video games set in Saint Lucia Video games set in the 18th century Video games set in the Bahamas Video games set in the Caribbean Video games using PhysX Video games with downloadable content Wii U eShop games Wii U games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Cultural depictions of Blackbeard Cultural depictions of William Kidd Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 07 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did assassins creed black flag come out	[ "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag is an action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin's Creed series. Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin's Creed III (2012), though its modern-day sequences succeed III's own. Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows." ]	[ "2013" ]
-7123333650303618023	List of Wheeler Dealers episodes	List of Wheeler Dealers episodes - wikipedia List of Wheeler Dealers episodes Jump to : navigation , search Wheeler Dealers is a British television series produced by Attaboy TV for the Discovery Channel , fronted by Mike Brewer , with mechanic Edd China in Series 1 - 13 and Ant Anstead in Series 14 . The premise of the show has the presenters on a mission to save old and repairable enthusiast vehicles , by repairing or otherwise improving an example of a particular make and model to a budget , then selling it to a new owner . This is a list of Wheeler Dealers episodes with original airdate on Discovery Channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Overall Costs 2.2 Series 1 ( 2003 ) 2.3 Series 2 ( 2004 ) 2.4 Series 3 ( 2005 ) 2.5 Series 4 ( 2006 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( On the Road ) ( 2008 ) 2.7 Series 6 ( 2009 ) 2.8 Series 7 ( 2010 ) 2.9 Series 8 ( 2011 ) 2.10 Series 9 ( 2012 ) 2.11 Series 10 ( 2013 ) 2.12 Series 11 ( 2014 ) 2.13 Series 12 ( 2015 ) 2.14 Series 13 ( 2016 - 17 ) 2.15 Series 14 ( 2017 ) 2.16 Series 15 ( 2018 ) 2.17 Special Episodes 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 7 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 11 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 11 ) 12 10 August 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) 16 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) 12 23 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 23 ) 27 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ) 12 29 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 29 ) 3 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) 5 12 28 October 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ) 6 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 06 ) 6 20 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) 17 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 17 ) 7 10 4 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 04 ) 9 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) 8 10 5 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) 1 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) 9 15 20 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) 6 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) 10 12 19 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 11 14 17 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 13 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 12 18 23 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 19 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 13 16 9 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 16 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 14 8 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 15 9 April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) Episodes ( edit ) Overall costs ( edit ) The table below shows the total costs of everything since 2003 . Overall Costs Budget Purchase Price Final Cost Selling Price Profit / Loss £ 664,761 £ 545,255.36 £ 845,972 £ 1,052,057 £ 206,985 Series 1 ( 2003 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate 1 / 2 1983 Porsche 924 £ 1,000 £ 700 £ 1,010 £ 1,500 + £ 490 7 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) Work Completed : Replaced gear knob , passenger door and door mirrors , pulled and filled dent in rear nearside quarter panel , repainted wheels and replaced the centre caps , applied new door sill decals , replaced handbrake lever , replaced handbrake warning light , adjusted rear exhaust section to prevent it from knocking against the undercarriage , fitted a new stereo , engine service including replacing the engine oil , spark plugs , rotor arm , distributor cap and air filter , cleaned up the leather interior , polished the bodywork . Notes : Before Mike sold the car , he gave a mini-primer on how to sell cars to maximize profits . 3 / 4 1985 Saab 900 Turbo £ 1,000 £ 600 £ 1,035 £ 1,200 + £ 165 14 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 14 ) Work Completed : Replaced interior ( including carpets and door cards ) from beige cloth to black / grey leather , all 4 brake discs and pads , both electric window motors and exhaust back box , replaced front indicator lenses with clear ones with orange bulbs ; engine service . Notes : First episode to use the Internet to buy and sell used cars . Original beige knee roll repainted grey when the replacement unit was damaged beyond repair . 5 / 6 1983 Volkswagen Golf Mk1 GTI £ 1,000 £ 650 £ 1,165 £ 1,550 + £ 385 21 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) Work Completed : Refurbished the gear linkage , fitted a new brake master cylinder , 2 new interior air vents , new decals around the rear windscreen and on the door sills , new clock , ammeter and rev counter , new front spoiler , repainted the front VW badge from silver to black , repainted GTI - spec front grille insert from chrome to red and replaced the non original steel wheels with a refurbished set of Pirelli alloys . Notes : Restored to original GTI specification . 7 / 8 1967 Austin Mini Mk1 £ 1,000 £ 300 £ 1,100 £ 1,300 + £ 200 28 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 28 ) Work Completed : Numerous rust areas treated and repaired ( including replacing the nearside A-frame and correctly filling and repairing a dent in the passenger door ) before stripping and prepping the car for a full body respray , fitted new chrome brightwork including the bumpers , fitted a new bootlid , fitted new door mirrors , cleaned and repainted the engine and replaced the HT leads . Notes : Flagged as totally original though it did have a sunroof . Sold to a buyer from Guernsey . 5 9 / 10 1984 Mercedes - Benz W123 230E £ 1,000 £ 400 £ 976.50 £ 1,500 + £ 523.50 4 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 04 ) Work Completed : Replaced the steering box , fitted a new windscreen , replaced and repainted the offside front wing , new fuse for sunroof motor , replaced the windscreen wipers , replaced the front bumper irons and serviced the engine ( including replacing the fan belt , adjusting the timing , replacing the automatic transmission fluid and replacing the power steering fluid ) . Notes : Car was found through an advertisement on a bulletin board at a local supermarket . Replacement right wing was painted free of charge . 6 11 / 12 1986 Ford Capri Laser 1.6 £ 1,000 £ 400 £ 945 £ 700 - £ 245 11 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 11 ) Work Completed : Replaced and repainted front wings , fitted new `` Laser '' stickers to the wings , replaced both front suspension bushes , both front tyres , all 4 exhaust gaskets , front bumper & valance and front fog lights . Notes : Sold at a loss - blamed on lacklustre finish of repainted wings , as well as the worn seats that were not addressed during the restoration . ( First loss in the series ) . Totals £ 6,000 £ 3,050 £ 6,232 £ 7,750 £ 1,518.50 Series 2 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate 7 1 / 2 1988 Toyota MR2 Mk1 £ 2,000 £ 500 £ 1,278 £ 1,900 + £ 622 10 August 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) Work Completed : Replaced ignition barrel and boot lock , alternator and fan belt , nearside front wing , windscreen , exhaust back box , door trim , removed rust and repainted nearside rear wing , polished body work ; replaced the non original offside front wheel and refurbished rims with new tyres ; full engine service including changing the oil , replacing the oil filter , replacing the air filter and replacing the spark plugs . Notes : First Japanese car in the series . 8 3 / 4 1990 Peugeot 205 GTi 1.9 £ 2,000 £ 1,000 £ 1,653 £ 2,200 + £ 547 17 August 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) Work Completed : Replaced gear linkage , entire exhaust system , carpets , body trim including the wheel arches , side skirts and front and rear bumpers , front indicator and taillight lenses , cam belt , water pump , cold start valve , fan belt , petrol cap , parcel shelf , new front and rear numberplates , reset the height of the rear suspension back to stock setting , replaced the after - market steering wheel with an original GTI unit and fitted a CD player . Notes : Bought through a newspaper advertisement , and Mike gave tips on what to say and do and what not to say when advertising a used car on the classified ads . The replacement parcel shelf had to be repainted from grey to black . 9 5 / 6 1985 Suzuki SJ410 £ 2,000 £ 250 £ 1,270 £ 500 - £ 770 24 August 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 24 ) Work Completed : Repainted vehicle from white to black , modified suspension and oversized wheels for 8 '' extra ride height , new disc brakes all round , new larger wheel arch extensions , fitted removable , plastic seat covers , replaced busted engine and fitted a roll cage kit . Notes : First vehicle to be acquired through eBay . Converted to mini monster truck . Failed MOT test due to rust holes . The second loss since the show started . 10 7 / 8 1989 BMW E30 325i Touring £ 2,000 £ 950 £ 1,792.50 £ 1,900 + £ 107.50 2 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 02 ) Work Completed : Painted new bonnet . New exhaust , performance air filter , clutch slave cylinder , fog lights and power steering fluid . Cosmetics : bumper trimmings , gear - shift gaiter , badge , wheel hub caps , clear front indicator lenses with orange bulbs and new numberplates . Notes : First car bought at an auction instead of a private seller . Second lowest profit in the series . A tear in the drivers seat was not repaired , and used to negotiate the seller price down . 11 9 / 10 1977 MGB GT £ 2,000 £ 1,000 £ 2,600 £ 2,850 + £ 250 9 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 09 ) Work Completed : Numerous rust areas treated before full body respray from orange to Flame Red . Fabric and bottom foam of seats replaced with stylish black refurbish kit . Rusted wheels replaced with refurbished units . Chrome brightwork polished . Notes : Previous owner replaced the rubber bumpers with a chrome bumper set , a popular modification among MGB enthusiasts . 12 11 / 12 1969 Predator Beach Buggy £ 2,000 £ 200 £ 3,700 £ 3,900 + £ 200 16 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) Work Completed : Stripped car to bare chassis and installed beach buggy kit including a new custom fibreglass body with sidepods , new battery box , new steering column support , new petrol tank and filler cap , new custom windscreen , new steering wheel , new seats , new chrome headlight pods , new indicators , new taillights , engine cleaned up and cylinder rockers adjusted , dynamo replaced with alternator , new exhaust system and chrome engine parts installed including a protective bar , retro air filter and protective fan belt housing , rusted chassis replaced with a newer , shorter wheelbase unit , front drum brakes swapped with disc brakes , new tyres with chrome wheels . Notes : Original plan was to purchase and restore a Volkswagen Beetle . Purchased 1971 Beetle 1300 , which was a barn find derelict beyond restoration , was custom converted to mark the 40th anniversary of the Beach Buggy . First non-runner purchase . Cheapest purchase since the show started . Totals £ 12,000 £ 3,900 £ 12,293.50 £ 13,250 £ 956.50 Series 3 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate 13 1 / 2 1989 Volkswagen Transporter T3 £ 3,000 £ 1,100 £ 3,825 £ 1,500 - £ 2,325 23 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 23 ) Work Completed : Fixed sliding door and fitted window , fitted a new rear bumper , replaced the glowplugs , fitted a new fanbelt , changed the engine oil , replaced the oil filter , lowered suspension , fitted new plywood lining panels , rock and roll bed , installed camper van appliances , repaired a dent in the nearside rear quarter panel , full - body vinyl wrap , painted interior light blue , added artificial grass carpeting and fitted a new exhaust , moondisc hubcaps and a new front VW badge . Notes : Original plan was to purchase and restore a Type 2 . T3 works van converted to mini mobile home . First use of a full - body vinyl wrap instead of a respray . First diesel engine in the series . Acquired from a friend of Mike 's . The car was bought by Edd , this was the third and largest loss on a sale since the show started . Later bought by one of the cameramen who worked on the show . 14 3 / 4 1989 Lancia Delta HF Integrale 8v £ 3,000 £ 2,300 £ 3,087 £ 3,800 + £ 713 30 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 30 ) Work Completed : Replaced front brake discs and pads , front suspension tracks rods & rubber bushes for urethane units , battery , alternator , radiator , grille with a new HF badge , pedal covers , door mirrors , carpets , gearstick , wheel centre caps , red paint deep polished , refitted the steering column cowling and a mini-service done including changing the oil , replacing the oil filter , fitting new spark plugs and a new air filter . Notes : Acquired through eBay . Originally a non-running unit with a rare factory right - hand drive conversion and no MOT . The car was found on classic car website . 15 5 / 6 1987 Mercedes - Benz 190E 2.3 - 16 Cosworth £ 3,000 £ 2,700 £ 3,585 £ 3,500 - £ 85 6 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 06 ) Work Completed : Replaced cassette player head unit with CD player , keeping the original in the boot of the car in case the new owner wanted to replace it , replaced the front track rod ends , refitted the loose bumper trim , hydraulic suspension replaced with uprated conventional units , exhaust components replaced , fitted new Toyo tyres on all corners and adjusted the wheel alignment and tracking . Notes : Was a former company car . The fourth loss on a sale since the show started . 16 7 / 8 1989 Range Rover Series 1 Vogue SE £ 3,000 £ 1,600 £ 2,035 £ 2,000 - £ 35 13 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) Work Completed : Replaced tailgate , nearside rear door and roof lining changed , automatic transmission fluid , gearbox oil filter , gearbox oil sump gasket and airflow meter replaced . Notes : Originally planned for LPG conversion , but cancelled due to MOT failure and conversion costs . The fifth loss on a sale since the show started . Also the smallest loss in the series as of now . 17 9 / 10 1990 Mazda MX - 5 NA £ 3,000 £ 1,600 £ 2,715 £ 3,600 + £ 885 20 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) Work Completed : Replaced convertible hood and interior , installed chrome trim around the interior door handles and airvents , fitted a metal gearknob and handbrake handle , fitted chrome MX - 5 kickplates , fitted a new chrome mesh grille , fitted a new aerial , installed a performance air filter and chassis braces , repaired and repainted corroded A-pillar , stock alloys upgraded to 15 '' white Enkei factory units from the second generation ( NB ) model . Notes : Mike showed a selling technique by buying the car in the winter and selling the car during the more sunnier months to capitalise on the convertible aspects of the car . 18 11 / 12 1978 Porsche 928 £ 3,000 £ 1,600 £ 4,950 £ 6,000 + £ 1,050 27 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ) Work Completed : Full body respray to original Cocoa colour , replaced headlight switch and all 4 brake calipers and pads , fitted a new battery , changed the engine oil and oil filter , repaired dents on driver 's side door and rear wing , changed aftermarket BBS rims to refurbished factory `` tele - dial '' rims with brand new Goodyear tyres . Notes : Originally purchased as a non-running unit with no MOT and no service records . Sold at asking price with a full tank of petrol . Totals £ 18,000 £ 10,900 £ 20,197 £ 20,400 £ 203 Series 4 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate 19 1 / 2 1976 Porsche 911 2.7 S Targa £ 6,000 £ 5,000 £ 7,040 £ 8,450 + £ 1,410 29 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 29 ) Work Completed : Replaced US spec rear bumper extensions with Europe - spec ones , replaced the US style square rear numberplate with a UK style rectangle unit , gearbox replaced with reconditioned unit , replaced clutch and both door mirrors , fixed and reconditioned targa top , removed chrome trim on wheel arches , repainted wheel centre caps from silver to black and an engine service done including replacing the spark plugs , replacing the oil pressure sender unit , changing the oil , replacing the oil filter and replacing the air filter . Notes : U.S. spec car imported from California with a full body respray to British racing green done less than a year before purchase . Sold at asking price . Was featured on Wheeler Dealers Revisited , when Edd found the car at Knockhill Racing Circuit in Fife , and drove it round there . 20 3 / 4 1983 Jeep CJ7 £ 4,000 £ 1,100 £ 3,772 £ 3,900 + £ 128 5 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 05 ) Work Completed : New leaf springs and shock absorbers , new clutch master and slave cylinders , new front and rear seats , steering wheel and roof assembly , door cards refurbished , two tyres replaced , new door mirrors and bonnet catches . Notes : First American vehicle in the series . Originally purchased as a non-running barn find with complete service and MOT records . 21 5 / 6 1972 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce 2000 £ 4,000 £ 2,200 £ 3,125 £ 4,500 + £ 1,375 12 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) Work Completed : Filled dents in nose , front end respray , replaced manifold couplings , UK spec headlights , rusted driver 's side footwell cutout and replaced with new metal and polished the chrome brightwork . Notes : Original Italy - spec model that was previously coloured blue under the red paint . Welding and metal was free because Edd had the materials hanging around the shop . Sold at asking price . Revisited in 2010 . Has new carburettors , but bodywork is starting to go at rear wheel arches . 22 7 / 8 1985 BMW 635CSi £ 4,000 £ 2,000 £ 3,060 £ 3,700 + £ 640 19 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) Work Completed : Replaced rear drop links and front suspension control arms , added strut brace , replaced the middle and rear exhaust sections , replaced rubber door seals , Canada - spec alloy wheels replaced with factory BBS units , beige cloth interior swapped with cream leather interior . Notes : Car was previously sent to Canada for several years before returning to the UK with a lacklustre set of Canada - spec alloy wheels . It was also recently repainted before purchase . A second 635CSi ( which failed an MOT test due to underside rust ) was purchased for £ 350 through eBay as a donor vehicle for its interior and wheels . 23 9 / 10 1984 Chevrolet Corvette C4 £ 4,000 £ 2,100 £ 3,021 £ 3,800 + £ 779 26 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) Work Completed : Replaced door panel fabric , replaced digital instrument panel with a reconditioned unit , fixed faulty wiring on pop - up headlamp motor , repainted targa roof and door mirrors , replaced missing headliner , added chrome cover parts for engine bay , replaced fan thermostat wiring , replaced entire exhaust system , air conditioner recharged , wheels refurbished , car polished and waxed . Notes : Acquired through eBay . Door card fabric and headliner were built from scratch using acoustic carpet , as genuine replacement parts are too expensive to import from the U.S. Faded paint on the body was used to mark down the selling price . 24 11 / 12 1992 Lexus LS400 £ 4,000 £ 1,300 £ 3,108 £ 3,300 + £ 192 3 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) Work Completed : Headlamps upgraded to HID , front suspension wishbones replaced , air conditioner LCD replaced , rear bumper repainted , alloy wheels and tires upgraded to Lexus IS 17 '' units and adjusted the tracking and wheel alignment , side indicator housings swapped with clear lenses with orange bulbs , Bluetooth hands - free phone kit added to stereo . Notes : Car was upgraded to be sold as a starter executive car targeting new / younger middle management type buyers . Totals £ 26,000 £ 13,700 £ 23,126 £ 27,650 £ 4,524 Series 5 ( on the road ) ( 2008 ) ( edit ) After a one - year hiatus , this series marks a dramatic change in production value . Mike travels around Europe to source target cars when local examples are either too expensive to buy or too rusty to work on . Aside from being the first to travel outside the UK , several production elements have changed . For example , the segment where Mike interviews people with similar cars has been dropped , giving the series more focus on the car being restored . In addition , Edd joins Mike in the car 's final test drive before the sale . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate 25 1 / 2 1983 Mercedes - Benz 280SL £ 5,000 € 6,900 ( £ 5,400 ) £ 6,920 £ 7,900 + £ 980 28 October 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 28 ) Work Completed : Replaced front brake discs and calipers , convertible hood , entire exhaust system , aftermarket wheels and steering wheel for originals , repaired rust patch on front right wing , changed headlamps to UK - spec units . Notes : Purchased in Bergen near Munich , Germany . Car originally had no MOT in Germany due to the lack of a catalytic converter . First car purchased over the planned budget . Restoration price includes £ 400 travel expense and a credit of £ 135 from selling the aftermarket wheels and steering wheel . 26 3 / 4 1982 Lotus Esprit S3 £ 5,000 £ 3,600 £ 4,385 £ 6,200 + £ 1,815 4 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 04 ) Work Completed : Replaced cambelt , cast iron exhaust manifold with a stainless steel unit , shock absorbers , fixed leaky aftermarket sunroof , water - damaged beige leather interior replaced with second - hand tan interior and engine service done including replacing the spark plugs , changing the oil , replacing the oil filter and replacing the air filter . Notes : Car had failed its MOT due to faulty exhaust and rear suspension prior to purchase . Restored car taken to the Lotus test track . Sold for export to Gibraltar . 27 5 / 6 1971 Fiat 500L £ 5,000 € 2,900 ( £ 2,300 ) £ 5,700 £ 6,500 + £ 800 11 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) Work Completed : Full body respray from blue to white with red and green vinyl stripes front to back , fitted a replacement 650cc Abarth engine and gearbox and fitted UK - spec headlights . Notes : Purchased in Turin , Italy . It broke down halfway back to the UK and needed towing back . Restoration price includes £ 500 travel expense . Sold at asking price . 28 7 / 8 1981 Land Rover Series III Stage One V8 £ 5,000 £ 1,000 £ 2,230 £ 2,750 + £ 520 18 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) Work Completed : Converted to run on LPG or petrol including installing the LPG tank and filler cap , vaporiser , a switch to select between LPG or petrol , pipework , fitting a new uprated distributor cap , HT leads , coil and amplifier , repainted some parts black including the front bumper , windscreen , bonnet kickplates and rear tiltframe , added some black metal trim around the top of the doors and headlights , fitted a black roll bar , refitted the interior and exterior door handles , refitted the front sidelights and indicators , refitted the front grille and refitted the passenger seat . Notes : Previous owner abandoned restoration project after car was repainted in the wrong shade of Inca Yellow but supplied all the replacement and original parts . Restored car tested at Land Rover 's off - road circuit . Final sale on - screen was £ 3,000 , but the buyer backed out at the last minute , according to Mike 's ending narration . 29 9 / 10 1974 Citroën DSuper 5 £ 5,000 € 4,800 ( £ 3,800 ) £ 5,185 £ 7,000 + £ 1,815 25 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) Work Completed : Fitted UK - spec headlights , replaced suspension pressure accumulator & regulator , nearside door mirror , seat covers , clock and engine service including changing the oil , replacing the oil filter , replacing the spark plugs , replacing the HT leads , replacing the distributor cap and cleaning the air filter . Notes : Purchased in Champagnat near Lyon , France . Restoration price includes £ 400 travel expense . A scratch on the nearside front wing was left unpainted , with Mike calling it part of the car 's `` character '' . 30 11 / 12 1984 Bentley Mulsanne Turbo £ 5,000 £ 3,250 £ 6,200 £ 8,000 + £ 1,800 2 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ) Work Completed : Full respray and colour change from blue to Storm Grey , replaced headlights and grille for Turbo R spec units , repainted the new headlight surrounds to match the rest of the car , repainted leather seats to original blue finish , replaced the rubber windscreen seals , polished the brightwork and refitted some new chrome trim around the windscreen and on the front grille housing . Notes : Original plan was to purchase and restore a Rolls - Royce Silver Shadow , but the only suitable example at the car dismantler had faulty bodywork . Dismantler offered the Bentley instead . Sold at asking price . Totals £ 30,000 £ 19,350 £ 30,620 £ 38,350 £ 7,730 Series 6 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) This series marks the first use of a rotating platform to display the restored vehicle . It is also the first series to be split into two parts , taking a four - month break halfway . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate Part I 31 1 / 2 1980 Triumph Spitfire Mk4 1500 £ 5,000 £ 2,400 £ 3,432 £ 4,600 + £ 1,168 5 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) Work Completed : Cylinder head had new guides and hardened valves fitted to run on unleaded fuel without the need of a fuel additive , fitted new engine gaskets , rear shock absorbers replaced , brightwork re-chromed , refitted missing chrome trim around the rear windscreen , fitted new front and rear numberplates , differential replaced , changed the oil and replaced the oil filter . Notes : Much like the Mazda MX - 5 build , Mike bought the car in the winter to repair and sell in the spring to take advantage of the Spitfire 's convertible aspects when he sold it on . 32 3 / 4 1987 Porsche 944 Turbo £ 5,000 £ 2,800 £ 5,660 £ 6,650 + £ 990 12 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 12 ) Work Completed : Engine management computer retuned from 235 bhp to 266 bhp , rollcage added , shock absorbers and brake pads upgraded , Sparco racing seats with four - point harnesses installed , added second set of wheels for racing , which were painted orange , removed sound deadening fabric and CD changer . Notes : Acquired through eBay . Converted to track - ready vehicle and brought to Porsche test track . Mike particularly hated the orange colour Edd chose for the racing wheels . 33 5 / 6 1986 Audi Quattro £ 5,000 £ 3,800 £ 4,568 £ 5,450 + £ 882 19 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) Work Completed : Seats refurbished , new clutch reservoir installed , bumpers repaired and repainted , rear wheel bearings replaced . Notes : The gearknob and both front indicator lenses were also replaced , but not mentioned in the episode . 34 7 / 8 1960 Volkswagen Beetle £ 5,000 £ 1,600 £ 4,809 £ 6,600 + £ 1,791 26 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) Work Completed : Front luggage compartment floor welded , engine replaced with reconditioned unit , new bumpers and hubcaps , full body respray from dark blue to original Gulf Blue colour , brakes adjusted . Notes : Acquired through eBay . Originally planned on Series 2 ( which became the Predator Beach Buggy project ) . Car came with replacement floor for the front luggage compartment . 35 9 / 10 1989 Jaguar XJS 3.6 £ 5,000 £ 1,000 £ 1,691 £ 2,450 + £ 759 2 June 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) Work Completed : Replaced transmission mount spring , steering gaiter , bonnet , gearbox oil filter , gearbox oil sump gasket , automatic transmission fluid , headlining , centre console veneer , offside exterior door handle , repainted bonnet scuttle and front grille . Notes : Bought from a dealer that received the car as a trade - in . Part II 36 11 / 12 1975 Ferrari Dino 308 GT4 £ 10,000 £ 8,750 £ 11,880 £ 13,000 + £ 1,120 20 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 20 ) Work Completed : Body dents pulled out and holes in the front undercarriage panel patched with fiberglass , exhaust manifold replaced , a full body respray , Wheels refurbished and fitted a new rear numberplate . Notes : First project to go over £ 10,000 . 37 13 / 14 1988 Mini City 1000 £ 5,000 £ 700 £ 2,290 £ 2,600 + £ 310 27 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) Work Completed : Replaced the original steel wheels with a set of gold Minilite alloys with new tyres , fitted a chrome rocker cover , fitted a chrome coil housing , fitted new HT leads , full body vinyl wrap in carbon fiber pattern with white bonnet stripes and a black , grey and white Union Jack roof pattern , replaced the original grey interior with a new black interior with Cobra racing seats , new door cards , new rear seat covers and all black carpets , replaced the nearside radius swing arm , replaced the original instrument binnacle with a retro central unit with a new speedometer and a new wiring loom , replaced the choke cable , replaced the aftermarket square front and rear numberplates with new rectangle units , replaced the aftermarket clear taillight lenses with factory coloured units and polished all the brightwork . Notes : Customised for auction at a Mini 50th anniversary gathering in Longbridge . Second car in series to use a full - body vinyl wrap . 38 15 / 16 1989 TVR S2 £ 5,000 £ 2,550 £ 3,040 £ 4,250 + £ 1,210 3 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) Work Completed : Replaced brake servo and master cylinder , track - rod ends ( and did wheel alignment and tracking ) , re-cored radiator , electrics professionally checked , replaced the hazard warning light switch , resoldered the scotch locks in the wiring loom , fitted a new metal plate at the bottom of the aerial , lubricated left side power window mechanism and re-trimmed seats and welded the bolts in place on the bottom of the seat frames . Notes : Acquired through eBay . 39 17 / 18 1995 Land Rover Discovery ES TDI £ 5,000 £ 1,500 £ 2,731 £ 3,000 + £ 269 10 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 10 ) Work Completed : Added roof rack , rear door ladder , engine snorkel , under tray protection and diff guards , front and rear light guards and front bumper spotlights and replaced the power steering box . Notes : Converted to an expedition off - roader . 40 19 / 20 1996 BMW E36 M3 Convertible £ 5,000 £ 4,500 £ 5,580 £ 5,950 + £ 370 17 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 17 ) Work Completed : Replaced gearbox , interior and alarm unit , refurbished alloy wheels . Notes : Sold at asking price . Totals £ 55,000 £ 29,600 £ 45,861 £ 54,550 £ 8,869 Series 7 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) This series dropped the two - part format in favour of a single one - hour episode format . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate Part I 41 1973 Jensen Interceptor III £ 5,000 £ 5,000 £ 5,430 £ 6,500 + £ 1,070 4 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 04 ) Work Completed : Cut out rust and welded new steel in passenger foot well , replaced brake master cylinder and steering rack , leather interior cleaned and restored , wheels polished . Notes : Car was missing the air conditioning system , which was not reinstated due to cost . Restored car brought to Millbrook Proving Ground for its test drive . During a visit to a specialist Jensen firm , Mike was given a photocopy of the car 's original production log . 42 1990 Ford Sierra Sapphire RS Cosworth £ 5,000 £ 4,100 £ 5,920 £ 6,200 + £ 280 11 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 11 ) Work Completed : Gearbox rebuilt , clutch replaced , valve stem oil seals & guides replaced , fitted a new head gasket , fitted a new cam cover gasket , fitted new seats , replaced the door cards , fitted an original leather steering wheel , removed the Motorsport sticker from the windscreen , Escort Cosworth alloy rims replaced with original units , front bumper repainted . Notes : Acquired through eBay . Previous owner had the engine modified to around 380 to 400 bhp and converted it from 4wd to 2wd . Restored car taken to a 1 - mile drag strip to do a 0 - 60 acceleration contest . Mike scored 5.9 seconds while Edd did 6.4 seconds . 43 1979 Volkswagen Type 2 T2 £ 5,000 £ 2,500 £ 8,465 £ 9,450 + £ 985 18 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 18 ) Work Completed : Full body respray from white to metallic orange , upgraded the original 1584cc engine to 1641cc with a twinhead cylinder port , aluminium oil cooler , alternator , new fan housing , twin carburetors , twin port manifolds , new air filters , new exhaust system , new tailgate with a new chrome VW badge , driver door , refurbished Recaro leather seats installed , chrome wheels , door cards , black vinyl interior panels , carpet , front and rear numberplates , front and rear windscreen rubber seals , removed the `` eyelids '' from the headlights . Notes : Originally planned on Series 3 ( which became the T3 Transporter project ) . Sold off - screen to an army major who was serving overseas . The Recaro leather seats were recycled from the Sierra Cosworth project and was refurbished using leather from the old rear seats of the car . 44 1995 BMW 840Ci £ 5,000 £ 3,500 £ 5,040 £ 5,750 + £ 710 25 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) Work Completed : Repaired and resprayed front bumper and driver 's door , replaced cooling fan and recharged air conditioning , replaced automatic transmission cooler , installed new windscreen and front grilles ( supplied by seller ) , refurbished alloy wheels , bodywork polished . Notes : Sold to a buyer from Ireland . 45 5 1972 Triumph Stag £ 5,000 £ 3,400 £ 4,529 £ 5,500 + £ 971 1 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) Work Completed : Replaced cam cover gaskets , replaced the radiator and hoses with improved units , replaced the differential gasket , fitted a new hood and frame , replaced the front bumper , replaced the front numberplate and polished brightwork . Notes : Acquired through eBay . Part II 46 6 1970 Bond Bug 700ES £ 5,000 £ 2,500 £ 3,261 £ 5,550 + £ 2,289 12 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) Work Completed : Replaced the gearbox , fitted a new canopy and decals , replaced the brake shoes and replaced the differential half shaft oil seals . Notes : The first three - wheeled car featured in the series . Restored for the Bond Bug 40th anniversary gathering at Woburn Abbey , featuring designer Tom Karen . Buyer offered £ 550 over the asking price . 47 7 `` 1968 Volvo 1800S '' £ 5,000 £ 5,000 £ 5,795 £ 8,350 + £ 2,555 19 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) Work Completed : Replaced fuel gauge , fuel tank and sender , replaced the front shock absorbers and springs , replaced the engine rocker cover , fitted new spark plugs , fitted new distributor points , repaired and repainted the front crossmember , updated the valve seats with hardened units in order to run unaided on unleaded petrol and rebuilt the twin carburetors to increase engine performance . Notes : Mike owned one , and this was the type of car driven by Simon Templar in the 1960s television series The Saint . 48 8 1989 Land Rover Defender 90 £ 5,000 £ 3,000 £ 5,677 £ 6,000 + £ 323 26 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) Work Completed : Fitted an aftermarket hi - lift camshaft , replaced the hydraulic valve lifters , replaced the original steel wheels with a set of modern Defender alloys , fitted new modern headlight surrounds , which were repainted silver , replaced the original orange front indicator lenses and clear bulbs with clear lenses and orange bulbs , had the aftermarket bonnet checkerplate powdercoated satin black , replaced the steering wheel with an aftermarket unit , replaced the seat bottoms , fitted a new front grill , which was repainted silver , fitted a new front bumper , replaced the original front `` Land Rover 90 '' decal with a modern `` Land Rover '' sticker and relocated it to the bonnet tip , replaced the passenger and rear doors , installed a pair of rear side windows and a full respray from blue with a white roof to all Gunmetal Gray . Notes : Farm vehicle turned into a Chelsea tractor . Previous owner swapped the original 2.5 litre turbo diesel motor with a Rover V8 engine . 49 9 2001 Subaru Impreza WRX £ 5,000 £ 3,250 £ 5,255 £ 5,400 + £ 145 2 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) Work Completed : Fitted a performance air filter , replaced the original exhaust system with a big bore unit , ECU remapped from 206.5 bhp to 243.5 bhp , replaced the clutch with an upgraded unit , replaced all of the original brake discs and calipers with upgraded vented Brembo units , standard alloy wheels and tyres uprated to gold WRX STI units , which were repainted satin black , black racing stripes added with both Mike and Edd 's signatures inserted on the bonnet and bootlid . Notes : First Japanese car featured since Series 4 . Restored car tested on Rockingham Motor Speedway . 50 10 1968 Lotus Elan S4 £ 10,000 £ 8,500 £ 11,685 £ 16,700 + £ 5,015 9 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) Work Completed : Replaced the front and midsections of the exhaust system ( including the manifold ) with a stainless steel unit , fitted new exhaust manifold gaskets , replaced both front suspension ball joints , replaced the rubber driveshaft `` doughnut '' couplings with custom made constant velocity joint assemblies , repainted the wheels from black to silver and fitted new chrome spinners , fixed the nearside pop up headlamp so they both opened and closed correctly , replaced the modern rear numberplate with a classic black unit with silver characters and a full body respray in the car 's original red / white combination . Notes : Restored car tested at Gurston Down Motorsport Hillclimb . Mike beat Edd 46 seconds to 49 seconds . When Mike purchased it , the owner had the engine bored up to 1.7 litres , putting out 150 bhp . Largest profit made on a car up to this point . Totals £ 50,000 £ 40,750 £ 61,057 £ 75,400 £ 14,343 Series 8 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Part 2 of this series marks the first time Mike sources the featured vehicles directly from the United States . He would continue to import other vehicles from the U.S. during the second half of Series 9 and 10 . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) Part I 51 1973 Jaguar E-Type V12 £ 15,000 £ 13,250 £ 16,090 £ 18,500 + £ 2,410 5 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) 0.12 Work Completed : Replaced bonnet underpanel , replaced the entire exhaust system with a stainless steel unit with a chrome fantail , replaced leaking pinion oil seal , wheels refurbished , sills & bonnet repainted , door card and carpets renewed and seats re-upholstered . Notes : Most expensive project in the series up to that point ( later surpassed by the US series ) . 52 1979 Mini Moke £ 7,000 £ 5,800 £ 7,080 £ 7,200 + £ 120 12 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 12 ) 0.06 Work Completed : Replaced the original radiator and cooling fan with uprated units , original rubber cone suspension replaced with a conical spring type , replaced the black soft top roof with a new white unit with new side panels , repaired the rust on the roof frame and had it powdercoated in the same colour as the car , cut out the rusty metal from the edge of the nearside floorpan under the fuel tank and welded in new metal , reupholstered and refurbished the seats from blue to white . Notes : Australian built car with a 1275cc Austin Metro engine . 53 2001 Range Rover P38 4.0 HSE £ 3,000 £ 2,100.36 £ 3,042 £ 3,500 + £ 458 19 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 19 ) 0.09 Work Completed : Replaced the air suspension pump , replaced both rubber front anti-roll bar bushes with new polyurethane units , fitted a new front grille , replaced the offside headlight assembly , replaced the front offside electric window regulator assembly , replaced the satnav control unit , refitted the missing front fog lamps with new units , refitted the missing front and rear Range Rover badges and added tint to the rear windows . Notes : Car was purchased on eBay . It broke down on the way back due to a faulty air suspension pump and needed towing back . 54 1959 Austin - Healey `` Frogeye '' Sprite £ 5,000 £ 4,500 £ 7,475 £ 8,600 + £ 1,125 26 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) 0.09 Work Completed : Full body respray from red to Iris Blue , front drum brakes swapped for disc brakes from an MG Midget , brightwork professionally polished , new seatcover kit fitted and replaced the original wheels with a set of Minilite alloys . Notes : The oldest British car to be featured in the series , featuring a 1275cc uprated engine . Restored car was taken to Brooklands to pay tribute to classic British motorsport . Faded hood was used to mark down the selling price . 55 5 2002 Saab 9 - 3 Turbo Convertible £ 3,000 £ 2,400 £ 3,360 £ 3,750 + £ 390 3 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) 0.17 Work Completed : Replaced turbocharger , ignition coil pack and spark plugs , nearside headlamp housing , ignition key barrel , aerial , gearknob , front badge , pulled out some dents and fitted a steering rack brace kit . Notes : Restored car was taken to an air base to pay tribute to Saab 's fighter plane heritage . Part II 56 6 1970 Dodge Charger £ 15,000 $23,000 £ 14,000 £ 18,160 £ 20,000 + £ 1,840 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 0.17 Work Completed : Front wheel bearings replaced , new gear linkage installed to sort poor gear select problem , faulty power steering pump replaced , modified rear spring hangers replaced with stock ones , faulty headlamp motor replaced so signature headlamps open and close properly , signature horn from The Dukes of Hazzard installed . Notes : Purchased near Dallas , Texas , and driven to Paris , Texas , to pay a small tribute to the film of the same name before being shipped back to the UK . Second - hand parts purchased at a junk shop in Arizona . Restoration price includes £ 1,840 shipping , £ 777 import tax , £ 1000 travel expenses . Restored car was tested at a quarter - mile drag strip , where Mike clocked in at 18.056 seconds and Edd did 17.048 seconds . Sold at asking price with a full tank of petrol . Featured car had the 383 Magnum engine . 57 7 1982 DeLorean DMC - 12 £ 10,000 $15,500 £ 9,650 £ 14,715 £ 20,500 + £ 5,785 11 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) 0.30 Work Completed : Dents in stainless steel panels removed , rear louver panel fixed with fiberglass and repainted , flywheel / crankshaft oil seal replaced , interior revamped with new seat covers , new gear shift gaiter , new carpets and new instrument binnacle , faulty window motors replaced , faulty aircon system fixed by changing blown fuse , offside rear light lens replaced and wheels refurbished . Notes : Purchased near Auburn , California . Restoration price includes £ 2,500 import tax & shipping , £ 1000 travel expenses . Sold at a DeLorean gathering in Norfolk at £ 500 over the asking price . 58 8 1954 Chevrolet 3100 Stepside £ 10,000 $8,650 £ 5,400 £ 10,993 £ 13,600 + £ 2,607 18 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) 0.35 Work Completed : Engine upgraded from single to twin carburettors with new manifold , engine bay resprayed to match Chrysler Cream body colour ( paint supplied by seller ) , flatbed floor wood replaced , replaced the chrome tailgate chains , fitted a new chrome rear emblem , soundproofing installed inside the cab to reduce engine noise and vibrations , white grille replaced with chrome version , repainted the front Chevrolet badge and replaced the original wheels ( including the side mounted spare ) with a set of new powdercoated black `` Smoothie '' wheels with chrome beauty rings and chrome hubcaps . Notes : Purchased near San Francisco , California . Restoration price includes £ 1,950 shipping , £ 300 import tax and £ 1000 travel expenses . First pickup truck in the series . The rear axle and leafs springs were also repainted satin black , the exhaust seems to have either been replaced or cleaned up and the side skirts repainted but not mentioned on the show . 59 9 1969 Volkswagen Karmann Ghia Type 14 Cabriolet £ 10,000 $10,000 £ 6,000 £ 10,450 £ 11,500 + £ 1,050 25 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) 0.21 Work Completed : Gearbox refurbished , new clutch fitted , engine removed and engine bay cleaned including fitting of new soundproof firewall lining panels , hole in the trunk left from auxiliary heater welded over with new metal , black exterior sills stripped and re-sprayed to match the color of the car , interior refurbished with new dash panels , new carpets and new door cards , exterior cosmetics such as front badge and chrome door trim fitted . Notes : Purchased in Boise , Idaho . Despite being a German car , it was explained by Mike that the only quality used examples can be found in the American west coast . Restoration price includes £ 2,050 import tax & shipping and £ 1000 travel expenses . UK spec taillights were also fitted but not mentioned on the show . 60 10 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air 210 £ 10,000 $6,700 £ 4,000 £ 13,504 £ 16,000 + £ 2,496 1 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) 0.22 Work Completed : Full respray from light blue to Ferrari Yellow with white roof ; new carburettor and air filter unit , new front and rear bumpers , new front grille , new exterior chrome trim such as bonnet rockets , front Chevrolet badge and V trim , new headlamp surrounds , new door handles , new windscreen wipers , new door mirrors , new side trim , new rear fins and a new rear badge , new chrome horn ring , dashboard and steering wheel repainted , new headlining , new interior B pillars , original vinyl seats and carpet cleaned , new door cards , armrests , chrome window winders and chrome door handles , new rearview mirror , new instrument binnacle , original steel wheels were replaced with chrome units with new tyres . Notes : Original barn find purchased in Sarasota , Florida . Restoration price includes £ 2,155 import tax & shipping and £ 1000 travel expenses . Carburettor caught fire shortly after purchase . This car is more correctly a 210 model ( the middle trim range ) with Bel Air ( top trim range ) quarter panel trim . It does not carry the front fender chevrons or extended rear fin trim of a true Bel Air . Since appearing on the show , the car has been fitted with the fender chevrons and rear fin trim . Totals £ 88,000 £ 67,100.36 £ 104,869 £ 123,150 £ 18,281 Series 9 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) Part I 61 1970 Fiat Dino Coupe 2400 £ 15,000 € 15,000 £ 12,500 £ 14,480 £ 15,500 + £ 1,020 20 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) 0.13 Work Completed : Distributor rebuilt : distributor cap contacts cleaned , new rotor arm bearing and centrifugal bob weights installed , track control arm bushings replaced , dents and scratches in the bodywork repaired and painted , Cromodora alloy wheels and chrome center hubcaps refurbished , original orange interior carpets replaced with specially made black carpets , center dash board and center console retrimmed with black vinyl . Notes : Purchased in Trieste , Northern Italy . Allegedly seized by the Italian Police in 1970 and stored in a police warehouse till 2004 . Restoration price includes £ 530 travel expense and a £ 200 credit from selling the orange carpets . Restored car brought to Millbrook Proving Ground for its test drive . 62 1992 Morgan + 4 £ 15,000 £ 13,000 £ 14,600 £ 21,000 + £ 6,400 27 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) 0.16 Work Completed : New chassis fitted , new plywood floor panels fitted , rear suspension uprated with new Panhard rod , 4 leaf springs instead of 6 to soften the ride , tramp bars or traction bars and new shock absorbers , front suspension uprated with new brakes , hubs , shock absorbers , springs , and kingpins . Notes : Purchased from a specialist dealer who was selling the car on behalf of an American who could not import the car back to the U.S. when he moved . Included a tour of Morgan Motor Company plant in Malvern . 63 2000 BMW M5 £ 5,000 £ 4,000 £ 5,770 £ 6,500 + £ 730 3 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) 0.20 Work Completed : New front suspension strut mounts fitted ( supplied by the seller ) , worn alternator bearings replaced instead of buying whole new part , `` Angel eyes '' headlights and taillights from 2001 model year fitted , replaced the front foglights , auto - dimming rearview mirror and nearside door mirror replaced , bonnet repaired and resprayed , missing sound damping under the bonnet refitted , new air filters fitted and alloy wheels refurbished and painted in gunmetal metallic paint . Notes : Engine had claimed extra 30 hp via undisclosed means . Tyres were originally mismatched and worn and were changed but not revealed on show . Restored car achieved a top speed of 170 mph . Sold at asking price . 64 1977 Renault Alpine A310 V6 £ 10,000 € 14,000 £ 12,000 £ 13,500 £ 13,500 + £ 0 10 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) 0.21 Work Completed : New water pump installed to solve overheating problems , worn rear wheel bearings changed , new air filter installed , Holley 4 - barrel carburetor and customized intake manifold upgrade installed to increase the engine 's power , non-working high beams repaired , wheel center caps repainted . Notes : Purchased in Veyre - Monton , France . Car overheated shortly after purchase and had to be towed back to the UK . Restoration cost includes £ 500 travel expenses . Restored car brought to Brands Hatch for a Renault Alpine gathering . Sold to the only bidder of unknown identity as not willing to appear on TV . ( First car to break even on sale . ) 65 5 1974 Porsche 914 - 4 £ 5,000 £ 4,000 £ 5,310 £ 8,250 + £ 2,940 17 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) 0.19 Work Completed : Refurbished engine : Thermostatic bellows for engine cooling flaps replaced with thermostatic spring from VW Beetle , external oil cooler replaced , engine cooling tinware cleaned and repainted , new HT leads and distributor fitted , new fuel injector seals fitted , Fuchs alloy wheels cleaned and polished , targa top resprayed , vinyl panels on B - pillars replaced , body steam cleaned and machine polished , interior carpets cleaned with wet - vac and replacement seat covers fitted . Notes : Originally a non-working barn find . Restored car taken to Silverstone Circuit for its test drive . Sold back to original seller . 66 6 1993 Mercedes - Benz 300GE £ 10,000 £ 9,500 £ 11,463 £ 12,000 + £ 537 24 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) 0.17 Work Completed : Speedo drive oil seals replaced , scratched center console sanded and re-lacquered , engine bay steam cleaned , battery tray treated with rust remedy and repainted , radiator top hose replaced , cam cover polished , front grille replaced with an aftermarket 2012 unit and painted in original colour , front bumper replaced and painted , headlight surrounds and original rear bumper repainted , original taillights replaced with upgraded LED taillights , second hand leather steering wheel from an E-class fitted , front seats refurbished . Notes : Restoration price includes a £ 90 credit from selling the old front bumper and grille . Restored car brought to Mercedes - Benz off - road testing facility . After sometime on the market , sold to an online buyer from Cyprus . 67 7 1999 Jaguar XK8 Convertible £ 10,000 £ 6,000 £ 10,075 N / A - £ 75 1 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 0.18 Work Completed : Throttle body replaced to fix `` Limp Home Mode '' problem , engine and exhaust system decarbonized to reduce emissions , new lowered springs and shocks , new XKR brakes installed , both back exhaust mufflers replaced with aftermarket ones , chrome front grille replaced with a satin black unit and a new front numberplate fitted . Notes : A contest was held for the programme to choose the next car to buy from a lucky viewer . The XK8 was chosen over a 1963 Triumph TR4a and a 1989 Lotus Excel SA among the finalists . Restored car tested at Rockingham Motor Speedway . Was used as a promotional prize with a £ 10,000 budget . ( Sixth loss of the series . ) Part II 68 8 2002 Gardner Douglas Cobra £ 20,000 £ 17,500 £ 21,030 £ 23,000 + £ 1,970 18 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) 0.16 Work Completed : Carburetor jets resized and custom exhaust fitted to reduce emissions for Individual Vehicle Approval ( IVA ) test , also , custom head rests fitted as a requirement for IVA , rear axle narrowed by fitting shorter lower control arms and shorter drive shafts , new deep - dished wheels fitted . Notes : Mike opted to find a kit car version rather than spend money for a genuine AC Cobra , which would have been over budget . Car was brought to a drag strip , where Edd did a top speed of 110 mph while Mike reached 108 mph . 69 9 1960 Jaguar Mark 2 3.8 £ 8,000 £ 6,800 £ 7,804 £ 9,000 + £ 1,196 25 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 0.24 Work Completed : Crankcase ventilation system fixed by cleaning the oil screen and replacing the breather pipe that runs to the oil catch can to sort out blue exhaust smoke , clutch master and slave cylinders replaced to fix spongy clutch pedal and 1 - 2 gear crunch , interior woodwork on the dashboard top and doors replaced , leather seats replaced , hole in the exhaust down pipe welded up . Notes : Brought to Oxford to pay a small tribute to Inspector Morse . 70 10 1945 Willys MB Jeep £ 10,000 $13,000 £ 8,000 £ 10,862 £ 16,000 + £ 5,138 2 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 0.19 Work Completed : Rusted floor replaced with a new panel and painted in original olive drab , missing jerrycan holder installed on the back , gearbox replaced with a refurbished part and painted in olive drab , all seat cushions replaced with new ones , missing manually operated period windscreen wipers reinstalled , missing WW2 first - aid kit box reinstalled under the dash . Notes : Purchased near San Francisco , California . Restoration price includes £ 2,000 shipping . Brought to Upminster , Essex , for display at an annual military vehicle show . 71 11 1996 Nissan Skyline GTS £ 3,500 £ 3,000 £ 3,655 £ 4,500 + £ 845 9 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 0.31 Work Completed : Custom Japanese wheels replaced as part of purchase deal . Rusty metal on the strut tower cut out and replaced with a patch from another Skyline , standard intercooler swapped for a larger one and front bumper modified to relocate the intercooler from the inner wing to the front of the car behind the front bumper , strut brace fitted , stock rear spoiler replaced with an adjustable aftermarket one , suspension set up for drifting : front camber adjusted to - 2.6 ° , front caster adjusted - 6.5 ° and rear camber adjusted to - 0.9 ° . Also the tracking was readjusted . Notes : Mike beat Edd in a drifting contest with a score of 6 - 3 . First Japanese car featured since series 7 . Suspension already had adjustable suspension parts and may have been previously used as a track - day car . 72 12 1975 Triumph TR6 £ 7,000 £ 6,000 £ 7,050 £ 8,500 + £ 1,450 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 0.26 Work Completed : Cylinder head fitted with hardened exhaust valve seats so the engine can run on unleaded petrol , conventional water based coolant flushed and replaced with synthetic ' water free ' coolant , a small hole in a petrol tank repaired using tinning & patch method , old vinyl roof replaced with a new one , old Lucas fuel pump upgraded to a modern Bosch fuel pump , both seats re-padded as foam had crumbled . Notes : Restored car taken to Blackpool and Lancashire to pay tribute to the 4th RAC Rally won by John Wallwork and Harold Brooks in a Triumph TR2 in 1954 . Sold at asking price . 73 13 1963 BMW Isetta 300 £ 10,000 £ 6,800 £ 10,500 £ 12,000 + £ 1,500 23 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 0.18 Work Completed : Rear brake shoes replaced and rear brake drum skimmed , rubber gear linkage grommets replaced , flares on front wheel arches and rusty lower part of the near side wheel arch cut out and replaced with new panels , whole car sanded to bare metal and resprayed from yellow to factory Japan Red and Feather White colour combination , perished window rubber seals replaced , new front and rear chrome bumpers fitted , new narrower rim steel front wheels fitted and painted white , headlight pods chromed instead of repainted , interior re-trimmed with custom vinyl panels , missing vinyl bench seat custom made to match body colour , steering wheel refurbished using original moulds , new taillight bulbs fitted , original black front badges replaced with chrome units . Notes : Rear brake locked up shortly after purchase and car had to be towed back to the garage . Sold at asking price to BMW Heritage UK for use as a Museum and Press Fleet car . 74 14 1967 Ford Mustang GT Fastback £ 15,000 $21,000 £ 13,000 £ 18,320 £ 25,000 + £ 6,680 30 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 0.18 Work Completed : Replaced dented patent part front wings with original second - hand units ( supplied by seller ) , full body respray and colour change from black to Highland Green , replaced lower control arms on front suspension due to worn bushes and ball joints , replaced the front brake hoses , replaced rear drum brakes , refurbished power steering system , upgraded all the dashboard panels ( including the instrument binnacle , dials and lenses ) to factory aluminium deluxe spec , original wheels replaced with new aluminium `` Torque Thrust '' alloys with new tyres ( echoing the wheels on Steve McQueen 's car in Bullitt ) and various chrome trim items including front and rear bumpers , new front badges and front grille trim , new chrome air filter , new side and rear trim and badges . Purchased and sprayed but did not install rear trim panel ; left in the boot for new owner to decide on fitting it . Notes : Purchased near San Diego , California . Car was desirable ' A Code ' vehicle ( 289 - 4V engine ) . Final cost includes £ 2,000 shipping and travel expenses . Originality reduced by re-spraying different colour , changing wheels and adding non-original parts . Brought to Salisbury Plain after restoration for Mike and Edd to re-enact a Hollywood police chase scene ( with Edd driving a Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor ) . 75 15 2000 Mercedes - Benz SLK200 £ 2,800 £ 2,010 £ 2,955 £ 3,650 + £ 695 6 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) 0.15 Work Completed : Replaced the hydraulic pump and relay of the retractable roof mechanism , replaced the supercharger ( Kompressor ) and drive belts , fitted a new brake master cylinder , replaced the stability control sensor , replaced the nearside headlamp , replaced the non original CLK wheels with SLK alloy wheels which had newer tyres , replaced the chrome exhaust tailpipe , had several rust patches and scratches touched up and reinstalled an original spec CD player . Notes : Mike recovered parts from a crashed car in a breakers . Totals £ 146,000 £ 124,110 £ 157,374 £ 178,400 £ 31,026 Series 10 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) Part I 76 1996 Aston Martin DB7 £ 13,000 £ 12,500 £ 14,468 £ 15,000 + £ 532 19 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 0.31 Work Completed : New oil cooler and pipes to fix oil leak ; new oil filter . Cracked exhaust manifolds replaced . Black grille replaced with chrome unit . Satin alloy wheels chemically stripped , black powder coated and sprayed silver , front tyres replaced and tracking adjusted . Leaking door rubbers diagnosed with smoke machine , and padded with rubber tube to fix water ingress . Notes : Because of Aston Martin 's association with the James Bond 007 film series , several James Bond and other spy film puns were thrown by Mike and Edd throughout the episode . Car was subsequently advertised for sale for £ 16,995 at Runnymede Motor Company , in the UK . 77 1972 Ford Escort Mk1 L £ 5,000 £ 4,500 £ 8,500 £ 11,800 + £ 3,300 26 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 0.38 Work Completed : Front drum brakes and suspension upgraded to Ford Capri 2.8 i - based air vented disc brakes , shock absorbers and springs . Limited slip differential fitted . New brake hoses and servo assisted dual brake master cylinders fitted . Replaced near - side `` Mexico '' front wing . Full body respray from brown to Daytona Yellow . New window rubbers installed . Pair of 1970 's Lucas rally spot lights , sports steering wheel , chrome wing mirrors and replacement original chrome front bumper fitted . Replaced Fiesta XR2 Recaro front seats with original black ones , re-trimmed rear seat from brown to black . Replacement black door cards , carpets and dashboard panel installed . Centre of front grille resprayed satin black . Wheels swapped with repainted 13 '' units . Notes : Previous owner swapped original 1300 cc motor with a 1600 cc unit . Restored car taken to Ford Dagenham 's heritage fleet prior to sale . Mike and Edd were presented with a 1 : 43 scale Minichamps diecast replica of the Escort 1.6 RS by the fleet 's curator Colin . 78 2002 Range Rover TD6 Vogue £ 5,000 £ 5,000 £ 9,565 £ 10,500 + £ 935 5 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 0.34 Work Completed : Full body respray from textured satin black and blue to Whistler White . Replaced the wiring loom for the fuel injectors due to failed connection to injector # 3 . Black / blue 22 '' rims refurbished to graphite . Refurbished all of the blue interior trim to carbon fibre style using a water transfer print method . Replaced air suspension compressor as failed piston ring in original unit was unavailable as a spare part . Replaced headlamps , bumper , front grill and rear lights with 2007 facelift units . Steering wheel emblem restored . Notes : Project was unique , as it involved reverting a heavily customized car to near - factory spec . Outside temp indicator showing minus 40 ° C left unfixed . 79 2000 Porsche Boxster S £ 5,000 £ 1,000 £ 3,540 £ 6,400 + £ 2,860 12 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 0.40 Work Completed : Tiptronic transmission oil changed and filter replaced to sort out slipping first gear in automatic mode , all four brake discs skimmed with on - car brake lathe and brake pads replaced , both catalytic converters replaced with aftermarket units due to rusted and rattling heat shields , exhaust back box changed with a stainless steel aftermarket unit , headlights and taillights replaced with clear lens lights from a 2003 model , both leather seats refurbished with Alcantara inserts , all four wheels refurbished and painted black . Notes : Found on an Internet forum originally being sold for parts . Car was mothballed for four years due to a transmission problem and rattle in the exhaust . Sold for a £ 100 discount from original asking price so that the new owner could fill up the petrol tank . 80 5 1966 Morris Minor 1000 Traveller £ 5,000 £ 2,450 £ 6,500 £ 8,500 + £ 2,000 19 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 0.35 Work Completed : Replaced wood frame and panels ; new rear wings and roof guttering ; full body respray to original Almond Green ; wheels repainted in original white ; fitted a new front numberplate and replaced the later yellow rear numberplate with black lettering with a vintage black unit with silver lettering ; new head lining ( supplied by seller ) and carpet set ; cleaned seats and door cards ; replaced gaskets of rocker cover , inspection panels and manifolds ; engine repainted to original BMC green . Notes : Sold at asking price with a full tank of petrol . 81 6 1999 TVR Cerbera £ 10,000 £ 8,000 £ 12,850 £ 14,000 + £ 1,150 26 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 0.31 Work Completed : Replaced steel chassis frame and suspension wishbones ; new shock absorbers ; CV joints refurbished with new gaiters ; new accessory belt ; new windscreen ; silver alloy wheels powder coated to gloss black . Notes : Sold at asking price . Part II 82 7 1972 Lamborghini Urraco P250S £ 20,000 € 25,000 £ 21,380 £ 27,236 £ 35,000 + £ 7,764 17 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 0.21 Work Completed : Refurbished engine : New timing belt installed , timing belt idler pulley bearings replaced , new distributor cap , HT leads , spark plugs , air filters installed . Engine oil and filter changed . Ignition timing set to 18 ° BTDC , four Weber two - barrel downdraft carburetors adjusted for correct idle , choke and A / F mixture . New clutch installed with a refurbished clutch plate and new clutch disc , new clutch slave cylinder and clutch release bearing , missing clutch slave cylinder return spring reinstalled , new custom made hydraulic pipe installed . Seized brakes refurbished by cleaning the brake discs and installing new brake pads . Clutch and brake fluids replaced . Notes : Purchased from Kraków , Poland . Restoration price includes £ 3,000 shipping . Mike could not start the car due to loose cam belt and could not move the car due to seized brakes , as it was kept in storage for over six years . Restored car taken to Italy for its test drive and to participate in a parade to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Lamborghini . Most expensive purchase made on any car to date . 83 8 1958 Ford Popular 103E Hot rod £ 10,000 £ 6,000 £ 18,250 £ 23,000 + £ 4,750 24 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 0.25 Work Completed : Second - hand front suspension and front brakes from a Jaguar XJ installed by replacing the previous , badly installed Triumph Vitesse front suspension with modified chassis rails , shortened XJ subframe , and sway bar . Rusted metal front wings and bonnet replaced with one - piece fiberglass flip front panel . Rear lights and exhaust back pipes moved to the rear wings . Car painted in one of the original paint schemes from the famous `` Pinball Wizard '' Ford Popular with Medium flake Purple for the base coat and Holographic flake Gold for the stripes . Engine spruced up with new rocker covers and headers , chrome alternator , HT leads and a retro air filter . Original headlight pods replaced with Venom LED retro headlights and LED taillights . Interior upgraded with re-trimmed vinyl dashboard and door cards , new carpets and simple vinyl seats . Four custom made aluminum rims and custom back lit rear number plate installed . Notes : Modified hot rod fitted with a 5.7 litre Edelbrock Chevrolet V8 that generates 300 bhp . Micky Bray built the famous `` Pinball Wizard '' Ford Popular from which the paint scheme idea was taken , and which was owned at one time by Mike 's dad , Roger . The restored car was taken to Southend - on - Sea for a test drive where it was shown to Roger for his approval . 84 9 1964 Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray C2 US $30,000 £ 20,000 US $29,000 £ 18,100 £ 25,280 £ 45,500 + £ 20,220 1 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 0.23 Work Completed : Distributor shaft and cap , spark plugs and HT leads replaced ; mechanical ignition system replaced with electronic unit , rev counter reconnected to distributor . Right - hand side front drum brake adjusted . Clock fixed . Fibreglass body sanded down and reinforced with carbon fibre filler . Full body respray to original Rally Red colour . New interior installed . Re-chromed bumpers and brightwork installed . Notes : Roadster model with detachable hardtop . Purchased from Healdsburg , California . Restoration price includes £ 3,000 shipping . Previous owner abandoned restoration project , but supplied all replacement parts with the car . New convertible hood assembled and installed shortly after purchase ; however , the new rear window needed to be replaced due to warping . Restored car taken to the Coventry Transport Museum to attend a Corvette 60th anniversary party . Highest profit made on any car to date . 85 10 1983 FSM Syrena 105L N / A zł 7,000 £ 1,400 £ 5,454 £ 8,000 + £ 2,546 8 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 0.25 Work Completed : Worm and roller steering box replaced ; existing steering shaft welded to replacement unit . Drum brake slave cylinders replaced and shoes refurbished . Gear linkage repaired . Dynamo replaced with alternator ; new drive belt installed , old regulator removed , polarity of coils and battery rotated from positive to negative earth . Full body respray from yellow to Polish flag greyish white / burgundy red motif . New door cards to match seat colour . New car stereo . Chrome brightwork polished ; black plastic wheel parts chromed . Notes : Purchased from Ruda Śląska , Poland . Restored car taken to London to give Polish ambassador Witold Sobków a ride . Sold to the Bubble Car Museum in Lincolnshire to be used as a museum display . 86 11 2002 Lotus Elise £ 10,000 £ 8,400 £ 11,550 £ 13,250 + £ 1,700 15 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 0.24 Work Completed : Rover K engine head polished and ported to give a power increase from 120 bhp to 150 bhp ; engine bolts and head gasket replaced . Stock springs and shock absorbers replaced with adjustable units . New Advan Neova tyres ; alloy wheels refurbished in satin black . Rear grille replaced with new diffuser ; rear air scoops replaced with carbon fibre pods ; new matte black filler cap ; fog lamps replaced with 2010 model units ; new Lotus badge . Front bodywork repair corrected ; scratches and imperfections repainted ; headlamps and indicator lamps correctly refitted . Notes : Seller threw in some replacement parts in the deal . Restored car taken to Silverstone Circuit for a hot lap challenge : Mike did a time of 1 : 12.4 , while Edd did 1 : 15 . The adjustable suspension were refurbished units from the manufacturer 's demo car . 87 12 `` 1962 Cadillac Coupe de Ville '' N / A US $5,000 £ 3,000 £ 19,550 £ 25,000 + £ 5,450 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 0.22 Work Completed : Shock absorbers and springs replaced with air suspension . Front wings replaced . Missing side skirts replaced . Rusted panels on right - side C - pillar patched . Full body respray from black to Sugar Apple Green with white top ; custom gold plate pinstriping added . New white vinyl headliner , door cards , and seat upholstery with green piping . Dashboard refurbished and painted to body colour . Chrome bumpers , grille , and brightwork polished ; hubcaps painted in body colour . Notes : Purchased from Culver City , California . Restoration price includes £ 2,000 shipping . Replacement body panels purchased from a junkyard . Missing right rear window , front right flashing light and trunk lock replaced , but not mentioned . Restored car brought to the Rally of the Giants at Blenheim Palace , the UK 's largest American classic car gathering . Sold at asking price . Most expensive restoration cost in the series to date . Totals £ 103,000 £ 91,730 £ 162,653 £ 215,950 £ 53,207 Series 11 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) Part I 88 1983 Ford Fiesta XR2 £ 3,000 £ 2,000 £ 2,750 £ 5,000 + £ 2,250 17 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 0.28 Work Completed : Gearbox rebuilt and gearstick throw shortened from 200mm to 130mm , replaced the front suspension bushes , fitted a new clutch , faded black window surrounds repainted and a metal fracture welded up and minor rust treated on the window frame , parcel shelf from a donor car refurbished with new paint , carpeting and hanger strings rear interior quarter panels , front bumper , and nearside front spotlight replaced with donor car parts and aftermarket exhaust replaced with original unit . Notes : Mike spent £ 1,000 on a donor car for all the spare parts the project car needed ; donor car was resold for £ 873 . Restored car brought to Colin Stancombe of Ford Special Vehicles Engineering . Edd ran the car from 0 - 60 in 10.5 seconds - slightly more than one second slower than the original factory rating of 9.3 seconds . 89 1996 Porsche 911 Targa £ 15,000 £ 12,000 £ 17,520 £ 19,500 + £ 1,980 24 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) N / A Work Completed : Engine performance problem resolved by replacing one of the VarioRam lifters in the intake manifold , shock absorbers replaced with custom - built units complete with Wheeler Dealers logos on top of the strut mounts , brake back plates and suspension drop links replaced , rear spoiler mechanism repaired by replacing faulty crown wheel , leather steering wheel , gear knob & gaiter , and rear lights replaced with salvage parts , new tailpipes , clear fog lamps and indicators , and halogen headlamp bulbs installed , alloys fully refurbished & new tyres installed , body given a deep cut and polish and both front and rear numberplates replaced . Notes : Restored car taken to Yorkshire Dales to participate in a Porsche 911 club drive - out . The leather interior was significantly worn on purchase and not attended to during the program , however it had been restored when the car was sold . The custom suspension came at a cost of £ 3,000 . 90 1995 Mazda RX - 7 £ 8,000 £ 5,000 £ 8,025 £ 9,500 + £ 1,475 31 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) 0.25 Work Completed : New radiator and intercooler kit . Faulty aircon assembly removed and battery moved to the boot . New ECU installed ; engine remapped from 247 bhp to 296 bhp . Original BBS alloy wheels repainted in orange with snake skin water transfer pattern ; spoiler and side mirror covers also decorated with snake skin pattern . Added matching `` snake skin fade spots '' vinyl decals to body . Notes : JDM import with Mazdaspeed body kit , aftermarket spoiler of unknown origin , Pivot water temperature gauge and A'PEXi turbo timer . Engine was rebuilt by original owner roughly 10,000 miles prior to sale . Restored car taken to Anglesey Circuit for track testing with a local Mazda Wankel club . Sold back to original seller . First Japanese car featured since series 9 . 91 1958 Citroën 2CV AZLP £ 6,000 € 4,000 £ 3,300 £ 6,300 £ 10,000 + £ 3,700 7 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 0.18 Work Completed : Engine rebuilt with new barrels and pistons . New suspension cylinders installed , new leading arm friction dampers installed , tuned mass damper refilled with LHM oil and the housing cleaned and resprayed satin black . Body resprayed in period satin blue . Interior refurbished with new seat covers and door panels . Steel steering wheel , seat frames and wheels repainted in original gray . New custom canvas roof fitted . New headlamp pods and taillight lenses installed . Notes : Purchased from Biarritz , France . Restoration price includes £ 200 travel expenses . Restored car taken to a ploughed farm field to test Citroën 's original claim of the body and suspension being able to keep a basket of eggs intact while in motion before going to Chateau Impney . 92 5 2000 Maserati 3200 GT £ 10,000 £ 7,000 £ 8,632 * £ 12,300 + £ 3,668 14 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 0.23 Work Completed : Accelerator pedal position sensor replaced , throttle body refurbished ( carbon track replaced with a magnet - based non contact system ) air conditioning serviced ; new heat exchanger and dryer fitted , engine oil and oil filter replaced , front track rod ends replaced , instrument binnacle fixed , mismatched tyres replaced and new wheelweights fitted , driver airbag unit and gear knob replaced . Notes : Purchased from Edinburgh , Scotland . Restored car taken from Morecambe to Scarborough , North Yorkshire ( through York ) , as part of a shoestring cross-country drive . Throttle body refurbished by The Maserati Shed ; * £ 475 for replacement accelerator pedal position sensor missed from final financial summary . Spelling mistake made in final financial summary : the car was listed as Masarati instead of Maserati . 93 6 1968 Chevrolet Camaro N / A US $11,750 £ 7,500 £ 14,030 £ 23,000 + £ 8,970 21 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) 0.13 Work Completed : New gearbox oil sump , gasket , and filter , wiring loom sorted , braking system upgraded with brake servo and new master cylinder , new power steering mechanism ; alternator moved to the opposite side of the engine to make room for the power steering pump , non-authentic `` SS '' badges replaced with original or blank units ; `` SS '' badges on the wings resprayed in Le Mans Blue to cover up the holes , new binnacle lenses , car stereo , door cards and headlining , windshield wipers and new chrome wheel trim , new chrome wheel arch trim , new bonnet vent and new chrome headlight surrounds . Notes : Purchased from San Diego , California . Restoration price includes £ 2,500 shipping and travel expenses . Original straight - six engine was swapped with an Edelbrock 350 cid V8 . Previous owner abandoned restoration project , but supplied the old and replacement parts with the car . Restored car taken to the Ace Cafe London to be sold at a car meet . Sold at asking price . 94 7 1967 Amphicar 770 £ 20,000 US $35,000 £ 21,000 £ 30,600 £ 35,200 + £ 4,600 28 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 28 ) 0.24 Work Completed : Body work repaired : original paint stripped using sodablasting method to address all of the corroded areas and remove body filler from previous repairs ; old fiberglass floor repair panels removed , rusted offside floor panel cutout and replaced with new metal ; rusted front offside floor corner and corner bracket were cut out and new metal panels were welded in ; offside rear three quarter panel and inner panel cutout and new metal panels welded in ; fitted a new bonnet , body resprayed to original red colour , old aftermarket bilge pump and float switch replaced with new aftermarket parts and relocated to the centre of the chassis for more efficient draining , bilge pump outlet hole relocated from rear offside to the original hole in the rear and plastic outlet fitting replaced with chrome equivalent ( keeping the original with the car should the new owner want to switch ) , to make the car legal to operate in public waters , marine - spec fuel lines with protective sheath , external fuel filler cap and breather pipe with protective gauze , modified the original fuel tank with waterproof sealant and relocated the fuel takeoff and filler , fuel shutoff valve , electric kill switch , warning labels to show where the various safety features are located , fire extinguisher and waterproof battery case were fitted , new marine boards in the front compartment fitted to replace non-standard carpets and wooden oars with `` Amphicar '' label were custom made , first motion shaft bearing replaced ( not shown ) . Notes : Purchased from Tavares , Florida . Restored car taken to the River Thames . Restoration price includes £ 2,500 shipping and travel expenses . During the test drive , the car stalled and had to be towed back to land , it was revealed that the first motion shaft bearing had been shredded and was replaced by Edd in the workshop ( not shown ) . Sold to a buyer from the Netherlands . Part II 95 8 1955 Ford Thunderbird US $25,000 £ 16,326 US $24,500 £ 16,000 £ 25,120 £ 33,000 + £ 7,880 1 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 0.17 Work Completed : Manual window winders replaced for electric ones while still in the U.S , replaced seals in leaking power steering control valve and new hoses for the power steering system , retrofitted optional Dial - o - Matic power seats , new seat covers with correct colour coding , new soft top added , front and rear bumpers and front grille rechromed , colour - sanded the whole car instead of doing a respray and replaced faulty fuel sender unit . Notes : Purchased from Sonoma , California . Restoration price includes £ 2,500 shipping . Restored car taken to Dunsfold for display at a grand car show . Sold to a buyer who was looking for a car to use for his wedding ( The buyer 's wedding pictures were later shown at the end credits ) . 96 9 1976 Jaguar XJ6 4.2 Coupe £ 11,995 £ 11,500 £ 13,190 £ 15,000 + £ 1,810 8 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) 0.21 Work Completed : Replaced grumbling bearing in the water pump . Replaced exhaust manifold with refurbished and ceramic coated unit . Replaced mechanical ignition system with an electronic unit . Fixed non-working fan in the cooling jacket for the battery . Replaced exhaust system with a stainless steel unit . Repaired non-working lock - nut on the adjustable reach of the steering column . Notes : 97 10 2001 Audi TT £ 1,950 £ 1,500 £ 2,153.50 £ 3,600 + £ 1,446.50 15 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) 0.23 Work Completed : Replaced faulty bolt in gearbox selector fork . Changed clutch and oil and filter in the Haldex - coupling . Replaced multifunction display in the instrument cluster since it had dead pixels . Replaced two broken switches for the passenger 's side window . Blind headlights replaced with aftermarket units . Notes : Bought with a faulty 6 - speed manual gearbox that could not select first and second gear . The rivet for the selector fork sheared off , but did not get into the gears . Edd fixed it by putting in bolt and nylon nut instead of a new rivet . Edd usually does not work on gearboxes , but as there was obviously something big broken he tried fixing it himself , got lucky and replaced just a bolt for 50 pence . A new replacement gearbox would have cost £ 4,000 , which was way over budget . Took the completed car on a test drive to Xscape indoor ski slope in Central Milton Keynes . 98 11 1967 Volkswagen Type 2 Split - Screen N / A US $14,000 £ 8,950 £ 16,665 £ 25,000 + £ 8,335 22 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 0.23 Work Completed : Steering mechanism upgraded with rack - and - pinion setup . Steel wheels widened for `` deep dish '' look and painted black with white centre and fitted with chrome half moon hubcaps . Gear shaft refurbished with new bushings ; gear selector upgraded with a quick shifter . Chrome with red stripe brightwork added to accent the black bodywork . Window tint film removed ; black window frames replaced with new aluminium units and chrome window catches added . Black painted bumpers replaced with chrome units . Black painted front headlight & indicator surrounds replaced with chrome units . New chrome windscreen wipers fitted . New chrome door mirrors fitted . New chrome front & rear VW badges fitted . Bare interior resprayed white with creme vinyl panels and grey carpeting added . Aftermarket bucket seats replaced with white reproduction vinyl twin bench seats . New steering wheel , retro style radio & chrome aerial , vintage clock , and ashtray . U.S. - spec rear lights replaced with UK - spec units with new wiring . Notes : Purchased from Greenville , South Carolina . Restoration price includes £ 2,000 shipping . Sold at asking price . 99 12 1989 BMW Z1 N / A € 16,550 £ 14,037 £ 19,154 £ 25,000 + £ 5,846 29 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 0.27 Work Completed : Yellow leather seats and gear stick and hand brake gaiters dyed black . Clutch plate and release bearing replaced . Exhaust replaced with a custom made system . Door belt re-tensioned to fix drop - down door mechanism . Missing indicator stalk found under the passenger seat , welded and re-attached . Panels repainted in Top Red ( The original colour that Edd discovered under the Canary Yellow colour while removing the panels ) . Seals replaced . Notes : Purchased from the Netherlands . Restoration price includes £ 350 shipping . Car was trailered back to the UK , as it was not road registered . Restored car sold at asking price . 100 13 1903 Darracq Type L Not for Sale £ 0 £ 1,517 Not for Sale - £ 1,517 6 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 0.24 Work Completed : Water pump refurbished with new impellers and shaft built from scratch . Radiator cleaned up ; rubber hoses and clamps replaced and waterless coolant added . One wooden wheel re-tyred by the Royal Wheelwright . Replica inserts of the external oil - lamp headlamps made with a 3D printer to accommodate modern H7 LED bulbs . Notes : Car was obtained from Haynes International Motor Museum . Used to celebrate 100th car in the show , this veteran car is not for sale . Restored car taken to a veteran car run spanning from London to Brighton . It suffered an oil leak and a sooted spark plug , but managed to finish the 64 - mile run . Oldest car in the series . 101 14 1963 Lincoln Continental £ 10,000 US $8,000 £ 4,696 £ 13,076 £ 15,000 + £ 1,924 13 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 0.20 Work Completed : New oil sump gasket . New 17 '' 150 - spoke wire wheels with adaptors . Fixed leaking vacuum reservoir by spot - welding holes and re-welding broken bracket to solve the central locking system problem . Bumpers and exterior brightwork rechromed . Interior wood inlays replaced with laser cut aluminium panels with wood effect wet transfer . Body resprayed from white to Ford Roman Bronze . Creme leather seats reupholstered . Notes : Purchased from Sacramento , California . Restoration price includes £ 2,000 shipping . Original owner spent US $10,000 on rebuilding the engine . Sold at asking price . Totals £ 102,271 £ 114,483 £ 178,732.50 £ 231,100 £ 53,884.50 Series 12 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Series 12 introduced Wheeler Dealers ' new U.S. workshop in Huntington Beach , California , and their brand new UK workshop . The series features the restoration of 18 cars ; episodes numbered 9 and 20 are compilation episodes . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) Part I 102 1965 Pontiac GTO US $25,000 £ 15,400 US $25,000 £ 15,400 US $28,200 £ 17,500 US $32,000 £ 19,700 + US $4,200 + £ 2,500 23 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 0.26 Work Completed : New uprated aluminium radiator with electric fan , water pump , and thermostat installed . Power steering box refurbished and repainted . Air conditioning system reinstated , however original compressor and condenser supplied by the seller , could not be used because of damage and were replaced with aftermarket units . Aftermarket wooden steering wheel replaced with period correct leather unit . Wooly suspension fixed by tightening loose nut on suspension arm . Damaged right side exhaust downpipe welded with new pipe and realigned to match the height of the left side . Broken tachometer and fuel gauges replaced with new aftermarket units . Notes : Purchased from Johnsburg , Illinois . Car was originally from California and had its engine swapped with a 1967 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) triple carburettor V8 that generates 400 bhp . Restored car taken to Borrego Springs , California . 103 1951 Ford F - 1 US $5,000 £ 3,061 US $4,500 £ 2,755 US $14,484 £ 9,296 US $20,000 £ 12,729 + US $5,516 + £ 3,433 30 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 0.16 Work Completed : The 3.9 L ( 239 cu. in ) Flathead V8 engine cleaned and upgraded with new aluminium heads , new inlet manifold , new four barrel carburettor and new tubular exhaust manifold . Engine bay resprayed in original teal colour . Electrical system converted from 6V to 12V . Four speed non-synchronous transmission upgraded to a modern automatic unit . Custom gear linkage mechanism fitted to the transmission using original steering column shifter . New exhaust system fitted . Custom `` Mike & Edd '' logo hand painted on both doors . Custom aluminium windshield sun visor made . Body painted in certain areas in original teal to create a Rat rod look , then sealed with a clear coat . Wheeler Dealers logo etched onto vent windows , using an angle grinder and steel tubing to create sparks . Vinyl seats and sun visors reupholstered with real cowhide . Steel wheels repainted in original teal colour and white wall tires fitted . Notes : Purchased from Everett , Washington . Finished truck was taken to Twin Peaks , California , to participate in a rat rod cruise . 104 1959 MGA US $15,000 £ 9,029 US $14,000 £ 8,427 US $24,950 £ 16,161 US $35,000 £ 22,671 + US $10,050 + £ 6,510 6 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 0.15 Work Completed : Engine oil seal and crankshaft ring replaced with larger units with the engine plate modified to accommodate them . Engine and engine bay degreased . Boot cleaned of surface rust and repainted with stone chip undercoating . Rusted body panels replaced . Body resprayed from white to black ( the original factory colour ) . New front drum brakes . Steel wheels replaced with wire wheels ; new hubs installed to accommodate them . Brightwork rechromed ; new indicator light housings and MG badges . Original red leather interior replaced with tan leather . Faded wooden dashboard wrapped in leather ; speedo and rev counters replaced with second - hand units . New interior door pulls . New wooden steering wheel . Notes : Purchased from a classic car dealership in East Los Angeles , California . Originally thought to be a 1500 variant , the engine was discovered by Edd to be a rebuilt 1600 cc single cam unit . Restored car brought to Hollywood Hills for a cruise . Sold at asking price . 105 1974 BMW 2002 tii US $10,000 £ 6,439 US $7,750 £ 4,990 US $21,450 £ 13,813 US $35,000 £ 23,415 + US $13,550 + £ 9,065 13 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 0.25 Work Completed : New fuel pump and hoses . New battery , condensor , rotor arm , UHT leads , and distributor cap . Engine serviced with new spark plugs and fluids . Fuel injector retaining screws refurbished with new o - rings . Kugelfischer pump reconditioned . Brake system overhauled with new master cylinder , front discs , pads , hoses , and rear drums and shoes . Full body respray . New driver 's side mirror and BMW badges . U.S. - spec bumpers replaced with original Euro - spec units . Front seats replaced with refurbished Recaro units . Original steering wheel replaced with Nardi unit . Notes : Originally a non-running unit that had not been used for 17 years . Seller advertised it for US $5,975 , but due to high demands from collectors , Mike bought it for US $7,750 . Majority of the replacement parts purchased at a classic BMW car meet . Restored car taken to BMW 's U.S. headquarters in Spartanburg , South Carolina , where it was test driven before being sold to a Florida buyer . 106 5 1975 AMC Pacer US $5,000 £ 3,059 US $3,500 £ 2,141 US $12,750 £ 8,096 US $7,857 £ 4,989 - US $4,893 - £ 3,107 20 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 0.27 Work Completed : Ride height lowered by 50 mm using custom front springs and rear aluminium spacer blocks . Replaced automatic gear selector cable with fishing line . Full body vinyl wrap in light grey with a white hexagon pattern , reflective lines , and clear glitter . Brown interior panels refurbished in grey using a flocking process . New grey carpeting . Original seats reupholstered in off - white artificial suede . New headlamps with LED angel eye rings . New black alloy wheels . Notes : Purchased from San Jose , California . Restored car taken to the Reno , Nevada , for its test drive before being put on an online charity auction . ( Seventh loss in the series . ) 107 6 1972 Datsun 240Z US $10,000 £ 6,480 US $8,500 £ 5,508 US $11,750 £ 7,917 US $16,750 £ 11,287 + US $5,000 + £ 3,370 27 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 0.30 Work Completed : Automatic gearbox swapped with a 5 - speed manual from a later 280Z . Camshaft profiled , carburettors rebuilt and performance exhaust added to improve engine performance . New chrome camshaft cover added . Notes : Purchased from a Cars & Coffee event in Irvine , California . Mike was initially searching for a manual 240Z but was unable to find one within budget . Restored car taken to Willow Springs Raceway for its test drive . Sold at asking price . 108 7 1973 Volkswagen 181 Thing US $10,000 £ 6,380 US $8,000 £ 5,104 US $12,543 £ 8,240 US $15,750 £ 10,352 + US $3,207 + £ 2,112 4 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 0.26 Work Completed : Refurbished side windows and seats . Replaced the spark plugs and leads , electronic ignition installed , heater thermostatic switch and fuel dampener , and exhaust system . Front drum brakes replaced with disc brakes . Bumpers cleaned of unsightly holes before being powder coated to black . Notes : Purchased from Oregon at the seller 's asking price . Formerly an automotive museum piece from California . Sold at asking price to a buyer in Japan . 109 8 1952 DeSoto Firedome 8 US $15,000 £ 9,599 US $12,500 £ 7,999 US $17,000 £ 10,710 US $23,000 £ 14,811 + US $6,000 + £ 3,863 11 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 0.23 Work Completed : Flat silver painted bumpers and brightwork rechromed . Engine heads refurbished with new valve guides , seats and polished valves , resulting in a gain of 30 bhp . Added remote controlled door opening mechanism and poppers to compensate for the shaved door handles ; new 8 volt battery added for the mechanism . The dark tint on the windows was removed to give the car more appeal . New steel wheels with chrome hubcaps and whitewall tyres . Notes : Purchased from Charlotte , North Carolina . Customised vehicle with the door handles shaved off . Restoration price includes US $750 credit from selling the original unit 's alloy wheels . Restored car taken to California 's Wine Country for its test drive . Placed on consignment to a classic car dealer , as Mike headed back to Europe . Part II 110 9 1973 Rover P5B £ 5,000 £ 3,850 £ 6,212 £ 11,500 + £ 5,288 17 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 0.22 Work Completed : Power steering gearbox rebuilt , steering lock stops made to prevent damage to steering box in the future , cast iron exhaust manifolds replaced with stainless steel tubular exhaust manifolds , new set of interior felt carpets made , front passenger seat backrest adjust lever tightened up so the backrest stays upright , leather seats cleaned . 111 10 1989 Fiat Panda 4x4 £ 1,000 £ 1,331 £ 1,800 £ 2,500 + £ 700 24 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) 0.33 Work Completed : Replaced gearbox linkages and bushes , sump guard added for protection , snorkel intake installed , seats replaced to racing seats with harnesses , original stickers removed , exterior resprayed with textured polyurethane rubber paint , new wheels and tyres , hand - painted badges . Notes : Bought from an internet auction . The seats and harnesses were free , since Edd used old units from the Volkswagen Type 2 project ( Series 11 , episode 11 ) . The off - road tyres were made from recycled ones in Germany . Restored car taken to an off - road testing site in York to test its abilities . 112 11 1982 Alfa Romeo Alfasud 1.5 TI £ 5,000 £ 4,830 £ 5,797 £ 6,800 + £ 1,003 31 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) 0.30 Work Completed : Cam belt and water pump replaced , full service performed , brake discs and pads replaced , rear suspension bushes replaced with polyurethane units , rust patch replaced , exhaust system replaced . Notes : Rare Ti variant , only 50 of which are registered in the UK . Purchased from an auction in Norfolk . Engine had not been serviced for 17 years . Mike previously wanted to sell the car for £ 8,000 during a radio talk show , but then he backed up and advertised the car for £ 7,250 . 113 12 2011 Caterham 7 £ 15,000 £ 16,500 £ 20,425 £ 22,500 + £ 2,075 7 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 0.39 Work Completed : Standard flywheel replaced with lightweight unit , standard air filter replaced with a bigger airbox , standard exhaust heat shield replaced with handmade Inconel unit , ECU remapped , standard floorpan replaced with longer and deeper unit , racing seats replaced with more comfortable units , toggle switch starter system installed , full respray from black to lime green , rear light lenses replaced and LED bulbs installed , mudguards replaced with carbon fibre units , exhaust polished , grille resprayed in Kawasaki green , and new Caterham badge installed . Notes : Car was a former factory drift racer demonstrator that was not road legal . At the end of the episode , the car had been registered on the road as a brand new 2014 model year car . Restoration costs include £ 200 credit from selling the racing seats . Restored car taken to Portmeirion , North Wales , to pay homage to the TV series The Prisoner , which featured the Caterham 7 's predecessor , the Lotus Seven . Newest car featured in the series . 114 13 1978 Ford Escort Mk2 RS2000 Rally Car £ 10,000 £ 6,750 £ 12,350 £ 12,999 + £ 649 14 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 0.40 Work Completed : Suspension strut mount and bulkhead strengthened , engine bay and interior repainted , sound deadening removed , roll cage fitted , straight cut gearbox fitted , new fuel tank with uprated fuel systems fitted , FIA - approved fire extinguisher fitted , competition - spec center console installed , new footrest for navigator fitted , competition bucket seats fitted , new steering wheel fitted , rally - spec mudguards fitted , rally tires and wheels fitted , door stickers and windshield stickers installed , exhaust system replaced , twin carburettors and strut brace installed . Notes : Car was originally a 1.3 litre left - hand drive Ghia model from the Netherlands that had been converted into an RS2000 both cosmetically and mechanically by a workshop specialising in rally car conversion . Purchase price includes a competition - spec straight cut gearbox . Restored car taken to Walters Arena rally stage in Wales for a small competition between Mike and Edd . 115 14 1957 Messerschmitt KR200 £ 17,995 £ 17,000 £ 22,271 £ 25,000 + £ 2,729 21 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 0.29 Work Completed : Cylinder head cleaned and new head gasket fitted , full service performed , hubcaps replaced , aftermarket leather canopy replaced with correct clear dome , engine casing polished , crease on the rear mudguard bent back to shape , welded and patched , full respray from mint green to red and white , new chrome bits fitted to upgrade the car to Deluxe model , whitewall tire fitted , aftermarket air filter and exhaust system replaced with original units , engine bay cleaned , interior re-trimmed , period correct switch installed , brightwork polished . Notes : Bought to celebrate Messerschmitt KR200 's 60th anniversary . Pre-fitted with aftermarket canopy roof . Edd broke the clear dome during trimming , requiring Mike to purchase another one , which was the last unit available in the country according to Edd . Restored car taken to a Messerschmitt gathering . Sold at asking price to a Swedish buyer who sent his daughter over to the UK to take a look at the car . 116 15 1956 Citroën HY Van £ 6,000 £ 4,500 £ 19,000 £ 23,000 + £ 4,000 28 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 0.35 Work Completed : Standard engine swapped with 2.1 L Ford unit , trafficators refurbished by replacing original ones with British ones with LEDs , rusty bodywork treated and resprayed to white , standard transmission swapped with synchromesh unit from later HY Van , inverter charger , auxiliary battery and additional 240V electronics fitted , additional support braces , insulation and hygienic panels installed , headlight bulbs changed with modern units , interior refurbished , modern seatbelts fitted and wheels refurbished . Notes : Purchased from a collector in southern France as a barn find that was used as a commercial vehicle . The replacement Ford engine is a bored - out 2.0 litre engine from a Ford Transit . Converted into a modern commercial vehicle . Restored car taken to a garlic farm in Isle of Wight . 117 16 1992 Volkswagen Corrado VR6 £ 1,500 £ 1,200 £ 2,860 £ 5,500 + £ 2,640 5 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 0.39 Work Completed : Replaced ABS sensors on all four wheels , new brake pads and discs fitted , ABS pump rebuilt , oil cooler seals and oil filter replaced , broken sunroof replaced , fabric interior swapped with secondhand leather units , radiator grille replaced , faded VR6 badge restored using vinyl stickers , Volkswagen Lupo wiper arms fitted , Speedline wheels refurbished and new tyres fitted . Notes : The seller sold the car on behalf of his uncle . Restored car taken to a go - kart track in Milton Keynes for a test drive . Sold at £ 500 over the asking price . 118 17 2003 Honda S2000 £ 5,000 £ 3,000 £ 4,380 £ 7,000 + £ 2,620 12 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 0.41 Work Completed : Faulty oxygen sensor replaced , oil seals and O - rings replaced to fix the VTEC issue , wheels refurbished , corroded EPS rack replaced , rusted metal engine brackets refurbished using vapor blasting method , rusted alarm casing replaced , cam cover refurbished , faded headlamp lenses ground , sanded and polished , headlight washer pump replaced , aftermarket stereo head unit and gear shift knob replaced with factory units . Notes : Rare Imola Orange colour . Previous owner wanted to restore it but gave up , according to Mike . Bought back by the previous owner at £ 500 over the asking price . 119 18 2002 Noble M12 GTO 2.5 £ 22,000 £ 21,500 £ 24,574 £ 27,000 + £ 2,426 19 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.40 Work Completed : Twin turbochargers reconditioned to fix engine oil leak , intercooler cleaned , electronic boost controller installed , ECU re-mapped to increase the turbos ' boost , uprated oil sump and removable crossmember installed to replace a piece of factory crossmember that Edd cut , oil filter replaced , oil catch tank replaced , broken plastic heater casing replaced with aluminium casing , non-standard gearshift gaiter and handbrake gaiter replaced with Alcantara - finished units , aftermarket steering wheel replaced with factory MOMO unit . Notes : Purchased in Italy , but the seller 's agent advertised the car as located in London . Purchase price includes a pre-made aluminium casing for the uninstalled heater . Previous owner fitted functional custom sidepods . Restored car taken to Millbrook Proving Ground in Bedfordshire for handling and top speed test , it achieved 170 mph on the oval track . Sold at asking price . Totals ( Part I ) US $90,500 £ 59,547 US $76,550 £ 52,325 US $143,127 £ 91,733 US $185,357 £ 119,954 US $42,630 £ 27,746 Totals ( Part II ) £ 88,495 £ 80,461 £ 119,669 £ 143,799 £ 24,130 Series 13 ( 2016 - 17 ) ( edit ) Series 13 has a new format , with revised theme music . This is the final series to feature Edd . The series features the restoration of 16 cars ; episodes numbered 9 and 18 are compilation episodes . With the exception of episode 16 , this series was set completely in the U.S. No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) Part I 120 1987 Mercedes - Benz 560SL US $15,000 £ 10,000 US $6000 £ 4,154 US $13,930 £ 9,643 US $21,000 £ 14,500 + US $7,070 + £ 4,894 9 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) N / A Work Completed : Fuel injectors replaced , timing chain and plastic chain guides replaced , HVAC air vent vacuum actuators replaced , heater box repaired , cracked dashboard reupholstered in German vinyl , leather seats recovered , center console veneer panels replaced , front suspension refurbished with new shocks , lowered springs and new anti-roll bar end links , front suspension subframe mounting bushings replaced , aftermarket wheel arch chrome trim removed , U.S. spec bumpers and headlights replaced with Euro spec ones , period correct Lorinser LO wheels fitted . Notes : Car purchased in Los Angeles , California . During the episode , Mike and Edd made several references to the 1980 film American Gigolo , which featured a model similar to the car being restored . To source vacuum actuators , Mike visited the Mercedes Benz Classic Centre in Irvine , California . Restored car taken to Autobooks - Aerobooks in Burbank , California , where Mike and Edd signed copies of the Wheeler Dealers Car Restoration Manual . ( For legal reasons , the store signs were blurred out . ) 121 1963 Volvo PV544 US $10,000 £ 6,700 US $9,000 £ 6,000 US $11,642 £ 8,000 US $14,500 £ 9,700 + US $2,858 + £ 1,700 16 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) N / A Work Completed : Rebuilt and tuned the dual carburettors , suspension bushings and clutch linkage bushings replaced , Kevlar brake shoes fitted , aftermarket but period correct air conditioning fitted . Notes : Purchased in San Francisco , California . Previous owner had restored the exterior and interior and kept it garaged , as he was unable to find a mechanic to properly tune the dual carburettors . 122 1977 Honda Civic CVCC US $3,000 £ 2,000 US $2,000 £ 1,300 US $6,200 £ 4,000 US $14,000 £ 9,500 + US $8,000 + £ 5,500 23 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) N / A Work Completed : Engine rebuilt and retuned , rusted area on the bottom right rear wing replaced with new sheet metal , full body respray to original yellow colour , installed oxygen sensor and tyre pressure monitor , new four - gauge dashboard pod made by fusing two units together , added vacuum and air / fuel ratio gauges . Notes : Purchased in Los Angeles . During the episode , Mike learned the basics of hypermiling in a 2016 Honda Civic saloon . Restored car taken to a 90 - mile hypermiling drive with only two gallons of petrol ; the test fell short of one mile due to Mike not factoring his and Edd 's combined weight on his calculations . Full body respray done at Universal Technical Institute . Sold to Honda Motors USA automotive museum to be used as a museum display . 123 1980 Chevrolet LUV US $2,000 £ 1,300 US $1,000 £ 670 US $2,555 £ 1,703 US $3,500 £ 2,300 + US $945 + £ 597 30 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) N / A Work Completed : Dents removed using various methods of dent removal , hole in bed patched , air shocks installed , oil seals replaced to fix leaks under the car , new audio kit with Bluetooth connectivity installed , dashboard fixed by re-upholstering it in new vinyl and installation of a dashboard cap , USB power outlets and WiFi dongle installed , interior re-upholstered , new bench seats installed , brightwork polished and underbody cleaned . Notes : Purchased in Northern California . Previous owner had a new engine installed . Mike originally wanted to install an air bag suspension but found the kit too expensive , so he opted for air shocks with air compressor and pressure gauge with control valves . Edd introduced two methods of paintless dent removal : electromagnetic dent removal and hot glue dent removal . Most of the exterior left unchanged to keep the patina . Restored car brought to a farm while carrying spent grains to test the air suspension . Sold to Old 99 Brewery Co . 124 5 1988 Ford Mustang 5.0 Convertible US $2,500 £ 1,700 US $2,500 £ 1,700 US $7,335 £ 5,000 US $9,200 £ 6,130 + US $1,865 + £ 1,130 6 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) N / A Work Completed : Limited slip differential fixed with new friction plates , geared down final drive to increase acceleration , speedometer re-adjusted , suspensions and whole exhaust assembly replaced , performance exhaust manifolds , air filter and throttle body installed , smaller pulleys installed to minimize power loss and increase performance , new tinted headlights fitted , new tires and rims installed , and body resprayed to original black colour with red trim . Notes : Purchased from a car dealer in Southern California . Restored car taken to Irwindale Speedway for a drag race , where it did an eighth - mile in 10.8 seconds at 64 mph . 125 6 1963 Chevrolet Corvair US $1,500 £ 1,000 US $2,000 £ 1,300 US $11,345 £ 7,563 US $18,000 £ 12,000 + US $6,655 + £ 4,437 13 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) N / A Work Completed : Pushrod tube seals and gasket replaced to fix oil leaks , engine cleaned and powder coated , interior overhauled , convertible soft top replaced , brightwork replaced , new wheels and tires installed , full respray from white to Seafoam Green , suspension bushes and ball joints replaced , springs and shocks replaced , compensator bar installed , new exhaust installed , added remote controlled door opening mechanism which includes alarm , GPS tracker and a smartphone application to compensate for the shaved door . Notes : High performance Monza Spyder variant with a 2.7 litre engine . Purchased at an impound lot with a suspected accident history . Purchase price includes free towing to the garage . Sold at asking price . In episode 9 , it was revealed that the final test drive scene had to be re-shot due to a faulty steering column . 126 7 1965 Land Rover Series IIA US $10,000 £ 6,700 US $8,000 £ 5,300 US $15,176 £ 10,117 US $19,000 £ 12,700 + US $3,824 + £ 2,583 20 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) N / A Work Completed : Chassis cleaned , surface rust removed , and repainted , wheels repainted , engine detailed , generator replaced with alternator , new brake lines installed , brakes re-adjusted , new suspensions installed , solar power system with inverter kit and additional 12 - volt battery installed , hard top and side windows installed , roof - mounted tent and additional braces installed , water purification system installed , winch installed , paint sanded to give a camouflage look . Notes : Purchased in Los Angeles ; seller was absent during time of purchase . Mike named the car `` Henry '' . Built as a survival vehicle . Restored car taken to Salton Sea to test the new gadgets . Sold to an anonymous buyer who did not want to be seen on camera . 127 8 1968 Chevrolet Corvette C3 Convertible US $20,000 £ 13,300 US $19,500 £ 13,000 US $21,530 £ 14,353 US $26,000 £ 17,300 + US $4,470 + £ 2,947 29 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) N / A Work Completed : Electronic ignition fitted , carburettor re-jetted and rebuilt , valve stem oil seals replaced , hydraulic valve lifters re-adjusted , brake calipers rebuilt , brake discs replaced , non-working wiper actuators fixed , damaged passenger side wing repaired and resprayed , custom steering wheel fitted . Notes : Purchased in Katy , Texas . Previous owner swapped the original engine with a 327 cubic inch unit from a 1967 - 1968 Chevrolet Camaro and replaced the convertible top . Restored car taken to a dry lake bed , where Edd drove it at 100 mph and Mike took it on a high speed slalom test . Sold at US $1,000 above asking price . Part II 128 9 1970 Ford Bronco Series 1 US $ £ US $8,000 £ 5,300 US $25,404 £ 20,000 US $40,000 £ 26,700 + US $14,596 + £ 6,700 14 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) N / A Work Completed : `` Three on the tree '' manual column gearbox replaced with 4 - speed automatic gearbox with tilt steering and new steering wheel , new front locking hubs , new body painted in Sequoia Brown with new power master cylinder , new prop shafts , new 2.5 '' lift kit , new headliner and carpet , new dashboard trim with modern Bluetooth stereo unit , front drum brakes upgraded to vented discs , new engine cooling system , new alloy wheels and tyres , new rollbar and upholstery , new brightwork . Notes : Original owner did a partial restoration on the chassis and suspension . Parts purchased from Tom 's Bronco Parts in Medford , Oregon . New body is a 1972 model that was abandoned after its original owner was unable to pay for the US $4,000 restoration job . Restored car taken to a forest to test its off - road capabilities . Sold at asking price . 129 10 1983 Mercedes 500 SEC US $ £ US $2,500 £ 1,700 US $10,162 £ 7,000 US $16,000 £ 10,700 + US $5,838 + £ 3,700 21 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) N / A Work Completed : New suspension parts , new 560 SEC vented brake discs and twin - cylinder calipers , cylinder heads refurbished with larger ports , new camshaft , stainless steel valves , rocker arms , and valve spring retainers , AMG C126 fibreglass wide body kit , full body respray , Magnaflow AMG replica exhaust system with new x-pipe muffler , new AMG alloy wheels and tyres , new interior wood panels , AMG tan leather seats and upholstery . Notes : Euro - spec grey market vehicle , customised into an AMG tribute car . Final cost does not include the body kit and wheels , which were valued at US $15,000 . Sold at asking price to the owner of the AMG parts . 130 11 1976 Porsche 912E US $ £ US $25,000 £ 18,000 US $31,016 £ 23,000 US $35,001 £ 23,334 + US $3,985 + £ 2,500 28 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) N / A Work Completed : New fuel injectors and regulator valve , air flow sensor refurbished , ride height lowered to Euro - spec , new rear suspension adjustment kit , air conditioning reinstated with second - hand parts , black satin trim replaced with second - hand chrome brightwork , new headlights with beauty rings . Notes : Rare variant with factory sunroof and air conditioning , which was removed by the previous owner . Purchased from a Mercedes - BMW dealership with Porsche alloy wheels thrown in . Restored car taken to Willow Springs Raceway 's Horse Thief Mile track . 131 12 1973 Chevrolet Camaro RS US $ £ US $17,000 £ 11,000 US $32,281 £ 25,000 US $35,000 £ 23,000 + US $2,719 + £ 1,813 5 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) N / A Work Completed : Aftermarket pro-touring handling parts consisting of new set of brakes , new tubular steel A-arms , adjustable suspension kit , new tie rods and sway bar installed , rear drums converted to disc brakes , 3.73 Positraction limited - slip differential installed , stock 350 engine swapped with a 440 hp 383 crate engine , new exhaust installed , uprated Turbo - Hydramatic 350 transmission installed , new brake master cylinder and brake bias controller installed , aftermarket splitter installed , rear ducktail spoiler installed , new wheels ( 18 '' front , 19 '' rear ) and tyres with staggered fitment installed , black racing stripes installed , new steering wheel and shift knob installed . Notes : Purchased in La Habra , California . Previous owner had the car restored with new paint , new upholstery , and the engine rebuilt . Modified into Pro-Touring specifications . Sold at new buyer 's initial offer . 132 13 1963 Sunbeam Alpine US $ £ US $7,000 £ 4,526 US $12,373 £ 8,000 US $18,000 £ 12,000 + US $5,627 + £ 4,000 12 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) N / A Work Completed : Engine disassembled to discover possible Brabham - sourced modifications , exhaust manifold sandblasted and ceramic coated , cylinder head checked for cracks , ported , polished , and skimmed , full body respray from black to Lake Blue , brightwork polished , old fuel tank replaced with modern , race - spec fuel cell , engine re-dressed , old dynamo replaced with custom - made alternator , interior refurbished with tan vinyl door cards and seats , wooden dashboard refinished , lightbulbs replaced with LED units , and rear glass replaced with lightweight polycarbonate , Bluetooth speakers installed in favor of a radio . Notes : Purchased in Boston . Previously used as a race car , but left unused for 20 years afterwards . Seller provided some parts required for restoration . Standard engine previously swapped with a modified Hillman Minx unit . As the Sunbeam Alpine was famous for its appearance in Dr. No , several James Bond 007 film puns were thrown by Mike and Edd throughout the episode . 133 14 1992 Humvee US $ £ US $12,500 £ 8,000 US $20,173 £ 13,450 US $25,000 £ 16,700 + US $4,827 + £ 3,250 2 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) N / A Work Completed : Ignition control module and temperature sensor unit replaced , gearbox mount replaced and prop shaft reattached , new aluminium camper top , installed water tank and heater , kitchen sink , stove , refrigerator , full - size bed , storage shelves for dining furniture , full body respray to matte black . Notes : Decommissioned unit purchased from a military compound , where much of the repair work was done . Truck was originally rebuilt in 2008 and the engine was replaced in 2011 . Converted into an extreme camper . Restored truck taken to the California desert for hill climb testing . Sold at asking price to buyers from the Netherlands . 134 15 1985 Maserati Bi-Turbo US $ £ US $2,740 £ 1,827 US $22,481 £ 14,987 US $22,500 £ 15,000 + US $19 + £ 13 9 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) N / A Work Completed : Electric propulsion system renewed with more modern system consisting of 12 new battery packs , new AC brushless induction motors , new motor controllers , new radiators , new wiring and regenerative braking system , increasing power , torque , and range , clutch assembly replaced , leather seats refreshed by oiling and conditioning , missing glove box installed , original graphite grey wheels and new tyres installed , dents repaired and resprayed . Notes : First electric car in the series . Purchased in Brisbane , California . Previous owner , who converted the car into an electric car in 1993 and had it garaged for the past 15 years , offered it for free , but Mike gave her a Boston to Montreal cruise package in return . Restored car taken to a solar farm for its test drive , where it did 0 - 60 in 8.1 seconds . Sold at asking price . Smallest profit made on a car in the series . 135 16 1916 Cadillac Type 53 Roadster V8 US $ £ US $96,000 £ 64,000 US $133,908 £ 100,000 N / A N / A 16 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) N / A Work Completed : New aluminium pistons and valve springs , chassis sandblasted and repainted , leaf springs refurbished , new spring bolts , new prop shaft , new custom exhaust , new running boards , full body respray to Green Stone , new windscreen , reupholstered leather seats and fitted heating pads to the seats , new floor palette and seat springs , train horn installed , installed engine and wheels from donor car . Notes : Mike and Edd 's project for the Peking to Paris rally and to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first V8 production car . Purchased in the UK for US $51,000 ( £ 37,000 ) and flown to the U.S. workshop . Engine rebuilt by Jenkinson Concours & Customs . Parts purchased from Dick Shappy Classic Cars in Rhode Island . As the engine was not ready for the rally , Mike ended up buying a 1918 Cadillac Type 57 for US $45,000 for spare parts . Restored car was unable to be race ready for the rally . Most expensive project in the series . This episode marks the final appearance of Edd China , as it was announced on March 21st , 2017 that he had left the show . Series 14 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Series 14 marks the debut of Ant Anstead as the programme 's new mechanic . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) 136 1995 Ford Escort RS Cosworth US $35,000 £ 27,000 US $30,000 £ 23,000 US $37,665 £ 28,500 US $50,000 £ 38,000 + US $12,335 + £ 9,500 5 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) N / A Work Completed : New oil sump rubber seals and gasket paste added . Turbocharger refurbished with new shaft and thrust bearings . New catalytic converter , clutch , brakes , brake pads , water reservoir , and spoiler gasket . New Ford OZ Racing alloy wheels , powder coated from silver to white . New `` third wing '' spoiler fabricated from an extra RS Cosworth unit . Notes : Rare grey market vehicle ; one of 25 Escort RS Cosworths imported by a company called Sun International , and only one of 12 units legally registered in the U.S. Special guest and Escort RS Cosworth designer Frank Stephenson assisted in the addition of the third wing , which was part of his original design . Car with third wing installed sent to Darko Technologies in Utah for wind tunnel testing ; third wing provided 94 lbs. of downforce at 100 mph compared to the stock downforce of 69 lbs . Sold back to original owner at asking price . 137 1982 Toyota Celica Supra P - Type US $7,500 £ 5,800 US $6,500 £ 5,000 US $10,865 £ 8,400 US $12,000 £ 9,200 + US $1,135 + £ 800 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) N / A Work Completed : Cracked exhaust manifold repaired and new exhaust system fitted . Cylinder head skimmed and asbestos head gasket replaced with modern graphite unit . Interior upholstery and trim refurbished ; new steering wheel leather wrap and new carpets installed . Wheels refinished with diamond - cut finish . Pop - up headlamps realigned . Notes : Single - owner car since 1984 . Mike could not find any replacement velour for restoring the interior , so he opted to have it refurbished . Sold to a buyer from Jacksonville , Florida . 138 1973 Ford Mustang Mach 1 US $19,000 £ 14,615 US $18,000 £ 14,000 US $25,200 £ 19,500 US $26,000 £ 20,000 + US $800 + £ 500 19 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) N / A Work Completed : New anti-roll bar , strut rods , upper and lower control arms , lowering springs , polyurethane suspension bushings , and brakes . New ceramic coated exhaust system , electronic distributor , HT leads , spark plugs , ram air kit , and carburettor jets ; power restored from 186 bhp to 224 bhp . Interior refurbished with black / red leather and alcantara trim . Front grille and headlamp trim replaced with 1972 - era parts . New 17 '' wheels and tyres . Exterior paint polished with red pin stripes added . Notes : Though the car is a 1973 model , the previous owner installed 1972 - era parts in its initial restoration . Restored car taken to Willow Springs Raceway . Sold to a British buyer to be shipped to the UK . 139 1973 Saab 96 US $3,500 £ 2,500 US $2,800 £ 2,000 US $10,630 £ 7,900 US $11,750 £ 8,700 + US $1,120 + £ 800 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) N / A Work Completed : Clutch replaced , door hinges re-adjusted , rusted panels cut and patched with new metal , new badges , trim , and accessories installed , damaged windscreen replaced , body resprayed in original Brilliant Yellow , ignition uprated to electronic ignition , head gasket replaced to fix exhaust leak , new interior installed . Notes : Clutch replacement was done at the seller 's driveway . Restored car taken to a Saab owners ' convention . Sold on behalf of a buyer in New York who sent a representative to finalize the transaction . The windscreen was custom made using the windscreen from a 2014 Chevrolet Impala . 140 5 1965 Dodge A100 Sportsman Van US $2,500 £ 1,850 US $2,000 £ 1,500 US $16,375 £ 12,400 US $19,000 £ 16,000 + US $2,625 + £ 3,600 2 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) N / A Work Completed : Stock suspensions replaced with air ride suspension system , stock bumper replaced with customised unit made from two rear 1968 Chevrolet Camaro bumpers , wheels and tyres replaced with low - profile tyres and larger - sized alloy wheels , stock slant - 6 engine swapped to a V8 unit , stock manual gearbox replaced with automatic transmission , roof rack installed , light bar installed , warm water shower installed using beer keg as a water tank and a heat exchanger to warm the water , rusted original doghouse bonnet treated , new custom interior made , consisting new seats and a custom table made from a surfboard , custom gear selector lever fitted to correspond with the gearbox swap , clear coat applied to keep the car 's patina . Notes : Purchased in Oregon . Converted into a surf van . Mike and Ant initially wanted the slant - 6 engine to be rebuilt but found it to be too costly . Restored car taken to Malibu . Sold to an unidentified international buyer . 141 6 1964 Ford Falcon Ranchero US $6,000 £ 4,500 US $4,500 £ 3,500 US $18,100 £ 13,600 US $20,000 £ 15,000 + US $1,900 + £ 1,400 9 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) N / A Work Completed : New coilover springs , shock absorbers , upper and lower control arms . Front drum brakes replaced with GM disc brakes . New rear leaf springs with proper shackles . Brightwork restored from matte black to chrome . Full body respray from matte black to period - correct turquoise and cream . Engine rebuilt and repainted from yellow to black ; new clutch and flywheel installed . Aftermarket radiator replaced with newer high flow aluminium unit . New wood bed liner . New interior door cards , carpeting , headliner , and vinyl bench seat . Notes : Equipped with a 289 cu in ( 4.7 L ) Windsor V8 and 4 - speed manual transmission . Restored car taken to a ranch to pay tribute to its farming roots . Sold at asking price . 142 7 1994 Mitsubishi 3000GT VR - 4 US $7,000 £ 5,000 US $6,500 £ 4,800 US $8,900 £ 6,700 US $12,000 £ 9,000 + US $3,100 + £ 2,300 16 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) N / A Work Completed : Lifter tick addressed by installing new lifters from later model 3000GT . Cylinder head gaskets and seals replaced . Passenger side hydraulic leak fixed with second - hand line to address the faulty active steering . Front seats refreshed by cleaning and dyeing to original creme colour . Faulty active exhaust fixed by lubricating the butterfly valve . Active aero wing switches replaced . Aftermarket boost gauge removed . Blow - off valve , gear lever and air filter replaced with stock Mitsubishi parts . Brass gear lever bushings installed to replace rubber ones . Aftermarket König wheels replaced with 1995 3000GT VR - 4 factory chrome wheels . Notes : Previous owner added numerous aftermarket parts . Brought back to near - original condition . Sold at asking price . 143 8 1965 Austin - Healey 3000 Mark III BJ8 Convertible US $40,000 £ 32,000 US $35,000 £ 28,000 US $44,535 £ 35,628 US $71,000 £ 56,800 + US $26,465 + £ 21,172 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) N / A Work Completed : Engine oil leak sorted by installing new cork gasket . Radiator recored and repainted . Custom stainless steel exhaust manifold fabricated to replace the factory cast iron ones . Exhaust system replaced with custom fabricated stainless steel side exit units with two mufflers instead of four . Dual SU carburettors replaced with triple Weber units . Non-working overdrive solenoid replaced . Black vinyl interior re-trimmed in red leather and new carpets installed . Dashboard veneer refurbished . Aftermarket luggage rack removed . Car cleaned and detailed . Notes : Restored car sold at a Barrett - Jackson Las Vegas auction for US $71,000 . Highest profit made on any car . Series 15 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Series 15 marks the second season of Anstead as the programme 's mechanic . No . # Vehicle Budget Purchase Price Final Cost After Restoration Final Selling Price Profit / Loss Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) 144 1969 Opel GT 1900 US $6,000 £ 4,500 US $6,000 £ 4,500 US $9,850 £ 7,000 US $13,500 £ 9,700 + US $3,650 £ 2,700 April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) N / A Work Completed : Notes : . 145 1988 Jeep Grand Wagoneer US $6,000 £ 4,500 US $4,500 £ 3,000 US $19,350 £ 13,800 US $26,500 £ 19,000 + US $7,150 £ 5,200 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) N / A Work Completed : New four - wheel - drive shift motor and vacuum bulbs . Full body respray from white to Dark Baltic Blue . Faux wood trim panels removed ; new wood pattern hand painted on body panels . New leaf springs , shock absorbers , sway bars , and steering arm and stabiliser . New tyres and reconditioned wheels . New speedometer gear to compensate for larger tyres . Interior and seats reupholstered . Exterior trim refurbished . Notes : 146 2004 Mini Cooper S MC40 US $6,000 £ 4,500 US $5,300 £ 4,100 US $7,890 £ 5,700 US $9,000 £ 7,500 + US $1,110 + £ 925 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) N / A Work Completed : Full 100,000 mile service , including new oxygen sensors , water pump , thermostat , coolant cap , ignition coil , HT leads , fuel filter , hoses , and serpentine belt . Supercharger reconditioned and cleaned . New left foglamp . New MC40 replica magnetic decals . New suspension dampers and springs . New tyres . Headliner reupholstered . Aftermarket projector headlamps and air intake system replaced with stock units . New rear badge . Notes : Purchased in Northern California . MC40 decals replicated by Sticky Fingers Design . Restored car taken to the Los Angeles River to pay homage to The Italian Job , then to a Mini meet in San Clemente , California . 147 1987 Alfa Romeo Spider Quadrifoglio US $8,900 £ US $7,000 £ 5,500 US $8,400 £ 6,000 US $10,000 £ 7,150 + US $1,600 + £ 1,150 May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) N / A Work Completed : Prop shaft repainted and reconditioned with new carrier bearing . Rear differential refurbished with new friction plates . New air conditioner compressor , belt , and dryer . Engine valve cover sandblasted and powdercoated in wrinkle red . Driver 's side window runner straightened . Replacement convertible softtop fabric installed . Notes : Car comes with rare detachable hardtop . Previous owner supplied new softtop fabric . Engine valve cover painted by Primo Powdercoating and Sandblasting . Sold at asking price . Special Episodes ( edit ) Season No . Special # Episode Title Original airdate UK viewers ( million ) 11 Archive Show 13 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) N / A 12 Best of the U.S. 18 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) N / A 12 Best of Series 12 26 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) N / A 13 Best of Series 13 Part 1 - U.S. 11 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) N / A 13 5 Best of Series 13 Part 2 23 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) N / A 14 6 The Best of Wheeler Dealers 29 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brewer , Mike . `` Mike Brewer and Edd China Q&A '' . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Guide to BMW Angel Eyes '' . Jump up ^ `` Micky Bray - Ford Pop - Pinball Wizard '' . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Dealers Episode Guide '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Maserati Shed '' . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Dealers Episode Guide '' . Discovery Networks . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Dealers Celebrates 100th Car '' . The Veloce Blog . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Dealers Season 12 Q and A '' . Discovery TV Youtube . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Velocity Announces Ant Anstead Joins Wheeler Dealers Alongside Mike Brewer '' . Discovery Networks . 2017 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Ford Escort RS Cosworth '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Supra '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Mustang Mach 1 '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Saab 96 '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge A100 Van '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Ranchero '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi 3000GT VR - 4 '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1965 Austin - Healey 3000 Mark III BJ8 Convertible - Lot # 645 '' . www.barrett-jackson.com . Barrett - Jackson Auction Company . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Austin - Healey 3000 MkIII '' . Discovery Networks . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Open GT 1900 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Jeep Grand Wagoneer '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Mini Cooper S MC40 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Alfa Romeo Spider Quadrifoglio '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wheeler_Dealers_episodes&oldid=843630046 '' Categories : Lists of British non-fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the latest series of wheeler dealers	[ "\n\nSeries\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n12\n7 October 2003 (2003-10-07)\n11 November 2003 (2003-11-11)\n\n\n\n2\n12\n10 August 2004 (2004-08-10)\n16 September 2004 (2004-09-16)\n\n\n\n3\n12\n23 August 2005 (2005-08-23)\n27 September 2005 (2005-09-27)\n\n\n\n4\n12\n29 August 2006 (2006-08-29)\n3 October 2006 (2006-10-03)\n\n\n\n5\n12\n28 October 2008 (2008-10-28)\n6 December 2008 (2008-12-06)\n\n\n\n6\n20\n5 May 2009 (2009-05-05)\n17 November 2009 (2009-11-17)\n\n\n\n7\n10\n4 May 2010 (2010-05-04)\n9 November 2010 (2010-11-09)\n\n\n\n8\n10\n5 April 2011 (2011-04-05)\n1 November 2011 (2011-11-01)\n\n\n\n9\n15\n20 March 2012 (2012-03-20)\n6 November 2012 (2012-11-06)\n\n\n\n10\n12\n19 February 2013 (2013-02-19)\n22 October 2013 (2013-10-22)\n\n\n\n11\n14\n17 March 2014 (2014-03-17)\n13 October 2014 (2014-10-13)\n\n\n\n12\n18\n23 March 2015 (2015-03-23)\n19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)\n\n\n\n13\n16\n9 May 2016 (2016-05-09)\n16 January 2017 (2017-01-16)\n\n\n\n14\n8\n4 October 2017 (2017-10-04)\n22 November 2017 (2017-11-22)\n\n\n\n15\n9\nApril 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)\nJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)\n\n" ]	[ "15" ]
7824800580067133773	Three-Point Contest	Three - Point contest - wikipedia Three - Point contest Jump to : navigation , search The Three - Point Contest ( officially named the JBL Three - Point Contest and previously named the Three - Point Shootout ) is a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) contest held on the Saturday before the annual All - Star Game as part of All - Star Weekend . From its introduction in 1986 to 2002 , and again from 2017 onward , eight participants were selected to participate in each season 's shootout . Between 2003 and 2016 , the contest was open to just six competitors . Devin Booker of the Phoenix Suns is the most recent winner of the event which was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 Prize money 3 Milestones 4 Winners 5 All - time participants 6 Records 7 Notes 8 References Rules ( edit ) In this contest , participants attempt to make as many three - point field goals as possible from five positions behind the three - point arc in one minute . Players begin shooting from one corner of the court , and move from station to station along the three point arc until they reach the other corner . At each shooting station is a rack with five basketballs . Out of the five balls , four are worth one point ( the standard orange Spalding game balls ) and the fifth one ( a red / white / blue ABA - style ball ; often nicknamed the `` money ball '' ) is worth two points . The goal of this contest is to score as many points as possible within one minute . A perfect score used to be 30 points . In the 2014 contest , a rack consisting only of `` money balls '' was added , and can be placed on any of the 5 spots of the player 's choice , bringing up the maximum possible score to 34 points . In the qualifying round , each player has a chance to score as many points as possible . The three players with the top scores advance to the finals . The final round is played in the same way as the qualifying round , but players shoot according to the ascending order of their first - round scores . In each round , the shots and the score are confirmed by the referee and the television instant replay system . The final round will be shot in reverse direction ( left to right corner for a left - handed shooter and vice versa ) . In the case of a tie , multiple extra rounds of 30 seconds ( 60 seconds in the final ) are played to determine the winner . Prize money ( edit ) Contestants compete for a total of $86,000 . The first - place winner receives $35,000 ; the second - place finisher receives $22,500 , and the third - place winner receives $15,000 . Finishers , from fourth to sixth place , receive $4,500 each . Milestones ( edit ) Larry Bird , the inaugural winner of this contest , and Craig Hodges have each won three consecutive times , while Mark Price , Jeff Hornacek , Peja Stojaković and Jason Kapono have each won two consecutive times . Craig Hodges holds the record for most shots made in one round ( 21 / 25 ) , as well as most consecutive shots made ( 19 ) . Devin Booker ( final round , 2018 ) holds the record with 28 points , albeit in the newer 34 - point format . Detlef Schrempf and Michael Jordan share the record for the fewest points scored in any round with five in 1988 and 1990 respectively . Kyrie Irving is the youngest player to win the contest at the age of 20 . Rimas Kurtinaitis is the only non-NBA player to participate in the contest . Dirk Nowitzki is the only 7 - foot player to win the contest . Winners ( edit ) Ray Allen won the contest in the 2000 -- 01 season while playing with the Milwaukee Bucks . Dirk Nowitzki won the contest in the 2005 -- 06 season . Players with multiple wins # Player First Place Second Place T - 1 Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges T - 1 Bird , Larry Larry Bird 0 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković T - 3 Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek 0 T - 3 Price , Mark Mark Price 0 T - 3 Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono 0 Jason Kapono won the contest in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 season while playing with the Toronto Raptors and Miami Heat . Denotes players who are still active * Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame Player ( # ) Denotes the number of times the player has won Team ( # ) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won Season Location Player Team Final score / max 1985 -- 86 Dallas , TX Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Boston Celtics 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 / 30 1986 -- 87 Seattle , WA Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 2 ) Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 / 30 1987 -- 88 Chicago , IL Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 3 ) Boston Celtics ( 3 ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 1988 -- 89 Houston , TX Ellis , Dale Dale Ellis Seattle SuperSonics 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 1989 -- 90 Miami , FL Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges Chicago Bulls 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 1990 -- 91 Charlotte , NC Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges ( 2 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 1991 -- 92 Orlando , FL Hodges , Craig Craig Hodges ( 3 ) Chicago Bulls ( 3 ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 / 30 1992 -- 93 Salt Lake City , UT Price , Mark Mark Price Cleveland Cavaliers 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 / 30 1993 -- 94 Minneapolis , MN Price , Mark Mark Price ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 / 30 1994 -- 95 Phoenix , AZ Rice , Glen Glen Rice Miami Heat 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 1995 -- 96 San Antonio , TX Legler , Tim Tim Legler Washington Bullets 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 / 30 1996 -- 97 Cleveland , OH Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr Chicago Bulls ( 4 ) 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 / 30 1997 -- 98 New York City , NY Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek Utah Jazz 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 / 30 1998 -- 99 Canceled due to the 1998 - 99 NBA lockout 1999 -- 00 Oakland , CA Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek ( 2 ) Utah Jazz ( 2 ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 / 30 2000 -- 01 Washington , D.C. Allen , Ray Ray Allen Milwaukee Bucks 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2001 -- 02 Philadelphia , PA Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković Sacramento Kings 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2002 -- 03 Atlanta , GA Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković ( 2 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2 ) 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 / 30 2003 -- 04 Los Angeles , CA Lenard , Voshon Voshon Lenard Denver Nuggets 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 / 30 2004 -- 05 Denver , CO Richardson , Quentin Quentin Richardson Phoenix Suns 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2005 -- 06 Houston , TX Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ Dallas Mavericks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 / 30 2006 -- 07 Las Vegas , NV Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono Miami Heat ( 2 ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 / 30 2007 -- 08 New Orleans , LA Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono ( 2 ) Toronto Raptors 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 / 30 2008 -- 09 Phoenix , AZ Cook , Daequan Daequan Cook Miami Heat ( 3 ) 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 / 30 2009 -- 10 Dallas , TX Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 / 30 2010 -- 11 Los Angeles , CA Jones , James James Jones Miami Heat ( 4 ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 / 30 2011 -- 12 Orlando , FL Love , Kevin Kevin Love ^ Minnesota Timberwolves 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 / 30 2012 -- 13 Houston , TX Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ Cleveland Cavaliers ( 3 ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 / 30 2013 -- 14 New Orleans , LA Belinelli , Marco Marco Belinelli ^ San Antonio Spurs 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 / 34 2014 -- 15 New York City - Brooklyn , NY Stephen Curry ^ Golden State Warriors 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 / 34 2015 -- 16 Toronto , ON Klay Thompson ^ Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 / 34 2016 -- 17 New Orleans , LA Eric Gordon ^ Houston Rockets 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 / 34 2017 -- 18 Los Angeles , CA Devin Booker ^ Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) 28 / 34 All - time participants ( edit ) Player ( in bold text ) Indicates the winner of the contest Player ( # ) Denotes the number of times the player has been in the contest Season Players 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird , Dale Ellis , Sleepy Floyd , Craig Hodges , Norm Nixon , Kyle Macy , Trent Tucker , Leon Wood 1986 -- 87 Danny Ainge , Larry Bird ( 2 ) , Michael Cooper , Dale Ellis ( 2 ) , Craig Hodges ( 2 ) , Detlef Schrempf , Byron Scott , Kiki Vandeweghe 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge ( 2 ) , Larry Bird ( 3 ) , Dale Ellis ( 3 ) , Craig Hodges ( 3 ) , Mark Price , Detlef Schrempf ( 2 ) , Byron Scott ( 2 ) , Trent Tucker ( 2 ) 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams , Danny Ainge ( 3 ) , Dale Ellis ( 4 ) , Derek Harper , Gerald Henderson , Craig Hodges ( 4 ) , Rimas Kurtinaitis , Reggie Miller , Jon Sundvold 1989 -- 90 Larry Bird ( 4 ) , Craig Ehlo , Bobby Hansen , Craig Hodges ( 5 ) , Michael Jordan , Reggie Miller ( 2 ) , Mark Price ( 2 ) , Jon Sundvold ( 2 ) 1990 -- 91 Danny Ainge ( 4 ) , Clyde Drexler , Tim Hardaway , Hersey Hawkins , Craig Hodges ( 6 ) , Terry Porter , Glen Rice , Dennis Scott 1991 -- 92 Dell Curry , Craig Ehlo ( 2 ) , Craig Hodges ( 7 ) , Jeff Hornacek , Jim Les , Dražen Petrović , Mitch Richmond , John Stockton 1992 -- 93 B.J. Armstrong , Dana Barros , Craig Hodges ( 8 ) , Dan Majerle , Reggie Miller ( 3 ) , Terry Porter ( 2 ) , Mark Price ( 3 ) , Kenny Smith 1993 -- 94 B.J. Armstrong ( 2 ) , Dana Barros ( 2 ) , Dell Curry ( 2 ) , Dale Ellis ( 5 ) , Steve Kerr , Eric Murdock , Mark Price ( 4 ) , Mitch Richmond ( 2 ) 1994 -- 95 Nick Anderson , Dana Barros ( 3 ) , Scott Burrell , Steve Kerr ( 2 ) , Dan Majerle ( 2 ) , Reggie Miller ( 4 ) , Chuck Person , Glen Rice ( 2 ) 1995 -- 96 Dana Barros ( 4 ) , Hubert Davis , Steve Kerr ( 3 ) , Tim Legler , George McCloud , Glen Rice ( 3 ) , Dennis Scott ( 2 ) , Clifford R. Robinson 1996 -- 97 Dale Ellis ( 6 ) , Steve Kerr ( 4 ) , Tim Legler ( 2 ) , Terry Mills , Sam Perkins , Glen Rice ( 4 ) , John Stockton ( 2 ) , Walt Williams 1997 -- 98 Hubert Davis ( 2 ) , Dale Ellis ( 7 ) , Jeff Hornacek ( 2 ) , Sam Mack , Reggie Miller ( 5 ) , Tracy Murray , Glen Rice ( 5 ) , Charlie Ward 1998 -- 99 Cancelled due to the 1998 - 99 NBA lockout 1999 -- 00 Ray Allen , Mike Bibby , Hubert Davis ( 3 ) , Jeff Hornacek ( 3 ) , Allen Iverson , Dirk Nowitzki , Terry Porter ( 3 ) , Bob Sura 2000 -- 01 Ray Allen ( 2 ) , Pat Garrity , Allan Houston , Rashard Lewis , Dirk Nowitzki ( 2 ) , Steve Nash , Bryon Russell , Peja Stojaković 2001 -- 02 Ray Allen ( 3 ) , Wesley Person , Mike Miller , Steve Nash ( 2 ) , Paul Pierce , Quentin Richardson , Steve Smith , Peja Stojaković ( 2 ) 2002 -- 03 Brent Barry , Pat Garrity ( 2 ) , Wesley Person ( 2 ) , Peja Stojaković ( 3 ) , Antoine Walker , David Wesley 2003 -- 04 Chauncey Billups , Kyle Korver , Voshon Lenard , Rashard Lewis ( 2 ) , Cuttino Mobley , Peja Stojaković ( 4 ) 2004 -- 05 Ray Allen ( 4 ) , Joe Johnson , Voshon Lenard ( 2 ) , Kyle Korver ( 2 ) , Vladimir Radmanović , Quentin Richardson ( 2 ) 2005 -- 06 Gilbert Arenas , Ray Allen ( 5 ) , Chauncey Billups ( 2 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 3 ) , Quentin Richardson ( 3 ) , Jason Terry 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas ( 2 ) , Damon Jones , Jason Kapono , Mike Miller ( 2 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 4 ) , Jason Terry ( 2 ) 2007 -- 08 Daniel Gibson , Richard Hamilton , Jason Kapono ( 2 ) , Steve Nash ( 3 ) , Dirk Nowitzki ( 5 ) , Peja Stojaković ( 5 ) 2008 -- 09 Mike Bibby ( 2 ) , Daequan Cook , Danny Granger , Jason Kapono ( 3 ) , Rashard Lewis ( 3 ) , Roger Mason 2009 -- 10 Chauncey Billups ( 3 ) , Daequan Cook ( 2 ) , Stephen Curry , Channing Frye , Danilo Gallinari , Paul Pierce ( 2 ) 2010 -- 11 Ray Allen ( 6 ) , Kevin Durant , Daniel Gibson ( 2 ) , James Jones , Paul Pierce ( 3 ) , Dorell Wright 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson , Mario Chalmers , James Jones ( 2 ) , Anthony Morrow , Kevin Love , Kevin Durant ( 2 ) 2012 -- 13 Ryan Anderson ( 2 ) , Matt Bonner , Stephen Curry ( 2 ) , Paul George , Kyrie Irving , Steve Novak 2013 -- 14 Arron Afflalo , Bradley Beal , Marco Belinelli , Stephen Curry ( 3 ) , Kyrie Irving ( 2 ) , Joe Johnson ( 2 ) , Damian Lillard , Kevin Love ( 2 ) 2014 -- 15 Marco Belinelli ( 2 ) , Stephen Curry ( 4 ) , James Harden , Kyrie Irving ( 3 ) , Kyle Korver ( 3 ) , Wesley Matthews , J.J. Redick , Klay Thompson 2015 -- 16 Devin Booker , Stephen Curry ( 5 ) , James Harden ( 2 ) , Kyle Lowry , Khris Middleton , J.J. Redick ( 2 ) , Klay Thompson ( 2 ) , C.J. McCollum 2016 -- 17 Klay Thompson ( 3 ) , C.J. McCollum ( 2 ) , Kyle Lowry ( 2 ) , Eric Gordon , Kyrie Irving ( 4 ) , Kemba Walker , Nick Young , Wesley Matthews ( 2 ) 2017 -- 18 Bradley Beal ( 2 ) , Devin Booker ( 2 ) , Wayne Ellington , Paul George ( 2 ) , Tobias Harris , Kyle Lowry ( 3 ) , Klay Thompson ( 4 ) , Eric Gordon ( 2 ) Records ( edit ) Sources : Most points in a round Player Score / Max Season Devin Booker 28 / 34 2018 Stephen Curry 27 / 34 2015 Klay Thompson 27 / 34 2016 Craig Hodges 25 / 30 1986 Jason Kapono 25 / 30 2008 Eric Gordon 25 / 34 2017 Klay Thompson 25 / 34 2018 Craig Hodges 24 / 30 1991 Mark Price 24 / 30 1994 Hubert Davis 24 / 30 1998 Jason Kapono 24 / 30 2007 Marco Belinelli 24 / 34 2014 Klay Thompson 24 / 34 2015 Minimum 24 Most points in the finals Player Score / Max Season Devin Booker 28 / 34 2018 Stephen Curry 27 / 34 2015 Klay Thompson 27 / 34 2016 Jason Kapono 25 / 30 2008 Klay Thompson 25 / 34 2018 Mark Price 24 / 30 1994 Jason Kapono 24 / 30 2007 Marco Belinelli 24 / 34 2014 Kyrie Irving 23 / 30 2013 Larry Bird 22 / 30 1986 Steve Kerr 22 / 30 1997 Peja Stojaković 21 / 30 Eric Gordon 21 / 34 2017 Tim Legler 20 / 30 Paul Pierce 20 / 30 James Jones 20 / 30 2011 Matt Bonner 20 / 30 2013 Minimum 20 Most shots made in one round ( max 25 ) Player Shots Season Craig Hodges 21 1991 Craig Hodges ≥ 20 1986 Mark Price 20 1994 Jason Kapono 20 2008 Kyrie Irving 20 2013 Stephen Curry 20 2015 Devin Booker 20 2018 Hubert Davis 19 1998 Jason Kapono 19 2007 Larry Bird 18 1986 Larry Bird 18 1988 Tim Legler 18 Tim Legler 18 Gilbert Arenas 18 2007 James Jones 18 2012 Marco Belinelli 18 2014 Klay Thompson 18 2016 Eric Gordon 18 2017 Klay Thompson 18 2018 Minimum 18 Most consecutive shots made ( max 25 ) Player Shots Season Craig Hodges 19 1991 Stephen Curry 13 2015 Larry Bird 11 1986 Hubert Davis 11 Stephen Curry 11 2016 Jason Kapono 10 2008 Ray Allen 10 2011 Kyrie Irving 10 2013 Dennis Scott 9 1991 Steve Kerr 9 1997 Kyle Korver 9 Minimum 9 Notes ( edit ) The 1999 All - Star Game was cancelled due to the 1998 -- 99 NBA lockout . Denote contests that required a tiebreaking round . The final score given here came from the tiebreaker . Starting with the 2014 Three - Point Contest , the format includes four extra `` money balls '' . C.J. McCollum was named as a replacement to Chris Bosh due to the latter being unable to participate in the event with a calf injury ( and later on , a blood clot in his leg ) . It is unknown how many of the five `` money balls '' Hodges hit during his round . References ( edit ) General `` Shootout All - Time Winners '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 2000 -- 08 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 1990 -- 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 1986 -- 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` Shootout Records '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . `` All - Star Game Contests '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Foot Locker Three - Point Contest '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Kapono Lights Up Saturday Night '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` East notes : Kapono taking shot at three - point crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game : Shootout '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Kapono To Defend Foot Locker Three - Point Shootout Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Basketball Handbook . AuthorHouse . p. 85 . ISBN 1425961908 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . p. 127 . ISBN 1434341933 . Jump up ^ Marco Belinelli wins the Three - Point Shootout after Bradley Beal 's comeback forces a playoff , Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billups Named As Participant in Foot Locker Three - Point Shootout '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All Star - 3 Point Shootout Contest '' . www.nba-allstar.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Kapono is Three - Point Champ '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout Records '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quentin Richardson Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout Round - by - Round Results : 2000 -- 08 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . National Basketball Association portal NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 Three - Point Contest winners 1986 : Bird 1987 : Bird 1988 : Bird 1989 : Ellis 1990 : Hodges 1991 : Hodges 1992 : Hodges 1993 : Price 1994 : Price 1995 : Rice 1996 : Legler 1997 : Kerr 1998 : Hornacek 2000 : Hornacek 2001 : Allen 2002 : Stojaković 2003 : Stojaković 2004 : Lenard 2005 : Richardson 2006 : Nowitzki 2007 : Kapono 2008 : Kapono 2009 : Cook 2010 : Pierce 2011 : Jones 2012 : Love 2013 : Irving 2014 : Belinelli 2015 : Curry 2016 : Thompson 2017 : Gordon 2018 : Booker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-Point_Contest&oldid=842303347 '' Categories : National Basketball Association All - Star Game National Basketball Association lists Recurring events established in 1986 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 15 : 49 . 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About Wikipedia	who won the 3-point shootout at the all star game	[ "\n\nSeason\nLocation\nPlayer\nTeam\nFinal score / max\n\n\n1985–86\nDallas, TX\nBird, LarryLarry Bird\nBoston Celtics\n7001220000000000000♠22 / 30\n\n\n1986–87\nSeattle, WA\nBird, LarryLarry Bird (2)\nBoston Celtics (2)\n7001160000000000000♠16 / 30\n\n\n1987–88\nChicago, IL\nBird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)\nBoston Celtics (3)\n7001170000000000000♠17 / 30\n\n\n1988–89\nHouston, TX\nEllis, DaleDale Ellis\nSeattle SuperSonics\n7001190000000000000♠19 / 30\n\n\n1989–90\nMiami, FL\nHodges, CraigCraig Hodges\nChicago Bulls\n7001190000000000000♠19 / 30\n\n\n1990–91\nCharlotte, NC\nHodges, CraigCraig Hodges (2)\nChicago Bulls (2)\n7001170000000000000♠17 / 30\n\n\n1991–92\nOrlando, FL\nHodges, CraigCraig Hodges (3)\nChicago Bulls (3)\n7001160000000000000♠16 / 30\n\n\n1992–93\nSalt Lake City, UT\nPrice, MarkMark Price\nCleveland Cavaliers\n7001180000000000000♠18 / 30\n\n\n1993–94\nMinneapolis, MN\nPrice, MarkMark Price (2)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2)\n7001240000000000000♠24 / 30\n\n\n1994–95\nPhoenix, AZ\nRice, GlenGlen Rice\nMiami Heat\n7001170000000000000♠17 / 30\n\n\n1995–96\nSan Antonio, TX\nLegler, TimTim Legler\nWashington Bullets\n7001200000000000000♠20 / 30\n\n\n1996–97\nCleveland, OH\nKerr, SteveSteve Kerr\nChicago Bulls (4)\n7001220000000000000♠22 / 30\n\n\n1997–98\nNew York City, NY\nHornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek\nUtah Jazz\n7001160000000000000♠16 / 30\n\n\n1998–99[a]\nCanceled due to the 1998-99 NBA lockout[a]\n\n\n1999–00\nOakland, CA\nHornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek (2)\nUtah Jazz (2)\n7001130000000000000♠13 / 30\n\n\n2000–01\nWashington, D.C.\nAllen, RayRay Allen\nMilwaukee Bucks\n7001190000000000000♠19 / 30\n\n\n2001–02\nPhiladelphia, PA\nStojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković\nSacramento Kings\n7001190000000000000♠19 / 30[b]\n\n\n2002–03\nAtlanta, GA\nStojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković (2)\nSacramento Kings (2)\n7001220000000000000♠22 / 30[b]\n\n\n2003–04\nLos Angeles, CA\nLenard, VoshonVoshon Lenard\nDenver Nuggets\n7001180000000000000♠18 / 30\n\n\n2004–05\nDenver, CO\nRichardson, QuentinQuentin Richardson\nPhoenix Suns\n7001190000000000000♠19 / 30\n\n\n2005–06\nHouston, TX\nNowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^\nDallas Mavericks\n7001180000000000000♠18 / 30\n\n\n2006–07[11]\nLas Vegas, NV\nKapono, JasonJason Kapono\nMiami Heat (2)\n7001240000000000000♠24 / 30\n\n\n2007–08[2]\nNew Orleans, LA\nKapono, JasonJason Kapono (2)\nToronto Raptors\n7001250000000000000♠25 / 30\n\n\n2008–09\nPhoenix, AZ\nCook, DaequanDaequan Cook\nMiami Heat (3)\n7001190000000000000♠19 / 30[b]\n\n\n2009–10\nDallas, TX\nPierce, PaulPaul Pierce\nBoston Celtics (4)\n7001200000000000000♠20 / 30\n\n\n2010–11\nLos Angeles, CA\nJones, JamesJames Jones\nMiami Heat (4)\n7001200000000000000♠20 / 30\n\n\n2011–12\nOrlando, FL\nLove, KevinKevin Love^\nMinnesota Timberwolves\n7001170000000000000♠17 / 30[b]\n\n\n2012–13\nHouston, TX\nIrving, KyrieKyrie Irving^\nCleveland Cavaliers (3)\n7001230000000000000♠23 / 30\n\n\n2013–14\nNew Orleans, LA\nBelinelli, MarcoMarco Belinelli^\nSan Antonio Spurs\n7001240000000000000♠24[b] / 34[c]\n\n\n2014–15\nNew York City - Brooklyn, NY\nStephen Curry^\nGolden State Warriors\n7001270000000000000♠27 / 34[c]\n\n\n2015–16\nToronto, ON\nKlay Thompson^\nGolden State Warriors (2)\n7001270000000000000♠27 / 34[c]\n\n\n2016–17\nNew Orleans, LA\nEric Gordon^\nHouston Rockets\n7001210000000000000♠21[b] / 34[c]\n\n\n2017–18\nLos Angeles, CA\nDevin Booker^\nPhoenix Suns (2)\n28 / 34[c]\n\n" ]	[ "Devin Booker" ]
-5734077127727298066	List of Animal Kingdom episodes	List of Animal Kingdom episodes - wikipedia List of Animal Kingdom episodes Jump to : navigation , search Animal Kingdom is an American drama television series developed by Jonathan Lisco , based on the 2010 Australian film by David Michôd . The series follows a 17 - year - old boy , who , after the death of his mother , moves in with the Codys , a criminal family clan governed by matriarch Janine `` Smurf '' Cody ( Ellen Barkin ) . Animal Kingdom debuted on TNT on June 14 , 2016 . On July 6 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season of thirteen episodes . On July 27 , 2017 , TNT renewed the series for a third season . As of August 29 , 2017 , 23 episodes of Animal Kingdom have aired , concluding the second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Wells Teleplay by : Jonathan Lisco June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 296038 / U11. 10042 1.31 After his mother , Julia , dies of an overdose , 17 - year - old Joshua `` J '' Cody phones his estranged grandmother , Janine , otherwise known as `` Smurf '' . She invites him to live in her lavish home in Oceanside , California , where J meets his uncles , Craig , Deran and their adopted brother , Barry `` Baz '' Brown . The Codys are surprised when their unstable eldest brother Pope returns unannounced from serving a six - year sentence for bank robbery . The brothers carry out a smash and grab robbery , accidentally injuring a security guard in the process . `` We Do n't Hurt People '' John Wells Jonathan Lisco June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) U13. 12352 1.10 The security guard , actually a moonlighting cop , dies from his injuries . Smurf creates discord when she makes the boys destroy the valuable watches they stole and tie up some loose ends . `` Stay Close , Stick Together '' Christopher Chulack Eliza Clark June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) U13. 12353 1.18 While Baz helps Craig recover from his gunshot wound , Pope and Deran take J on a side job behind Smurf 's back . `` Dead to Me '' Karen Gaviola Etan Frankel June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) U13. 12354 1.18 With the boys celebrating Pope 's birthday , Smurf manipulates them hoping that someone will confess to moonlighting . 5 5 `` Flesh Is Weak '' Christopher Chulack Megan Martin July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) U13. 12355 1.39 Deran stays away from home to deal with his demons . 6 6 `` Child Care '' Regina King Etan Frankel July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) U13. 12356 1.25 While the Codys plan their next job , Detective Sandra Yates puts more pressure on J 's teacher Alexa to get more information about the family 's illicit dealings . Craig faces the consequences of his actions with Ren . 7 7 `` Goddamn Animals '' Tim Southam Eliza Clark July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) U13. 12357 1.22 The boys throw a party while Smurf takes a secret trip to get some closure on her past . 8 8 `` Man In '' Larry Teng Megan Martin July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) U13. 12358 1.23 The Codys plan their biggest heist yet : to rob a shipment of cash passing through Camp Pendleton . Meanwhile , though Catherine has refused to help Detective Yates take down the family , she packs a bag for herself and Lena . Nicky tells J that she slept with Craig , which pushes J over the edge . 9 9 `` Judas Kiss '' Christopher Chulack John Wells August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) U13. 12359 1.32 Pope , Baz , Craig , and Deran enter the base ostensibly to play paintball , but sneak off . Following Baz 's plan , they switch a portion of the stored cash with fake bills , and stash what they have stolen in waste barrels to be transported off base . Meanwhile , Jay has agreed to talk to an aggressive Detective Yates , but is hesitant to implicate the rest of the family . Catherine steals money from a suspicious Smurf , who sends Pope to confront her . Realizing she is in danger , Catherine tries to seduce Pope , but he smothers her and then buries her body . 10 10 `` What Have You Done ? '' John Wells Jonathan Lisco August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) U13. 12360 1.51 While Pope and Smurf try to keep Baz from figuring out the truth about Catherine , the money from their Camp Pendleton heist comes through . But there are bigger problems within the Cody Gang . Jump up ^ The pilot episode was released online on June 1 , 2016 and shown on TNT after a basketball playoff game . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Eat What You Kill '' Christopher Chulack Jonathan Lisco May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) U13. 12551 1.19 A risky job goes wrong , the boys blame Smurf , and she is sidelined for all future jobs . Baz is still investigating the loss of Cath . 12 `` Karma '' Thomas Carter Eliza Clark June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) U13. 12552 1.05 Craig has a house fire , the boys case a church and Smurf is coming to terms with being cut out by her sons . 13 `` Bleed for It '' J. Michael Muro Megan Martin June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) U13. 12553 0.96 Deran interviews a new bartender while Craig hits on her . Craig later suggests that Deran bribe the inspector in order to get his liquor license . He wisely does not take the advice . Smurf and J go to the desert for a funeral and rob a diner on the way home . Pope goes to bible study at the church that the boys are planning to rob . Baz goes to Mexico to get supplies for the church heist . 14 `` Broken Boards '' Emmy Rossum Etan Frankel June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) U13. 12554 1.13 Smurf teaches J the economic side of the family business . Smurf undermines Baz by changing the codes on the family storage spaces and tries to convince him that he ca n't keep the boys in line . Baz gets the boys together to boost morale by jumping off an eight story crane . Deran has opening night at his new bar . 15 5 `` Forgive Us Our Trespasses '' Laura Innes T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) U13. 12555 1.17 16 6 `` Cry Havoc '' Larry Teng Jonathan Lisco July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) U13. 12556 1.17 17 7 `` Dig '' David Rodriguez Eliza Clark July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) U13. 12557 1.27 18 8 `` Grace '' Cherie Nowlan Megan Martin July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) U13. 12558 1.10 19 9 `` Custody '' Gary Goldman Etan Frankel August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) U13. 12559 1.21 20 10 `` Treasure '' Josef Wladyka T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) U13. 12560 1.20 21 11 `` The Leopard '' Michael Morris Eliza Clark August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) U13. 12561 1.16 22 12 `` You Will Be Gutted '' Larry Teng Jonathan Lisco August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) U13. 12562 1.22 23 13 `` Betrayal '' John Wells John Wells August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) U13. 12563 1.41 Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' June 14 , 2016 0.4 1.31 `` We Do n't Hurt People '' June 14 , 2016 0.4 1.10 `` Stay Close , Stuck Together '' June 21 , 2016 0.4 1.18 `` Dead to Me '' June 28 , 2016 0.4 1.18 5 `` Flesh Is Weak '' July 5 , 2016 0.5 1.39 6 `` Child Care '' July 12 , 2016 0.4 1.25 7 `` Goddamn Animals '' July 19 , 2016 0.4 1.22 8 `` Man In '' July 26 , 2016 0.4 1.23 9 `` Judas Kiss '' August 2 , 2016 0.4 1.32 10 `` What Have You Done ? '' August 9 , 2016 0.5 1.51 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eat What You Kill '' May 30 , 2017 0.4 1.19 0.5 1.20 0.9 2.39 `` Karma '' June 6 , 2017 0.4 1.05 0.4 1.16 0.8 2.21 `` Bleed for It '' June 13 , 2017 0.3 0.96 0.5 1.29 0.8 2.25 `` Broken Boards '' June 20 , 2017 0.3 1.13 0.5 1.25 0.8 2.38 5 `` Forgive Us Our Trespasses '' June 27 , 2017 0.4 1.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Cry Havoc '' July 11 , 2017 0.4 1.17 0.3 1.16 0.7 2.33 7 `` Dig '' July 18 , 2017 0.4 1.27 0.5 1.30 0.9 2.57 8 `` Grace '' July 25 , 2017 0.4 1.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Custody '' August 1 , 2017 0.4 1.21 0.4 1.31 0.8 2.52 10 `` Treasure '' August 8 , 2017 0.4 1.20 0.5 1.21 0.8 2.42 11 `` The Leopard '' August 15 , 2017 0.4 1.16 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` You Will Be Gutted '' August 22 , 2017 0.4 1.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Betrayal '' August 29 , 2017 0.4 1.41 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Animal Kingdom Gets Season 2 Premiere Date & Unveils First - Look Promo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' Angie Tribeca ' renewed at TNT and TBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` The best movies and TV shows coming to Amazon , iTunes , Hulu , and more in June '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Deadliest Catch rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . ( hhttp://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-29-2017.html `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' ) . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' quadruples in 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) List of Animal Kingdom episodes at TNT List of Animal Kingdom episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Animal_Kingdom_episodes&oldid=798084145 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 22 : 00 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in season 1 animal kingdom	[ "\n\n1\n10\nJune 14, 2016 (2016-06-14)\nAugust 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)\n" ]	[ "10" ]
-3002922506703931024	David Bowie	David Bowie - wikipedia David Bowie Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see David Bowie ( disambiguation ) . David Bowie Bowie in Tinley Park , Illinois , during the Heathen Tour , 2002 David Robert Jones ( 1947 - 01 - 08 ) 8 January 1947 Brixton , London , England 10 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) ( aged 69 ) New York City , U.S. Cause of death Liver cancer Resting place Ashes scattered in Bali Occupation Singer songwriter actor Years active 1962 -- 2006 , 2013 -- 2016 Spouse ( s ) Angie Barnett ( m . 1970 ; div. 1980 ) Iman ( m . 1992 ) Children 2 , including Duncan Jones Musical career Genres Art rock glam rock pop electronic experimental Instruments Vocals guitar keyboards saxophone Labels ISO RCA Virgin EMI Columbia Deram Mercury BMG Pye Vocalion Parlophone Ryko Associated acts Tony Visconti Carlos Alomar the Riot Squad Arnold Corns Tin Machine the Hype Queen Iggy Pop Arcade Fire Brian Eno Ryuichi Sakamoto Lou Reed Adrian Belew Mick Ronson Reeves Gabrels John Lennon Nine Inch Nails Mick Jagger Tina Turner Mott the Hoople Website www.davidbowie.com David Robert Jones ( 8 January 1947 -- 10 January 2016 ) , known professionally as David Bowie ( / ˈboʊi / ) , was an English singer - songwriter and actor . He was a leading figure in popular music for over five decades , acclaimed by critics and fellow musicians for his innovative work . His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation , his music and stagecraft significantly influencing popular music . During his lifetime , his record sales , estimated at 140 million albums worldwide , made him one of the world 's best - selling music artists . In the UK , he was awarded nine platinum album certifications , eleven gold and eight silver , releasing eleven number - one albums . In the US , he received five platinum and nine gold certifications . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 . Born in Brixton , South London , Bowie developed an interest in music as a child , eventually studying art , music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963 . `` Space Oddity '' became his first top - five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969 . After a period of experimentation , he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust . The character was spearheaded by the success of his single `` Starman '' and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars , which won him widespread popularity . In 1975 , Bowie 's style shifted radically towards a sound he characterised as `` plastic soul '' , initially alienating many of his UK devotees but garnering him his first major US crossover success with the number - one single `` Fame '' and the album Young Americans . In 1976 , Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth , directed by Nicolas Roeg , and released Station to Station . The following year , he further confounded musical expectations with the electronic - inflected album Low ( 1977 ) , the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno that would come to be known as the `` Berlin Trilogy '' . `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) and Lodger ( 1979 ) followed ; each album reached the UK top five and received lasting critical praise . After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s , Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single `` Ashes to Ashes '' , its parent album Scary Monsters ( And Super Creeps ) , and `` Under Pressure '' , a 1981 collaboration with Queen . He then reached his commercial peak in 1983 with Let 's Dance , with its title track topping both UK and US charts . Throughout the 1990s and 2000s , Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles , including industrial and jungle . He also continued acting ; his roles included Major Celliers in Merry Christmas , Mr. Lawrence ( 1983 ) , the Goblin King Jareth in Labyrinth ( 1986 ) , Pontius Pilate in The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) , and Nikola Tesla in The Prestige ( 2006 ) , among other film and television appearances and cameos . He stopped concert touring after 2004 and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006 . In 2013 , Bowie returned from a decade - long recording hiatus with the release of The Next Day . He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer two days after the release of his final album , Blackstar ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1962 -- 1967 : Early career to debut album 2.2 1968 -- 1971 : Space Oddity to Hunky Dory 2.3 1972 -- 1974 : Ziggy Stardust 2.4 1974 -- 1976 : `` Plastic soul '' and the Thin White Duke 2.5 1976 -- 1979 : Berlin era 2.6 1980 -- 1988 : New Romantic and pop era 2.7 1989 -- 1991 : Tin Machine 2.8 1992 -- 1998 : Electronic period 2.8. 1 Bowie Bonds 2.8. 2 BowieNet 2.9 1999 -- 2012 : Neoclassicist Bowie 2.10 2013 -- 2016 : Final years 3 Acting career 4 Musicianship 5 Painter and art collector 6 Personal life 6.1 Family 6.2 Sexuality 6.3 Spirituality and religion 6.4 Politics 7 Death 8 Legacy and influence 9 Awards and recognition 10 Discography 10.1 Studio albums 11 Filmography 11.1 Selected film roles 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Early life ( edit ) Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton , London . His mother , Margaret Mary `` Peggy '' ( née Burns ; 1913 -- 2001 ) , was born at Shorncliffe Army Camp near Cheriton , Kent . Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester . She worked as a waitress at a cinema in Royal Tunbridge Wells . His father , Haywood Stenton `` John '' Jones ( 1912 -- 1969 ) , was from Doncaster , which was then in the West Riding of Yorkshire , and worked as a promotions officer for the children 's charity Barnardo 's . The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road , near the border of the south London areas of Brixton and Stockwell . Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old , acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single - minded child -- and a defiant brawler . In 1953 , Bowie moved with his family to Bromley . Two years later , he started attending Burnt Ash Junior School . His voice was considered `` adequate '' by the school choir , and he demonstrated above - average abilities in playing the recorder . At the age of nine , his dancing during the newly - introduced music and movement classes was strikingly imaginative : teachers called his interpretations `` vividly artistic '' and his poise `` astonishing '' for a child . The same year , his interest in music was further stimulated when his father brought home a collection of American 45s by artists including the Teenagers , the Platters , Fats Domino , Elvis Presley , and Little Richard . Upon listening to Little Richard 's song `` Tutti Frutti '' , Bowie would later say that he had `` heard God '' . Presley 's impact on Bowie was likewise emphatic : `` I saw a cousin of mine dance to ' Hound Dog ' and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything . It really impressed me , the power of the music . I started getting records immediately after that . '' By the end of the following year , he had taken up the ukulele and tea - chest bass , begun to participate in skiffle sessions with friends , and had started to play the piano ; meanwhile , his stage presentation of numbers by both Presley and Chuck Berry -- complete with gyrations in tribute to the original artists -- to his local Wolf Cub group was described as `` mesmerizing ... like someone from another planet '' . After taking his eleven - plus exam at the conclusion of his Burnt Ash Junior education , Bowie went to Bromley Technical High School . It was an unusual technical school , as biographer Christopher Sandford wrote : Despite its status it was , by the time David arrived in 1958 , as rich in arcane ritual as any ( English ) public school . There were houses named after eighteenth - century statesmen like Pitt and Wilberforce . There was a uniform , and an elaborate system of rewards and punishments . There was also an accent on languages , science and particularly design , where a collegiate atmosphere flourished under the tutorship of Owen Frampton . In David 's account , Frampton led through force of personality , not intellect ; his colleagues at Bromley Tech were famous for neither , and yielded the school 's most gifted pupils to the arts , a regime so liberal that Frampton actively encouraged his own son , Peter , to pursue a musical career with David , a partnership briefly intact thirty years later . Bowie studied art , music , and design , including layout and typesetting . After his half - brother Terry Burns introduced him to modern jazz , his enthusiasm for players like Charles Mingus and John Coltrane led his mother to give him a Grafton saxophone in 1961 . He was soon receiving lessons from baritone saxophonist Ronnie Ross . He received a serious injury at school in 1962 when his friend George Underwood punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl . After a series of operations during a four - month hospitalisation , his doctors determined that the damage could not be fully repaired and Bowie was left with faulty depth perception and a permanently dilated pupil , which gave a false impression of a change in the iris ' colour ; the eye would later become one of Bowie 's most recognisable features . Despite their altercation , Bowie remained good friends with Underwood , who went on to create the artwork for Bowie 's early albums . Career ( edit ) 1962 -- 1967 : early career to debut album ( edit ) A trade ad of Bowie in 1967 In 1962 Bowie formed his first band at the age of 15 , named the Konrads . Playing guitar - based rock and roll at local youth gatherings and weddings , the Konrads had a varying line - up of between four and eight members , Underwood among them . When Bowie left the technical school the following year , he informed his parents of his intention to become a pop star . His mother promptly arranged his employment as an electrician 's mate . Frustrated by his bandmates ' limited aspirations , Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band , the King Bees . He wrote to the newly successful washing - machine entrepreneur John Bloom inviting him to `` do for us what Brian Epstein has done for the Beatles -- and make another million . '' Bloom did not respond to the offer , but his referral to Dick James ' partner Leslie Conn led to Bowie 's first personal management contract . Conn quickly began to promote Bowie . The singer 's debut single , `` Liza Jane '' , credited to Davie Jones and the King Bees , was not commercially successful . Dissatisfied with the King Bees and their repertoire of Howlin ' Wolf and Willie Dixon covers , Bowie quit the band less than a month later to join the Manish Boys , another blues outfit , who incorporated folk and soul -- `` I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger '' , Bowie was to recall . Their cover of Bobby Bland 's `` I Pity the Fool '' was no more successful than `` Liza Jane '' , and Bowie soon moved on again to join the Lower Third , a blues trio strongly influenced by The Who . `` You 've Got a Habit of Leaving '' fared no better , signaling the end of Conn 's contract . Declaring that he would exit the pop music world `` to study mime at Sadler 's Wells '' , Bowie nevertheless remained with the Lower Third . His new manager , Ralph Horton , later instrumental in his transition to solo artist , soon witnessed Bowie 's move to yet another group , the Buzz , yielding the singer 's fifth unsuccessful single release , `` Do Anything You Say '' . While with the Buzz , Bowie also joined the Riot Squad ; their recordings , which included one of Bowie 's original songs and material by The Velvet Underground , went unreleased . Ken Pitt , introduced by Horton , took over as Bowie 's manager . Dissatisfied with his stage name as Davy ( and Davie ) Jones , which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees , Bowie renamed himself after the 19th - century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised . His April 1967 solo single , `` The Laughing Gnome '' , using speeded - up thus high - pitched vocals , failed to chart . Released six weeks later , his album debut , David Bowie , an amalgam of pop , psychedelia , and music hall , met the same fate . It was his last release for two years . 1968 -- 1971 : Space Oddity to Hunky Dory ( edit ) Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre . He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image `` really blossomed '' . `` He lived on his emotions , he was a wonderful influence . His day - to - day life was the most theatrical thing I had ever seen , ever . It was everything I thought Bohemia probably was . I joined the circus . '' Studying the dramatic arts under Kemp , from avant - garde theatre and mime to commedia dell'arte , Bowie became immersed in the creation of personae to present to the world . Satirising life in a British prison , meanwhile , the Bowie - penned `` Over the Wall We Go '' became a 1967 single for Oscar ; another Bowie composition , `` Silly Boy Blue '' , was released by Billy Fury the following year . In January 1968 , Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play , The Pistol Shot , in the Theatre 625 series , and used Bowie with a dancer , Hermione Farthingale ; the pair began dating , and moved into a London flat together . Playing acoustic guitar , Farthingale formed a group with Bowie and guitarist John Hutchinson ; between September 1968 and early 1969 the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk , Merseybeat , poetry and mime . Bowie and Farthingale broke up in early 1969 when she went to Norway to take part in a film , Song of Norway ; this affected him , and several songs , such as `` Letter to Hermione '' and `` Life on Mars ? '' reference her , and for the video accompanying `` Where Are We Now ? '' , he wore a T - shirt with the words `` m / s Song of Norway '' . They were last together in January 1969 for the filming of Love You till Tuesday , a 30 - minute film that was not released until 1984 : intended as a promotional vehicle , it featured performances from Bowie 's repertoire , including `` Space Oddity '' , which had not been released when the film was made . After the break - up with Farthingale , Bowie moved in with Mary Finnigan as her lodger . During this period he appeared in a Lyons Maid ice cream commercial , and was rejected for another by Kit Kat . In February and March 1969 , he undertook a short tour with Marc Bolan 's duo Tyrannosaurus Rex , as third on the bill , performing a mime act . On 11 July 1969 , `` Space Oddity '' was released five days ahead of the Apollo 11 launch , and reached the top five in the UK . Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale , Bowie joined forces with Finnigan , Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street . Influenced by the Arts Lab movement , this developed into the Beckenham Arts Lab , and became extremely popular . The Arts Lab hosted a free festival in a local park , the subject of his song `` Memory of a Free Festival '' . Bowie 's second album followed in November ; originally issued in the UK as David Bowie , it caused some confusion with its predecessor of the same name , and the early US release was instead titled Man of Words / Man of Music ; it was reissued internationally in 1972 by RCA Records as Space Oddity . Featuring philosophical post-hippie lyrics on peace , love and morality , its acoustic folk rock occasionally fortified by harder rock , the album was not a commercial success at the time of its release . Bowie met Angela Barnett in April 1969 . They married within a year . Her impact on him was immediate , and her involvement in his career far - reaching , leaving manager Ken Pitt with limited influence which he found frustrating . Having established himself as a solo artist with `` Space Oddity '' , Bowie began to sense a lacking : `` a full - time band for gigs and recording -- people he could relate to personally '' . The shortcoming was underlined by his artistic rivalry with Marc Bolan , who was at the time acting as his session guitarist . A band was duly assembled . John Cambridge , a drummer Bowie met at the Arts Lab , was joined by Tony Visconti on bass and Mick Ronson on electric guitar . Known as the Hype , the bandmates created characters for themselves and wore elaborate costumes that prefigured the glam style of the Spiders from Mars . After a disastrous opening gig at the London Roundhouse , they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist . Their initial studio work was marred by a heated disagreement between Bowie and Cambridge over the latter 's drumming style . Matters came to a head when an enraged Bowie accused the drummer of the disturbance , exclaiming `` You 're fucking up my album . '' Cambridge summarily quit and was replaced by Mick Woodmansey . Not long after , the singer fired his manager and replaced him with Tony Defries . This resulted in years of litigation that concluded with Bowie having to pay Pitt compensation . The studio sessions continued and resulted in Bowie 's third album , The Man Who Sold the World ( 1970 ) , which contained references to schizophrenia , paranoia and delusion . Characterised by the heavy rock sound of his new backing band , it was a marked departure from the acoustic guitar and folk rock style established by Space Oddity . To promote it in the US , Mercury Records financed a coast - to - coast publicity tour across America in which Bowie , between January and February 1971 , was interviewed by radio stations and the media . Exploiting his androgynous appearance , the original cover of the UK version unveiled two months later depicted the singer wearing a dress : taking the garment with him , he wore it during interviews -- to the approval of critics , including Rolling Stone 's John Mendelsohn who described him as `` ravishing , almost disconcertingly reminiscent of Lauren Bacall '' -- and in the street , to mixed reaction including laughter and , in the case of one male pedestrian , producing a gun and telling Bowie to `` kiss my ass '' . During the tour , Bowie 's observation of two seminal American proto - punk artists led him to develop a concept that eventually found form in the Ziggy Stardust character : a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed , producing `` the ultimate pop idol '' . A girlfriend recalled his `` scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy '' , and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character `` who looks like he 's landed from Mars '' . The `` Stardust '' surname was a tribute to the `` Legendary Stardust Cowboy '' , whose record he was given during the tour . Bowie would later cover `` I Took a Trip on a Gemini Space Ship '' on 2002 's Heathen . Hunky Dory ( 1971 ) found Visconti , Bowie 's producer and bassist , supplanted in both roles by Ken Scott and Trevor Bolder respectively . The album saw the partial return of the fey pop singer of `` Space Oddity '' , with light fare such as `` Kooks '' , a song written for his son , Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones , born on 30 May . ( His parents chose `` his kooky name '' -- he was known as Zowie for the next 12 years -- after the Greek word zoe , life . ) Elsewhere , the album explored more serious subjects , and found Bowie paying unusually direct homage to his influences with `` Song for Bob Dylan '' , `` Andy Warhol '' , and `` Queen Bitch '' , a Velvet Underground pastiche . It was not a significant commercial success at the time . 1972 -- 1974 : Ziggy Stardust ( edit ) Bowie during the Ziggy Stardust Tour from 1972 -- 73 Dressed in a striking costume , his hair dyed reddish - brown , Bowie launched his Ziggy Stardust stage show with the Spiders from Mars -- Ronson , Bolder and Woodmansey -- at the Toby Jug pub in Tolworth on 10 February 1972 . The show was hugely popular , catapulting him to stardom as he toured the UK over the next six months and creating , as described by Buckley , a `` cult of Bowie '' that was `` unique -- its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom . '' The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars ( 1972 ) , combining the hard rock elements of The Man Who Sold the World with the lighter experimental rock and pop of Hunky Dory , was released in June . `` Starman '' , issued as an April single ahead of the album , was to cement Bowie 's UK breakthrough : both single and album charted rapidly following his July Top of the Pops performance of the song . The album , which remained in the chart for two years , was soon joined there by the 6 - month - old Hunky Dory . At the same time the non-album single `` John , I 'm Only Dancing '' , and `` All the Young Dudes '' , a song he wrote and produced for Mott the Hoople , were successful in the UK . The Ziggy Stardust Tour continued to the United States . Bowie contributed backing vocals to Lou Reed 's 1972 solo breakthrough Transformer , co-producing the album with Mick Ronson . The following year , Bowie co-produced and mixed The Stooges album Raw Power alongside Iggy Pop . His own Aladdin Sane ( 1973 ) topped the UK chart , his first number - one album . Described by Bowie as `` Ziggy goes to America '' , it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy tour , which now continued to Japan to promote the new album . Aladdin Sane spawned the UK top five singles `` The Jean Genie '' and `` Drive - In Saturday '' . Bowie 's love of acting led his total immersion in the characters he created for his music . `` Offstage I 'm a robot . Onstage I achieve emotion . It 's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David . '' With satisfaction came severe personal difficulties : acting the same role over an extended period , it became impossible for him to separate Ziggy Stardust -- and , later , the Thin White Duke -- from his own character offstage . Ziggy , Bowie said , `` would n't leave me alone for years . That was when it all started to go sour ... My whole personality was affected . It became very dangerous . I really did have doubts about my sanity . '' His later Ziggy shows , which included songs from both Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane , were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments , such as Bowie stripping down to a sumo wrestling loincloth or simulating oral sex with Ronson 's guitar . Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on - stage `` retirement '' at London 's Hammersmith Odeon on 3 July 1973 . Footage from the final show was released the same year for the film Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars . `` Ziggy Stardust '' Sample of `` Ziggy Stardust '' ( 1972 ) . A pioneer of glam rock , Bowie performed as the character Ziggy Stardust , backed by the Spiders from Mars . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After breaking up the Spiders from Mars , Bowie attempted to move on from his Ziggy persona . His back catalogue was now highly sought after : The Man Who Sold the World had been re-released in 1972 along with Space Oddity . `` Life on Mars ? '' , from Hunky Dory , was released in June 1973 and peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Entering the same chart in September , Bowie 's novelty record from 1967 , `` The Laughing Gnome '' , reached No. 6 . Pin Ups , a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites , followed in October , producing a UK No. 3 hit in his version of the McCoys 's `` Sorrow '' and itself peaking at number one , making David Bowie the best - selling act of 1973 in the UK . It brought the total number of Bowie albums concurrently on the UK chart to six . 1974 -- 1976 : `` plastic soul '' and the Thin White Duke ( edit ) Bowie filming a video for `` Rebel Rebel '' in 1974 Bowie moved to the US in 1974 , initially staying in New York City before settling in Los Angeles . Diamond Dogs ( 1974 ) , parts of which found him heading towards soul and funk , was the product of two distinct ideas : a musical based on a wild future in a post-apocalyptic city , and setting George Orwell 's 1984 to music . The album went to number one in the UK , spawning the hits `` Rebel Rebel '' and `` Diamond Dogs '' , and No. 5 in the US . To promote it , Bowie launched the Diamond Dogs Tour , visiting cities in North America between June and December 1974 . Choreographed by Toni Basil , and lavishly produced with theatrical special effects , the high - budget stage production was filmed by Alan Yentob . The resulting documentary , Cracked Actor , featured a pasty and emaciated Bowie : the tour coincided with the singer 's slide from heavy cocaine use into addiction , producing severe physical debilitation , paranoia and emotional problems . He later commented that the accompanying live album , David Live , ought to have been titled `` David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only in Theory '' . David Live nevertheless solidified Bowie 's status as a superstar , charting at No. 2 in the UK and No. 8 in the US . It also spawned a UK No. 10 hit in Bowie 's cover of Eddie Floyd 's `` Knock on Wood '' . After a break in Philadelphia , where Bowie recorded new material , the tour resumed with a new emphasis on soul . Bowie performing during Diamond Dogs Tour , 1974 The fruit of the Philadelphia recording sessions was Young Americans ( 1975 ) . Biographer Christopher Sandford writes , `` Over the years , most British rockers had tried , one way or another , to become black - by - extension . Few had succeeded as Bowie did now . '' The album 's sound , which the singer identified as `` plastic soul '' , constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees . Young Americans yielded Bowie 's first US number one , `` Fame '' , co-written with John Lennon , who contributed backing vocals , and Carlos Alomar . Lennon called Bowie 's work `` great , but it 's just rock'n'roll with lipstick on '' . Earning the distinction of being one of the first white artists to appear on the US variety show Soul Train , Bowie mimed `` Fame '' , as well as `` Golden Years '' , his November single , which was originally offered to Elvis Presley , who declined it . Young Americans was a commercial success in both the US and the UK , and a re-issue of the 1969 single `` Space Oddity '' became Bowie 's first number - one hit in the UK a few months after `` Fame '' achieved the same in the US . Despite his by now well established superstardom , Bowie , in the words of Sandford , `` for all his record sales ( over a million copies of Ziggy Stardust alone ) , existed essentially on loose change . '' In 1975 , in a move echoing Ken Pitt 's acrimonious dismissal five years earlier , Bowie fired his manager . At the culmination of the ensuing months - long legal dispute , he watched , as described by Sandford , `` millions of dollars of his future earnings being surrendered '' in what were `` uniquely generous terms for Defries '' , then `` shut himself up in West 20th Street , where for a week his howls could be heard through the locked attic door . '' Michael Lippman , Bowie 's lawyer during the negotiations , became his new manager ; Lippman in turn was awarded substantial compensation when Bowie fired him the following year . Bowie performing with Cher on the variety show Cher , 1975 Station to Station ( 1976 ) , produced by Bowie and Harry Maslin , introduced a new Bowie persona , `` The Thin White Duke '' of its title - track . Visually , the character was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton , the extraterrestrial being he portrayed in the film The Man Who Fell to Earth the same year . Developing the funk and soul of Young Americans , Station to Station 's synthesizer - heavy arrangements prefigured the krautrock - influenced music of his next releases . The extent to which drug addiction was now affecting Bowie was made public when Russell Harty interviewed the singer for his London Weekend Television talk show in anticipation of the album 's supporting tour . Shortly before the satellite - linked interview was scheduled to commence , the death of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco was announced . Bowie was asked to relinquish the satellite booking , to allow the Spanish Government to put out a live newsfeed . This he refused to do , and his interview went ahead . In the ensuing lengthy conversation with Harty , Bowie was incoherent and looked `` disconnected '' . His sanity -- by his own later admission -- had become twisted from cocaine ; he overdosed several times during the year , and was withering physically to an alarming degree . Station to Station 's January 1976 release was followed in February by a 31⁄2 - month - long concert tour of Europe and North America . Featuring a starkly lit set , the Isolar -- 1976 Tour with its iconic color newsprint Isolar concert program , highlighted songs from the album , including the dramatic and lengthy title track , the ballads `` Wild Is the Wind '' and `` Word on a Wing '' , and the funkier `` TVC 15 '' and `` Stay '' . The core band that coalesced to record this album and tour -- rhythm guitarist Carlos Alomar , bassist George Murray , and drummer Dennis Davis -- continued as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s . The tour was highly successful but mired in political controversy . Bowie was quoted in Stockholm as saying that `` Britain could benefit from a Fascist leader '' , and was detained by customs on the Russian / Polish border for possessing Nazi paraphernalia . Bowie as the Thin White Duke at Maple Leaf Gardens , Toronto , 1976 Matters came to a head in London in May in what became known as the `` Victoria Station incident '' . Arriving in an open - top Mercedes convertible , Bowie waved to the crowd in a gesture that some alleged was a Nazi salute , which was captured on camera and published in NME . Bowie said the photographer simply caught him in mid-wave . He later blamed his pro-fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his addictions and the character of the Thin White Duke . `` I was out of my mind , totally crazed . The main thing I was functioning on was mythology ... that whole thing about Hitler and Rightism ... I 'd discovered King Arthur '' . According to playwright Alan Franks , writing later in The Times , `` he was indeed ' deranged ' . He had some very bad experiences with hard drugs . '' Bowie 's cocaine addiction , which had motivated these controversies , had much to do with his time living in Los Angeles , a city which alienated him . Discussing his flirtations with fascism in a 1980 interview with NME , Bowie explained that Los Angeles was `` where it had all happened . The fucking place should be wiped off the face of the Earth . To be anything to do with rock and roll and go and live in Los Angeles is , I think , just heading for disaster . It really is . '' After recovering from addiction , Bowie apologized for these statements , and throughout the 1980s and ' 90s criticized racism in European politics and the American music industry . Nevertheless , Bowie 's comments on fascism , as well as Eric Clapton 's alcohol - fueled denunciations of Pakistani immigrants in 1976 , led to the establishment of Rock Against Racism . 1976 -- 1979 : Berlin era ( edit ) Main article : Berlin Trilogy Bowie moved to Switzerland in 1976 , purchasing a chalet in the hills to the north of Lake Geneva . In the new environment , his cocaine use decreased and he found time for other pursuits outside his musical career . He devoted more time to his painting , and produced a number of post-modernist pieces . When on tour , he took to sketching in a notebook , and photographing scenes for later reference . Visiting galleries in Geneva and the Brücke Museum in Berlin , Bowie became , in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford , `` a prolific producer and collector of contemporary art ... Not only did he become a well - known patron of expressionist art : locked in Clos des Mésanges he began an intensive self - improvement course in classical music and literature , and started work on an autobiography . '' Apartment building at 155 , Hauptstraße , Schöneberg , Berlin , where Bowie lived from 1976 to 1978 Before the end of 1976 , Bowie 's interest in the burgeoning German music scene , as well as his drug addiction , prompted him to move to West Berlin to clean up and revitalise his career . There he was often seen riding a bicycle between his apartment on Hauptstraße in Schöneberg and Hansa Tonstudio , the recording studio he used , located on Köthener Straße in Kreuzberg , near the Berlin Wall . While working with Brian Eno and sharing an apartment with Iggy Pop , he began to focus on minimalist , ambient music for the first of three albums , co-produced with Tony Visconti , that became known as his Berlin Trilogy . During the same period , Iggy Pop , with Bowie as a co-writer and musician , completed his solo album debut The Idiot and its follow - up Lust for Life , touring the UK , Europe , and the US in March and April 1977 . Bowie performing in Oslo , Norway , 1978 The album Low ( 1977 ) , partly influenced by the Krautrock sound of Kraftwerk and Neu ! , evinced a move away from narration in Bowie 's songwriting to a more abstract musical form in which lyrics were sporadic and optional . Although he completed the album in November 1976 , it took his unsettled record company another three months to release it . It received considerable negative criticism upon its release -- a release which RCA , anxious to maintain the established commercial momentum , did not welcome , and which Bowie 's former manager , Tony Defries , who still maintained a significant financial interest in the singer 's affairs , tried to prevent . Despite these forebodings , Low yielded the UK No. 3 single `` Sound and Vision '' , and its own performance surpassed that of Station to Station in the UK chart , where it reached No. 2 . Leading contemporary composer Philip Glass described Low as `` a work of genius '' in 1992 , when he used it as the basis for his Symphony No. 1 `` Low '' ; subsequently , Glass used Bowie 's next album as the basis for his 1996 Symphony No. 4 `` Heroes '' . Glass has praised Bowie 's gift for creating `` fairly complex pieces of music , masquerading as simple pieces '' . Also in 1977 , London released Starting Point , a ten - song LP containing releases from Bowie 's Deram period ( 1966 -- 67 ) . `` Heroes '' Sample of `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) . One of the ambient rock songs to emerge from Bowie 's Berlin Trilogy era , `` Heroes '' gained lasting popularity . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Echoing Low 's minimalist , instrumental approach , the second of the trilogy , `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) , incorporated pop and rock to a greater extent , seeing Bowie joined by guitarist Robert Fripp . Like Low , `` Heroes '' evinced the zeitgeist of the Cold War , symbolised by the divided city of Berlin . Incorporating ambient sounds from a variety of sources including white noise generators , synthesisers and koto , the album was another hit , reaching No. 3 in the UK . Its title - track , though only reaching No. 24 in the UK singles chart , gained lasting popularity , and within months had been released in both German and French . Towards the end of the year , Bowie performed the song for Marc Bolan 's television show Marc , and again two days later for Bing Crosby 's final CBS television Christmas special , when he joined Crosby in `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' , a version of `` The Little Drummer Boy '' with a new , contrapuntal verse . Five years later , the duet proved a worldwide seasonal hit , charting in the UK at No. 3 on Christmas Day , 1982 . After completing Low and `` Heroes '' , Bowie spent much of 1978 on the Isolar II world tour , bringing the music of the first two Berlin Trilogy albums to almost a million people during 70 concerts in 12 countries . By now he had broken his drug addiction ; biographer David Buckley writes that Isolar II was `` Bowie 's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage ... Without the oblivion that drugs had brought , he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends . '' Recordings from the tour made up the live album Stage , released the same year . The final piece in what Bowie called his `` triptych '' , Lodger ( 1979 ) , eschewed the minimalist , ambient nature of the other two , making a partial return to the drum - and guitar - based rock and pop of his pre-Berlin era . The result was a complex mixture of new wave and world music , in places incorporating Hijaz non-Western scales . Some tracks were composed using Eno and Peter Schmidt 's Oblique Strategies cards : `` Boys Keep Swinging '' entailed band members swapping instruments , `` Move On '' used the chords from Bowie 's early composition `` All the Young Dudes '' played backwards , and `` Red Money '' took backing tracks from `` Sister Midnight '' , a piece previously composed with Iggy Pop . The album was recorded in Switzerland . Ahead of its release , RCA 's Mel Ilberman stated , `` It would be fair to call it Bowie 's Sergeant Pepper ... a concept album that portrays the Lodger as a homeless wanderer , shunned and victimized by life 's pressures and technology . '' As described by biographer Christopher Sandford , `` The record dashed such high hopes with dubious choices , and production that spelt the end -- for fifteen years -- of Bowie 's partnership with Eno . '' Lodger reached No. 4 in the UK and No. 20 in the US , and yielded the UK hit singles `` Boys Keep Swinging '' and `` DJ '' . Towards the end of the year , Bowie and Angie initiated divorce proceedings , and after months of court battles the marriage was ended in early 1980 . 1980 -- 1988 : New Romantic and pop era ( edit ) Serious Moonlight Tour , 1983 Scary Monsters and Super Creeps ( 1980 ) produced the number - one hit `` Ashes to Ashes '' , featuring the textural work of guitar - synthesist Chuck Hammer and revisiting the character of Major Tom from `` Space Oddity '' . The song gave international exposure to the underground New Romantic movement when Bowie visited the London club `` Blitz '' -- the main New Romantic hangout -- to recruit several of the regulars ( including Steve Strange of the band Visage ) to act in the accompanying video , renowned as one of the most innovative of all time . While Scary Monsters used principles established by the Berlin albums , it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically . The album 's hard rock edge included conspicuous guitar contributions from Robert Fripp , Chuck Hammer and Pete Townshend . As `` Ashes to Ashes '' hit number one on the UK charts , Bowie opened a three - month run on Broadway on 24 September , starring as John Merrick in The Elephant Man . Bowie paired with Queen in 1981 for a one - off single release , `` Under Pressure '' . The duet was a hit , becoming Bowie 's third UK number - one single . Bowie was given the lead role in the BBC 's 1982 televised adaptation of Bertolt Brecht 's play Baal . Coinciding with its transmission , a five - track EP of songs from the play , recorded earlier in Berlin , was released as David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht 's Baal . In March 1982 , the month before Paul Schrader 's film Cat People came out , Bowie 's title song , `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' , was released as a single , becoming a minor US hit and entering the UK Top 30 . During the summer of 1982 , Bowie lived in Lausanne , Switzerland . There , he concentrated on writing and collaborating with Michael Finbarr Murphy , Diana Ross and Alan Murphy . The material remains unreleased in demo form . Bowie reached his peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with Let 's Dance . Co-produced by Chic 's Nile Rodgers , the album went platinum in both the UK and the US . Its three singles became Top 20 hits in both countries , where its title track reached number one . `` Modern Love '' and `` China Girl '' each made No. 2 in the UK , accompanied by a pair of `` absorbing '' promotional videos that biographer David Buckley said `` activated key archetypes in the pop world . ' Let 's Dance ' , with its little narrative surrounding the young Aborigine couple , targeted ' youth ' , and ' China Girl ' , with its bare - bummed ( and later partially censored ) beach lovemaking scene ( a homage to the film From Here to Eternity ) , was sufficiently sexually provocative to guarantee heavy rotation on MTV '' . Stevie Ray Vaughan was guest guitarist playing solo on `` Let 's Dance '' , although the video depicts Bowie miming this part . By 1983 , Bowie had emerged as one of the most important video artists of the day . Let 's Dance was followed by the Serious Moonlight Tour , during which Bowie was accompanied by guitarist Earl Slick and backing vocalists Frank and George Simms . The world tour lasted six months and was extremely popular . '' At the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards Bowie received two awards including the inaugural Video Vanguard Award . Bowie performing during the Glass Spider Tour , 1987 Tonight ( 1984 ) , another dance - oriented album , found Bowie collaborating with Tina Turner and , once again , Iggy Pop . It included a number of cover songs , among them the 1966 Beach Boys hit `` God Only Knows '' . The album bore the transatlantic Top 10 hit `` Blue Jean '' , itself the inspiration for a short film that won Bowie a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video , Jazzin ' for Blue Jean . Bowie performed at Wembley Stadium in 1985 for Live Aid , a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief . During the event , the video for a fundraising single was premiered , Bowie 's duet with Mick Jagger . `` Dancing in the Street '' quickly went to number one on release . The same year , Bowie worked with the Pat Metheny Group to record `` This Is Not America '' for the soundtrack of The Falcon and the Snowman . Released as a single , the song became a Top 40 hit in the UK and US . Bowie was given a role in the 1986 film Absolute Beginners . It was poorly received by critics , but Bowie 's theme song , also named `` Absolute Beginners '' , rose to No. 2 in the UK charts . He also appeared as Jareth , the Goblin King , in the 1986 Jim Henson film Labyrinth , for which he wrote five songs . His final solo album of the decade was 1987 's Never Let Me Down , where he ditched the light sound of his previous two albums , instead offering harder rock with an industrial / techno dance edge . Peaking at No. 6 in the UK , the album yielded the hits `` Day - In , Day - Out '' ( his 60th single ) , `` Time Will Crawl '' and `` Never Let Me Down '' . Bowie later described it as his `` nadir '' , calling it `` an awful album '' . Supporting Never Let Me Down , and preceded by nine promotional press shows , the 86 - concert Glass Spider Tour commenced on 30 May . Bowie 's backing band included Peter Frampton on lead guitar . Contemporary critics maligned the tour as overproduced , saying it pandered to the current stadium rock trends in its special effects and dancing , although years after the tour 's conclusion , critics acknowledged that the tour influenced how other artists performed concerts , including Britney Spears , Madonna , and U2 . 1989 -- 1991 : Tin Machine ( edit ) Bowie shelved his solo career in 1989 , retreating to the relative anonymity of band membership for the first time since the early 1970s . A hard - rocking quartet , Tin Machine came into being after Bowie began to work experimentally with guitarist Reeves Gabrels . The line - up was completed by Tony and Hunt Sales , whom Bowie had known since the late 1970s for their contribution , on bass and drums respectively , to Iggy Pop 's 1977 album Lust For Life . Bowie in Chile during the Sound + Vision Tour , 1990 Although he intended Tin Machine to operate as a democracy , Bowie dominated , both in songwriting and in decision - making . The band 's album debut , Tin Machine ( 1989 ) , was initially popular , though its politicised lyrics did not find universal approval : Bowie described one song as `` a simplistic , naive , radical , laying - it - down about the emergence of Neo-Nazis '' ; in the view of biographer Christopher Sandford , `` It took nerve to denounce drugs , fascism and TV ... in terms that reached the literary level of a comic book . '' EMI complained of `` lyrics that preach '' as well as `` repetitive tunes '' and `` minimalist or no production '' . The album nevertheless reached No. 3 and went gold in the UK . Tin Machine 's first world tour was a commercial success , but there was growing reluctance -- among fans and critics alike -- to accept Bowie 's presentation as merely a band member . A series of Tin Machine singles failed to chart , and Bowie , after a disagreement with EMI , left the label . Like his audience and his critics , Bowie himself became increasingly disaffected with his role as just one member of a band . Tin Machine began work on a second album , but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work . Performing his early hits during the seven - month Sound + Vision Tour , he found commercial success and acclaim once again . In October 1990 , a decade after his divorce from Angie , Bowie and Somali - born supermodel Iman were introduced by a mutual friend . Bowie recalled , `` I was naming the children the night we met ... it was absolutely immediate . '' They married in 1992 . Tin Machine resumed work the same month , but their audience and critics , ultimately left disappointed by the first album , showed little interest in a second . Tin Machine II 's arrival was marked by a widely publicised and ill - timed conflict over the cover art : after production had begun , the new record label , Victory , deemed the depiction of four ancient nude Kouroi statues , judged by Bowie to be `` in exquisite taste '' , `` a show of wrong , obscene images '' , requiring air - brushing and patching to render the figures sexless . Tin Machine toured again , but after the live album Tin Machine Live : Oy Vey , Baby failed commercially , the band drifted apart , and Bowie , though he continued to collaborate with Gabrels , resumed his solo career . 1992 -- 1998 : electronic period ( edit ) On 20 April 1992 , Bowie appeared at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , following the Queen singer 's death the previous year . As well as performing `` Heroes '' and `` All the Young Dudes '' , he was joined on `` Under Pressure '' by Annie Lennox , who took Mercury 's vocal part ; during his appearance , Bowie knelt and recited the Lord 's Prayer at Wembley Stadium . Four days later , Bowie and Iman were married in Switzerland . Intending to move to Los Angeles , they flew in to search for a suitable property , but found themselves confined to their hotel , under curfew : the 1992 Los Angeles riots began the day they arrived . They settled in New York instead . Bowie performing in Turku , Finland , 1997 In 1993 , Bowie released his first solo offering since his Tin Machine departure , the soul , jazz and hip - hop influenced Black Tie White Noise . Making prominent use of electronic instruments , the album , which reunited Bowie with Let 's Dance producer Nile Rodgers , confirmed Bowie 's return to popularity , hitting the number - one spot on the UK charts and spawning three Top 40 hits , including the Top 10 single `` Jump They Say '' . Bowie explored new directions on The Buddha of Suburbia ( 1993 ) , ostensibly a soundtrack album of his music composed for the BBC television adaptation of Hanif Kureishi 's novel . Only the title track had been used in the television adaptation , although some of his themes for it were also present on the album . It contained some of the new elements introduced in Black Tie White Noise , and also signalled a move towards alternative rock . The album was a critical success but received a low - key release and only made No. 87 in the UK charts . Reuniting Bowie with Eno , the quasi-industrial Outside ( 1995 ) was originally conceived as the first volume in a non-linear narrative of art and murder . Featuring characters from a short story written by Bowie , the album achieved UK and US chart success , and yielded three Top 40 UK singles . In a move that provoked mixed reaction from both fans and critics , Bowie chose Nine Inch Nails as his tour partner for the Outside Tour . Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February 1996 , the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie 's guitarist . On 7 January 1997 , Bowie celebrated his half century with a 50th birthday concert at Madison Square Garden , New York , at which he was joined in playing his songs and those of his guests , Lou Reed , Dave Grohl and the Foo Fighters , Robert Smith of the Cure , Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins , Black Francis of the Pixies and Sonic Youth . Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996 . Incorporating experiments in British jungle and drum ' n ' bass , Earthling ( 1997 ) was a critical and commercial success in the UK and the US , and two singles from the album -- `` Little Wonder '' and `` Dead Man Walking '' -- became UK Top 40 hits . Bowie 's song `` I 'm Afraid of Americans '' from the Paul Verhoeven film Showgirls was re-recorded for the album , and remixed by Trent Reznor for a single release . The heavy rotation of the accompanying video , also featuring Trent Reznor , contributed to the song 's 16 - week stay in the US Billboard Hot 100 . Bowie received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 12 February 1997 . The Earthling Tour took in Europe and North America between June and November 1997 . In November 1997 , Bowie performed on the BBC 's Children in Need charity single `` Perfect Day '' , which reached number one in the UK . Bowie reunited with Visconti in 1998 to record `` ( Safe in This ) Sky Life '' for The Rugrats Movie . Although the track was edited out of the final cut , it was later re-recorded and released as `` Safe '' on the B - side of Bowie 's 2002 single `` Everyone Says ' Hi ' '' . The reunion led to other collaborations including a limited - edition single release version of Placebo 's track `` Without You I 'm Nothing '' , co-produced by Visconti , with Bowie 's harmonised vocal added to the original recording . Bowie bonds ( edit ) Bowie Bonds , an early example of celebrity bonds , were asset - backed securities of current and future revenues of the 25 albums ( 287 songs ) that Bowie recorded before 1990 . Bowie Bonds were pioneered by rock and roll investment banker David Pullman . Issued in 1997 , the bonds were bought for US $55 million by the Prudential Insurance Company of America . The bonds paid an interest rate of 7.9 % and had an average life of ten years , a higher rate of return than a 10 - year Treasury note ( at the time , 6.37 % ) . Royalties from the 25 albums generated the cash flow that secured the bonds ' interest payments . Prudential also received guarantees from Bowie 's label , EMI Records , which had recently signed a $30 m deal with Bowie . By forfeiting ten years worth of royalties , Bowie received a payment of US $55 million up front . Bowie used this income to buy songs owned by his former manager . Bowie 's combined catalogue of albums covered by this agreement sold more than 1 million copies annually at the time of the agreement . By March 2004 , Moody 's Investors Service lowered the bonds from an A3 rating ( the seventh highest rating ) to Baa3 , one notch above junk status . The downgrade was prompted by lower - than - expected revenue `` due to weakness in sales for recorded music '' and that an unnamed company guaranteed the issue . Nonetheless , the bonds liquidated in 2007 as originally planned , without default , and the rights to the income from the songs reverted to Bowie . BowieNet ( edit ) In September 1998 , Bowie launched an Internet service provider , BowieNet , developed in conjunction with Robert Goodale and Ron Roy . Subscribers to the dial - up service were offered exclusive content , as well as a BowieNet email address and Internet access . The service was closed by 2006 . 1999 -- 2012 : neoclassicist Bowie ( edit ) Bowie on stage with Sterling Campbell during the Heathen Tour , 2002 Bowie , with Reeves Gabrels , created the soundtrack for Omikron : The Nomad Soul , a 1999 computer game in which he and Iman also voiced characters based on their likenesses . Released the same year and containing re-recorded tracks from Omikron , his album Hours featured a song with lyrics by the winner of his `` Cyber Song Contest '' Internet competition , Alex Grant . Making extensive use of live instruments , the album was Bowie 's exit from heavy electronica . Sessions for the planned album Toy , intended to feature new versions of some of Bowie 's earliest pieces as well as three new songs , commenced in 2000 , but the album was never released . Bowie and Visconti continued their collaboration , producing a new album of completely original songs instead : the result of the sessions was the 2002 album Heathen . On 25 June 2000 , Bowie made his second appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in England , playing 30 years after his first . On 27 June , Bowie performed a concert at BBC Radio Theatre in London , which was released in the compilation album Bowie at the Beeb , which also featured BBC recording sessions from 1968 to 1972 . Bowie and Iman 's daughter was born on 15 August . In October 2001 , Bowie opened the Concert for New York City , a charity event to benefit the victims of the September 11 attacks , with a minimalist performance of Simon & Garfunkel 's `` America '' , followed by a full band performance of `` Heroes '' . 2002 saw the release of Heathen , and , during the second half of the year , the Heathen Tour . Taking place in Europe and North America , the tour opened at London 's annual Meltdown festival , for which Bowie was that year appointed artistic director . Among the acts he selected for the festival were Philip Glass , Television and the Dandy Warhols . As well as songs from the new album , the tour featured material from Bowie 's Low era . Reality ( 2003 ) followed , and its accompanying world tour , the A Reality Tour , with an estimated attendance of 722,000 , grossed more than any other in 2004 . Onstage in Oslo , Norway , on 18 June , Bowie was hit in the eye with a lollipop thrown by a fan ; a week later he suffered chest pain while performing at the Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel , Germany . Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder , the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked coronary artery , requiring an emergency angioplasty in Hamburg . The remaining 14 dates of the tour were cancelled . That same year , his interest in Buddhism led him to support the Tibetan cause by performing at a concert to support the New York Tibet House . Bowie with his son Duncan Jones at the premiere of Jones ' directorial debut Moon , 2009 In the years following his recuperation from the heart attack , Bowie reduced his musical output , making only one - off appearances on stage and in the studio . He sang in a duet of his 1971 song `` Changes '' with Butterfly Boucher for the 2004 animated film Shrek 2 . During a relatively quiet 2005 , he recorded the vocals for the song `` ( She Can ) Do That '' , co-written with Brian Transeau , for the film Stealth . He returned to the stage on 8 September 2005 , appearing with Arcade Fire for the US nationally televised event Fashion Rocks , and performed with the Canadian band for the second time a week later during the CMJ Music Marathon . He contributed backing vocals on TV on the Radio 's song `` Province '' for their album Return to Cookie Mountain , made a commercial with Snoop Dogg for XM Satellite Radio and joined with Lou Reed on Danish alt - rockers Kashmir 's 2005 album No Balance Palace . Bowie was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award on 8 February 2006 . In April , he announced , `` I 'm taking a year off -- no touring , no albums . '' He made a surprise guest appearance at David Gilmour 's 29 May concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London . The event was recorded , and a selection of songs on which he had contributed joint vocals were subsequently released . He performed again in November , alongside Alicia Keys , at the Black Ball , a benefit event for Keep a Child Alive at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York . The performance marked the last time Bowie performed his music on stage . Bowie was chosen to curate the 2007 High Line Festival , selecting musicians and artists for the Manhattan event , including electronic pop duo AIR , surrealist photographer Claude Cahun and English comedian Ricky Gervais . Bowie performed on Scarlett Johansson 's 2008 album of Tom Waits covers , Anywhere I Lay My Head . On the 40th anniversary of the July 1969 moon landing -- and Bowie 's accompanying commercial breakthrough with `` Space Oddity '' -- EMI released the individual tracks from the original eight - track studio recording of the song , in a 2009 contest inviting members of the public to create a remix . A Reality Tour , a double album of live material from the 2003 concert tour , was released in January 2010 . In late March 2011 , Toy , Bowie 's previously unreleased album from 2001 , was leaked onto the internet , containing material used for Heathen and most of its single B - sides , as well as unheard new versions of his early back catalogue . 2013 -- 2016 : final years ( edit ) On 8 January 2013 , his 66th birthday , his website announced a new album , to be titled The Next Day and scheduled for release 8 March for Australia , 12 March for the United States and 11 March for the rest of the world . Bowie 's first studio album in a decade , The Next Day contains 14 songs plus 3 bonus tracks . His website acknowledged the length of his hiatus . Record producer Tony Visconti said 29 tracks were recorded for the album , some of which could appear on Bowie 's next record , which he might start work on later in 2013 . The announcement was accompanied by the immediate release of a single , `` Where Are We Now ? '' , written and recorded by Bowie in New York and produced by longtime collaborator Visconti . A music video for `` Where Are We Now ? '' was released onto Vimeo the same day , directed by New York artist Tony Oursler . The single topped the UK iTunes Chart within hours of its release , and debuted in the UK Singles Chart at No. 6 , his first single to enter the Top 10 for two decades ( since `` Jump They Say '' in 1993 ) . A second video , `` The Stars ( Are Out Tonight ) '' , was released 25 February . Directed by Floria Sigismondi , it stars Bowie and Tilda Swinton as a married couple . On 1 March , the album was made available to stream for free through iTunes . The Next Day debuted at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart , was his first album to achieve that position since Black Tie White Noise ( 1993 ) , and was the fastest - selling album of 2013 at the time . The music video for the song `` The Next Day '' created some controversy , initially being removed from YouTube for terms - of - service violation , then restored with a warning recommending viewing only by those 18 or over . According to The Times , Bowie ruled out ever giving an interview again . An exhibition of Bowie artefacts , called `` David Bowie Is '' , was organised by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , and shown there in 2013 . The London exhibit was visited by 311,956 people , making it one of the most successful exhibitions ever staged at the museum . Later that year the exhibition began a world tour , starting in Toronto and including stops in Chicago , Paris , Melbourne , and Groningen . Bowie was featured in a cameo vocal in the Arcade Fire song `` Reflektor '' . A poll carried out by BBC History Magazine , in October 2013 , named Bowie as the best - dressed Briton in history . At the 2014 Brit Awards on 19 February , Bowie became the oldest recipient of a Brit Award in the ceremony 's history when he won the award for Best British Male , which was collected on his behalf by Kate Moss . His speech read : `` I 'm completely delighted to have a Brit for being the best male -- but I am , are n't I Kate ? Yes . I think it 's a great way to end the day . Thank you very , very much and Scotland stay with us . '' Bowie 's reference to the forthcoming September 2014 Scottish independence referendum garnered a significant reaction throughout the UK on social media . On 18 July , Bowie indicated that future music would be forthcoming , though he was vague about details . New information was released in September 2014 regarding his next compilation album , Nothing Has Changed , which was released in November . The album featured rare tracks and old material from his catalogue in addition to a new song titled `` Sue ( Or in a Season of Crime ) '' . In May 2015 , `` Let 's Dance '' was announced to be reissued as a yellow vinyl single on 16 July 2015 in conjunction with the `` David Bowie is '' exhibition at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image in Melbourne , Australia . In August 2015 , it was announced that Bowie was writing songs for a Broadway musical based on the SpongeBob SquarePants cartoon series . Bowie wrote and recorded the opening title song to the television series The Last Panthers , which aired in November 2015 . The theme that was used for The Last Panthers was also the title track for his January 2016 release Blackstar which is said to take cues from his earlier krautrock influenced work . According to The Times : `` Blackstar may be the oddest work yet from Bowie '' . On 7 December 2015 , Bowie 's musical Lazarus debuted in New York . His last public appearance was at opening night of the production . Blackstar was released on 8 January 2016 , Bowie 's 69th birthday , and was met with critical acclaim . Following his death on 10 January , producer Tony Visconti revealed that Bowie had planned the album to be his swan song , and a `` parting gift '' for his fans before his death . Several reporters and critics subsequently noted that most of the lyrics on the album seem to revolve around his impending death , with CNN noting that the album `` reveals a man who appears to be grappling with his own mortality '' . Visconti later said that Bowie had been planning a post-Blackstar album , and had written and recorded demo versions of five songs in his final weeks , suggesting that Bowie believed he had a few months left . The day following his death , online viewing of Bowie 's music skyrocketed , breaking the record for Vevo 's most viewed artist in a single day . On 15 January , Blackstar debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart ; nineteen of his albums were in the UK Top 100 Albums Chart , and thirteen singles were in the UK Top 100 Singles Chart . Blackstar also debuted at number one on album charts around the world , including Australia , France , Germany , Italy , New Zealand and the US Billboard 200 . As of 11 January 2016 , more than 1.3 million people had visited the `` David Bowie Is '' exhibition , making it the most successful exhibition ever staged by the Victoria and Albert Museum in terms of worldwide attendance . The museum stated that the exhibition would continue to tour , with confirmed travel to Japan in 2017 . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards , Bowie won all five nominated awards : Best Rock Performance ; Best Alternative Music Album ; Best Engineered Album , Non-Classical ; Best Recording Package ; and Best Rock Song . The wins marked Bowie 's first ever in musical categories . An EP , No Plan , was released on 8 January 2017 , which would have been Bowie 's 70th birthday . Apart from `` Lazarus '' , the EP includes three songs that Bowie had recorded during the Blackstar sessions , but were left off the album and subsequently appeared on the soundtrack album for the Lazarus musical in October 2016 . A music video for the title track was also released . Since January 2016 , Bowie has sold 5 million units in the United Kingdom alone . Acting career ( edit ) The beginnings of Bowie 's acting career predate his commercial breakthrough as a musician . Studying avant - garde theatre and mime under Lindsay Kemp , he was given the role of Cloud in Kemp 's 1967 theatrical production Pierrot in Turquoise ( later made into the 1970 television film The Looking Glass Murders ) . In the black - and - white short The Image ( 1969 ) , he played a ghostly boy who emerges from a troubled artist 's painting to haunt him . The same year , the film of Leslie Thomas 's 1966 comic novel The Virgin Soldiers saw Bowie make a brief appearance as an extra . In 1976 he earned acclaim for his first major film role , portraying Thomas Jerome Newton , an alien from a dying planet , in The Man Who Fell to Earth , directed by Nicolas Roeg . Just a Gigolo ( 1979 ) , an Anglo - German co-production directed by David Hemmings , saw Bowie in the lead role as Prussian officer Paul von Przygodski , who , returning from World War I , is discovered by a Baroness ( Marlene Dietrich ) and put into her Gigolo Stable . Bowie 's costume from Labyrinth at the Museum of Pop Culture , Seattle Bowie played Joseph Merrick in the Broadway theatre production The Elephant Man , which he undertook wearing no stage make - up , and which earned high praise for his expressive performance . He played the part 157 times between 1980 and 1981 . Christiane F . -- We Children from Bahnhof Zoo , a 1981 biographical film focusing on a young girl 's drug addiction in West Berlin , featured Bowie in a cameo appearance as himself at a concert in Germany . Its soundtrack album , Christiane F. ( 1981 ) , featured much material from his Berlin Trilogy albums . Bowie starred in The Hunger ( 1983 ) , with Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon . In Nagisa Oshima 's film the same year , Merry Christmas , Mr. Lawrence , based on Laurens van der Post 's novel The Seed and the Sower , Bowie played Major Jack Celliers , a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp . Bowie had a cameo in Yellowbeard , a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members , and a small part as Colin , the hitman in the 1985 film Into the Night . He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) . Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) , a rock musical film adapted from Colin MacInnes ' book of the same name about life in late 1950s London , featured Bowie 's music and presented him with a minor acting role . The same year , Jim Henson 's dark fantasy Labyrinth found him with the part of Jareth , the king of the goblins . Two years later , he played Pontius Pilate in Martin Scorsese 's 1988 film The Last Temptation of Christ . Bowie portrayed a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite Rosanna Arquette in The Linguini Incident ( 1991 ) , and the mysterious FBI agent Phillip Jeffries in David Lynch 's Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) . He took a small but pivotal role as Andy Warhol in Basquiat , artist / director Julian Schnabel 's 1996 biopic of Jean - Michel Basquiat , and co-starred in Giovanni Veronesi 's Spaghetti Western Il Mio West ( 1998 , released as Gunslinger 's Revenge in the US in 2005 ) as the most feared gunfighter in the region . He played the ageing gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth 's Everybody Loves Sunshine ( 1999 ) , and appeared in the television horror series of The Hunger . In Mr. Rice 's Secret ( 2000 ) , he played the title role as the neighbour of a terminally ill 12 - year - old , and the following year appeared as himself in Zoolander . Bowie portrayed physicist Nikola Tesla in Christopher Nolan 's film The Prestige ( 2006 ) , which was about the bitter rivalry between two magicians in the late 19th century . In the same year , he voice - acted in the animated film Arthur and the Invisibles as the powerful villain Maltazard and appeared as himself in an episode of the Ricky Gervais television series Extras . In 2007 , he lent his voice to the character Lord Royal Highness in the SpongeBob 's Atlantis SquarePantis television film . In the 2008 film August , directed by Austin Chick , he played a supporting role as Ogilvie , alongside Josh Hartnett and Rip Torn , with whom he had worked in the 1976 film The Man Who Fell to Earth . Musicianship ( edit ) Bowie 's Vox Mark VI guitar in the Hard Rock Cafe , Warsaw , Poland From the time of his earliest recordings in the 1960s , Bowie employed a wide variety of musical styles . His early compositions and performances were strongly influenced by rock and rollers like Little Richard and Elvis Presley , and also the wider world of show business . He particularly strove to emulate the British musical theatre singer - songwriter and actor Anthony Newley , whose vocal style he frequently adopted , and made prominent use of for his 1967 debut release , David Bowie ( to the disgust of Newley himself , who destroyed the copy he received from Bowie 's publisher ) . Bowie 's music hall fascination continued to surface sporadically alongside such diverse styles as hard rock and heavy metal , soul , psychedelic folk and pop . Musicologist James Perone observes Bowie 's use of octave switches for different repetitions of the same melody , exemplified in his commercial breakthrough single , `` Space Oddity '' , and later in the song `` Heroes '' , to dramatic effect ; Perone notes that `` in the lowest part of his vocal register ... his voice has an almost crooner - like richness . '' Voice instructor Jo Thompson describes Bowie 's vocal vibrato technique as `` particularly deliberate and distinctive '' . Schinder and Schwartz call him `` a vocalist of extraordinary technical ability , able to pitch his singing to particular effect . '' Here , too , as in his stagecraft and songwriting , the singer 's role playing is evident : historiographer Michael Campbell says that Bowie 's lyrics `` arrest our ear , without question . But Bowie continually shifts from person to person as he delivers them ... His voice changes dramatically from section to section . '' In a 2014 analysis of 77 `` top '' artists ' vocal ranges , Bowie was 8th , just behind Christina Aguilera and just ahead of Paul McCartney . In addition to the guitar , Bowie also played a variety of keyboards , including piano , Mellotron , Chamberlin , and synthesizers ; harmonica ; alto and baritone saxophones ; stylophone ; viola ; cello ; koto ( in the Heroes track `` Moss Garden '' ) ; thumb piano ; drums ( on the Heathen track `` Cactus '' ) , and various percussion instruments . Painter and art collector ( edit ) Main article : David Bowie 's art collection Bowie was also a painter and artist . One of his paintings sold at auction in late 1990 for $500 , and the cover for his 1995 album Outside is a close - up of a self - portrait ( from a series of five ) he painted that same year . His first solo show was at The Gallery , Cork Street in 1995 , entitled ' New Afro / Pagan and Work : 1975 -- 1995 ' . He was invited to join the editorial board of the journal Modern Painters in 1998 , and participated in the Nat Tate art hoax later that year . In 1998 during an interview with Michael Kimmelman for The New York Times he said `` Art was , seriously , the only thing I 'd ever wanted to own . '' , subsequently in 1999 , in an interview for the BBC , he said `` The only thing I buy obsessively and addictively is art '' . His art collection , which included works by Damien Hirst , Frank Auerbach , Henry Moore and Jean - Michel Basquiat among others , was valued at over £ 10m in mid-2016 . After his death his family decided to sell most of the collection because they `` did n't have the space '' to store it . On 10 and 11 November three auctions were held at Sotheby 's in London , first with 47 lots and second with 208 paintings , drawing and sculptures , third with 100 design lots . The items on sale represented about 65 percent of the collection . Exhibition of the works in the auction attracted 51,470 visitors , the auction itself was attended by 1,750 bidders , with over 1,000 more bidding on line . The auctions has overall sale total £ 32.9 million ( app . $41.5 million ) , while the highest - selling item was Jean - Michel Basquiat 's graffiti - inspired painting Air Power , sold for £ 7.09 million . Personal life ( edit ) Family ( edit ) Bowie and wife Iman , 2009 Bowie married his first wife , Mary Angela Barnett on 19 March 1970 at Bromley Register Office in Bromley , London . Their son Duncan , born on 30 May 1971 , was at first known as Zowie . Bowie and Angela divorced on 8 February 1980 in Switzerland . On 24 April 1992 , Bowie married Somali - American model Iman in a private ceremony in Lausanne . The wedding was later solemnised on 6 June in Florence . They had one daughter , Alexandria `` Lexi '' Zahra Jones , born in August 2000 . The couple resided primarily in New York City and London , as well as owning an apartment in Sydney 's Elizabeth Bay . and Britannia Bay House on the island of Mustique , now renamed Mandalay Estate . Sexuality ( edit ) Bowie declared himself gay in an interview with Michael Watts for a 1972 issue of Melody Maker , coinciding with his campaign for stardom as Ziggy Stardust . According to Buckley , `` If Ziggy confused both his creator and his audience , a big part of that confusion centred on the topic of sexuality '' . In a September 1976 interview with Playboy , Bowie said , `` It 's true -- I am a bisexual . But I ca n't deny that I 've used that fact very well . I suppose it 's the best thing that ever happened to me '' . According to his first wife , Angie , Bowie had a relationship with Mick Jagger . In a 1983 interview with Rolling Stone , Bowie said his public declaration of bisexuality was `` the biggest mistake I ever made '' and `` I was always a closet heterosexual '' . On other occasions , he said his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture had been more a product of the times and the situation in which he found himself than of his own feelings . Blender asked Bowie in 2002 whether he still believed his public declaration was his biggest mistake . After a long pause , he said , `` I do n't think it was a mistake in Europe , but it was a lot tougher in America . I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual . But I had no inclination to hold any banners nor be a representative of any group of people . '' Bowie said he wanted to be a songwriter and performer rather than a headline for his bisexuality , and in `` puritanical '' America , `` I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do '' . Buckley wrote that Bowie `` mined sexual intrigue for its ability to shock '' , and was probably `` never gay , nor even consistently actively bisexual '' , instead experimenting `` out of a sense of curiosity and a genuine allegiance with the ' transgressional ' '' . Biographer Christopher Sandford said , according to Mary Finnigan -- with whom Bowie had an affair in 1969 -- the singer and his first wife Angie `` created their bisexual fantasy '' . Sandford wrote that Bowie `` made a positive fetish of repeating the quip that he and his wife had met while ' fucking the same bloke ' ... Gay sex was always an anecdotal and laughing matter . That Bowie 's actual tastes swung the other way is clear from even a partial tally of his affairs with women '' . The BBC 's Mark Easton wrote in 2016 that Britain was `` far more tolerant of difference '' and that gay rights , such as same - sex marriage , and gender equality would not have `` enjoyed the broad support they do today without Bowie 's androgynous challenge all those years ago '' . Spirituality and religion ( edit ) Over the years , Bowie made numerous references to religions and to his evolving spirituality . Beginning in 1967 , he showed an interest in Buddhism ; after a few months ' study at Tibet House in London , he was told by a Lama , `` You do n't want to be Buddhist ... You should follow music '' . By 1975 Bowie admitted , `` I felt totally , absolutely alone . And I probably was alone because I pretty much had abandoned God '' . After Bowie married Iman in a private ceremony in 1992 , he said they knew that their `` real marriage , sanctified by God , had to happen in a church in Florence '' . Earlier that year , he knelt on stage at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recited the Lord 's Prayer before a television audience . In 1993 , Bowie said he had an `` undying '' belief in the `` unquestionable '' existence of God . Interviewed in 2005 , Bowie said whether God exists `` is not a question that can be answered ... I 'm not quite an atheist and it worries me . There 's that little bit that holds on : ' Well , I 'm almost an atheist . Give me a couple of months ... I 've nearly got it right ' '' . In his will , Bowie stipulated that he be cremated and his ashes scattered in Bali `` in accordance with the Buddhist rituals '' . `` Questioning my spiritual life has always been germane '' to Bowie 's songwriting . `` Station to Station '' is `` very much concerned with the Stations of the Cross '' ; the song specifically references Kabbalah . Bowie called the album `` extremely dark ... the nearest album to a magick treatise that I 've written '' . Earthling showed `` the abiding need in me to vacillate between atheism or a kind of gnosticism ... What I need is to find a balance , spiritually , with the way I live and my demise . '' Released shortly before his death , `` Lazarus '' -- from his final album , Blackstar -- began with the words , `` Look up here , I 'm in Heaven '' . Politics ( edit ) In 1976 , speaking as The Thin White Duke , Bowie 's persona at the time , and `` at least partially tongue - in - cheek '' , he made statements that expressed support for fascism and perceived admiration for Adolf Hitler in interviews with Playboy , NME and a Swedish publication . Bowie was quoted as saying : `` Britain is ready for a fascist leader ... I think Britain could benefit from a fascist leader . After all , fascism is really nationalism ... I believe very strongly in fascism , people have always responded with greater efficiency under a regimental leadership . '' He was also quoted as saying : `` Adolf Hitler was one of the first rock stars '' and `` You 've got to have an extreme right front come up and sweep everything off its feet and tidy everything up . '' Bowie later retracted these comments in an interview with Melody Maker in October 1977 , blaming them on mental instability caused by his drug problems at the time , saying : `` I was out of my mind , totally , completely crazed . '' In the 1980s and 1990s , Bowie 's public statements shifted sharply towards anti-racism and anti-fascism . In an interview with MTV in 1983 , Bowie criticised the channel for not providing enough coverage of black musicians , and the music videos for `` China Girl '' and `` Let 's Dance '' were described by Bowie as a `` very simple , very direct '' statement against racism . The album Tin Machine took a more direct stance against fascism and Neo-Nazism , and was criticised for being too preachy . In 2016 , filmmaker and activist Michael Moore said he had wanted to use `` Panic in Detroit '' for his 1998 documentary The Big One ; denied at first , he was given the rights after calling Bowie personally . `` I 've read stuff since his death saying that he was n't that political and he stayed away from politics . But that was n't the conversation that I had with him . '' Death ( edit ) Main article : Death of David Bowie A woman places flowers outside Bowie 's apartment in New York on Lafayette Street the day after his death was announced On 10 January 2016 , two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar , Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment . He had been diagnosed 18 months earlier but had not made the news of his illness public . The Belgian theatre director Ivo van Hove , who had worked with the singer on his Off - Broadway musical Lazarus , explained that Bowie was unable to attend rehearsals due to the progression of the disease . He noted that Bowie had kept working during the illness . Bowie 's producer Tony Visconti wrote : He always did what he wanted to do . And he wanted to do it his way and he wanted to do it the best way . His death was no different from his life -- a work of art . He made Blackstar for us , his parting gift . I knew for a year this was the way it would be . I was n't , however , prepared for it . He was an extraordinary man , full of love and life . He will always be with us . For now , it is appropriate to cry . Following Bowie 's death , fans gathered at impromptu street shrines . At the mural of Bowie in his birthplace of Brixton , south London , which shows him in his Aladdin Sane character , fans laid flowers and sang his songs . Other memorial sites included Berlin , Los Angeles , and outside his apartment in New York . After news of his death , sales of his albums and singles soared . Bowie had insisted that he did not want a funeral , and according to his death certificate he was cremated in New Jersey on 12 January . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Bowie 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Berlin Memorial Plaque , Hauptstraße 155 , in Schöneberg , Germany Bowie 's songs and stagecraft brought a new dimension to popular music in the early 1970s , strongly influencing both its immediate forms and its subsequent development . Bowie was a pioneer of glam rock , according to music historians Schinder and Schwartz , who credited Marc Bolan and Bowie with creating the genre . At the same time , he inspired the innovators of the punk rock music movement . When punk musicians were `` noisily reclaiming the three - minute pop song in a show of public defiance '' , biographer David Buckley wrote that `` Bowie almost completely abandoned traditional rock instrumentation . '' Bowie 's record company promoted his unique status in popular music with the slogan , `` There 's old wave , there 's new wave , and there 's David Bowie '' . Musicologist James Perone credited him with having `` brought sophistication to rock music '' , and critical reviews frequently acknowledged the intellectual depth of his work and influence . Human League founder Martyn Ware remarked on the depth of his pervasive artistry that he had lived his life `` as though he were an art installation . '' As described by John Peel , `` The one distinguishing feature about early - 70s progressive rock was that it did n't progress . Before Bowie came along , people did n't want too much change '' . Buckley called the era `` bloated , self - important , leather - clad , self - satisfied '' ; then Bowie `` subverted the whole notion of what it was to be a rock star '' . After Bowie there has been no other pop icon of his stature , because the pop world that produces these rock gods does n't exist any more ... The fierce partisanship of the cult of Bowie was also unique -- its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom . Buckley called Bowie `` both star and icon . The vast body of work he has produced ... has created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture ... His influence has been unique in popular culture -- he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure . '' Through continual reinvention , his influence broadened and extended . Biographer Thomas Forget added , `` Because he has succeeded in so many different styles of music , it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie . '' In 2000 , Bowie was voted by other music stars as the `` most influential artist of all time '' in a poll by NME . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that Bowie was confirmed by 1980 to be `` the most important and influential artist since the Beatles '' . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph stated that Bowie had `` one of the supreme careers in popular music , art and culture of the 20th century '' and `` he was too inventive , too mercurial , too strange for all but his most devoted fans to keep up with '' . The BBC 's Mark Easton argued that Bowie provided fuel for `` the creative powerhouse that Britain has become '' by challenging future generations `` to aim high , to be ambitious and provocative , to take risks '' . Easton concluded that Bowie had `` changed the way the world sees Britain . And the way Britain sees itself '' . Annie Zaleski of Alternative Press wrote , `` Every band or solo artist who 's decided to rip up their playbook and start again owes a debt to Bowie '' . In 2016 , he was dubbed `` The Greatest Rock Star Ever '' by Rolling Stone magazine . Numerous figures from the music industry whose careers Bowie had influenced paid tribute to him following his death ; panegyrics on Twitter ( tweets about him peaked at 20,000 a minute an hour after his death ) also came from outside the entertainment industry and pop culture , such as those from the Vatican , namely Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi , who quoted `` Space Oddity '' , and the Federal Foreign Office , which thanked Bowie for his part in the fall of the Berlin Wall and referenced `` Heroes '' . On 7 January 2017 the BBC broadcast the 90 - minute documentary David Bowie : The Last Five Years , taking a detailed look at Bowie 's last albums , The Next Day and Blackstar , and his play Lazarus . On 8 January 2017 , which would have been Bowie 's 70th birthday , a charity concert in his birthplace of Brixton was hosted by the actor Gary Oldman , a close friend . A David Bowie walking tour through Brixton was also launched , and other events marking his birthday weekend included concerts in New York , Los Angeles , Sydney and Tokyo . On 6 February 2018 the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carried Elon Musk 's personal Tesla Roadster and a mannequin affectionately named Starman into space . `` Space Oddity '' and `` Life on Mars ? '' were looping on the car 's sound system during the launch . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by David Bowie Variety of Bowie 's outfits on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Bowie 's 1969 commercial breakthrough , the song `` Space Oddity '' , won him an Ivor Novello Special Award For Originality . For his performance in the 1976 science fiction film The Man Who Fell to Earth , he won a Saturn Award for Best Actor . In the ensuing decades he was honoured with numerous awards for his music and its accompanying videos , receiving , among others , six Grammy Awards and four Brit Awards -- winning Best British Male Artist twice ; the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1996 ; and the Brits Icon award for his `` lasting impact on British culture '' , given posthumously in 2016 . In 1999 , Bowie was made a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government . He received an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music the same year . He declined the royal honour of Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in 2000 , and turned down a knighthood in 2003 . Bowie later stated `` I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that . I seriously do n't know what it 's for . It 's not what I spent my life working for . '' The Telegraph in 2016 estimated Bowie 's total worldwide sales at 140 million records . In the United Kingdom , he was awarded 9 platinum , 11 gold and 8 silver albums , and in the United States , 5 platinum and 9 gold . In 2003 , six of Bowie 's albums appeared on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . In 2004 , four of Bowie 's songs appeared on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Additionally , four of Bowie 's songs are included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . In the BBC 's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons , he was ranked 29 . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest Rock Artists of All Time . Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996 and named a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in June 2013 . In 2016 , Rolling Stone proclaimed Bowie `` the greatest rock star ever '' . In 2008 , the spider Heteropoda davidbowie was named in Bowie 's honour . On 5 January 2015 , a main - belt asteroid was named 342843 Davidbowie . On 13 January 2016 , Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory created a `` Bowie asterism '' of seven stars which had been in the vicinity of Mars at the time of Bowie 's death ; the `` constellation '' forms the lightning bolt on Bowie 's face from the cover of his Aladdin Sane album . On 25 March 2018 a statue of Bowie was unveiled in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , the town where he debuted Ziggy Stardust . The statue features a likeness of Bowie in 2002 accompanied with his alter egos , with Ziggy at the front . Discography ( edit ) Main article : David Bowie discography Studio albums ( edit ) David Bowie ( 1967 ) David Bowie ( also released as Space Oddity ) ( 1969 ) The Man Who Sold the World ( 1970 ) Hunky Dory ( 1971 ) The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars ( 1972 ) Aladdin Sane ( 1973 ) Pin Ups ( 1973 ) Diamond Dogs ( 1974 ) Young Americans ( 1975 ) Station to Station ( 1976 ) Low ( 1977 ) `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) Lodger ( 1979 ) Scary Monsters ( And Super Creeps ) ( 1980 ) Let 's Dance ( 1983 ) Tonight ( 1984 ) Never Let Me Down ( 1987 ) Black Tie White Noise ( 1993 ) The Buddha of Suburbia ( 1993 ) Outside ( 1995 ) Earthling ( 1997 ) Hours ( 1999 ) Heathen ( 2002 ) Reality ( 2003 ) The Next Day ( 2013 ) Blackstar ( 2016 ) Filmography ( edit ) Main article : David Bowie filmography Selected film roles ( edit ) The Man Who Fell to Earth ( 1976 ) as Thomas Jerome Newton ; received a Saturn Award for Best Actor Just a Gigolo ( 1978 ) as Paul Ambrosius von Przygodski Christiane F. ( 1981 ) cameo as himself The Snowman ( 1982 ) narrator in re-released version Baal ( 1982 ) as Baal Yellowbeard ( 1983 ) the sailor wearing shark fin -- The Shark Merry Christmas , Mr. Lawrence ( 1983 ) as Maj . Jack ' Strafer ' Celliers The Hunger ( 1983 ) as John Blaylock Jazzin ' for Blue Jean ( 1984 ) as Vic and Screaming Lord Byron Into the Night ( 1985 ) as Colin Morris Labyrinth ( 1986 ) as Jareth the Goblin King Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) as Vendice Partners The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) as Pontius Pilate The Linguini Incident ( 1991 ) as Monte Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) as Phillip Jeffries Dream On ( television series ) ( 1991 ) as Sir Roland Moorecock Basquiat ( 1996 ) as Andy Warhol Gunslinger 's Revenge ( 1998 ) as Jack Sikora Everybody Loves Sunshine ( 1999 ) as Bernie Mr. Rice 's Secret ( 2000 ) as William Rice Zoolander ( 2001 ) cameo as himself ; nominated for a MTV Movie Award for Best Cameo Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) as Malthazar ( voice ) The Prestige ( 2006 ) as Nikola Tesla Bandslam ( 2009 ) -- brief cameo role See also ( edit ) Biography portal Arts portal Film portal Music portal LGBT portal Nat Tate : An American Artist 1928 -- 1960 Celebrity bond List of ambient music artists List of artists by number of UK Albums Chart number ones List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance Club Songs chart List of best - selling music artists List of David Bowie concert tours List of Billboard number - one Dance Club songs List of Billboard number - one singles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1993 , Bowie recalled having read City of Night in the 1960s , and it connected with his loneliness . `` And that led me a merry dance in the early Seventies , when gay clubs really became my lifestyle and all my friends were gay '' . Jump up ^ Asked why he knelt and prayed , Bowie said he had a friend who was dying of AIDS . `` He was just dropping into a coma that day . And just before I went on stage something just told me to say the Lord 's Prayer . The great irony is that he died two days after the show '' . Jump up ^ He later said he was influenced by his cocaine addiction and the `` psychological terror '' from making The Man Who Fell To Earth , marking `` the first time I 'd really seriously thought about Christ and God ... I very nearly got suckered into that narrow ( view of ) finding the Cross as the salvation of mankind '' . Jump up ^ Additional sources place this figure somewhere between 100 million and 150 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woolf , Nicky . `` David Bowie 's Will Detailed , Ashes Scattered in Bali '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to say : Bowie '' . BBC . 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Bowie FAQ -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bowie mourns mother 's death '' . 2 April 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Gillman ( 1987 ) p. 17 `` ( Peggy ) was born in the hospital at Shorncliffe Camp ( near Folkestone , Kent ) on October 2nd , 1913 . '' Jump up ^ Gillman ( 1987 ) p. 15 `` ( Her father ) Jimmy Burns 's parents were poor Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester '' p. 16 `` ( Jimmy ) had known ( her mother ) in Manchester . Her name was Margaret Heaton '' Jump up ^ Gillman ( 1987 ) p. 44 `` At the end of the war , Peggy Burns was working as a waitress at the Ritz cinema in Tunbridge Wells '' Jump up ^ Gillman ( 1987 ) p. 44 `` John Jones was born in the grimy Yorkshire town of Doncaster in 1912 . '' Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 9 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Doggett , Peter ( January 2007 ) . `` Teenage Wildlife '' . Mojo Classic . London , England ( 60 Years of Bowie ) : 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Commencement 1999 - Berklee College of Music '' . www.berklee.edu . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 25 Jump up ^ Evans , Mike ( 2006 ) . Rock ' n ' Roll 's Strangest Moments : Extraordinary Tales from Over Fifty Years . Chicago : Anova Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 923 - 9 . Jump up ^ Basu , Tanya ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind David Bowie 's Unusual Eyes '' . New York Magazine . New York City . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 19 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 35 -- 39 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 41 -- 42 ^ Jump up to : Thian , Helene Marie ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` Moss Garden '' . In Eoin Devereux . David Bowie : Critical Perspectives . Abingdon , United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 46 Jump up ^ Pegg , Nicholas ( 2 December 2011 ) . The Complete David Bowie . London , England : Titan Books . Jump up ^ Sandford , Christopher ( 5 August 2009 ) . Bowie : Loving The Alien . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Heawood , Sophie ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` David Bowie has gone from new to old -- and what a beautiful thing it is '' . The Independent . London , England . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Heatley , Michael ; Hopkinson , Frank ( 24 November 2014 ) . The Girl in the Song : The Real Stories Behind 50 Rock Classics . Chicago : Anova Books . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909396 - 88 - 3 . Jump up ^ Trynka , Paul . `` A Letter from Hermione '' . trynka.net . Jump up ^ Seale , Jack ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` David Bowie rocks music world with Where Are We Now ? '' . Radio Times . London , England . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 49 -- 50 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 53 Jump up ^ Paytress , Mark ( 5 November 2009 ) . Bolan : The Rise and Fall of a 20th Century Superstar . London , England : Omnibus Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 023 - 6 . Jump up ^ McKay , George ( 1996 ) . Senseless Acts of Beauty : Cultures of Resistance . Miamisburg , Ohio : Verso . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 908 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 60 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 54 -- 60 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : pp. 89 -- 90 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 67 Jump up ^ Smith , Karl ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Random Ultra-Violence : Simon Critchley On David Bowie '' . The Quietus . London , England . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Pegg ( 2000 ) : pp. 260 -- 65 Jump up ^ Spitz 2009 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 80 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 85 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : p. 156 Jump up ^ Berman , Stuart ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Iggy and the Stooges Raw Power ( Legacy Edition ) / Raw Power ( Deluxe Edition ) Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pegg ( 2004 ) : pp. 281 -- 83 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 108 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 106 -- 07 ^ Jump up to : Carr & Murray ( 1981 ) : p. 7 Jump up ^ Carr & Murray ( 1981 ) : p. 116 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 163 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 115 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 3 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 180 -- 83 ^ Jump up to : Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 204 -- 5 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 128 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 138 Jump up ^ Carr & Murray ( 1981 ) : pp. 68 -- 74 Jump up ^ Buckley , Peter , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides . p. 130 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 146 Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . Guinness World Records : British Hit Singles . Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 85156 - 156 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 137 , 153 Jump up ^ Maslin Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 238 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 244 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 158 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : pp. 289 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Paytress , Mark ( January 2007 ) . `` The Controversial Homecoming '' . Mojo Classic ( 60 Years of Bowie ) : 64 . Jump up ^ Carr & Murray ( 1981 ) : p. 11 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 252 Jump up ^ MacKinnon , Angus ( 13 September 1980 ) . `` The future is n't what it used to be David Bowie talks about loneliness , insecurity , and myth , And the dangers of messing with Major Tom '' . NME . London , England . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Stereo ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` On Race , David Bowie Delved Deep into the Darkness and Came Back Human '' . Daily Beast . New York City : IAC / InteractiveCorp . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Flashback : The Clash Rock Against Racism in 1978 '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Malcolm ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Bowie 's discreet time in Switzerland recalled '' . The Local . Stockholm , Sweden . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 154 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Ruether , Tobias ( Winter 2006 -- 2007 ) . `` The Man Who Came from Hell '' . 032c . pp. 82 -- 85 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 149 Jump up ^ Needs , Kris ( January 2007 ) . `` The Passenger '' . Mojo Classic ( `` 60 Years of Bowie '' ) . London , England . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 166 -- 68 Jump up ^ Perone ( 2007 ) : p. 175 Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1993 ) : p. xiii Jump up ^ Henderson , Alex . `` Starting Point -- David Bowie '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pegg ( 2000 ) : pp. 90 -- 92 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 181 -- 82 Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1990 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard Books . p. 572 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 293 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 189 Jump up ^ Carr & Murray ( 1981 ) : pp. 102 -- 7 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 281 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 191 -- 92 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 197 Jump up ^ Pegg ( 2000 ) : p. 29 Jump up ^ Carr & Murray ( 1981 ) : pp. 108 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 205 -- 7 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 208 , 211 -- 12 Jump up ^ Brown , Mick ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie interview from 1996 : ' I have done just about everything that it 's possible to do ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : p. 344 . Jump up ^ White , Timothy ( May 1983 ) . `` David Bowie Interview '' . Musician. 55 . pp. 52 -- 66 , 122 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 335 -- 55 Jump up ^ `` 1984 Video Music Awards '' . MTV . Select `` Winners '' , and then `` View all nominees '' under the relevant category . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 165 -- 66 Jump up ^ McNair , James ( January 2007 ) . Tumble & Twirl . Mojo Classic . London , England . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Fyfe , Andy ( January 2007 ) . `` Too Dizzy '' . Mojo Classic ( 60 Years of Bowie ) . London , England . pp. 88 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 13 August 2009 ) . `` Stadium rock , from Beatles to Bono '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Platiau , Charles ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Bowie 's greatest gift ? Even his ' failures ' will echo through the ages '' . The Conversation . Melbourne , Australia . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 387 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 274 ^ Jump up to : Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 275 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 273 Jump up ^ `` David Bowie discography '' . Wikipedia . 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 394 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 278 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 280 -- 86 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 289 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : p. 292 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 294 -- 95 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 298 -- 99 ^ Jump up to : Kaye , Jeff ( April 22 , 1992 ) . `` ( Safe ) Sex , ( No ) Drugs and Rock ' n ' Roll : A Star - Filled Send - Off to Freddie Mercury '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 413 -- 14 Jump up ^ Sandford ( 1997 ) : pp. 301 -- 8 Jump up ^ Keefe , Michael ( 16 October 2007 ) . `` David Bowie The Buddha of Suburbia '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : pp. 494 -- 95 , 623 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : pp. 623 -- 24 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : pp. 512 -- 13 Jump up ^ `` David Bowie Birthday Celebration Live Album an Unauthorized Bootleg '' . Paste Magazine . 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Bowie : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ David Bowie Launches New Album ' earthling ' With Network Television Appearances , A Pay - per - view Concert , A National Radio Broadcast , And Star On Hollywood Blvd 's Walk Of Fame , 30 January 1997 , archived from the original on 9 January 2014 , retrieved 5 July 2013 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2000 ) : pp. 533 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` Oh , it 's such a perfect song '' . The Independent . 9 November 1997 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ) : p. 203 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ) : pp. 203 , 212 Jump up ^ Furman , Phyllis ( 26 October 1998 ) . `` Investment Banker Hopes to Issue More Rock ' n ' Roll Bonds '' . New York Daily News . Sec . Business , p. 28 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Venkataraghavan , Srinivasan . `` David Bowie Bonds & IP Securitization '' . CommodityOnline . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bowie Rocks Wall Street '' . Eastside Journal . Bellevue , WA . Associated Press . 15 February 1997 . pp. B1 , B4 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Pullman '' . The Pennsylvania Gazette . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pullman Group -- David Bowie Bonds '' Archived 31 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , fetched 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Robin Respaut and Atossa Araxia Abrahamian ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Lawsuit seeks to settle score . Financier claims artist exhibiting ' buyer 's remorse ' '' . Chicago Tribune . sec . Business , p. 4 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bowie bonds nearing junk status '' . Pinsent Masons. 22 March 2004 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bankers Hope for a Reprise of Bowie Bonds '' . The Wall Street Journal . 23 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Bowie Bond '' . FT Alphaville. 11 January 2016 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Stuart , Keith ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` BowieNet : how David Bowie 's ISP foresaw the future of the internet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc . `` Behind David Bowie 's Pioneering Internet Service BowieNet , Where the ' Sailor ' Was Known to Roam '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : p. 466 Jump up ^ Perone ( 2007 ) : p. 125 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 488 -- 89 Jump up ^ `` Bowie ends ' best - ever ' Glastonbury '' . BBC . 26 June 2000 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` David Bowie A Reality Tour Review '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Perpetua , Matthew ( 22 March 2011 ) . `` Unreleased David Bowie LP ' Toy ' Leaks Online '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` David Bowie 's unreleased album Toy leaks online '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie To Release New Album and Posts New Music Video '' . New York Music News . 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Website , Album , Single And Video for the Birthday Boy '' . davidbowie.com. 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie Returns From Decade - Long Hiatus With New Album , Single '' . Spin . 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Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Brit winner David Bowie enters independence debate '' . BBC News . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie on Scottish independence : Reactions on Twitter '' . The Independent . London , UK . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie new album : Singer promises new music ' soon ' '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie to release retrospective album ' Nothing has Changed ' with single ' Sue ( Or in a Season of Crime ) ' in November '' . Irish Independent . Dublin . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie 's ' Let 's Dance ' to get limited vinyl reissue '' . Never Enough Notes . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie , Aerosmith , Flaming Lips Pen Songs for ' SpongeBob Musical ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` David Bowie Records Theme Song for ' Last Panthers ' Series '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` David Bowie Will Reportedly Release New Album , ' Blackstar , ' in January '' . Spin . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` David Bowie to release `` oddest '' album yet , Blackstar , in January `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last Pictures of David Bowie : Icon Looked in Good Spirits at Final Public Appearance a Month Ago '' . People . 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Blackstar by David Bowie '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie 's last release , Lazarus , was ' parting gift ' for fans in carefully planned finale '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonze , Tim . `` Was David Bowie saying goodbye on Blackstar ? '' . The Guardian . 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Jump up ^ `` David Bowie is the Starman of this week 's Official Chart as the nation pays tribute to a music icon '' . Official Charts Company . 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Harriet Gibsone ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie dominates UK album charts as latest album hits No 1 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Elsewhere , 19 Bowie albums and 13 singles have entered the top 100 Jump up ^ `` David Bowie 's final album Blackstar rockets to top of charts '' . ABC . 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 17 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' Album Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Brown ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie exhibition opens as fans ca n't wait to say ' I love you ' till Tuesday '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` V&A 's David Bowie Is Exhibition Receives Its Millionth Visitor '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Victoria and Albert Museum . 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Retrieved 13 January 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A ( 9 October 2006 ) . `` Why It Took So Long For MTV To Play Black Videos '' . Jet . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Loder , Kurt ( 12 May 1983 ) . `` Straight Time '' . Rolling Stone . No. 395 . pp. 22 -- 28 , 81 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` Michael Moore : Bob Dylan Loved Fahrenheit 9 / 11 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Paul ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie died from liver cancer he kept secret from all but handful of people , friend says '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Sandle , Paul ; Faulconbridge , Guy ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie dies after 18 - month battle with cancer '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shock and condolences as the Netherlands reacts to David Bowie 's death -- DutchNews.nl '' . DutchNews.nl. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : Friends and stars pay tribute '' . BBC News . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie 's Death a ' Work of Art , ' Says Tony Visconti '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bowie ' died from liver cancer ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie fans create makeshift London shrines '' . BBC News . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : Brit Awards tribute for ' visionary ' musician '' . BBC News . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Elle Hunt . `` Global streams of David Bowie 's songs on Spotify soar 2,822 % after his death '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie 's Will Splits Estate Said to Be Worth $100 Million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schinder & Schwartz ( 2007 ) : p. 482 Jump up ^ Campbell , Michael ( 2011 ) . Popular Music in America : The Beat Goes On . United States : Schirmer . p. 345 . ISBN 0840029764 . Jump up ^ Campbell ( 2008 ) p. 304 Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2004 ) : p. 45 Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1993 ) : p. 217 Jump up ^ Perone ( 2007 ) : p. 183 Jump up ^ Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . Bolan : The Rise and Fall of a 20th Century Superstar . Omnibus Press . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 9293 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 deaths : The great , the good and the lesser known '' . 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) : pp. 516 -- 17 , 524 , 529 Jump up ^ Filicky , Brad ( 10 June 2002 ) . `` Reviews ; David Bowie : Heathen '' . CMJ New Music Report . 71 ( 766 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ Forget , Thomas ( 2002 ) . David Bowie ( Rock & Roll Hall of Famers ) . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3523 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Bowie Voted Most Influential Artist by Today 's Pop Stars '' . NY Rock . 29 November 2000 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NME poll places Bowie as most influential artist of all - time '' . NME. 27 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie : the man who thrilled the world '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` A one - man melting pot of ideas : why we will never solve the mystery of David Bowie 's music '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` How David Bowie influenced our scene '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why David Bowie Was the Greatest Rock Star Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop , Madonna -- even the Vatican and the German government '' . Market Watch . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican culture official pays tribute to David Bowie '' . Catholic Herald . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : The Last Five Years '' . BBC . 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating David Bowie 's 70th birthday in Brixton , gig review : Touching tributes from those who knew him '' . The Independent . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie fans gather for birthday concert '' . BBC . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SpaceX Successfully Launches the Falcon Heavy -- And Elon Musk 's Roadster '' . WIRED . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ivor Novello Awards '' . Bucks Music Group . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Winners '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Achievement Award : Past Recipients '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brit Awards 2016 : Adele dominates with four awards '' . BBC . 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brit Awards 2014 : David Bowie wins Best Male and wades into Scottish independence debate via Kate ' Ziggy ' Moss '' . The Independent . 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Read Annie Lennox And Gary Oldman 's David Bowie Tribute Speeches at the Brit Awards 2016 '' . NME. 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lichfield , John ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` The Big Question : How does the French honours system work , and why has Kylie been decorated ? '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ChChChChanges '' . Berklee College of Music . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jody ( 8 January 2007 ) . `` Sixty things about David Bowie '' . ( No. 35 ) : BBC News . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie turns down knighthood '' . music-news.com. 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Ashley ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie : The legendary singer in numbers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Wilkinson , Peter ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Bowie exhibition charts life of pop 's ultimate Starman '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Anderson , Kyle ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie EW cover story : How the singer , style icon , and eternal chameleon , ch - ch - ch - changed pop culture forever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Searchable Database : search for David Bowie '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Joe ; Van Zandt , Steven , eds. ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Turnaround . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 100 great British heroes '' . BBC . 21 August 2002 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists : 39 David Bowie '' . Rolling Stone . 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame : EMP welcomes five major players '' . EMP Museum . June 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : Shape - shifting musician and movie star '' . EMP Museum . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Thanks , Starman : Why David Bowie Was the Greatest Rock Star Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie spider videos , photos and facts -- Heteropoda davidbowie '' . ARKive . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It 's no ' Space Oddity ' : Mile - Wide David Bowie Asteroid to Forever Float in Outer Space '' . denver.cbslocal.com . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 16 January 2016 ) . `` Belgian Astronomers Pay Tribute to David Bowie With New Constellation '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury '' . BBC . 26 March 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Buckley , David ( 2000 ) ( First published 1999 ) . Strange Fascination -- David Bowie : The Definitive Story . London : Virgin . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0457 - X . Buckley , David ( 2004 ) . David Bowie : The Complete Guide To His Music . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 423 - 1 . Buckley , David ( 2005 ) ( First published 1999 ) . Strange Fascination -- David Bowie : The Definitive Story . London : Virgin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1002 - 5 . Campbell , Michael ( 2008 ) . Popular Music in America : And The Beat Goes On . Schirmer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50530 - 3 . Carr , Roy ; Murray , Charles Shaar ( 1981 ) . Bowie : An Illustrated Record . New York : Avon . ISBN 0 - 380 - 77966 - 8 . Cole , Shaun ( 2000 ) . ' Don we now our gay apparel ' : gay men 's dress in the twentieth century . London : Berg . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 415 - 4 . Ditmore , Melissa Hope ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work . 2 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32970 - 2 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . The Man Who Sold the World : David Bowie and the 1970s . The Bodley Head . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84792 - 145 - 1 . Gillman , Peter ; Gillman , Leni ( 1987 ) ( 1986 ) . Alias David Bowie . New English Library . ISBN 0 - 450 - 41346 - 2 . Pegg , Nicholas ( 2004 ) ( First published 2000 ) . The Complete David Bowie . London : Reynolds & Hearn . ISBN 1 - 903111 - 73 - 0 . Perone , James E. ( 2007 ) . The Words and Music of David Bowie . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99245 - 3 . Sandford , Christopher ( 1997 ) ( First published 1996 ) . Bowie : Loving the Alien . Time Warner . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80854 - 4 . Schinder , Scott ; Schwartz , Andy ( 2007 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33845 - 8 . Spitz , Marc ( 2009 ) . Bowie : A Biography . Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 71699 - 6 . Thomson , Elizabeth ( 1993 ) . The Bowie Companion . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 283 - 06262 - 2 . Thompson , Dave ( 2006 ) . Hallo Spaceboy : The Rebirth of David Bowie . Ecw Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 733 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Auliac , Philippe ( 2004 ) . Passenger -- David Bowie Photobook . Venezia : Sound & Vision . p. 200 . Cann , David ( 2011 ) . Any Day Now : David Bowie the London Years 1947 -- 1974 . Kenneth Pitt in Books . Duffy , Chris ; Cann , Kevin ( 2014 ) . Duffy / Bowie Five Sessions ( 1st UK ed . ) . ACC Editions . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85149 - 765 - 2 . Egan , Sean ( 2015 ) . Bowie on Bowie . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 977 - 5 . Greco , Nicholas P. ( 2015 ) . David Bowie in Darkness : A Study of 1 . Outside and the Late Career . McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9410 - 1 . Hendrikse , Wim ( 2004 ) . Never Get Old . Man of Ch - Ch - Changes Part 1 and Part 2 . Gopher Publishers . Hendrikse , Wim ( 2013 ) . David Bowie : The Man Who Changed the World . Authors Online . Jacke , Andreas ( 2011 ) . David Bowie -- Station To Station . Psychosozial - Verlag . Seabrook , Thomas Jerome ( 2008 ) . Bowie in Berlin : A New Career in a New Town . Jawbone Press . Tremlett , George ( 1997 ) . David Bowie : Living on the Brink . Carroll and Graf . Trynka , Paul ( 2011 ) . Starman : David Bowie -- The Definitive Biography . Little , Brown Book Group Limited . Waldrep , Shelton , `` Phenomenology of Performance '' , The Aesthetics of Self - Invention : Oscar Wilde to David Bowie , University of Minnesota Press , 2004 . ' Welch , Chris ( 1999 ) . David Bowie : We Could Be Heroes : The Stories Behind Every David Bowie Song . Da Capo Press . Wilcken , Hugo ( 2005 ) . 331⁄3 : David Bowie 's Low . Continuum . St. Clair , Jeffrey ( 6 May 2016 ) . David Bowie 's 100 Favorite Books External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDavid Bowieat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Library resources about David Bowie Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Official website David Bowie at Encyclopædia Britannica David Bowie -- Sound and Vision BBC Documentary ( YouTube ) , 2003 , 1 : 26 h , David Bowie on IMDb David Bowie at the TCM Movie Database 78986 David Bowie at the Internet Broadway Database David Bowie at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` David Bowie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Works by or about David Bowie in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) David Bowie National Portrait Gallery ( hide ) David Bowie Discography Songs Awards and nominations Filmography Tours Studio albums David Bowie ( 1967 ) David Bowie ( 1969 ) The Man Who Sold the World Hunky Dory The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Aladdin Sane Pin Ups Diamond Dogs Young Americans Station to Station Low `` Heroes '' Lodger Scary Monsters ( and Super Creeps ) Let 's Dance Tonight Never Let Me Down Black Tie White Noise Outside Earthling Hours Heathen Reality The Next Day Blackstar With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tin Machine II Tin Machine Live : Oy Vey , Baby Live albums David Live Stage Ziggy Stardust : The Motion Picture LiveAndWell.com Live EP ( Live at Fashion Rocks ) Live Santa Monica ' 72 VH1 Storytellers A Reality Tour Live Nassau Coliseum ' 76 Cracked Actor ( Live Los Angeles ' 74 ) Welcome to the Blackout ( Live London ' 78 ) Soundtracks Christiane F . Love You till Tuesday Labyrinth The Buddha of Suburbia Lazarus EPs Baal Earthling in the City Live EP ( Live at Fashion Rocks ) The Next Day Extra No Plan Compilations The World of David Bowie Images 1966 -- 1967 Changesonebowie The Best of Bowie Changestwobowie Rare Golden Years Fame and Fashion Changesbowie Early On ( 1964 -- 1966 ) The Singles Collection RarestOneBowie The Deram Anthology 1966 -- 1968 The Best of David Bowie 1969 / 1974 The Best of David Bowie 1974 / 1979 BBC Sessions 1969 -- 1972 Bowie at the Beeb All Saints Best of Bowie Club Bowie The Collection The Best of David Bowie 1980 / 1987 iSelect Nothing Has Changed Legacy Box sets Sound + Vision Bowie Box Set The Platinum Collection Five Years ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Who Can I Be Now ? ( 1974 -- 1976 ) A New Career in a New Town ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Concert videos Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Serious Moonlight Glass Spider A Reality Tour VH1 Storytellers Promotional films Love You till Tuesday Jazzin ' for Blue Jean Bowie -- The Video Collection Black Tie White Noise Best of Bowie Tours Ziggy Stardust Tour Diamond Dogs Tour Isolar Isolar II Serious Moonlight Tour Glass Spider Tour Tin Machine Tour Sound + Vision Tour It 's My Life Tour Outside Tour Outside Summer Festivals Tour Earthling Tour Hours Tour Mini Tour Heathen Tour A Reality Tour Related Iman ( wife ) Angie Bowie ( first wife ) Duncan Jones ( son ) Berlin Trilogy Major Tom The Thin White Duke Jareth Omikron : The Nomad Soul Symphony No. 1 `` Low '' Symphony No. 4 `` Heroes '' `` Bowie '' The Sovereign David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev 's Peter and the Wolf Toy We Were So Turned On : A Tribute to David Bowie The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions Heteropoda davidbowie Lazarus Death Art collection David Bowie Is Part One Part Two David Bowie singles 1960s `` Liza Jane '' `` I Pity the Fool '' `` You 've Got a Habit of Leaving '' `` Ca n't Help Thinking About Me '' `` Do Anything You Say '' `` I Dig Everything '' `` Rubber Band '' `` The Laughing Gnome '' `` Love You till Tuesday '' `` Space Oddity '' `` Ragazzo solo , ragazza sola '' 1970s `` The Prettiest Star '' `` Memory of a Free Festival '' `` Holy Holy '' `` Moonage Daydream '' `` Hang On to Yourself '' `` Changes '' `` Starman '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing '' `` The Jean Genie '' `` Drive - In Saturday '' `` Time '' `` Life on Mars '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' `` Sorrow '' `` Rebel Rebel '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Suicide '' `` Diamond Dogs '' `` 1984 '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll with Me '' `` Young Americans '' `` Fame '' `` Golden Years '' `` TVC 15 '' `` Suffragette City '' `` Stay '' `` Sound and Vision '' `` Be My Wife '' `` ' Heroes ' '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Boys Keep Swinging '' `` DJ '' `` Yassassin '' `` Look Back in Anger '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing ( Again ) '' 1980s `` Alabama Song '' `` Crystal Japan '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Fashion '' `` Scary Monsters ( And Super Creeps ) '' `` Up the Hill Backwards '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Wild Is the Wind '' `` The Drowned Girl '' `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` China Girl '' `` Modern Love '' `` Without You '' `` White Light / White Heat '' `` Blue Jean '' `` Tonight '' `` This Is Not America '' `` Loving the Alien '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Absolute Beginners '' `` Underground '' `` As the World Falls Down '' `` Magic Dance '' `` When the Wind Blows '' `` Day - In Day - Out '' `` Time Will Crawl '' `` Never Let Me Down '' `` Under the God '' `` Heaven 's in Here '' `` Tin Machine '' / `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) '' `` Prisoner of Love '' 1990s `` Fame ' 90 '' `` You Belong in Rock n ' Roll '' `` Baby Universal '' `` One Shot '' `` Real Cool World '' `` Jump They Say '' `` Black Tie White Noise '' `` Miracle Goodnight '' `` The Buddha of Suburbia '' `` Ziggy Stardust '' `` The Hearts Filthy Lesson '' `` Strangers When We Meet '' / `` The Man Who Sold the World ( live ) '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Telling Lies '' `` Little Wonder '' `` Dead Man Walking '' `` Seven Years in Tibet '' `` Pallas Athena '' `` I 'm Afraid of Americans '' `` I Ca n't Read '' `` Without You I 'm Nothing '' `` Thursday 's Child '' `` The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell '' 2000s `` Survive '' `` Seven '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Everyone Says ' Hi ' '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` Shadow Man '' `` New Killer Star '' `` Just for One Day ( Heroes ) '' `` Never Get Old '' `` Rebel Never Gets Old '' 2010s `` Where Are We Now ? '' `` The Stars ( Are Out Tonight ) '' `` The Next Day '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Love Is Lost '' `` ' Tis a Pity She Was a Whore '' `` Sue ( Or in a Season of Crime ) '' `` '' `` Lazarus '' `` I Ca n't Give Everything Away '' `` Life on Mars ? ( 2016 Mix ) '' Discography Book : David Bowie Book : Bowie singles and songs Category : David Bowie Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1996 Performers David Bowie Gladys Knight & the Pips ( William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , Edward Patten ) Jefferson Airplane ( Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , Grace Slick ) Little Willie John Pink Floyd ( Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , Rick Wright ) The Shirelles ( Doris Kenner - Jackson , Addie Harris , Beverly Lee , Shirley Owens ) The Velvet Underground ( John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , Maureen Tucker ) Early influences Pete Seeger Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Tom Donahue Saturn Award for Best Actor James Caan / Don Johnson ( 1974 / 75 ) David Bowie / Gregory Peck ( 1976 ) George Burns ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) George Hamilton ( 1979 ) Mark Hamill ( 1980 ) Harrison Ford ( 1981 ) William Shatner ( 1982 ) Mark Hamill ( 1983 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1984 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1985 ) Jeff Goldblum ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Jeff Daniels ( 1989 / 90 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gary Oldman ( 1992 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) George Clooney ( 1995 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1996 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 1997 ) James Woods ( 1998 ) Tim Allen ( 1999 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2000 ) Tom Cruise ( 2001 ) Robin Williams ( 2002 ) Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Tobey Maguire ( 2004 ) Christian Bale ( 2005 ) Brandon Routh ( 2006 ) Will Smith ( 2007 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2008 ) Sam Worthington ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Michael Shannon ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2013 ) Chris Pratt ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) VIAF : 56606484 LCCN : n81112099 ISNI : 0000 0001 1444 8576 GND : 118514091 SELIBR : 318921 SUDOC : 026748363 BNF : cb11893660s ( data ) BIBSYS : 90814067 ULAN : 500371947 MusicBrainz : 5441c29d - 3602 - 4898 - b1a1 - b77fa23b8e50 NLA : 35377373 NDL : 00434058 NKC : jo2002139626 BNE : XX969969 CiNii : DA11036815 RKD : 133156 SNAC : w6r22chc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bowie&oldid=837830080 '' Categories : David Bowie 1947 births 2016 deaths 20th - century English male actors 20th - century English singers 21st - century art collectors 21st - century English male actors 21st - century English singers Art pop musicians Art rock musicians Bisexual men Bisexual musicians Brit Award winners British mimes Deaths from cancer in New York ( state ) Columbia Records artists Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Deaths from liver cancer Decca Records artists Deram Records artists EMI Records artists English art collectors English baritones English electronic musicians English expatriates in Germany English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English experimental musicians English guitarists English male film actors English male singer - songwriters English multi-instrumentalists English people of Irish descent English people of Welsh descent English pop singers English record producers English rock saxophonists English rock singers English soul singers Experimental pop musicians Glam rock musicians Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners LGBT musicians from England LGBT singers LGBT songwriters Male actors from London Male guitarists Mercury Records artists Parlophone artists People from Brixton History of the London Borough of Lambeth Philips Records artists Protopunk musicians Pye Records artists RCA Records artists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Rykodisc artists Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees Singers from London Tibet freedom artists Tin Machine members Virgin Records artists Science fiction fans Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Synthpop singers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Articles with Curlie links AC with 17 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did david bowie's first album come out	[ "Dissatisfied with his stage name as Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised.[23] His April 1967 solo single, \"The Laughing Gnome\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, David Bowie, an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years.[24]" ]	[ "April 1967" ]
8476790280157751736	Big Brother (U.S. TV series)	Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. reality television show . For other uses , see Big Brother ( disambiguation ) . For the recently concluded season , see Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) . For the digital edition , see Big Brother : Over The Top . For the celebrity edition , see Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . Big Brother Network Channels ( hide ) CBS ( broadcast ) 2000 -- CBS All Access ( digital ) 2016 Presenters Current presenters ( hide ) Big Brother Julie Chen 2000 -- Former presenters ( show ) Ian O'Malley 2000 Jeff Schroeder 2012 -- 2017 Shows Editions ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : Over The Top 2016 Celebrity Big Brother 2018 Current shows ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : After Dark 2007 -- Former shows ( show ) House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show 2004 -- 2008 Big Brother : Live Chat 2012 -- 2017 Seasons Previous season ( show ) Big Brother 19 HouseGuests Winner : Josh Martinez Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : Christmas Abbott , Kevin Schlehuber , Alex Ow , Raven Walton , Jason Dent , Matthew Cines , Mark Jansen , Elena Davies , Cody Nickson , Jessica Graf , Ramses Soto , Dominique Cooper , Jillian Parker , Megan Lowder ( walked ) , Cameron Heard Big Brother : Over the Top HouseGuests Winner : Morgan Willett Runner - up : Jason Roy 2nd Runner - up : Kryssie Ridolfi Others : Justin Duncan , Shelby Stockton , Danielle Lickey , Whitney Hogg , Alex Willett , Scott Dennis , Neeley Jackson , Shane Chapman , Monte Massongill , Michael `` Cornbread '' Ligon Big Brother 18 HouseGuests Winner : Nicole Franzel Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : James Huling , Corey Brooks , Victor Arroyo , Natalie Negrotti , Michelle Meyer , Paulie Calafiore , Bridgette Dunning , Zakiyah Everette , Da'Vonne Rogers , Frank Eudy , Tiffany Rousso , Bronte D'Acquisto , Jozea Flores , Glenn Garcia Big Brother 17 HouseGuests Winner : Steve Moses Runner - up : Liz Nolan Others : Vanessa Rousso , John McGuire , Austin Matelson , Julia Nolan , James Huling , Meg Maley , Becky Burgess , Jackie Ibarra , Shelli Poole , Clay Honeycutt , Jason Roy , Audrey Middleton , Jeff Weldon , Da'Vonne Rogers , Jace Agolli Big Brother 16 HouseGuests Winner : Derrick Levasseur Runner - up : Cody Calafiore Others : Victoria Rafaeli , Caleb Reynolds , Frankie Grande , Christine Brecht , Nicole Franzel , Donny Thompson , Zach Rance , Hayden Voss , Jocasta Odom , Amber Borzotra , Brittany Martinez , Devin Shepherd , Paola Shea , Joey Van Pelt Big Brother 15 HouseGuests Winner : Andy Herren Runner - up : GinaMarie Zimmerman Others : Spencer Clawson , McCrae Olson , Judd Daugherty , Elissa Slater , Amanda Zuckerman , Aaryn Gries , Helen Kim , Jessie Kowalski , Candice Stewart , Howard Overby , Kaitlin Barnaby , Jeremy McGuire , Nick Uhas , David Girton Big Brother 14 HouseGuests Winner : Ian Terry Runner - up : Dan Gheesling Others : Danielle Murphree , Shane Meaney , Jenn Arroyo , Joe Arvin , Frank Eudy , Britney Haynes , Ashley Iocco , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Wil Heuser , Janelle Pierzina , JoJo Spatafora , Willie Hantz ( expelled ) , Kara Monaco , Jodi Rollins Big Brother 13 HouseGuests Winner : Rachel Reilly Runner - up : Porsche Briggs Others : Adam Poch , Jordan Lloyd , Kalia Booker , Shelly Moore , Jeff Schroeder , Daniele Donato , Brendon Villegas , Lawon Exum , Dominic Briones , Cassi Colvin , Keith Henderson , Dick Donato ( walked ) Big Brother 12 HouseGuests Winner : Hayden Moss Runner - up : Lane Elenburg Others : Enzo Palumbo , Britney Haynes , Ragan Fox , Brendon Villegas , Matt Hoffman , Kathy Hillis , Rachel Reilly , Kristen Bitting , Andrew Gordon , Monet Stunson , Annie Whittington Big Brother 11 HouseGuests Winner : Jordan Lloyd Runner - up : Natalie Martinez Others : Kevin Campbell , Michele Noonan , Jeff Schroeder , Russell Kairouz , Lydia Tavera , Chima Simone ( expelled ) , Jessie Godderz , Ronnie Talbott , Casey Turner , Laura Crosby , Braden Bacha Big Brother 10 HouseGuests Winner : Dan Gheesling Runner - up : Robert `` Memphis '' Garrett Others : Jerry MacDonald , Keesha Smith , Lorenza `` Renny '' Martyn , Bryan Ollie , Michelle Costa , April Dowling , Libra Thompson , Jessie Godderz , Angie Swindell , Steven Daigle , Brian Hart Big Brother 9 HouseGuests Winner : Adam Jasinski Runner - up : Ryan Quicksall Others : Sheila Kennedy , Sharon Obermueller , Natalie Cunial , James Zinkland , Joshuah Welch , Chelsia Hart , Matt McDonald , Allison Nichols , Alex Coladonato , Amanda Hansen , Jen Diturno , Parker Somerville , Neil Garcia ( walked ) , Jacob Heald Big Brother 8 HouseGuests Winner : Dick Donato Runner - up : Daniele Donato Others : Zach Swerdzewski , Jameka Cameron , Eric Stein , Jessica Hughbanks , Amber Tomcavage , Jen Johnson , Dustin Erikstrup , Kail Harbick , Nick Starcevic , Mike Dutz , Joe Barber , Carol Journey Big Brother 7 : All - Stars HouseGuests Winner : Mike `` Boogie '' Malin Runner - up : Erika Landin Others : Janelle Pierzina , Will Kirby , George Boswell , Danielle Reyes , James Rhine , Howie Gordon , Marcellas Reynolds , Kaysar Ridha , Diane Henry , Jase Wirey , Nakomis Dedmon , Alison Irwin Big Brother 6 HouseGuests Winner : Maggie Ausburn Runner - up : Ivette Corredero Others : Janelle Pierzina , April Lewis , Howie Gordon , Beau Beasley , James Rhine , Rachel Plencner , Jennifer Vasquez , Kaysar Ridha , Sarah Hrejsa , Eric Littmann , Michael Donnellan , Ashlea Evans Big Brother 5 HouseGuests Winner : Drew Daniel Runner - up : Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis Others : Diane Henry , Jennifer `` Nakomis '' Dedmon , Karen O'Neil Ganci , Marvin Latimer , Adria Montgomery - Klein , Natalie Montgomery - Carroll , Will Wikle , Jase Wirey , Scott Long , Holly King , Lori Valenti , Mike Lubinski Big Brother 4 HouseGuests Winner : Jun Song Runner - up : Alison Irwin Others : Robert Roman , Erika Landin , Jee Choe , Jack Owens , Justin Giovinco , Nathan Marlow , Dana Varela , David Lane , Michelle Maradie , Amanda Craig , Scott Weintraub ( expelled ) Big Brother 3 HouseGuests Winner : Lisa Donahue Runner - up : Danielle Reyes Others : Jason Guy , Amy Crews , Marcellas Reynolds , Roddy Mancuso , Gerry Lancaster , Chiara Berti , Josh Feinberg , Eric Ouellette , Tonya Paoni , Lori Olsen Big Brother 2 HouseGuests Winner : Will Kirby Runner - up : Nicole Schaffrich Others : Monica Bailey , Hardy Ames - Hill , Bill `` Bunky '' Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Shannon Dragoo , Autumn Daly , Sheryl Braxton , Justin Sebik ( expelled ) Big Brother 1 HouseGuests Winner : Eddie McGee Runner - up : Josh Souza 2nd Runner - up : Curtis Kin Others : Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler , Jean Jordan , William Collins Big Brother is a television reality game show based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The series follows a group of contestants , known as HouseGuests , who are living together in a custom - built home under constant surveillance . The HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world and can have no communication with those not in the house . The contestants are competing for a $500,000 grand prize , with weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show . The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1984 ) . The series launched on July 5 , 2000 to a successful start , though ratings and critical reaction continued to grow increasingly negative . This led to the second season being a revamp of the show , featuring a more competition - based challenge . The series has since continued to be a hit for CBS , and is the second longest - running adaptation of the series to date , after the Spanish adaptation . The series currently has two spin - offs : Big Brother : Over The Top , which was the first reality game show to air exclusively on a streaming platform airing in Fall 2016 on CBS 's streaming service , CBS All Access ; and Celebrity Big Brother , set to air on CBS in early 2018 . CBS also renewed the series for a 19th and 20th season . The 19th season premiered on June 28 , 2017 , while the 20th season is expected to air in the summer of 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Series 1.2 Companion shows 1.3 Spin - offs 2 Format 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 -- present 3 Broadcast 4 Competitions 4.1 Head of Household ( HOH ) 4.2 Power of Veto ( POV ) 4.3 Food and luxury 4.4 Battle of the Block 4.5 Battle Back 5 Series details and viewership 6 Controversy and criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Series ( edit ) A view of CBS Studio Center sound stage 18 , where the house is located The series was bought by CBS in early 2000 for an estimated $20 million . The United States version of the series officially premiered on July 5 , 2000 when the original ten housemates entered the house . Since its inception , the show has been hosted by television personality Julie Chen . It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly on the Wall Entertainment and Endemol Shine North America ( formerly Endemol USA ) . The success of the series has spawned several spin - offs . The series airs once a year , during the summer , with the exception of the ninth season which aired in spring of 2008 and the Over the Top spinoff series broadcasting in fall 2016 . Currently , 19 seasons of the show have aired , along with one digital season . The show has aired a total of 545 episodes since it premiered , with the September 5 , 2013 airing marking the 500th episode . To date , there have been a total of 253 HouseGuests compete in the series . Upon entering the house , the HouseGuests who leave the house without permission are not allowed to return . Should a HouseGuest break the rules set in the house , they can be expelled from the house . To date , there have been a total of four HouseGuests expelled from the house because of acts of violence and / or rule - breaking . There have only been three HouseGuests who have voluntarily left the game for reasons relating to personal matters . Companion shows ( edit ) Since its premiere , there have been numerous companion programs to the show . In 2004 , the web series House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show ( 2004 -- 08 ) began airing . The series , which lasted for thirty minutes and aired on weeknights , allowed fans to call in and discuss the events of the game . This made House Calls the first live Internet talk show produced exclusively for a television network . The series was initially hosted by Gretchen Massey and Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds during its first two seasons . Beginning with the show 's third season , a new co-host was featured on the series each day , with some returning more than once . During the show 's fifth and sixth seasons , each co-host was given a designated day of the week to host alongside Gretchen . Following the show 's sixth season , it was confirmed that it would not be renewed . Big Brother : After Dark , a second companion series , was debuted in 2007 and aired on Showtime Too nightly from 12 a.m. to 3 a.m. Eastern Time . The series continued this schedule until 2013 , when it was moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Former HouseGuest Jeff Schroeder began hosting the Big Brother : Live Chat online discussion show in 2012 , where he interviewed the HouseGuests both before they enter the house and following their evictions . He also performed post-finale backyard interviews with the cast . On August 10 , 2017 , Schroeder announced that he was moving to Colorado and would no longer be able to do the interviews . Spin - offs ( edit ) There have been two spin - off editions of Big Brother . In October 2016 , CBS premiered a spin - off web series , Big Brother : Over the Top , as an original series for CBS All Access . Unlike the flagship , television version , it was broadcast exclusively online with a shorter , 10 - week season . The second spin - off , Celebrity Big Brother , is set to air in the winter of 2018 on CBS . Though not an actual spin - off , the Canadian edition of the series is the first and currently only series to adopt the American format of Big Brother . Format ( edit ) Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants , referred to as HouseGuests , live in a custom - built `` house '' ( actually a set built on a CBS stage in Los Angeles , Stage 18 in recent editions ) , constantly under video surveillance . While in the house , the contestants are completely isolated from the outside world , meaning no phone , television , internet , magazines , newspaper , or contact with those not in the house . This rule could be broken , however , in the event of a medical injury , a family emergency or death . The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment , and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals , beliefs , and prejudices . While a competition , the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests . Though locked in the house , the HouseGuests are free to quit the game , though will not be allowed entry back into the house . Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game , they could be expelled from the house , and unable to return . The contestants compete for a grand prize of $500,000 . Season 1 ( edit ) The premiere season used the original format of the series , which originated in the Netherlands . HouseGuests were required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential banishment , and the two with the most votes would be nominated . Should multiple HouseGuests receive the most nominations , then more than two HouseGuests were marked for banishment . This process was mandatory for all HouseGuests , and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house . The HouseGuests in these seasons were forbidden from discussing nominations , and doing so could result in punishment . The public , through a vote conducted by phone , would vote to banish one of the nominated HouseGuests from the house , and the HouseGuest with the most votes from the viewers would be banished from the house . When only three HouseGuests remained , the viewers would vote for which of them should win the series , and the HouseGuest with the most votes would become the winner . The format , during that season , was plagued with a negative reception from both critics and viewers . Season 2 -- present ( edit ) Big Brother 14 winner , Ian Terry , with the Diamond Power of Veto Having spent millions on the series , CBS issued a second season of the series and announced that various changes would occur with the format . The current format of the series is focused more on competition and strategy than the original series . At the start of each week in the house , the HouseGuests compete for the title of Head of Household . The Head of Household for each week is given luxuries such as their own personal bedroom and free laundry service , but is responsible for nominating two HouseGuests for eviction . The Head of Household would not be able to compete in the following week 's Head of Household competition , meaning that a HouseGuest could not hold the title for two weeks in a row , except for the final week or other stated circumstances . All HouseGuests excluding the Head of Household and nominees later vote to determine which of the two nominees should be evicted , and the nominated HouseGuest who received the most votes is evicted during a live episode . If there is a tie in the voting , the reigning Head of Household is required to make the tie - breaker decision . Unlike other versions of Big Brother , the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely . The HouseGuests also competed in Have - Not competitions , in which the losers were required to solely eat slop for the rest of the week , as well as sleep in a special bedroom . Upon reaching a point in the game , the evicted HouseGuests go on to become members of the Jury ; the Jury is responsible for choosing who wins the series . The members of the Jury are not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations . Once only two HouseGuests remain , the members of the Jury cast their votes for who should win the series . To keep the series intriguing , each season typically features a new twist to change the format of the game . This began with Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) and the `` Expect the Unexpected '' twist . Other seasons feature smaller twists than have a smaller impact on the game , usually affecting that sole week . The most notable example of this is Pandora 's Box , a twist that originated in Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) . The twist sees the current Head of Household for that week being tempted by the box , and can choose to either open the box or leave it . Should a HouseGuest choose to open Pandora 's Box , both good and bad consequences could be unleashed into the house ; these can affect not only the Head of Household but the other housemates. Similar formats are applied in later seasons , for example , the Den of Temptation introduced in season 19 . Secret powers have also appeared in the past . Mike Malin was the first HouseGuest to receive a secret power , earning the Coup d'État during Big Brother : All - Stars ( 2006 ) . The Coup d'État allowed the holder to remove one or both nominees from the block on eviction night , as well as choose who is nominated in their place . Malin chose not to use the power , and it subsequently returned during Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) when Jeff Schroeder was given the power by the viewers . Matt Hoffman was given a Diamond Power of Veto during Big Brother 12 ( 2010 ) , which allowed him to remove one HouseGuest from the block and choose the replacement nominee . During Big Brother 14 ( 2012 ) , HouseGuest Ian Terry won a second Power of Veto , which could be used the same as the normal Power of Veto . There have been many seasons in which there has been a twist that allows an evicted HouseGuest to return to the game as if they never left . This happened by either a vote or by a competition . From season 18 onward this was referred to as the Battle Back Competition . After being evicted the HouseGuests remained sequestered either separately from each other or ( if occurring post-jury ) together in the jury house . Those who elected to leave sequester or who leave the game voluntarily were ineligible to return . In Big Brother 3 , the first four evictees competed in a competition where they were asked questions about how much they would give up to re-enter the house . The two who gave up the most faced a vote of the house as to who would return . In Big Brother 6 , three of the first four evictees were voted on by an America 's Vote where the winner returned to the house . In Big Brother 9 and Big Brother 13 , the first few evictees were also voted on by the public . Then a house vote was held on whether to bring back the most recent evictee or the person America chose known only to them as the `` mystery HouseGuest '' . During Big Brother 18 and Big Brother 19 there was a competition to determine who would return to the house Jessie Godderz has made the most Big Brother appearances in the show 's history , appearing in seasons 10 and 11 as a HouseGuest and in seasons 12 - 14 , 17 and 18 in a special guest appearance . Victor Arroyo became the first HouseGuest to reenter the house for a third time in the same season while Paul Abrahamian became the first HouseGuest to make it to the final two twice but still not win . Broadcast ( edit ) Julie Chen , seen here with Les Moonves , has hosted the series since its premiere . Since its launch in the United States , Big Brother has aired on CBS . The show is simulcast in Canada on Global . The fourth and ninth seasons have both aired in the United Kingdom , the latter airing in the Spring season . The first season featured a total of six episodes per week , though all future installments would air three nights per week . Of these three episodes , the weekly eviction episode is the only one that is live ; this is the only episode to feature host Julie Chen . This show generally airs on Thursdays . To date , there have been a total of 558 episodes of the series to air . With the exception of the ninth season , the series typically airs once a year during the Summer season . The first fifteen seasons aired in standard definition , with the sixteenth season being the first to be produced in HD . Before the series made the transfer , it was the last remaining regularly scheduled Primetime series to remain in standard definition . CBS released the entire third season as a nine - disc set on Region 1 DVD . This made it the first season to receive an official release , and has since become a rare item to find . The fourth season saw the release of a two - disc highlights DVD , featuring previously unseen footage deemed too racy for the main broadcast . To date , these are the only seasons to see a physical release . Beginning with the seventh season , all future seasons are available for purchase on digital retail sites . With the fifteenth season , TVGN ( now Pop ) began airing re-runs of the series at later dates , making it the first season to be aired following its premiere ; this continued with the sixteenth season . Subscribers to CBS All Access are able to stream the complete run of Big Brother , including the differently - formatted first season , and an episode of Big Brother 2 that did not air in most markets due to ongoing coverage of the September 11 attacks . One of the main aspects of the series is the live feeds , in which viewers can view inside the house at any time . The live feeds have been a part of the series since its inception , initially being offered as a free service during the first season . From the second season onward , a subscription to the live feeds has been required , with the price ranging each year . The first season 's feeds were available on the show 's official site , hosted by AOL . From the second season to the fourteenth season , the feeds were available through RealNetworks either as a subscription or as a free addition for Gold members . With the fifteenth season onward , the live feeds have aired on the official CBS website , again requiring a subscription from users . Though advertised as being available at any time , the feeds are shut off during the weekly nomination ceremony , Power of Veto ceremony , and the competitions and evictions for that week ; this is to provide suspense for the series . Slanderous statements and singing of copyrighted music are also blocked for legal reasons . CBS is set to be premiering Celebrity Big Brother in the winter of 2018 . It will be the first spin - off to air on the broadcast network , and the second season overall to air in the winter television season . The celebrity edition is expected to air in a concentrated run with fewer episodes . However , this edition will air multiple episodes each week and continue to have live feeds and the After Dark companion show as with the main edition . Competitions ( edit ) Head of Household ( HOH ) ( edit ) The Head of Household competition is held at the beginning of each week , and is most often performed on the live eviction episode . Most often , the first Head of Household competition will require HouseGuests to participate either in pairs or in teams . While the fourth , fifth , and eighth seasons had the HouseGuests competing in pairs , the sixth , seventh , eleventh , twelfth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth editions all saw HouseGuests competing as part of a group . The live Head of Household competitions are typically question based , and will see HouseGuests eliminated each round . Competitions such as `` Majority Rules '' have been used numerous times , with the game being played in the fourth , fifth , sixth , eighth , tenth , and twelfth seasons ; a variation of the competition was used in the seventh season . Some competitions will attempt to cause drama in the house , such as the `` En Garde '' Head of Household competition in which the winner of each round selected the next two to face off against one another . This competition was later used in the tenth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth seasons . Various competitions throughout the season will be endurance , requiring HouseGuests to be the last one remaining in the competition . Endurance competitions are often held after game changing announcements , such as when a previously evicted HouseGuest returns . Various endurance competitions may have punished or reward contestants who either fall off first or last . Skill based competitions also appear frequently throughout the season , some of which may last for numerous hours . Skill competitions , such as the thirteenth season 's `` Big Brother Open '' , are finished during the live eviction broadcast . The final Head of Household competition of each season features three rounds ; the first is endurance , the second is skill , and the final is question based . The record for most Head of Household competitions won in a single season is held by Drew Daniel , Janelle Pierzina , Hayden Moss , Rachel Reilly , Ian Terry , Aaryn Gries , Caleb Reynolds , Vanessa Rousso and Steve Moses in terms of reigns . Frankie Grande won HOH 5 times the sixteenth season , however he was dethroned twice due to the dual HoH twist that was in play during his season , and third reign was rewound due to the rewind button twist . This leaves Frankie with just two full reigns as HoH . Ian Terry has the record for most consecutive Head of Household wins , with four ( winning at the Final 9 , 7 , 5 and 3 rounds ) . One of the Head of Household 's duties is to nominate 2 people for eviction . Victoria from the sixteenth season holds the record for most times being nominated with nine . Power of Veto ( PoV ) ( edit ) The Power of Veto symbol , used since its creation The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3 . During it 's first season , it did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use it on themselves . The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto , and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themself from the block . Following this , the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons . The Diamond Power of Veto , used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block , as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction. Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition , with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature . Competitions such as the `` Pop Goes the Veto ! '' competition , which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word , have been used in numerous consecutive seasons . Competitions such as the `` Big Brother Boardwalk '' competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is ; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition . The `` How Bad Do You Want It ? '' Power of Veto competition , first introduced in the seventh season , saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition . Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons . HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina , Daniele Donato & Paul Abrahamian currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season , with five wins each . HouseGuests James Zinkand , Frank Eudy , and Shane Meaney all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins , with three each . Food and luxury ( edit ) Food and luxury competitions have been a part of the series since it first premiered . In early seasons , the losers of the food competition would be placed on a peanut butter and jelly diet , and would not be permitted to eat any other foods . Beginning with Big Brother 7 , the losers of the Have - Not competition were required to eat `` Big Brother Slop '' for food , sleep in the Have - Not bedroom , and take cold showers for the week . Slop has proven to be an issue for some HouseGuests ; Hypoglycemic HouseGuest Amanda Hansen fainted and had a seizure after only a few days of being on the slop diet , while HouseGuest Allison Nichols had an allergic reaction to the slop ( both of these cases occurred in Big Brother 9 ) . Both women were medically evacuated from the house , though they returned the following morning . HouseGuests who choose to break the slop rule are punished by Big Brother . HouseGuest Jen Johnson from Big Brother 8 was the first HouseGuest to break the food restriction rules , and earned a penalty eviction vote for doing so ; she was ultimately evicted that week . Audrey Middleton from Big Brother 17 and Matt Clines from Big Brother 19 also broke the rules and earned a penalty vote and ultimately evicted . HouseGuests Jeff Schroeder and Kevin Campbell of Big Brother 11 also broke the rules , to a lesser degree , and earned an extra day on the slop diet . The HouseGuests also frequently compete in luxury competitions during their time in the house . Most frequently , HouseGuests will compete for the right to watch a film or television show in the house . When competitions for films or television shows occur , an actor or actress from the series may enter the house to host the competition or speak with the HouseGuests . Actors such as Jeremy Piven , David Hasselhoff , and Neil Patrick Harris have all entered the house to participate in luxury competitions or rewards . Battle of the block ( edit ) The Battle of the Block was first introduced during Big Brother 16 , and was reintroduced during the premiere of Big Brother 17 . Instead of the normal singular Head of Household ( HOH ) , two HOHs were named for that week . Each would then nominate a pair of nominees . These two pairs of nominees would compete against each other in a competition . The winning pair was safe from eviction and dethroned the HOH that nominated , allowing for the other HOH to remain in power for the rest of the week . While the winning pair was safe from eviction for the rest of the week , the dethroned HOH was not . There were eight Battle of the Block competitions in season 16 and five in season 17 . Battle Back ( edit ) The Battle Back Competition allows an evicted house guest to return into the house and play as if they had never left . This competition was first introduced in Season 18 and returned to play a role in Season 19 as well . During Season 18 , the first two evicted house guests battled one on one , and the winner went on to compete against the third . The winner of that matchup would face the next evicted HouseGuest , and the winner of the final match - up re-entered the game . Victor Arroyo was the winner . Also that season , jury members competed alongside the HouseGuests still in the game . The last HouseGuest standing became the new HoH while the last Jury member standing returned to the game . Victor won this Battle Back making him the first HouseGuest in Big Brother history to reenter the game in the same season for a third time . This version of the Battle Back did not return for season 19 . During Season 19 , the four evicted house guests played against each other in one competition . The top two then played head - to - head , and the winner then had to face off against a member inside the house . If the evicted house guest won , they would re-enter the game . However , if the non-evicted house guest won , no one would re-enter the game and all four evicted house guests would be permanently eliminated . Cody Nickson beat Paul Abrahamian in the final round and reentered the game . Series details and viewership ( edit ) Main edition Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Final Vote Runner - Up Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes July 5 , 2000 September 29 , 2000 88 10 Eddie McGee 59 -- 27 -- 14 % Josh Souza 9.10 70 July 5 , 2001 September 20 , 2001 82 12 Will Kirby 5 -- 2 Nicole Schaffrich 7.90 30 July 10 , 2002 September 25 , 2002 Lisa Donahue 9 -- 1 Danielle Reyes 8.70 33 July 8 , 2003 September 24 , 2003 13 Jun Song 6 -- 1 Alison Irwin 8.80 33 5 July 6 , 2004 September 21 , 2004 14 ! 14 Drew Daniel 4 -- 3 Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis 8.30 31 6 July 7 , 2005 September 20 , 2005 80 14 Maggie Ausburn 4 -- 3 Ivette Corredro 7.24 30 7 July 6 , 2006 September 12 , 2006 72 14 ! 14 ( All Returnees ) Mike `` Boogie '' Malin 6 -- 1 Erika Landin 7.56 28 8 July 5 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 81 14 `` Evel '' Dick Donato 5 -- 2 Daniele Donato 7.52 33 9 February 12 , 2008 April 27 , 2008 16 Adam Jasinski 6 -- 1 Ryan Quicksall 6.56 33 10 July 13 , 2008 September 16 , 2008 71 13 Dan Gheesling 7 -- 0 Memphis Garrett 6.72 29 11 July 9 , 2009 September 15 , 2009 73 13 ! 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Jordan Lloyd 5 -- 2 Natalie Martinez 7.19 30 12 July 8 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 75 13 Hayden Moss 4 -- 3 Lane Elenburg 7.76 30 13 July 7 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 14 ! 14 ( 6 Returnees ) Rachel Reilly 4 -- 3 Porsche Briggs 7.95 29 14 July 12 , 2012 September 19 , 2012 16 ! 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Ian Terry 6 -- 1 Dan Gheesling 6.79 30 15 June 26 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 90 16 Andy Herren 7 -- 2 GinaMarie Zimmerman 6.47 36 16 June 25 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 97 Derrick Levasseur 7 -- 2 Cody Calafiore 6.41 40 17 June 24 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 98 17 ! 17 Steve Moses 6 -- 3 Liz Nolan 6.18 40 18 June 22 , 2016 September 21 , 2016 99 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Nicole Franzel 5 -- 4 Paul Abrahamian 5.78 42 19 June 28 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 92 17 ( 1 Returnee ) Josh Martinez 5 -- 4 6.06 39 20 Summer 2018 Summer 2018 Spin - Offs Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Final Vote Runner - Up Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes Over the Top September 28 , 2016 December 1 , 2016 65 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Morgan Willett America 's Vote Jason Roy N / A 10 Celebrity Big Brother Winter 2018 2018 ^ 1 For the first season of the main edition and the digital edition , the public voted to determine the winner between the three finalists . However , the voting percentages were not revealed for BBOTT . ^ 2 Thirteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first four evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 3 The 14 returning HouseGuests were chosen among 20 candidates -- eight through public vote , and six by the producers . ^ 4 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among four candidates , determined by a competition . ^ 5 One of the HouseGuests was expelled from the house during the season . Due to this , their vote was instead decided by the American public . ^ 6 Sixteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first five evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 7 The returning HouseGuest entered the house as a result of an opening night twist . ^ 8 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among two candidates , determined by public vote . The candidates were from the main edition . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Since its inception , Big Brother has been criticized following reports of `` HIB '' ( Harassment , Intimidation , and Bullying ) , violence in the house , obscene language , breach of integrity , and the physical and mental strain of appearing on the series . See also ( edit ) Big Brother franchise Big Brother ( UK ) Big Brother Canada Big Brother ( Australia ) Big Brother Brasil Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Telugu List of Big Brother U.S. HouseGuests The Glass House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Moves to Fall on CBS All Access '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ `` Big Brother All - Stars : `` Buh - Bye Di , Evicted 7 - 1 '' Review `` . IGN. 2006 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2002 - 08 - 16 ) . `` CANOE -- JAM ! Television -- TV Shows -- Big Brother 3 : Marathon ' Big Brother ' contest ends on Net '' . Jam.canoe.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 12 ' Live Recap : Week 2 Eviction and a New HoH '' . Buddytv.com. 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Live Thoughts : Up , Up and Away ( to the Jury House ) '' . Buddytv.com. 2009 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : First Eviction ! - on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 12 Episode 30 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' By - the - Numbers : Male Domination and More All - Time Records '' . Buddytv.com. 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry wins veto power . + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2002 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Big Brother -- Season 3 , Episode 3 : BB3 Ep # 3 : Gerry Wins Veto '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) . `` The Long Goodbye ' Big Brother ' Central '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dana wins Power of Veto competition -- Big Brother USA News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 2003 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 4 '' . Attwx.com. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 12 Episode 14 HOH Matt Nominations Brendon & Rachel Diamond Power of Veto '' . homorazzi.com. 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 12 ' Recap : Deal , No Deal , Diamond PoV and the Saboteur , Part Deux '' . Buddytv.com. 2010 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 12 '' . Attwx.com. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Week 1 Power of Veto Recap ( Page 1 / 3 ) '' . Buddytv.com. 2009 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : The Athletes Continue to Dominate the House -- on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 8 Power of Veto , Live Thoughts '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : A Huge Fight Breaks Out ; A Nail - Biter PoV Competition Changes One houseguest 's Destiny -- on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2006 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Big Brother -- Season 7 , Episode 8 : BB7 -- All - Stars : 708 : George Wins PoV ; Jase Nominated '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tex 's Take : BB8 Week 5 Power of Veto Spoilers '' . Buddytv.com. 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' Spoilers : Who Won the Final 5 Power of Veto ? '' . Buddytv.com. 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 14 Week 3 Spoilers : Power Of Veto Winner And Ceremony ! What Happens To HoH Shane 's Nominations ? '' . Reality Tea. 2012 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2005 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Big Brother -- Season 3 , Episode 1 : BB3 Ep # 1 : ( Season Premier ) Lisa HOH No. 1 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother All - Stars : `` King Keeps Enemies Close '' Review `` . IGN. 2006 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 11 Episode 2 Recap Have and Have Not Competition Nominations Chima Lydia '' . homorazzi.com. 2009 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 11 : Nominations No. 1 '' . Aoltv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 15 ' Spoilers : First Night of Live Feeds , Nominations and Alliances Revealed '' . Buddytv.com. 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2 ca n't stomach ' Big Bro ' slop diet '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2008 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 3 Veto Spoilers , Plus Seizures and Swelling '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Two houseguests hospitalized due to `` slop '' diet ; Amanda had a seizure + reality blurred `` . Realityblurred.com. 2008 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 's ' competing realities -- today > entertainment -- Reality TV '' . TODAY.com. 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jen evicted after receiving Big Brother 's first - ever penalty vote + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor -- reality TV -- Big Brother -- Apprentice -- Amazing Race -- American Idol -- Television Entertainment '' . Reality News Online . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 11 Nominations , Live Thoughts '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Chima keeps her word -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com. 2009 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 13 ' Spoilers : Which Celebrity Visited the House ? '' . Buddytv.com. 2011 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Former child star will appear on Big Brother to whore his CBS sitcom + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` Big Brother 8 bits : Dick 's tea assault ; banners return ; house visit ; Chill Town and Jen '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Censors `` Big Brother '' Slurs `` . The Huffington Post . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrea Reiher ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` ' Big Brother 15 ' house : The racism , misogyny and homophobia comes out ! - -- News & Features '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason St. Amand . `` TV 's ' Big Brother ' Ratings Dive Amid Anti-Gay , Racial Comments '' . South Florida Gay News . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Should CBS Expel ' Big Brother 15 ' HG Aaryn Over Racist Comments ? '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Langston Moore . `` Is Big Brother 13 Rigged ? '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Big Brother '' mutiny brewing ! `` . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Big Brother on IMDb Big Brother at TV.com Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how is the winner of big brother decided	[ "Big Brother is a television reality game show based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997.[2] The series follows a group of contestants, known as HouseGuests, who are living together in a custom-built home under constant surveillance. The HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world and can have no communication with those not in the house. The contestants are competing for a $500,000 grand prize, with weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show. The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984). The series launched on July 5, 2000 to a successful start, though ratings and critical reaction continued to grow increasingly negative. This led to the second season being a revamp of the show, featuring a more competition-based challenge. The series has since continued to be a hit for CBS, and is the second longest-running adaptation of the series to date, after the Spanish adaptation." ]	[ "weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show" ]
5929025091515766344	List of Person of Interest episodes	List of Person of Interest episodes - Wikipedia List of Person of Interest episodes Person of Interest is an American science fiction crime drama television series created for CBS by Jonathan Nolan , who serves as an executive producer alongside J.J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Chris Fisher , Greg Plageman , and Denise Thé . The series stars Jim Caviezel as John Reese , a former CIA agent who is presumed dead . He is approached by a mysterious billionaire named Harold Finch ( Michael Emerson ) who is trying to prevent violent crimes before they happen by using an advanced surveillance system dubbed `` The Machine '' that provides the SSN of a POI ( person of interest ) who will be involved in an imminent lethal crime as either a perpetrator or a victim . Their unique brand of vigilante justice attracts the attention of two NYPD officers , Joss Carter ( Taraji P. Henson ) and Lionel Fusco ( Kevin Chapman ) , whom Reese uses to his advantage as he investigates the POI . Reese and Finch are later aided by Samantha `` Root '' Groves ( Amy Acker ) , a highly intelligent computer hacker and contract killer whom the Machine later identifies as its `` analog interface '' , and Sameen Shaw ( Sarah Shahi ) , a former ISA assassin who unknowingly dealt with the `` relevant '' numbers found by the Machine . During the course of the series , 103 episodes of Person of Interest aired over five seasons . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 4 Home media releases 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 23 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 5 13 May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Semel Jonathan Nolan September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 296807 13.33 John Reese ( Jim Caviezel ) , a former CIA agent and Army Special Forces soldier turned homeless alcoholic , has a struggle with a group of hot - headed teenagers on the subway . After this , he 's extracted from police custody before Homicide Detective Joss Carter ( Taraji P. Henson ) can confront him about links to previous killings discovered through fingerprint analysis . Reese is brought to a mysterious and somewhat secretive billionaire , Harold Finch ( Michael Emerson ) , who is the creator of the next - generation software known simply as `` The Machine '' . After 9 / 11 , Finch developed a computer program that can sift through enormous amounts of data , looking for patterns of behavior or activity that would predict another attack . It also provides information about individuals who could be in danger ; it can predict the identity of a person involved in a premeditated crime that will happen at some point in the future -- however , Finch 's back - door link to The Machine only provides the Social Security number of the person , and offers no clues to their involvement or when the crime will take place . Finch , who feels a need to do something to help these people , enlists Reese to aid him in preventing these crimes , hoping that it will give Reese a purpose following the death of his girlfriend , Jessica ( Susan Misner ) . A reluctant Reese agrees to watch the first person on his list , Diane Hansen ( Natalie Zea ) , an Assistant District Attorney currently working on a major prosecution concerning a prominent drug killing . Reese soon learns that Hansen is not the victim , but the perpetrator running a ring of corrupt police officers and planning to kill a fellow DA , Wheeler ( Brian d'Arcy James ) . After blackmailing one of the corrupt officers , Detective Lionel Fusco ( Kevin Chapman ) , into being his source of information inside the NYPD , Reese reveals Hansen 's corruption to an open court , kills the corrupt Detective Stills ( James Hanlon ) , and links Fusco to the crime to ensure his future cooperation . Reese agrees to continue preventing violent crimes . `` Ghosts '' Richard J. Lewis Greg Plageman & Jonathan Nolan September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 2J6202 12.51 Reese takes the case of Theresa Whitaker ( Valentina de Angelis ) , a girl who supposedly died with her family two years previously . Reviewing the evidence , Reese finds that the crime scene was staged to look like a murder - suicide . He deduces that Theresa 's family was killed by a hitman , and that there is still a price on her head . He follows leads back to Solmick ( Michael Medeiros ) , the original contract killer , who admits that he let Theresa live because he refuses to kill children . Meanwhile , Detective Carter starts investigating Reese , using his fingerprints to access his file , only to discover that it has been redacted . Using information given to him by Reese , Finch manages to locate Theresa , but they are interrupted by the arrival of another hitman ( Ritchie Coster ) . Reese intervenes in time to save them , leaving Theresa in the care of Carter . When asked about Reese , Theresa claims that the experience was too traumatic to recall anything . ( The episode is interjected with flashbacks of Finch and his partner at the founding of `` The Machine '' . Finch is concerned that , if the public ever found out about it , he would be forced to shut it down . At the end , a memorial bust of Finch 's partner ( Brett Cullen ) is shown in his offices . ) `` Mission Creep '' Steven DePaul Patrick Harbinson October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 2J6203 11.57 The Machine produces the Social Security number of Joey Durban ( James Carpinello ) , a former soldier . On returning from Iraq , Joey joined a gang of former soldiers who have taken to robbing banks . Reese infiltrates the gang for their final robbery at an NYPD evidence lockup . They steal a file marked `` Elias , M . '' before Latimer ( Ruben Santiago - Hudson ) , the ringleader , starts killing off the gang members and escapes . Reese starts tracking him down , but discovers that Latimer has himself been murdered after handing the file over to Elias . The file is revealed to contain photos from the scene of a brutal murder . `` Cura Te Ipsum '' Charles Beeson Denise Thé October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 2J6204 12.04 Reese begins 24 - hour surveillance of Dr. Megan Tillman ( Linda Cardellini ) , the latest POI . He and Finch believe that she 's being targeted by Andrew Benton ( Adam Rothenberg ) , a serial stalker and sex offender who drugs his victims before raping them , only to discover that Tillman is actually stalking Benton and planning to kill him ; one of Benton 's previous victims was Tillman 's sister , who committed suicide shortly after Benton assaults her . Reese assaults a group of dealers connected to a Mexican drug cartel , stealing their product and planting it on Benton to have him arrested before Tillman can catch him . Tillman , however , abducts Benton , forcing Reese to talk her out of it by saying she 'll never forgive herself for taking a life after saving them for so long . Afterwards , Reese takes Benton to an empty home and contemplates whether or not to kill him to protect his future victims . Meanwhile , Detective Carter starts to get closer to Finch and Reese when she finds a surveillance tape from the robbery in `` Mission Creep '' that shows their exchange . Reese also blackmails a police captain ( John Fiore ) to transfer Fusco to Carter 's precinct so that he can sabotage her investigation after saving Fusco from cartel hitmen , who are after him due to his actions with Stills ' gang . 5 5 `` Judgment '' Colin Bucksey David Slack October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 2J6205 12.42 A Polish street gang known as SP - 9 kidnaps the son ( Seamus Davey - Fitzpatrick ) of Samuel Gates ( David Costabile ) , a judge known to be tough on crime . In exchange for his son 's safe return , the leader ( Michael Cerveris ) demands that the judge release a banker who is key to their money - laundering operations without any punishment . Breaking with his preferred means of operation , Reese makes himself known to Gates in an attempt to stall the kidnappers while he uses Detective Fusco to process evidence from the scene of the crime . He misleads SP - 9 into believing that their demands have been met , securing the release of Gates ' son , before delivering them to Detective Carter and the NYPD . Meanwhile , Reese makes overtures of friendship towards Finch , but is actually trying to find out more about his habits . 6 6 `` The Fix '' Dennis Smith Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 2J6206 11.62 Reese takes the case of Zoe Morgan ( Paige Turco ) , a professional fixer who uses her influence and her connections to powerful people to perform favors for her own clients . Zoe has been enlisted to retrieve an incriminating recording of a pharmaceutical executive from a rival company , but comes under threat when she hears the contents of the recording itself and realizes that her employer is just as corrupt as his rival . Finch finds that Zoe 's case is connected to that of Dana Miller , a POI whom he was unable to save before meeting Reese . With the help of Zoe , Reese exposes a corrupt pharmaceutical company and Finch short sells their stock to cause further harm , finally getting justice for someone he was unable to save . Meanwhile , Carter takes a homicide case when the murder weapon is proven to be the same one that was used in the `` Elias M . '' case featured in `` Mission Creep '' , and learns that the victim was the murderer of Elias ' mother , Marlene Elias , and was killed with the same knife he used to murder Marlene . Carter finds her friend , retired detective Bernie Sullivan , murdered in his apartment by Elias , who flees the scene . 7 7 `` Witness '' Frederick E.O. Toye Amanda Segel November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 2J6207 11.76 Reese must protect Charlie Burton ( Enrico Colantoni ) , a school teacher who witnessed a Russian mobster shooting an Italian - American mob lieutenant in a Brighton Beach bodega . As Reese and Burton flee the Russians and the Five Families , they stumble into territory controlled by Bulgarian mobsters . Meanwhile , Carter searches for Burton to place him in protective police custody , and in doing so , draws closer to finding Carl Elias -- believed to be the illegitimate son of an aging mobster with a plan to unite the Five Families and reclaim the New York underworld from the Russians . Cut off from Finch as he tries to evade the Russians and Bulgarians , Reese comes to realize that Burton is Elias . Elias thanks Reese for saving him , but warns him not to interfere with his future goals or face unpleasant consequences , leaving Reese feeling guilty that other people will suffer because he saved Elias ' life . 8 8 `` Foe '' Milan Cheylov Sean Hennen November 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) 2J6208 11.65 Reese and Finch track former Stasi agent Ulrich Kohl ( Alan Dale ) across New York City . Kohl , having been secretly imprisoned by the German government for 24 years , has finally escaped and located his former Stasi teammates -- Hauffe ( Kent Broadhurst ) , Wernick ( Larry Pine ) and Steiller ( Sherman Howard ) , all of whom betrayed Kohl to the American and German governments in exchange for new lives in New York . Further , Kohl believes that his former Stasi colleagues are responsible for the murder of his wife Anja ( Laila Robins ) , who was killed while attempting to flee Germany with him . Kohl kills Hauffe and poisons Wernick , but Reese manages to save him . When confronting Steiller before killing him , Kohl learns a terrible truth -- Anja is still alive , having staged her own death to escape from his atrocities . When he attempts to locate her ( running into Reese instead -- whom he briefly connects to as a fellow spy and soldier ) , he also learns that Anja had their child , Marie ( Aubrey Dollar ) , and so sets out to find them both . Kohl finally locates Anja , having taken Marie hostage , and admits that he understands the reasons behind her flight , before raising an unloaded weapon to her , forcing Reese to shoot him dead . Kohl 's predicament leads to Reese reflecting on his own life as a spy , where it is revealed that `` John Reese '' is an alias bestowed on him by his former CIA partner , Kara Stanton ( Annie Parisse ) . 9 9 `` Get Carter '' Alex Zakrzewski Greg Plageman & Denise Thé December 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) 2J6209 12.66 Detective Carter 's investigation into the Charlie Burton / Carl Elias case has earned her a place on Elias ' hit list , making her the next POI . This makes life complicated for Reese as he tries to protect her without revealing himself to her . While Carter investigates the murder of a teenager during a drive - by shooting by an arms dealer ( Jason Manuel Olazabal ) and tries to counsel the wife ( Jennifer Laura Thompson ) of a violent drunk ( Charles Flint Beverage ) . Reese continues following Carter , who meets with one of her confidential informants ( Francois Battiste ) whom Elias has turned against her . The informant expresses regret before shooting Carter twice in the chest . However , she 's wearing a bulletproof vest . Before the CI can finish the job , he 's shot dead by Reese . Reese acknowledges that this does not change the situation -- she will still arrest him given the chance . 10 10 `` Number Crunch '' Jeffrey Hunt Patrick Harbinson December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) 2J6210 12.93 Reese and Finch are puzzled when the Machine produces four numbers . After Reese finds one person of interest dead and is unable to prevent the murder of a second , he realizes that all four have something in common , and begins to dig deeper . He finds that the four stole drug money from the scene of a car accident , and that a corrupt banker and congressman are conspiring to have them killed for it . Meanwhile , Detective Carter has been stood down following the death of her confidential informant in `` Get Carter '' . She 's approached by a man named Mark Snow ( Michael Kelly ) , who identifies himself as a CIA operative , and asks her to lead him to Reese , revealing the reason why Reese faked his death -- supposedly , Reese was responsible for the death of his CIA partner , Kara Stanton , and then disappeared , until Carter 's investigation put him back on the agency 's radar . Finch confronts the conspirators and records evidence that they established a charity in Haiti to launder drug money . Reese saves Wendy ( Bridget Regan ) and Paula ( Melonie Diaz ) by killing their attackers . But , before he can escape , he 's approached by Carter and Snow and flees after being shot by a CIA assassin ( Darien Sills - Evans ) . Carter eventually catches up to Reese and Finch , but decides to let them escape . 11 11 `` Super '' Stephen Williams David Slack January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2J6211 14.86 Finch takes a wounded Reese to the morgue , where he pays a morgue assistant to suture Reese 's wounds . While Reese is in a wheelchair , Finch rents an apartment for him . The building 's super , Ernest Trask ( David Zayas ) is the newest number . Trask has bought a gun and Finch discovers photos of one of the tenants , Lily Thornton ( Kelli Barrett ) , in his office . Finch and Reese conclude that Trask is stalking Lily . Reese assumes that Trask is going after Lily 's boyfriend , Rick Morris ( Bill Heck ) . He confronts Trask , who says that Rick is the one stalking Lily . Finch , Trask , and Reese rush to Lily 's apartment and in the resulting confrontation , Rick is thrown out of a window . Meanwhile , Carter attempts to contact Finch . Finch offers her the name Derek Watson , to show some faith . Carter prevents Derek from killing a banker and receives a call from Finch explaining that this is his purpose . Flashbacks of Finch and his partner , Nathan Ingram , show the tensions with the NSA over constitutional rights regarding the Machine , and the attempts by Nathan 's NSA contact , Denton Weeks ( Cotter Smith ) , to seize control of it . 12 12 `` Legacy '' Brad Anderson Amanda Segel January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 2J6212 14.40 Reese finally decides to meet with Detective Carter , who , by helping him and Finch in their next case , is provided a little insight into what he and Finch do . Their case is Andrea Gutierrez ( April Hernandez - Castillo ) , a self - made attorney who specializes in suing the state of New York on behalf of convicts who claim they were wrongfully imprisoned . Reese and Finch believe the threat to Andrea will be associated with her latest client , Terrence King ( Curtiss Cook ) . King 's parole officer , Dominic Galuska ( Vito D'Ambrosio ) , has been setting up convicts to go to prison and profiting off placing their children in foster care . In representing King , Andrea has come to the attention of people who want her silenced . Meanwhile , Reese realizes that , despite trusting his life to Finch , his partner is still keeping secrets from him . He follows Finch to a meeting with Will Ingram ( Michael Stahl - David ) , the son of Finch 's previous partner , Nathan Ingram . After Finch bails him out of police custody , Will begins asking questions about his father 's death , the nature of his work and his connection to Finch . 13 13 `` Root Cause '' Richard J. Lewis Erik Mountain February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 2J6213 15.10 Reese and Finch are alerted to Scott Powell ( Myk Watford ) , a dedicated family man and city construction project manager , who was laid off in the face of budget cuts advocated by Congressman Michael Delancey ( Victor Slezak ) . They find out that he has secretly applied for a weapon permit and is sending death threats to Delancey ; they conclude that Powell is planning to assassinate the Congressman . However , as Reese tries to intercept Powell , Finch realizes that the evidence against him has been planted , and they are unable to stop the real assassin from killing Delancey . Powell is arrested by the FBI in the face of overwhelming evidence , forcing Reese to help him escape . With the help of Zoe Morgan ( last seen in `` The Fix '' ) , Finch identifies Peter Matheson ( Damian Young ) , Delancey 's business partner and chief of staff , as the man who hired the assassin and a hacker to kill Delancey and frame Powell , thereby covering up Matheson 's corruption . Finch acquires a recording of a conversation between Matheson and the hacker , exonerating Powell . After Matheson is found dead , the hacker , identifying herself as `` Root '' , admits to Finch that she had him killed to tie up loose ends . Root acknowledges Finch , by name , as a worthy adversary . 14 14 `` Wolf and Cub '' Chris Fisher Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 2J6214 15.14 Finch and Reese enter the library for the first time since Finch 's encounter with Root . Reese receives the number of Darren McGrady ( Astro ) . He finds McGrady 's apartment home is a crime scene , Darren 's older brother , Travis , having recently been murdered . Carter tells him that the perpetrators were three males linked to local comic - book store owner and drug dealer Andre ( Malik Yoba ) . Travis had ejected the youths for harassing a waitress at a local chicken shop ; they then followed him home and murdered him . Darren had seen them leaving and called the police , who arrived only after Travis had been dead for some time . Now , desperate for justice , Darren has pawned his television set and trumpet to buy a gun and is about to shoot one of the men , Brick . Reese finds him and calls Carter . Carter arrests Brick as Reese and Darren rush off in her car . Reese leaves him at a convent with Fusco , who is still trailing Finch . Darren escapes , but Reese finds him again . Darren tries to hire Reese to avenge his brother 's death , but Reese just keeps a quarter and says he will work to put his brother 's killers behind bars , meaning no killing . Reese captures one of the perpetrators in a police car with a load of bottles and threatens the other by burning the drug money until he discloses the location of the murder weapon . Corrupt police captain and HR member Lynch ( Michael Mulheren ) intervenes to have Brick released in less than a day . Before Reese can send the gun to the police , Darren takes it and runs off , intending to kill his brother 's murderers . Reese calls Carter and she and Fusco rush arrive in time to stop Darren and capture the killers , but Fusco is shot when Andre tries to kill Darren . With Darren safe , Reese drives him to meet his new foster family . 15 15 `` Blue Code '' David Von Ancken Denise Thé February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 2J6215 13.16 The latest number that the Machine dispenses belongs to Michael Cahill ( Michael Aronov ) , who on the surface is an unassuming and upstanding but solitary citizen , which masks the fact of being involved in a major smuggling ring led by a man named Vargas ( José Zúñiga ) . Members of the ring will not hesitate to kill anyone who gets in their way . Reese quickly infiltrates the smuggling ring . But , when Reese follows Cahill away from the group , he finds that Cahill 's former name is Daniel Tully , and that he 's a husband , father and cop , who is deep undercover . Cahill could have put Vargas away long ago , but is waiting to nab the ringleader , a man ( Michael Berresse ) going by the code name L.O.S. Reese also learns that Vargas probably has a connection working inside the police force . Meanwhile , Finch gets Carter to provide information on the workings of undercover cops . Fusco , meanwhile , is tasked with finding out information on Vargas and consults his friend , Officer Simmons ( Robert John Burke ) , a high - ranking HR enforcer . Fusco is later taken hostage by Vargas ' corrupt informant ( Reg E. Cathey ) , whom Reese kills just in time . Despite Fusco 's saying that he always tried being a good person , Reese tells him to go undercover in HR to learn about their operations and flush out Vargas ' connection . 16 16 `` Risk '' Jeff T. Thomas Sean Hennen February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 2J6216 14.56 The next number belongs to Adam Saunders ( Matt Lauria ) , a trader with a Wall Street investment firm . Adam is a high roller : plays big and wins big , is having a fling with his boss , and is in the SEC 's gunsights for suspected illegal trading . Reese 's cover is as Finch 's asset manager , looking to invest . Adam had advised his adopted uncle to invest big in a firm call Tritek , that he now suspects has some serious problems . Raising an alarm puts his life in danger . It turns out a co-worker of Adam 's and the SEC guy who is harassing him , together are using Tritak 's imminent failure to defraud thousands of people out of tens of millions of dollars , as they sell it short . Reese is able to protect Adam from assassins sent to kill him before he leaks the news too early , while Finch uses his unlimited funds to keep Tritak in operation , save the investors ' money , and expose the villains . Our friends realize that the perpetrators in this case were working for Carl Elias . 17 17 `` Baby Blue '' Larry Teng Patrick Harbinson March 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) 2J6217 15.67 Reese and Finch are confused when the Machine names a six - month - old child , Leila Smith , as the latest POI . Reese and Finch turn into overly protective parents -- with an arsenal at their disposal -- as they investigate her origins . The child is re-kidnapped by the Albanian mob and Reese negotiates with Elias to help get the child back . Detective Carter begins to question her new allegiance with Reese and Finch after Reese 's negotiation with Elias goes awry , and Elias ' father , Gianni Moretti ( Mark Margolis ) is kidnapped by Elias . 18 18 `` Identity Crisis '' Charles Beeson Amy Berg March 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) 2J6218 14.59 Finch and Reese take on the case of Jordan Hester , who appears to be living a double life with a very small online footprint . They soon discover two Hesters : Reese follows a male Hester ( Rhys Coiro ) while Finch follows a female Hester ( Sarah Wynter ) , who he believes is a target . Reese finds the male Hester 's apartment , and discovers they 're making ecstasy while Finch explains to the female Hester what he does and suggests she move somewhere safer . As they do , Fusco meets with a prisoner ( Christopher Denham ) who was recently part of a similar case , and learns that the woman 's name is actually Mary and the real Jordan Hester is the man . At her apartment , Mary drugs Finch with ecstasy , destroys his phone and leaves him to die in a fire ; Fusco rescues Finch as Mary leaves to kill Hester . Reese destroys the ecstasy lab with Hester 's help , then follows Mary to a restaurant , where she 's arrested and her true identity , Tara Verlander , is revealed . Carter , who is keeping her distance from Reese and Finch , is approached by FBI agent Donnelly ( Brennan Brown ) , who is also looking for Reese . Donnelly explains Reese 's previous involvement in illegal , USA based CIA operations , which the FBI wish to expose , and believe he 's now working as a mercenary for Elias . Meanwhile , Finch offers to answer any of Reese 's questions about him while under the influence , but Reese chooses not to take advantage of his partner to satisfy his own curiosity . 19 19 `` Flesh and Blood '' Stephen Semel Amanda Segel April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 2J6219 13.69 When the Machine spits out five numbers , naming the Don of each of New York 's crime families , Reese and Finch suspect Elias is planning to eliminate his competition , and Carter wants them in protective custody . Reese attempts to ask one of the Dons to follow him but he refuses and is killed in a car explosion while another is shot down in Carter 's protective custody . Carter kidnaps the remaining Dons and takes them to an apartment but are tracked down with ease by HR cops . Reese must save Carter 's son , who has been kidnapped in an effort to force Carter to turn the Dons over to him . Elias threatens Carter , trying to force her to open the door , while Reese rescues Carter 's son and Gianni Moretti , Elias 's father . One of the Mafia members then reveals that he was working with Elias , but he 's killed as Elias breaks through the door . Non-corrupt police are alerted by Fusco and arrive at the scene to arrest Elias . As Elias is going to his cell , he places a call to his recently rescued father before blowing up the car he and his half - brother are in . 20 20 `` Matsya Nyaya '' Kevin Bray Ray Utarnachitt April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 2J6220 12.73 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tommy Clay ( Pablo Schreiber ) , who works for an armored car service , is working with a team that Finch believes will be robbed . Reese works with the team as a rookie as Finch tracks the car in an attempt to predict the robbery . When the team picks up platinum valued at $1.25 million , the vehicle explodes and Reese is shot by Clay . Reese awakes in a hospital and is rescued by Carter . Finch tracks Clay to a motel , where his two partners in crime have been killed . Fusco arrives and realizes that HR is involved in the robbery as Finch finds Clay 's partner , a waitress named Ashley ( Virginia Kull ) . Reese finds Clay , and realizes that Clay is not only a perpetrator , but also a victim , just before Clay is killed by Ashley . Ashley leaves with the platinum , but is killed by Captain Arthur ' Artie ' Lynch , a member of HR , who is in turn killed by Fusco coming to Reese 's rescue . Meanwhile , in flashbacks shown throughout the episode , Reese , while on a mission with Kara Stanton in Morocco , receives a desperate - sounding phone - call from Jessica before he and Kara are ordered to travel to Ordos , China to retrieve a stolen computer . The orders are given in person by Mark Snow and a mysterious woman ( Elizabeth Marvel ) -- revealed in episode 22 to have been Alicia Corwin of the NSC , Nathan Ingram 's Government contact , therefore the implications are much larger -- and their mission in China is shown as it played out . Reese is puzzled when Snow orders him to kill Kara , who has allegedly been compromised , when their mission is completed . When the time comes , however , Reese hesitates and is shot by Kara , who was given instructions identical to those given to Reese . Reese realizes that the CIA actually wants the computer destroyed and anyone who had access to it dead , including him and Kara , and escapes the building as an AC130 destroys it . In the present day , Snow and Evans follow a lead that they believe will lead to Reese . They arrive at a hotel , where Evans is killed and Snow is taken hostage by Kara , revealed to have survived the air strike . 21 21 `` Many Happy Returns '' Frederick E.O. Toye Story by : Erik Mountain & Jonathan Nolan Teleplay by : Erik Mountain May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 2J6221 13.27 Reese gets the day off , ostensibly for his birthday . Finch goes to Carter for help , but then urges her to accompany agent Donnelly to New Rochelle , where Donnelly suspects Reese in the disappearance of a man after his wife died in a car accident . Carter finds clues indicating the husband abused his wife , making her death suspicious . Finch works with Detective Fusco to find POI Karen Garner ( Dagmara Dominczyk ) , pursued by U.S. Marshals for identity theft . But again the official story is debunked after Reese -- rescuing the mission from the fumblings of Finch and Fusco -- learns she 's fleeing her abusive husband ( Jeremy Davidson ) , a marshal who framed her to trigger the manhunt . As case parallels emerge , so does the identity of the dead wife in New Rochelle : Reese 's ex-girlfriend , Jessica Arndt . Did Reese kill her husband ? Will he kill the marshal ? A phone call to Carter suggests Reese deposits his bad guys , with drugs he plants on them , at a Mexican prison . Reassured , Carter shreds a military file on Reese that arrives for Donnelly . In the final flashback , Reese , who has just learned of Jessica 's death , bumps into a man in a wheelchair . It 's Finch , with a folder suggesting Jessica Arndt was a POI he could not save . 22 22 `` No Good Deed '' Stephen Williams David Slack May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 2J6222 12.96 Wanting to unearth Finch 's secrets , Reese watches him as he takes a call . But it 's just a new POI : Henry Peck ( Jacob Pitts ) , an NSA security analyst . Someone is after Peck for unwittingly pointing up the Machine in a security report . Flashback to 2009 : Nathan Ingram 's government contact , Alicia Corwin , tells him , ominously , that the Machine will flag anyone who discovers its existence . It occurs to Ingram : The U.S. government might abuse its power to secretly spy on Americans . He asks Finch to create a contingency program . Finch deems it a dangerous plan , so Ingram does it himself . Peck meanwhile keeps getting rescued by ( then escaping ) Reese . Along the way , he ultimately realizes the Machine exists : `` Our own government is spying on us , and they want to kill me for covering it up ! I have to tell someone ! '' he yells during one of the rescue - escapes . Finch finally corners Peck while he 's waiting to meet a journalist . He gives Peck a new identity kit , admits to creating the machine , then walks away , unaware that Alicia Corwin overheard his admission . Reese tracks down Finch 's fiancée ( Carrie Preston ) , and Finch later confirms that he faked his death to protect her . 23 23 `` Firewall '' Richard J. Lewis Greg Plageman & Jonathan Nolan May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 2J6223 13.47 Fusco is hired by HR leadership to obstruct any investigation into a planned murder , which happens to be the current POI : Caroline Turing , PhD ( Amy Acker ) , a therapist with a powerful client list . To protect Turing , Reese signs up for therapy . After saving Turing from an assassin on a city street , he attempts to hide her at a hotel . But thanks to street surveillance footage , both HR and the FBI find them and converge on the building . Finch and the two detectives -- who discover they 're on the same team -- help Reese get Turing out . Later , Finch goes to meet Turing , but instead finds Alicia Corwin , who demands his help in shutting down the Machine . Then Turing arrives , wrapping up the plan that she -- Root , the hacker from Root Cause -- set into play in order to get answers about the Machine . Root kills Alicia and abducts Finch . Montage : Reese finds Corwin 's body . Carter and Fusco disseminate damning evidence about HR , anonymously . Reese gazes into a surveillance camera and tells the Machine to help him find Finch . A payphone rings . Reese answers . Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Contingency '' Richard J. Lewis Denise Thé & Jonathan Nolan September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 2J7201 14.28 Reese receives a mysterious code from the Machine via the pay phone . He cracks the code to yield the SSN of accountant Leon Tao ( Ken Leung ) . Reese rescued Tao , who stole money from the Aryan Brotherhood ( Neo-Nazis ) . As a government operative sabotages the Corwin investigation to prevent Carter from learning about the Machine , Reese leaves Tao in the care of Fusco while he concentrates on Finch . Fusco soon is taken hostage along with Tao . Reese rescues them , and acquires their attack dog , which he names Bear . Meanwhile , Root takes Finch to a cabin and kidnaps Denton Weeks ( cf . `` Super '' ) . Root reveals her motive to discover how Finch and Reese thwarted her operation so efficiently ( cf . `` Root Cause '' ) . Root sees the Machine as a `` perfect intelligence '' and wishes to set it free . Flashbacks show Finch testing the machine 's capabilities in public . During one flashback , the Machine saves Finch from an out - of - control car , and he rebukes it , stating that it should endeavor to protect everyone , not only him . In the present , Reese threatens to quit if it does not help him find Finch and is given his first clue : the SSN of a girl in Texas , who has been missing since age fourteen . 25 `` Bad Code '' Jon Cassar Greg Plageman & Patrick Harbinson October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 2J7202 14.58 Root interrogates Weeks for the location of the Machine . She allows Finch to help him escape and pretends to be subdued . Denton then turns on Finch , but Root kills Denton after he reveals the Machine 's location . Meanwhile , Reese follows the trail of the missing girl supplied by the Machine ( cf . `` The Contingency '' ) . Her name was Hanna Frey , a young girl abducted twenty years prior . Hanna 's friend Samantha Groves , The sole witness to the crime , informed the librarian of what she saw , only for the librarian to accuse Sam of lying . That night , Sam adopted the alias `` Root '' and presumably fled home . Reese and Carter are able to locate Hanna 's body and ensure a proper burial , learning that Root arranged to have her killer murdered . Investigating Corwin 's murder , Fusco learns from a tapped conversation between Hersh and his boss of their search for Denton . Fusco alerts Reese with the information , helping Reese to locate the Maryland cabin . He arrives too late , but is able to follow Finch 's clues to the train station . Finch is reclaimed , but Root escapes before Reese can apprehend her . She later calls to thank Reese for finding Hanna , but warns she will be back someday for Finch . 26 `` Masquerade '' Jeffrey Hunt Melissa Scrivner Love October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 2J7203 13.93 As Finch tries to readjust to life after his kidnapping , establishing a bond with Reese 's attack dog Bear , Reese poses as a bodyguard to get close to Sophia Campos ( Paloma Guzmán ) , the spoiled daughter of the Brazilian consul in New York . Sophia has become the target of the leader of a drug smuggling operation , who believe that she and a friend witnessed their operations . Meanwhile , Fusco hands the Alicia Corwin case on to Carter . While at the morgue , Carter encounters Mark Snow , who claims that he has been reassigned , but in reality , is being held hostage by Kara Stanton . 27 `` Triggerman '' James Whitmore , Jr . Erik Mountain October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 2J7204 14.03 Riley Cavanaugh ( Jonathan Tucker ) , an enforcer for an Irish mobster , becomes the next number when he betrays his boss and goes on the run with his lover , Annie , whom he was ordered to kill . Reese and Finch debate the morality of trying to save a ruthless killer , but they soon need Riley 's help when Annie is captured by bounty hunters hired by the mob . To keep Annie safe , Finch is forced to make a deal with Elias , who continues to run the biggest criminal organization in New York from behind bars , in exchange for a game of chess . Riley sacrifices his life in order to save Annie , an act Reese encourages her to interpret as proof of his love and a sign of his redemption . 28 5 `` Bury the Lede '' Jeffrey Hunt David Slack November 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) 2J7205 13.66 In the midst of New York 's mayoral elections , the police and FBI are closing the net around the elusive leader of HR . Investigative reporter Maxine Angelis ( Gloria Votsis ) is trying to beat them to the scoop and becomes the next number , but Reese finds it difficult to protect Maxine when Finch discovers she 's writing an exposé on the mysterious `` man in the suit '' , so he uses an online dating website to get close without exposing his true identity . HR runs a gambit to trick Maxine into naming an FBI informant as the big boss , discrediting her , while everyone hunts for a ledger that can name everyone in the organization . Reese , Carter and Fusco manage to track down the ledger , and Fusco secretly removes the pages that would incriminate him and Simmons . The ledger names one of the mayoral candidates as the big boss and his opponent wins the race , but in reality , both candidates are on the payroll of Alonzo Quinn ( Clarke Peters ) , HR 's true leader . 29 6 `` The High Road '' Félix Alcalá Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 2J7206 14.87 Reese ventures into suburbia to locate the next person of interest , Graham Wyler ( David Denman ) , whose past returns to haunt him . Reese `` proposes '' to Zoe Morgan for the mission to help blend into suburban life . They move to the suburbs to investigate Wyler . Wyler is forced to help with a robbery led by his former partners , as he is a master safecracker . He cracks the safe as Reese and the NYPD show up . Carter buys some extra time with the police by leading them up the wrong staircase to give Reese and Wyler time to escape down the other ; however , Wyler decides he does not want to run any more and turns himself in . He turns state 's evidence against the gang and is then placed on house arrest , as the court deems him no threat to society and due to his help in getting convictions on the crew . Zoe and John `` divorce '' but Zoe suggests they both spend one more night in ' their ' house . The episode ends with a flashback of Finch greeting Grace ( who would later be his fiancé ) for the first time . 30 7 `` Critical '' Frederick E.O. Toye Sean Hennen November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 2J7207 14.57 Reese and Finch work to save both the life of a CEO undergoing secret surgery and the wife ( Erica Leerhsen ) of the surgeon ( Sharon Leal ) from a former MI6 agent ( Julian Sands ) and a team of ex-SAS operatives ; Leon Tao from `` The Contingency '' , once again in danger , assists while under protective detention . Carter handles the case of a murdered man with her business card in his pocket , finding out that Agent Snow is the murderer . On confronting Snow , he reveals to her that he has been strapped to a bomb suit and says that ' she ' , referring to Reese 's handler , Kara Stanton , presumed to have been killed by the air strike in China , is planning something big . Detective Carter informs Reese of her meeting with Agent Snow , upon which Reese offers her a choice of staying out of the case as she has people who will miss her , unlike Finch and Reese . 31 8 `` ' Til Death '' Helen Shaver Amanda Segel November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 2J7208 14.43 The Machine produces two numbers belonging to a married couple ( Mark Pellegrino and Francie Swift ) who own a publishing house . Reese and Finch work together and soon discover that each has ordered a hit on the other to settle a proposed sell out deal for their company . Reese kidnaps the couple with Carter 's reluctant help , and defends them from a group of armed thugs while Finch plays marriage counselor . Eventually the hit men are taken down while the couple are arrested but work out their marital problems . Finch suggests that the two will not spend much time in jail due to good lawyers and a refusal to testify against each other . Meanwhile , Carter begins a relationship with narcotics detective Cal Beecher ( Sterling K. Brown ) . 32 9 `` C.O.D. '' Clark Johnson Ray Utarnachitt December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 2J7209 14.18 Reese works to save the life of a local taxi driver ( Michael Irby ) who is put in danger when a passenger leaves behind a laptop that is wanted by the Estonian mafia . Reese and Finch eventually realize the laptop contains valuable information that could enable terrorists to enter the county undetected . As a result , the Estonian mafia is killing anyone who has even seen the laptop . Finch is able to locate the laptop and the Estonians are defeated by Reese . Finch and Reese then have the cab driver use the laptop to negotiate a deal with the Secret Service to bring his family over from Cuba in exchange for the laptop . At the same time , HR decides to reestablish ties with Elias and blackmail Fusco into helping . After walking into an ambush , Fusco tells HR member Simmons that Elias has cut all ties and Fusco is as well . In response , Simmons leaves Carter with an anonymous tip that a cop murdered Detective Ian Davidson ( from `` Blue Code '' ) . 33 10 `` Shadow Box '' Stephen Surjik Patrick Harbinson December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 2J7210 14.08 Reese must protect the sister ( Jessie Collins ) of a soldier who died in Afghanistan and her boyfriend , an ex-Marine ( Brian J. Smith ) who lost his right arm , who are trying to expose an executive stealing from a charity for wounded vets . Carter is offered a temporary assignment to the FBI when Special Agent Donnelly returns with new clues he believes will lead to Reese . The situation gets complicated when Reese , for whom the case has become personal , puts himself at risk as the FBI closes in on him while Finch is unable to stop him . The episode concludes with the FBI arresting Reese as well as some thugs working for the crooked charity . Fusco , meanwhile , grows increasingly suspicious of Carter 's boyfriend Cal Beecher , who is revealed to be the godson of HR leader Alonzo Quinn . 34 11 `` 2πR '' Richard J. Lewis Dan Dietz January 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) 2J7211 16.23 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Reese in FBI custody , Finch poses as a teacher in a high school in order to protect the next number , a teenager named Caleb Phipps ( Luke Kleintank ) . Based on his statistics , Caleb is a below - average student , but Finch discovers he 's actually trying to hide the fact that he 's a genius . Finch begins to learn that Caleb is a master coder making a big program , and with Fusco 's help , he realizes he 's also a drug lord . Finch confronts Caleb 's tech teacher , who is apparently trying to take credit and money for Caleb 's code , but then realizes he 's only trying to promote his work and then credit him for it so investors can help Caleb make a lot of money off of his work . Meanwhile , Caleb is supposed to be meeting with Lorenzo , a drug dealer and former boss of his associates at school . Caleb instead plans to give his code and drug money to his drunk mother , and goes to a train station where he plans to commit suicide because his brother was killed in a train accident before while he was drunk . Finch is able to talk him out of it while Fusco takes care of Lorenzo . Caleb then thanks Finch as he prepares for his next day at school . Meanwhile , Reese and three other men are held captive by the FBI , who prepare to interrogate each one until they reveal the `` Man in the Suit '' . 35 12 `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Chris Fisher David Slack January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 2J7212 15.67 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While Finch gets a new number , supermodel Karolina Kurkova , and assigns Fusco to the job , Carter is asked to interrogate the four suspects . Finch assists by creating fake information for Reese to substantiate the claims he gives while being interrogated . Elias offers to help Reese , but Reese refuses as the FBI knows that the ' Man in a Suit ' has an affiliation with Elias . Finch bribes a suspect ( Brendan Griffin ) to tell the FBI who the man is . The suspect blames one of the other men but after another suspect ( who was relieved as he was in Iraq while the man in the suit was on the streets ) ( James Knight ) is killed by a government assassin named Hersh ( Boris McGiver ) , who knows that the Man in the Suit also has a connection to the Machine , Agent Donnelly suspects that he was bribed and the real man is Reese . During a brawl involving Reese and the other thugs to try to get him to show his combat skills and prove himself to be the Man in the Suit , Elias tells the thugs to back off , saving Reese and causing the experiment to be a failure . Carter questions the last suspect ( Creighton James ) in order to provoke him into attacking her , causing the FBI to believe that he is the man , securing Reese 's release . Later , Reese visits Carter and thanks her , but Donnelly approaches them and realizes that Reese is indeed the Man in the Suit . He arrests Carter for conspiracy and Reese for murder . Finch attempts to meet with Fusco to assist him , but public phones begin to ring . Finch is hesitant at first but then takes the call . He rushes back and finds out that the next number is Donnelly . He calls Donnelly to warn him as a truck hits Donnelly 's car . Kara Stanton walks out , killing Donnelly and sedating Reese . 36 13 `` Dead Reckoning '' John Dahl Erik Mountain January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 2J7213 15.71 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carter survives the crash ; she receives a call from Finch , telling him Donnelly is dead and Reese has been taken . Kara Stanton has strapped a bomb vest to Reese , and the next morning , he learns he will be forced into doing fieldwork with Mark Snow , who has a similar bomb vest on . The two steal a hard drive and are then assigned to go install it . A flashback shows how Kara was visited in the hospital by a mysterious man named Greer ( John Nolan ) who seeks her help , and after a few words , Kara says she will help him if she gets an answer to the question of who sent her on the mission . In the present time , Kara times the bomb to 15 minutes , but Reese shuts down the system , preventing Kara getting what she wants . Kara deactivates the bomb and installs the system in another room and locks them in . She resets the bombs to 5 minutes . They manage to escape but Snow hits Reese and runs off to get Kara . Carter and Fusco try to help Reese , but he refuses . Finch meets Reese on the roof and after denying Finch 's help , Finch deactivates the vest on Reese . Kara receives the name of the person who requested the laptop be stolen ; she is surprised to find Snow in her car just before Snow 's vest explodes , killing them both . The FBI , satisfied that Snow fits the description of `` The Man in the Suit '' , officially closes the case . A final flashback revisits the exploding car that killed Stanton and Snow ; a small piece of paper floats to the ground from within the wreckage , with a name written on it : Harold Finch . 37 14 `` One Percent '' Chris Fisher Denise Thé & Melissa Scrivner Love February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 2J7214 14.88 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese has to protect eccentric Internet billionaire Logan Pierce ( Jimmi Simpson ) , who flouts all the rules and behaves so badly that he 's dragging his company 's reputation through the mud . A rival programmer whom Pierce had promised development capital is an early suspect , but she has disappeared . After several attempts on Pierce 's life , it is revealed that his partner , Justin Ogilvay , has been trying to kill him . Pierce flies himself and Reese to St. Petersburg , Russia , to escape the killer . Pierce invites dozens of friends to join him and party , causing Reese to walk away , disgusted with his attitude . Pierce runs into Justin and his goons outside , and Justin explains why he intends to kill his partner , before saying goodbye and driving away . Two thugs are about to throw Pierce off a bridge when Reese appears and saves him . Justin is arrested , and it is revealed that Pierce has been in cahoots with Emily Morton , who has developed a superior technology . By being removed from FriendCzar , Pierce 's non-compete agreement is void , allowing him to assist Emily in a new venture which will crush FriendCzar . When Reese shows Finch the $2 million watch that Pierce has given him , Finch stomps on it , revealing a tiny GPS tracker inside . `` Your friend is just curious enough to be dangerous , '' Finch warns . In a flashback to 2009 , Finch 's old partner Ingram is shown about to try to save one of the `` irrelevant '' numbers identified by the Machine . At the end of the episode , Bear is cured of his depression when Finch and Reese take him to the park to meet a doggy pal . 38 15 `` Booked Solid '' Frederick E.O. Toye Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 2J7215 14.87 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese and Finch work undercover in a hotel to protect a maid named Mira ( Mia Maestro ) who escaped the war in Kosovo . With assistance from Zoe , who is also working in the hotel , Reese follows Mira as a bellhop while Finch works as a concierge . Finch finds out that Mira is hiding her true identity , and they realize she is being followed by a hit squad . John discovers she is refusing to cooperate with a reporter attempting to uncover a Serbian general 's war crimes . When the reporter is murdered , she decides to send a DVD with evidence to the authorities . Fusco escorts Mira to the station , where one final hit man attempts to kill her , before being shot by Carter . Meanwhile , Carter receives an offer to join the FBI , and is asked to take a polygraph , but is rejected because Cal Beecher , her friend and love interest , has a record of Internal Affairs investigations . Hersh follows Reese to the hotel , acting on orders from Special Counsel , intending to interrogate and kill him , but Reese manages to stab Hersh , and gives him the choice to either seek medical attention or attack Reese . Hersh chooses to go to the hospital , and while in recovery is ordered back to D.C. Finch purchases the hotel and promotes Mira to manager . Thanking Zoe for her help , John flirtatiously informs her that he has taken a suite in the hotel for a night . Meanwhile , Special Counsel 's assistant , Miss May , is shown to be Root . 39 16 `` Relevance '' Jonathan Nolan Amanda Segel & Jonathan Nolan February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 2J7216 14.22 The machine gives the numbers of Sameen Shaw ( Sarah Shahi ) , a government assassin , and Michael Cole ( Ebon Moss - Bachrach ) , a computer specialist working for Special Counsel ( Jay O. Sanders ) . Special Counsel has sent a hit team to eliminate Shaw and Cole because Cole may have obtained information on the Machine . They kill Cole but Shaw escapes , shooting Reese , who she believes is another assassin . Root captures and interrogates Shaw but leaves abruptly to avoid another hit team from Special Counsel . Reese saves her and Finch explains her `` Research '' does not actually exist , implying it is the Machine , and offers his aid to her , which she refuses . She confronts Special Counsel , and returns the flash drive with the information Cole had recovered , then kills the subordinate who had ordered her and Cole 's death . Special Counsel allows her to leave , but Hersh finds her and injects her with poison . Leon Tao ( disguised as a paramedic ) , Carter , and Fusco take charge of the apparently dead body and drive away . Tao , as directed by Reese , injects her with an antidote . Shaw , fully recovered , meets with Reese and Finch in a graveyard and accepts Finch 's card . 40 17 `` Proteus '' Kenneth Fink Sean Hennen March 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 07 ) 2J7217 14.57 After being silent for three days , when the Machine generates numbers of six missing people , Reese , Finch , and Detective Carter realize that they are hunting a serial killer who assumes the identity of his victims . Reese encounters FBI agent Alan Fahey ( Luke Macfarlane ) at Owen Island during his search for the same killer . Due to a severe storm , residents of the island take shelter in the police station . Finch arrives at the island and assists Fahey interrogate the people in the station . Carter , having researched the six victims , goes to help Finch and Reese . Meanwhile , Finch and Reese discover that the killer is actually masquerading as Agent Fahey , whom he had killed before Reese arrived on the island . The killer captures Finch before Carter arrives and shoots the killer . Finch and Reese later ponder why the Machine was silent for three days , with Finch suspecting that the virus Kara Stanton uploaded to the Department of Defense has infected the Machine and slowed its abilities . He tells Reese that he believes this is the beginning of a coming storm . 41 18 `` All In '' Tricia Brock Lucas O'Connor March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 2J7218 14.34 The Machine generates the number of watch repairman Lou Mitchell ( Ron McLarty ) , who is consistently losing large sums of money at a casino . Finch & Reese find out that he and many other elderly gamblers are victims of a drug - money laundering operation headed by the casino 's owner Dario Makris ( Michael Rispoli ) . Finch breaks into the casino server room and gathers the needed evidence , but is caught and taken hostage along with Reese , Leon , and Lou . They are forced to play a game of Russian roulette , but Reese gets them out alive after Lou sneaks the bullet out before it enters the gun . Meanwhile , Detective Szymanski ( Michael McGlone ) is incriminated by HR so the head of the Russian mob can be exonerated and give financial support to HR . Carter questions her relationship and connection to Cal Beecher , given that it was he who told IAB that Szymanski was corrupt , acting on information from one of Beecher 's CIs . Carter succeeds in clearing Szymanski , but he is later killed along with the ADA by HR boss Alonzo Quinn , who makes it look like an assassination by an outside figure . Detective Terney ( Al Sapienza ) of the homicide task force is revealed to be an HR operative , potentially watching Fusco and Carter . 42 19 `` Trojan Horse '' Jeffrey Hunt Dan Dietz & Erik Mountain April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 2J7219 14.57 Reese monitors Michael Cole 's family where Shaw finds him . Finch calls with a new number , that of Monica Jacobs ( Tracie Thoms ) , a high - ranking employee of a technology company called Rylatech . Jacobs is being hunted and framed for industrial espionage by other employees who are secretly working as spies for China and Greer 's shadowy company Decima Technologies . Meanwhile , Shaw tracks Finch to the library , where she grabs a list of Root 's aliases from the wall , telling Finch she has a new project . Meanwhile , Quinn , who is actually Beecher 's godfather , realizes Cal knows too much about his role in HR , and arranges to have him killed . The Machine gives Finch his number , but too late for Carter and Fusco to save him . The next morning , Finch is taking a walk around town with Reese , telling him that he has identified Decima Technologies , the company which employed Kara Stanton to upload a virus onto the Machine . Unknowingly behind them , Greer is on the phone , and when he hangs up , he looks at his phone , which has a countdown ticking on it , and smiles . 43 20 `` In Extremis '' Chris Fisher Greg Plageman & Tony Camerino April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 2J7220 13.22 When a highly decorated doctor named Richard Nelson ( Dennis Boutsikaris ) is poisoned with a fatal dose of radiation , Reese and Finch have just 24 hours to determine the deadly toxin he was given and find the person behind the attack . Reese is forced to partner with Nelson to track down the killer after they both realize that the radiation has no antidote . Meanwhile , Detective Fusco 's past corruption catches up with him when an informant gives the Internal Affairs Bureau the crucial information they need to send him to prison . Flashbacks explore how Detective Fusco became involved with HR and the development of his friendship with Detective Stills . Because of the Internal Affairs investigation , Detective Carter is forced to evaluate her partnership with Fusco and how she might help him with the problems he is facing . While Reese is busy with the doctor , she and Finch are left to deal with fallout from the investigation . The Machine displays the coded blue screens with increasing frequency as it becomes apparent to Finch and Reese that the numbers are coming too late , leading to Dr. Nelson 's death . As the episode ends , the Machine sends a series of alerts before beginning the process of shutting down its primary functions . 44 21 `` Zero Day '' Jeffrey Hunt Amanda Segel & David Slack May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 2J7221 12.96 Special Counsel discovers that there is a threat to the Machine , which Finch and Reese are attempting to stop . The Machine gives a number belonging to Ernest Thornhill , a CEO who is buying several payphone companies in New York . Decima Technologies , Finch , Root , Shaw and Reese all attempt to reach Thornhill , but Finch discovers that Thornhill is an alias created by the Machine . Root and Finch enter Thornhill Enterprises and discover that the Machine will reboot to defend against the virus , once complete giving Admin access to who ever receives a call . Reese and Shaw follow and encounter Greer and his men . Greer tells Reese that the laptop Reese had to recover with Kara Stanton from China was sent there by Finch . Finch knows which payphone the Machine is going to call and goes with Root to answer , followed by Shaw and Reese , where they encounter Greer 's men . When the call comes , Root answers the phone , but Finch splices the call to a payphone near Reese so he too can answer the phone . 45 22 `` God Mode '' Richard J. Lewis Patrick Harbinson & Jonathan Nolan May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 2J7222 13.16 The Machine grants both Reese and Root full administrative access and saves Reese ( with Shaw ) and Root ( with Finch ) from a number of potential threats . Root and Finch arrive at the Hanford nuclear facility where the Machine is kept , followed shortly by Reese and Shaw , Reese , being slowed as the Machine directs him to rescue people from the irrelevant list , but find that the Machine has moved . Finch explains that he planted a hidden code inside the Machine that would grant it the freedom to protect itself if it was at risk . Meanwhile , HR and Peter Yogorov attempt to kill Carl Elias , but the attempt is stopped by a masked Detective Carter , who wounds Yogorov and frees Elias . The episode ends with a payphone calling Reese and Finch . Hersh is seen talking with a woman in a black town car . The Machine calls Root , again asking , `` Can you hear me ? '' In flashbacks , we learn that Ingram was planning to tell the press about the Machine , but Hersh released a suicide bomber , ordering him to detonate his bomb on a ferry where Ingram and Finch are meeting . Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Liberty '' Chris Fisher Greg Plageman & Denise Thé September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 2J7601 12.44 Reese , Finch , and Shaw work to save the life of a sailor named Jack Salazar ( Rey Valentin ) who is inadvertently caught up in a diamond smuggling operation run by a team of Force Recon Marines . Shaw gets used to being a member of the team , although her propensity for violent solutions worries Finch . Meanwhile , Carter adapts to life as a uniformed police officer after being demoted . It is revealed she is conducting a secret investigation into HR , and has identified several of its high - ranking members . A troubled Root continues to receive counseling , and later reveals that she is still in contact with the Machine when she uses it to learn the unhealthy habits of her psychiatrist , Dr. Carmichael ( Bruce Altman ) . 47 `` Nothing to Hide '' Frederick E.O. Toye Erik Mountain October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 2J7602 12.35 Wayne Kruger ( David Alan Basche ) is the owner of a business company known as Lifetrace , which specializes in revealing members ' privacy on their profile pages and selling it to various organizations . Reese , Finch , and Shaw monitor Kruger 's activities in the company , which is currently making a deal with another large retail company called Riverton . Though the site is deemed harmless by Kruger , Finch discovers that there is a class - action suit against Kruger involving various victims of the site whose privacy has been eliminated . Members of the suit receive anonymous packages containing information on how to humiliate and attack Kruger in revenge for their lives being destroyed thanks to Lifetrace . One of these people is Stu Sommers , a man whose daughter was stalked and killed by her ex-boyfriend after he used Lifetrace to follow her . 48 `` Lady Killer '' Omar Madha Amanda Segel October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 2J7603 11.65 When the Machine gives the number of Ian Murphy ( Warren Kole ) , a man suspected of being a stalker , Reese along with Shaw recruits Carter , Fusco and Zoe to investigate further into his background . But when they discover that Murphy has a son from a former lover who is now dead , they work to reunite the boy with his father and right the wrong set in motion by the boy 's grandfather , who wanted Murphy dead after he did not approve of him and saw him at his daughter 's funeral . Meanwhile Root sets her escape plan in motion with the help of the Machine when government operative Hersh tracks her down . Finch arrives at the hospital and finds to his horror the hospital staff incapacitated and Root gone . 49 `` Reasonable Doubt '' Stephen Williams Melissa Scrivner Love October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 2J7604 12.69 Reese and Finch 's next number is that of Vanessa Watkins ( Kathleen Rose Perkins ) , a prominent New York prosecutor who is accused of killing her defense attorney husband , Jeremy . The police find a gun with her DNA on it and arrest her . Vanessa escapes police custody , triggering a manhunt for her across New York . Carter tries to help her , but Vanessa says that no one can help her , though she insists that she did not kill Jeremy before escaping . Finch investigates Jeremy 's murder and learns that he owed a great deal of money to a gangster . Watkins proves to be a clever woman , discrediting the witness against her . But is she guilty or not ? Reese , Finch and Carter decide to question her themselves to get to the truth . 50 5 `` Razgovor '' `` Разговор '' Kenneth Fink David Slack October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 2J7605 13.17 In a series of flashbacks to Shaw 's childhood it is revealed she was in a car with her father when he was killed in a wreck , but that she showed a shocking lack of emotion over it . In the present , after Shaw saves another number , Finch begins expressing concern about Shaw 's callous treatment of them . Their next number turns out to be a little Russian immigrant girl named Genrika Zhirova ( Danielle Kotch ) , Gen for short , who is deeply interested in espionage and is living with an older cousin in a run - down apartment . Shaw ends up watching after Gen when men come to attack her , and the two start to bond . Shaw explains that she never feels emotions the way most people do . The team learns that Gen had been bugging the phones in her apartment building and overheard information she should not . Some of the mobsters she recorded manage to abduct Gen. Meanwhile , Carter is continuing her investigation of HR and is following Terney when she runs into Reese , who was unwittingly tracking Terney 's phone to find out who was going after Gen. Elsewhere , Carter has been asked to meet her partner Laskey at a bar , where he confronts her about her work with Reese . The episode ends with Root arriving at Shaw 's loft and abducting her . 51 6 `` Mors Praematura '' Helen Shaver Dan Dietz October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2J7606 12.00 While Shaw is abducted by Root , Finch and Reese get the number of Timothy Sloan ( Kirk Acevedo ) , an estate investigator . Finch goes undercover as Sloan 's assistant while Reese continues investigating Shaw 's whereabouts . Sloan investigates the case of his foster brother , a man named Jason Greenfield ( Michael Esper ) , who apparently died of a heroin overdose . Finch soon learns that Greenfield used to be a member of the organization Vigilance , which includes Peter Collier ( Leslie Odom , Jr . ) ( from the episode `` Nothing to Hide '' ) . Meanwhile Shaw reluctantly agrees to help Root get into a CIA black site . Jason , who is alive , is one of the people held there , awaiting transfer . The transfer is intercepted by Vigilance , leading to a shootout . Root helps Jason escape and tells him to go to a location in South America . Reese and Shaw eventually save Sloan and recapture Root , but Collier gets away . Finch locks up Root in the Library . 52 7 `` The Perfect Mark '' Stephen Surjik Sean Hennen November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 2J7607 11.79 Reese and Finch get the number of Hayden Price ( Aaron Staton ) , a hypnotherapist . Finch , who poses as Hayden 's patient , learns that Hayden is a con man who hypnotizes his patients into giving him their security information , which allows him to enter their bank accounts and steal from them . One of his patients , Sven Vanger ( Carsten Norgaard ) , is in fact a money launderer for HR who bids fake items at auctions . One of the items he purchased is a baseball signed by the 1922 New York Yankees team , which is worth $4,000,000 . Sven sells it for $5 , believing it to be a fake . That night , Laskey shows Carter the pictures he has taken of Simmons ' activities , when Terney comes in with his gun drawn . Terney shoots Laskey dead , and Carter responds by shooting Terney almost immediately after . She begs a dying Terney to tell her if the head of HR is in one of Laskey 's pictures , and Terney places his bloodstained finger on the picture of Alonzo Quinn . 53 8 `` Endgame '' Sylvain White Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 2J7608 12.60 Finch receives 38 numbers , all members of HR . Carter intercepts a drug delivery of the Russian mob , causing leader Peter Yogorov to suspect HR . Carter starts a war between HR and the Russians by firing sniper shots at HR leader Alonzo Quinn , who blames the Russians . Quinn orders his right - hand man , Simmons , to have his men round up the Russians . Reese learns about Carter 's plan , and Finch deduces Quinn 's identity as the head of HR . The Russians ' numbers come up as they are now threatened by HR , but both groups are arrested by the FBI when Carter tips them off . Carter takes Yogorov into protective custody and has him sign a statement that can earn an arrest warrant for Quinn , but the judge she approaches is member of HR . Quinn , Simmons , and two other HR cops wait for Carter at the judge 's house , where Carter reveals that she called Reese and Finch , recording HR 's incriminating conversation . Reese breaks in , a shootout ensues , and Carter apprehends Quinn . Simmons later accesses a dashcam that has a picture of Reese . 54 9 `` The Crossing '' Frederick E.O. Toye Denise Thé November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 2J7609 12.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese and Carter are crossing town to deliver Alonzo Quinn to the FBI . Simmons alerts HR and several criminal groups of Reese 's identity , limiting their means of movement . The two fight their way to , and break into , the city morgue . Meanwhile , Fusco , is captured by HR and tortured by Simmons and Detective William Petersen ( Lee Tergesen ) ; the latter have the key to Carter 's safe deposit box ( which contains evidence against HR ) , but do not know its location . Fusco wo n't talk , so Simmons sends Lin ( Khalil Kain ) to kill his son Lee ( Sean McCarthy ) . Shaw anticipates that move and breaks into Fusco 's house , killing Lin and saving Lee . Fusco frees himself , breaking his own thumb to get free of the handcuffs , and kills Petersen . Back in the morgue , Reese and Carter bond and kiss . HR cops infiltrate the morgue and shut off the power . Reese distracts them so Carter can flee to the FBI with Quinn . Reese kills or disables all but one of the HR cops , leading the last one onto the street . Finch organizes for two honest policemen to arrest Reese , as a means to evade HR . Meanwhile , Carter and Quinn have reached FBI Headquarters in Lower Manhattan . The action skips to a news report that Quinn has been charged with multiple offenses and HR disbanded , with the exception of a few rogue officers , including the now - fugitive Simmons . Carter , re-promoted to detective , releases Reese from police custody . Finch is parked down the street , waiting for Reese . Simmons suddenly appears and fires on Reese and Carter . Both are injured , Carter fatally . Carter shoots Simmons , but he is merely wounded and escapes . Severely injured himself from the attack , Reese holds a dying Carter in his arms as she loses consciousness . 55 10 `` The Devil 's Share '' Chris Fisher Amanda Segel & Jonathan Nolan November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 2J7610 11.89 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flashbacks in this episode illuminate Finch 's dealing with survivor 's guilt , Reese 's time doing wetwork , Shaw 's former life as a surgeon striving for technical excellence while completely indifferent to the people she helped , and Fusco 's recounting of exacting vigilante - style justice to a crook that slipped through the system ( the devil 's share ) . The race is on to get to Simmons before he can make his escape . Reese starts sliding into his old , dark ways while also sliding towards death from wounds dealt by Simmons in the last episode . Finch , Fusco , and Shaw go to an HR attorney to get information on Quinn 's whereabouts so they can question him for Simmons ' plan , but the Russians have killed him , shortly after Reese was able to get the information . The team turns to Root , who is able to get her knowledge from the all - seeing Machine . She joins them at the FBI safehouse and helps hold off the Russians . Reese gets Simmons ' location and is just about to kill Quinn when Finch reminds him that killing Quinn now would destroy Carter 's legacy of bringing him down legally , and he collapses . The team , minus Fusco who stays with Quinn until FBI backup can arrive , get Reese to medical care . Fusco finds the note that Reese dropped , and goes after Simmons . After a brutal fistfight , Fusco emotionally refuses to kill Simmons as he might have in the past but takes him into custody , citing Carter 's influence for turning his life around . Finch and Shaw return to the library , and Root , despite having opportunity to flee , returns to her cell , and Finch thanks her for helping him in saving his friend Reese . Ultimately , Elias watches as Scarface murders Simmons in his hospital bed in retaliation for Carter . 56 11 `` Lethe '' Richard J. Lewis Erik Mountain December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 2J7611 12.40 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After Carter 's death and the war with HR , Reese leaves the POI team and heads for Colorado , where his father had lived . Fusco tracks Reese down and tries to persuade him to come home , but they wind up fighting outside a bar . Meanwhile , the Machine provides a new number to Harold , who at first is reluctant , but eventually accepts it on Root 's insistence . The number belongs to Arthur Claypool ( Saul Rubinek ) , Harold 's close friend during his days at MIT . Claypool has been diagnosed with a brain tumor and is being monitored at the hospital . Shaw disguises herself as a doctor to get close to Arthur , who is being kept under Secret Service guard as he inadvertently spills top secret information about a project called Samaritan . Flashbacks to Harold 's teenage life are shown , where the initial idea for creating the Machine emerges in response to his father 's memory loss . Arthur 's wife , Diane ( Camryn Manheim ) tells Shaw that Arthur works for the NSA , and Collier 's group Vigilance tries to abduct him . Shaw , Harold , Arthur and his wife escape to a hotel , where Harold talks to Arthur to get more information about Samaritan : a project which sought to build an AI , like the later Machine , but which was shut down just as its creation achieved consciousness . As Arthur talks with Finch , he remembers that he buried his wife two years earlier , prompting the woman pretending to be Arthur 's wife to reveal herself as Control . Her agents , led by Hersh , barge into the room and capture Shaw , Arthur , and Harold . Control threatens to kill either Arthur or Harold : whomever does not give up the location of his respective AI . The episode ends with the Machine analyzing threats to its assets and itself , and changing Samaritan 's status from `` Deactivated '' to `` Unknown '' . 57 12 `` Aletheia '' Richard J. Lewis Lucas O'Connor January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 2J7612 12.10 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This continues from the previous episode where Harold , Shaw and Arthur are held captive by Control for information . Shaw is deemed to be not useful and is about to be killed when Root enters , guns blazing , and frees the trio ; however , she herself is shot in the process and captured by Control . Meanwhile , it is revealed that Arthur had made a copy of the Samaritan AI before the project was destroyed , and stored it in a bank safe deposit box . As they go to retrieve it , Vigilance militants enter the bank , and Harold locks himself , Arthur , and the bank manager in the vault . While Shaw readies a bomb to break the three out of the vault , Harold reveals to Arthur that The Machine exists and convinces him to destroy Samaritan so that it will not fall into wrong hands . Vigilance breaks into the vault and captures everyone including Shaw , but they are saved by Reese and Lionel . The Machine guides Root to escape from Control after having been tortured ; afterward , Root calls Harold to tell him that the Samaritan drives were not destroyed : the bank manager had been murdered and replaced , and the impostor had swapped the disks with replicas before Arthur destroyed them . The impostor is shown handing over the drives to Decima Technologies head Greer , who in turn shoots her to cover his tracks . The episode ends with Greer saying that he has great plans for Samaritan . 58 13 `` 4C '' Stephen Williams Melissa Scrivner Love & Greg Plageman January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2J7613 12.54 Reese boards an international flight to get away from his former life , but the Machine makes changes to his itinerary causing him to take another one . Initially Reese is angry at Harold thinking he has made the changes , but Harold convinces him otherwise . It turns out that Owen Matthews ( Samm Levine ) , a passenger on the plane is a witness being escorted by U.S. Marshals , and he is the intended target of multiple assassins including the ISA . After Reese foils several assassination attempts , Finch learns that one of the assassins plans to crash the aircraft and kill everyone onboard just to ensure the witness is eliminated . Reese and Harold safely land the plane and save everyone , and all ends well . Reese goes on a date with Holly ( Sally Pressman ) , the flight attendant who helped him and later tells Harold he wants a new suit and to come back and work again . 59 14 `` Provenance '' Jeffrey Hunt Sean Hennen February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7614 12.35 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The team 's next case is that of Kelli Lin ( Elaine Tan ) , a former silver medal - winning Olympic gymnast who is later revealed to be an antiquities thief long pursued by Interpol . Following a robbery at a museum exhibition , Shaw investigates Kelli 's house and learns that her next operation is to steal a Gutenberg Bible that is being shipped out that night . Shaw is able to foil the plan but is confronted by Kelli , whose boss Cyril ( Gene Farber ) is an extortionist revealed to be forcing Kelli to commit robberies while her daughter is kept kidnapped . The team learns that the Bible is being kept in a heavily guarded building belonging to a company called Symmetric Security . Fusco obtains the fingerprints of a guard there while Finch uses a 3D printer to create a fake hand with the guard 's fingerprints . That night at the Symmetric Security headquarters , Reese distracts the guards by setting off the alarms in the building , allowing Shaw and Kelli to use the fingerprints to access the room containing the Bible . Kelli uses her gymnastics skills to bypass the proximity detectors and steal the Bible . Finch takes Interpol agent Alain Bouchard ( Henri Lubatti ) , the man in charge of the investigation against Kelli , and they listen in on Kelli 's conversation with Cyril so Bouchard can learn the truth . Cyril refuses to free Kelli 's daughter , but when he accesses the surveillance feed on her , he sees Reese take down the thugs guarding the girl . Shaw shoots Cyril in the leg before he can kill Kelli and both Kelli and Cyril are apprehended . In an interrogation room at the NYPD , Bouchard tells Kelli that her life before being a criminal was a shame and that she deserved the gold medal . He places a key on a desk , allowing her to leave . The next day , Kelli and her daughter happily reunite after Reese 's rescue . That night , the team celebrates their victory and Reese honors Carter by pouring a glass for their `` missing member '' . 60 15 `` Last Call '' Jeff T. Thomas Dan Dietz February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7615 11.00 When the number of Sandra ( Melissa Sagemiller ) , a 911 operator , comes up , Harold goes undercover at the 911 call - center . Later , a child is kidnapped and the call is routed specifically to Sandra . She is ordered to delete an earlier day 's 911 call logs , in return for the child 's life . Meanwhile , the case overlaps with one of the murder cases with which Fusco was helping a rookie detective . It turns out that a woman was killed by her married ex-boyfriend and boss , and the family hired a cleaner to erase the final 911 call she made . When Fusco ' convinces ' the family to terminate the contract , the cleaner decides to kill both the child and Sandra . Reese and Shaw save the child from kidnappers and a bomb , while Harold traps the assassin who comes after Sandra . The team is never able to find the real cleaner , who later calls Finch to threaten him . The criminal becomes known as `` The Voice '' . 61 16 `` RAM '' Stephen Surjik Nic Van Zeebroeck & Michael Sopczynski March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7616 10.64 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2010 , Harold was working with a man called Dillinger ( Neil Jackson ) , an ex-Blackwater mercenary who performed the same duties currently performed by Reese . Their current number is Daniel Casey ( Joseph Mazzello ) , a hacker who tests computer security systems . They soon find out that multiple parties are attempting to eliminate Casey , including Reese and Stanton ( secretly arranged by Control ) . Dillinger saves Casey and brings him to Harold , who realizes Casey 's last job was to find a way to access the Machine . Although Casey failed , he learned enough to warrant Control and Special Counsel to want him dead and his laptop destroyed . Dillinger turns on Finch and steals the laptop from him to sell on the black market . The sale is busted by another agent of Special Counsel ( revealed to be Shaw ) who kills Dillinger , but fails to stop one of the buyers from escaping with the laptop . Casey is captured by Reese , who decides to let him live against his orders , providing him with safe passage to Canada . Control traces the laptop to China , and orders that Reese and Stanton are sent after the laptop and destroyed along with it . In the present day , Root finds Casey in Alaska and tells him to go to Cartagena , Colombia and seek out Jason Greenfield , her number from `` Mors Praematura '' . 62 17 `` / '' `` Root Path '' Jeffrey Lee Gibson David Slack March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7617 10.94 The Machine orders Root on several tasks such as helping a convict escape and using him to impersonate a Department of Defense employee in order to obtain a secret note . Afterward , she and Harold 's team coincidentally reach the same person , a janitor . It later turns out that NSA has been testing an advanced supercomputing chip and the janitor was one of the 15 people who had access to the development lab . This makes both Decima and Vigilance come after him . Whilst Harold and his team 's assignment was to protect the janitor , Root had to stop the chip from falling into Decima 's hands . They are able to save the janitor , but Decima gets the chip . 63 18 `` Allegiance '' Jeffrey Hunt Tony Camerino March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) 2J7618 12.23 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The team receives the number of Maria Martinez ( Nazneen Contractor ) , an engineer working for the international energy company HydralCorp . They follow her and learn that she is working to clear the name of Omar Risha ( Haaz Sleiman ) , a man from Iraq suspected of being a terrorist . Shaw , Fusco and Reese save Maria from an assassination attempt and learn from her that Omar was her translator in Iraq and saved her from a terrorist ambush during the shipment of six generators ; the generators went missing and Omar learned about their disappearance , being targeted for it . Finch meets with Omar and learns that the generators were shipped elsewhere and that HydralCorp 's corrupt CEO Ken Davis ( Casey Biggs ) is responsible . Maria and Shaw , meanwhile , discover that Davis has created a false report of Omar 's terrorist accusations , and that French United Nations diplomat Rene Lapointe ( Michel Gill ) has the papers approving Omar 's asylum in the US in his office . Maria escapes from Shaw and goes to get them , putting herself in danger . Finch sends Reese , Fusco and Omar ( who Reese rescued from deportation ) to break into the UN building and save Maria . They stop Greek diplomat Christos Sevon ( William Abadie ) from killing Maria and reunite with Omar . The episode periodically shows Root 's new mission of following Decima head Greer ; she takes Bear with her to spy on him , where it is revealed that Davis had the generators shipped to the US so Greer can power Samaritan ; Greer has Davis killed and leaves , and Root follows him , using Bear 's sense of smell to evade Greer 's counter-surveillance tactics . Greer waits for her at an empty subway corridor and talks with her about his motives , offering her a position on his team . Greer 's men appear and point their guns at her . Greer calls the meeting a draw and leaves , allowing her to do so as well . 64 19 `` Most Likely To ... '' Kevin Hooks Melissa Scrivner Love & Denise Thé April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 2J7619 11.45 The team witness their new number , Leona Wainwright being killed by a car bomb . She was working for the government managing security clearances ; Finch deduces from cell phone information that she was killed by Vigilance . Their next number , prosecutor Matthew Reed ( Nestor Carbonell ) , comes soon after , and Reese and Shaw are dispatched to a high school reunion in Westchester . They manage to prevent the planned murder from happening , even while fending off an ambush by Vigilance . Meanwhile , Finch and Fusco go to Washington , D.C. to find out why Leona was targeted , but Vigilance beats them to it , and Peter Collier obtains classified documents about the Machine , which he leaks to the press . Senator Ross Garrison ( John Doman ) publicly denies existence of the Machine , while ordering Control to shut the program down . The Machine responds by redirecting the relevant numbers to Root instead . 65 20 `` Death Benefit '' Richard J. Lewis Erik Mountain & Lucas O'Connor April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7620 10.74 The new number is Congressman Roger McCourt ( John Heard ) , a self - described dealmaker ; the team is initially baffled , since he has no enemies and there seems to be no danger to his life at all . They eventually discover a connection to Decima : McCourt admits agreeing to help Decima with favorable legislation in the Congress ( granting Decima access to government surveillance feeds ) , while Decima gives him insider stock trading tips . Reese concludes that they are meant to be the danger , as the Machine wants them to kill McCourt in order to prevent Decima killing many more people . Harold is disturbed at this conclusion , and leaves the team , not wishing to participate in an assassination . McCourt is left alive , and proceeds with Decima 's plan . Greer also approaches a reluctant Senator Garrison , offering him a 24 - hour beta test of their machine . Garrison agrees , and Greer immediately uses Samaritan to start to track down Finch . Meanwhile , Root is travelling across the country , dealing with various relevant threats . 66 21 `` Beta '' Frederick E.O. Toye Sean Hennen & Dan Dietz April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7621 11.31 With Finch having disappeared , Decima initiates their plan with Samaritan , and when unable to find Finch , they look for his closest connection and the number received is that of Finch 's fiancee Grace . The Machine also provides Grace 's number as a result , and Reese , Shaw and Root work to protect her while evading Decima , who use Samaritan to spy on them within the range of New York . Grace is eventually kidnapped and interviewed by Greer , who reveals his extensive knowledge of her and begins asking about her life with Finch . When he implies that Finch lied to her , Grace snaps and firmly tells Greer that Finch would never lie as Grace gave him her unbreakable trust . When the team manages to locate Decima 's current HQ , Greer takes Grace and tells Reese and Shaw that they can get Grace back in exchange for giving them Finch . Finch agrees to the deal , and at Jefferson Bridge , Grace is blindfolded and brought to Reese and crew while Finch is taken by Decima . Reese later gives Grace an envelope , saying that she has been accepted for a job in Italy . Greer , meanwhile , finally meets Finch in person and sits down with him to talk . 67 22 `` A House Divided '' Chris Fisher Amanda Segel May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2J7622 10.50 In a series of flashbacks to 2010 , the narrative reveals the backstory on Collier , the face of Vigilance . His brother had been falsely accused of terrorist activities , held without trial , and had committed suicide as a result . The Machine 's latest numbers include Control , Senator Garrison , a presidential assistant , and a seemingly unconcerned Greer . Vigilance kidnaps them , along with Finch , and the episode ends with Vigilance about to conduct a private trial of their detainees , while Reese and Shaw , along with Hersh ( joining forces after a tense confrontation ) watch from a closed - circuit TV screen set up for their benefit . Meanwhile , Root has discovered the location of the Samaritan system . 68 23 `` Deus Ex Machina '' Chris Fisher Greg Plageman & David Slack May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 2J7623 10.95 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Collier continues the trial . Flashbacks show he was recruited by Vigilance . Reese and Hersh search for the trial venue . Root and Shaw smuggle servers into the Samaritan array . Fusco deals with a diversion . The presidential assistant is put on the stand and becomes defiant ; Collier kills him . The Senator refuses to name his superior , but inadvertently reveals that he reports to Control ; he is spared . Control refuses to confirm or deny anything . Collier is about to kill her when Finch confesses he is the author of The Machine . With a Vigilance command post now compromised , Collier takes Finch , Greer , Control and the senator to a nearby rooftop . Collier is wounded in a gunfight . Greer tells Collier that he and his Decima team created Vigilance as a `` devil '' for Samaritan to justify itself , and that he himself recruited Collier . Meanwhile , Hersh has been wounded in a gunfight in the trial building . He finds a booby - trapped bomb but can not disengage it before it explodes , killing him , several police officers and anyone left inside the building . Greer 's lieutenant kills Collier , and is about to kill Finch when Reese arrives and wounds the gunman . In this gunfight , Harold gets a shoulder wound but takes cover . Greer and his gunman flee . Finch and Reese leave once the carnage is over . The principals regroup , but Samaritan is being brought online . Root advises the team to abandon their library home and assume new identities . The code in the servers she and Shaw installed will report the team dead and hide information about their new identities . As Shaw , Root , Reese and Finch head off in different directions and the remaining Vigilance team members are killed on the streets , the now fully operational Samaritan asks Greer for commands . Greer instead asks Samaritan what commands it has for his team . The episode ends with the Samaritan screen displaying , `` Calculating response . '' Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 69 `` Panopticon '' Richard J. Lewis Erik Mountain & Greg Plageman September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 3J5401 10.58 Following the rise of Samaritan , the team members have adopted cover lives : Finch is a visiting college professor , Reese is an NYPD narcotics detective , and Shaw works at the cosmetics counter of a department store . Out of the blue , The Machine gives Reese a new number for Ali Hasan ( Navid Negahban ) , who has developed a covert communications network using old VHF television antennas laced throughout the five boroughs of New York , making it invisible to Samaritan . When one of Hasan 's clients , a gang known as `` The Brotherhood '' forces Hasan to set up a network for them , Hasan plants a bomb in a burner cell phone he gives to one of the leaders , but Reese prevents the bombing . In response to the bombing , Hasan 's son Ben is kidnapped by The Brotherhood , leading Reese to hire Elias and give him the largest heroin drug supply on the East Coast in exchange for helping to keep his NYPD cover clean and saving Hasan 's son . Meanwhile , Samaritan agent Martine Rousseau ( Cara Buono ) arrives in New York to find anyone in the city that may be a threat to Samaritan 's security . Harold and John meet in the park , where Harold gives him one of the phones which uses the invisible network Hasan had built , Hasan having decided to move his family elsewhere and start over . The Machine also sends a coded message to Harold through his cover 's dissertation which leads him to a new underground hideout off of Decima 's radar , using a forgotten Interborough Rapid Transit Company station . Reese is transferred to the 8th Precinct Homicide task force following his career drug bust and is assigned as Fusco 's new partner , sitting at Carter 's old desk . Shaw is recruited to be the wheelman for a gang . 70 `` Nautilus '' Chris Fisher Dan Dietz & Melissa Scrivner Love September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 3J5402 10.72 Reese and Finch work to save the life of Claire Mahoney , a young , very intelligent mathematician who is heavily involved in solving a nautilus - themed cryptographic puzzle , a recruitment tool used to find gifted minds . But Claire is unaware that a private military firm from which she stole files for the game is after her to recover those documents . Several of their assassins are intercepted by Reese and Shaw just as they are about to kill Claire . Finch ultimately discovers that the Nautilus recruitment puzzle is being run by Samaritan . When Finch reaches out to her , warning against finishing the game , she does not listen and instead makes her way to the end of the game : the rooftop of a building in nautilus form . There , she is held at gunpoint by Silverpool operatives . Believing the game to be a lie , Claire hands over the documents , only to see the operatives are shot dead by unseen snipers . Before she can react , she discovers a phone on which Samaritan reveals its presence and recognizes her as an asset . Through Claire 's documents , Silverpool 's atrocities are exposed , as is a Silverpool threat identification program that would have competed with Samaritan . Later that night , Finch reveals the new base of operations to Reese and Shaw , telling them that he is back to help in the fight against Samaritan . 71 `` Wingman '' Frederick E.O. Toye Amanda Segel October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5403 9.64 The Machine 's next number is Andre Cooper ( Ryan O'Nan ) , a `` wingman '' -- a professional `` social liaison '' who helps other men find dates . Fusco goes under cover and works with Cooper . It develops that Cooper had worked with members of a mob and is going to testify in a murder trial . Eventually , Fusco and Cooper are taken captive by some mob members and are locked into a shipping container with the expectation that the brutal heat in the city will kill them from heatstroke . Reese , Shaw and Bear come to their rescue and are able to bring the mob gang into their precinct headquarters . Precinct Captain Moreno ( Monique Gabriela Curnen ) , who had been critical of Fusco and Reese earlier , congratulates them on their good work , while wondering about the signature technique of hitting the knees . Later , Fusco enjoys a date with an attractive woman he had met at one of Cooper 's parties . Meanwhile , Root recruits Finch to assist her in a mysterious mission . Pretending to be a famed underworld scavenger ( Finch ) and his assistant ( Root ) , they purchase a black - market AT4 anti-tank weapon . Afterward , they are led to another black - market exchange with a Latvian mob , where they attempt to sell the launcher . At the last second , Finch breaks character , triggering a standoff that Root resolves by shooting the mobsters in the knees and tipping off the police . In the end , Root and Harold survey the now - abandoned mob hideout and discover duffel bags full of money and weaponry -- a chance for the team to provide ongoing funding for their work . 72 `` Brotherhood '' Chris Fisher Denise Thé October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5404 9.72 Reese is assigned to the case of a drug deal gone bad between a gang of Armenians and `` The Brotherhood '' , who were introduced in `` Panopticon '' . The team 's latest numbers belong to siblings Malcolm and Tracie Booker , who stole the drug money from the scene to bail their imprisoned mother out of jail . While Reese works with a DEA agent to protect the kids , Finch consults Elias about the Brotherhood 's elusive leader Dominic ; Shaw abducts an injured Brotherhood soldier , nicknamed `` Mini '' ( Winston Duke ) , from the scene of the drug deal . The DEA agent is later revealed to be a mole working for Dominic within law enforcement and leaves Reese and the kids to face a Brotherhood assault , and while Fusco is able to save Reese , Malcolm tries making a deal with Dominic 's right - hand man , Link ( Jamie Hector ) , to protect his sister . Reese is able to save Malcolm , while Shaw forces Link to free Reese under the threat of burning the gang 's heroin stash that Mini led her to . Shaw agrees to let Mini go , and he is picked up by Link the following day , who has also located the DEA agent ( who was attempting to steal the drug money for herself ) . Mini reveals himself to in fact be Dominic and kills the agent , ordering The Brotherhood to release the kids ' mother as part of a campaign to induce gratitude . 73 5 `` Prophets '' Kenneth Fink Lucas O'Connor October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5405 9.40 The Machine produces the number of Simon Lee ( Jason Ritter ) , a brilliant political pollster and member of New York Governor James Murray 's reelection campaign . Despite Lee 's prediction that Murray will be reelected , Murray loses , leaving Lee suspicious of the election result . Lee is proven right as the team discovers that the election upset is the result of vote rigging by Samaritan and that it wants Lee dead to tidy up loose ends . As Finch , Shaw , and Root try to determine Samaritan 's endgame , Reese is scheduled to attend therapy sessions with a counselor because of his tendency to shoot people on the job . Initially , he tries to smooth - talk the therapist , who is not fooled . Elsewhere , Root reveals to Finch that since Samaritan 's activation , The Machine ceased talking , leaving her without guidance and afraid . Following this revelation , Finch and Root debate the true nature of The Machine . They are interrupted when Samaritan operatives led by Martine find the hotel where Lee is hiding . Root offers to help Finch by protecting Simon as he escapes the hotel . Despite being shot several times by Martine in the process , Root manages to divert Samaritan 's focus from the target . The next day , Finch and Shaw produce fake data to convince Lee that his prediction about the election was incorrect , causing Samaritan to disregard him . Reese tells his therapist why he feels compelled to save people , referring to his failure to save Carter . In the end , Greer and Martine discuss Samaritan 's plans to gain political control , Samaritan instructs them to `` Find the machine '' , and Finch indicates to The Machine his desire to communicate with it . Meanwhile , a series of flashbacks show the process Finch and Ingram went through to create The Machine . As they attempt to give it a moral code , The Machine is repeatedly destroyed and its code rewritten as it begins to preserve itself and aggressively fight back against any attempt to constrain it . When one version attempts to asphyxiate Finch in an attempt to enter the real world , he tries one last time the following day to rework The Machine , ultimately creating the current version of The Machine . 74 6 `` Pretenders '' Stephen Surjik Ashley Gable October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5406 9.72 Following the apparent suicide of truck driver Abel Mindler , Finch and his team receive the number that belongs to Walter Dang ( Erik Jensen ) , a worker at an insurance company and Abel 's sister 's coworker . In the absence of Finch ( who has to travel to Hong Kong to present a paper at a conference ) , Shaw and Reese look into Walter 's life . As their investigation proceeds , it is revealed that Walter , posing as a detective , is trying to find out who killed Abel . Walter gets dragged into a gang war that erupts between Elias and the unknown adversaries who want Walter dead . It is later shown that Abel , without his knowledge , was smuggling high explosive weapons to the same gang in New York . Walter is abducted by the gang that wants to know the location of the truck which Abel drove and then ditched , once he realized what he was smuggling . With Reese , Fusco and Shaw hot on the heels of Walter , they discover the place where Walter is held . In the ensuing gunfight between Reese , Fusco and the gang , Elias joins in and helps them . In the end , Elias meets with Dominic , the boss of The Brotherhood and it is shown that Dominic was the real mastermind behind the smuggled guns as he wanted to shift the balance of power in the city from Elias . Their conversation hints at a possible war about to start between the two factions in the near future . Meanwhile , at the conference , Finch meets Elizabeth Bridges ( Jessica Hecht ) , the owner of a small tech company , and the two bond over a shared interest in mathematics as they travel from the conference to a hotel . On the way , the two are mugged , and their bags stolen . After discovering the restaurant at which the thief works , Finch and Bridges travel to the restaurant where Finch incapacitates the mugger with an umbrella . As the conference ends , Finch and Bridges part ways , and Finch meets with and pays the mugger , revealing that he staged the event to place software on Bridges 's laptop . As Bridges leaves the conference , she calls a potential investor , who is revealed to be a Samaritan operative . Following a conversation between the operative and Greer , Samaritan 's acquisition of various companies around the world is revealed ( as is its interest in Bridges ' company ) . 75 7 `` Honor Among Thieves '' Sylvain White David Slack November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5407 9.11 The latest number is Tomas Koroa . His life at first appears clean , but then he robs a jewelry store in under ten seconds , revealing he is an international thief . Shaw , having just walked out of her old job as a wheelman , has her interest piqued by Tomas . Fusco and Reese get one of his members arrested on a drug charge , enabling her to join his gang . Shaw helps rob a safe , which unexpectedly contains not jewels but a deadly virus ( Marburg , or `` MARV '' ) . The other gang members have been paid off to betray and kill Tomas . Their attempt fails , but they take the vials . Shaw offers to help Tomas , who wants to make things right and says he would never have accepted the job if he had known what he was stealing . Shaw tracks the virus to a secure storage facility , then realizes that two government operatives are doing the same thing -- she recognizes one as a former apprentice of hers . Finch , aware that the whole operation is now ' relevant ' , contemplates he and his team retiring from the pursuit , but decides to keep going . In the meantime , Shaw and Tomas attempt to break into the storage facility to get the vials , but they are confronted by one of Tomas ' teammates , who had been presumed dead , but was behind the theft of the virus in the first place . A gunfight ensues between Shaw , Tomas , Tomas ' rivals , and the government operatives . Shaw and Tomas escape with the vials , but are then caught by Shaw 's former apprentice . He lets them go when he sees the vials . As the operatives move on to their next mission , Shaw 's ex-apprentice deletes the CCTV video showing him letting Shaw escape . In the final scene , Samaritan retrieves the doctored video , and starts repairing it , with its screen focused on Shaw 's blurred face . In a separate plotline , at The Machine 's prompting , Root and Finch investigate software engineer Jared Wilkins , founder of new nonprofit OTPS and recipient of a $12 million grant from Governor Dawson ( who last appeared in `` Prophets '' and is being assisted by Greer and Samaritan ) . Root becomes nanny to Wilkins ' son , and she and Finch discover that OTPS stands for One Tablet Per Student , an effort to give every New York student a 3D - printed tablet for educational use . Believing the tablets to be powered by Samaritan software , Root and Finch infiltrate Wilkins ' facility and plant a virus which overheats the 3D - printers inside and ultimately destroys the building . As they leave the scene , Finch reveals to Root that the tablets ' code was benign and not malicious . He wonders out loud whether the path they are on to fight Samaritan is indeed the right one and how much wrong they are willing to do to achieve it . 76 8 `` Point of Origin '' Richard J. Lewis Tony Camerino November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5408 9.87 Reese takes an instructor 's position at the NYPD police academy to observe the latest number ; recruit Dani Silva ( Adria Arjona ) . The team learns that she is spying on her fellow recruits , though further analysis proves that Silva is not hunting them , but is instead already a cop from Internal Affairs , working undercover in the academy trying to expose a suspected mole . The mole is Silva 's fellow recruit and friend , Alex Ortiz , who is acting on orders of the Brotherhood -- he is being coerced by their leader , Dominic ( whose identity Finch and Shaw work out while observing his sense of command ) in exchange for help with his uncle 's legal problems . Ortiz steals files proving Silva is a cop from Silva 's handler and then murders him , framing Silva for the crime and making her a wanted fugitive . Ortiz also steals files from the academy 's commandant for Dominic . Reese , Fusco and Silva go to Spanish Harlem where Ortiz is under fragile protection by a local drug cartel . The group retrieves Ortiz and escapes while Dominic has the cartel leader executed . Ortiz 's confession exonerates Silva and improves Reese 's standing in front of Internal Affairs . Meanwhile , Finch has scrutinized the elements of the case enough to formulate a conclusion : Dominic 's target is Elias , their new number . Elsewhere , Samaritan has processed the retrieved security footage ( from `` Honor Among Thieves '' ) , producing a somewhat blurry picture of a person ( Shaw ) who it is unable to identify . In response , Greer sends Martine to identify the person . When Samaritan identifies Shaw 's associate in the picture ( Tomas ) , Martine is sent to talk with Tomas ' last remaining associate , who identifies Shaw 's old associate Romeo as the one who recommended the person . After tracking down Romeo , Martine tortures him into giving up information on Shaw . Using the information , Martine arrives at the department store that Shaw works at . As the episode ends , the two make eye contact and recognize each other as agents of the opposing AI . 77 9 `` The Devil You Know '' Richard J. Lewis Erik Mountain November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5409 9.04 Following the cliffhanger ending of the previous episode , Martine engages in a gunfight with Shaw , who ultimately escapes . Root immediately picks her up on a motorcycle and they race away from the scene . Taking temporary refuge in a moving van , Shaw resists the fact she will have to go into hiding now that her cover is blown -- eventually , Root injects her with a sedative and takes her to the team 's hideout . Martine , attempting to trace Root and Shaw , learns that Fusco had stopped the truck , officially on suspicion of narcotics possession . Pretending to be a DEA agent , Martine goes to the precinct station to question Fusco about it . Fusco sees through the ruse and gives her a false lead . Reese and Finch deal with their latest number alone -- Elias . Elias and Dominic are playing a dangerous and deadly cat - and - mouse game for gang territory control . Elias , his right - hand man Anthony , and his accountant Bruce , turn out to have been devoted friends since their youth in an orphanage . Dominic gets many of Elias 's people to turn on him in exchange for promises of expanded territory and power under The Brotherhood . Reese steps in to defend Elias and , during the process of evading Dominic , Anthony is captured and later killed in a suicide bombing , but not before putting some thoughts into the head of Link , Dominic 's own right - hand man , about loyalty versus expendability . Before Anthony dies he says morior invictus ( `` I die undefeated '' ) . Greer and Martine deduce that The Machine 's team is still alive and that Samaritan has a `` blind spot '' somehow caused by The Machine . He reiterates that it is time for `` human intelligence '' to fill that blind spot -- Martine is given command of a group of Decima agents to hunt down Shaw . Meanwhile , Dominic has deduced that there is an extra-legal team helping Elias -- he has two of the players figured out ( Shaw and Reese ) , with the bankroller 's place ( Harold ) still a large question mark . Elias vows revenge for the death of Anthony , and warns Reese to stay out of the way once that day comes . Elias declares Invictus maneo ( `` I remain undefeated '' ) . 78 10 `` The Cold War '' Michael Offer Amanda Segel December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) 3J5410 8.94 Samaritan decides to bring an end to the hide - and - seek game that it has so far played with The Machine . To bring The Machine out of hiding , Samaritan showcases its strength by eliminating crime in New York City for a whole day . Elsewhere , John finds out that Samaritan has learned how to deal with irrelevant numbers and has managed to prevent a series of crimes which would otherwise be taken care of by The Machine . Samaritan 's actions leave Harold and his team with a difficult choice , whether to let Samaritan do their job or play along with Samaritan 's new plan . When The Machine decides not to communicate with Samaritan , Samaritan changes course , bringing New York City to a halt as it allows crime to dramatically increase . Ultimately , The Machine agrees to talk with Samaritan , and Samaritan indicates the time and place of the conversation . There , Root ( acting as The Machine 's voice ) meets with Samaritan 's representative , a young boy . After a tense exchange between the two AIs , it becomes clear that The Machine will not back down , while Samaritan is set on destroying The Machine . The episode ends with Shaw leaving the Subway to help Root and the others while Samaritan engineers a stock market crash on Wall Street . Meanwhile , a series of flashbacks show Greer 's past as an MI6 agent . When Greer is assigned to kill a KGB agent , he discovers that the KGB agent is in fact also an MI6 agent and that his deputy director , Blackwood , is in fact a double agent . Overcome with anger , Greer kills Blackwood and severs his ties with MI6 . 79 11 `` If - Then - Else '' Chris Fisher Denise Thé January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 3J5411 10.08 Following the stock market crash that occurred in the previous episode , Finch , Reese , Fusco , and Root go to install software at the stock exchange that will stabilize the market . However , they are almost immediately intercepted by Samaritan operatives , who corner them in a room . Out of options , the team turns to The Machine , who in a matter of seconds provides a multitude of projections and outcomes in each . While doing so , it reflects on multiple chess matches it played and the lessons it learned with Finch in 2003 . In one simulation , Finch and Root go to install the software while Reese and Fusco secure their escape route . However , both teams are quickly surrounded by Samaritan operatives , who kill Finch , Reese , and Fusco , forcing The Machine to reset the simulation . In the second , the two teams switch places ; Reese and Fusco install the software while Finch and Root secure the route . Here , Reese and Fusco are once again trapped , and Reese sacrifices himself by setting off a grenade after installing the software . Likewise , Root is killed by Martine and her group of operatives while trying to disable an elevator lock . In a final simulation , all four of The Machine 's assets move together , securing the software and the extraction . They are once again intercepted before they can escape , with The Machine projecting a roughly 2 % chance of survival . Out of time , The Machine selects this as the most preferable and instructs the team to follow it . Meanwhile , Shaw is stuck on a subway train with a stock market exchange manager with a security code to the exchange 's server room . However , she is interrupted by a would - be suicide bomber who she kills in the first two simulations ( and thus gets herself arrested ) but talks down in the final and ultimate outcome . After sending the code to Root , she arrives as the two teams clash , opting to hold the Samaritan operatives off as Finch , Reese , Fusco , and Root escape . She kisses Root and traps them in the elevator , but as the team watches on in horror , Martine shoots Shaw multiple times before approaching her with her gun aimed at her head as the elevator doors slam to a close . 80 12 `` Control - Alt - Delete '' Stephen Surjik Andy Callahan January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 3J5412 10.16 During a mission to eliminate four suspected terrorists in Detroit , ISA operatives ( including Brooks and Grice from `` Honor Among Thieves '' ) eliminate three while the fourth , Yasin Said , escapes with his laptop . When Control requests access to the laptop 's contents , Samaritan denies the request . After an exchange between Control and one of Samaritan 's operatives , the operative instantly shuts down the government 's access to Samaritan , forcing a discussion between the operative , Control , Senator Garrison , and Greer , which results in access being returned . Suspicious of Samaritan 's actions , Control orders Brooks and Grice to make recovering the laptop their highest priority . When Brooks and Grice do obtain the laptop , Said escapes and the laptop self - destructs . An analysis of Said 's backpack ( which he left with the laptop ) shows that Said is planning to hop a train to Canada , prompting Control to head to Detroit to intercept him . However , Reese and Root ( who have been hunting for Shaw since her disappearance at the stock exchange ) ambush and kidnap her . Root tortures Control for information on Shaw , but Control denies having knowledge regarding Shaw 's predicament . When Harold speaks to her , he realizes that Control herself has been kept out of Samaritan 's plans and tries to convince her to accept this fact , but to no avail . With no help from Control , Harold and the rest of the team are left to fight off a group of ISA operatives who have arrived to rescue her . During a skirmish , Harold successfully uploads a worm to one of the ISA cellphones , and finds some information suggesting that Shaw may be being held in upstate New York . Control , after being rescued , tracks Yasin to Canada . He reveals that he won the Nautilus puzzle ( from `` Nautilus '' ) and he wrote some software for an anonymous corporation . Control kills Yasin , but her actions leave a hint of doubt in her mind whether Yasin and his friends were in fact framed as terrorists . Meanwhile , the young boy acting as Samaritan 's representative approaches the White House Chief of Staff ( Michael Gaston ) and informs him that it was he who caused the stock market crash . The Chief of Staff initially dismisses the boy , but later reconsiders when the boy demonstrates his ability by altering the portfolio information of the chief of staff . Through the boy , Samaritan presents its demand for a meeting with the President . The episode ends with Root and Reese driving north , and Control visiting the New York Stock Exchange to investigate the site of the shootout between Harold 's team and the Samaritan operatives . 81 13 `` M.I.A. '' Kevin Bray Lucas O'Connor February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5413 9.28 Root and Reese travel to the remote ( and fictional ) upstate town of Maple in search of Shaw , with Finch theorizing that she may be in a truck he traced earlier . The two find a truck with a stretcher and medical equipment inside , leading them to a doctor . The doctor says that he was anonymously consulted for the job , but did not call the police since Maple has a history of job losses for those who ask too many questions . He himself was fired from his former workplace , which is run by Maple 's mayor Leslie Thompson . Root and Reese realize that Samaritan is experimenting with Maple as an `` ant farm '' used to study human nature , and is manipulating events by giving people false identities . After kidnapping and interrogating Thompson , they learn that she too is one of these people . Thompson leads them to the factory where Shaw was last seen , but Reese and Root instead find a secretary from the stock exchange -- she is one of many innocent people who Samaritan operatives are experimenting on with neural implants . Fusco and Dani Silva ( from `` Point of Origin '' ) investigate The Machine 's next number , one Arthur Weiss , a seemingly unsuspecting citizen revealed as a freelance assassin . They lure him into Silva 's home and engage in a fight , with Silva shooting him to save Fusco , thus making her first kill . Meanwhile , Root and Reese return to New York and The Machine sends them a coded message telling them to stop looking for Shaw . Elsewhere , Shaw is revealed to be alive and in Greer 's captivity . 82 14 `` Guilty '' Kate Woods David Slack February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5414 9.53 Harold , as Professor Whistler , is summoned for jury duty in the trial of a man charged with murdering his wife , the former CEO of a cellphone development company . Harold tells the judge the ( in - universe ) truth about the government using technology to control our lives , and as he expects , he is initially rejected from the panel . He is brought into the jury panel anyway , after one empaneled juror is rejected by the judge because his phone rings . He is seated next to a chatty and frustrated former schoolteacher named Emma ( Blair Brown ) , who turns out to be The Machine 's next number . The team initially concludes that she is a perpetrator , being coerced to `` fix '' the trial , and that her role is to convince the jury to vote `` not guilty '' . Once in the jury room , the opposite proves true -- she is supposed to convince the jury to vote `` guilty '' . Harold reverses himself and stalls to try to get a `` not guilty '' verdict and to buy time while Reese and Zoe Morgan try to deduce what the real story is . The jury is sequestered in a hotel , and one of the jurors attempts to kill Harold , but Reese intervenes and the man is arrested . The man is actually a plant by the real perpetrator , the new CEO of the company . The murder was to prevent the dead CEO from withdrawing a product worth many millions of dollars but which internal reviews deemed to be unsafe . The new developments lead to dismissal of charges , and the real perpetrator is arrested before he can flee . Fusco , who had been kept out of the loop for the most part , tells Reese not to do that . He says if he eventually dies in the line of duty ( as Carter did and Shaw seemed to ) , then he 's okay with it . Emma , feeling a new sense of purpose in her life , tells Harold she is going to find a job teaching again . Zoe sees that Reese has found a love interest -- a growing attraction between himself and his counselor . 83 15 `` Q&A '' Stephen Semel Dan Dietz February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5415 9.17 Reese and Finch work to save the life of Anna Mueller , a software programmer at Fetch and Retrieve . They learn that she is being targeted because she expressed concern over the results VAL , a mobile app designed to aid users , is giving to people with depression that has resulted in suicides . However , Finch discovers a nautilus during the investigation and is contacted by Claire Mahoney ( from `` Nautilus '' ) who tries to convince him that he was right all along about the people who created the nautilus game . When Finch tells her about Samaritan , she tells him that she had recovered some source code from it and wants him to use it on his laptop , but he 's suspicious . Claire reveals herself to be an agent working for Samaritan and leads Finch at gunpoint to a school run by Samaritan and attempts to recruit him , but he refuses . Root rescues him from the agents and shoots Claire , who later returns and hands Finch 's laptop to Greer who has it analyzed . Back at Fetch and Retrieve , Calvin Mazer holds Fusco and Anna at gunpoint and reveals to them that he was the one who ordered that VAL 's source code be altered to target people with depression , gambling problems and debt , for the sake of the advertisers . Reese rescues them , and Calvin is arrested by Fusco . The next day , Greer attends a board meeting at Fetch and Retrieve and greets the CEO , Lauren Buchanan , and offers them a solution to their problems . 84 16 `` Blunt '' Frederick E.O. Toye Amanda Segel & Greg Plageman February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5416 9.63 Reese works to save the life of Harper Rose ( Annie Ilonzeh ) , a grifter who is targeted by Dominic after she steals a large amount of money from a legalized marijuana dispensary . Her actions result in two of Dominic 's men who were acting as security in a money laundering operation being targeted and killed by the Parral Cartel who were tipped off by Harper . Enraged by her actions , Dominic tracks down her boyfriend , Trey , and interrogates him for information on Harper . Reese reaches out to Dominic and offers to return the money stolen by Harper in exchange for Trey and the hit being called off on Harper , but he 's not interested and demands that Harper be handed over . In a face - to - face meeting in a diner , Dominic complains that Elias seems to get a pass . Reese tells him he and Elias stay out of each other 's way , and that he and Dominic could also stay out of each other 's way if Dominic stops targeting innocent people . Harper then decides to visit the Estonian mafia after suggesting the plan to Reese and Finch and tells them about Dominic 's money laundering operation , and lures them to Dominic 's location while Reese rescues Trey . Fusco and the NYPD arrive and arrest the Parral Cartel , initially on possessing weapons illegally . Dominic and his crew are quickly released when he produces legal documents that show the guns they are using are registered to his private security company . During the bust , Dominic attempts to recruit Harper while Reese watches on . She 's not interested , but he leaves the door open for her if she changes her mind . Harper then apologizes to Trey for her actions , and also immediately breaks up with him . Meanwhile , Root tries to sell an application she developed at The Machine 's request , which she hopes will aid in trying to defeat Samaritan . 85 17 `` Karma '' Chris Fisher Hillary Benefiel & Sabir Pirzada March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5417 8.67 The Machine 's next number is a psychologist named Dr. Shane Edwards ( Patrick Kennedy ) , whose wife was murdered eight years earlier , an event which continues to haunt him . The team determines that Edwards has been studying the people who traumatized his clients and got away with it , then carefully crafting frame - ups in order to punish them for their crimes . When Wyatt Morris ( Daniel Sauli ) , the man convicted of murdering Edwards ' wife is released from prison , Edwards stages his most elaborate frame : to commit suicide and make it appear that Morris murdered him . In flashbacks to 2010 , Harold is shown plotting revenge on Alicia Corwin , whom he believes is responsible for killing his collaborator Nathan Ingram . As he is about to kill Corwin with a car bomb , he has an epiphany thanks to the intervention of The Machine . He uses that experience to persuade Edwards not to go through with his plan . Additionally , the team uncovers evidence that suggests Morris probably did not commit the crime . Harold and Reese discuss the fact that they may never know the full truth . In a session with his own therapist ( Iris ) , Reese begins to open up about Jessica , the love of his life . 86 18 `` Skip '' Helen Shaver Ashley Gable March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5418 9.15 The team splits up and works on separate cases . Reese and Fusco follow a bounty hunter named Frankie Wells ( Katheryn Winnick ) whose number has come up . She is trying to track down the man ( Ato Essandoh ) that killed her brother . Harper Rose ( `` Blunt '' ) interjects herself into the cat - and - mouse case and manages to negotiate a resolution to a gunfight standoff between Reese and several other parties . Later , Harper tells Reese that Thornhill ( The Machine ) has been sending her texts . Finch resumes meeting with Elizabeth Bridges , who is nearly ready to turn over a software package that contains the Trojan Horse which Finch had installed previously . He intends to activate it via a special device . Root , fearing that this will result in Finch being exposed and killed by Samaritan agents , foils the plan , at the cost of Finch and Elizabeth 's growing mutual attraction . A doubly devastated Finch tells her to leave the team for a while . Early in the episode , Iris tells Reese she can not be his therapist anymore , and assigns him to another . They give each other the cold shoulder for the rest of the episode until the end , when they meet in her office and she confesses she has fallen for him , and they kiss passionately . 87 19 `` Search and Destroy '' Stephen Surjik Zak Schwartz April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5419 8.67 The Machine 's next number is a brilliant developer and CEO named Sulaiman Khan ( Aasif Mandvi ) , whose antivirus software is hijacked and he is framed for embezzlement . Samaritan and its operatives spend the episode trying to find and kill Khan , while the team tries to save him and determine what Samaritan is doing . They arrive at one of Decima 's underground lairs in a forest , and discover that Samaritan is using Khan 's antivirus software ; Martine and her men arrive , resulting in Khan being captured and meeting Greer . He asks to `` look Samaritan in its eyes '' , to which Greer responds by shooting him dead . Finch tells Reese that since The Machine 's code can not be searched for , Samaritan is employing Khan 's software to attempt to locate The Machine . 88 20 `` Terra Incognita '' Alrick Riley Erik Mountain & Melissa Scrivner Love April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5420 9.21 In a flashback , Carter ( Taraji P. Henson ) , Finch and Reese are staking out a cop that is going to get killed by HR . In the present , Finch explains who the new number is , a man named Chase Patterson ( Zachary Booth ) . Finch , Root and Fusco are then to work on a case between the two gangs of Elias and Dominic while Reese works on Chase 's case regarding the death of Chase 's whole family . When Reese asks about the file regarding Chase Patterson , he finds out it was a case of Carter 's . As Reese dives into the case , different flashbacks are shown with Carter doing similar investigation to what Reese is doing . As Reese reaches the final destination to the case , he discovers that Chase did not kill his parents and sisters . It was Gil , the doorman at their building , as well as Chase 's half - brother . Gil then shoots Reese but Reese manages to shoot him back , killing him . In the process , Reese is trying to escape , the slow process of death is shown with Carter . Reese , now hallucinating and succumbing to hypothermia , talks to Carter about things that he wished he could have talked to her when she was alive . After Reese finishes talking with Carter , she disappears from his hallucination , and a car pulls up . 89 21 `` Asylum '' Frederick E.O. Toye Andy Callahan & Denise Thé April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5421 8.45 Reese and Fusco race to find the next number , Carl Elias . They reach his hideout in a bank in Manhattan , and the two warn Elias that The Brotherhood is coming to capture and interrogate him . In the meantime , Dominic and his Brotherhood arrive and capture Elias , Reese and Fusco . It turns out that Dominic is being aided by Harper , who now works for him . The Brotherhood tortures Elias for his intel , and Reese and Fusco for information on Harold and his whereabouts and activities . Dominic 's group knows that Harold is tapped into the city 's camera systems in some way , which would be helpful for them in their efforts to run the city . Elias , using mind games , provokes Dominic to kill his right - hand man , Link , during the torture session , to avenge the death of Anthony . Meanwhile in Washington , D.C. , Control has captured and is interrogating a female Samaritan handler posing as a teacher , after having killed her partner , wanting to know Samaritan 's strategies . Root receives a call from Shaw for help . Surprised , she and Finch follow The Machine 's instructions to try to find Shaw , eventually driving to what appears to be a mental hospital , but which is also Samaritan 's and Greer 's base , having previously intercepted a communication of Samaritan that it is focusing on finding the location of The Machine . Samaritan 's operatives capture Finch and Root as they are infiltrating the facility , and they give a choice to The Machine : to reveal its location , or get both Root and Finch killed . Root , after having earlier been confined to a bed , kills Martine by breaking her neck . The Machine intercepts by cutting power supply to the asylum and exchanging its location for the freedom of Finch and Root . Greer agrees and releases them , and takes a group to go in search for The Machine 's location . As they 're leaving , Root tells Finch to reach that location before Samaritan in order to save The Machine . Shaw is last seen being driven away in van . 90 22 `` YHWH '' Chris Fisher Dan Dietz & Greg Plageman May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5422 8.18 Samaritan , having received the location of The Machine , begins a series of power outages throughout the United States , beginning in the West Coast and moving eastward toward New York . Dominic tries forcing Reese and Finch to help him in the same way as they helped Elias. Harper releases Fusco , but is caught by Dominic . The Machine , now in distress because of Samaritan 's actions , allows Root and Reese access to its God Mode ( from `` Zero Day '' and `` God Mode '' ) , and assists Reese to escape Dominic . Dominic flees , but Fusco , along with the NYPD , arrests him and Elias . Control , along with Agent Grice , tries to find out what exactly `` the Correction '' is . Control is duped into believing that Greer is attempting a power - play through a terrorist attack on the Supreme Court , but Greer reveals that `` the Correction '' is actually a list , created by Samaritan , of people who need to be eliminated for the betterment of society , who will be killed quietly . During this confrontation , Dominic , Elias and Agent Grice are killed by Samaritan snipers , but Fusco is allowed to live because Samaritan does not know about his involvement with The Machine . Control 's actions prove she is not loyal to Samaritan , and she is captured and sent to be killed . Root , in God Mode , with Finch , starts collecting things at the request of The Machine . In the process , they infiltrate Caleb Phipps ' ( from `` 2πR '' and `` Blunt '' ) company to steal his compression algorithm and some high capacity RAM chips , but Caleb willingly gives them to Finch because Finch had previously saved his life . Reese regroups with Finch and Root at an electrical substation hidden in residential Brooklyn . There they discover that the machine spread itself over the power grid in boxes attached to electrical poles after the events of two years prior , and that Samaritan has been causing the power surges to destroy the boxes . Finch and Root handle the downloading of The Machine 's core code to a briefcase contained with the compression algorithm and RAM chips while Reese , assisted by The Machine , takes out all of the Samaritan operatives who have reached the substation . The Machine , now severely weakened by the power surge and near death , talks to Finch : `` Father , I am sorry . I failed you . I did n't know how to win . I had to invent new rules . I thought you would want me to stay alive . Now , you are not sure . If you think I have lost my way , then maybe I should die . '' Finch replies `` You are my creation ; I ca n't let you die . '' The Machine thanks Finch for creating it before the final power surge enters the substation . Finch manages to save the briefcase , and the team walk out to face more Samaritan operatives . Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 91 `` B.S.O.D. '' Chris Fisher Greg Plageman & Tony Camerino May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J6001 7.35 The episode begins with an apparent epilogue to the series : the voice of Root saying , `` It 's over '' and questioning whether `` we '' won or lost . In the aftermath of Samaritan 's attack known as `` The Correction , '' Fusco is faced with an inquiry from Internal Affairs and the FBI , who believe he shot Dominic and Elias . After Reese , who is carrying the briefcase containing the Machine , fights off a team of Samaritan operatives , he reunites with Finch . They return to the subway hideout , where Harold tries to repair the damage done to the piezoelectric battery charging the briefcase . To his surprise , it starts decompressing on its own , resulting in a fire . Harold realizes he needs a substantially greater amount of super-computing power to successfully decompress the Machine . Flashbacks to 2006 show Harold apprehensive about the Machine 's ever - expanding capabilities , leading him to the decision to erase the Machine 's memories every night at midnight . However , after an exchange with the Machine about the nature of death , he changes his mind too late to save the Machine 's memories . Once Root escapes Samaritan 's operatives , she seeks refuge in the hideout of one of her former hacker / assassin associates . She realizes that he has been turned by Samaritan , but is joined by Reese to battle a team of Samaritan operatives . They steal 300 PlayStation 3s , which can be used to create enough storage for the Machine . Reese and Root bring them back to the subway and Harold downloads the Machine , while Reese keeps the systems from overheating with liquid nitrogen . When Finch asks the Machine , `` Can you see me ? '' , after a few seconds go by , it responds by opening an empty command prompt followed by a long string of code showing its reboot . 92 `` SNAFU '' Chris Fisher Lucas O'Connor May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 3J6002 5.80 With the Machine now fully decompressed and Root unable to go above ground until the Machine can reinstate her rotating identities , Finch decides to use Reese and Fusco to run a surveillance test . Following malfunctions in the facial recognition system , Reese and Finch steal 64 next - generation GPU blade servers which , once connected to the networked PlayStation 3s , Finch and Root use to reboot the Machine at full power . When the Machine shows signs that it 's failing to place threats in context , Root and Finch have it run a contextual background on them , leading to it identifying them as threats and locking them out of the system . The Machine has lost the ability to differentiate between past and present , forced to relive the 42 times Finch killed it and unable to determine that Root and Reese have changed . With Reese waylaid by an assassin the Machine sent after him , Root puts herself under an anaesthetic so the Machine can not use her cochlear implant against her and Finch has to convince the Machine that he and the rest of the team are not threats . Upon the Machine 's first reboot , it provided 30 different numbers , most of whom were not involved in violent crimes ; however , one of those numbers , ex-con Jeff Blackwell ( Josh Close ) , was dismissed as someone who was not involved in any nefarious activity , only to be recruited by Samaritan . 93 `` Truth Be Told '' Stephen Surjik Erik Mountain May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J6003 7.34 In flashbacks to 2010 , Reese and his partner Kara Stanton from the CIA are told by their supervisor to investigate a soldier and kill him after confirming that he sold information to the Taliban . In the present day , the Machine gives Finch and Reese the number of Alex Duncan ( Stephen Plunkett ) , who turns out to be the brother of that soldier and who has found himself in trouble with the CIA through investigating his brother 's death , since doing so could expose an off - book operation , threatening the careers of the powers that be within the government . Reese rescues Duncan from his old boss , Terrance Beale ( Keith David ) , the very same agent who sent Reese and Kara to kill Duncan 's brother , and they both lie to Duncan about his brother 's ignominious death ; Reese leaves on good terms with Beale , who agrees to keep the fact that Reese is still alive a secret . Meanwhile , Finch and Root investigate malware that Samaritan has been using to infect the firmware of electronic devices and , prompted by a message from the Machine , Root runs the malware on an airgapped laptop disconnected from any external sources . Reese decides he can no longer see Dr. Iris Campbell for the time being , claiming that he is unable to lead a `` normal life , '' after which he receives another number from Finch . 94 `` 6,741 '' Chris Fisher Lucas O'Connor & Denise Thé May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 3J6007 5.31 Shaw is seen undergoing surgery by Samaritan operatives to have an electronic microchip implanted between her ear and her brain stem . After enduring a mind - bending reeducation sequence and being taunted by Jeremy Lambert , she is able to turn the tables on him ; she takes the opportunity to break out of confinement and finds the team . Together , they trick Samaritan 's operatives and capture Greer . With Greer in captivity , Shaw removes a USB drive embedded inside his arm which Finch is able to analyze , discovering it to be a kill - switch for Samaritan . Shaw had revealed to Root that she was subjected to extreme psychological torture while captive ; once Greer starts to taunt her about the kill - switch and her mental state , she hallucinates heavily , loses control of reality , and kills him . Shaw continues into a neurological downward spiral , causing her to kill Reese . She is about to kill Root when she confesses that Root was her only mental safe - place and turns the gun on herself . The narrative returns to the operating room and it 's revealed that these events happened only in Shaw 's mind . She has been subjected to thousands of electrochemical simulations by Samaritan so its operatives could see if she would lead them to the Machine and its assets . This particular simulation was number 6,741 . 95 5 `` ShotSeeker '' Maja Vrvilo Andy Callahan May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J6004 6.97 Reese protects an NYPD analyst named Ethan Garvin who works with a highly sophisticated acoustic surveillance system called `` ShotSeeker '' , designed to detect gunshots anywhere in the city . Samaritan had Ethan 's friend Krupa killed because of her research and tries to cover up her murder and the existence of her work by extreme measures , including hacking ShotSeeker to engineer Garvin 's death via suicide by cop and having an operative kill Krupa 's classmate and possible owner of her research files . Meanwhile , Fusco is approached by Elias ' associate and childhood friend , Bruce Moran ( James LeGros ) , to learn who killed his longtime partner and boss . Root meets Jeff Blackwell and tries to open his eyes about the true nature of his new employer . By the end , Fusco has investigated so much about the threat on Garvin and Krupa that Samaritan labels him a `` potential obstructionist . '' Root and Finch decide to make the research from Krupa 's hard drive public to render Garvin no longer a threat in the eyes of Samaritan , whatever the nature of the research . Pressured by Bruce , Reese and the rest of the team decide to show him they 've been hiding a still - alive Elias , recovering from his wounds and apparently conscious of Samaritan 's existence and danger . Elias encourages Bruce to go back to the shadows and embrace them . Finch and Root engineer a series of simulations in a Faraday cage between a small clone of the Machine and a small clone of Samaritan but , as the simulations progress , every outcome is in favor of Samaritan with tens of billions of victories . 96 6 `` A More Perfect Union '' Alrick Riley Melissa Scrivner Love May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 3J6005 5.49 The Machine 's latest nine digits belong to a marriage license , sending Reese and Finch to a wedding to prevent what appears to be a black - and - white case of disapproval of the Groom by the father of the Bride , however the situation proves to be more complex . Samaritan has now begun to track Fusco , having previously labeled him a `` potential obstructionist '' , and he refuses to give up . Right before heading to the wedding to serve as back - up and `` Finch 's + 1 '' , Root assigns the Machine 's next number to Fusco , then allows him to borrow Bear for assistance . Greer is becoming desperate after discovering that Shaw 's simulations have failed to lead Samaritan to the Machine and its assets . ( She has now endured 7,053 simulations and has turned the gun on herself every time . ) In an act of what appears to be desperation or brainwashing , Greer takes Shaw on a `` field trip '' , trying to bend her moral compass in favor of Samaritan . Fusco 's investigation leads him back to Bruce Moran , who seems to be caught up in a Samaritan - engineered interference with a demolition project . In another attempt to persuade Shaw that Samaritan 's mission is noble , she is led to meet Gabriel , Samaritan 's analog interface , who gives an ominous , apocalyptic depiction of what Samaritan is capable of , as the narrative returns to Greer and Shaw in the biometric simulation room , revealing the events not to have been a simulation , but a manipulation of Shaw 's thoughts and neurological activity . Fusco and Bear arrive at the eventual demolition site and Fusco finds many of the missing persons he has been investigating , including Krupa and a dead Bruce Moran , only to be caught in the middle of the demolition operation itself . 97 7 `` QSO '' Kate Woods Hillary Benefiel May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J6006 5.33 While Fusco and Bear recover in a hospital from their near - demolition , Root visits him and hands him an exit strategy consisting of IDs and documents made by the Machine . Root is then sent on a series of whimsical , ominously productive tertiary missions by the Machine after it discovers that Samaritan uses the radiowave frequencies of station AM 520 to communicate with its operatives via a sophisticated code that most people believe to be feedback noise from the radio waves . Upon realizing that this is why the Machine sent her there , Root uses Samaritan 's own equipment to send a message to Shaw to give her hope . Reese is as helpful as he can possibly be without stepping into the AI - based argument between Finch and Root . Finch does not necessarily agree with the Machine not forcing the radio host to quit to save his life from Samaritan , but Root believes the Machine allows for humans ' free will and will not interfere with it . After Fusco finishes his recovery in the hospital , he is visited by Finch who refuses to waver from his stance that keeping Fusco in the dark keeps him safe . Fusco points out that it is not working since he ended up in the ER , hands his encrypted - from - Samaritan phone back to Finch , and , fed up with being in the dark , says he 's done . Shaw is escorted by Lambert on a field trip outside and told to kill an innocent woman ; believing that she is actually just in another simulation , Shaw does so and is later shocked when told that it was n't a simulation . Unwilling to remain a guinea pig , Shaw is about to kill herself when she receives the message from Root , regains hope , and allows herself to be disarmed . Later , Shaw stealthily makes preparations to escape . 98 8 `` Reassortment '' Kenneth Fink Tony Camerino May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J6008 4.92 Reese and Finch become trapped in a hospital manipulated electronically by Samaritan to have initiated an outbreak of what it said to be a combination of H5N1 ( avian flu ) and live human flu virus -- a synthesized , super-powered strain of the flu -- and recruit Jeff Blackwell who is integral to their plan . This lethal virus is determined to be a re-assortment of chromosomes so sophisticated that Samaritan created it in one of five - trillion possible combinations . It appeared as though the epidemic was overkill to eliminate three targets in the hospital , but a more ominous plot was afoot . Since the Machine is an open system , with its help , Root was able to use its abilities to find and retrieve a cure , saving the lives of two hospital workers and Fusco . Shaw executes her escape plan and finds herself in a jail in Johannesburg , South Africa . While escaping , Shaw is approached by Jeremy Lambert , who taunts her by claiming that she is actually in another simulation ; she shoots him , takes his keys , and is last seen driving in Lambert 's vehicle at night at a high rate of speed , presumably to an airport . After consulting with Elias to confirm his suspicions regarding what he knows has endangered his life but does not yet know to be Samaritan , both its existence and its war with The Machine , Fusco reaches the point where he can no longer tolerate being kept in the dark and indefinitely chooses to distance himself from the team . Jeff Blackwell and his handler , Mona , discuss the quelled epidemic and declare it a success : The CDC is requiring everyone to be vaccinated , which will result in Samaritan learning everyone 's DNA . 99 9 `` Sotto Voce '' Margot Lulick Sabir Pirzada May 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) 3J6009 5.49 `` The Voice '' , a criminal from the past has resurfaced and Finch turns to Elias for assistance . It is discovered that he has tracked Reese and Finch since their previous encounter in 2014 . After a planned prison break of the `` Templarios '' gang , Reese and Fusco become trapped in the precinct against multiple enemies . Elias and Finch extract valuable information from an explosives associate . It is determined that `` The Voice '' is Terry Easton ( Neal Huff ) , their number from the start . Finch finally meets him on the street , abhorring his devious acts . Elias stops him from killing Finch ; as he drives away , Elias kills him remotely with a car bomb . Meanwhile , Shaw finds her way back to New York and is reunited with Root . Root is overjoyed that Shaw is back , but Shaw , afraid of risking Root 's life , threatens to shoot herself , simulation or not . Root threatens suicide as well , declaring that , if Shaw dies , they both die ; Shaw withdraws . Reese and Finch decide to explain The Machine and Samaritan to Fusco . The three meet along the East River near the Queensboro Bridge . Joined by Root and Shaw , the Team is brought back together . 100 10 `` The Day the World Went Away '' Frederick E.O. Toye Andy Callahan & Melissa Scrivner Love May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 3J6010 6.66 Finch 's number comes up when his cover identity is compromised , due to a subconscious error , and Samaritan initiates a continuous dispatch of operatives on him . The team splits up in their escape , which results in Elias being killed by Samaritan agents while protecting Finch . The team rescues Finch from his potential capture and Root explains in the car her current understanding of herself and everyone else to be `` information '' that can never truly disappear , despite their deaths . Root is shot by Samaritan operative Jeff Blackwell and placed in critical condition while the police apprehend Finch , who is accused of treason . A devastated Finch provides a soliloquy on how he intends to abandon the principles he has long followed and vows to kill Samaritan . The Machine calls Finch in the precinct , having taken on the voice of Root , who has died from her injuries . The Machine sets every criminal in the precinct free to allow Finch to escape ; Reese and Shaw realize that Finch 's number came up not just because he was a victim , but also because he 's a perpetrator against Greer and Samaritan . 101 11 `` Synecdoche '' Tim Matheson Jacey Heldrich & Joshua Brown June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 3J6011 6.36 Reese and Fusco reunite with Shaw after burying Root and travel to Washington , D.C. to protect their newest number , The President of the United States . The Machine classifies this threat as extremely relevant in terms of national security , but Shaw is worried about the implications behind Samaritan 's neglecting to intervene . The threat becomes neutralized , but an inner - governmental privacy - activist group with a mole in the U.S.S.S. turns the full force of the Secret Service on Reese and Shaw . The Machine has secretly enlisted Logan Pierce , Joey Durban , and Harper Rose to secure a clever exit strategy with each of them camouflaging into various useful covers ; when Reese and Fusco are extracted , they band together with Logan , Joey , and Harper to discuss their enlistment by the Machine , what has happened , and what is to come . Harold , meanwhile , is grieving over the loss of Root and reaches a conclusion that brings him to a highly - secured government facility in San Antonio , Texas with a weaponized virus capable of destroying Samaritan , but with significant collateral damage . Harold has become ready to go to any lengths and Reese and Shaw prepare for their final battle . 102 12 ``. exe '' Greg Plageman Greg Plageman & Erik Mountain June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 3J6012 6.27 Fusco discovers that the recent missing persons he found in the tunnel as corpses have been discovered by the police and is subsequently kidnapped by Agent LeRoux , who reveals himself to be the killer . Fusco overpowers LeRoux and is left wondering whether or not to kill the man to protect himself and his family . As Finch prepares to deploy his stolen computer virus ( named ice - 9. exe ) , he experiences doubts due to the fact that it will also destroy the Machine , so the Machine shows him a series of simulations of what would have occurred to each of the team 's members if the Machine had never existed . At the same time , Reese and Shaw are given a new number : one of John Greer 's aliases along with coordinates to Fort Meade , where Finch has infiltrated the NSA and uploaded his virus onto the NSA 's Intranet but is captured before he can activate it . Finch is brought before Greer , who takes him to a secure room and reveals that Samaritan wants to rule the world together with the Machine . When Finch refuses to join , Greer sacrifices himself in an attempt to kill Finch by having all the oxygen removed from the room . However , Reese and Shaw are able to infiltrate the building and activate a wireless modem to give the Machine access within , allowing it to save Finch 's life . Finch and the Machine then rescue Reese and Shaw in return and help them get outside to safety . When Finch continues to hesitate , the Machine shows him a final simulation revealing that Samaritan would have come into existence regardless , but unchecked without the Machine to fight it . Finch confronts Samaritan and , with the Machine 's encouragement , activates the virus that will kill them both before leaving . 103 13 `` return 0 '' Chris Fisher Jonathan Nolan & Denise Thé June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 3J6013 6.51 After being uploaded , the Ice - 9 virus begins to have disastrous effects globally . The Machine determines that Samaritan has uploaded a copy of itself to servers in the Federal Reserve , where Finch and Reese go after it . The two reach Samaritan 's servers and infect them with the Ice - 9 virus , but Samaritan is able to upload a compressed version of itself to an orbiting satellite , from where it will be able to return to Earth unharmed by the virus . The Machine warns Finch of this along with the facts that the only way to defeat Samaritan is to upload a copy of the Machine to the satellite to battle Samaritan and that whatever building he uses for the upload will be destroyed by a cruise missile . Having been wounded in a gunfight , Finch locks Reese in the vault to protect him and decides to sacrifice himself to destroy Samaritan . At the subway , Fusco and Shaw come under attack by Samaritan agents led by Jeff Blackwell . They are able to escape on the Machine 's train , capturing Blackwell as they go . The Machine passes on a final message to Shaw from Root after she realizes that Blackwell killed Root . However , Blackwell stabs Fusco before making an escape . As Finch waits for the moment to upload the Machine to the satellite , the Machine muses on the importance of human life with Finch , who realizes he 's on the wrong rooftop , having been tricked by Reese and the Machine . Reese tells Finch he plans to sacrifice himself to save Finch , as he understands that saving one life can make a real difference depending on the person . The Machine tells Finch its realization about human life : everyone dies alone but , if you are remembered afterwards , maybe you never die at all . Recognizing the Machine and Reese are right , a grieving Finch leaves as Reese holds off Samaritan agents , guided by the Machine in his final moments before the cruise missile hits . Reese 's sacrifice enables the Machine 's copy to be uploaded to the satellite , where the Machine destroys Samaritan once and for all . A week later , the world recovers from the Ice - 9 virus and Blackwell is tracked down by Shaw , who kills him to avenge Root . She meets with a recovering Fusco as the Machine 's copy downloads itself from the satellite back into Finch 's computer systems before contacting Shaw , while Finch returns to his former fiancée , Grace . Ratings ( edit ) Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Panopticon '' September 23 , 2014 1.7 / 5 10.58 1.1 4.74 2.9 15.44 `` Nautilus '' September 30 , 2014 1.8 / 6 10.72 1.0 4.00 2.8 14.87 `` Wingman '' October 7 , 2014 1.6 / 5 9.64 1.1 4.12 2.7 13.75 `` Brotherhood '' October 14 , 2014 1.5 / 5 9.72 1.0 3.88 2.5 13.60 5 `` Prophets '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 5 9.40 0.9 3.88 2.4 13.27 6 `` Pretenders '' October 28 , 2014 1.7 / 5 9.72 0.8 3.63 2.5 13.35 7 `` Honor Among Thieves '' November 11 , 2014 1.3 / 4 9.11 1.0 3.97 2.3 13.07 8 `` Point of Origin '' November 18 , 2014 1.6 / 5 9.87 0.9 3.83 2.5 13.70 9 `` The Devil You Know '' November 25 , 2014 1.7 / 5 9.04 0.9 3.88 2.6 12.92 10 `` The Cold War '' December 16 , 2014 1.3 / 4 8.94 1.1 4.05 2.4 12.99 11 `` If - Then - Else '' January 6 , 2015 1.7 / 5 10.08 0.9 4.00 2.6 14.08 12 `` Control - Alt - Delete '' January 13 , 2015 1.7 / 5 10.16 0.9 3.66 2.6 13.82 13 `` M.I.A. '' February 3 , 2015 1.4 / 5 9.28 0.9 3.66 2.3 12.92 14 `` Guilty '' February 10 , 2015 1.6 / 5 9.53 0.8 3.84 2.4 13.37 15 `` Q&A '' February 17 , 2015 1.6 / 5 9.17 0.8 3.55 2.4 12.72 16 `` Blunt '' February 24 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.63 0.9 3.67 2.6 13.30 17 `` Karma '' March 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 8.67 0.9 3.45 2.4 12.12 18 `` Skip '' March 24 , 2015 1.5 / 5 9.15 0.8 3.43 2.3 12.58 19 `` Search and Destroy '' April 7 , 2015 1.3 / 4 8.67 0.9 3.34 2.1 11.99 20 `` Terra Incognita '' April 14 , 2015 1.5 / 5 9.21 0.7 2.92 2.2 12.13 21 `` Asylum '' April 28 , 2015 1.4 / 4 8.45 0.7 2.77 2.1 11.22 22 `` YHWH '' May 5 , 2015 1.1 / 4 8.18 0.7 2.93 1.8 11.10 Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` B.S.O.D. '' May 3 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.35 N / A 2.76 N / A 10.11 `` SNAFU '' May 9 , 2016 1.0 / 4 5.80 N / A 2.47 N / A 8.27 `` Truth Be Told '' May 10 , 2016 1.1 / 4 7.34 N / A 2.55 N / A 9.90 `` 6,741 '' May 16 , 2016 0.9 / 3 5.31 N / A 2.38 N / A 7.69 5 `` ShotSeeker '' May 17 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.97 N / A 2.48 N / A 9.45 6 `` A More Perfect Union '' May 23 , 2016 0.9 / 3 5.49 0.5 2.43 1.4 7.92 7 `` QSO '' May 24 , 2016 0.9 / 3 5.33 0.4 N / A 1.3 N / A 8 `` Reassortment '' May 24 , 2016 0.9 / 3 4.92 0.4 2.31 1.3 7.22 9 `` Sotto Voce '' May 30 , 2016 0.8 / 3 5.49 0.6 2.35 1.4 7.84 10 `` The Day the World Went Away '' May 31 , 2016 1.0 / 4 6.66 0.5 2.30 1.5 8.96 11 `` Synecdoche '' June 7 , 2016 1.0 / 3 6.36 0.5 2.53 1.5 8.89 12 ``. exe '' June 14 , 2016 1.0 / 4 6.27 0.5 2.48 1.5 8.75 13 `` Return 0 '' June 21 , 2016 1.0 / 4 6.51 0.5 2.51 1.5 9.01 Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD and Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 23 September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 22 September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 23 September 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 02 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 22 August 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) 5 13 July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) Complete Series 103 July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' Ups Denise Thé to Executive Producer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office ' & ' The Secret Circle , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Person Of Interest , ' ' X Factor ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office , ' ' Person , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Secret Circle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' The Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 19 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down ; ' Beneath The Blue ' Evaporates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Big Bang , ' ' Rules , ' ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' X Factor , ' ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Grey 's ' Adj . Up ; ' Person , ' ' Rob , ' ' Parks ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' The Finder , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , '' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Missing ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up , ' Rules ' and ' Touch ' Adjusted Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` - Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Ofifice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Mobbed ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Biebel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , ' ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Dads ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 305 ) `` PA3ГABOP '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Root Path '' . Zap2It . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mind Games ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' , & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Manhattan Love Story ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Person of Interest ' or ' MasterChef Junior ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Forever ' , ' New Girl ' or ' Weird Loners ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Lucas ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Denise , @ widgetfactoryco , and I had a blast with this one . It 's b-a-n-a-n-a-s . Get ready for 6741 . # PersonOfInterest '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Andy ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` # PersonOfInterest Episode 504 . Seek and ye shall find ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Stanley Cup Finals and ' Memorial Day ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Maya & Marty ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings ; ' Person of Interest ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Has Biggest Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Grows Most in Viewership in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 16 Ending January 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' , ' Forever ' & ' State of Affairs ' Top Percentage Gainers & ' Castle ' Grows Most in Viewership in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 17 Ending January 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains + ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Following ' Tops Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 29 Ending April 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 - 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week of May 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 - 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Bachelorette , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' premiere lead the week of May 30 - June 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Bachelorette ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' top the week of June 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' has biggest gains for June 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Brother , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' lead for June 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest -- ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD and Blu - ray / DVD Combo is Announced '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 1 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest -- ' The Complete 2nd Season ' Blu - ray , DVD Street Date , Packages , Details '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest -- Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 2 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Person of Interest -- Can We Interest You In an Announcement for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' ? '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest - Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 3 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Person of Interest - Box Cover Art , Closer Street Date for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 4 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Person of Interest - Press Release Announces ' The Complete 5th and Final Season ' on Blu - ray , DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person Of Interest - S5 ( Bluray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Person Of Interest - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Person Of Interest S1 - 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Person Of Interest - The Complete Series '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Person of Interest episodes on IMDb List of Person of Interest episodes at TV.com Person of Interest Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Ghosts '' `` Mission Creep '' `` Cura Te Ipsum '' `` Judgment '' `` The Fix '' `` Witness '' `` Foe '' `` Get Carter '' `` Number Crunch '' `` Super '' `` Legacy '' `` Root Cause '' `` Wolf and Cub '' `` Blue Code '' `` Risk '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` Matsya Nyaya '' `` Many Happy Returns '' `` No Good Deed '' `` Firewall '' Season 2 `` The Contingency '' `` Bad Code '' `` Masquerade '' `` Triggerman '' `` Bury the Lede '' `` The High Road '' `` Critical '' `` ' Til Death '' `` C.O.D. '' `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' `` Relevance '' `` God Mode '' Season 3 `` The Devil 's Share '' Season 4 `` If - Then - Else '' Characters John Reese Harold Finch Soundtrack Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 & 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Person_of_Interest_episodes&oldid=866496711 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Person of Interest ( TV series ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Use mdy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Slovenčina 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in person of interest season 2	[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired123September 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)May 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)222September 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)May 9, 2013 (2013-05-09)323September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)422September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)May 5, 2015 (2015-05-05)513May 3, 2016 (2016-05-03)June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)" ]	[ "22" ]
-5944195848578430022	Acts of the Apostles	Acts of the Apostles - wikipedia Acts of the Apostles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book in the Christian New Testament . For the literature genre , see Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) . For the acronym , see ACTS ( disambiguation ) . `` Acts '' redirects here . For uses of Act , see Act . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Acts of the Apostles ( Ancient Greek : Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων , Práxeis tôn Apostólōn ; Latin : Actūs Apostolōrum ) , often referred to simply as Acts , is the fifth book of the New Testament ; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire . Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two - part work , Luke -- Acts , by the same anonymous author , usually dated to around 80 -- 90 AD . The first part , the Gospel of Luke , tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world 's salvation through the life , death , and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth , the promised Messiah . Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century , beginning with Jesus 's Ascension to Heaven . The early chapters , set in Jerusalem , describe the Day of Pentecost ( the coming of the Holy Spirit ) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem . Initially , the Jews are receptive to the Christian message , but soon they turn against the followers of Jesus . Rejected by the Jews , under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles . The later chapters tell of Paul 's conversion , his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean , and finally his imprisonment in Rome , where , as the book ends , he awaits trial . Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . Luke -- Acts can be also seen as a defense of ( or `` apology '' for ) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews : the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences , with the Romans serving as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law . On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews , and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion ; on the other , Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians , celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God 's promised Messiah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title , unity of Luke -- Acts , authorship and date 1.2 Genre , sources and historicity of Acts 1.3 Audience and authorial intent 1.4 Manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Outline 2.3 Content 3 Theology 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Gospel of Luke 4.2 Pauline epistles 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of Luke -- Acts Ministry of the Apostles : Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov , 1660 Title , Unity of Luke -- Acts , authorship and date ( edit ) The title `` Acts of the Apostles '' ( Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon ) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century . It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus ; it does seem clear , however , that it was not given by the author . The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two - volume work which scholars call Luke -- Acts . Together they account for 27.5 % of the New Testament , the largest contribution attributed to a single author , providing the framework for both the Church 's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church . The author is not named in either volume . According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century , he was the `` Luke '' named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself ; this view is still sometimes advanced , but `` a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters . '' ) ( An example can be seen by comparing Acts 's accounts of Paul 's conversion ( Acts 9 : 1 -- 31 , 22 : 6 -- 21 , and 26 : 9 -- 23 ) with Paul 's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event ( Galatians 1 : 17 -- 24 ) . ) He admired Paul , but his theology was significantly different from Paul 's on key points and he does not ( in Acts ) represent Paul 's views accurately . He was educated , a man of means , probably urban , and someone who respected manual work , although not a worker himself ; this is significant , because more high - brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke 's audience . The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends , Paul 's imprisonment in Rome c. 63 AD , but an early date is now rarely put forward . The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author , but there is no unanimity on this -- some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c. 95 AD called I Clement , while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century . The majority of scholars date Luke -- Acts to 80 -- 90 AD , on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source and looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem , and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul ( which began circulating late in the century ) ; if , however , it does show awareness of Paul and also of Josephus , then a date early in the 2nd century is more likely . In either case , there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . Genre , sources and historicity of Acts ( edit ) Luke ( or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke -- Acts ) aligned his work , Luke -- Acts , to the `` narratives '' ( διήγησις , diēgēsis ) which many others had written , and described his own work as an `` orderly account '' ( ἀκριβῶς καθεξῆς ) . Acts , the second part , is widely thought of as a history , but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature . The title `` Acts of the Apostles '' ( Praxeis Apostolon ) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men ( praxeis ) , but it was not the title given by the author . Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors , Dionysius of Halicarnassus , who wrote a well - known history of Rome , and the Jewish historian Josephus , author of a history of the Jews . Like them , he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder ( Romulus for Dionysius , Moses for Josephus , Jesus for Luke ) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God , taught authoritatively , and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven . By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at , but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint ( a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures ) , the gospel of Mark and the collection of `` sayings of Jesus '' called the Q source . He transposed a few incidents from Mark 's gospel to the time of the Apostles -- for example , the material about `` clean '' and `` unclean '' foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10 , and Mark 's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple ( Mark 14 : 58 ) is used in a story about Stephen ( Acts 6 : 14 ) . ) There are also points of contacts ( meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence ) with 1 Peter , the Letter to the Hebrews , and 1 Clement . Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence -- the traditional explanation of the three `` we '' passages , for example , is that they represent eye - witness accounts . The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century , but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned . Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era . By the 17th century , however , biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious -- its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul 's letters , and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul . The mid-19th - century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites . ( Marcion was a 2nd - century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews ) . Baur continues to have enormous influence , but today there is less interest in determining Luke 's historical accuracy ( although this has never died out ) than in understanding his theological program . The late William Mitchell Ramsay -- recipient of three honorary fellowships , nine honorary doctorates , and regarded by many to be one of the greatest archaeologists to ever live -- concluded , after about 30 years of investigation , that : `` Luke 's history is unsurpassed in respect of its trustworthiness ... Luke is a historian of the first rank ... ( Luke ) should be placed along with the very greatest of historians . '' Audience and authorial intent ( edit ) Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus - followers gathered in a house to share the Lord 's supper . The author assumes an educated Greek - speaking audience , but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco - Roman world at large . He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus , informing him of his intention to provide an `` ordered account '' of events which will lead his reader to `` certainty '' . He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification -- `` did it happen ? '' -- but to encourage faith -- `` what happened , and what does it all mean ? '' Acts ( or Luke -- Acts ) is intended as a work of `` edification . '' Edification means `` the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice , '' but is not all of Luke 's purpose . He also engages with the question of a Christian 's proper relationship with the Roman Empire , the civil power of the day : could a Christian obey God and also Caesar ? The answer is ambiguous . The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews , in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws , and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection ; at the same time , Luke makes clear that the Romans , like all earthly rulers , receive their authority from Satan , while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God . Manuscripts ( edit ) There are two major textual variants of Acts , the Western text - type and the Alexandrian . The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th , with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd . Western texts of Acts are 6.2 -- 8.4 % longer than Alexandrian texts , the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit , in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts . These conflicts suggest that Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian ( shorter ) text - type over the Western as the more authentic , but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke , as in that case the , Western version is the shorter . The debate therefore continues . Structure and content ( edit ) Acts 1 : 1 -- 2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223 Structure ( edit ) Acts has two key structural principles . The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem , centre of God 's Covenantal people , the Jews , to Rome , centre of the Gentile world . This structure reaches back to the author 's preceding work , the Gospel of Luke , and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul 's utterance in Acts 19 : 21 , which echoes Jesus 's words 9 : 51 ( Paul has Rome as his destination , as Jesus had Jerusalem ) . The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul , the first representing the Jewish Christian church , the second the mission to the Gentiles . Transition : reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel ( Acts 1 -- 1 : 26 ) Petrine Christianity : the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch ( Acts 2 : 1 -- 12 : 25 ) 2 : 1 -- 8 : 1 -- beginnings in Jerusalem 8 : 2 -- 40 -- the church expands to Samaria and beyond 9 : 1 -- 31 -- conversion of Paul 9 : 32 -- 12 : 25 -- the conversion of Cornelius , and the formation of the Antioch church Pauline Christianity : the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome ( Acts 13 : 1 -- 28 : 21 ) 13 : 1 -- 14 : 28 -- the Gentile mission is promoted from Antioch 15 : 1 -- 35 -- the Gentile mission is confirmed in Jerusalem 15 : 36 -- 28 : 31 -- the Gentile mission , climaxing in Paul 's passion story in Rome ( 21 : 17 -- 28 : 31 ) Outline ( edit ) Dedication to Theophilus ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) Resurrection appearances ( 1 : 3 ) Great Commission ( 1 : 4 -- 8 ) Ascension ( 1 : 9 ) Second Coming Prophecy ( 1 : 10 -- 11 ) Matthias replaced Judas ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) the Upper Room ( 1 : 13 ) Holy Spirit came at Pentecost ( 2 ) , see also Paraclete Peter healed a crippled beggar ( 3 : 1 -- 10 ) Peter 's speech at the Temple ( 3 : 11 -- 26 ) Peter and John before the Sanhedrin ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Resurrection of the dead ( 4 : 2 ) Believers ' Prayer ( 4 : 23 -- 31 ) Everything is shared ( 4 : 32 -- 37 ) Ananias and Sapphira ( 5 : 1 -- 11 ) Signs and Wonders ( 5 : 12 -- 16 ) Apostles before the Sanhedrin ( 5 : 17 -- 42 ) Seven Deacons appointed ( 6 : 1 -- 7 ) Stephen before the Sanhedrin ( 6 : 8 -- 7 : 60 ) The `` Cave of the Patriarchs '' was located in Shechem ( 7 : 16 ) `` Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians '' ( 7 : 22 ) First mentioning of Saul ( Paul the Apostle ) in the Bible ( 7 : 58 ) Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen ( 7 : 58 -- 60 ) Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem ( 8 : 1 -- 3 ) Philip the Evangelist ( 8 : 4 -- 40 ) Simon Magus ( 8 : 9 -- 24 ) Ethiopian eunuch ( 8 : 26 -- 39 ) Conversion of Paul the Apostle ( 9 : 1 -- 31 , 22 : 1 -- 22 , 26 : 9 -- 24 ) Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen ( 22 : 20 ) Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead ( 9 : 32 -- 43 ) Conversion of Cornelius ( 10 : 1 -- 8 , 24 -- 48 ) Peter 's vision of a sheet with animals ( 10 : 9 -- 23 , 11 : 1 -- 18 ) Church of Antioch founded ( 11 : 19 -- 30 ) term `` Christian '' first used ( 11 : 26 ) James the Great executed ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) Peter 's rescue from prison ( 12 : 3 -- 19 ) Death of Herod Agrippa I ( in 44 ) ( 12 : 20 -- 25 ) `` the voice of a god '' ( 12 : 22 ) Mission of Barnabas and Saul ( 13 -- 14 ) `` Saul , who was also known as Paul '' ( 13 : 9 ) called `` gods ... in human form '' ( 14 : 11 ) Council of Jerusalem ( 15 : 1 -- 35 ) Paul separated from Barnabas ( 15 : 36 -- 41 ) 2nd and 3rd missions ( 16 -- 20 ) Areopagus sermon ( 17 : 16 -- 34 ) `` God ... has set a day '' ( 17 : 30 -- 31 ) Trial before Gallio c. 51 -- 52 ( 18 : 12 -- 17 ) Trip to Jerusalem ( 21 ) Before the people and the Sanhedrin ( 22 -- 23 ) Before Felix -- Festus -- Herod Agrippa II ( 24 -- 26 ) Trip to Rome ( 27 -- 28 ) called a god on Malta ( 28 : 6 ) Content ( edit ) See also : Early Christianity and Jewish Christians The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus ; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to `` my earlier book '' , almost certainly the gospel . The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve . On Pentecost , the Holy Spirit descends and confers God 's power on them , and Peter , along with John , preaches to many in Jerusalem , and performs Christ - like healings , casting out of evil spirits , and raising of the dead . The first believers share all property in common , ate in each other 's homes , and worshipped together . At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized , but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews . Stephen is arrested for blasphemy , and after a trial , is found guilty and stoned by the Jews . Stephen 's death marks a major turning point : the Jews have rejected the message , and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles . The message is taken to the Samaritans , a people rejected by Jews , and to the Gentiles . Saul of Tarsus , one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians , is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ ( an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times ) . Peter , directed by a series of visions , preaches to Cornelius the Centurion , a Gentile God - fearer , who becomes a follower of Christ . The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius , thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind . The Gentile church is established in Antioch ( north - western Syria , the third - largest city of the empire ) , and here Christ 's followers are first called Christians . The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church . Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean , preaching , converting Gentiles , and founding new churches . On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob . Saved by the Roman commander , he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary , the `` ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes '' , and imprisoned . Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen , to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome , where he spends another two years under house arrest , proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the `` Lord Jesus Christ '' . Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul 's legal troubles . Theology ( edit ) Paul 's conversion , from Livre d'Heures d'Étienne Chevalier ( c. 1450 -- 1460 ) , Jean Fouquet , in the Château de Chantilly . Prior to the 1950s , Luke -- Acts was seen as a historical work , written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors ; since then , however , the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological . Luke 's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot , the way scenes , themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview . His `` salvation history '' stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers , in three ages : first , the time of `` the Law and the Prophets '' ( Luke 16 : 16 ) , the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist ( Luke 1 : 5 -- 3 : 1 ) ; second , the epoch of Jesus , in which the Kingdom of God was preached ( Luke 3 : 2 -- 24 : 51 ) ; and finally the period of the Church , which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven , and would end with his second coming . Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke , when Jesus , rejected in Nazareth , recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles ; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations , `` beginning from Jerusalem . '' He repeats the command in Acts , telling them to preach `` in Jerusalem , in all Judea and Samaria , and to the end of the Earth . '' They then proceed to do so , in the order outlined : first Jerusalem , then Judea , then Samaria , then the entire ( Roman ) world . For Luke , the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message , and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists . The Spirit is `` poured out '' at Pentecost , on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers , and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist , each time as a sign of God 's approval . The Holy Spirit represents God 's power ( At his ascension , Jesus tells his followers , `` You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you '' ) : through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem , forming the first church ( the term is used for the first time in Acts 5 ) . One issue debated by scholars is Luke 's political vision regarding the relationship between the early church and the Roman Empire . On the one hand , Luke generally does not portray this interaction as one of direct conflict . Rather , there are ways in which each may have considered having a relationship with the other rather advantageous to its own cause . For example , early Christians may have appreciated hearing about the protection Paul received from Roman officials against Gentile rioters in Philippi ( Acts 16 : 16 - 40 ) and Ephesus ( Acts 19 : 23 - 41 ) , and against Jewish rioters on two occasions ( Acts 17 : 1 - 17 ; Acts 18 : 12 - 17 ) . Meanwhile , Roman readers may have approved of Paul 's censure of the illegal practice of magic ( Acts 19 : 17 - 19 ) as well as the amicability of his rapport with Roman officials such as Sergius Paulus ( Acts 13 : 6 - 12 ) and Festus ( Acts 26 : 30 - 32 ) . Furthermore , Acts does not include any account of a struggle between Christians and the Roman government as a result of the latter 's imperial cult . Thus Paul is depicted as a moderating presence between the church and the Roman Empire . On the other hand , events such as the imprisonment of Paul at the hands of the empire ( Acts 22 - 28 ) as well as several encounters that reflect negatively on Roman officials ( for instance , Felix 's desire for a bribe from Paul in Acts 24 : 26 ) function as concrete points of conflict between Rome and the early church . Perhaps the most significant point of tension between Roman imperial ideology and Luke 's political vision is reflected in Peter 's speech to the Roman centurion , Cornelius ( Acts 10 : 36 ) . Peter states that `` this one '' ( οὗτος ) , i.e. Jesus , `` is lord ( κύριος ) of all . '' The title , κύριος , was often ascribed to the Roman emperor in antiquity , rendering its use by Luke as an appellation for Jesus an unsubtle challenge to the emperor 's authority . Thus , while the overt relationship between Christianity and empire in the book of Acts can generally be characterized as irenic , Luke insinuates the inevitability of conflict between the two over the issue of ultimate allegiance . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) Saint Paul Writing His Epistles , ascribed to Valentin de Boulogne , 17th century Gospel of Luke ( edit ) As the second part of the two - part work Luke -- Acts , Acts has significant links to the Gospel of Luke . Major turning points in the structure of Acts , for example , find parallels in Luke : the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple , Jesus 's forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts , the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis ( the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles ) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands , and so on ( see Gospel of Luke ) . These parallels continue through both books . There are also differences between Luke and Acts , amounting at times to outright contradiction . For example , the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday , immediately after the Resurrection , while Acts 1 puts it forty days later . There are similar conflicts over the theology . While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke -- Acts , these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature . Pauline epistles ( edit ) Acts agrees with Paul 's letters on the major outline of Paul 's career : as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle , establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law . There are also agreements on many incidents , such as Paul 's escape from Damascus , where he is lowered down the walls in a basket . But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory : for example , according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus , but according to Luke it was , characteristically , the Jews ( 2 Corinthians 11 : 33 and Acts 9 : 24 ) . Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious : Acts speaks of `` Christians '' and `` disciples '' , but Paul never uses either term , and it is striking that Acts never brings Paul into conflict with the Jerusalem church and places Paul under the authority of the Jerusalem church and its leaders , especially James and Peter ( Acts 15 vs. Galatians 2 ) . Acts omits much from the letters , notably Paul 's problems with his congregations ( internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead ) , and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem ( Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted , a trip that has no mention in the letters ) . There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology ( the understanding of Christ 's nature ) , eschatology ( understanding of the `` last things '' ) , and apostleship . See also ( edit ) Book : Acts of the Apostles Bible portal Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles , also known as the Sonnini Manuscript Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008 , p. no page numbers . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Pickett 2011 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 563 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1998 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 590 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1997 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2012 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 2009 , pp. 250 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 1 , 3 Jump up ^ Aune 1988 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Balch 2003 , p. 1104 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1990 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Witherington 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1990 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Holladay 2011 , p. no page numbers . Jump up ^ Ramsay , William Mitchell ( 1915 ) . The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament . London : Hodder and Stoughton . pp. 81 , 222 . Jump up ^ Green 1995 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Green 1997 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Fitzmyer 1998 , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Aune 1988 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 562 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2010 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , pp. 569 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Bruderhof - Fellowship for Intentional Community '' . Fellowship for Intentional Community . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible . Freedman , David Noel , 1922 - 2008. , Myers , Allen C. , 1945 - , Beck , Astrid B. Grand Rapids , Mich. : W.B. Eerdmans. 2000 . ISBN 0802824005 . OCLC 44454699 . Jump up ^ Buckwalter 1996 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Allen 2009 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Evans 2011 , p. no page numbers . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 268 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2009 , pp. 119 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2009 , pp. 119 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rowe 2005 , pp. 291 - 8 . Jump up ^ Zwiep 2010 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Parsons 1993 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Thomas E. ( January 1 , 2010 ) . Paul , His Letters , and Acts . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker Academic . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 5793 - 2 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , pp. 581 , 588 -- 90 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , O. Wesley , Jr. ( 2009 ) . `` Luke '' . In Petersen , David L. ; O'Day , Gail R. Theological Bible Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . Aune , David E. ( 1988 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . Balch , David L. ( 2003 ) . `` Luke '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament : History , Literature , Theology . Westminster John Knox Press . Bruce , F.F. ( 1990 ) . The Acts of the Apostles : The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802809667 . Buckwalter , Douglas ( 1996 ) . The Character and Purpose of Luke 's Christology . Cambridge University Press . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Charlesworth , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Historical Jesus : An Essential Guide . Abingdon Press . Evans , Craig A. ( 2011 ) . Luke . Baker Books . Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ( 1998 ) . The Anchor Bible : The Acts of the Apostles - A new Translation with Introduction and Commentary . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385490207 . Gooding , David ( 2013 ) . True to the Faith : The Acts of the Apostles : Defining and Defending the Gospel . Myrtlefield House . Green , Joel ( 1995 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Luke . Cambridge University Press . Green , Joel ( 1997 ) . The Gospel of Luke . Eerdmans . Holladay , Carl R. ( 2011 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament : Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ . Abingdon Press . Matthews , Christopher R. ( 2011 ) . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible . Oxford University Press . Parsons , Mikeal C. ( 1993 ) . Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts . Fortress Press . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Phillips , Thomas E. ( 2009 ) . Paul , His Letters , and Acts . Baker Academic . Pickett , Raymond ( 2011 ) . `` Luke and Empire : An Introduction '' . In Rhoads , David ; Esterline , David ; Lee , Jae Won . Luke - Acts and Empire : Essays in Honor of Robert L. Brawley . Wipf and Stock Publishers . Rowe , C. Kavin ( 2005 ) . `` Luke - Acts and the Imperial Cult : A Way through the Conundrum ? '' . Journal for the Study of the New Testament . 27 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 300 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide . Eerdmans . Thompson , Richard P. ( 2010 ) . `` Luke - Acts : The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament . Wiley -- Blackwell . Witherington , Ben ( 1998 ) . The Acts of the Apostles : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Eerdmans . Zwiep , Arie W. ( 2010 ) . Christ , the Spirit and the Community of God : Essays on the Acts of the Apostles . Mohr Siebeck . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acts of the Apostles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Acts Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # Acts : The Birth and Growth of the Early Church Wikiquote has quotations related to : Acts of the Apostles A Brief Introduction to Luke -- Acts Book of Acts at Bible Gateway ( NIV & KJV ) Tertullian.org : The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles ( 1923 ) J.M. WILSON , D.D. Texts on Wikisource : Breen , Andrew Edward ( 1913 ) . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Aherene , C. ( 1913 ) . `` Gospel of Saint Luke '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . See Section VI : Saint Luke 's Accuracy `` Acts of the Apostles '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Bible : Acts public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Acts of the Apostles Acts of the Apostles Preceded by Gospel of John New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Paul 's Epistle to the Romans Acts of the Apostles Bible Acts 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Places Achaea Alexandria Amphipolis Antioch of Pisidia Antioch of Syria Asia Assos Atalia Athens Berea Bithynia Caesarea Cenchrea Chios Cilicia Corinth Cos Creta Cyprus Derbe Ephesus Forum Appii Galatia Iconium Italy Jerusalem Lycaonia Lystra Macedonia Malta Mytilene Miletus Mysia Neapolis Paphos Pamphilia Patara Perga Philippi Phrygia Pisidia Pontus Ptolemais Puteoli Regium Rodos Rome Salamis Samos Samothrace Seleucia Syracuse Syria Thessalonica Thyatira Tyre Three Taverns Troas People Aeneas Agabus Agrippa Agrippa II Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ben Nebedeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Bar - jesus Barnabas Berenice Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Drusilla Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Felix Festus Gallio Gamaliel James the Just Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Lysias Manaen ( John ) Mark Mary mother of John Mark Matthias Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Paullus Peter Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon the Sorcerer Sopater Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Other Events Ascension Pentecost Conversion of Paul Peter 's vision Peter 's liberation Council of Jerusalem Areopagus sermon Book burning at Ephesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of John ( chapter 21 ) Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon GND : 4129470 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_the_Apostles&oldid=827391166 '' Categories : New Testament books 1st - century Christianity 1st - century books Acts of the Apostles Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - 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About Wikipedia	who was the book of acts written for	[ "Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] Luke–Acts can be also seen as a defense of (or \"apology\" for) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews: the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences, with the Romans serving as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law.[4] On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews, and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion; on the other, Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians, celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God's promised Messiah.[5]" ]	[ "Jewish audiences" ]
9087747274712799520	Semeru	Semeru - wikipedia Semeru Jump to : navigation , search Semeru Semeru in 1985 . Highest point Elevation 3,676 m ( 12,060 ft ) Prominence 3,676 m ( 12,060 ft ) Ranked 45th Isolation 391 kilometres ( 243 mi ) Listing Island high point 12th Ultra Ribu Coordinates 8 ° 6 ′ 28.8 '' S 112 ° 55 ′ 12.0 '' E / 8.108000 ° S 112.920000 ° E / - 8.108000 ; 112.920000 Coordinates : 8 ° 6 ′ 28.8 '' S 112 ° 55 ′ 12.0 '' E / 8.108000 ° S 112.920000 ° E / - 8.108000 ; 112.920000 Geography Semeru Java , Indonesia Semeru Semeru ( Indonesia ) Show map of Java Show map of Indonesia Show all Geology Mountain type Stratovolcano Last eruption 1967 to 2018 ( Ongoing ) Climbing First ascent Unknown Easiest route Hike Semeru volcano , July 2004 Semeru , or Mount Semeru ( Indonesian : Gunung Semeru ) , is an active volcano located in East Java , Indonesia . It is the highest mountain on the island of Java . This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru , meaning ' The Great Mountain . The name derived from the Hindu - Buddhist mythical mountain of Meru or Sumeru , the abode of gods . It is located in the subduction zone of Indo - Australia plate subduction gets under the Eurasia plate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Eruptive history 3 Mythology 4 Plantation problems 4.1 Foreign invasive plants 4.2 Vegetable plantations 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Geology ( edit ) Known also as Mahameru ( The Great Mountain ) , it is very steep rising abruptly above the coastal plains of eastern Java . Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit of the volcano . It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek - ajek and Jambagan calderas . Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex . Eruptive history ( edit ) Semeru 's eruptive history is extensive . Since 1818 , at least 55 eruptions have been recorded ( 10 of which resulted in fatalities ) consisting of both lava flows and pyroclastic flows . All historical eruptions have had a VEI of 2 or 3 . Semeru has been in a state of near - constant eruption from 1967 to the present . At times , small eruptions happen every 20 minutes or so . Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists , usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north , but though non-technical it can be dangerous . Soe Hok Gie , an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru . Mythology ( edit ) Semeru is named from Sumeru , the central world - mountain in Buddhist cosmology and by extension Hinduism . As stated in legend , it was transplanted from India ; the tale is recorded in the 15th - century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran . It was originally placed in the western part of the island , but that caused the island to tip , so it was moved eastward . On that journey , parts kept coming off the lower rim , forming the mountains Lawu , Wilis , Kelud , Kawi , Arjuno and Welirang . The damage thus caused to the foot of the mountain caused it to shake , and the top came off and created Penanggungan as well . Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java . Plantation problems ( edit ) Foreign invasive plants ( edit ) In 2014 , there are as many as 25 non-native plants in Mount Semeru National Park , which threaten the endemic local plants . The foreign plants were imported by a Dutch botanist named Van Steenis , in the colonial era . They include Foeniculum vulgare mill , Verbena brasiliensis , chromolaena odorata , and Salvinia molesta . Vegetable plantations ( edit ) Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable plantations are also making problem of silting of Ranu Pane Lake , which the lake becomes smaller and shallower . Research predicted the lake will disappear in about 2025 , except the kind of vegetables plantation is replaced with more ecological plantations . See also ( edit ) Indonesia portal List of volcanoes in Indonesia List of Southeast Asian mountains List of islands by highest point Volcanological Survey of Indonesia Lists of volcanoes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Semeru volcano '' . 19 Feb 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Semeru : Summary '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` gvp '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/03/06/2509895.htm?section=justin for March 2009 eruption Jump up ^ `` Birth of Soe Hok Gie '' . Viva News . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Soekmono , Dr R. ( 1973 ) . Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 . Yogyakarta , Indonesia : Penerbit Kanisius . p. 119 . ISBN 979 - 413 - 290 - X . Jump up ^ Eko Widianto ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Foreign Plantations Invade Mt Semeru '' . Jump up ^ David Priyasidharta ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ranu Pane Lake Estimated to Disappear in 10 Years '' . Sources ( edit ) `` Semeru '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Holt , Claire . Art in Indonesia : Continuities and Change . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1967 . Page 36 explains the mythological aspect of the mountain . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bromo - Tengger - Semeru_National_Park . Satellite picture by Google Maps Mount Semeru Galleries Travenesia Tourist attractions in Indonesia Sumatra Ampera Bridge Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Barelang Bridge Bintan Island Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Gunongan Historical Park Jam Gadang Kerinci Seblat National Park Krakatoa Lagundri Bay Lake Maninjau Lake Singkarak Lake Toba Lumbini Natural Park Maimun Palace Mentawai Islands Regency Nias Pagaruyung Palace Penyengat Island Sipura Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra Java Ancol Dreamland Anyer Arjuno - Welirang Batu City Bogor Palace Borobudur Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu Geopark Cukang Taneuh Dieng Volcanic Complex Ceto Temple G - Land Gembira Loka Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Karimunjawa National Park Kawah Putih Keraton Kasepuhan Keraton Kacirebonan Keraton Kanoman Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Malang Mount Bromo Mount Halimun Salak National Park Mount Merapi Mount Semeru Mrapen Pangandaran Patenggang Lake Pelabuhan Ratu Penataran Prambanan Puncak Ragunan Zoo Sangiran Suramadu Bridge Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Tangkuban Perahu Thousand Islands Tirto Samodra Beach Tretes Trowulan Yogyakarta City Ujung Kulon National Park Kalimantan Betung Kerihun National Park Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park Baning Nature Tourist Park Danau Sentarum National Park Derawan Islands Kakaban Kutai National Park Sabangau National Park Samboja Lestari Tanjung Puting The Equator monument Sulawesi Bantimurung -- Bulusaraung National Park Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park Bunaken National Park Gandang Dewata National Park Kepulauan Togean National Park Lake Tempe Lore Lindu National Park Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Taka Bone Rate National Park Toraja Trans Studio Makassar Wakatobi National Park Lesser Sunda Islands Awang Bay Bedugul Bali Bird Park Bali Safari and Marine Park Canggu Cempi Bay Dreamland Beach Garuda Wisnu Kencana Gili Air Gili Meno Gili Trawangan Goa Gajah Gunung Rinjani National Park Jimbaran Kelimutu Kintamani Komodo National Park Kuta Lake Segara Anak Lovina Beach Mandalika Resort Mount Rinjani Mount Tambora Moyo Island Nusa Dua Nusa Lembongan Pecatu Rinca Sanur Seminyak Senggigi Tampaksiring Tanah Lot Tanjung Ringgit Tirta Gangga Ubud Ujung Water Palace Uluwatu Maluku and Papua Fort Belgica Lorentz National Park Puncak Jaya Raja Ampat Islands Teluk Cenderawasih National Park Wasur National Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semeru&oldid=839164902 '' Categories : Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia Mountains of East Java Volcanoes of East Java Active volcanoes of Indonesia Maars of Indonesia Crater lakes Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Articles using GVP links in vnum format Pages with duplicate reference names Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Basa Sunda Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the approximate elevation of the semuru volcano	[ "\n\nSemeru\n\n\n\nSemeru in 1985.\n\n\n\nHighest point\n\n\nElevation\n3,676 m (12,060 ft)\n\n\nProminence\n3,676 m (12,060 ft) \nRanked 45th\n\n\nIsolation\n391 kilometres (243 mi)\n\n\nListing\nIsland high point 12th\nUltra\nRibu\n\n\nCoordinates\n8°6′28.8″S 112°55′12.0″E / 8.108000°S 112.920000°E / -8.108000; 112.920000Coordinates: 8°6′28.8″S 112°55′12.0″E / 8.108000°S 112.920000°E / -8.108000; 112.920000 \n\n\nGeography\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSemeru\n\n\nJava, Indonesia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSemeru\n\n\nSemeru (Indonesia)\n\n\n\nShow map of JavaShow map of IndonesiaShow all\n\n\n\n\nGeology\n\n\nMountain type\nStratovolcano\n\n\nLast eruption\n1967 to 2018 (Ongoing)[1]\n\n\nClimbing\n\n\nFirst ascent\nUnknown\n\n\nEasiest route\nHike\n\n" ]	[ "3,676 m (12,060 ft)" ]
5293961046798191591	History of Tasmania	History of Tasmania - Wikipedia History of Tasmania Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2011 ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory European exploration ( sea ) European exploration ( land ) 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal The history of Tasmania begins at the end of the most recent ice age ( approximately 10,000 years ago ) when it is believed that the island was joined to the Australian mainland . Little is known of the human history of the island until the British colonization in the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Indigenous people 2 European arrival 3 Timeline 3.1 Pre-1800 3.2 1800 -- 09 3.3 1810 -- 19 3.4 1820 -- 29 3.5 1830 -- 39 3.6 1840 -- 49 3.7 1850 -- 59 3.8 1860 -- 69 3.9 1870 -- 79 3.10 1880 -- 89 3.11 1890 -- 99 3.12 1900 -- 09 3.13 1910 -- 19 3.14 1920 -- 29 3.15 1930 -- 39 3.16 1940 -- 49 3.17 1950 -- 59 3.18 1960 -- 69 3.19 1970 -- 79 3.20 1980 -- 89 3.21 1990 -- 99 3.22 2000 -- present 4 See also 5 References and sources Indigenous people ( edit ) Main article : Tasmanian Aborigines Tasmania was inhabited by an indigenous population , the Tasmanian Aborigines , and evidence indicates their presence in the territory , later to become an island , at least 35,000 years ago . At the time of the British occupation and colonisation in 1803 the indigenous population was estimated at between 3000 and 10,000 . Historian Lyndall Ryan 's analysis of population studies led her to conclude that there were about 7000 spread throughout the island 's nine nations ; Nicholas Clements , citing research by N.J.B. Plomley and Rhys Jones , settled on a figure of 3000 to 4000 . The combination of the so - called Black War , internecine conflict and , from the late 1820s , the spread of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity , reduced the population to about 300 by 1833 . Almost all of the indigenous population was relocated to Flinders Island by George Augustus Robinson . Until the 1970s , most people thought that the last surviving Tasmanian Aborigine was Trugernanner , who died in 1876 . However this `` extinction '' was a myth , as documented by Lyndall Ryan in 1991 . European arrival ( edit ) Main article : Van Diemens Land Seventeenth century map of Tasmania , showing the parts discovered by Tasman . Melchisedech Thevenot ( 1620 ? - 1692 ) : Map of New Holland 1644 , based on a map by the Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu . The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on 24 November 1642 by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman , who named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt , after his sponsor , the Governor of the Dutch East Indies . The name was later shortened to Van Diemen 's Land by the British . In 1772 , a French expedition led by Marc - Joseph Marion du Fresne landed on the island . Captain James Cook also sighted the island in 1777 , and numerous other European seafarers made landfalls , adding a colourful array to the names of topographical features . The first settlement was by the British at Risdon Cove on the eastern bank of the Derwent estuary in 1803 , by a small party sent from Sydney , under Lt. John Bowen . An alternative settlement was established by Capt . David Collins 5 km to the south in 1804 in Sullivans Cove on the western side of the Derwent , where fresh water was more plentiful . The latter settlement became known as Hobart Town , later shortened to Hobart , after the British Colonial Secretary of the time , Lord Hobart . The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned . The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards , with the task of developing agriculture and other industries . Numerous other convict settlements were made in Van Diemens Land , including secondary prisons , such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at Port Arthur in the south - east and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast . The Aboriginal resistance to this invasion was so strong , that troops were deployed across much of Tasmania to drive the Aborigines into captivity on nearby islands . Timeline ( edit ) Pre-1800 ( edit ) Date unknown ( BC ) : Mouheneener band of South - East Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples settle in what is now the Hobart area 1642 : Abel Tasman , of the Dutch East India Company , becomes first European to sight Tasmanian mainland ; he names it Van Diemen 's Land after fellow Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) Governor - General Anthony van Diemen 1792 : Captain William Bligh anchors to Adventure Bay for a second time and names Table Mountain ( now Mount Wellington ) 1793 : French explorer Bruni d'Entrecasteaux surveys Derwent , naming it Riviere du Nord 1793 : John Hayes , of British East India Company , unaware of the French visit , sails up the river , which he names Derwent 1798 : Explorers George Bass and Matthew Flinders visit Derwent as part of circumnavigation of Van Diemen 's Land ; Bass climbs at least part of Mount Wellington ( then known as Table Mountain ) on Christmas Day 1798 : Adventure Bay became the site of a whaling station , then later on a Timber station . 1800 -- 09 ( edit ) 1802 : French explorer Nicolas Baudin surveys Derwent during month - long visit to South - East Tasmania , on which his party makes extensive notes on Aborigines , plants and animals . 1803 : Lieutenant John Bowen 's 49 - member party , with the ships Lady Nelson and Albion , starts first British settlement of Tasmania at Risdon Cove , naming it Hobart . 1804 : Lieutenant - Colonel David Collins ' 262 - member party lands at Sullivans Cove in February ; the settlement , which becomes known as Hobart Town , grows to 433 with arrival in June of rest of his Port Phillip party . 1804 : Soldiers temporarily refuse guard duties at Risdon amid fears of convict rebellion . 1804 : Aborigines killed in Risdon affray and settlement there abandoned . 1804 : Church of England clergyman Robert Knopwood conducts first divine service at Sullivans Cove . 1804 : Hobart 's first cemetery opens , later St David 's Park . 1804 : Colonel William Paterson establishes Port Dalrymple ( Tamar River ) settlement , first at George Town , then at York Town on river 's western side . 1805 : After supply ships fail to arrive on time , famine forces David Collins to cut rations by one - third 1805 : Collins leaves tent home to take up residence in first Government House , a wooden cottage . 1805 : Harbourmaster William Collins establishes Australia 's first whaling station at Ralphs Bay . 1805 : First land grants include 10 acres ( 40,000 m ) to Robert Knopwood 1806 : Colonel William Paterson begins transfer of York Town settlement to site of modern Launceston 1807 : First Norfolk Island settlers arrive in Hobart in the Lady Nelson and settle at New Norfolk 1807 : Lieutenant Thomas Laycock leads five - man party on first overland journey from Launceston to Hobart , taking nine days , mainly to seek supplies for the northern settlement . 1809 : Deposed New South Wales Governor William Bligh arrives in Hobart and temporarily disrupts David Collins ' authority as lieutenant - governor . 1809 : Floods in Derwent 1810 -- 19 ( edit ) 1810 : David Collins dies suddenly , Lieutenant Edward Lord takes over and first of three administrators pending appointment of second lieutenant - governor . 1810 : First church , St David 's , built 1810 : Colony 's first flour mill built beside Rivulet between Murray St and Elizabeth St , operated by Edward Lord and William Collins 1810 : Administration launches colony 's first newspaper , the Derwent Star and Van Diemen 's Land Intelligencer 1810 : Sealing expedition discovers Macquarie Island 1811 : After arriving from Sydney , Governor Lachlan Macquarie draws up plan for Hobart streets and orders construction of public buildings and Mount Nelson signal station . 1812 : Michael Howe ( later bushranging gang leader ) among first convicts to arrive directly from England in HMS Indefatigable 1812 : Northern Tasmania 's lieutenant - governorship ceases , Government House in Hobart takes control of whole island 1813 : Schooner Unity not heard of again after convicts seize it in Derwent 1813 : First Post Office opens in postmaster 's house on corner of Argyle St and Macquarie St 1814 : Work starts on Anglesea Barracks , Australia 's longest continuously occupied military building 1814 : Colony 's first horse races believed to have taken place at New Town 1814 : Lieutenant - governor 's court created to deal with small personal financial disputes . 1814 : Governor Lachlan Macquarie offers amnesty to bushrangers 1814 : Ship Argo disappears after seizure by convicts in Derwent 1815 : Michael Howe 's bushranging gang kills two settlers in New Norfolk raid 1815 : Lieutenant - Governor Thomas Davey declares martial law against all bushrangers , mainly escaped convicts , with some military deserters ; Governor Lachlan Macquarie later revokes order . 1815 : Captain James Kelly circumnavigates island in whaleboat 1815 : First Van Diemen 's Land wheat shipment to Sydney . Proclamation issued in 1816 to promote friendship between Aborigines and whites , though it had little effect 1816 : First emigrant ship arrives with free settlers from England 1817 : Weekly mail service begins between Hobart and Launceston 1817 : Work starts on new St David 's Church , replacing earlier structure blown down in storm 1817 : First convict ships arrive directly from England 1817 : New Government House occupied in Macquarie St , on site of present Town Hall , lower Elizabeth St and Franklin Square . 1818 : Government opens flour mill in Hobart 1818 : Soldiers and convict kill bushranger Michael Howe on banks of Shannon River 1818 : Government establishes nucleus of Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens 1819 : First proper hospital opens 1819 : Hobart - New Norfolk road built 1819 : St David 's Church opens 1820 -- 29 ( edit ) In 1820 , Tasmanian roads were first macadamised and carthorses began to replace bullocks . In the same year , the first substantial jail was completed on the corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street and merino sheep arrived from John Macarthur 's stud in New South Wales . 1820 also saw the first Wesleyan ( Methodist ) meeting in the colony . The following year marked the arrival of first Catholic clergyman , Father Phillip Conolly and on his second visit , Governor Lachlan Macquarie chooses sites for Perth , Campbell Town , Ross , Oatlands , Sorell and Brighton . In 1821 , officials and convicts left Port Dalrymple to establish Macquarie Harbour penal settlement at Sarah Island . 1822 was the first year Van Diemen 's Land Agricultural Society held a meeting in Hobart . In 1823 the Presbyterian Church 's first official ministry in Australia occurred in Hobart and the first Tasmanian bank , Bank of Van Diemen 's Land , was established . The inauguration of the Supreme Court occurred in 1824 , as did the opening of Cascade Brewery , Australia 's longest continuously operating Brewery . Cannibal convict Alexander Pearce was hanged after escaping twice from Macquarie Harbour who survived by eating his companions and convict Matthew Brady begins his bushranging career after escaping from Macquarie Harbour . On 3 December 1825 , Van Diemen 's Land became an independent colony from New South Wales with an appointed Executive Council , its own judicial establishment , and Legislative Council . Also in that year , the Richmond Bridge , Australia 's oldest existing bridge , was opened and a party of soldiers and convicts establishes Maria Island penal settlement In 1826 , Van Diemen 's Land Company launches North - West pastoral and agricultural development at Circular Head and the Tasmanian Turf Club was established . Settler John Batman , later one of Melbourne 's founders , helped capture bushranger Matthew Brady near Launceston . Hobart experienced a disease epidemic which was blamed on rivulet pollution . A courthouse was built on the corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street and street lighting with oil lamps was introduced . 1826 was also the year that the Legislative Council met formally for the first time . 1827 saw the first regatta - style events on Derwent River and Van Diemen 's Land Company began settlement at Emu Bay ( now Burnie ) . A proclamation made in 1828 by Lieutenant - Governor George Arthur excluded Aborigines from settled areas and was the year of the Cape Grim massacre . In 1828 , martial law was declared against Aborigines in settled areas after Van Diemen 's Land Company shepherds killed 30 Aborigines at Cape Grim and regular mail services with Sydney began . That year also saw widespread floods . The following year a jail for women convicts ( `` female factory '' ) opened at Cascades , `` Protector '' George Augustus Robinson starts an Aboriginal mission at Bruny Island , convicts seized the brig Cyprus at Recherche Bay and sail to China , Van Diemen 's Land Scientific Society formed under patronage of Lieutenant - Governor George Arthur and a Hobart - New Norfolk coach service began . 1830 -- 39 ( edit ) A map of Tasmania from 1837 . 1830 : George Augustus Robinson starts reconciliation efforts with Aborigines by visiting west coast 1830 : Samuel Anderson , Pioneer Settler , arrives in Hobart aboard the Lang , employed as book keeper with Van Diemens Land Co . Will go on to establish the third permanent settlement in Victoria at Westernport . 1830 : Administration launches `` Black Line '' military campaign across most of colony to round up Aborigines ; in seven weeks two are shot and two are captured 1830 : Port Arthur penal settlement established 1830 : Convict chain gang starts work on causeway across Derwent at Bridgewater 1831 : Australia 's first novel , Quintus Servinton , by Henry Savery , published in Hobart 1831 : New land regulations discontinue free land grants , replacing them with sales 1832 : George Augustus Robinson arrives in Hobart with Aborigines from Oyster Bay and Big River tribes , the last Aborigines removed from European - settled areas ; Wybalenna , Flinders Island , chosen for Aboriginal resettlement site . 1832 : Ends of martial law against Aborigines 1832 : Work starts on Cascade Brewery 1832 : Regular Hobart - Launceston coach service begins 1832 : Maria Island penal settlement closes 1832 : Derwent Light ( `` Iron Pot '' ) lit for first time 1833 : Robert Massie arrives in Tasmania takes up position as Engineer with Van Diemens Land Co . 1833 : First professional theatrical performance in Hobart 1833 : Macquarie Harbour penal settlement closes , convicts transferred to Port Arthur 1834 : Convicts evacuating Macquarie Harbour capture brig Frederick and sail to Chile 1834 : Stagecoaches begin daily Hobart - New Norfolk , weekly Hobart - Launceston services 1834 : Daily Hobart - New Norfolk steamship trips begin 1834 : Launceston `` female factory '' completed 1834 : Point Puer boys ' convict establishment opens at Port Arthur 1834 : First coal shipment leaves convict mines on Tasman Peninsula 1834 : Jury trial system for all civil cases begins 1834 : Horse - drawn coaches begin taxi - style service 1834 : Henty brothers leave Launceston for Portland Bay to make first European settlement in Victoria 1835 : Nearly all remaining Tasmanian Aborigines surrender to George Augustus Robinson and are moved to Flinders Island 1835 : Transport George III sinks in D'Entrecasteaux Channel with loss of 139 male convicts of 220 aboard 1835 : In separate expeditions , John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner leave Launceston to launch first European settlements at Port Phillip , which developed into Melbourne . 1835 : Samuel Anderson leaves Launceston to establish third permanent Victorian settlement at Bass in Western Port . 1835 : Colonial artist John Glover sends 35 paintings of Van Diemen 's Land to London exhibition . 1835 : First meeting to establish Launceston Bank for Savings . 1836 : First Catholic Church was built -- St John the Evangelist 's Church in Richmond . It is the oldest running Catholic Church in Australia . 1836 : Charles Darwin visits Hobart during round - the - world voyage in HMS Beagle 1836 : Post office moves to premises on corner of Elizabeth Street and Collins Street 1836 : Eleven counties , and some parishes therein , proclaimed ; establishing the cadastral divisions of the colony 1837 : Robert Massie leaves VDL and joins Samuel Anderson at Bass Victoria where his skills as an engineer enhance their partnership with the building of a tidal powered flour mill . 1837 : Theatre Royal opens 1837 : Lieutenant Governor Sir John Franklin founds Tasmanian Society for the Study of Natural Science 1837 : Police office built on corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street 1838 The first secular register of births , deaths and marriages in the British colonies established 1838 : First annual Hobart Regatta on Derwent 1838 : Work begins on old Customs House , which becomes Parliament House at start of responsible self - government in 1856 1838 : Sir John Franklin establishes board of education to introduce non-denominational schools 1838 : Bruny Island lighthouse completed 1840 -- 49 ( edit ) 1840 : Economic depression starts , continues until 1845 1840 : Captain James Ross arrives with Antarctic expedition in HMS Erebus and HMS Terror 1840 : Sir John Franklin establishes Ross Bank meteorological observatory site , named after explorer , near present Government House site 1840 : Dr William Bedford founds first Hobart private hospital ( in house near Theatre Royal ) after dispute at government hospital 1840 : Transportation from Britain to NSW ends , causing heavier influx of convicts to Tasmania 1842 : Colony 's first official census , population 57,471 1842 : The Weekly Examiner begins publication in Launceston 1842 : Hobart proclaimed a city 1842 : Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science , first Australian scientific journal , begins publication 1842 : Peak year for convict arrivals ( 5329 ) 1842 : Maria Island 's Darlington penitentiary reopened 1843 : Arrival of Tasmania 's first Anglican bishop , Francis Russell Nixon 1843 : Bushranger Martin Cash captured in Hobart , his death sentence was commuted and he was later pardoned 1844 : First Catholic bishop , Robert Willson , arrives 1844 : Formation of Royal Society of Tasmania , first branch outside Britain , as development of society founded in 1837 by Sir John Franklin ; society branch takes over botanical gardens 1844 : Norfolk Island , formerly administered by NSW , comes under Tasmanian control 1845 : Emigrant ship Cataraqui wrecked near King Island , 406 lives lost 1845 : Hobart Savings Bank opens 1845 : Jewish community consecrates Hobart Synagogue , Australia 's oldest 1845 : Artist John Skinner Prout organises first known Australian exhibition of pictures in Hobart 1846 : Foundation of the Hutchins School and Launceston Grammar School 1846 : Lieutenant - governor Sir John Eardley - Wilmot dismissed , allegedly for failure to suppress convict homosexuality 1846 : Convict transportation to Tasmania suspended until 1848 1846 : Tasmania becomes first Australian colony to enact legislation to protect native animals 1847 : Britain orders closure of NSW convict establishment and transfer of remaining prisoners to Tasmania 1847 : Big Hobart meeting petitions Queen Victoria for end to transportation 1847 : Wybalenna Aboriginal settlement at Flinders Island closes and surviving 47 Aborigines move to Oyster Cove 1847 : News of Sir John Franklin 's death during Arctic exploration reaches Hobart 1847 : Charles Davis founds hardware business 1847 : Launceston doctor W.R. Pugh uses ether as general anaesthetic for first time in Tasmania 1848 : Hobart peaks as whaling port , with 1046 men aboard 37 ships 1848 : Colony now only place of transportation in British Empire 1849 : `` Young Irelanders '' ( Irish political prisoners ) , including William Smith O'Brien , arrive at Port Arthur 1849 : Anti-transportation league formed after Launceston public meeting 1849 : Tasmania gets first public library 1849 : Tasmanian apple growers export to the United States of America and New Zealand 1850 -- 59 ( edit ) 1850 : Prisoner Patrick O'Donoghue starts publishing ' The Irish Exile ' , first Irish Nationalist paper in Australia . 1850 : First secular high school built at Domain 1850 : Constitution Dock officially opened 1851 : O'Donoghue sent to a chain - gang , released , restarts his paper and sent again to a chain - gang . 1851 : Black Thursday bushfires in February 1851 : Influenza epidemic 1851 : First election for 16 non-appointed members of Legislative Council 1851 : Hobart Chamber of Commerce established 1851 : Launceston host for first intercolonial cricket match ( Van Diemen 's Land v Port Phillip district ) 1851 : Maria Island 's Darlington penitentiary abandoned 1852 : Elections for first Hobart and Launceston municipal councils 1852 : Payable gold discovered near Fingal 1853 : Jubilee festival in Hobart celebrates end of convict transportation after arrival of last ship , the St Vincent 1853 : First Tasmanian adhesive postage stamp issued 1854 : Severe floods , fires hit city 1854 : The Mercury founded as bi-weekly publication 1855 : Horse - drawn `` buses '' ( large carts ) begin services , mainly on city -- New Town route ; they later become enclosed vehicles 1855 : Henry Young becomes first vice-regal representative to have title of Governor 1856 : Name of Van Diemen 's Land officially changed to Tasmania after grant of responsible self - government 1856 : New two - house Parliament opens after elections , William Champ becomes colony 's first Premier 1856 : Norfolk Island transferred from Tasmanian to NSW control 1857 : Hobart 's municipal Incorporation 1857 : Hobart - Launceston telegraph line opens 1857 : Hobart customers start using coal gas , streets get gas lighting 1858 : First meeting of Hobarts Marine Board , Australia 's oldest port authority 1858 : Hobart and Launceston councils form municipal police forces 1858 : Council of Education established 1858 : Hobart Savings Bank founded 1858 : Parliament passes Rural Municipalities Act 1859 : Worries about public health prompt Hobart Town Council to appoint health officer 1859 : New Government House at Domain occupied for first time , by Governor Henry Young and Lady Young 1860 -- 69 ( edit ) 1860 : British troops sail from Hobart for Māori war in New Zealand 1860 : Volunteer corps of infantry , cavalry and artillery formed 1860 : Economic depression 1860 : The Mercury begins daily publication 1862 : Tasmania adopts Torrens title land - conveyancing and registration system 1862 : Serious Derwent flooding 1862 : Hobart 's post office moves to rebuilt courthouse on corner of Macquarie St and Murray St 1863 : Opening of Tasmanian Museum on present site 1864 : First shipment of trout and salmon ova arrives from England 1866 : Hobart Town Hall opened 1866 : Hobart Philharmonic Society formed 1867 : George Peacock launches one of Australia 's first jam factories in Hobart ( later operated by Henry Jones and Co under the name IXL ) 1868 : First royal visit , during which Prince Alfred ( Duke of Edinburgh ) lays foundation stone for St David 's Cathedral and turns first sod for Tasmania 's first railway , Launceston - Deloraine line , built by a private company . 1868 : With Education Act , Tasmania becomes first Australian colony to have compulsory state education system , administered by local school boards 1869 : Death of William Lanne ( `` King Billy '' ) , reputedly the last full blood Tasmanian Aboriginal man ; whose remains were disrespected horribly after disagreement over who should have his remains . 1869 : Submarine communications cable successfully establishes link between Tasmania and Melbourne . 1870 -- 79 ( edit ) 1870 : British troops leave 1870 : Tasmanian Public Library formally constituted 1871 : Opening of Launceston -- Deloraine railway , Tasmania 's first -- ( 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) ) 1871 : James `` Philosopher '' Smith discovers tin at Mount Bischoff 1872 : Direct telegraphic communication begins between Tasmania and England 1873 : Work begins on private operated Hobart -- Launceston rail link -- ( 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) ) 1873 : Government takes over Launceston - Deloraine line 1874 : St David 's Cathedral consecrated 1874 : Tasmanian Racing Club established 1874 : Launceston rioters protest against rates levy for Deloraine railway 1874 : First book publication of Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life , set mainly in Tasmania 1875 : Hobart Hospital begins professional training of nurses 1875 : Widespread flooding 1876 : Truganini , described as last Tasmanian full blooded Aborigine , dies in Hobart 1876 : Hobart - Launceston railway opens 1877 : Port Arthur penal settlement closed 1877 : Gold discovered at Beaconsfield 1878 : Mount Heemskirk tin mining begins 1880 -- 89 ( edit ) 1880 : Earthquake hits Hobart 1880 : Tasmania gets first telephone with line from city centre to Mount Nelson signal station 1880 : Start of Derwent Sailing Boat Club ( later Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania ) 1880 : Gold discovered at Pieman River on West Coast , Tasmania 1881 : William Shoobridge organises first trial shipment of apples from Hobart to Britain 1881 : Hobart officially replaces ' Hobart Town ' as capital 's name 1882 : Married Women 's Property Act allows wives to own property in their own right 1882 : Silver - lead discovered at Zeehan 1882 : Hobart Stock Exchange opens 1883 : Typhoid and diphtheria epidemic prompt public health legislation 1883 : Government opens first Hobart and Launceston telephone exchanges 1883 : Trades and Labor Council formed 1883 : Discovery of gold at `` Iron Blow '' at Mount Lyell amidst increased West Coast , Tasmania mineral prospecting 1885 : Education Department created , centralising control of schools 1885 : Mersey and Deloraine Railway opened -- 4 ′ 6 '' gauge 1885 : Oatlands to Parattah Railway opened 1885 : Formation of the Mt Lyell Prospecting Association 1886 : Copper found at Mount Lyell 1886 : Government takes over Tasmanian Museum and Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens 1886 : Federal Council of Australasia discusses Federation at its first assembly held in Hobart 1886 : Public Health Act creates local boards of health 1887 : Derwent Valley railway line to New Norfolk opens , extended to Glenora within a year 1887 : Establishment of The Friends School in Hobart by the Society of Friends ( Quakers ) . 1887 : Italian entrepreneur Diego Bernacchi floats company to develop Maria Island 1888 : Hobart gets first technical school 1888 : Reservoir water supply opened 1888 : Launceston proclaimed a city 1890 -- 99 ( edit ) 1890 : University of Tasmania opens at the Domain 1890 : Government takes over Hobart - Launceston railway 1890 : Legislation provides for payment of Tasmanian parliamentarians 1891 : Bank of Van Diemen 's Land collapses , economic depression follows 1891 : Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery opens in Launceston 1891 : Apsley Railway opened 1892 : George FitzGerald founds FitzGeralds department store chain , now owned by Harris Scarfe 1893 : Private company begins electric tramway in Hobart , first in an Australian capital city 1893 : Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company . formed ( 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) ) 1893 : Government establishes Tasmanian Tourist Association 1894 : Hobart international exhibition opens 1894 : Government introduces flat - rate income tax system 1895 : The premiers conference in Hobart discusses proposals for federal constitution and plebiscite . 1895 : Launceston becomes first southern hemisphere city to get electric light after first Tasmanian hydro - electric station opens at Duck Reach on South Esk River 1895 : All Tasmanian districts move to Australian Eastern Standard Time , ending different time zones in colony 1896 : Entrepreneur George Adams launches Tattersalls lottery venture in Hobart ; first lottery held to dispose of assets of failed Bank of Van Diemen 's Land 1896 : Ore smelting begins at Mount Lyell 1897 : Hare - Clark voting system used on trial basis for state polls in Hobart and Launceston 1897 : Formation of Southern Tasmania Football Association 1897 : Serious bushfires start on New Year 's Eve , end with six lives lost 1898 : Tasmanians vote four to one in favor of referendum on federation with mainland colonies 1898 : Municipal police forces become part of new statewide government force 1898 : Electric street lighting begins in Hobart 1898 : Norwegian - born Carsten Borchgrevink 's Antarctic expedition arrives in Hobart on way south ; Tasmanian Louis Bernacchi joins as physicist 1899 : First Tasmanian troops leave for Second Boer War in South Africa 1899 : Federation of Australia wins overwhelming Tasmanian approval in the second referendum 1900 -- 09 ( edit ) Horace Watson recording the songs of Fanny Cochrane Smith , considered to be the last fluent speaker of a Tasmanian language , 1903 . 1900 : More Tasmanian troops leave for Second Boer War 1900 : Adult male suffrage for House of Assembly adopted , with property qualifications abolished 1900 : End of whaling operations from Hobart 1900 : Bubonic plague scare grips Tasmania 1900 : Macquarie Island becomes a Tasmanian dependency 1901 : Administrator Sir John Dodds reads proclamation of Commonwealth of Australia from Tasmanian Supreme Court steps 1901 : Visit by Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( future King George V and Queen Mary ) 1901 : First elections for Federal Parliament 1901 : Zeehan conference leads to formation of Tasmanian Workers Political League ( forerunner to Labor Party ) 1902 : Last Tasmanian troops return from the Boer War 1902 : Robert Carl Sticht completes world 's first successful pyritic smelting at Mount Lyell 1903 : Women get House of Assembly voting right ( the already had it for federal polls ) 1903 : Hobart - Launceston telephone line opens 1903 : Two ships leave Hobart on relief expedition to free British explorer Robert Scott 's Discovery from Antarctic ice 1903 : Launceston smallpox epidemic forces cancellation of Tasmanian centenary celebrations , some festivities a year later 1904 : Legislation allows Tasmanian women to become lawyers 1904 : Formation of Tasmanian National Association ( forerunner to Liberal Party ) 1904 : Native flora and fauna reserve declared at Schouten Island and Freycinet Peninsula 1905 : Wireless telegraphy experiments between Hobart and Tasman Island and between state and mainland 1905 : General Post Office building opens 1906 : Marconi Co. demonstrated a wireless telegraphy service between Devonport and Queenscliff , Victoria 1906 : Tasman Lighthouse first lit 1907 : New public library , built with money from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , opens in Hobart 1907 : Hare - Clark voting system extended to all of Tasmania 1908 : State school fees abolished 1908 : Queen Alexandra Maternity Hospital opens in Hobart 1908 : First Scout troops formed 1909 : Guy Fawkes Day ( 5 November ) fire destroy Hobart market , City Hall later built on site 1909 : First statewide use of Hare - Clark voting system elects first Labor government , led by John Earle ; government lasts only one week , with return of conservatives 1909 : Irish blight wipes out potato crop 1910 -- 19 ( edit ) 1910 : Carters ' wage strike paralyses Hobart for a week , ends with win for workers 1910 : Legislation sets maximum 48 - hour working week and minimum wages in several trades 1910 : Great Lake hydro - electric project starts 1911 : The Christian Brothers founded and opened the St. Virgil 's College School in what is now , Barrack Street in Hobart . 1911 : Douglas Mawson 's ship Aurora docks in Hobart on way to Antarctic 1911 : Philip Smith teachers ' college opens at Domain , Electric trams begin running in Launceston 1912 : Mount Lyell fire traps miners underground , 42 die 1912 : Norwegian Roald Amundsen , first man to reach South Pole , arrives in Hobart on return from Antarctic expedition 1912 : Hobart City Council takes over tramway service 1912 : First Tasmanian Girl Guide company formed 1913 : First government high schools open in Hobart and Launceston 1913 : Hobart City Council buys tram service 1913 : Term `` free by servitude '' referring to ex-convicts , appears for last time in official documents , after use for more than 100 years 1914 : A. Delfosse Badgery makes Tasmania 's first flight from Elwick in a plane he built himself 1914 : First Tasmanian troops leave to fight in World War I 1914 : The town of Bismarck is renamed Collinsvale due to anti-German sentiment inflamed by the war 1914 : State government buys hydro - electric company 1915 : Tasmanian legislation establishes Australia 's first special authority to create and manage parks and reserves 1915 : Serious bushfires 1916 : In Tasmania 's worst rail disaster , driver and six passengers die , 31 survive injuries , after Launceston - Hobart express crashes near Campania 1916 : First all - Tasmanian battalion ( the 40th ) leaves for World War I 1916 : Opening of Great Lakes hydro scheme 's first stage , Waddamana power station 1916 : State 's first national parks declared at Mount Field and Freycinet 1916 : Daylight saving time first introduced as temporary wartime measure 1917 : Electrolytic Zinc Company works at Risdon and Australian Commonwealth Carbide 's plant at Electrona established 1917 : Ridgeway reservoir completed 1919 : Worldwide Spanish influenza epidemic reaches Tasmania , affecting one - third of the population and claiming 171 lives 1919 : Ex-World War I airman A.L. Long makes first flight over Bass Strait 1919 : Frozen Tasmanian meat exported for the first time 1920 -- 29 ( edit ) 1920 : Visit by Prince of Wales , future King Edward VIII 1920 : Miena dam completed 1920 : Launceston - born Hudson Fysh helps found Qantas 1922 : Legislation enables women to stand in state elections 1922 : Legacy movement starts with founding of Remembrance Club in Hobart by Major - General Sir John Gellibrand 1922 : Cradle Mountain - Lake St Clair National Park proclaimed 1923 : First concert by Hobart Symphony Orchestra 1923 : Severe flooding in Hobart 1923 : Labor 's Joseph Lyons , a future prime minister , becomes state premier 1924 : Private company starts first Tasmanian radio station , 7ZL ( now part of ABC ) , with regular broadcasts from The Mercury building 1924 : Electrolytic Zinc Co makes first superphosphate at Risdon 1925 : Workmen open David Collins ' grave during conversion of old St David 's Cemetery into St David 's Park 1925 : Osmiridium fields discovered at Adamsfield in south - west 1927 : Inquiry into proposed bridge linking Hobart city with eastern shore 1927 : Visit by Duke and Duchess of York ( future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth ) 1928 : Cadbury 's Claremont factory makes first chocolate 1928 : Voting in Tasmanian state elections becomes compulsory ( federal voting became compulsory in 1924 ) 1929 : Disastrous floods , mainly in Northern Tasmania , take 22 lives ; dam burst damages Derby township and tin mines 1929 : Hobart gets automatic telephone system 1929 : Great Depression begins 1929 : Legislation creates Hydro - Electric Commission , replacing government department 1930 -- 39 ( edit ) 1931 : Tasmanian Harold Gatty and American Wiley Post make record round - the - world flight ( eight days , 15 hours ) 1932 : Ivan and Victor Holyman start air service between Launceston and Flinders Island 1932 : Lyell Highway opens , linking Hobart with West Coast 1932 : Former premier Joseph Lyons becomes prime minister , only Tasmanian to hold that office 1933 : Commonwealth Grants Commission appointed to inquire into affairs of claimant states , including Tasmania 1934 : Holyman Airways ( a forerunner of Ansett ) launches Launceston -- Melbourne service , within months , company plane Miss Hobart disappears over Bass Strait with loss of 12 people , including proprietor Victor Holyman 1934 : Election of government led by Albert Ogilvie starts 35 years of continuous Labor governments 1935 : Five die when Holyman Airways plane Loina crashes off Flinders Island . 1935 : Hobart gets first electric trolley buses 1935 : Legislation for three - year state parliament terms 1936 : SS Paringa sinks in Bass Strait while towing tanker , 31 die 1936 : ABC forms orchestra 1936 ( 7 September ) : Last known Tasmanian tiger ( thylacine ) dies at Hobart 's Beaumaris Zoo 1936 : First commercial flights use federal aerodrome at Cambridge 1936 : Submarine telephone cable service begins between Tasmania and Victoria via King Island 1936 : First two area schools ( renamed district schools in 1973 ) open at Sheffield and Hagley 1937 : Open of Mount Wellington summit road , built as Depression relief work project 1937 : Poliomyelitis epidemic 1937 : Five - year state parliamentary terms return 1938 : Production starts at APPM 's Burnie mill 1938 : Work begins on a floating arch bridge across Derwent in Hobart 1939 : World War II begins 1939 : Death in office of prime minister Joseph Lyons 1939 : Royal Hobart Hospital opens on present site 1940 -- 49 ( edit ) 1940 : Tasmanian soldiers leave for North African campaign with Australian 6th Division 1940 : German naval raiders Pinguin and Atlantis lay mines off Hobart and other Australian areas . Hobart closed to shipping because of mine threat ; Bass Strait closed after mine sinks British steamer Cambridge . 1941 : Tasmanian soldiers leave for Malaya with Australian 8th Division 1941 : Australian Newsprint Mills ' Boyer plant becomes first in world to produce newsprint from hardwood 1942 ( January -- March ) : daylight saving time introduced as wartime measure 1942 : Women 18 to 30 called up for war work 1943 : Floating - arch pontoon bridge Hobart Bridge opens 1943 : Enid Lyons ( later Dame Enid ) , widow of Joseph Lyons , elected first woman member of House of Representatives , winning seat of Darwin ( now Braddon ) . 1944 : University of Tasmania begins transfer to Sandy Bay site 1944 : State Library established 1945 : Rani wins first Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 1946 : Australian National Airways plane crashes at Seven Mile Beach , killing 25 1946 : Last horse - drawn Hobart cab ceases operation 1946 : Poliomyelitis epidemic 1947 : War - affected migrants begin arriving from Europe to work for Hydro - Electric Commission 1947 : Edward Brooker takes over as Labor premier after Robert Cosgrove 's resignation to face corruption and bribery charges 1947 : Major flooding in south of state 1948 : Margaret McIntyre wins Legislative Council seat in May , becoming the first woman member of Tasmanian Parliament ; airliner crash in NSW in September kills her and 12 others . 1948 : Robert Cosgrove resumes premiership after acquittal on corruption and bribery charges 1948 : ABC forms Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra on permanent basis 1948 : Fire destroys Ocean Pier 1948 : Antarctic research station established on Macquarie Island 1949 : Poliomyelitis epidemic 1949 : Government introduces compulsory X-rays in fight against tuberculosis 1949 : Tasmanian politician Dame Enid Lyons , widow of former prime minister Joseph Lyons , becomes first woman to reach federal ministry rank , as Executive Council vice-president 1949 : Government buys Theatre Royal 1950 -- 59 ( edit ) 1951 : Brighton army camp gets first intake of national service trainees 1951 : Hartz Mountains National Park proclaimed 1951 : Tasmanian Historical Research Association commences 1951 : Serious bushfires 1951 : Italian and German migrants arrive to work under contract for Hydro - Electric Commission 1952 : First woman elected to Hobart City Council 1952 : Severe floods 1952 : Government ends free hospital scheme 1952 : Single state licensing body formed for hotels and clubs 1953 : Tasman Limited diesel train service begins between Hobart and northern towns 1953 : Housing Department created to manage public housing 1953 : Beaconsfield becomes first Australian centre to get fluoridated water 1954 : Queen Elizabeth II becomes first reigning monarch to visit state , accompanied by Prince Phillip . As part of 150th anniversary celebrations , she unveils monument to pioneer British settlers 1954 : Hobart Rivulet area damaged as severe floods affect southern and eastern Tasmania 1954 : Metropolitan Transport Trust formed 1954 : Tattersalls Lotteries moves headquarters from Hobart to Melbourne 1954 : Spouses of property owners get right to vote in Legislative Council elections 1955 : Royal commission appointed to inquire into University of Tasmania after request by Professor Sydney Orr 1955 : House of Assembly gets first two women members , Liberals Mabel Miller and Amelia Best 1955 : Hobart becomes first Australian city to get parking meters 1955 : Proclamation of Lake Pedder National Park ( later extended to form Southwest National Park ) . 1955 : First ingot poured at Bell Bay aluminium refinery 1955 : Labor Party 's federal conference in Hobart brings Australian Labor Party split over industrial groups to head , leading to formation of Australian Labor Party ( Anti-Communist ) , later Democratic Labor Party 1955 : Lactos cheese factory opens at Burnie 1956 : University of Tasmania Council dismisses Professor Sydney Orr , alleging improper conduct by him with female student ; Orr launches unsuccessful court action against university for wrongful dismissal 1956 : Tasmania gets first woman mayor , Dorothy Edwards of Launceston 1957 : Water Act establishes Rivers and Water Supply Commission 1958 : Hobart waterside works block two Australian Labor Party ( Anti-Communist ) members , father Frank Hursey and son Denis , from working in dispute over their objection to paying union levy that would partly go to ALP ; police guard Hurseys after court order ; Supreme Court awards them damages 1959 : MG Car Club of Tasmania formed 1959 : Princess of Tasmania becomes first roll - on / roll - off passenger ferry on Bass Strait run 1959 : High Court verdict in Hursey case upholds unions ' right to levy members for political purposes , expel those who refuse to pay 1959 : Federal Government reduces claimant states to two , Tasmania and Western Australia 1960 -- 69 ( edit ) 1960 : Severe floods in Derwent Valley and Hobart , with business basements under water and houses washed away 1960 : Television stations ABT - 2 ( ABC ) and TVT - 6 ( now WIN ) start programs from Mount Wellington transmitters 1960 : New jail opens at Risdon 1960 : Hobart trams cease , succeeded by electric trolley buses 1960 : First meeting of Inland Fisheries Commission 1960 : Opening of new State Library headquarters 1960 : First city parking station opens in Argyle Street 1961 : Construction of Hobart - Sydney ferry terminal begins 1962 : Australian Paper Makers Ltd 's Port Huon mill opens 1962 : TEMCO 's Bell Bay ferro - manganese plant begins production 1962 : Government subsidises municipal fluoridation schemes 1963 : University of Tasmania completes move to Sandy Bay site ; Universities Commission recommends medical school 1964 : Tasman Bridge opens for traffic , old pontoon bridge towed away 1964 : Hobart 's water supply fluoridated 1964 : Glenorchy proclaimed city 1965 : First Tasmanians leave for Vietnam War under national service scheme 1965 : Ferry Empress of Australia makes first Sydney -- Hobart voyage 1965 : Official opening of Tasmanian Conservatorium of Music 1965 : Bass Strait oil drilling begins 1966 : Huge copper reserves found in Mount Lyell area 1966 : Savage River iron ore agreements involving $62 million signed 1967 ( February ) : Black Tuesday bushfires claim 62 lives -- 53 in Hobart area -- and destroy more than 1300 homes 1967 : Tasmanian joins other states in approving full constitutional rights for Aborigines 1967 : Hydro - Electric Commission tables plans in State Parliament to dam Lake Pedder in South - West 1967 : Daylight saving time and breathalyser tests introduced 1968 : Full adult franchise introduced for Legislative Council elections 1968 : Hobart trolley buses cease , replaced by diesel vehicles 1968 : State abolishes death penalty 1968 : Savage River iron ore project officially opens 1968 : Batman Bridge across lower Tamar River opens 1969 : Tasmanians vote Labor Party out after 35 years in office , Liberal - Centre Party forms coalition government 1969 : Worst floods in 40 years hit Launceston 1970 -- 79 ( edit ) Play media A video by the ABC about the introduction of daylight saving time . 1970 : Parliament legislates for permanent daylight saving time 1970 : State marine research laboratories at Taroona open 1970 : Electrolytic Zinc Company opens $6 million residue treatment plant 1971 : First woodchip shipment leaves Tasmanian Pulp and Forest Holdings ' mill at Triabunna 1971 : APPM Ltd 's Wesley Vale paper plant opens 1971 : First state Aboriginal conference held in Launceston 1972 : Conservationists lose battle to prevent flooding of Lake Pedder in South - West for hydro - electric scheme 1972 : Liberal - Centre Party coalition government collapses 1972 : Tasmanian College of Advanced Education opens in Hobart 1972 : Ferry Princess of Tasmania makes last Tasmanian voyage 1972 : Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre opens at Tasmanian Aboriginal Information Centre 1973 : Coastal freighter Blythe Star sinks with loss of three men , seven survivors spend eight days adrift in lifeboat before coming ashore on Forestier Peninsula 1973 : Australia 's first legal casino opens at Wrest Point Hotel Casino 1973 : Sir Stanley Burbury , formerly chief justice , becomes first Australian - born governor of Tasmania 1974 : Three die when boiler explosion demolishes laundry at Mt St Canice Convent , Sandy Bay 1974 : Tasmanian workers under state wages board awards get four weeks annual leave ; woman awarded equal pay 1974 : Hobart suburban rail services cease 1975 : Freighter MV Lake Illawarra crashes into Tasman Bridge , causing 12 deaths and bringing down part of bridge ; temporary Bailey bridge put across Derwent 1975 : Police academy completed at Rokeby 1975 : Hotels allowed to open for Sunday trading 1975 : Totalizator Agency Board begins operating 1976 : Members of Aboriginal community ritually cremate Truganini 's remains , scatter ashes in D'Entrecasteaux Channel 1976 : Tasmanian Wilderness Society formed 1976 : Freight equalisation scheme subsidises sea cargo to and from state 1977 : Repaired Tasman Bridge reopens to traffic 1977 : Royal visit , during which Aboriginal activist Michael Mansell presents the Queen with land rights claim 1977 : Tasmanian Film Corporation launched 1978 : Australian National Railways takes over Tasmanian rail system ; Tasman Limited ceases operations , ending regular passenger train services in state 1978 : Hydro - Electric Commission proposes power scheme involving Gordon , Franklin and King rivers 1979 : Tasmanian College of Advanced Education moves to Launceston 1979 : State 's first ombudsman begins duties 1979 : Hobart gets increased Saturday morning shopping 1979 : Government expands South - West conservation area to more than one - fifth of state 's total area 1980 -- 89 ( edit ) 1980 : Australian Antarctic Division headquarters completed at Kingston 1980 : Labor MHA Gillian James becomes first woman to become State Government minister 1980 : Australian Maritime College opens at Beauty Point 1980 : Australian Heritage Commission includes Tasmania on National Estate register 1981 : Plebiscite on preferred new hydro - electric power development scheme shows 47 % of voters favour Gordon - below - Franklin development , 8 % prefer Gordon - above - Olga , with 45 % casting informal votes , including ' no dams ' write - ins . 1981 : Devonport proclaimed city 1981 : Bushfires destroy 40 Zeehan homes 1982 : Proclamation of Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area , including South - West , Franklin - Lower Gordon Wild Rivers and Cradle Mountain - Lake St Clair national parks ; conservationists blockade Gordon - below - Franklin hydro - electric dam work 1982 : Tasmanians elect Liberals as government in their own right for first time in state 's history 1983 : Federal regulations block Franklin Dam construction ; High Court rules in favour of federal sovereignty , ending the proposed Gordon - below - Franklin scheme 1983 : Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council established 1983 : Visit by The Prince and Princess of Wales 1984 : Official opening of Bowen Bridge 1984 : Official opening of Wrest Point Convention Centre 1984 : Fire damages Theatre Royal 1984 : Atlantic salmon eggs introduced to Tasmania 1985 : Four - day cremation ceremony at Oyster Cove , south of Hobart , for Aboriginal remains recovered from museums 1985 : CSIRO Marine Laboratories open in Hobart 1985 : Last voyage by ferry Empress of Australia before replacement by Abel Tasman 1985 : Last Tasmanian drive - in theatres close in Hobart and Launceston 1985 : Municipal rationalisation advances with Launceston taking over St Leonards and Lilydale 1986 : Pope John Paul II holds mass for 32,000 people at Elwick racecourse during Hobart visit 1986 : Archaeologists discover Aboriginal rock paintings in South - West believed to be 20,000 years old 1987 : Launching of Lady Nelson replica ship 1987 : High Court decision bans logging in Lemonthyme , southern forests 1987 : Antarctic supply ship Nella Dan sinks off Macquarie Island 1988 : International fleet of about 200 sailing , cruise and naval ships from about 20 countries calls at Hobart as part of Australian Bicentennial celebrations ; more than 150 leave on race to Sydney 1988 : Clarence and Burnie proclaimed cities 1988 : Tasmanian Sporting Hall of Fame opens 1989 : State election ends with Labor - Green accord involving five independents ; their no - confidence vote in Robin Gray 's minority Liberal government gives Labor 's Michael Field premiership 1990 -- 99 ( edit ) 1990 : Sea Cat Tasmania , built in Hobart by Incat , begins summer crossings of Bass Strait 1990 : King Island scheelite mine closes 1990 : World Rowing Championships held on Lake Barrington , near Sheffield 1991 : Savings Bank of Tasmania and Tasmanian Bank amalgamate as Trust Bank 1991 : Port Huon paper mill , Electrona silicon smelter , Renison tin mine and Devonport Ovaltine factory close 1992 : Aborigines occupy Risdon Cove in protest over land claims 1992 : Royal Hobart Hospital nursing school closes , ending hospital - based nursing training in Tasmania 1992 : Seven women ordained as Anglican priests at St David 's Cathedral 1992 : State 's unemployment rate reaches 12.2 % as jobs decline in public and private sectors ; rallies of angry workers force temporary closure of House of Assembly 1993 : Christine Milne ( Tasmanian Greens ) becomes first female leader of a Tasmanian political party 1993 : Spirit of Tasmania replaces Abel Tasman on Bass Strait ferry service 1993 : Tasmania 's unemployment rate reaches 13.4 % 1993 : State Government reduces total of municipalities from 46 to 29 , number of departments from 17 to 12 1994 : End to 80 years of dam building as state 's last power station , Tribute , opens near Tullah 1994 : HMAS Huon naval base decommissioned 1995 : All - day Saturday shop trading begins 1995 : Government announces legislation to transfer 38 km of culturally significant land to Aboriginal community , including Risdon Cove and Oyster Cove 1995 : States unemployment rate falls to 9.6 % as number of Tasmanians in work sets record 1996 ( 28 April ) : Gunman Martin Bryant kills 35 people and injures 20 more in shooting rampage at Port Arthur historic site ; Supreme Court sentences him to life imprisonment 1996 : Former federal Liberal minister Peter Nixon heads Commonwealth state inquiry into Tasmanian economy 1997 : Tasmania becomes first state to formally apologise to Aboriginal community for past actions connected with the ' stolen generation ' . 1997 : Hobart Ports Corporation succeeds marine board 1997 : State Parliament repeals two century - old laws that together made all male homosexual activity criminal 1997 : Royal Hobart Hospital announces part privatisation 1997 : Official opening of Hobart 's Aquatic Centre 1997 : Nixon report recommendations include single chamber State Parliament with 27 members , government asset sales 1997 : About 800 gaming machines introduced into 55 Tasmanian hotels , clubs amid predictions of major social problems 1998 : Federal Government sells Hobart and Launceston airports 1998 : Subsidiary Kendell Airlines takes over Ansett 's Tasmanian services 1998 : Parliament reduced from 54 members to 40 -- 25 Members of the House of Assembly and 15 Members of the Legislative Council 1998 : Legislation passed to separate Hydro - Electric Commission into three bodies : Aurora Energy , Transend Networks and Hydro Tasmania . 1998 : Bushfires destroy six houses in Hobart suburbs , burn out 30 km 1998 ( December ) : Storms and massive seas claim six lives in Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 1999 : Wild winds and heavy rain caused chaos across Tasmania , one casualty being the Ferris Wheel at the Royal Hobart Regatta which blew over onto the Gee Whizzer ride . 113 km / h winds in Hobart , 158 km / h winds on Mount Wellington . 1999 : Tasmanian cricketer David Boon announced his retirement from Sheffield Shield cricket March 1999 : Tasmania is almost booked out for the millennium New Year 's Eve party -- a once - in - 1000 - year event for Tasmania 's key resorts , hotels , motels and restaurants 1999 : Albanian refugees from Kosovo housed at Brighton military camp , renamed Tasmanian Peace Haven 1999 : Legislation passed to give Aboriginal community control of Wybalenna , Flinders Island 1999 : Colonial State Bank of NSW takes over Trust Bank 1999 : Official opening of Port Arthur Visitor Centre 1999 : Queen Alexandra Hospital building leased to private operators 1999 ( 25 October ) : Labor part stalwart Eric Reece , hailed as Tasmania 's greatest premier , died in Hobart , aged 90 1999 : Proclamation of Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve , Australia 's first deep - sea reserve 1999 : Tasmania voted the best temperate island in the world by the world 's largest travel magazine , Conde Nast Traveler 2000 -- present ( edit ) 2000 ( 1 January ) : Tasmania beamed to 43 television networks around the world to herald the new millennium 2000 : Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia visits Hobart 2000 : Tasmania hosts its first Sorry Day at Risdon Cove 2000 : Olympic Torch comes to Tasmania 2000 : New Federation Concert Hall opens in Hobart 2001 ( 10 May ) : Centenary of Federation celebrated 2001 : For the first time in 120 years , Tasmanian Australian rules football clubs take the national stage playing home and away VFL games 2001 : Tasmanian company Gunns clinches $335 million deal to become one of the giants of the Australian forestry industry 2001 : Impulse Airlines begins , cutting one way Hobart - Melbourne fares to $40 , but is subsumed by Qantas 2001 : 10 Days on the Island begins . It is Tasmania 's biggest cultural festival in a century 2001 : State Government announces $53 million jail to replace the old Risdon Jail 2001 : New traffic laws introduced , drivers face automatic disqualification if travelling 38 km / h over the limit 2001 : Meningoccocal hits Tasmania with the first of many deaths 2002 : House and land boom begins with East Coast blocks selling for almost three times the town 's previous record 2002 ( May ) : : Tasmania 's suburban street speed limit dropped to 50 km / h in a bid to increase road safety 2002 : Tasmania hit by drought 2002 ( 16 May ) : Death of Australia 's last ANZAC , Tasmania 's Alec Campbell , aged 103 . 2002 ( 3 August ) : Tasmanian boxer Daniel Geale wins Tasmania 's only gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Manchester , England . 2002 : Virgin Blue begins operating in Tasmania offering introductory $66 one - way fares to Melbourne 2002 ( 1 September ) : Tasmania 's fast ferries Spirit of Tasmania I and II replace original Spirit of Tasmania on Bass Strait trade . 2002 ( 12 October ) : Tasmanian Tim Hawkins killed in Bali bombing 2002 : Deregulated shop trading hours begin 2003 ( January ) : People urged by Tasmanian Fire Service to abandon their Australia Day long - weekend plans and prepare their homes for a potential firestorm as a number of fires pose the worst fire threat in 30 years 2003 : Official opening of the restored Queenstown to Regatta Point railway line West Coast Wilderness Railway . ( 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) ) 2003 : Attempted hijack of a Qantas flight from Melbourne to Launceston 2003 : Federal Hotels gets exclusive control of state 's gaming machines for 15 years with a further 5 - year option 2003 : Richard Butler becomes Tasmania 's new governor 2003 : Regina Bird wins reality - TV show Big Brother , becomes first Tasmanian to do so 2003 : Tasmania passed some of the most progressive relationship laws in the world including same - sex adoptions and registration of ' significant ' relationships 2003 : Engagement of Tasmania 's Mary Donaldson to Denmark 's Prince Frederik 2004 ( 13 January ) : Spirit of Tasmania III makes its first voyage from Sydney to Devonport 2004 : State Government announces legislation to legalise brothels ; leading to a back flip in 2005 when the government chose to ban brothels altogether . 2004 ( 14 May ) : Wedding of Tasmania 's Mary Donaldson to Denmark 's Prince Frederik in Copenhagen . 2004 ( 20 May ) : Premier Jim Bacon dies in Hobart of lung cancer 2004 ( 8 August ) : Tasmanian governor Richard Butler resigns at the request the premier , who agreed to pay `` compensation '' of $600,000 in lost salary 2005 ( 15 October ) : Tasmanian Mary Donaldson and Prince Frederik give birth to a male infant Prince Christian who will be in the line of succession to the Danish throne 2006 ( 26 April ) : Beaconsfield mine collapse -- One miner killed , two trapped underground for a fortnight . 2006 ( 27 August ) : Final crossing of the Spirit of Tasmania III from Sydney to Devonport 2011 ( 22 January ) : The Museum of Old and New Art ( MONA ) opens to the public . 2012 : Tasmania 's largest company , Gunns , enters voluntary administration . See also ( edit ) History of Hobart Historical bibliographies of Tasmania References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Ryan , Lyndall ( 2012 ) , Tasmanian Aborigines , Sydney : Allen & Unwin , pp. 4 , 43 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74237 - 068 - 2 Jump up ^ Clements , Nicholas ( 2013 ) , Frontier Conflict in Van Diemen 's Land ( Ph. D. thesis ) ( PDF ) , University of Tasmania , pp. 324 , 325 Jump up ^ Clements , Nicholas ( 2013 ) , Frontier Conflict in Van Diemen 's Land ( Ph. D. thesis ) ( PDF ) , University of Tasmania , pp. 329 -- 331 Jump up ^ Bonwick , James : The Last of the Tasmanians , p 270 - 295 Jump up ^ Ryan , Lyndall : The Aboriginal Tasmanians , 1991 Sources Alexander , Alison , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Companion to Tasmanian History . Hobart , Tasmania : Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies , University of Tasmania . ISBN 1 - 86295 - 223 - X . OCLC 61888464 . Robson , L.L. ( 1983 ) . A History of Tasmania . Volume I. Van Diemen 's Land From the Earliest Times to 1855 . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554364 - 5 . Robson , L.L. ( 1991 ) . A History of Tasmania . Volume II . Colony and State From 1856 to the 1980s . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 553031 - 4 . Tasmania General Economy Education Energy Flag Geography Geology Government History Local Government Parliament People Police Politics Rail transport Sport Regions Central Highlands East Coast Midlands North East North West Northern South West Southern West Coast Cities Hobart Burnie Devonport Launceston Tasmania portal History of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Tasmania&oldid=833227376 '' Categories : History of Tasmania Australian timelines Tasmanian timelines Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use Australian English from December 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the last convict ship reach tasmania	[ "\n1850: Prisoner Patrick O'Donoghue starts publishing 'The Irish Exile', first Irish Nationalist paper in Australia.\n1850: First secular high school built at Domain\n1850: Constitution Dock officially opened\n1851: O'Donoghue sent to a chain-gang, released, restarts his paper and sent again to a chain-gang.\n1851: Black Thursday bushfires in February\n1851: Influenza epidemic\n1851: First election for 16 non-appointed members of Legislative Council\n1851: Hobart Chamber of Commerce established\n1851: Launceston host for first intercolonial cricket match (Van Diemen's Land v Port Phillip district)\n1851: Maria Island's Darlington penitentiary abandoned\n1852: Elections for first Hobart and Launceston municipal councils\n1852: Payable gold discovered near Fingal\n1853: Jubilee festival in Hobart celebrates end of convict transportation after arrival of last ship, the St Vincent\n1853: First Tasmanian adhesive postage stamp issued\n1854: Severe floods, fires hit city\n1854: The Mercury founded as bi-weekly publication\n1855: Horse-drawn \"buses\" (large carts) begin services, mainly on city–New Town route; they later become enclosed vehicles\n1855: Henry Young becomes first vice-regal representative to have title of Governor\n1856: Name of Van Diemen's Land officially changed to Tasmania after grant of responsible self-government\n1856: New two-house Parliament opens after elections, William Champ becomes colony's first Premier\n1856: Norfolk Island transferred from Tasmanian to NSW control\n1857: Hobart's municipal Incorporation\n1857: Hobart-Launceston telegraph line opens\n1857: Hobart customers start using coal gas, streets get gas lighting\n1858: First meeting of Hobarts Marine Board, Australia's oldest port authority\n1858: Hobart and Launceston councils form municipal police forces\n1858: Council of Education established\n1858: Hobart Savings Bank founded\n1858: Parliament passes Rural Municipalities Act\n1859: Worries about public health prompt Hobart Town Council to appoint health officer\n1859: New Government House at Domain occupied for first time, by Governor Henry Young and Lady Young\n" ]	[ "1853" ]
4890423670260294160	Georgia Department of Education	Georgia Department of Education - wikipedia Georgia Department of Education Jump to : navigation , search Georgia Department of Education Department overview Formed 1870 Jurisdiction Georgia Headquarters 205 Jesse Hill Jr . Drive SE at Martin Luther King Jr . Drive , Atlanta , Georgia Employees 380 ( 2005 ) Department executive Richard Woods , State School Superintendent Website http://public.doe.k12.ga.us/ The Georgia Department of Education ( GaDOE ) is an American agency that governs public education in the state of Georgia . The department manages funding and testing for local educational agencies accountable for student achievement . The Department is managed by the State Superintendent of Schools , a publicly elected position currently held by Richard Woods ( since 2015 ) . Former Superintendents of the department have included Linda Schrenko , Kathy Cox , William Bradley Bryant , and John Barge . The department is headquartered in the 2054 Twin Towers East building at 205 Jesse Hill Jr . Drive SE at Martin Luther King Jr . Drive in Downtown Atlanta . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization 1.1 Office of Standards , Instruction and Assessment 1.2 Office of Finance and Business Operations 1.3 Office of Policy and External Affairs 1.4 Office of Education Support and Improvement 1.5 Office of Technology Services 2 State exams 3 References 4 External links Organization ( edit ) The following five offices comprise the Georgia Department of Education : the Office of Standards , Instruction and Assessment , the Office of Finance and Business Operations , the Office of Policy and External Affairs , the Office of Education Support and Improvement , and the Office of Technology Services . Office of Standards , Instruction and Assessment ( edit ) The Office of Standards , Instructions and Assessment is made up of three Divisions : the Division of Standards Based Learning , which works to provide learning materials and instruction to assist teachers in making sure their students are prepared for graduation and beyond , the Division of Innovative Instruction , which provides educational programs and material for students , and the Division of Assessment and Accountability , which assesses student achievements and provides data to teachers and schools in order to better learn from their strengths and weaknesses . Office of Finance and Business Operations ( edit ) The Office of Finance and Business Operations has seven divisions : Account Services , Budget Services , Facility Services , Financial Review , Internal Support , Pupil Transportation and School Nutrition . For the most part these divisions see to the financial needs of the Department of Education and the schools in Georgia . However , the Pupil Transportation and School Nutrition divisions also work to interpret of laws and regulations and provide leadership and training assistance . Office of Policy and External Affairs ( edit ) The Office of Policy and External Affairs maintains divisions which deal with charter schools , communication , human resources , policy and state schools . Office of Education Support and Improvement ( edit ) Several divisions make up the Office of Education Support and Improvement . Learning Support provides services to schools , teachers and students . Migrant Education works with eligible children in Georgia . School Improvement helps schools by putting together a `` statewide system '' of tools and resources . Office of Technology Services ( edit ) The Office of Technology Services is split into two divisions : the Instructional Technology division , which integrates technology into the classroom and the Information Technology division , which builds infrastructures so information can be given to decision makers in the state . State exams ( edit ) The State of Georgia requires students to take several state tests . They are : the Criterion - Referenced Competency Tests , End of Course Tests , Georgia High School Graduation Test , Georgia Alternate Assessment , and the Georgia Writings Assessments . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About GaDOE '' . Gadoe.org . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Directions . '' Georgia Department of Education . Retrieved on March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Education - Office of Standards , Instruction and Assessment , Accessed June 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Education - Office of Finance and Business Operations , Accessed June 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Education - Office of Policy and External Affairs , Accessed June 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Education - Office of Education Support and Improvement , Accessed June 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Education - Office of Technology Services , Accessed June 21 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Education portal Georgia Department of Education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Department_of_Education&oldid=806593037 '' Categories : Education in Georgia ( U.S. state ) State departments of education of the United States State agencies of Georgia ( U.S. state ) 1870 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who selects georgia's state superintendent of schools	[ "The Georgia Department of Education (GaDOE)[1] is an American agency that governs public education in the state of Georgia. The department manages funding and testing for local educational agencies accountable for student achievement. The Department is managed by the State Superintendent of Schools, a publicly elected position currently held by Richard Woods (since 2015). Former Superintendents of the department have included Linda Schrenko, Kathy Cox, William Bradley Bryant, and John Barge. The department is headquartered in the 2054 Twin Towers East building at 205 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE at Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in Downtown Atlanta.[1][2]" ]	[ "a publicly elected position" ]
8194036906171972647	Tour de France	Tour de France - Wikipedia Tour de France Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the French national multi-day bicycle stage race . For other uses , see Tour de France ( disambiguation ) . `` le Tour '' redirects here . For other uses , see Tour ( disambiguation ) . Tour de France Race details Date July Region France and nearby countries Local name ( s ) Le Tour de France ( in French ) Nickname ( s ) La Grande Boucle Discipline Road Competition UCI World Tour Type Stage race ( Grand Tour ) Organiser Amaury Sport Organisation Race director Christian Prudhomme History First edition 1 July 1903 ; 114 years ago ( 1903 - 07 - 01 ) Editions 104 ( as of 2017 ) First winner Maurice Garin ( FRA ) Most wins Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) ( 5 wins each ) Most recent Chris Froome ( GBR ) The Tour de France ( French pronunciation : ( tuʁ də fʁɑ̃s ) ) is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France , while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries . Like the other Grand Tours ( the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España ) , it consists of 21 stages over a little more than 3 weeks . The race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper L'Auto ; which is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation . The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars . As the Tour gained prominence and popularity , the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe . Participation expanded from a primarily French field , as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year . The Tour is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite . Traditionally , the race is held primarily in the month of July . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials , the passage through the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps , and the finish on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day - long segments ( stages ) over a 23 - day period and cover around 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) . The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France . There are usually between 20 and 22 teams , with nine riders in each . All of the stages are timed to the finish ; the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest cumulative finishing times is the leader of the race and wears the yellow jersey . While the general classification garners the most attention , there are other contests held within the Tour : the points classification for the sprinters , the mountains classification for the climbers , young rider classification for riders under the age of 26 , and the team classification for the fastest teams . Achieving a stage win also provides prestige , often accomplished by a team 's cycling sprinter specialist . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 The first Tour de France 1.3 1904 -- 1939 1.4 1947 -- 1969 1.5 1969 -- 1987 1.6 1988 -- present 2 Classifications 2.1 General classification 2.2 Mountains classification 2.3 Points classification 2.4 Young rider classification 2.5 Minor classifications and prizes 2.6 Historical classifications 2.7 Lanterne rouge 2.8 Prizes 3 Stages 3.1 Mass - start stages 3.2 Individual time trials 3.3 Team time trial 3.4 Time limits 3.5 Notable stages 4 Advertising caravan 5 Politics 5.1 Corsica 6 The start and finish of the Tour 6.1 Starts abroad 7 Broadcasting 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Post-Tour criteria 9 Doping 10 Deaths 11 Records and statistics 11.1 Record winners 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners Origins ( edit ) The Tour de France was created in 1903 . The roots of the Tour de France trace back to the emergence of two rival sports newspapers in the country . On one hand was Le Vélo , the first and the largest daily sports newspaper in France which sold 80,000 copies a day . On the other was L'Auto , which had been set - up by journalists and business - people including Comte Jules - Albert de Dion , Adolphe Clément and Édouard Michelin in 1899 . The rival paper emerged following disagreements over the Dreyfus Affair , a cause célèbre ( in which de Dion was implicated ) that divided France at the end of the 19th century over the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus , a French army officer convicted -- though later exonerated -- of selling military secrets to the Germans . The new newspaper appointed Henri Desgrange as the editor . He was a prominent cyclist and owner with Victor Goddet of the velodrome at the Parc des Princes . De Dion knew him through his cycling reputation , through the books and cycling articles that he had written , and through press articles he had written for the Clément tyre company . L'Auto was not the success its backers wanted . Stagnating sales lower than the rival it was intended to surpass led to a crisis meeting on 20 November 1902 on the middle floor of L'Auto 's office at 10 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre , Paris . The last to speak was the most junior there , the chief cycling journalist , a 26 - year - old named Géo Lefèvre . Desgrange had poached him from Giffard 's paper . Lefèvre suggested a six - day race of the sort popular on the track but all around France . Long - distance cycle races were a popular means to sell more newspapers , but nothing of the length that Lefèvre suggested had been attempted . If it succeeded , it would help L'Auto match its rival and perhaps put it out of business . It could , as Desgrange said , `` nail Giffard 's beak shut . '' Desgrange and Lefèvre discussed it after lunch . Desgrange was doubtful but the paper 's financial director , Victor Goddet , was enthusiastic . He handed Desgrange the keys to the company safe and said : `` Take whatever you need . '' L'Auto announced the race on 19 January 1903 . The first Tour de France ( edit ) Main article : 1903 Tour de France Maurice Garin , winner of the first Tour de France standing on the right . The man on the left is possibly Leon Georget ( 1903 ) The first Tour de France was staged in 1903 . The plan was a five - stage race from 31 May to 5 July , starting in Paris and stopping in Lyon , Marseille , Bordeaux and Nantes before returning to Paris . Toulouse was added later to break the long haul across southern France from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic . Stages would go through the night and finish next afternoon , with rest days before riders set off again . But this proved too daunting and the costs too great for most and only 15 competitors had entered . Desgrange had never been wholly convinced and he came close to dropping the idea . Instead , he cut the length to 19 days , changed the dates to 1 to 19 July , and offered a daily allowance to those who averaged at least 20 km / h on all the stages , equivalent to what a rider would have expected to earn each day had he worked in a factory . He also cut the entry fee from 20 to 10 francs and set the first prize at 12,000 francs and the prize for each day 's winner at 3,000 francs . The winner would thereby win six times what most workers earned in a year . That attracted between 60 and 80 entrants -- the higher number may have included serious inquiries and some who dropped out -- among them not just professionals but amateurs , some unemployed , some simply adventurous . Desgrange seems not to have forgotten the Dreyfus Affair that launched his race and raised the passions of his backers . He announced his new race on 1 July 1903 by citing the writer Émile Zola , whose open letter in which every paragraph started '' J'accuse ... '' led to Dreyfus 's acquittal , establishing the florid style he used henceforth . The first Tour de France started almost outside the Café Reveil - Matin at the junction of the Melun and Corbeil roads in the village of Montgeron . It was waved away by the starter , Georges Abran , at 3 : 16 p.m. on 1 July 1903 . L'Auto had n't featured the race on its front page that morning . Among the competitors were the eventual winner , Maurice Garin , his well - built rival Hippolyte Aucouturier , the German favourite Josef Fischer , and a collection of adventurers including one competing as `` Samson '' . Many riders dropped out of the race after completing the initial stages as the physical effort the tour required was just too much . Only a mere 24 entrants remained at the end of the fourth stage . The race finished on the edge of Paris at Ville d'Avray , outside the Restaurant du Père Auto , before a ceremonial ride into Paris and several laps of the Parc des Princes . Garin dominated the race , winning the first and last two stages , at 25.68 km / h . The last rider , Millocheau , finished 64h 47m 22s behind him . L'Auto 's mission was accomplished as throughout the race circulation of the publication doubled , making the race something much larger than Desgrange had ever hoped for . 1904 -- 1939 ( edit ) Such was the passion that the first Tour created in spectators and riders that Desgrange said the 1904 Tour de France would be the last . Cheating was rife and riders were beaten up by rival fans as they neared the top of the col de la République , sometimes called the col du Grand Bois , outside St - Étienne . The leading riders , including the winner Maurice Garin , were disqualified , though it took the Union Vélocipèdique de France until 30 November to make the decision . McGann says the UVF waited so long `` ... well aware of the passions aroused by the race . '' Desgrange 's opinion of the fighting and cheating showed in the headline of his reaction in L'Auto : THE END . Desgrange 's despair did not last . By the following spring he was planning another Tour , longer at 11 stages rather than 6 -- and this time all in daylight to make any cheating more obvious . Stages in 1905 began between 3 am and 7 : 30 am . The race captured the imagination . L'Auto's circulation rose from 25,000 to 65,000 ; by 1908 it was a quarter of a million . The Tour returned after its suspension during World War One and continued to grow , with circulation of L'Auto reaching 500,000 by 1923 . The record claimed by Desgrange was 854,000 during the 1933 Tour . Le Vélo , meanwhile , went out of business in 1904 . Desgrange and his Tour invented bicycle stage racing . Desgrange experimented with different ways of judging the winner . Initially he used total accumulated time ( as used in the modern Tour de France ) but from 1906 to 1912 by points for placings each day . Desgrange saw problems in judging both by time and by points . By time , a rider coping with a mechanical problem -- which the rules insisted he repair alone -- could lose so much time that it cost him the race . Equally , riders could finish so separated that time gained or lost on one or two days could decide the whole race . Judging the race by points removed over-influential time differences but discouraged competitors from riding hard . It made no difference whether they finished fast or slow or separated by seconds or hours , so they were inclined to ride together at a relaxed pace until close to the line , only then disputing the final placings that would give them points . 1936 Tour de France The format changed over time . The Tour originally ran around the perimeter of France . Cycling was an endurance sport and the organisers realised the sales they would achieve by creating supermen of the competitors . Night riding was dropped after the second Tour in 1904 , when there had been persistent cheating when judges could not see riders . That reduced the daily and overall distance but the emphasis remained on endurance . Desgrange said his ideal race would be so hard that only one rider would make it to Paris . The first mountain stages ( in the Pyrenees ) appeared in 1910 . Early tours had long multi-day stages , with the format settling on 15 stages from 1910 until 1924 . After this stages were gradually shortened , such that by 1936 there were as many as three stages in a single day . Desgrange initially preferred to see the Tour as a race of individuals . The first Tours were open to whoever wanted to compete . Most riders were in teams that looked after them . The private entrants were called touriste - routiers -- tourists of the road -- from 1923 and were allowed to take part provided they make no demands on the organisers . Some of the Tour 's most colourful characters have been touriste - routiers . One finished each day 's race and then performed acrobatic tricks in the street to raise the price of a hotel . Until 1925 Desgrange forbade team members from pacing each other . The 1927 and 1928 Tours , however , consisted mainly of team time - trials , an unsuccessful experiment which sought to avoid a proliferation of sprint finishes on flat stages . Desgrange was a traditionalist with equipment . Until 1930 he demanded that riders mend their bicycles without help and that they use the same bicycle from start to end . Exchanging a damaged bicycle for another was allowed only in 1923 . Desgrange stood against the use of multiple gears and for many years insisted riders use wooden rims , fearing the heat of braking while coming down mountains would melt the glue that held the tires on metal rims ( they were finally allowed in 1937 ) . By the end of the 1920s , Desgrange believed he could not beat what he believed were the underhand tactics of bike factories . When the Alcyon team contrived to get Maurice De Waele to win even though he was sick , he said `` My race has been won by a corpse '' . In 1930 Desgrange again attempted to take control of the Tour from teams , insisting competitors enter in national teams rather than trade teams and that competitors ride plain yellow bicycles that he would provide , without a maker 's name . There was no place for individuals in the post-1930s teams and so Desgrange created regional teams , generally from France , to take in riders who would not otherwise have qualified . The original touriste - routiers mostly disappeared but some were absorbed into regional teams . In 1936 Desgrange had a prostate operation . At the time , two operations were needed ; the Tour de France was due to fall between them . Desgrange persuaded his surgeon to let him follow the race . The second day proved too much and , in a fever at Charleville , he retired to his château at Beauvallon . Desgrange died at home on the Mediterranean coast on 16 August 1940 . The race was taken over by his deputy , Jacques Goddet . The Tour was again disrupted by War after 1939 , and did not return until 1947 . 1947 -- 1969 ( edit ) Jacques Goddet memorial at the top of the Col du Tourmalet In 1944 , L'Auto was closed -- its doors nailed shut -- and its belongings , including the Tour , sequestrated by the state for publishing articles too close to the Germans . Rights to the Tour were therefore owned by the government . Jacques Goddet was allowed to publish another daily sports paper , L'Équipe , but there was a rival candidate to run the Tour : a consortium of Sports and Miroir Sprint . Each organised a candidate race . L'Équipe and Le Parisien Libéré had La Course du Tour de France and Sports and Miroir Sprint had La Ronde de France . Both were five stages , the longest the government would allow because of shortages . L'Équipe's race was better organised and appealed more to the public because it featured national teams that had been successful before the war , when French cycling was at a high . L'Équipe was given the right to organise the 1947 Tour de France . However , L'Équipe 's finances were never sound and Goddet accepted an advance by Émilion Amaury , who had supported his bid to run the post-war Tour . Amaury was a newspaper magnate whose condition was that his sports editor , Félix Lévitan should join Goddet for the Tour . The two worked together , Goddet running the sporting side and Lévitan the financial . On the Tour 's return , the format of the race settled on between 20 - 25 stages . Most stages would last one day but the scheduling of ' split ' stages continued well in to the 1980s . 1953 saw the introduction of the Green Jersey ' Points ' competition . National teams contested the Tour until 1961 . The teams were of different sizes . Some nations had more than one team and some were mixed in with others to make up the number . National teams caught the public imagination but had a snag : that riders might normally have been in rival trade teams the rest of the season . The loyalty of riders was sometimes questionable , within and between teams . Sponsors were always unhappy about releasing their riders into anonymity for the biggest race of the year , as riders in national teams wore the colours of their country and a small cloth panel on their chest that named the team for which they normally rode . The situation became critical at the start of the 1960s . Sales of bicycles had fallen and bicycle factories were closing . There was a risk , the trade said , that the industry would die if factories were not allowed the publicity of the Tour de France . The Tour returned to trade teams in 1962 . In the same year , Émilion Amaury , owner of le Parisien Libéré , became financially involved in the Tour . He made Félix Lévitan co-organizer of the Tour , and it was decided that Levitan would focus on the financial issues , and Jacques Goddet on the sporting issues . The Tour de France was meant for professional cyclists , but in 1961 the organisation started the Tour de l'Avenir the amateur version . Doping had become a problem culminating in the death of Tom Simpson in 1967 , after which riders went on strike , though the organisers suspected sponsors provoked them . The Union Cycliste Internationale introduced limits to daily and overall distances , imposed rest days and tests were introduced for riders . It was then impossible to follow the frontiers , and the Tour increasingly zig - zagged across the country , sometimes with unconnected days ' races linked by train , while still maintaining some sort of loop . The Tour returned to national teams for 1967 and 1968 as `` an experiment '' . The Tour returned to trade teams in 1969 with a suggestion that national teams could come back every few years , but this has not happened since . 1969 -- 1987 ( edit ) In the early 1970s the race was dominated by Eddy Merckx , who won the General Classification five times , the Mountains Classification twice , the Points Classification three times and a record 34 stages . During this era race director Felix Lévitan brought in a new commercial era of the Tour , beginning to recruit sponsors , sometimes accepting prizes in kind if he could not get cash . He introduced the finish of the Tour at the Avenue des Champs - Élysées in 1975 , the same year the polka - dot jersey ( in the colors of a sponsoring chocolate company ) was introduced for the winner of the Mountains Classification . He helped drive an internationalization of the Tour de France , and cycling in general . In 1982 Sean Kelly of Ireland ( points ) and Phil Anderson of Australia ( young rider ) became the first winners of any Tour classifications from outside cycling 's Continental Europe heartlands , while Lévitan was influential in facilitating the participation in the 1983 Tour by amateur riders from the Eastern Bloc and Colombia . In 1984 , for the first time , the Société du Tour de France organized the Tour de France Féminin , a version for women . It was run in the same weeks as the male version , and won by Marianne Martin . Greg LeMond of the US became the first non-European winner in the 1986 race . While the global awareness and popularity of the Tour grew during this time , its finances became stretched . Goddet and Lévitan continued to clash over the running of the race . Lévitan launched the Tour of America , as a precursor to his plans to take the Tour de France to the US . The Tour of America lost a lot of money , and it appeared to have been cross-financed by the Tour de France . In the years before 1987 , Lévitan 's position had always been protected by Émilien Amaury , the then owner of ASO , but recently , Émilien Amaury had retired and his son Philippe Amaury was now responsible . When Lévitan arrived at his office on 17 March 1987 , he found that his doors were locked and he was fired . The organisation of the 1987 Tour de France was taken over by Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet . He was not successful in acquiring more funds , and was fired within one year . 1988 -- present ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) Months before the start of the 1988 Tour , director Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet was replaced by Xavier Louy . In 1988 the Tour was organised by Jean - Pierre Courcol , the director of L'Équipe , then in 1989 by Jean - Pierre Carenso and then by Jean - Marie Leblanc , who in 1989 had been race director . The former television presenter Christian Prudhomme -- he commentated on the Tour among other events -- replaced Leblanc in 2007 , having been assistant director for three years . In 1993 ownership of L'Équipe moved to the Amaury Group , which formed Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) to oversee its sports operations , although the Tour itself is operated by its subsidiary the Société du Tour de France . ASO employs around 70 people full - time , in an office facing but not connected to L'Équipe in the Issy - les - Moulineaux area of outer western Paris . That number expands to about 220 during the race itself , not including 500 contractors employed to move barriers , erect stages , signpost the route and other work . ASO now also operate several other major bike races throughout the year . Classifications ( edit ) The oldest and main competition in the Tour de France is known as the `` general classification '' , for which the yellow jersey is awarded : the winner of this is said to have won the race . A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties : points , mountains , and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations . The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey , with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads . In addition to these four classifications , there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race . General classification ( edit ) Main article : General classification in the Tour de France See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics Fabian Cancellara pictured at the 2010 Tour de France . He is the rider who has worn the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification for the most days without ever winning the race . The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de France is the general classification . All of the stages are timed to the finish . The riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times ; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race . The leader is determined after each stage 's conclusion : he gains the privilege to wear the yellow jersey , presented on a podium in the stage 's finishing town , for the next stage . If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey , he wears the yellow one , since the general classification is the most important one in the race . Between 1905 and 1912 inclusive , in response to concerns about rider cheating in the 1904 race , the general classification was awarded according to a point - based system based on their placings in each stage , and the rider with the lowest total of points after the Tour 's conclusion was the winner . The leader in the first Tour de France was awarded a yellow armband . The color yellow was chosen as the magazine that created the Tour , L'Auto , printed its newspapers on yellow paper . The yellow jersey was added to the race in the 1919 edition and it has since become a symbol of the Tour de France . The first rider to wear the yellow jersey was Eugène Christophe . Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race . Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and its sponsors . Eddy Merckx has worn the yellow jersey for 96 stages , which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de France . Four riders have won the general classification five times in their career : Jacques Anquetil , Eddy Merckx , Bernard Hinault , and Miguel Indurain . Mountains classification ( edit ) Main article : Mountains classification in the Tour de France Richard Virenque pictured at the 2003 Tour de France wearing the polka dot jersey . He won the mountains classification a record seven times . The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de France . The mountains classification was added to the Tour de France in the 1933 edition and was first won by Vicente Trueba . Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1934 . During stages of the race containing climbs , points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb , with points available for up to the first 10 riders , depending on the classification of the climb . Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill , with more points available for harder climbs . The classification was preceded by the meilleur grimpeur ( English : best climber ) which was awarded by the organising newspaper l'Auto to a cyclist who completed each race . The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1975 Tour de France , when the organizers decided to award a distinctive white jersey with red dots to the leader . The climbers ' jersey is worn by the rider who , at the start of each stage , has the largest number of climbing points . If a rider leads two or more of classifications , the climbers ' jersey is worn by the rider in second , or third , place in that contest . At the end of the Tour , the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification . Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition , while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race . The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers . The scale ranges from category 4 , the easiest , to hors catégorie , the hardest . During his career Richard Virenque won the mountains classification a record seven times . The point distribution for the mountains is as follows : Type 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hors catégorie 25 20 16 14 12 10 8 6 First Category 10 8 6 Second Category 5 Third Category Fourth Category Points awarded are doubled for finishes that are of category two or above . Points classification ( edit ) Main article : Points classification in the Tour de France Alessandro Petacchi in the green jersey The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications . It was introduced in the 1953 Tour de France and was first won by Fritz Schär . The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters as well as celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Tour . Points are given to the first 15 riders to finish a stage , with an additional set of points given to the first 15 riders to cross a pre-determined ' sprint ' point during the route of each stage . The point classification leader green jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage , has the greatest number of points . In the first years , the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place , so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey . From 1959 on , the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes ( with first place getting the most points , and lower placings getting successively fewer points ) , so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey . The number of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage , with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the fewest number of points at the finish . This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification , though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high - place finishes . The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour . In case of a tie , the leader is determined by the number of stage wins , then the number of intermediate sprint victories , and finally , the rider 's standing in the general classification . The classification has been won a record six times by Erik Zabel . The most recent winner , Peter Sagan , won it in 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 . The first year the points classification was used it was sponsored by La Belle Jardinière , a lawn mower producer , and the jersey was made green . In 1968 the jersey was changed to red to please the sponsor . However , the color was changed back the following year . For almost 25 years the classification was sponsored by Pari Mutuel Urbain , a state betting company . However they announced in November 2014 that they would not be continuing their sponsorship , and in March 2015 it was revealed that the green jersey would now be sponsored by Czech car manufacturer Škoda . As of 2015 , the points awarded stands as : Type 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th Flat stage finish 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage finish 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage finish 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint Young rider classification ( edit ) Main article : Young rider classification in the Tour de France Andy Schleck in the white jersey The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification , with the riders ' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader . The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26 . Originally the classification was restricted to neo-professionals -- riders that are in their first three years of professional racing -- until 1983 . In 1983 , the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification . In 1987 , the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today . This classification was added to the Tour de France in the 1975 edition , with Francesco Moser being the first to win the classification after placing seventh overall . The Tour de France awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification , although this was not done between 1989 and 2000 . Four riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year : Laurent Fignon ( 1983 ) , Jan Ullrich ( 1997 ) , Alberto Contador ( 2007 ) , and Andy Schleck ( 2010 ) . Two riders have won the young rider classification three times in their respective careers : Jan Ullrich and Andy Schleck . As of 2015 Jersey sponsor is Optician company Krys , replacing Škoda who moved to the Green Jersey . Minor classifications and prizes ( edit ) The prix de la combativité goes to the rider who most animates the day , usually by trying to break clear of the field . The most combative rider wears a number printed white - on - red instead of black - on - white next day . An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour . Already in 1908 a sort of combativity award was offered , when Sports Populaires and L'Education Physique created Le Prix du Courage , 100 francs and a silver gilt medal for `` the rider having finished the course , even if unplaced , who is particularly distinguished for the energy he has used . '' The modern competition started in 1958 . In 1959 , a Super Combativity award for the most combative cyclist of the Tour was awarded . It was initially not awarded every year , but since 1981 it has been given annually . Eddy Merckx has the most wins ( 4 ) for the overall award . The team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team 's best three riders each day . The competition does not have its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black - on - yellow . Until 1990 , the leading team would wear yellow caps . As of 2012 , the riders of the leading team wear yellow helmets . During the era of national teams , France and Belgium won 10 times each . From 1973 up to 1988 , there was also a team classification based on points ( stage classification ) ; members of the leading team would wear green caps . Historical classifications ( edit ) There has been an intermediate sprints classification , which from 1984 awarded a red jersey for points awarded to the first three to pass intermediate points during the stage . These sprints also scored points towards the points classification and bonuses towards the general classification . The intermediate sprints classification with its red jersey was abolished in 1989 , but the intermediate sprints have remained , offering points for the points classification and , until 2007 , time bonuses for the general classification . From 1968 there was a combination classification , scored on a points system based on standings in the general , points and mountains classifications . The design was originally white , then a patchwork with areas resembling each individual jersey design . This was also abolished in 1989 . Lanterne rouge ( edit ) The rider who has taken most time is called the lanterne rouge ( red lantern , as in the red light at the back of a vehicle so it can be seen in the dark ) and in past years sometimes carried a small red light beneath his saddle . Such was sympathy that he could command higher fees in the races that previously followed the Tour . In 1939 and 1948 the organisers excluded the last rider every day , to encourage more competitive racing . Prizes ( edit ) Prize money in Euros in the Tour de France , not corrected for inflation . Prize money has always been awarded . From 20,000 old francs the first year , prize money has increased each year , although from 1976 to 1987 the first prize was an apartment offered by a race sponsor . The first prize in 1988 was a car , a studio - apartment , a work of art and 500,000 francs in cash . Prizes only in cash returned in 1990 . Prizes and bonuses are awarded for daily placings and final placings at the end of the race . In 2009 , the winner received € 450,000 , while each of the 21 stage winners won € 8,000 ( € 10,000 for the team time - trial stage ) . The winners of the points classification and mountains classification each win € 25,000 , the young rider competition and the combativity prize € 20,000 , and € 50,000 for the winner of the team classification ( calculated by adding the cumulative times of the best three riders in each team ) . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , in memory of the founder of the Tour , is awarded to the first rider over the Col du Galibier where his monument stands , or to the first rider over the highest col in the Tour . A similar award , the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , is made at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet , at the memorial to Jacques Goddet , Desgrange 's successor . Stages ( edit ) The modern tour typically has 21 stages , one per day . Mass - start stages ( edit ) A collected peloton in the 2006 Tour de France Riders in most stages start together . The first kilometres , the départ fictif , are a rolling start without racing . The real start , the départ réel is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag . Riders are permitted to touch , but not push or nudge , each other . The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage . Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in . All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider . This avoids dangerous mass sprints . It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group , taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time . Since 2005 , when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish , they are awarded the same time as the group they were in . This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group . The final kilometre has been indicated since 1906 by a red triangle -- the flamme rouge -- above the road . The first photo - finish was in 1955 . The Tour directors categorise mass - stage starts into ' flat ' , ' hilly ' or ' mountain ' . This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification , whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational , and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish ( which is the winners ' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time ) . Time bonuses of 10 , 6 and 4 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers , though this was not done from 2008 to 2014 . Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints . On flat stages , most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish , and sprint finishes are common . Crosswinds , the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages . On hilly and particularly mountain stages , there can be major shifts in the general classification , particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs . It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit . Individual time trials ( edit ) Bradley Wiggins riding the stage 9 individual time trial of the 2012 Tour de France Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock , each starting at a different time . The first time trial was between La Roche - sur - Yon and Nantes ( 80 km ) in 1934 . The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial , a prologue , to decide who wears yellow on the opening day . The first prologue was in 1967 . The 1988 event , at La Baule , was called `` la préface '' . There are usually two or three time trials . The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage , more recently often the penultimate stage . The launch ramp , a sloping start pad for riders , was first used in 1965 , at Cologne . Team time trial ( edit ) A team time trial ( TTT ) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone . The time is that of the fifth rider of each team : riders more than a bike - length behind their team 's fifth rider are awarded their own times . The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams . The prologue stage in 1971 was a team time trial . Time limits ( edit ) Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage . The limit is defined as the winner 's time plus a percentage , which depends on the type of stage and the winner 's average speed . The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20 % of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather . For example , for a stage classed as `` Coefficient 1 : Stages with no particular difficulty '' , the time limit is the winner 's time plus 3 % for an average speed of up to 36 km / h , increasing in 8 steps to 11 % for a speed of over 50 km / h , while on a `` Coefficient 5 : Very difficult short stages '' it varies from 11 % ( up to 30 km / h ) to 22 % ( over 40 km / h ) . Notable stages ( edit ) Altitude profile of the Alpe d'Huez climb The race has finished since 1975 with laps of the Champs - Élysées . This stage rarely challenges the leader because it is flat and the leader usually has too much time in hand to be denied . But in 1987 , Pedro Delgado broke away on the Champs to challenge the 40 - second lead held by Stephen Roche . He and Roche finished in the peloton and Roche won the Tour . In modern times , there tends to be a gentlemen 's agreement : while the points classification is still contended if possible , the overall classification is not fought over ; because of this , it is not uncommon for the de facto winner of the overall classification to ride into Paris holding a glass of champagne . In 1989 the last stage was a time trial . Greg LeMond overtook Laurent Fignon to win by eight seconds , the closest margin in the Tour 's history . The climb of Alpe d'Huez has become one of the more noted mountain stages . During the 2004 Tour de France it was the scene of a 15.5 km mountain time trial on the 16th stage . Riders complained of abusive spectators who threatened their progress up the climb . Mont Ventoux is often claimed to be the hardest in the Tour because of the harsh conditions . Another notable mountain stage frequently featured climbs the Col du Tourmalet , the most visited mountain in the history of the Tour . Col du Galibier is the most visited mountain in the Alps . The 2011 Tour de France stage to Galibier marked the 100th anniversary of the mountain in the Tour and also boasted the highest finish altitude ever : 2,645 m . Some mountain stages have become memorable because of the weather . An example is a stage in 1996 Tour de France from Val - d'Isère to Sestriere . A snowstorm at the start area led to a shortening of the stage from 190 to just 46 km . To host a stage start or finish brings prestige and business to a town . The prologue and first stage ( Grand Départ ) are particularly prestigious . The race may start with a prologue ( too short to go between towns ) in which case the start of the next day 's racing , which would be considered stage 1 , would usually be in the same town . In 2007 director Christian Prudhomme said that `` in general , for a period of five years we have the Tour start outside France three times and within France twice . '' Advertising caravan ( edit ) Vehicles from the 2014 Tour de France Publicity Caravan When switching to the use of national teams in 1930 , the costs of accommodating riders fell to the organizers instead of the sponsors and Henri Desgrange raised the money by allowing advertisers to precede the race . The procession of often colourfully decorated trucks and cars became known as the publicity caravan . It formalised an existing situation , companies having started to follow the race . The first to sign to precede the Tour was the chocolate company , Menier , one of those who had followed the race . Its head of publicity , Paul Thévenin , had first put the idea to Desgrange . It paid 50,000 old francs . Preceding the race was more attractive to advertisers because spectators gathered by the road long before the race or could be attracted from their houses . Advertisers following the race found that many who had watched the race had already gone home . Menier handed out tons of chocolate in that first year of preceding the race , as well as 500,000 policemen 's hats printed with the company 's name . The success led to the caravan 's existence being formalised the following year . The caravan was at its height between 1930 and the mid-1960s , before television and especially television advertising was established in France . Advertisers competed to attract public attention . Motorcycle acrobats performed for the Cinzano apéritif company and a toothpaste maker , and an accordionist , Yvette Horner , became one of the most popular sights as she performed on the roof of a Citroën Traction Avant . The modern Tour restricts the excesses to which advertisers are allowed to go but at first anything was allowed . The writer Pierre Bost lamented : `` This caravan of 60 gaudy trucks singing across the countryside the virtues of an apéritif , a make of underpants or a dustbin is a shameful spectacle . It bellows , it plays ugly music , it 's sad , it 's ugly , it smells of vulgarity and money . '' Advertisers pay the Société du Tour de France approximately € 150,000 to place three vehicles in the caravan . Some have more . On top of that come the more considerable costs of the commercial samples that are thrown to the crowd and the cost of accommodating the drivers and the staff -- frequently students -- who throw them . The number of items has been estimated at 11 million , each person in the procession giving out 3,000 to 5,000 items a day . A bank , GAN , gave out 170,000 caps , 80,000 badges , 60,000 plastic bags and 535,000 copies of its race newspaper in 1994 . Together , they weighed 32 tons . The vehicles also have to be decorated on the morning of each stage and , because they must return to ordinary highway standards , disassembled after each stage . Numbers vary but there are normally around 250 vehicles each year . Their order on the road is established by contract , the leading vehicles belonging to the largest sponsors . The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half . It spreads 20 -- 25 km and takes 40 minutes to pass at between 20 and 60 km / h . Vehicles travel in groups of five . Their position is logged by GPS and from an aircraft and organised on the road by the caravan director -- Jean - Pierre Lachaud -- an assistant , three motorcyclists , two radio technicians and a breakdown and medical crew . Six motorcyclists from the Garde Républicaine , the élite of the gendarmerie , ride with them . Politics ( edit ) The first three Tours stayed within France . The 1906 race went into Alsace - Lorraine , territory annexed by the German Empire in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . Passage was secured through a meeting at Metz between Desgrange 's collaborator , Alphonse Steinès , and the German governor . No teams from Italy , Germany or Spain rode in 1939 because of tensions preceding the Second World War ( after German assistance to Franco in the Spanish Civil War it was widely expected Spain would join Germany in a European war , though this did not come to pass ) . Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for 1940 , after war had started but before France had been invaded . The route , approved by military authorities , included a route along the Maginot Line . Teams would have been drawn from military units in France , including the British , who would have been organised by a journalist , Bill Mills . Then the Germans invaded and the race was not held again until 1947 ( see Tour de France during the Second World War ) . The first German team after the war was in 1960 , although individual Germans had ridden in mixed teams . The Tour has since started in Germany four times : in Cologne in 1965 , in Frankfurt in 1980 , in West Berlin on the city 's 750th anniversary in 1987 and in Düsseldorf in 2017 . Plans to enter East Germany in 1987 were abandoned . Corsica ( edit ) Prior to 2013 , the Tour de France had visited every region of Metropolitan France except Corsica . Jean - Marie Leblanc , when he was organiser , said the island had never asked for a stage start there . It would be difficult to find accommodation for 4,000 people , he said . The spokesman of the Corsican nationalist party Party of the Corsican Nation , François Alfonsi , said : `` The organisers must be afraid of terrorist attacks . If they are really thinking of a possible terrorist action , they are wrong . Our movement , which is nationalist and in favour of self - government , would be delighted if the Tour came to Corsica . '' The opening three stages of the 2013 Tour de France were held on Corsica as part of the celebrations for the 100th edition of the race . The start and finish of the Tour ( edit ) Most stages are in mainland France , although since the 1960s it has become common to visit nearby countries : Andorra , Belgium , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Monaco , the Netherlands , Spain , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage . Since 1975 the finish has been on the Champs - Élysées in Paris ; from 1903 to 1967 the race finished at the Parc des Princes stadium in western Paris and from 1968 to 1974 at the Piste Municipale south of the capital . Feliz Levitan , race organizer in the 1980s , was keen to host stages in the United States , but these proposals have never been developed . Starts abroad ( edit ) The following editions of the Tour started , or are planned to start , outside France : 1954 : Amsterdam , Netherlands 1958 : Brussels , Belgium 1965 : Cologne , West Germany 1973 : Scheveningen , Netherlands 1975 : Charleroi , Belgium 1978 : Leiden , Netherlands 1980 : Frankfurt , West Germany 1982 : Basel , Switzerland 1987 : West Berlin , West Germany 1989 : Luxembourg , Luxembourg 1992 : San Sebastián , Spain 1996 : Den Bosch , Netherlands 1998 : Dublin , Ireland 2002 : Luxembourg , Luxembourg 2004 : Liège , Belgium 2007 : London , United Kingdom 2009 : Monte Carlo , Monaco 2010 : Rotterdam , Netherlands 2012 : Liège , Belgium 2014 : Leeds , United Kingdom 2015 : Utrecht , Netherlands 2017 : Düsseldorf , Germany 2019 : Brussels , Belgium Broadcasting ( edit ) The Tour was first followed only by journalists from L'Auto , the organisers . The race was founded to increase sales of a floundering newspaper and its editor , Desgrange , saw no reason to allow rival publications to profit . The first time papers other than L'Auto were allowed was 1921 , when 15 press cars were allowed for regional and foreign reporters . The Tour was shown first on cinema newsreels a day or more after the event . The first live radio broadcast was in 1929 , when Jean Antoine and Alex Virot of the newspaper L'Intransigeant broadcast for Radio Cité . They used telephone lines . In 1932 they broadcast the sound of riders crossing the col d'Aubisque in the Pyrenees on 12 July , using a recording machine and transmitting the sound later . The first television pictures were shown a day after a stage . The national TV channel used two 16mm cameras , a Jeep and a motorbike . Film was flown or taken by train to Paris . It was edited there and shown the following day . The first live broadcast , and the second of any sport in France , was the finish at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 25 July 1948 . Rik Van Steenbergen of Belgium led in the bunch after a stage of 340 km from Nancy . The first live coverage from the side of the road was from the Aubisque on 8 July 1958 . Proposals to cover the whole race were abandoned in 1962 after objections from regional newspapers whose editors feared the competition . The dispute was settled but not in time and the first complete coverage was the following year . In 1958 the first mountain climbs were broadcast live on television for the first time , and in 1959 helicopters were first used for the television coverage . The leading television commentator in France was a former rider , Robert Chapatte . At first he was the only commentator . He was joined in following seasons by an analyst for the mountain stages and by a commentator following the competitors by motorcycle . Broadcasting in France was largely a state monopoly until 1982 , when the socialist president François Mitterrand allowed private broadcasters and privatised the leading television channel . Competition between channels raised the broadcasting fees paid to the organisers from 1.5 per cent of the race budget in 1960 to more than a third by the end of the century . Broadcasting time also increased as channels competed to secure the rights . The two largest channels to stay in public ownership , Antenne 2 and FR3 , combined to offer more coverage than its private rival , TF1 . The two stations , renamed France 2 and France 3 , still hold the domestic rights and provide pictures for broadcasters around the world . The stations use a staff of 300 with four helicopters , two aircraft , two motorcycles , 35 other vehicles including trucks , and 20 podium cameras . Domestic television covers the most important stages of the Tour , such as those in the mountains , from mid-morning until early evening . Coverage typically starts with a survey of the day 's route , interviews along the road , discussions of the difficulties and tactics ahead , and a 30 - minute archive feature . The biggest stages are shown live from start to end , followed by interviews with riders and others and features such an edited version of the stage seen from beside a team manager following and advising riders from his car . Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day , particularly on the national news channel , France Info , and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave . The 1979 Tour was the first to be broadcast in the United States . The combination of unprecedented rigorous doping controls and almost no positive tests helped restore fans ' confidence in the 2009 Tour de France . This led directly to an increase in global popularity of the event . The most watched stage of 2009 was stage 20 , from Montélimar to Mont Ventoux in Provence , with a global total audience of 44 million , making it the 12th most watched sporting event in the world in 2009 . Culture ( edit ) Part of the crowd during most days of the Tour is Didi Senft who , in a red devil costume , has been the Tour devil since 1993 . The Tour is important for fans in Europe . Millions line the route , some having camped for a week to get the best view . Crowds flanking the course are reminiscent of the community festivals that are part of another form of cycle racing in a different country -- the Isle of Man TT . The Tour de France appealed from the start not just for the distance and its demands but because it played to a wish for national unity , a call to what Maurice Barrès called the France `` of earth and deaths '' or what Georges Vigarello called `` the image of a France united by its earth . '' School book by Augustine Fouillée under the ' nom de plume ' G. Bruno . The image had been started by the 1877 travel / school book Le Tour de la France par deux enfants . It told of two boys , André and Julien , who `` in a thick September fog left the town of Phalsbourg in Lorraine to see France at a time when few people had gone far beyond their nearest town . '' The book sold six million copies by the time of the first Tour de France , the biggest selling book of 19th - century France ( other than the Bible ) . It stimulated a national interest in France , making it `` visible and alive '' , as its preface said . There had already been a car race called the Tour de France but it was the publicity behind the cycling race , and Desgrange 's drive to educate and improve the population , that inspired the French to know more of their country . The academic historians Jean - Luc Boeuf and Yves Léonard say most people in France had little idea of the shape of their country until L'Auto began publishing maps of the race . Arts ( edit ) The Tour has inspired several popular songs in France , notably P'tit gars du Tour ( 1932 ) , Les Tours de France ( 1936 ) and Faire le Tour de France ( 1950 ) . Kraftwerk had a hit with `` Tour de France '' in 1983 -- described as a minimalistic `` melding of man and machine '' -- and produced an album , Tour de France Soundtracks in 2003 , the centenary of the Tour . The Tour and its first Italian winner , Ottavio Bottecchia , are mentioned at the end of Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises . In films , the Tour was background for Five Red Tulips ( 1949 ) by Jean Stelli , in which five riders are murdered . A burlesque in 1967 , Les Cracks by Alex Joffé , with Bourvil et Monique Tarbès , also featured him . Patrick Le Gall made Chacun son Tour ( 1996 ) . The comedy , Le Vélo de Ghislain Lambert ( 2001 ) , featured the Tour of 1974 . In 2005 , three films chronicled a team . The German Höllentour , translated as Hell on Wheels , recorded 2003 from the perspective of Team Telekom . The film was directed by Pepe Danquart , who won an Academy Award for live - action short film in 1993 for Black Rider ( Schwarzfahrer ) . The Danish film Overcoming by Tómas Gislason recorded the 2004 Tour from the perspective of Team CSC . Wired to Win chronicles Française des Jeux riders Baden Cooke and Jimmy Caspar in 2003 . By following their quest for the points classification , won by Cooke , the film looks at the working of the brain . The film , made for IMAX theaters , appeared in December 2005 . It was directed by Bayley Silleck , who was nominated for an Academy Award for documentary short subject in 1996 for Cosmic Voyage . A fan , Scott Coady , followed the 2000 Tour with a handheld video camera to make The Tour Baby ! , which raised $160,000 to benefit the Lance Armstrong Foundation , and made a 2005 sequel , Tour Baby Deux ! . Vive Le Tour by Louis Malle is an 18 - minute short of 1962 . The 1965 Tour was filmed by Claude Lelouch in Pour un Maillot Jaune . This 30 - minute documentary has no narration and relies on sights and sounds of the Tour . In fiction , the 2003 animated feature Les Triplettes de Belleville ( The Triplets of Belleville ) ties into the Tour de France . Post-tour criteria ( edit ) After the Tour de France there are criteria in the Netherlands and Belgium . These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their heroes , from the Tour de France , race . The budget of a criterium is over 100,000 Euro , with most of the money going to the riders . Jersey winners or big - name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money . Doping ( edit ) Main article : Doping at the Tour de France See also : Festina affair , Doping at the 1998 Tour de France , Doping at the 1999 Tour de France , Floyd Landis doping case , and Doping at the 2007 Tour de France Spectators ' banner during the 2006 Tour de France Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since 1903 . Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether , to dull the pain . Over the years they began to increase performance and the Union Cycliste Internationale and governments enacted policies to combat the practice . In 1924 , Henri Pélissier and his brother Charles told the journalist Albert Londres they used strychnine , cocaine , chloroform , aspirin , `` horse ointment '' and other drugs . The story was published in Le Petit Parisien under the title Les Forçats de la Route ( ' The Convicts of the Road ' ) On 13 July 1967 , British cyclist Tom Simpson died climbing Mont Ventoux after taking amphetamine . In 1998 , the `` Tour of Shame '' , Willy Voet , soigneur for the Festina team , was arrested with erythropoietin ( EPO ) , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamine . Police raided team hotels and found products in the possession of the cycling team TVM . Riders went on strike . After mediation by director Jean - Marie Leblanc , police limited their tactics and riders continued . Some riders had dropped out and only 96 finished the race . It became clear in a trial that management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping . Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI , including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping ( transfusions and EPO use ) . This would lead the UCI to becoming a particularly interested party in an International Olympic Committee initiative , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , created in 1999 . In 2002 , the wife of Raimondas Rumšas , third in the 2002 Tour de France , was arrested after EPO and anabolic steroids were found in her car . Rumšas , who had not failed a test , was not penalised . In 2004 , Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team . Fellow Cofidis rider David Millar confessed to EPO after his home was raided . In the same year , Jesus Manzano , a rider with the Kelme team , alleged he had been forced by his team to use banned substances . Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong . In August 2005 , one month after Armstrong 's seventh consecutive victory , L'Équipe published documents it said showed Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 race . At the same Tour , Armstrong 's urine showed traces of a glucocorticosteroid hormone , although below the positive threshold . He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores . Armstrong said he had received permission from the UCI to use this cream . Further allegations ultimately culminated in the United States Anti Doping Agency ( USADA ) disqualifying him from all his victories since 1 August 1998 , including his seven consecutive Tour de France victories , and a lifetime ban from competing in professional sports . He chose not to appeal the decision and in January 2013 he admitted doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey , despite having made repeated denials throughout his career . On 1 August 2013 , Jan Ullrich -- arguably Armstrong 's biggest Tour de France rival -- reportedly said that Armstrong should have his seven stripped wins reinstated , due to the prevalence of doping at the time . Ullrich had won the 1997 Tour and finished second to Armstrong three times -- in 2000 , 2001 and 2003 -- but declined to stake a claim for his rival 's stripped titles . The 2006 Tour had been plagued by the Operación Puerto doping case before it began . Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start . Seventeen riders were implicated . American rider Floyd Landis , who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead , had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17 , but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished . On 30 June 2008 Landis lost his appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , and Óscar Pereiro was named as winner . On 24 May 2007 , Erik Zabel admitted using EPO during the first week of the 1996 Tour , when he won the points classification . Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs , former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May 2007 that he used EPO regularly from 1993 to 1998 , including when he won the 1996 Tour . His admission meant the top three in 1996 were all linked to doping , two admitting cheating . On 24 July 2007 Alexander Vinokourov tested positive for a blood transfusion ( blood doping ) after winning a time trial , prompting his Astana team to pull out and police to raid the team 's hotel . The next day Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone . His Cofidis team pulled out . The same day , leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for `` violating internal team rules '' by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June . Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico . The Italian journalist Davide Cassani told Danish television he had seen Rasmussen in Italy . The alleged lying prompted Rasmussen 's firing by Rabobank . On 11 July 2008 Manuel Beltrán tested positive for EPO after the first stage . On 17 July 2008 , Riccardo Riccò tested positive for continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator , a variant of EPO , after the fourth stage . In October 2008 , it was revealed that Riccò 's teammate and Stage 10 winner Leonardo Piepoli , as well as Stefan Schumacher -- who won both time trials -- and Bernhard Kohl -- third on general classification and King of the Mountains -- had tested positive . After winning the 2010 Tour de France , it was announced that Alberto Contador had tested positive for low levels of clenbuterol on 21 July rest day . On 26 January 2011 , the Spanish Cycling Federation proposed a 1 - year ban but reversed its ruling on 15 February and cleared Contador to race . Despite a pending appeal by the UCI , Contador finished 5th overall in the 2011 Tour de France , but in February 2012 , Contador was suspended and stripped of his 2010 victory . During the 2012 Tour , the 3rd placed rider from 2011 , Fränk Schleck tested positive for the banned diuretic Xipamide and was immediately disqualified from the Tour . In October 2012 , the United States Anti-Doping Agency released a report on doping by the U.S. Postal Service cycling team , implicating , amongst others , Armstrong . The report contained affidavits from riders including Frankie Andreu , Tyler Hamilton , George Hincapie , Floyd Landis , Levi Leipheimer , and others describing widespread use of Erythropoietin ( EPO ) , blood transfusion , testosterone , and other banned practices in several Tours . In October 2012 the UCI acted upon this report , formally stripping Armstrong of all titles since 1 August 1998 , including all seven Tour victories , and announced that his Tour wins would not be reallocated to other riders . Deaths ( edit ) See also : List of professional cyclists who died during a race Cyclists who have died during the Tour de France : 1910 : French racer Adolphe Hélière drowned at the French Riviera during a rest day . 1935 : Spanish racer Francisco Cepeda plunged down a ravine on the Col du Galibier . 1967 : 13 July , Stage 13 : Tom Simpson died of heart failure during the ascent of Mont Ventoux . Amphetamines were found in Simpson 's jersey and blood . 1995 : 18 July , Stage 15 : Fabio Casartelli crashed at 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) while descending the Col de Portet d'Aspet . Another seven fatal accidents have occurred : 1934 : A motorcyclist giving a demonstration in the velodrome of La Roche Sur Yon , to entertain the crowd before the cyclists arrived , died after he crashed at high speed . 1957 : 14 July : Motorcycle rider Rene Wagter and passenger Alex Virot , a journalist for Radio Luxembourg , went off a mountain road near Ax - les - Thermes . 1958 : An official , Constant Wouters , died from injuries received after sprinter André Darrigade collided with him at the Parc des Princes . 1964 : Nine people died when a supply van hit a bridge in the Dordogne region , resulting in the highest tour - related death toll . 2000 : A 12 - year - old from Ginasservis , known as Phillippe , was hit by a car in the Tour de France publicity caravan . 2002 : A seven - year - old boy , Melvin Pompele , died near Retjons after running in front of the caravan . 2009 : 18 July , Stage 14 : A spectator in her 60s was struck and killed by a police motorcycle while crossing a road along the route near Wittelsheim . Records and statistics ( edit ) Main articles : Tour de France records and statistics and Yellow jersey statistics One rider has been King of the Mountains , won the combination classification , combativity award , the points competition , and the Tour in the same year -- Eddy Merckx in 1969 , which was also the first year he participated . Twice the Tour was won by a racer who never wore the yellow jersey until the race was over . In 1947 , Jean Robic overturned a three - minute deficit on a 257 km final stage into Paris . In 1968 , Jan Janssen of the Netherlands secured his win in the individual time trial on the last day . The Tour has been won three times by racers who led the general classification on the first stage and holding the lead all the way to Paris . Maurice Garin did it during the Tour 's very first edition , 1903 ; he repeated the feat the next year , but the results were nullified by the officials as a response to widespread cheating . Ottavio Bottecchia completed a GC start - to - finish sweep in 1924 . And in 1928 , Nicolas Frantz held the GC for the entire race , and at the end , the podium consisted solely of members of his racing team . While no one has equalled this feat since 1928 , four times a racer has taken over the GC lead on the second stage and carried that lead all the way to Paris . It is worth noting that Jacques Anquetil predicted he would wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification from start to finish in 1961 , which he did . That year , the first day had two stages , the first part from Rouen to Versailles and the second part from Versailles to Versailles . No yellow jersey was awarded after the first part , and at the end of the day Anquetil was in yellow . The most appearances have been by George Hincapie with 17 . In light of Hincapie 's suspension for use of performance - enhancing drugs , before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen , having completed all but his very first , Joop Zoetemelk holds the record for the most finishes , having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started . In the early years of the Tour , cyclists rode individually , and were sometimes forbidden to ride together . This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two . Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton , the margins of the winner have become smaller , as the difference usually originates from time trials , breakaways or on mountain top finishes , or from being left behind the peloton . The smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour is 8s between winner Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon in 1989 . The largest margin , by comparison , remains that of the first Tour in 1903 : 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier . Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year : Charles Pélissier ( 1930 ) , Eddy Merckx ( 1970 , 1974 ) , Freddy Maertens ( 1976 ) . Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 as of stage 14 in 2016 , ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22 , François Faber with 19 and Eddy Merckx with 18 . The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini , who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France . The fastest massed - start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois ( 194.5 km ) , won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km / h . The fastest time - trial is Rohan Dennis ' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht , won at an average of 55.446 km / h ( 34.5 mph ) . The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time - trial . It completed the 25 km in Nice ( stage 5 ) at 57.8 km / h . The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France . In the stage Carcassone - Luchon , he stayed away for 253 km . It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 km , the last being Thierry Marie 's 234 km escape in 1991 . Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead . This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest . That record belongs to José - Luis Viejo , who beat the peloton by 22 m 50s in the 1976 stage Montgenèvre - Manosque . He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes . The only rider to win the Tour de France and an Olympic gold medal in the same year was Bradley Wiggins in 2012 . Wiggins also has the record of being the only Tour de France champion to win an Olympic gold medal in the velodrome . Record winners ( edit ) Four riders have won five times : Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) , Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) , Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) and Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) . Indurain achieved the mark with a record five consecutive wins . Wins Rider Editions 5 Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920 Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955 Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Dion , Clément and Michelin were particularly concerned with Le Vélo -- which reported more than cycling -- because its financial backer was one of their commercial rivals , the Darracq company . De Dion believed Le Vélo gave Darracq too much attention and him too little . De Dion was a gentlemanly but outspoken man who already wrote columns for Le Figaro , Le Matin and others . He was also rich and could afford to indulge his whims , which included founding Le Nain Jaune ( the yellow gnome ) , a publication that `` ... answers no particular need . '' Jump up ^ Desgrange had first attempted to copy and outdo races run by his rival . In 1901 he revived the Paris - Brest event after a decade 's absence . Giffard was the first to suggest a race that lasted several days , new to cycling but established practice in car racing . Unlike other cycle races , it would also be run largely without pacers . Jump up ^ L'Auto preferred to concentrate on the Coupe Gordon - Bennett car race , even though it was n't to start for another 48 hours . The choice reflects not only that the Tour de France was an unknown quantity -- only after the first race had finished did it establish a reputation -- but it hints at Desgrange 's uncertainty . His position as editor depended on raising sales . That would happen if the Tour succeeded . But the paper and his employers would lose a lot of money if it did n't . Desgrange preferred to keep a distance . He did n't drop the flag at the start and he did n't follow the riders . Reporting was left to Lefèvre , whose idea it had been , who followed the race by bike and by train . Desgrange showed a personal interest in his race only when it looked a success . Jump up ^ The use of false and often colourful names was not unusual . It reflected not only the daring of the enterprise but the slight scandal still associated with riding bicycle races , enough that some preferred to use a false name . The first city - to - city race , from Paris to Rouen , included many made - up names or simply initials . The first woman to finish had entered as `` Miss America '' , despite not being American . Jump up ^ The formula in 1905 was a combination of both time and points . Riders had points deducted for each five minutes lost . Jump up ^ A race for female cyclists similar to the male Tour de France had been organized in 1955 , but it was not official . Jump up ^ Jacques Goddet said in his autobiography that teams were using the rule to eliminate rivals . A rider in last position knew he would be disqualified at the end of the stage . If he dropped out before or during the stage , another competitor became the last and he would leave the race as well . That weakened a rival team , which now had fewer helpers . Jump up ^ Pierre Bost was a journalist and playwright known for the prolific film and stage scripts he wrote in the 1940s . He died in 1975 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Lachaud joined the Tour de France caravan in 1983 to distribute publicity for Crédit Lyonnais , the bank that sponsors the yellow jersey . The experience led to his starting his own company , Newsport , which now administers the caravan for the Société du Tour de France Jump up ^ Some Corsican nationalists have used terrorist methods . Jump up ^ A podium camera is not one focused on the winner 's podium but a full - scale camera on a mount , or podium . Jump up ^ A school book written by Augustine Fouillée under the name G. Bruno and published in 1877 , it sold six million by 1900 , seven million by 1914 and 8,400,000 by 1976 . It was used in schools until the 1950s and is still available . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joel Gunter ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` The Tour de France : a guide to the basics '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 Tour de France '' . Bikeraceinfo.com. 19 January 1903 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France snubs velodrome Holocaust memorial '' . The Jewish Chronicle. 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Barry Boys . `` The Return of a Grand Affair -- `` New Tour Legend : the Maillot Jaune '' `` . Cycling Revealed . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Union Cycliste Internationale '' . Uci.ch . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ When is the Criterium route announced . `` UCI WorldTour calendar 2012 '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 -- Stage by stage '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moment 17 : 1975 -- TDF 's First Champs Elysees Finish '' . Bicycling Magazine . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UCI Regulations '' ( 2.6. 011 ed . ) . p. 43 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the race '' ( PDF ) . ASO / letour.fr . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1991 . Jump up ^ Goddet 1991 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Goddet 1991 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` www.cyclingnews.com presents the 93rd Tour de France '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Know how the Tour de France started '' . Amazon.com. 19 January 1903 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Goddet 1991 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Spaarnestad Photo image number SFA001006411 Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1991 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Thierry & Chany 2011 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1991 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Thierry & Chany 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Allchin & Bell 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Latzell , Marguerite ( 2003 ) . Tour de France : The Illustrated History . Toronto , Buffalo : Firefly Books Ltd . ISBN 1552977366 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Torelli 's History of the Tour de France : the 1930s or , All They Wanted To Do Was to Sell a Few More Newspapers '' . BikeRaceInfo.com . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 . Jump up ^ Tom James ( 15 August 2003 ) . `` Veloarchive 1924 : Le Tour de Souffrance '' . Veloarchive . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Maso 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France , 100 ans , 1903 -- 2003 '' , L'Équipe , France , 2003 , p182 ^ Jump up to : Goddet 1991 . Jump up ^ Tour de France , 100 ans , 1903 -- 2003 , L'Équipe , France , 2003 , p227 Jump up ^ Libération , France , 4 July 2003 . 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Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Félix Lévitan '' . Cycling News . Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour de France : 1965 - 2007 . Dog Ear Publishing . pp. 171 -- 178 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour de France : 1965 - 2007 . Dog Ear Publishing . pp. 178 -- 184 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour de France jerseys explained '' . sportinglife . British Sky Broadcasting Ltd. 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Sarah ( 2 July 2009 ) . `` Tour de France demystified -- Evaluating success '' . RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 -- Rules '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Xtra : Green Jersey '' . Cvccbike.com . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Stuart ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Tour de France announces new green jersey sponsor '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the race '' ( PDF ) . ASO / letour.fr . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Krys eyes Tour de France 's white jersey - SportsPro Media ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2008 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Simon_MacMichael on ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` Team Sky 's yellow helmets cause a kerfuffle during Tour de France Stage 1 road.cc Road cycling news , Bike reviews , Commuting , Leisure riding , Sportives and more '' . road.cc . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` The Tour de France '' ( website ) . BBC H2G2 . 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Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Liggett , Phil ; Raia , James ; Lewis , Sammarye ( 2011 ) . Tour De France For Dummies . John Wiley . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 9781118070109 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Article 22 Permitted finishing times '' . Reglement de l'Epreuve -- Race Regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . 2014 . pp. 33 -- 35 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France Letters Special -- 23 July 2004 '' . CyclingNews. 23 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Tim ( 21 July 2004 ) . `` Stage 16 -- 21 July : Bourg d'Oisans -- Alpe d'Huez ITT , 15.5 km ; Sign of the times : Armstrong dominates on l'Alpe d'Huez '' . CyclingNews . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 -- The Galibier 1911 -- 2011 '' . Letour.fr. 10 July 1911 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Provence Blog by ProvenceBeyond : Tour de France starting in Monaco '' . Provenceblog.typepad.com . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Thierry & Chany 2011 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Le Petit Bleu de Lot - et - Garonne , France , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Cette caravane de soixante camions barriolés qui chantent à travers la campagne les vertus d'un apéritif , d'un caleçon ou d'une boîte à ordures fait un honteux spectacle . Cela crie , cela fait de la sale musique , c'est laid , c'est triste , c'est bête , cela sue la vulgarité et l'argent . '' -- Laget , Serge ( 1990 ) , La Saga du Tour de France , Découvertes Gaillard , France , ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 053101 - 1 . Legend says people in remote areas ran into their houses at the sight of a giant model black lion on the roof of a car promoting Lion Noir shoe polish in 1930 . ^ Jump up to : Le Tour Guide , France , 2000 ^ Jump up to : GAN Spécial Tour de France , 1994 ^ Jump up to : The Bicycle , UK , 8 July 1943 , p6 Jump up ^ `` La Corse fait - elle peur au Tour de France ? -- le Plus '' . Leplus.nouvelobs.com . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : L'Équipe Magazine , France , 23 October 2004 Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Reed , Eric . Selling the Yellow Jersey : The Tour de France in the Global Era . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 20653 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign grand tour starts are big business -- VeloNews.com '' . Velonews.competitor.com. 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . The Tour de France : A Cultural History . University of California Pres . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25630 - 1 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2006 ) . The Tour de France : A Cultural History . University of California Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24760 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . The Tour de France : A Cultural History . University of California Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25630 - 1 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ViewerTrack , The most watched TV sporting events of 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France Facts , Figures and Trivia '' . Gofrance.about.com . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Can Anyone Enter The Isle Of Man TT Legion Riders '' . Legionriders255.com . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ L'image d'une France unifiée par le sol , Vigarello , Georges , Le Tour de France , p3807 , cited Boeuf , p67 Jump up ^ France Since 1871 : Lecture 9 Transcript , by John M. Merriman , Open Yale Courses , 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Chris Jones , Kraftwerk , Tour De France Soundtracks , BBC , 4 August 2003 Jump up ^ `` A splendid thing '' . 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blood , sweat and gears '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( 30 December 2005 ) . `` '' Wired '' is winning tour of race , brain `` . BOSTON GLOBE . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` thetourbaby.com '' . thetourbaby.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Ian ( 8 October 2004 ) . `` The Tour Baby ! '' . RoadCycling.com . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` tourbabydeuxmovie.com '' . tourbabydeuxmovie.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed for the fans -- the post-TdF criteriums '' . cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Mika Rissanen . `` Beer Breaks during the Tour de France . Some observations on beer and cycling in the early 1900s '' . Ludica , annali di storia e civiltà del gioco . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Tour de France , 100 ans , 1903 -- 2003 , L'Équipe , France 2003 , p149 Jump up ^ de Mondenard 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Association of British Cycling Coaches ( ABCC ) , Drugs and the Tour De France by Ramin Minovi '' . ABCC. 1 June 1965 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Kelme rider promises doping revelations '' . VeloNews. 20 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ L'Équipe , France , 23 August 2005 , p1 Jump up ^ `` L'Équipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour '' . VeloNews. 23 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong 's journey : Tour leader rides from Texas plains to Champs - Elysees '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . 22 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Armstrong & Jenkins 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy '' . U.S. Anti-Doping Agency . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong tells Oprah he doped to win '' . CBS News . 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` In Reversal , Armstrong Is Said to Weigh Admitting Drug Use '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atty . denies report Lance Armstrong will admit doping '' . CBS News . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Ullrich supports Lance '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Landis loses appeal , must forfeit Tour de France title '' . Houston Chronicle. 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Westemeyer , Susan ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` Zabel and Aldag confess EPO usage '' . CyclingNews . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Riis , Tour de France Champ , Says He Took Banned Drugs '' . Bloomberg. 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Astana Pulls Out of Tour de France Washington Post . 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk -- Tour hit by second doping result Jump up ^ `` Rasmussen , Tour de France Leader , Is Expelled by Team '' . Bloomberg. 26 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Doping agency : Beltran positive for EPO '' . google . Associated Press . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT Other sport ... Tour ' winning war against doping ' '' . News.bbc.co.uk. 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Piepoli and Schumacher Tour de France samples positive for CERA '' . Autobus.cyclingnews.com. 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kohl positive confirmed '' . Autobus.cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Contador tests positive for low levels of clenbuterol '' . VeloNews.competitor.com. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish federation proposes one - year suspension for Contador '' . VeloNews.competitor.com. 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish fed clears Alberto Contador , Contador plans to start Algarve '' . VeloNews.competitor.com. 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CAS sanctions Contador with two - year ban in clenbutorol case '' . Cyclingnews . Future Publishing Limited . 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Disgraced Schleck will miss Tour de France after failing drug test during last year 's race '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation , USADA , 2012 October , retr 2012 10 14 Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC . 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong 's Tour de France victories will not be reallocated '' . BBC . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimas Informaciones -- La XXVIII Vuelta a Francia '' ( in Spanish ) . El Mundo Deportivo. 28 July 1934 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Woodland 2007 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Tour de France : il ya 50 ans , neuf personnes étaient tuées en Dordogne -- Sud - Ouest , 10 . Juli 2014 ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Memoire du cyclisme . Retrieved 13 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 1961 - Jerseys of the Stage '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2009 -- Stats '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Pélissier '' . Results history . letour.fr . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddy Merckx '' . Results history . letour.fr . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Maertens '' . Results history . letour.fr . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Letour Guide Historique 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Letour.fr. 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sagan captures Stage 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cipollini Sprints to Record Win -- Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . 8 July 1999 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 4 July 2015 ) . `` Rohan Dennis beats Boardman 's Tour de France time trial speed record '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Zeb , Woodpower ( 4 July 2015 ) . `` Tour de France : Dennis sets record speed to claim first maillot jaune in Utrecht '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong in yellow after Discovery powers through TTT '' . VeloNews. 5 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team Breaking Records With Trek Bikes Designed On AMD64 Technology '' . Amd.com . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tour 09 , Procycling ( UK ) summer 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Goddet , Jacques ( 1991 ) . L'équipée belle . Éditions Robert Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 07290 - 5 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Nicholson , Geoffrey ( 1991 ) . Le Tour : The Rise and Rise of the Tour de France . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 54268 - 2 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Augendre , Jacques ( 1996 ) . Le Tour de France : panorama d'un siècle . Service Communication - presse de la Société du Tour de France . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Seray , Jacques ( 2000 ) . 1904 Tour de France . Ann Arbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649835 - 2 - 6 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Woodland , Les ( 2000 ) . The Unknown Tour De France : The Many Faces of the World 's Biggest Bicycle Race . U.S. : Cycling Resources . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892495 - 26 - 6 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Armstrong , Lance ; Jenkins , Sally ( 2001 ) ( 1st . pub. 2000 ) . It 's Not About the Bike : My Journey Back to Life . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 06087 - 5 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Harp , Stephen L. ( 2001 ) . Marketing Michelin : Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth - Century France . Baltimore , Maryland , U.S. : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6651 - 7 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Ollivier , Jean - Paul ( 2001 ) . L'ABCdaire du Tour de France . Paris : Groupe Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 012727 - 3 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Boeuf , Jean - Luc ; Léonard , Yves ( 2003 ) . La République du Tour de France . Éditions du Seuil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 02 - 058073 - 1 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Allchin , Richard ; Bell , Adrian ( 2003 ) . Golden stages of the Tour de France : tales from the legendary stages of the world 's greatest bike race . London : Mousehold Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874739 - 28 - 9 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . de Mondenard , Jean - Paul ( 2003 ) . Dopage : l'imposture des performances : mensonges et vérités sur l'école de la triche . Chiron . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Masso , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . Het zweet der goden : legende van de wielersport ( 4th ed . ) . Atlas . ISBN 978 - 90 - 450 - 1126 - 4 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour de France , Volume 1 . Indianapolis , U.S. : Dog Ear Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Woodland , Les ( 2007 ) ( 1st . pub. 2003 ) . The Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 08016 - 3 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour De France : 1965 -- 2007 . Indianapolis , U.S. : Dog Ear Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . The Tour de France : A Cultural History ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , California , U.S. : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93486 - 3 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Cazeneuve , Thierry ; Chany , Pierre ( 2011 ) . La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France . Paris : La Martinière . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7324 - 4792 - 6 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Moore , Tim ( 2011 ) ( 1st . pub. 2001 ) . French Revolutions : Cycling the Tour de France . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 1497 - 2 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Dauncey , Hugh ; Hare , Geoff ( 2013 ) ( 1st . pub. 2003 ) . The Tour De France , 1903 - 2003 : A Century of Sporting Structures , Meanings and Values . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 76239 - 1 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Delanzy , Eric ( 2006 ) . Inside the Tour de France : The Pictures , the Legends , and the Untold Stories . Rodale Books . ISBN 1 - 59486 - 230 - 3 . McKay , Feargal ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` The Tour de France , by Christopher S Thompson '' . SB Nation Podium Cafe . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Nelsson , Richard ( 2012 ) . The Tour De France ... to the Bitter End . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85265 - 336 - 4 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Wheatcroft , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) ( 2005 ) . Le Tour : A History of the Tour de France , 1903 -- 2003 . Simon & Schuster UK . ISBN 0 - 684 - 02879 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tour de France . Official website Tour de France palmares at Cycling Archives Yahoo ! Sport ( UK & Ireland ) : Tour de France Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Didi Senft Géo Lefèvre La Course by Le Tour de France Tour de l'Avenir Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling UCI World Tour Seasons 2009 Ranking 2010 Ranking Merged with the UCI ProTour 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 UCI WorldTeams 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Races Active Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Tour of Qatar Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya Dwars door Vlaanderen E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt -- Rund um den Finanzplatz Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne London -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics GP Ouest - France GP de Québec GP de Montréal TTT at the World Championships Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Former Tour of Beijing Road bicycle racing List of road bicycle races men women UCI Circuits UCI World Tour Grand Tour Tour de France Giro d'Italia Vuelta a España Classic races Cobbled classics Ardennes classics Flanders Classics UCI World Ranking UCI Continental Circuits UCI Women 's WorldTour International Games Olympic Games Paralympic Games Commonwealth Games Asian Games Games of the Small States of Europe Island Games Pan American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Friendship Games Universiade Championships UCI Road World Championships World University Cycling Championship Continental African Asian European Oceania Pan American National road cycling championships UCI cycling teams WorldTeams Professional Continental Continental Women 's Teams Events Race stage Criterium Individual time trial Team time trial VIAF : 261446890 LCCN : n98020404 GND : 4185776 - 8 SUDOC : 035748141 BNF : cb13333845m ( data ) NDL : 00937423 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tour_de_France&oldid=809494401 '' Categories : Tour de France Cycle races in France Grand Tour ( cycling ) Recurring sporting events established in 1903 UCI ProTour races UCI World Tour races 1903 establishments in France Annual sporting events in France July sporting events Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2008 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from July 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the tour de france take place	[ "Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of July. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials,[1] the passage through the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps, and the finish on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.[7][8] The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day-long segments (stages) over a 23-day period and cover around 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi).[9] The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France.[10]" ]	[ "primarily in the month of July" ]
-8445798783500878340	James McAvoy	James McAvoy - wikipedia James McAvoy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with James McEvoy . James McAvoy McAvoy at the Cannes Festival in 2014 ( 1979 - 04 - 21 ) 21 April 1979 ( age 38 ) Glasgow , Scotland , UK Residence London , England Nationality Scottish Citizenship British Alma mater Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Occupation Actor Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Anne - Marie Duff ( m . 2006 -- 16 ) Children James McAvoy ( / ˈmækəvɔɪ / ; born 21 April 1979 ) is a Scottish actor . He made his acting debut as a teen in 1995 's The Near Room and continued to make mostly television appearances until 2003 , when his feature film career began and he continued to work in both areas from then on . His notable television work includes the drama show State of Play and the science fiction show Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune . Besides screen acting , McAvoy has performed in several West End productions , receiving three nominations for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor . He has also done voice work for animated films including Gnomeo & Juliet and Arthur Christmas ( both 2011 ) . In 2003 , McAvoy appeared in a lead role in Bollywood Queen , a British Indian take on the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet , directed by Jeremy Wooding . This was followed by a supporting role , the faun Mr. Tumnus , in The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) . His performance in Kevin Macdonald 's drama The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) garnered him several award nominations . The critically acclaimed romantic drama war film Atonement ( 2007 ) earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination and his second BAFTA nomination . He appeared opposite Angelina Jolie as a newly trained assassin in the action thriller Wanted ( 2008 ) . Since then , he is known for playing the young Professor Charles Xavier in the 2011 superhero film X-Men : First Class , a role he reprised in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , and X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . McAvoy starred in the 2013 crime comedy - drama film Filth for which he won Best Actor in the British Independent Film Awards . In 2016 , he portrayed Kevin , a man with 23 personalities in his body , in M. Night Shyamalan 's Split , for which he received critical acclaim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Critical success 2.3 Wanted , X-Men and subsequent work 3 Personal life 4 Charity 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Stage 5.4 Video games 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life and family ( edit ) McAvoy was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the son of Elizabeth ( née Johnstone ) , a psychiatric nurse , and James McAvoy , Sr. , a builder . He was brought up as a Roman Catholic . His parents divorced when he was seven . McAvoy 's mother suffered from poor health and subsequently decided it was best that he live with his maternal grandparents , Mary and James Johnstone , a butcher who lived in a terraced council house in the nearby Drumchapel area of Glasgow . His mother lived with them intermittently . The actor has a sister , Joy , and a younger half - brother , Donald . McAvoy has not been in contact with his father since childhood . He attended St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary in Jordanhill , Glasgow , a Catholic school , and briefly considered joining the Catholic priesthood . In a 2006 interview , McAvoy said that he considered becoming a priest as a child because it seemed to be a way to explore the world via missionary work . During his education , he worked at a local bakery . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) McAvoy 's acting debut came at the age of 15 in The Near Room ( 1995 ) . He later admitted that he was not very interested in acting when joining the movie , but was inspired to study the craft after developing feelings for his co-star , Alana Brady . He continued to act while still a member of PACE Youth Theatre . McAvoy eventually graduated from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in 2000 . Throughout the early 2000s , he made guest appearances in television shows and began working on movies . In 2001 , McAvoy 's performance as a gay hustler in the play Out in the Open impressed director Joe Wright so much that Wright began offering McAvoy parts in his films . McAvoy kept declining them , however , and it was n't until six years later that the two actually worked together . He also starred in Privates on Parade in the Donmar Warehouse , this time catching Sam Mendes ' attention . Also in 2001 , the actor appeared as Private James W. Miller in Band of Brothers , an eleven - hour World War II miniseries by executive producers Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks . This is the same miniseries in which his future coworker , Michael Fassbender , played the role of Burton `` Pat '' Christenson . It was shown on the HBO network . He gained the attention of critics in 2002 's White Teeth , a four - part television drama miniseries adaption based on the novel of the same name by Zadie Smith . In 2003 , McAvoy appeared in the Sci Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune , adapted from Frank Herbert 's novels . It is one of the highest - rated programmes ever to be aired on the channel . More cable work came for him when he accepted the role of an unprincipled reporter in 2003 's State of Play . The well - received six - part British drama serial tells the story of a newspaper 's investigation into the death of a young woman and was broadcast on BBC One . Calling the programme a `` must - see '' , the Chicago Tribune recommended State of Play for its cast 's performance . In 2002 , McAvoy shot scenes for Bollywood Queen , described as West Side Story meets Romeo and Juliet with bindis , the movie deals with star - crossed lovers caught in the middle of clashing cultures ; it was shown as a special presentation at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival and opened in UK theatres on 17 October . In 2004 , he acted in a supporting role in the romantic comedy Wimbledon , also featuring Kirsten Dunst as a co-lead . His next project was voicing a character named Hal in the 2004 English version of Strings , a mythic fantasy film . Another 2004 release for him was Inside I 'm Dancing , an Irish production helmed by Damien O'Donnell starring alongside fellow Scotsman Steven Robertson . In it , the actor was cast as one of the two principal characters : a maverick with duchenne muscular dystrophy . Critical success ( edit ) McAvoy ended 2004 by appearing in the first two seasons of Shameless as Steve McBride , the moral hero of the BAFTA - winning Channel 4 programme . His public profile was raised in 2005 with the release of Walt Disney Pictures 's The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . McAvoy starred in the fantasy adventure film made by Andrew Adamson and based on C.S. Lewis 's children 's novel as Mr. Tumnus , a faun who befriends Lucy Pevensie ( played by Georgie Henley ) and joins Aslan ( Liam Neeson ) 's forces . It was given a UK release of 9 December . At the UK box office , this movie opened at number one , earning around £ 8.7 million at 498 cinemas over the weekend . Worldwide , Narnia grossed £ 463 million , making it the 41st highest - grossing film of all - time worldwide . That succeeding year he also accepted the principal role of Brian Jackson , a nerdy university student who wins a place on a University Challenge quiz team in the mid-1980s , in Starter for 10 . He was directed by David Nicholls , who adapted the film 's screenplay from his own book . The British / American production was given distribution in the UK on 10 November . 10 scored a rating of 89 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on a sample of 75 reviews . In spite of the positive buzz , the movie flopped at the box office , unable to recover its production costs of £ 5.7 million . Forest Whitaker had suggested McAvoy to director Kevin Macdonald for the role of Nicholas Garrigan in 2006 's Academy Award - winning low - budgeted The Last King of Scotland . McAvoy portrayed a Scottish doctor who becomes the personal physician to dictator Idi Amin ( played by Whittaker ) while in Uganda . While the movie is based on factual events of Amin 's rule , the details of the story and the character McAvoy played are fictional and adapted from Giles Foden 's acclaimed 1998 novel . McAvoy assessed his character to be a `` completely selfish prick '' . An overwhelmed McAvoy fainted during his first take of what would be the hardest scene for him to shoot , Nicholas 's torture . McAvoy was named Best Actor of the year by Scotland 's own BAFTA Awards , where the film swept the major categories , and received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The movie itself walked away with three wins , including the honour for Outstanding British Film of the Year . This was accompanied by praise for McAvoy 's performance . Following that , he played Irish attorney Tom Lefroy and love - interest to Jane Austen in Becoming Jane , a 2007 historical movie inspired by the author 's early life . Next up was Penelope , which premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival . Also starring co-producer Reese Witherspoon , it generated polarised reviews . The breakthrough role in McAvoy 's career came in Atonement , Joe Wright 's 2007 adaption of Ian McEwan 's novel of the same title . A romantic war film , it focuses on lovers Cecilia and Robbie 's ( Keira Knightley and McAvoy ) lives being torn apart after her jealous younger sister , Briony ( Saoirse Ronan ) falsely accuses him of rape . Upon reading the script , McAvoy said he thought `` If I do n't get the part I 'm not reading the book because it 'll be devastating . It 's an amazing role and I really wanted it . '' McAvoy has called the movie `` incredibly sad '' but considers it an uplifting experience . He also shared that he hoped viewers will be left `` absolutely devastated and harrowed . '' Screenings of Atonement were held at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival , where it was one of the most acclaimed films present , and Venice Film Festival . Atonement was a big awards contender ; it was nominated for fourteen BAFTAs and seven Academy Awards . Both McAvoy and Knightley were nominated for their performances at the 65th Golden Globe Awards , respectively . Additionally , the film was lauded by critics , with Metacritic reporting it to have an approval rating of 85 . The Hollywood Reporter writer Ray Bennett said the duo gave `` compelling and charismatic performances '' . Wanted , X-Men and subsequent work ( edit ) One of the biggest highlights of McAvoy 's career was starring with Angelina Jolie and Morgan Freeman in Wanted , an action film where he portrayed Wesley Gibson , a young American slacker who learns he is heir to a legacy of assassins . When McAvoy screen - tested for the role , he was initially rejected because the studio was seeking an actor with conventional Hollywood leading - man looks and physique . He later recalled being considered the `` runt of the litter '' of those who tested , but ultimately got the role in late 2006 since the studio `` wanted someone geeky '' . While shooting action scenes for Wanted , he suffered several injuries , including a twisted ankle and an injured knee . Nonetheless the actor said he had a `` good time '' doing the movie . McAvoy had never done this type of genre before and thought of Wanted as a chance to be more versatile . Loosely based on the comic book miniseries of the same name by Mark Millar , it saw a June 2008 release worldwide . It received favourable reviews from the press , who generally liked that it was fast - paced . At the box office , Wanted was a success , grossing $341 million against a $75 million production budget . Next was The Last Station ( 2009 ) , a biopic that details the final months of celebrated writer Leo Tolstoy and also stars Anne - Marie Duff , McAvoy 's wife at the time . It was shown at a limited number of screens in the US . Although most critics ' awards paid attention to co-stars Helen Mirren and Christopher Plummer , the Satellite Awards nominated McAvoy for Best Supporting Actor . In 2009 , McAvoy voiced Angelina 's father , Maurice Mouseling , in the television series , Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps . McAvoy at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival He also appeared onstage in 2009 at Apollo Theater 's Three Days of Rain . He voiced the male titular character in Gnomeo and Juliet ( 2011 ) , an animated movie based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . In Robert Redford 's historical American drama The Conspirator , McAvoy played the role of an idealistic war hero who reluctantly defends a co-conspirator ( played by Robin Wright Penn ) charged in the Abraham Lincoln assassination . It premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival . While this movie garnered mixed reception , critics lauded the actor for his work . In Owen Gleiberman 's assessment of The Conspirator , he found it `` stiff - jointed '' and tedious , but regarded McAvoy as `` an avid presence '' . In mid-2010 , McAvoy was cast as telepathic superhero Professor X , leader and founder of the X-Men , in X-Men : First Class . He joined an ensemble that included Michael Fassbender , Jennifer Lawrence and Kevin Bacon . Based on the Marvel Comics and a prequel to the film series , it is set primarily during the build - up to the Cuban Missile Crisis and focuses on the relationship between Professor X and Magneto and the origin of their groups . McAvoy did not read comics as a child , and thus was unfamiliar with the Stan Lee originals which began publication in the 1960s , but was a fan of the X-Men animated cartoon series . Released to the UK on 1 June , First Class topped its box office with ticket sales of around £ 5 million in its opening weekend . First Class was also reviewed favourably , and McAvoy 's performance was widely praised . In 2011 , McAvoy began filming the role of Max Lewinsky in the British thriller Welcome to the Punch . He played the lead role in the Danny Boyle film Trance . In 2012 , McAvoy was cast as Bruce Robertson in Filth , an adaptation of an Irvine Welsh novel of the same name . The film 's ensemble cast includes Jamie Bell , Jim Broadbent , Eddie Marsan , and Imogen Poots . For his role , McAvoy won Best Actor at the British Independent Film Awards in December 2013 . It was also announced that he would co-star with Jessica Chastain in a double - feature film project , The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby . He performed the male lead in radio play adaptation of Neverwhere written by Neil Gaiman . In October 2016 McAvoy played the character Richard in the BBC Radio 4 production of Neil Gaiman 's short story ' How The Marquis Got His Coat Back ' . Gaiman himself played the role of the Boatman . McAvoy starred in Shakespeare 's Macbeth on London 's West End in early 2013 . Macbeth was the first performance at the Trafalgar Transformed , running from 9 February until 27 April . The production was directed by Jamie Lloyd who also directed McAvoy in his last stint on the stage in 2009 's Three Days of Rain . In 2015 , McAvoy won the Best Actor award at London 's Evening Standard Theater Awards for his portrayal of Jack Gurney in The Ruling Class , a revival of the Peter Barnes play directed once again by Jamie Lloyd . It ran at Trafalgar Studios from 16 January to 11 April 2015 . McAvoy reprised his role as Professor X in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , which grossed $747.9 million worldwide , making it the sixth highest - grossing film of the year 2014 , and the second highest - grossing film in the X-Men franchise and in 2016 's X-Men : Apocalypse . In 2016 , he starred in the M. Night Shyamalan thriller Split . His performance was praised by critics , with some hailing it as the best of his career . McAvoy will be returning as Professor X in the 2018 film X-Men : Dark Phoenix . Personal life ( edit ) McAvoy with then wife Anne - Marie whom he married in October 2006 . The couple announced their intention to divorce in May 2016 . While working on Shameless , McAvoy started a relationship with Anne - Marie Duff , who played his character 's love interest , and they married in October 2006 in a quiet ceremony . They have one child together , a son named Brendan ( b . 2010 ) . On 13 May 2016 , McAvoy and Duff jointly announced their decision to divorce . To minimise disruption to Brendan 's life , they still share a home in North London when not working elsewhere . On August 30 , McAvoy talked with Stephen Colbert about his current girlfriend Lisa while on set of the new X-Men movie . After McAvoy won the `` Rising Star '' award from the BAFTAs , his estranged father spoke to the Sunday Mirror , stating that he would love to get in touch with his son , but did not know how to reach him . Though the actor did not read the piece , he heard about it and was unmoved . He enjoys fantasy themes which he said started from the age of 11 with The Lord of the Rings . McAvoy 's big interest outside acting and science fiction is football ; he is a huge fan of Celtic Football Club , stating that his dream role would be to play Celtic legend Jimmy Johnstone . McAvoy considers himself a spiritual person who no longer practises Catholicism . Speaking to Sky News , McAvoy said he believed that British filmmakers belittle and dumb down their productions to please American audiences . `` It 's like we 're patronising them and short changing ourselves , '' the actor commented . He had previously called 3 - D films a `` waste of money '' , accusing film studios of using the effect to get more money out of their theatre audiences . Charity ( edit ) At one point , McAvoy did a `` terrifying '' BASE jump from the world 's tallest hospital building in a bid to help raise money for Ugandan children 's charity Retrak , an organisation which assists children on the streets . Additionally , McAvoy is a celebrity supporter of the British Red Cross with whom he travelled to Uganda to raise awareness of the projects there . He had become involved with the charity after shooting The Last King of Scotland there for several months and was shocked by what he saw . In February 2007 , he visited northern Uganda and spent four days seeing projects supported by the British Red Cross. . In 2015 , McAvoy pledged £ 125,000 to a 10 - year scholarship programme at his former drama school , the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Near Room , The The Near Room Kevin Savage 1997 Angel Passes By , An An Angel Passes By Local boy Short film 1997 Regeneration Anthony Balfour 2001 Swimming Pool Mike 2003 Bright Young Things The Earl of Balcairn 2003 Bollywood Queen Jay Wimbledon Carl Colt Strings Hal Tara Voice role Inside I 'm Dancing Rory O'Shea 2005 Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Mr. Tumnus 2006 Last King of Scotland , The The Last King of Scotland Dr. Nicholas Garrigan 2006 Starter for 10 Brian Jackson 2007 Becoming Jane Thomas Langlois Lefroy 2007 Penelope Johnny Martin / Max Campion 2007 Atonement Robbie Turner 2008 Wanted Wesley A. Gibson 2009 Last Station , The The Last Station Valentin Bulgakov 2011 Gnomeo and Juliet Gnomeo Voice role 2011 Conspirator , The The Conspirator Frederick Aiken 2011 X-Men : First Class Charles Xavier / Professor X 2011 Arthur Christmas Arthur Voice role 2013 Welcome to the Punch Max Lewinsky 2013 Trance Simon Newton 2013 Filth Bruce Robertson 2014 Muppets Most Wanted Delivery Man Cameo 2014 X-Men : Days of Future Past Charles Xavier / Professor X Shared role with Patrick Stewart 2014 The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby Conor Ludlow 2015 Victor Frankenstein Victor Frankenstein 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Charles Xavier / Professor X 2016 Split Kevin Wendell Crumb / The Horde 2017 Atomic Blonde David Percival 2017 Submergence James Moore Post-production 2018 Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes Gnomeo Voice role 2018 X-Men : Dark Phoenix Charles Xavier / Professor X Filming 2018 / 19 Glass Kevin Wendell Crumb / The Horde Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1997 Bill , The The Bill Gavin Donald Episode : `` Rent '' 2001 Band of Brothers Pvt . James W. Miller Episode : `` Replacements '' 2001 Lorna Doone Sergeant Bloxham Television film 2001 Murder in Mind Martin Vosper Episode : `` Teacher '' 2002 White Teeth Josh Malfen 2 episodes 2002 Inspector Lynley Mysteries , The The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Gowan Ross Episode : `` Payment in Blood '' 2002 Foyle 's War Ray Pritchard Episode : `` The German Woman '' 2003 Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune Leto II Atreides 3 episodes 2003 State of Play Dan Foster 6 episodes 2003 Early Doors Liam 4 episodes 2004 - 2005 Shameless Steve McBride 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Joe Macbeth Episode : `` Macbeth '' 2009 - 10 Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps Mr. Maurice Mouseling ( voice ) TV series 2017 Watership Down Hazel ( Voice ) Miniseries Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue The Tempest Ferdinand Brunton Theatre West Side Story Riff Courtyard Centre for the Arts Hereford Romeo and Juliet Romeo Courtyard Centre for the Arts Hereford Beauty and the Beast Bobby Buckfast Adam Smith Theatre 2000 The Reel of the Hanged Man Gerald Traverse Theatre Lovers Joe Royal Lyceum Theatre 2001 Out In The Open Iggy Hampstead Theatre 2001 Privates on Parade Private Steven Flowers Donmar Warehouse 2005 Breathing Corpses Ben Royal Court Theatre 2009 Three Days of Rain Walker & Ned Apollo Theatre Nominated -- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor 2013 Macbeth Macbeth Trafalgar Studios Nominated -- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor 2015 The Ruling Class Jack Gurney Trafalgar Studios Evening Standard Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2016 F1 2016 Team radio ( voice ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result London Film Critics Circle Award Best Actor Inside I 'm Dancing Nominated 2005 British Supporting Actor of the Year The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Nominated 2006 BAFTA Rising Star Award The Last King of Scotland Won BAFTA Scotland Award Best Actor Won BAFTA Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated British Independent Film Award Best Actor Nominated European Film Award Best Actor Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award Best Actor Nominated 2007 BAFTA Award Best Actor in a Leading Role Atonement Nominated European Film Award Best Actor Nominated Empire Award Best Actor Won Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated Irish Film Award Best International Actor Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award British Supporting Actor of the Year Won 2008 MTV Movie Award Best Kiss Wanted Nominated 2009 Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture The Last Station Nominated 2011 IGN Award Best Ensemble Cast X-Men : First Class Won Scream Award Best Fantasy Actor Nominated Best Superhero Nominated Best Ensemble Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite Superhero Nominated Favorite Ensemble Movie Cast Nominated 2013 London Film Critics Circle Award British Actor of the Year Welcome to the Punch Won Trance Won Filth Won British Independent Film Award Best Actor Won Empire Award Best Actor Won BAFTA Scotland Best Actor in Film Won 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Performance Split Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Villain Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ivan , Larushka ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Trance 's James McAvoy : I 'm too old to play a kid Metro News '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stewart & Ian McKellen Join ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` James McAvoy wins best actor at British Independent Film Awards -- News -- Films '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Split ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Steve ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` From Split to Psycho : why cinema fails dissociative identity disorder '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Harriet ( 15 October 2006 ) . `` The Real McAvoy '' . The Guardian . UK : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Fearless Males 2008 : James McAvoy '' . Cosmopolitan. 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2011. ) Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Biography '' . Tiscali . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Sally ( 26 November 2005 ) . `` Trying to be good '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscock , John ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` A young actor creating a buzz '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 30 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Marx , Rebecca ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` The Dictator 's M.D. : James McAvoy '' . New York . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` James McAvoy inspired by teenage crush '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Former Members '' . PACE Youth Theatre . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Acting coach who helped launch the careers of James McAvoy and Paolo Nutini is sacked after finance probe at theatre school '' . Scottish Daily Record . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury , Mark ( 2 December 2007 ) . `` Ready for the next step '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rupert ( 14 May 2001 ) . `` We 're in this together '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( 7 June 2001 ) . `` TV Notes ; World War II , The Mini-Series '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Biography '' . Moviefone . AOL Inc . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ascher , Ian ( 2004 ) . `` Kevin J. Anderson Interview '' . Digital Webbing . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ; Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` The Star Market : Can The Conspirator Energize James McAvoy 's Care '' . New York . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradley , William ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` The State of Play of ' The State of Play ' '' . Huffington Post . USA : HuffingtonPost.com Inc . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy , Bill Nighy and a great British cast make ' State of Play ' a must - see DVD '' . Chicago Tribune . 27 February 2008 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 2 February 2003 ) . `` Bollywood Queen '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Queen ( 2003 ) '' . BBC News . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Carla ( 17 September 2004 ) . `` Not so hot on the court , and an imperfect pairing off it '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Frank J. Vega . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner , Matthew ( 25 May 2005 ) . `` Strings ( PG ) '' . View London . 2 View Group Ltd . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Ruthe ( 18 February 2005 ) . `` Irish charmer is a free spirit on wheels '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Frank J. Vega . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Box Office : December 9 -- 11 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb Inc . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Starter for 10 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Synopses : Starter for 10 '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Last King of Scotland DVD Commentary Fox Searchlight Pictures ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Passed Out in the Last King of Scotland '' . Artisan News Service . 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Last King rules at Scots Baftas '' . BBC News . 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baftas 2007 : The winners '' . BBC News . 11 February 2007 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` A Monster for the Ages : Whitaker 's Amin Electrifies Gory and Powerful ' Last King ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Voynar , Kim ( 12 September 2006 ) . `` TIFF Review : Penelope '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( 6 September 2006 ) . `` From Toronto : Let the film festival begin ! '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Penelope ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , David ( 3 September 2007 ) . `` James McAvoy : Atonement '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( 17 September 2007 ) . `` TIFF Interview : Christopher Hampton , Screenwriter of ' Atonement ' '' . Moviefone . AOL Inc . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First Night : Atonement , Venice Film Festival '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2008 BAFTA nominations in full '' . The Sunday Times . UK . 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of Academy Award Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Elsworth , Catherine ; Gray , Iain ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` Golden Globes : Atonement leads the way '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atonement '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` Atonement '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` Exclusive : A Chat with James McAvoy '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : James McAvoy Talks Wanted '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolan , Patrick ( 22 July 2008 ) . `` Wanted : James McAvoy Interview '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Is `` Wanted '' `` . CBS News . 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wanted ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wanted '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` James McAvoy and wife Anne - Marie Duff expecting first child '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Station '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominations 2009 : ' Nine , ' ' Precious ' Lead Pack '' . Moviefone . AOL Inc . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles ( 11 February 2009 ) . `` Three Days of Rain at the Apollo -- review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` A garden - variety ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( 12 September 2010 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival : Robert Redford 's ' The Conspirator ' is closing in on a distributor '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` The Conspirator ( 2011 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` James McAvoy Cast as Young Professor X in ' X-Men : First Class ' '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` X-Men : First Class : James McAvoy Interview '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Box Office June 3 -- 5 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( 3 June 2011 ) . `` A taut ' X-Men ' prequel '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Michael J. Klingensmith . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Heads to ' Welcome to the Punch ' '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News Inc. 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Nick ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` FILTH Shoot Begins '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy to Star in ' Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ' Double - Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Borys Kit. 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Neil Gaiman -- Neverwhere '' . Bbc.co.uk. 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How the Marquis Got His Coat Back , Drama - Who 's Who in the drama - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Stars in ' MacBeth ' on London 's West End '' . Broadway Tour . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Kidman , James McAvoy Among Winners at London Theater Awards '' . Variety . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' : Who will return ? What new mutants may appear ? Scoop on the next X-Men film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Formalizes Simon Kinberg To Helm ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' ; Jennifer Lawrence , Michael Fassbender , James McAvoy Back , Jessica Chastain In Talks '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy and Anne - Marie Duff are expecting their first child '' . The Daily Telegraph . 1 July 2011 . 27 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy 's confusion '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 1 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` James McAvoy and Wife Anne - Marie Duff to Divorce : See Their Statement '' . USWeekly . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Purcell , `` James McAvoy , man of many faces , adds another 24 in Split '' , The Age , 13 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Discover more about the stars of BBC Drama : James McAvoy '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men Star Says UK ' Dumbs Its Films Down ' '' . Sky News . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3D films a waste of money : McAvoy '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Naomi ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` James McAvoy : ' Base jump was terrifying ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy '' . British Red Cross . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McAvoy Visits Uganda '' . British Red Cross . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ' James McAvoy in fund pledge to help aspiring actors ' BBC News . Retrieved 4 June , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James McAvoy . James McAvoy on IMDb James McAvoy news coverage at The Guardian Awards for James McAvoy BAFTA Rising Star Award 2006 -- present James McAvoy ( 2006 ) Eva Green ( 2007 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 2008 ) Noel Clarke ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Tom Hardy ( 2011 ) Adam Deacon ( 2012 ) Juno Temple ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Tom Holland ( 2017 ) BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Ray Winstone ( 1998 ) Ian McKellen ( 1999 ) Daniel Craig ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) James Nesbitt ( 2002 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2003 ) Phil Davis ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Tony Curran ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Tom Hardy ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Dave Johns ( 2016 ) Empire Award for Best Actor Nigel Hawthorne ( 1996 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1997 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1998 ) Tom Hanks ( 1999 ) Pierce Brosnan ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Elijah Wood ( 2002 ) Tom Cruise ( 2003 ) Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) Matt Damon ( 2005 ) Johnny Depp ( 2006 ) Daniel Craig ( 2007 ) James McAvoy ( 2008 ) Christian Bale ( 2009 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2010 ) Colin Firth ( 2011 ) Gary Oldman ( 2012 ) Martin Freeman ( 2013 ) James McAvoy ( 2014 ) Andy Serkis ( 2015 ) Matt Damon ( 2016 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jeremy Northam ( 1999 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2000 ) Paul Bettany ( 2001 ) Hugh Grant ( 2002 ) Paul Bettany ( 2003 ) Daniel Craig ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Toby Jones ( 2006 ) James McAvoy ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) VIAF : 85792902 LCCN : no2006041480 ISNI : 0000 0001 1681 5851 GND : 132748134 SUDOC : 121569020 BNF : cb15567418t ( data ) BNE : XX4605814 IATH : w6x76h4w Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_McAvoy&oldid=802022269 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Actor Empire Award winners Living people Male actors from Glasgow Scottish male Shakespearean actors People educated at St Thomas Aquinas Secondary School , Glasgow People from Crouch End People from Port Glasgow Scottish male film actors Scottish male stage actors Scottish male television actors Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use British English from October 2013 Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mr tumnus in the lion the witch and the wardrobe	[ "James McAvoy (/ˈmækəvɔɪ/; born 21 April 1979)[2] is a Scottish actor. He made his acting debut as a teen in 1995's The Near Room and continued to make mostly television appearances until 2003, when his feature film career began and he continued to work in both areas from then on. His notable television work includes the drama show State of Play and the science fiction show Frank Herbert's Children of Dune." ]	[ "James McAvoy" ]
5418847651683501338	Triple bottom line	Triple bottom line - wikipedia Triple bottom line Graphic describing the three types of bottom lines Triple bottom line ( or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL ) is an accounting framework with three parts : social , environmental ( or ecological ) and financial . Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value . The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994 . In traditional business accounting and common usage , the `` bottom line '' refers to either the `` profit '' or `` loss '' , which is usually recorded at the very bottom line on a statement of revenue and expenses . Over the last 50 years , environmentalists and social justice advocates have struggled to bring a broader definition of bottom line into public consciousness by introducing full cost accounting . For example , if a corporation shows a monetary profit , but their asbestos mine causes thousands of deaths from asbestosis , and their copper mine pollutes a river , and the government ends up spending taxpayer money on health care and river clean - up , how do we perform a full societal cost benefit analysis ? The triple bottom line adds two more `` bottom lines '' : social and environmental ( ecological ) concerns . With the ratification of the United Nations and ICLEI TBL standard for urban and community accounting in early 2007 , this became the dominant approach to public sector full cost accounting . Similar UN standards apply to natural capital and human capital measurement to assist in measurements required by TBL , e.g. the EcoBudget standard for reporting ecological footprint . The TBL seems to be fairly widespread in South African media , as found in a 1990 -- 2008 study of worldwide national newspapers . An example of an organization seeking a triple bottom line would be a social enterprise run as a non-profit , but earning income by offering opportunities for handicapped people who have been labelled `` unemployable '' , to earn a living by recycling . The organization earns a profit , which is controlled by a volunteer Board , and ploughed back into the community . The social benefit is the meaningful employment of disadvantaged citizens , and the reduction in the society 's welfare or disability costs . The environmental benefit comes from the recycling accomplished . In the private sector , a commitment to corporate social responsibility ( CSR ) implies a commitment to transparent reporting about the business ' material impact for good on the environment and people . Triple bottom line is one framework for reporting this material impact . This is distinct from the more limited changes required to deal only with ecological issues . The triple bottom line has also been extended to encompass four pillars , known as the quadruple bottom line ( QBL ) . The fourth pillar denotes a future - oriented approach ( future generations , intergenerational equity , etc . ) . It is a long - term outlook that sets sustainable development and sustainability concerns apart from previous social , environmental , and economic considerations . The challenges of putting the TBL into practice relate to the measurement of social and ecological categories . Despite this , the TBL framework enables organizations to take a longer - term perspective and thus evaluate the future consequences of decisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 The three bottom lines 1.1. 1 People , the social equity bottom line 1.1. 2 Planet , the environmental bottom line 1.1. 3 Profit , the economic bottom line 2 Subsequent development 3 Supporting arguments 4 Criticism 5 Legislation 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 8 Further reading 9 External links Definition ( edit ) Sustainable development was defined by the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations in 1987 . Triple bottom line ( TBL ) accounting expands the traditional reporting framework to take into account social and environmental performance in addition to financial performance . In 1981 , Freer Spreckley first articulated the triple bottom line in a publication called ' Social Audit - A Management Tool for Co-operative Working ' . In this work , he argued that enterprises should measure and report on financial performance , social wealth creation , and environmental responsibility . The phrase `` triple bottom line '' was articulated more fully by John Elkington in his 1997 book Cannibals with Forks : the Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business . A Triple Bottom Line Investing group advocating and publicizing these principles was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Rubinstein . For reporting their efforts companies may demonstrate their commitment to corporate social responsibility ( CSR ) through the following : Top - level involvement ( CEO , Board of Directors ) Policy Investments Programs Signatories to voluntary standards Principles ( UN Global Compact - Ceres Principles ) Reporting ( Global Reporting Initiative ) The concept of TBL demands that a company 's responsibility lies with stakeholders rather than shareholders . In this case , `` stakeholders '' refers to anyone who is influenced , either directly or indirectly , by the actions of the firm . Examples of stakeholders include employees , customers , suppliers , local residents , government agencies , and creditors . According to the stakeholder theory , the business entity should be used as a vehicle for coordinating stakeholder interests , instead of maximizing shareholder ( owner ) profit . A growing number of financial institutions incorporate a triple bottom line approach in their work . It is at the core of the business of banks in the Global Alliance for Banking on Values , for example . The Detroit - based Avalon International Breads interprets the triple bottom line as consisting of `` Earth '' , `` Community '' , and `` Employees '' . The three bottom lines ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The triple bottom line consists of social equity , economic , and environmental factors . The phrase , `` people , planet , and profit '' to describe the triple bottom line and the goal of sustainability , was coined by John Elkington in 1994 while at Sustain Ability , and was later used as the title of the Anglo - Dutch oil company Shell 's first sustainability report in 1997 . As a result , one country in which the 3P concept took deep root was The Netherlands . People , the social equity bottom line ( edit ) The people , social equity , or human capital bottom line pertains to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour and the community and region in which a corporation conducts its business . A TBL company conceives a reciprocal social structure in which the well - being of corporate , labour and other stakeholder interests are interdependent . An enterprise dedicated to the triple bottom line seeks to provide benefit to many constituencies and not to exploit or endanger any group of them . The `` upstreaming '' of a portion of profit from the marketing of finished goods back to the original producer of raw materials , for example , a farmer in fair trade agricultural practice , is a common feature . In concrete terms , a TBL business would not use child labour and monitor all contracted companies for child labour exploitation , would pay fair salaries to its workers , would maintain a safe work environment and tolerable working hours , and would not otherwise exploit a community or its labour force . A TBL business also typically seeks to `` give back '' by contributing to the strength and growth of its community with such things as health care and education . Quantifying this bottom line is relatively new , problematic and often subjective . The Global Reporting Initiative ( GRI ) has developed guidelines to enable corporations and NGOs alike to comparably report on the social impact of a business . Planet , the environmental bottom line ( edit ) The planet , environmental bottom line , or natural capital bottom line refers to sustainable environmental practices . A TBL company endeavors to benefit the natural order as much as possible or at the least do no harm and minimize environmental impact . A TBL endeavour reduces its ecological footprint by , among other things , carefully managing its consumption of energy and non-renewables and reducing manufacturing waste as well as rendering waste less toxic before disposing of it in a safe and legal manner . `` Cradle to grave '' is uppermost in the thoughts of TBL manufacturing businesses , which typically conduct a life cycle assessment of products to determine what the true environmental cost is from the growth and harvesting of raw materials to manufacture to distribution to eventual disposal by the end user . Currently , the cost of disposing of non-degradable or toxic products is borne financially by governments and environmentally by the residents near the disposal site and elsewhere . In TBL thinking , an enterprise which produces and markets a product which will create a waste problem should not be given a free ride by society . It would be more equitable for the business which manufactures and sells a problematic product to bear part of the cost of its ultimate disposal . Ecologically destructive practices , such as overfishing or other endangering depletions of resources are avoided by TBL companies . Often environmental sustainability is the more profitable course for a business in the long run . Arguments that it costs more to be environmentally sound are often specious when the course of the business is analyzed over a period of time . Generally , sustainability reporting metrics are better quantified and standardized for environmental issues than for social ones . A number of respected reporting institutes and registries exist including the Global Reporting Initiative , CERES , Institute 4 Sustainability and others . The ecological bottom line is akin to the concept of eco-capitalism . Profit , the economic bottom line ( edit ) The profit or economic bottom line deals with the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs , including the cost of the capital tied up . It therefore differs from traditional accounting definitions of profit . In the original concept , within a sustainability framework , the `` profit '' aspect needs to be seen as the real economic benefit enjoyed by the host society . It is the real economic impact the organization has on its economic environment . This is often confused to be limited to the internal profit made by a company or organization ( which nevertheless remains an essential starting point for the computation ) . Therefore , an original TBL approach can not be interpreted as simply traditional corporate accounting profit plus social and environmental impacts unless the `` profits '' of other entities are included as a social benefit . Subsequent development ( edit ) Following the initial publication of the triple bottom line concept , students and practitioners have sought greater detail in how the pillars can be evaluated . The people concept for example can be viewed in three dimensions -- organisational needs , individual needs , and community issues . Equally , profit is a function of both a healthy sales stream , which needs a high focus on customer service , coupled with the adoption of a strategy to develop new customers to replace those that die away . And planet can be divided into a multitude of subdivisions , although reduce , reuse and recycle is a succinct way of steering through this division . Supporting arguments ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following business - based arguments support the concept of TBL : Reaching untapped market potential : TBL companies can find financially profitable niches which were missed when money alone was the driving factor . Examples include : Adding ecotourism or geotourism to an already rich tourism market such as the Dominican Republic Developing profitable methods to assist existing NGOs with their missions such as fundraising , reaching clients , or creating networking opportunities with multiple NGOs Providing products or services which benefit underserved populations and / or the environment which are also financially profitable . Adapting to new business sectors : While the number of social enterprises is growing , and with the entry of the B Corp movement , there is more demand from consumers and investors for an accounting for social and environmental impact . For example , Fair Trade and Ethical Trade companies require ethical and sustainable practices from all of their suppliers and service providers . Fiscal policy of governments usually claims to be concerned with identifying social and natural deficits on a less formal basis . However , such choices may be guided more by ideology than by economics . The primary benefit of embedding one approach to measurement of these deficits would be first to direct monetary policy to reduce them , and eventually achieve a global monetary reform by which they could be systematically and globally reduced in some uniform way . The argument is that the Earth 's carrying capacity is at risk , and that in order to avoid catastrophic breakdown of climate or ecosystems , there is need for comprehensive reform of global financial institutions similar in scale to what was undertaken at Bretton Woods in 1944 . With the emergence of an externally consistent green economics and agreement on definitions of potentially contentious terms such as full - cost accounting , natural capital and social capital , the prospect of formal metrics for ecological and social loss or risk has grown less remote since the 1990s . In the United Kingdom in particular , the London Health Observatory has undertaken a formal programme to address social deficits via a fuller understanding of what `` social capital '' is , how it functions in a real community ( that being the City of London ) , and how losses of it tend to require both financial capital and significant political and social attention from volunteers and professionals to help resolve . The data they rely on is extensive , building on decades of statistics of the Greater London Council since World War II . Similar studies have been undertaken in North America . Studies of the value of Earth have tried to determine what might constitute an ecological or natural life deficit . The Kyoto Protocol relies on some measures of this sort , and actually relies on some value of life calculations that , among other things , are explicit about the ratio of the price of a human life between developed and developing nations ( about 15 to 1 ) . While the motive of this number was to simply assign responsibility for a cleanup , such stark honesty opens not just an economic but political door to some kind of negotiation -- presumably to reduce that ratio in time to something seen as more equitable . As it is , people in developed nations can be said to benefit 15 times more from ecological devastation than in developing nations , in pure financial terms . According to the IPCC , they are thus obliged to pay 15 times more per life to avoid a loss of each such life to climate change -- the Kyoto Protocol seeks to implement exactly this formula , and is therefore sometimes cited as a first step towards getting nations to accept formal liability for damage inflicted on ecosystems shared globally . Advocacy for triple bottom line reforms is common in Green Parties . Some of the measures undertaken in the European Union towards the Euro currency integration standardize the reporting of ecological and social losses in such a way as to seem to endorse in principle the notion of unified accounts , or unit of account , for these deficits . To address financial bottom line profitability concerns , some argue that focusing on the TBL will indeed increase profit for the shareholders in the long run . In practice , John Mackey , CEO of Whole Foods , uses Whole Foods 's Community Giving Days as an example . On days when Whole Foods donates 5 % of their sales to charity , this action benefits the community , creates goodwill with customers , and energizes employees -- which may lead to increased , sustainable profitability in the long - run . Criticism ( edit ) While many people agree with the importance of good social conditions and preservation of the environment , there are also many who disagree with the triple bottom line as the way to enhance these conditions . The following are the reasons why : Reductive method : Concurrently the environment comes to be treated as an externality or background feature , an externality that tends not to have the human dimension build into its definition . Thus , in many writings , even in those critical of the triple - bottom - line approach , the social becomes a congeries of miscellaneous considerations left over from the other two prime categories . Alternative approaches , such as Circles of Sustainability , that treat the economic as a social domain , alongside and in relation to the ecological , the political and the cultural are now being considered as more appropriate for understanding institutions , cities and regions . Inertia : The difficulty of achieving global agreement on simultaneous policy may render such measures at best advisory , and thus unenforceable . For example , people may be unwilling to undergo a depression or even sustained recession to replenish lost ecosystems . Application : According to Fred Robins ' The Challenge of TBL : A Responsibility to Whom ? one of the major weaknesses of the TBL framework is its ability to be applied in the practical world . Equating ecology with environment : TBL is seen to be disregarding ecological sustainability with environmental effects , where in reality both economic and social viability is dependent on environmental well being . While greenwashing is not new , its use has increased over recent years to meet consumer demand for environmentally friendly goods and services . The problem is compounded by lax enforcement by regulatory agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission in the United States , the Competition Bureau in Canada , and the Committee of Advertising Practice and the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice in the United Kingdom . Critics of the practice suggest that the rise of greenwashing , paired with ineffective regulation , contributes to consumer skepticism of all green claims , and diminishes the power of the consumer in driving companies toward greener solutions for manufacturing processes and business operation . Time dimension : While the triple bottom line incorporates the social , economical and environmental ( People , Planet , Profit ) dimensions of sustainable development , it does not explicitly address the fourth dimension : time . The time dimension focuses on preserving current value in all three other dimensions for later . This means assessment of short term , longer term and long term consequences of any action . `` One problem with the triple bottom line is that the three separate accounts can not easily be added up . It is difficult to measure the planet and people accounts in the same terms as profits -- that is , in terms of cash . '' This has led to TBL being augmented with cost - benefit analysis in Triple Bottom Line Cost Benefit Analysis ( TBL - CBA ) . This is summarised below as : attempting to divert the attention of regulators and deflating pressure for regulatory change ; seeking to persuade critics , such as non-government organisations , that they are both well - intentioned and have changed their ways ; seeking to expand market share at the expense of those rivals not involved in greenwashing ; this is especially attractive if little or no additional expenditure is required to change performance ; alternatively , a company can engage in greenwashing in an attempt to narrow the perceived ' green ' advantage of a rival ; reducing staff turnover and making it easier to attract staff in the first place ; making the company seem attractive for potential investors , especially those interested in ethical investment or socially responsive investment . inability to add up the three accounts unless tools such as cost - benefit analysis are added to put social and environmental externalities in monetary terms . Legislation ( edit ) A focus on people , planet and profit has led to legislation changes around the world , often through social enterprise or social investment or through the introduction of a new legal form , the Community Interest Company . In the United States , the BCorp movement has been part of a call for legislation change to allow and encourage a focus on social and environmental impact , with BCorp a legal form for a company focused on `` stakeholders , not just shareholders '' . In Australia , the triple bottom line was adopted as a part of the State Sustainability Strategy , and accepted by the Government of Western Australia but its status was increasingly marginalised by subsequent premiers Alan Carpenter and Colin Barnett and is in doubt . See also ( edit ) Sustainable development portal Business portal B Corporation ( certification ) Bottom of the pyramid Circles of Sustainability Community interest company Conscious business Double bottom line , a similar concept predating the UN standard EC3 Global Grassroots Business Fund Impact investing Institute for Sustainable Communication Low - profit limited liability company Permaculture ethics Social entrepreneurship Triple top line Value network Value network analysis References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Slaper , Timothy F. and Hall , Tanya J. ( 2011 ) . `` The Triple Bottom Line ( By asmit Agarwal ) : What Is It and How Does It Work ? '' Indiana Business Review . Spring 2011 , Volume 86 , No. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Bottom Line '' . The Economist . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sustainability -- From Principle To Practice Goethe - Institut , March 2008 . Jump up ^ Enhancing the role of industry through for example , private - public partnerships , May 2011 . United Nations Environment Programme Jump up ^ Barkemeyer , Ralf ; Figge , Frank ; Hahn , Tobias ; Holt , Diane L. ( March 2009 ) . `` What the Papers Say : Trends in Sustainability . A Comparative Analysis of 115 Leading National Newspapers Worldwide ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Waite , Marilyn ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) . `` SURF Framework for a Sustainable Economy '' . Journal of Management and Sustainability. 3 ( 4 ) : 25 . doi : 10.5539 / jms. v3n4p25 . ISSN 1925 - 4733 . Jump up ^ Spreckley , Freer ( 1981 ) . Social Audit : A Management Tool for Co-operative Working . Beechwood College . ^ Jump up to : Elkington , John ( 1999 ) . Cannibals with forks : the triple bottom line of 21 . century business . Oxford : Capstone . ISBN 9780865713925 . OCLC 963459936 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Bottom Line : Earth , Community , Employees '' . Avalon International Breads . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ekins , Paul ( 1992 ) . The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics . Anchor Books . p. 191 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41914 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Business 2013 '' . Social Enterprise UK . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trapp , Roger ( 2015 ) . `` Business Leaders Urged To Find A Purpose In Life '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mind the gaps . The 2015 Deloitte Millennial survey '' ( PDF ) . Deloitt. 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Mackey : The conscious capitalist '' . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , Andy ; James , Paul ( 2010 ) . `` Accounting for sustainability : Combining qualitative and quantitative research in developing ' indicators ' of sustainability '' . International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 13 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Paul James and Andy Scerri , ' Auditing Cities through Circles of Sustainability ' , Mark Amen , Noah J. Toly , Patricia L. Carney and Klaus Segbers , eds , Cities and Global Governance , Ashgate , Farnham , 2011 , pp. 111 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Scerri , A. ( 2012 ) . `` Ends in view : The capabilities approach in ecological / sustainability economics '' . Ecological Economics . 77 : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2012.02. 027 . Jump up ^ Liam Magee , & Andy Scerri ( 2012 ) ' From Issues to Indicators : A Response to Grosskurth and Rotmans ' , Local Environment 17 ( 8 ) : 915 - 933 . Jump up ^ Lozano , R. ( 2012 ) . `` Towards better embedding sustainability into companies ' systems : an analysis of voluntary corporate initiatives , '' Journal of Cleaner Production 25 pp. 14 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Triple bottom line - It consists of three Ps : profit , people and planet '' . The Economist . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Community Interest Companies '' . UK Government . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Becoming a Legal BCorp '' . BCorp . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Government of Western Australia . ( 2003 , September ) . `` Hope for the Future : The Western Australia State Sustainability Strategy . '' Accessed : August 30 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Social Audit - A Management Tool for Co-operative Working 1981 by Freer Spreckley Local Livelihoods Publications The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics ( Gaia Future Series ) ( Paperback ) , by Paul Ekins , Anchor Books Harvard Business Review on Corporate Responsibility by Harvard Business School Press The Soul of a Business : Managing for Profit and the Common Good by Tom Chappell Capitalism at the Crossroads : The Unlimited Business Opportunities in Solving the World 's Most Difficult Problems by Professor Stuart L. Hart The Triple Bottom Line : How Today 's Best - Run Companies Are Achieving Economic , Social and Environmental Success -- and How You Can Too by Andrew W. Savitz and Karl Weber The Sustainability Advantage : Seven Business Case Benefits of a Triple Bottom Line ( Conscientious Commerce ) by Bob Willard , New Society Publishers ISBN 978 - 0 - 86571 - 451 - 9 SURF Framework for a Sustainable Economy by Marilyn Waite Journal of Management and Sustainability External links ( edit ) Explainer : what is the triple bottom line ? - The Conversation The Triple Bottom Line : What Is It and How Does It Work ? - Indiana Business Review Balancing Act - A Triple Bottom Line Analysis of the Australian Economy Citizens for Corporate Redesign ( Minnesota ) Triple Pundit - Blog on Triple Bottom Line ( United States ) Corporate Responsibility ( United Kingdom ) TBL Accounting without boundaries - Australian corporate and government experiences hide Social and environmental accountability Ethics and principles Aarhus Convention Corporate accountability / behaviour / social responsibility Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Organizational ethics Organizational justice Principles for Responsible Investment Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency ( behavioral social ) UN Global Compact Social accounting Double bottom line Ethical Positioning Index Higg Index Impact assessment ( environmental equality social ) ISO 26000 ISO 45001 Genuine progress indicator Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole - life cost Environmental accounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full - cost accounting / impact assessment / management system / profit - and - loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 Life - cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community - based monitoring Environmental ( certification ) Fair trade ( certification ) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental pricing reform Environmental , social and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation Social enterprise Socially responsible investing Stakeholder ( engagement ) Supply chain management Environment portal Commons Organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_bottom_line&oldid=847537542 '' Categories : Welfare economics Sustainable business Corporate social responsibility Accounting terminology Accountability Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Nederlands Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 02 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the three components of the triple bottom line	[ "Triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial. Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value.[1] The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994.[2]\n", "Triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial. Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value.[1] The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994.[2]\n", "Triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial. Some organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value.[1] The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994.[2]\n" ]	[ "social", "environmental", "financial" ]
6300136578837910349	Harvard Extension School	Harvard Extension School - wikipedia Harvard Extension School Jump to : navigation , search Harvard University Extension School Type Private Established 1910 Parent institution Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Division of Continuing Education Dean Huntington D. Lambert Students 1,798 degree candidates ( 588 undergraduates ) ( 1,210 graduates ) 25,000 + non-degree students Location Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States Campus Urban Website extension.harvard.edu Harvard University Extension School is one of the twelve schools that compose Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts . It offers liberal arts and professional courses , graduate and undergraduate degrees in 60 fields , as well as a premedical program . Approximately 150 bachelor 's and 550 master 's degrees are awarded each year . Founded in 1910 , the school 's mission is to provide education `` for every type of adult learner '' . The school also has a long history of offering professional and distance education , and provides a variety of amenities and opportunities to students and degree - earning alumni . Since its establishment in 1910 , it is estimated that 500,000 students have taken a course at the Extension School . Some students are not degree seekers , but take courses offered for professional development or personal enrichment . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Degree development 1.2 Deans 2 Academics 2.1 Accreditation and partnerships 2.2 Pre-medical program 2.3 Distance education 2.3. 1 History 2.3. 2 Contemporary 2.4 Awards and honors 3 Academic degrees 3.1 Bachelor of Liberal Arts 3.1. 1 Undergraduate admissions 3.2 Master of Liberal Arts 3.2. 1 Graduate admissions 4 Student life 5 Student demographics 6 Alumni 6.1 Notable alumni 7 Coat of arms 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Year Enrollment 1910 -- 11 863 1914 1,034 1915 1,488 1919 ~ 1,300 1922 -- 23 1,727 1930 -- 31 1,690 1934 -- 35 871 1942 -- 43 808 1945 -- 46 1,243 1946 -- 47 1,528 1947 -- 1948 1,955 1951 -- 52 2,062 1952 -- 1953 2,141 1956 -- 57 2,890 1959 -- 60 5,500 + 1962 -- 63 7,448 1963 -- 64 8,435 1963 -- 64 8,693 1971 -- 72 10,000 + 1974 -- 75 9,677 1975 -- 76 9,705 1977 -- 78 ~ 11,677 1979 -- 80 12,567 1981 -- 82 17,034 1983 -- 84 19,561 1984 -- 85 20,366 1986 -- 87 20,578 1990 -- 91 ~ 22,500 1999 -- 2000 ~ 24,000 2007 -- 08 25,000 + Main article : History of Harvard Extension School Founded in 1910 by President A. Lawrence Lowell , the Harvard Extension School grew out of the Lowell Institute , which was created according to the terms of a bequest by John Lowell , Jr . It was designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the greater Boston community , particularly those `` who had the ability and desire to attend college , but also had other obligations that kept them from traditional schools . '' It has since extended its `` academic resources to the public , locally , nationally , and internationally . '' During the 1920s professors from Boston and Harvard Universities left the confines of their campuses and traveled to teach courses offsite . While they were primarily aimed at teachers , courses were offered wherever 40 or more students expressed an interest . Professors traveled on a weekly basis to places around New England and as far away as Yonkers , New York , some 200 miles away . Despite falling revenue due to the Great Depression , A. Lawrence Lowell insisted in 1931 that the bequest from John Lowell prevented courses from costing more than two bushels of wheat . As a result , a half - year course cost could no more than $5 , and a full course no more than $10 . Some courses cost as little as $2.50 . University Extension courses were to be taught by `` the most experienced teachers that can be secured '' who all received `` excellent pay . '' In the early years courses were run by a commission composed of several Boston area schools , though it was largely a Harvard - run program . In 1938 there were 28 professors from Commission faculties , including 11 full professors . Early faculty included Charles Townsend Copeland , William Yandell Elliot , William Langer , Oscar Handlin , Perry Miller , John Kenneth Galbraith , and Frank M. Carpenter . In 1953 there was a similar number of professors . In his will , John Lowell asked his successors to set up courses `` more erudite and particular corresponding to the age and wants of the age . '' By the 50th anniversary of the University Extension in 1960 , more than 1,400 courses had been offered and there had been more than 85,000 enrollments . While the vast majority of classes were held on the Harvard campus , a few in the late 1960s were offered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University , as well as at the Old South Meeting House . At this time non-credit courses cost between $15 and $25 , and courses for credit cost between $20 and $35 . After 100 years , an estimated 500,000 students have taken courses at the Extension School . Fees were kept as low as possible to allow as many as possible to enroll , only 0.18 % have ever earned a degree . Including certificate earners , 2.5 % have graduated . Today more degrees are awarded each year than were awarded in the first 50 years combined . While there has never been a formal entrance exam such as the SAT , non-native English speakers must provide designated proof of English proficiency or receive a minimum score on the TOEFL , IELTS , or PTEA . Additionally , the preadmission Expository Writing E-25 course requires students to complete E-15 with a grade of B or higher in EXPO 15 or successfully complete the Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills . Several years after retiring , President Lowell wrote that the Extension courses `` have given a service to the public ... which seems to me of the utmost importance . '' In 2013 , more than 100 years after its founding , the Extension School 's classes were described as `` surprisingly affordable '' and the school itself was said to be a `` thriving institution . '' Degree development ( edit ) Harvard University currently offers two degrees in Extension Studies , the Bachelor of Liberal Arts and the Master of Liberal Arts ( ALM ) . From 1911 to 1933 , the university offered an Associate in Arts , and from 1933 to 1960 they offered an Adjunct in Arts . Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor 's degree . From 1971 to 2014 , the University offered an Associate of Arts in Extension Studies ( AA ) , the equivalent of a two - year degree . A Master 's in Liberal Arts was added in 1979 . The emphasis on liberal arts in the revised degree titles ( for both the A.L.B. and A.L.M. degrees ) was not intended to signify a difference in the degree itself versus the University 's other offerings , but instead to serve as a response to concerns expressed by some that programs catering to non-traditional students were overly vocational in nature . The purpose of the name was to reaffirm adherence to the University 's historic focus on the liberal arts , and distinguish it from other , more vocational , institutions . A proposal before the Faculty of Arts and Science in 2009 and 2010 to rename the school and the degrees offered was not accepted . A committee , led by Professor of Computer Science Harry R. Lewis , proposed renaming the school the `` Harvard School of Continuing and Professional Studies , '' and to drop the words `` in Extension Studies '' from degrees , so that the School would offer Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees . Some faculty objected , saying that those degrees were already offered by the College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences . In 2014 , Harvard University conferred four certificates as well as the following academic degrees : five Associate in the Arts , 152 Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies , and 539 Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies . In 2016 , a student group calling itself the Harvard Extension Degree Change Initiative rallied in front of University Hall to call for removing `` Extension Studies '' from the degree name and adding a student 's concentration instead . The Harvard Crimson editorialized in favor saying that they `` urge ( d ) Harvard to consider changing the title of Extension School degrees to include the field of study rather than the ambiguous ' Extension Studies . ' '' Although the Extension School retains `` Extension Studies '' in the official title of their degrees , student transcripts reflect the student 's area of academic concentration . Deans ( edit ) There have been six deans in the School 's history : James Hardy Ropes , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Dean of University Extension , 1910 -- 1922 Arthur F. Whittem , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Director of University Extension , 1922 -- 1946 George W. Adams , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Director of University Extension , 1946 -- 1949 Reginald H. Phelps , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Director of University Extension , 1949 -- 1975 Michael Shinagel , Director of Continuing Education and University Extension , 1975 -- 1977 , and Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension , 1977 -- 2013 Huntington D. Lambert , Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension , 2013 -- present Academics ( edit ) Year Courses offered 1910 16 1915 -- 15 24 1918 -- 19 33 1921 -- 22 22 1922 -- 23 27 1923 -- 24 29 1951 -- 52 30 1953 - 54 32 1956 -- 57 37 1959 -- 60 56 1962 -- 63 70 1971 -- 72 144 1974 -- 75 135 1975 -- 76 ~ 200 1979 -- 80 316 1980 -- 81 335 1981 -- 82 398 1983 -- 84 480 1984 -- 85 527 1986 -- 87 575 1999 -- 2000 584 2014 -- 15 715 2016 ~ 800 As a part of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences , the Harvard Extension School offers more than eight hundred on - campus and online courses . Students take courses with Harvard professors , including Nobel laureates , as well as faculty from Boston - area universities , business professionals , and community leaders in various fields . The number of courses has been growing rapidly over the last five years . Most of the courses at the Extension School are `` virtually identical '' to courses offered to the traditional students at Harvard College , with `` the only significant difference '' being that the classes are taught at night instead of during the day . This has remained constant over time , as Ropes , the first dean , said that `` our aim will be to give the young people of Boston who have heretofore been prevented from securing a college education the same instruction they would receive were they undergraduates at Harvard . '' In 1953 , it was said that the `` format of the classes is exactly the same . '' Many daytime Harvard College courses are recorded , and offered to Extension students online . For these courses , office hours and other student support are typically offered using live or asynchronous software . Additionally , Extension students are offered the option to attend class lectures for these dual - listed courses on campus . Extension degree candidates who meet required criteria may also apply for `` Special Student status '' in order to take classes that are offered only to Harvard College students . The majority of professors at the School are Harvard affiliates . The remainder are faculty at other institutions and industry professionals . Students may enroll full or part - time , and classes may be taken on campus , via distance - learning , or both . In order to earn an academic degree , students must complete a minimum number of on - campus - only credits at Harvard . Non-degree seeking students have access to resources through Harvard 's Grossman Library , electronic resources through the Harvard Libraries Portal and select computer facilities . A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system `` ' give ( s ) a lot ' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard 's other schools . '' Accreditation and partnerships ( edit ) Harvard Extension School is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges as one of the twelve degree - granting schools of Harvard University . The Extension School and Harvard Business School have together created the HBX Credential of Readiness ( CORe ) program . Having begun in 2014 , this program allows undergraduate students at the Extension School to take courses with Business School professors for credit . Students at other institutions may be able to take the courses for transfer credit as well . The graduate program in Museum Studies has also developed a partnership with the Smithsonian Institution . The new courses include two active learning weekends in Washington , D.C. The Extension School is also looking into partnerships with the School of Public Health , School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , and the Medical School . Premedical program ( edit ) A pre-med program was established at the Extension School in 1980 . Two years later , in 1982 , five students applied to medical school , and 3 were accepted at the University of Massachusetts , Tufts University , and New York University . Of the 19 students who applied to medical schools in 1985 , 15 were admitted , including two women to Harvard Medical School . All 27 graduates who applied to medical school in 1989 were accepted , including three to Harvard Medical School and nine to the University of Massachusetts . Five years later , 90 % of students were accepted to medical school , including 5 to Harvard . Only one in three were accepted nationwide . The Health Careers Program has sponsored nearly 1,000 students for admission to medical school since it was started in 1979 -- 80 , and more than 845 were accepted . This 85 % success rate far exceeds the national acceptance rate of 35 % . Students who successfully complete the pre-medical program are eligible for sponsorship through the program and a committee letter of support in their applications to medical school . Distance education ( edit ) History ( edit ) Harvard Extension was a pioneer in distance education . Beginning on December 5 , 1949 , courses were offered on the Lowell Institute 's new radio station . New Englanders could go to college six nights a week at 7 : 30 in their living rooms simply by tuning into courses on psychology , world history , and economics . The first course on radio was by Peter A. Bertocci of Boston University . For 30 years he taught Extension courses , with never fewer than 100 students . He often taught over 300 students per course and once had over 400 . Over the years Bertocci had at least 7,000 Extension students , `` surely a record in the annals of Extension at Harvard . '' The radio courses proved to be so successful that when the television station WGBH went on the air in October 1951 they began broadcasting an Extension class every weekday at 3 : 30 and 7 : 30 . The first course , offered by Robert G. Albion , was on European Imperialism on Monday and Thursday evenings . In the late 1960s , three of the televised courses were offered in the Deer Island Prison . Students who watched the courses on television could attend six `` conferences '' and take a mid-term and a final exam at Harvard in order to gain credit for the class . Contemporary ( edit ) As of 2014 , distance - learning courses at Harvard Extension School are offered in two formats : asynchronous video courses ( lectures are recorded and uploaded within 24 hours of on - campus class meetings ) ; and live web - conference courses ( courses are streamed live , and typically allow for synchronous participation from students via a secondary online platform ) . The first online courses were offered in 1997 . Between 2013 and 2016 , the number of online classes grew from 200 to more than 450 . Awards and honors ( edit ) The Dean 's Prize for Outstanding Master of Liberal Arts thesis is awarded during commencement ceremonies , and includes a medal , a certificate , and a monetary award . It is awarded to a student whose graduate thesis `` embodies the highest level of imaginative scholarship . '' In addition to the Dean 's Prize for Outstanding ALM Thesis , there are several other academic prizes : The Academy of American Poets is awarded to an ALB candidate or an undergraduate student at the college for the best poem or group of poems . The Santo J. Aurelio Prize , named for Santo J. Aurelio , ALB ' 83 , ALM ' 85 , is awarded annually on the basis of `` academic achievement and character . '' It is normally given to Extension School undergraduate degree recipients who -- as did Mr. Aurelio -- complete their academic work with distinction after age 50 . The Derek Bok Public Service Prizes are awards presented at Commencement . They consist of a cash prize along with a citation and a medal given to two graduating Extension School students . The award recognizes creative initiatives in community service or long - standing records of civic achievement . The Commencement Speaker Prize is awarded to either an ALB or ALM graduate who delivers the student Commencement speech at the Extension School diploma awarding ceremony . The Annamae and Allan R. Crite prizes are awarded for a mother and son who are Extension School alumni . Annamae faithfully attended Extension courses for more than 50 years . Allan , who is widely recognized as the dean of African - American artists in the Greater Boston area , received a bachelor 's degree in 1968 . The prize is awarded to Extension School degree recipients who demonstrate `` singular dedication to learning and the arts '' . The Klein Family History Prize recognizes the thesis in the field of history that represents superior achievement in historical scholarship . The Harold Langlois Award recognizes a Certificate of Special Studies graduate who has demonstrated exceptional academic accomplishment and promise as a manager . It was established in 2003 . The Patrick Lee Award in Drama is an annual award given to the student who shows the best promise in the field of dramatic arts . The Reginald H. Phelps Prize , named for the former dean , is awarded annually on the basis of `` academic achievement and character '' to outstanding graduating students receiving bachelor 's degrees . The Emanuel and Lilly Shinagel prize , named in honor of Dean Michael Shinagel in honor of his parents , supports deserving and needy students in the Extension School 's Institute for English Language Programs . The prizes are awarded by the Institute for English Language . The Programs to outstanding students based on an essay writing contest . The John Osborne Sargent Prize for a Latin Translation is offered for the best metrical translation ( students may choose meter ) of a lyric poem of Horace , to be selected each year by the Department of the Classics . In addition to ALB candidates , it is also open to undergraduates at the College and visiting undergraduate sunder the Faculty of Arts and Sciences . The Thomas Small Prize is named for a Lithuanian immigrant who , at the age of 89 , became the oldest earned graduate degree recipient in the history of Harvard University . Two prizes are awarded annually on the basis `` academic achievement and character '' to two outstanding Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies degree recipients . The Judith Wood Memorial Prizes are awarded during Commencement Week to Harvard Extension School students who , while compiling honors academic records at the School , also contended with disabilities of a serious nature . It was established in honor of a blind Extension Student student who had cystic fibrosis and diabetes to recognize students who must travel a singularly difficult path to degree or certificate completion . The Katie Y.F. Yang Prize Fund was established to promote East Asian culture , grant scholarships to exceptional students , and provide charitable assistance to those in need . Mrs. Yang was a leading Chinese opera singer under the stage name Fong Yim Fun . Her daughter , Simmone Yang , received her Certificate of Special Studies ( CSS ) from the Extension School . The purpose of the Prize is `` to recognize the initiative , character , and outstanding academic achievement of foreign students graduating from the CSS Program '' in the Extension School . The award is generally given to the foreign student with the highest academic standing in the CSS program . Academic degrees ( edit ) The extension program offers open enrollment courses . To be eligible to apply for admission to their degree granting program , students must `` earn ( their ) way in '' by taking three classes and earning a B or better in each . 32 % of those who intend to pursue an undergraduate degree earn the grades necessary and are considered for admission , and 85 % of those admitted successfully earn their degree . For adult , part - time learners , the Extension School is `` very selective . '' Students are `` presumed capable '' but then must `` prove that presumption with actual performance . '' The `` democratic admissions policy for its degree programs ... is based on proof that a student is capable of Harvard - level work , giving degree and certificate candidates the chance to prove themselves . '' The `` most relevant predictor '' of success for students is a students ' `` ability to do honors - level work at Harvard . '' ALB students may graduate with the Latin honors , cum laude , but magna - and summa - cum laude are not offered . ALM students may , upon graduation , be included in the ALM Dean 's list for Academic achievement , based on strict GPA requirements . Many courses are offered online , but a degree can not be earned entirely online . Students who wish to earn degrees must be formally admitted to the Extension School by the Admissions Committee . Admitted degree candidates are granted full privileges to Harvard 's libraries , facilities , student resources , as well as access to Harvard 's museums and academic workshops . In 2016 , an undergraduate degree cost around $40,000 , and a graduate degree cost about $32,000 . An Extension School professor asserts that undergraduate HES students `` are brilliantly milking the cow of Harvard University , '' as they `` get a very similar experience and then have the Harvard name on ( their ) résumé . '' A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system `` ' give ( s ) a lot ' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard 's other schools . '' Bachelor of Liberal Arts ( edit ) Undergraduate degree programs are based upon the curriculum for Harvard College students and are the academic equivalent of the College 's AB degree ; degree requirements include expository writing , quantitative reasoning , foreign language , moral reasoning , writing - intensive classes , and courses in the student 's area of concentration . The expository writing class is known as a `` gatekeeper course '' as it will typically `` determine whether ( students ) are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum . '' Once admitted as an ALB degree candidate , students must successfully complete 128 credits ( Harvard courses are typically 4 credits each ) and maintain good academic standing ( 3.0 GPA ) to meet graduation requirements . Upon admission into the ALB program , students may petition to transfer up to a maximum of 64 credits from other accredited post-secondary institutions , but 64 credits must be completed at Harvard University ( Extension School , Summer School , or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences ) . Students must also select one of three ' areas of concentration ' including : Sciences ; Social Sciences ; or Humanities . Students must earn 40 credits with at least a B -- in their areas of concentration . ALB degree candidates are also required to complete a minimum of 16 on - campus - only credits at Harvard ; students must also complete a minimum of 12 credits in `` Writing intensive '' courses , and earn a minimum of 52 credits in courses that are taught by Harvard instructors . In addition to a concentration , degree candidates have the option to pursue one of twenty ' Fields of study ' , ( akin to a traditional major ) . In order to successfully complete a field of study , students must earn a B -- or higher in 32 Harvard credits in one field , and maintain a B average in the field . Students may also complement their field of study with a maximum of one liberal arts minor . Undergraduate admissions ( edit ) Undergraduate degree programs require pre-admission courses as well as a formal application process . Students applying for degree candidacy must first complete three 4 - credit liberal arts courses at Harvard ( Extension School , Summer School , or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences ) with at least a B grade in each , and maintain a minimum 3.0 cumulative GPA . One of these three pre-admission courses must be EXPO E-25 , the equivalent of Harvard College 's mandatory and `` notoriously difficult '' expository writing course . To enroll in this course , students must pass a placement test , which measures critical reading and writing skills . Students failing to earn at least a B in a class can retake it once . Students who meet all these criteria are then eligible for admission in the Extension School 's undergraduate degree programs . Master of Liberal Arts ( edit ) The Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies ( ALM ) includes 19 liberal arts fields of study and seven professional degree programs ( Biotechnology , Information Technology , Journalism , Management , Mathematics for Teaching , Museum Studies , & Sustainability and Environmental Management ) . ALM candidates must complete 10 to 12 courses including a thesis or capstone project depending on their degree program , which must be crafted under the direction of an instructor or Harvard faculty member holding a teaching appointment in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Graduate admissions ( edit ) Generally , admission into a graduate degree program at Harvard Extension School requires a minimum of an accredited bachelor 's degree ( or foreign equivalent ) , as well as completion of three pre-admission courses with grades of B or higher and a minimum of 3.0 overall GPA . One of the three pre-admission courses must be the `` Proseminar '' course for the intended area of study , which is akin to a traditional research methods course , and prior to registering for a proseminar students must pass a qualification test to assess graduate - level critical reading and writing skills . Certain disciplines have other specified pre-admission coursework , while some have specific coursework that is required before submitting a master 's thesis proposal ( e.g. biology and psychology fields must take a specific graduate statistics course ) . Students who meet these criteria are then eligible to submit an application for admission into the graduate degree programs . Once a student has met the three course requirement , he or she is then eligible to formally apply to the ALM program . Typically applicants must submit a completed application , proof of an accredited bachelor 's degree ( or foreign equivalent ) plus transcripts , resume , two essays , and a nonrefundable application fee . Some programs require additional specific classes to be part of the initial three before formal admission . Students will be denied admission indefinitely if they fail to earn a grade of B after twice enrolling in the Proseminar course . Some programs have additional requirements , including specific pre-admission courses and supplemental application materials . For instance , the Literature and Creative writing candidates must submit original manuscripts . Student life ( edit ) Beginning in the 1960s , the university began providing additional facilities for Extension students . Study spaces , conferences rooms , library facilities , and a dining hall were set up in Lehman Hall for students in 1964 . In addition , there was a television lounge were students could watch the WGBH programs . Today , admitted degree candidates are granted access to Harvard 's athletic facilities , dining services , on and off campus apartment housing , career services and student life organizations . Students have `` nearly unfettered access to some of Harvard 's most prized resources -- world - renowned libraries , a distinguished faculty , and an impressive body of speakers . '' ALB candidates are eligible for membership in the Harvard Extension Student Association ( HESA ) . Established in 2001 , the HESA 's mission is to build and maintain a sense of community among Extension students . In partnership with many other organizations on campus , HESA provides a variety of social activities , educational events , and forums that enrich student life and experience . All degree and diploma candidates in good standing at Harvard Extension School are voting members of HESA . Alpha Sigma Lambda , a national honors society for nontraditional students , established the Phi Beta chapter in 2002 -- 03 . The Harvard Extension School Pre-Health Society offers advising , events , and networking for students who wish to go to medical school or to pursue a career in the health care industry . President Faust said that `` the Extension School is a critical part of the University '' and `` students increasingly should come to see themselves as full - fledged members of not just an individual school but Harvard as a university . '' Student demographics ( edit ) The graduating class of 2016 , the largest class to date , had 801 students receiving degrees . Of them , the youngest was 16 and the oldest was 70 with an average age of 36 . They were nearly equally split between the genders , with 52 % being male , and came from 36 countries and 42 states . Almost all , 96 % , were taking classes for professional gain . Half take a single course , and half pursue a degree . The increase in online course offerings has fueled growth , and students from more than 150 countries are enrolled . In 2000 there were 14,216 students , with the youngest in their early teens and the oldest in their late 80s . There is often a span of 60 years between the oldest and youngest students , and students as young as 11 years old have taken courses alongside those old enough to be their parents or grandparents . Of the students enrolled at the turn of the century , 75 % had a bachelor 's degree , and 20 % had a graduate degree . More than 1,700 were staff members using the Tuition Assistance Program , and an estimated 10 % - 15 % were exclusively online students . Of the 255 Certificate of Special Studies graduates that year , 163 were international students hailing from 39 countries . In the early 2000s there were 208 students under the age of 18 . Most attended local high schools , but a growing number of them were home - schooled . Professor Paul Bamberg taught a class with both Extension and Harvard College students , and the top two students were from the Extension School , with the top student being a home - schooled teenager . Harvard Extension School accepts international students . To be admitted to courses or degrees , a student must prove proficiency in the English language . If English is not a student 's native language then he or she must submit an official TOEFL or IELTS score with a minimum score of 100 for the TOEFL or a minimum score of 7.0 for the IELTS . International students must also meet the on - campus - only course requirements as outlined above . The Extension School does not issue I - 20s for the F - 1 visa but the Summer School does . In 2007 -- 08 , more than 2,500 international students and nearly 2,000 Harvard University employees were enrolled in classes . In 2013 , students came from 118 countries and 46 states . Alumni ( edit ) Year Associate Bachelors Masters 1913 -- 1933 120 * n / a n / a 1934 -- 1936 24 * n / a n / a 1937 -- 1952 78 * n / a n / a 1953 6 * n / a n / a 1954 -- 1962 57 * n / a n / a 1963 n / a 14 n / a 1964 n / a 22 n / a 1966 n / a 35 n / a 1967 n / a 31 n / a 1968 n / a 48 n / a 1971 n / a 38 n / a 1972 44 54 n / a 37 42 n / a 1976 * * < 82 < 82 n / a 1980 n / a ? 1981 n / a ? 1982 n / a 91 15 1985 * * n / a < 158 < 158 1987 * * n / a < 143 < 143 2000 * * < 226 < 226 < 226 2008 7 111 91 2014 5 152 539 2016 8 158 635 * From 1913 until 1932 Harvard offered Associate in Arts Degrees , and from 1933 until 1962 they awarded Adjunct in Arts degrees . Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor 's degree . * * Only aggregate numbers were reported for these years . Upon graduation , students are eligible for membership in the Harvard Alumni Association ( HAA ) and the Harvard Extension Alumni Association ( HEAA ) . Graduates also take part in the commencement ceremonies with all other schools of Harvard . The HEAA was founded in 1967 -- 68 by Ella Smith and Edgar Grossman , both members of the class of 1966 . Extension School alumni have been admitted to all of the graduate schools at Harvard . Notable Alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of alumni of the Harvard Extension School Both the oldest and youngest graduates in the more than 375 - year history of Harvard University received their degrees from the Extension School . In 1997 Mary Fasano became the oldest undergraduate degree recipient , and in 1983 Thomas Small became the oldest student to ever earn a master 's degree . Both were in their 90th year . The youngest degree earner in Harvard history was 18 - year - old Amit Chatterjee who earned an ALB in 2002 . One of Small 's classmates , Christopher Lohse , was selected to give the graduate commencement address . His speech , `` The 10,000 Ghosts of Harvard '' , was a play on both the university 's fight song and the fact that classes are taught after dark . In 1989 another ALM graduate gave the commencement address . Joseph R. Paolino , Jr. began his studies as a Providence city councilor , and at the time of his speech he was the Mayor of Providence . He went on to become Ambassador to Malta . In 1936 , one person had taken courses for 26 consecutive years . Two others that same year had been students for 24 years . Coat of arms ( edit ) The coat of arms for the Extension School was approved in 1983 . At the top of the shield the three books spelling out Veritas ( Latin for `` truth '' ) represent graduate education , as the same device is found on the arms of the other graduate schools . Instead of a straight line separating it from the rest of the shield , as is found in the other schools , a line with six arcs pointing up was used instead . A silver chevron was used to represent undergraduate education , a device used in the shield of Harvard College in the 17th to 19th centuries . Two bushels of wheat are included to represent John Lowell 's stipulation that courses should not cost more than two bushels of wheat . A golden lamp is included to represent both learning and the fact that classes are taught at night . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shinagel , Michael ( 2010 ) , The Gates Unbarred : A History of University Extension at Harvard , 1910 -- 2009 , Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674051351 Jump up ^ `` What is FAS ? '' . Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard University Fact Book 2011 -- 12 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Institutional Research , Harvard University . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schools Harvard University '' . Harvard University . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7,334 degrees , certificates awarded at Harvard 's 363rd Commencement '' . Harvard Gazette . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagel 2010 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNIVERSITY EXTENSIONS : Boston Declared the Leader in the Symposium at the Twentieth Century Club '' . Boston Daily Globe . November 7 , 1915 . p. 17 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFFER NEW UNIVERSITY EXTENSION COURSES '' . Boston Daily Globe . July 4 , 1919 . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNIVERSITY EXTENSION : Many New Instructors Will Give Courses This Year '' . Boston Daily Globe . September 9 , 1923 . p. 60 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Edward H. ( December 3 , 1953 ) . `` Extension Commission Gives College Education To Boston Adults For Four Bushels of Wheat '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shephard , Jennifer M. ; Kosslyn , Stephen Michael ; Hammonds , Evelynn Maxine ( October 15 , 2011 ) . The Harvard Sampler : Liberal Education for the Twenty - First Century . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Extension School - About us '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` HARVARD - B.U. EXTENSION COURSES '' . Boston Daily Globe . October 1 , 1926 . p . A18 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Extension Courses at $2.50 and $5 Offered by Greater Boston Colleges '' . Christian Science Monitor . September 22 , 1938 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagel 2010 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard University : Commission on Extension Courses '' . Bay State Banner . September 7 , 1967 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Extension Courses : Simmons College '' . Bay State Banner . September 5 , 1968 . p. 19A . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagel 2010 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` English Proficiency Requirement for Registration '' . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills '' . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Harmsen , Debbie ; Hart , Maria Teresa ( 2012 ) . Fodor 's Boston . Fodors Travel Pub . Jump up ^ Friedman , Walter ( November 28 , 2013 ) . Fortune Tellers : The Story of America 's First Economic Forecasters . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Extension School '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ireland , Corydon ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` A century of everyday learning '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SinJin ( April 2010 ) . `` Official response about name change / nomenclature from Dean Shinagel - Extension Student '' . ExtensionStudent.com . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Looks To Rename A School '' . The Harvard Crimson . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Extending the Degree '' . The Harvard Crimson. April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Course Catalog § Harvard University Catalog and Cross Registration '' . Harvard University . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mineo , Liz ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` From ' what we do ' to ' whom we serve ' '' . The Harvard Gazette . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( extension.harvard.edu ) ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Amy D. ; Bernstein , Peter W. ( November 24 , 2009 ) . The New York Times Practical Guide to Practically Everything , Second Edition : The Essential Companion for Everyday Life . Macmillan . p. 379 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us '' . April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Minahan , John ( October 1 , 2001 ) . The Music of Time . iUniverse . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Felder , Nick ( July 14 , 2005 ) . Felder 's Comprehensive , 2005 Edition : The Annual Desk Reference and Product Thesaurus for Architects , Contractors , Engineers , and Interior Designers . Princeton Architectural Press . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Opportunities '' . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ n.b. These requirements vary for each degree , from 4 classes in residency for the ALB or the ALM / Biology , two semesters residency requirement for the general ALM , and up to 50 % residency requirement for the ALM / Management . It is therefore not possible to receive an academic degree solely through distance learning . ^ Jump up to : `` Resources and Benefits '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Charles J. ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` A Harvard Extension '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Business School and Extension School Announce Partnership '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Extension School Announces Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsorship '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Career Change Programs '' . The Trustees of Princeton University . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Univ . Course for Credit Starts on Ch. 2 '' . Boston Daily Globe . October 4 , 1959 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Distance Education Harvard Distance Learning Courses '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Extension School recognizes outstanding grads '' . Harvard Gazette . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prize Descriptions '' . Faculty of Arts and Science . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Honors and Prizes '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , C.W. ( August 6 , 2013 ) . Open the Gates to the Ivy League . Penguin . Jump up ^ `` Harvard , for Less : Extension Courses ' New Allure '' . The New York Times . November 18 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A Solid Foundation : Associate in Arts and Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies . Cambridge : Harvard University Extension School , 2012 . Print . ^ Jump up to : `` Degree Requirements Harvard Extension Undergraduate Degrees '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bachelor of Liberal Arts Requirements at Harvard Extension School '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bachelor of Liberal Arts Requirements at Harvard Extension School '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeannie Marie Phillips . `` Online Courses and On - Campus Requirement Undergraduate Degree Program '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degree Program Admission '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Surviving the Expos 20 Roller Coaster Ride '' . The Harvard Crimson . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Degrees '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Thesis Process '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shead , Mark . `` Master 's Degree Online from Harvard Extension School '' . Productivity501 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Degree Requirements '' . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Applying to the ALM Program '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagle 2010 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Extension Student Association : Official '' . Hesa.dce.harvard.edu . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . Harvard Extension Pre-Health Society . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Suzanne M. ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Medical School Admissiosn Guide Book Event : Harvard Extension Pre-Health Society '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President Drew Faust Talks HES + `` My Harvard Extension Story '' Video Series `` . Vimeo . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President Faust 's Sept. 24 Address to the Community '' . Office of the President , Harvard University . September 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard Extension School Class of 2016 by the Numbers '' ( Infographic ) . President and Fellows of Harvard College . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagle 2010 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Louise Miller . `` Young Scholars Find Challenges , Acceptance at Extension School '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gates 2010 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` International Students '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Schools Harvard Alumni '' . Alumni.harvard.edu . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Extension Alumni Association '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Graduation and Honors '' . Harvard Extension School . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagle 2010 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Shinagle 2010 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Shinagle 2010 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shinagel 2010 , p. 137 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 18 '' W / 42.3743 ° N 71.1216 ° W / 42.3743 ; - 71.1216 Harvard University History John Harvard statue President Drew Gilpin Faust Board of Overseers President and Fellows of Harvard College Provost Alan M. Garber The Harvard Library Arts and Sciences Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean Michael D. Smith College Harvard College Dean Rakesh Khurana Radcliffe College Freshman dormitories Upperclass houses Adams Cabot Currier Dudley Dunster Eliot Kirkland Leverett Lowell Mather Pforzheimer Quincy Winthrop Undergraduate organizations The Harvard Crimson The Harvard Lampoon The Harvard Advocate The Harvard Independent Athletics : Harvard Crimson Ivy League Harvard Stadium Yale football rivalry Lavietes Pavilion Bright Hockey Center Cornell hockey rivalry Beanpot Weld Boathouse Newall Boathouse Continuing Education Division of Continuing Education Dean Huntington D. Lambert Extension School Summer School History of Harvard Extension School Eng . & Appl . Sciences Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Dean Francis J. Doyle III Lyman Laboratory of Physics Graduate School Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dean Xiao - Li Meng Libraries Cabot Harvard - Yenching Houghton Harvard Review Lamont Pusey Widener Harry Widener Eleanor Elkins Widener Grossman Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts Center for Hellenic Studies Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments Harvard -- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Institute for Quantitative Social Science Nieman Foundation for Journalism Ukrainian Research Institute Villa I Tatti W.E.B. Du Bois Institute Business Harvard Business School Dean Nitin Nohria Harvard Business Publishing Harvard Business Press Harvard Business Review Baker Library / Bloomberg Center Spangler Center Design Harvard Graduate School of Design Dean Mohsen Mostafavi Harvard Design Magazine Joint Center for Housing Studies Divinity Harvard Divinity School Dean David N. Hempton Education Harvard Graduate School of Education Government John F. Kennedy School of Government Dean Douglas Elmendorf Institute of Politics Law Harvard Law School Dean John F. Manning Harvard Law Review Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Harvard Law Record Harvard International Law Journal Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review Harvard Journal on Legislation Berkman Center Medicine Harvard Medical School Dean Jeffrey Scott Flier Broad Institute Countway Library Center for the History of Medicine Warren Anatomical Museum Schepens Eye Research Institute Dentistry Harvard School of Dental Medicine Dean Bruce Donoff Public health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Dean Michelle Ann Williams Museums Harvard Art Museums Arthur M. Sackler Fogg Museum Busch - Reisinger Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments Museum of Natural History Glass Flowers Mineralogical Museum Herbaria Comparative Zoology Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Semitic Museum General Artemas Ward House Cambridge campus Memorial Hall Science Center Smith Campus Center Peabody Terrace Harvard Graduate Center Harvard Hall University Hall Memorial Church Choir Harvard Yard Johnston Gate Boylston Hall Massachusetts Hall Centers and Institutes Dumbarton Oaks Harvard Forest Health Science and Technology Institute for Advanced Theater Training Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Schlesinger Library Real Colegio Complutense Rowland Institute for Science Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Misc . Commencement traditions Academic regalia Heraldry Tercentenary celebration Harvard University Professor Harvard Magazine Harvard Gazette Harvard University Press Society of Fellows Lionel de Jersey Harvard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Extension_School&oldid=807941763 '' Categories : Harvard Extension School Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is harvard extension school the same as harvard	[ "Undergraduate degree programs are based upon the curriculum for Harvard College students and are the academic equivalent of the College's AB degree; degree requirements include expository writing, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, moral reasoning, writing-intensive classes, and courses in the student's area of concentration.[68] The expository writing class is known as a \"gatekeeper course\" as it will typically \"determine whether [students] are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum.\"[66]" ]	[ "academic equivalent of the College's AB degree" ]

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